:4

.I :

. 1.1
H+ .
:

+ H+ =

**

CH3COOH=CH3COO-+H+
HCl = Cl- + H+

H+ .
= + H+
:
NH3 + H+ = NH4+
OH- + H+ = H2O
. 2.1 /
/ . / :
HA=A- + H+ BH+ = B + H+
:
CH3COOH/CH3COO- ; HCl/Cl- ; NH4+/NH3
.3.1
H+ HA1 HA1/A1-
HA1 +A-2 = A1- + A2H
A-2 : HA2/A-2
.II PH :

. 1.2 :
. H3O+ mol.L-1
14-10 mol.L-1
) ( S.SORENSEN pH . log

pH [H3O+] 510-2 mol.L-1 PH :

]pH = log [H3O+
] [H3O+ H3O+ . mol.L-1
[H3O+] = 10-pH
:

 :
o :
: [H3O+]1= 1.0 .10-2 mol.L-1:
[H3O+]2= 3.98 .10-3mol.L-1
: :
pH :
PH1=2 PH2=2.4
:
PH2 > PH1 PH ] [H3O+
[H3O+]1>[H3O+]2
.
o 25C pH=7 pH<7 . pH>7

. 2.2 pH
pH .
pH .
- pH :
) : ( pH
.
: ) ( BBT :
. pH<6.0 . pH>7.6 1
- ] [6.0 ;7.6 .

 : pH pH
pH ) . ( 1 pH pH
.
. pH - pH :
-PH )
( pH . pH
0.05 ).(2
2
: pH . 4.30
4.25 pH 4.35 :pH
.III :

. 1.3 :
S1 S2 .

: S1
C1=10-2 mol.L-1

: S2
C2=10-2mol.L-1

pH

PH1=2

PH2=3.4

] [H3O+ :
[H3O+]2=10-3.4=3.98.10-4mol.L-1
[H3O+]1=10-PH1=10-2mol.L-1
[H3O+]1=C1 : S1 HCl .
) ) HCl(g) + H2O(l (
)H3O+(aq) +Cl-(aq
[H3O+]2<C2 : S2 CH3COOH .
)) CH3COOH(l)+H2O(l) = H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq (
AH :
)H3O+(aq) +A-(aq

)AH(aq) + H2O(l

AH :

)AH(aq) + H2O(l) = H3O+(aq) +A-(aq

.2.3
S1 S2 ).( 25C

: S1 ) )(Na+(aq)+OH-(aq
C1=10-2 mol.L-1

PH1=12
pH

PH2=10.8

] [OH- :

: S2 ) )( CH3NH2(aq
C2=10-2mol.L-1

[H3O+]2=10-10.8=1.58.10-11mol.L-1
[OH-]2=10-14/[H3O+]2=6.3310-4mol.L-1
[OH-]2<C2

[H3O+]1=10-PH1=10-12mol.L-1
[OH-]1=10-14/[H3O+]1=10-2mol.L-1
[OH-]1=C1
NaOH NaOH(s) H2O Na+(aq) +OH-(aq) :
CH3NH2 CH3NH2(aq) +H2O(aq) = CH3NH3+(aq)+OH-(aq) :
.IV .

. 1.4 .
:1
1.0L 240mL .
pH pH . 2.0
. Vm=24L.mol-1
.1
)H3O+(aq) +Cl-(aq

)HCl(g) + H2O(l

.2 :
vg
n0= V =0.01mol

.3 :
)Cl-(aq

H3O (aq) +

)H2O(l

)HCl(g

)(mol

n0

x=0

n0-x

xf

xf

n0-xf

xf

)(mol

.4 ) ( xmax ) ( xf
xmax=n0 = 0.01mol:
[H3O+]f=10-2mol.L-1: pH
. xf = [H3O+]f.V= 10-2mol:
:
xmax=xf .
: 2
v0 = 500ml v=1.00ml 1.05
. pH
pH . pH=3.10 :
.1 .
)CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l) = H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq

 .2 :
dr0.v

r.v

=M = M
n0= 1.75.10-2mol :
.3 :
)+ CH3COO-(aq

m
M

)H3O+(aq

= ) n0 ( r0=1g.ml-1

) H2O(l

)CH3COOH(aq

)(mol

n0

x=0

n0-x

xf

xf

n0-xf

xf

)(mol

.4 ) ( xmax ) :( xf
) ( xmax=n0 = 1.75.10-2mol:
pH .
[H3O+]f=10-3.1 =7.9.10-4mol.L-1 : pH
xf = [H3O+]f.V0 :
xf=7.9 .10-4.0.500=4.0.10-4mol
. xf < xmax
nf(CH3COOH)=n0-xf=1.71.10-2mol:

:
)(
.
. 2.4
t
:

0 ( 0<t1 ) 1 ) ( % t=1 . t<1 . :

t=1=100% :
t=2.3.10-2=2.3%:

3.4

 :
. c=1.0.10-2 mol.L-1 pH
. 3.4
pH . 2.85
) ) ( CH3COONa(s pH
. 5.26
:
pH pH .
:
:
)H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq

)CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l

pH ] [H3O+
) .( xf
pH ] [H3O+
) .( xf
:

)CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l) = H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq

.

pH
)) ( CH3COO-(aq) H3O+(aq) H2O(l) CH3COOH(aq
.

.
:
A B ) (1
A+B 1 C+D
: v1

 A B . v1
C D v2
A+B 2 C+D
): (2
v1 v2 .
.
. 4.4 )( Qr
-
). ( Qr
aA(aq) + bB(aq) = cC(aq) + dD(aq): :

] [ ][C
][A] [B

=Q
r

] [D] [C][B] [A .
Qr .
. Qr i
. Qr f
: :
=
:
- :
) ( [H2O]=1: .
: :
)CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l) = H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq

: t

: ) Fe(s :
)Cu2+(aq) + Fe(s) = Cu(s) + Fe2+(aq

:t
[Cu(s)] =1 [Fe(s)] =1
.

 - Qrf

. 1- : Qrf
.

][ ] [D
][A] [B

f
f

C f

=Q f
r

. 2- .

: 50mL . c=1.0.10-3mol.L-1
25c . s=4.9.10-3s.m-1
:

:

0.0049

[CH3COO-(aq)]f: [H3O+]f [CH3COOH(aq)]f :
:
s=l H3O+[H3O+]f+l CH3COO-[CH3COO-(aq)]f
s=(l H3O+ +l CH3COO-)[H3O+]f : [H3O+]f = [CH3COO-(aq)]f
.
s
= [H3O+]f = [CH3COO-(aq)]f
:
l H3O+ +l CH3COO[H3O+]f = [CH3COO-(aq)]f = 0.125 mol.m-3
:
) ) CH3COOH(aq (
[CH3COOH(aq)]f =C- [H3O+]f
) CH3COO-(aq :
[CH3COOH(aq)]f = 8.75 . 10-4 mol.L-1 :
f
f :
f
f

Qrf=1.78.10-5 :
:

**

 3- K
: K Qrf
.
K= Qrf
4- :
1-1
s 25C
:
)C(mol.L-1
)s(s.m-1

1.0.10-2
16.2.10-3

5.0.10-3
11.4.10-3

1.010-3
4.9.10-3

[H3O+]f: Qrf K :
)C(mol.L-1

1.0.10-2
4.14.10-4
1.79.10-5

)[H3O+]f(mol.L-1
K
:
:

5.0.10-3
2.92.10-4
1.80.10-5

1.010-3
1.25.10-4
1.78.10-5

2-1
) ( t
:
x final nCH 3COO - (aq ) f
=
= t
x max
) ni CH 3COOH (aq
): (v
[ CH 3COO - (aq ) ] f [H 3O + ] f
=
= t
[ CH 3 COOH (aq ) ]i
c
:
)C(mol.L-1

)[H3O+]f(mol.L-1
)t(%

1.0.10-2
4.14.10-4
4.1

5.0.10-3
2.92.10-4
5.8

1.010-3
1.25.10-4
12.5

:
.

.V
1.5 :
PH 25C 7 H3O+
. [H3O+] =10-7mol.L-1 : 25C
- H2O
H2O H2O(l) + H2O(l) = H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) :
.

2.5
Ke = [H 3O + ] [OH - ] : .
pKe :

pKeO=-logK

e

CH3COOH(aq)+ H2O(l) = CH3COO- (aq)+H3O+(aq) : 1

Ka =

[CH COO ][H O ]

-

[CH 3COOH ]
pKa = 4.75 Ka=1.810-5 : 25c

Ka =

[NH 3 ][H 3O + ] : NH +/NH : 2

4
3
+

[NH ]
4

[A ][H O ]
-

Ka

[AH ]

Ka
H O+

[A ]
-

] [AH ]

Ka

. pKa=4.8 Ka=1.6.10-5 25c

[H O ]
+

[A ]
-

[AH ]

pKa pH .2

[H O ] = +

Ka +

[A ]
-

[AH ]

pKA

Ka

pH

c = 1,0 10-2 mol.L-1

9,2

6.3.10-10

0,04

10,6

NH3

10,7

2.0.10-11

0,20

11,3

CH3NH2

NH3 < CH3NH2

) t ( :
o
o

pH .

Ka pKa .

. 5.5
.1

] [B
][A

pH = pKa + log

A/B :

PH=pKa :

[B] = 0 [B ] = 1 [B] = [A] :

][A
][A
.
pH<pKa:
[B] 0 [B ] 1 [B ][A] :
log
][A
][A
.
pH>pKa:
] [B
[B]1 [B ][A] :
log 0
][A
][A
.
log

pH>pKa

pH

pH=pKa

pH<pKa

][B] >[A

][B] <[A

][B]=[A

:
) ( A/B

. pH
%: = % =50%

 [ B ]= [ A ] :

PH=Pka

.6.5

:
3
.
.
: )
(

:
) ( :

) / (
.
:
)HIn(aq)+ H2O(l) = In- (aq)+H3O+ (aq

HIn /In- ] [In

][HIn
-

pH = pKi + log

pH .

In- [In ] > 10 In-pH>pKi+1:

][HIn
-

HIn [In ] p 1 HInpH<pKi-1:

[HIn] 10
-

pKi-1<pH<pKi+1
) ( .

pH

pKi
pKi+1

pKi-1

3,2 4,4
jaune

3,7

Orange de Mthyle

rouge

3,8 5,4
bleu

4,7

Vert de
bromocrsol

5,1

Rouge de mthyle

jaune

4,8 6,0
rouge

jaune

6,0 7,6
bleu

7,0

Bleu de
bromothymol

7,9

Rouge de phnol

jaune

6,8 8,4
rouge

jaune

9,4

8,2 10,0
violet

Pki

Phnolphtaline

incolore

..VI pH .
. 1.6
: ) ( ) ( c .
.
.
: :
K>104:
.
) (.
:
. 2.6
**
:

PH

3.6 :

Va Ca .
pH .
. Cb
Vb pH
.
pH . ph=f(Vb): Vb
. 4.6
HA(aq)+ B(aq) = A- (aq)+BH+(aq):
) HA(aq ) B(aq
.
:
) ni(HA)=nE(B .
) ni(B)=nE(HA .
. 5.6
: 1
ca= ? va=20ml:

cb=20.10-2mol/L:
) ):PH=f(vb (1

**

)CH3COOH(aq)+ OH (aq) = CH3COO- (aq)+H2O(aq

14

13
12

-): ( 0<Vb<11ml PH

11
10

20

PHE=8.3

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

VbE

15

0
10

)Volume v e rs (mL

cb= ? vb=20ml:

14
13
12

ca=4.10-2mol/L:
) ):PH=f(va (2
:

11
10
9
8

PHE=5.5

6
5
4
3
2
1

20

15

VaE

0
10

)Volume vers (mL

C a=22mmol/L
CbVb=CaVaE
o :
-

pH

)NH3(aq)+ H3O+(aq) = NH4+ (aq)+H2O(l

:
)ni(NH3)=nE(H3O+

pH

):( 11<Vb<13ml PH Vb>13ml .

:
. E )
)Vb(ml
( :
) ni(CH3COOH)=nE(OH- :
C a=12.4mmol/L
CaVa=CbVbe
PH PHE=8.3 :: 2

- :

dpH
dv

= ) g (v

g (v ) = dpH :
dv

. g (v ) = dpH
dv

: . PH .
: ) PHE=8.3: (3
: ] [ 8.2-10 ] [ 8.8- 7.2

**