Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison The first real versus case, Marbury v. Madison was the case of Marbury suing Madison when he heard that his term in Supreme Court would be ending because of James Madison and sued Madison. Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed the case but this action set the Supreme Courts power of judicial review. Henry Clay Henry Clay was a well-known Senator from the state of Kentucky. He ran for president for a total of five times. During the War of 1812, he was a major War Hawk and strongly supported the war. He was also a Speaker of the House of Representatives and was called The Great Compromiser. Essex Junto The Essex Junto was a group of extreme Federalists. Its leader was Aaron Burr, and they wanted New England to secede from the United States. This was why the New England Federalists originally called for the Hartford Convention. Burr Conspiracy After being removed from office at Jeffersons second term, ex-vice president Aaron Burr conspired against Jefferson. He planned a secession of New England and New

York from the United States. When exposed by Hamilton, he challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed Hamilton. He then turned to General James Wilkinson and struck a deal with him to separate the East and the west and invade Spanish-controlled lands. The plan failed and Burr was tried but found not guilty. Impressment Impressment is when British ships would attack American ships and take the men on the ship, claiming them to have been and escaped from the British navy. They would take the American men back and force them to serve as British navymen. Chesapeake/Leopard Incident The Chesapeake/Leopard Incident was when a British ship, the Leopard, demanded that the American ship, the Chesapeake, let its soldiers on board so that the British could check for deserters. The men on the Chesapeake refused this command, so the British fired at the Chesapeake. This caused the United States to ban British ships from U.S. waters until it gave an official apology. Non-intercourse Act The Non-Intercourse Act is a law passed by Senate in 1809, and it said that America would open its trading posts to all countries except for Britain and France. It was designed to force either or both Britain and France to end their orders against neutral trading ships. It was unsuccessful. Macons Bill No. 2 Macons Bill No. 2 is the bill that replaced the Non-Intercourse Act because of its failure. It said that whichever country, Britain or France, first ended its neutrality restrictions, then it would get to trade with America again. At this action, the United States would also agree to stop trade with the other country. Napoleon used this and promised to stop taking American ships, so Madison agreed. However, Napoleon did not keep his promise. William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison was the first territorial congressional delegate or the Northwest Territory, governor of the Indian Territory, U.S. representative/senator for Ohio, and the 9th president of the United States. He is known as Tippecanoe or Old Tippecanoe because he led the Americans against the Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Harrison is also well-known for his leadership of his army in the Battle of Thames n 1813, in which he killed Tecumseh and disbanded his army. War Hawks The War Hawks was a group of Democratic Republicans who supported the war against Britain. Important people in this group included: Henry Clay, Peter B. Porter, and Langdon Cheeves. They persuaded Congress to declare war against Britain due to continual impressment actions and the Orders in Council of 1807.

Battle of Horseshoe bend The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was a battle that took place during the War of 1812, in central Alabama. General Andrew Jackson led American forces against the Native American Red Sticks, which was a section Creek Indian Tribe. The group was started by Shawnee Indian leader Tecumseh. This battle ended the Creek War. Hartford Convention The Hartford Convention was a meeting called by New England Federalists who were against the Embargo Act and the War of 1812 because it hurt their trade and business. They wanted to make some amendments to the Constitution. They also said if the amendments were not passed, then they would secede from the United States. This showcase of disunion worried many Americans. Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent was a treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain, ending the War of 1812. It agreed to return all captured land (Florida) back to its rightful owner. It also agreed on a border between the United States and British Canada. Treaty of Greenville 1795 The Treaty of Greenville was a treaty signed between the United States and twelve local Indian tribes. It was signed after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Native Americans were required to give the Ohio Valley Territory to the Americans and the Americans would give them a reservation and ten thousand dollars. Battle of New Orleans Two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, Andrew Jackson led American troops to a victory against the British. Even though the battle happened after the treaty was already signed, this battle was important in raising nationalism and patriotic spirit. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? Adams experienced setbacks politically because Hamilton publicly split with Adams and wrote about him in a pamphlet, which was published by Jeffersonians. Adams also called for war preparations, but never declared war on France. Jefferson was accused by the people of adultery with his slave and for being atheist. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. The 1800 election was more important than the 1796 election because it was the beginning of the diminishing of the Federalist party, and it returned the republican spirit to the

government in Jeffersons eyes. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. Although in power for a short time, the Federalist Party was still important because they were the first political party in America. They were the first to really shape Americas laws and ways, and set many precedents for the next generation of American people. Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" The Revolution of 1800 was very revolutionary because it was the Federalist Partys beginning of their end of rule. It was a huge accomplishment because it was the first political switch of parties, and America was still a really young and inexperienced country. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. Although Jefferson opposed Federalist views, there were many instances during his presidency that he had to act against his beliefs because he found that the political world and relations was different from what he thought would be. He left much of Hamilton and Federalist laws and acts in because they were mostly effective in their purpose. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? The main purpose of John Marshall was to keep the Federalist power in the judicious branch for as long as possible. This is seen in the Marbury v. Madison case because with his ruling, John Marshall gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review. This was a Federalist idea because judicial review was not written in the Constitution. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? Jefferson send over a small navy to the Tripoli shores of the Barbary States to fight the pirates. After four years, he was able to secure a treaty from Tripoli at a bargain price of 60,000 dollars. The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States.

Had the French not sold Louisiana to the United States, America might not be as large of an area as it is today. Louisiana more than doubled the size of America at the time. If Napoleon had not sold America the Louisiana Territory, America might have gone to war with both Spain and France in order to gain control of trade at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? Because of the Louisiana Purchase, America was able to follow Washingtons suggestion that the country not be involved in foreign, especially European affairs, because it removed the French from power in the Western world. Americans were also able to explore the given land and brought back much scientific, geographic, and Indian knowledge. This land also helped Americas claim to the Oregon Country of the west. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? The United States ended up caught between French and British relations because they were at a passive-aggressive point in their relationship. Britain said that all trade ships had to stop at a British port before going to France to trade, and Napoleon ordered all ships that went to Britain to be seized. America ultimately could not trade with either of these two countries. The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? The people opposed the Embargo because it seriously decreased trade and thus hurt the economy. People in New England could not earn money because they could not trade, and people in the South could not earn money because they had no one to sell their crops to. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? Napoleon kind of tricked America by implying they would remove their trade restrictions against France so that America would place an embargo on Britain. However, France did not repeal the orders, but America still had to place an embargo on Britain because it was in the statement. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? The war hawks wanted to go to war with Britain because they were a new generation of people under the shadows of the revolutionaries, who had defeated the British. They were also angry that the British were still attacking American ships and taking their people. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812

14.

How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?

The New England Federalists were against the War of 1812 because if the United States were fighting a war with Britain, then Britain would not want its ships to trade with American ships. This lack of business between the two countries hurt the merchants in New England.

Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement The Rush-Bagot Agreement was a treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain and it agreed to both disarm at the Great Lakes. It later became the agreement for the United States-British Canadian border. Second Bank of the United States The second bank of the United States was established in 1816, and it was used mostly to fuel the industrial revolution period after the War of 1812. Francis Cabot Lowell Francis Cabot Lowell opened the first power loom factory in Boston, by the Boston Associates businessmen. This factory made cloth for very cheap. Era of Good Feelings The Era of Good Feelings was the title given to the period of Monroes presidency. Even though not everyone was happy at this time, there was a lot of unity in most decisions. Adams-Onis Treaty In 1819, John Quincy Adams drew up this contact so that Spain would give us Florida if we give them back Texas lands. p Panic of 1819 This was a period of depression after the War of 1812. It was blamed on the second national bank, even though its main cause was overspeculation of land.

Tallmadge Amendment The Tallmadge Amendment was the suggested bill that Missouri be a slave state, but they cant add any more slaves, and all slaves have to be free if theyre over 25. It was not used or put into effect Missouri Compromise This was the final agreement regarding Missouri. Missouri was entered as a slave state, while another state, Maine, would be a new free state. The 36 30 line would be the line at which below is slave states (except for Missouri), and above is the free states. John Marshall John Marshall was a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He introduced judicial review, the judicial branchs right to deem something constitutional or unconstitutional. He was a Molding Father of the Constitution. Latin American Revolution This was Latin Americas independence from Spain in the period of 1810-1825. It was indirectly driven by the American and French Revolutions. Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was a statement from Monroe, basically saying that the Americas are a country now, and any island Asian mother

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. Although the American army and militia were on bad terms with their strategies, the American navy fought well against the British on the Great Lakes. Oliver Hazard Perry brought much motivation to his men and was an important figure in the battle on the Great Lakes. Thomas Macdonoughs strategy in quickly turning his boat around for a fresh fight protected New York from the British invasion. These victories were vital to our victory in the War of 1812 and our sense of nationalism. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. The United States did not fight the War of 1812 very effectively. For example, the militia ran away at sight of the British troops advancing on Washington. Andrew Jackson delayed and might have lost the Battle of New Orleans, had British Major General Edward

Packenham been able to find a landing spot on shore of New Orleans. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. The Treaty of Ghent was not advantageous to the United States because no land was lost, but no land was gained either. At the signing of the treaty, the Americans did not stand for what they originally declared war for. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? The Harford Convention only served to pretty much remove the Federalist Party from the political world of competition. The three people sent to demand to the capital that their requirements be carried out were met by the victory of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent. These victories made their demands seem unreasonable, and the people were met with scorn. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? The War of 1812 gave Americans many good results. Countries respected the United States military more after the war. America got more land from the Native Americans after a series of victories against them. The British blockade during the war gave Americans more independency from Britain regarding business. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? At the end of the War of 1812, we could see growing nationalism in America, as American writers Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper gained international attention for their literature. Textbooks and magazines were being written by other Americans. American painters were also welcomed. Nationalism also increased our economy, as Congress voted for the nation bank a second time. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the postwar years? We saw that the Congress passed the first American tariff, the Tariff of 1816. Henry Clay offered his plan, the American System, in 1824. He wanted to create a strong bank, a protective tariff, and build roads and canals for transportation. These ideas supported the idea that the Americans were coming together to make their country better. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?

Although his presidency was called the Era of Good Feelings, James Monroes presidency was actually not as peaceful and conflict-free as it would seem. He was welcomed warmly by everyone , but soon, the government would disagree on tariffs, the issue of the bank, and the sale of public lands. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. A main cause of the Panic of 1819 was the overspeculation of frontier lands, causing the nation to fall into deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, and unemployment. Many poor people who owed money were imprisoned, and this caused resentment within the people. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? One reason the people were travelling West was because many people wanted to go to the West, for the available land and because some of the soil where they were at was dead because of tobacco planting. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? The Southern states wanted the new state of Missouri to allow slavery because if it did not, then it would mean the North had more control over the Western Land. The struggle of slavery in Missouri might have been a struggle for power. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. This compromise didnt solve the problem, it only found a temporary resolution, and this meant that the conflict would later show up in a bigger explosion. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster

14.

"John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. Marshall made some wealthy, compared it to change it as needed. John Marhsall created a sage and uniform environment for business. He brought balance to everything he decided on in politics. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. Andrew Jackson was more important to the American territorial expansion because in a short time, he was able to sweep up a few of the most powerful people in the region he was targeting. He even went beyond his orders, which called for punishment from Monroes cabinet. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? America didnt control the Latin American area, so Great Britain offered to make a joint declarations with it, renouncing any interest of taking the territory. It also warned other Europeans explorers that they werent allowed to take this land. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? Monroes Doctrine warns all Europeans against colonization and other affairs in the Western Hemisphere. He made this doctrine because he realized that his country couldnt deal with another puppet monarch or colonization. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. The Monroe Doctrine helped to protect the United States because it can now eject foreign powers from places such as the Caribbeans. That way, European powers couldnt attempt to take hold of American territory.