DIFFERNETIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING (DPSK)

B Rahul,Ch Manikanta,Choudhari Ojas,Cheema Shashank,G S Shashank April 12, 2013

Contents
I Dierential Phase Shift Keying.
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1 DPSK Modulation . 1.1 AIM . . . . . . . . 1.2 INTRODUCTION 1.3 THEORY . . . . . 1.4 DESIGN . . . . . . 1.5 Circuit Diagram . 1.6 PROCEDURE: . . 1.7 Observation . . . .

2 DPSK Demodulation. 2.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . 2.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 2.5.1 Advantages . . . . . . . 2.5.2 Disadvantages . . . . . . 2.6 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Part I

Dierential Phase Shift Keying.

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1.1

DPSK Modulation .
AIM

To study the various steps involved in generating dierential phase shift keyed signal at the modulator end and recovering the binary signal from the received DPSK signal.

1.2

INTRODUCTION

DPSK may be viewed as the non-coherent version of PSK. It eliminates the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver by combining two basic operations at the transmitter: 1. Dierential encoding of the input binary wave and 2. Phase-Shift Keying hence, the name, dierential phase shift keying (DPSK). In eect to send symbol 0, we phase advance the current signal wave-form by 180 degrees, and to send symbol 1, we leave the phase of the current signal waveform unchanged. The receiver is equipped with a storage capability, so that it can measure the relative phase dierence between the waveforms received during two successive bit intervals. Provided that the unknown phase contained in the received wave varies slowly, the phase dierence between wave forms received in two successive bit intervals will be independent of .

1.3

THEORY

In BPSK communication system, the demodulation is made by comparing the instant phase of the BPSK signal to an absolute reference phase locally generated in the receiver. The modulation is called in this case BPSK absolute. The greatest diculty of these systems lies in the need to keep the phase of the regenerated carrier always constant. This problem is solved with the PSK dierential modulation, as the information is not contained in the absolute phase of the modulated carrier but in the phase dierence between two next modulation intervals. The coding is obtained by comparing the output of an EXOR, delayed of a bit interval, with the current data bits . As total result of operation, the DPSK signal across the output of the modulator contains 180 deg. phase variation at each data bit 1.

DPSK BLOCK DIAGRAM In the transmitter, each symbol is modulated relative to the previous symbol and modulating signal, for instance in BPSK 0 = no change, 1 = +1800 To send symbol 0, we advance the phase of the current signal waveform by 180 degrees, To send symbol 1, we leave the phase of the current signal waveform unchanged. mK 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 dk 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 dk1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Illustration of dierential encoding process. Binary data 0 0 Dierentially Encoded data 1 0 1 Phase of DPSK 0 0 Shited dierntially encoded data 1 0 phase of shifted data 0 phase comparison output detection of sequence. 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 + 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 + 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 + 1 1 1 0 1 0 + 1

1.4

DESIGN

The dierential signal to the modulating signal is generated using an exclusiveOR gate and a 1-bit delay circuit. The information bit to be transmitted and the previous information bit are applied to the inputs of x-or gate. The delay is created by giving the output of the gate to a d-ipop. The output of XOR gate is scaled to between 0V and 5V by using an IC741. The output of XOR gate is given to one input of IC741 and to the other a potentiometer with one terminal to a 5V supply, other to the ground is given. The variable terminal is given to the second terminal of the IC 741 which is used to adjust the oset of the signal. The output of the IC 741 is given to a multiplier IC along with a sinusoidal signal and it gives the modulated signal. A 54LS74 IC can be used as a D-ip op. The pin diagram for the IC is shown below 4

The output of XOR gate is scaled to between 0V and 5V by using an IC741. The output of XOR gate is given to one input of IC741 and to the other a potentiometer with one terminal to a 5V supply, other to the ground is given. The variable terminal is given to the second terminal of the IC 741 which is used to adjust the oset of the signal.

The pin diagram of IC 741 is shown below.

The output of the IC 741 is given to a product multiplier IC along with a sinusoidal signal which nishes the modulation of the wave and gives the output. The pin Diagram for AD633 multiplier is

1.5

Circuit Diagram

1.6

PROCEDURE:

The circuit is setup as shown in the above gure. A 200Hz square wave is given as input to the XOR gate and a 5KHz square wave is given as clock frequency. A sinusoidal wave of high frequency is given to the multiplier IC The output is taken across the multiplier IC. If the output wave is distorted the potentiometer connected to the IC 741 is adjusted to null the oset so that the output becomes clear and proper. This is the modulator output.

1.7

Observation

The desired output was obtained on selection of proper input frequencies and oset voltages.The output obtained on CRO was found to be in accordance with desired output. Hence we conclude that DPSK modulation was successful.

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2.1

DPSK Demodulation.
Theory

The demodulation is made by a normal BPSK demodulator, followed by a decision device supplying a bit 1 each time there is a variation of the logic level across its input. In the receiver, the current symbol is demodulated using the previous symbol as a reference. The previous symbol serves as an estimate of the channel. A no-change condition causes the modulated signal to remain at the same 0 or 1 state of the previous symbol

2.2

Design

The output of the modulator is given to the demodulator. The output is given to a multiplier IC to which a sinusoidal wave is given as a second input. The multiplier multiplies the two inputs and gives a input wave which closely resembles the original wave. This is given as the input to a low pass lter which lters the high frequency components of the resulting wave. This is given as input to a IC 741 whose other input is a potentiometer connected to a 5V supply and ground. This output is given to a D-ip op. This output is also given as an input to an XOR gate. The other input of the XOR gate is the output of D-ip op. The demodulated output is obtained at the output of XOR gate.

2.3

Circuit Diagram

2.4

Procedure

The circuit shown in the above diagram is arranged. A sinusoidal wave is given at the multiplier IC along with the output of the modulator circuit. A square wave of 5KHz frequency is given as a clock frequency to the IC. Necessary supply voltages are given to the ICs Demodulated output is taken at the output of the XOR gate .

2.5
2.5.1

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

The DPSK system explained above has a clear advantage over the BPSK system in that the former avoids the need for complicated circuitry used to generate a local carrier at the receiver. 2.5.2 Disadvantages

The DPSK system explained above has a clear advantage over the BPSK system in that the former avoids the need for complicated circuitry used to generate a

local carrier at the receiver. To see the relative disadvantage of DPSK in comparison with PSK, consider that during some bit interval the received signal is so contaminated by noise that in a PSK system an error would be made in the determination of whether the transmitted bit was a 1 or 0. in DPSK a bit determination is made on the basis of the signal received in two successive bit intervals. Hence noise in one bit interval may cause errors to two-bit determination. The error rate in DPSK is therefore greater than in PSK, and, as a matter of fact, there is a tendency for bit errors to occur in pairs. It is not inevitable however that errors occur in pairs. Single errors are still possible.

2.6

Observation

Desired DPSK domodulation output is observed.

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2.7

Result

A Dierential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulated wave is obtained with the designed circuit and it is demodulated to obtain the original binary information sequence.

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