18 Introduction To Classical Ethiopic

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INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL ETHIOPIC by Thomas O. Lambdin
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Library 8+DCongress Cataloging in Publication Data Lambdin, Thomas Oden. Introduction to Classical Ethiopic (Ge'ez) (Harvard Semitic studies; v. 24 ISSN 0147 9342) Bibliography: p. 1. Ethiopic language-Grammar. I. Harvard University. Semitic Museum. II. Title. III. S* ries: Harvard Semitic series; v. 24. PJ9023.L3 492'.8 78-12895 ISBN 0-89130-263-8 Printed in the United Stut('H or Alll('rim
6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5
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: $:
Prepositions with Pronominal Suffixes The
$+ $+$: $+&: $,
: Causative Verbs: CG (cont.)

Causative Verbs: CD, CL, CQ
+: ,: ",: $$:
& :'
):
V+
-:
Construction
General Remarks on the Verbal System
: Types of Verbs $: # &: & ): )$: ) *: *

17.1
: 1 $ :1 : 17 ,
with Pronominal Suffixes Indicating Possession
The Full Inflection o f the Perfect
):
$, $, $, $, $$*&:
$$: $&: $&: $&:
The Perfect: The Perfect:
Roots II-Guttural Roots III-Guttural
)&: )*: )*:
& : 17k C Indicating Existence ) : d<W ( (,eV : Interrogatives with' , $ : Indefinite Pronouns $,:
as the Equivalent of an Indefinite Pronoun Only
$ : The Perfect with Object Suffixes : The Perfect: Roots III-W!Y

The Perfect: Roots II-W!Y
*: *&:
"$,:
The Perfect with Object Suffixes (cont.)
& : The
Adjectives
4
*,:
#Construction
*,:
$- &: &: &$: &
$<W $-:
The Infinitive: Form The Infinitive: Uses
*:
"&: "&: " : : : ): -: "):
% : Attributve Adjectives
Adjectives: The
Adv rblal
: The Perfective Active Participle

The Imperfect:
Pattern
34
+&:
+$:
7 % : Adjectives as Uredi cates
&$:
G Verbs from Sound Roots
&$ $ : Independent Uses of the Imperfect &$ & : Dependent Uses of the Imperfect +*: && && $ : The Uses o f the Subjunctive -:
17 . 3
/532410736:
s:
+&:
, : I
11302 11)."
ll).
AdJ
Ad)
Tllu C;OlllplIl'nllv
eli v
1'h
Pattern
3 3
+-:
: The Subjunctive: G Verbs from Sound Roots
Ifl.1
AdJ AdJ
ltlv
l't
I:
76
Pattern
Vll'.
In
'I'll
+-:
& " : The Imperative: G Verbs from Sound Roots &$:

The Agent Noun
L ! and -Ciy
+-: ,:
"):
ctJvos:
Miscellaneous Types
+-:
&) &)$: &*
: The Verbal Adjective
)-: *:
20.2
20.1
H).S
I).I\
Qualification
Further Remarks on Complements
Substantivization
: The Verbal Noun (G Verbs) "**:
*:
with Pronominal Suffixes
,&: ,&:
&* $ : The Cognate Accusative &+": &+ $: &,:
Object suffixes in a Dative or Prepositional Sense Partitive Apposition
Nouns of Place: The Pattern Nouns of the Pattern
+:
"+ : +: ,:
$&: $ $$ $& $&$: :
,): ,,:
Lt, Qt
l%
: Medio-passive Verbs: Gt
Medio-passive Verbs: Dt,
G Verbs from Roots I-Guttural:
Remaining Forms
-&:
&-
: G Verbs from Roots II-Guttural: Remaining Forms

to say
: Cardinal Numbers :
Ordinal Numbers
-+: -+: -,: ": *:
& - $ : The Verb : $ &
,: ,*:
G Verbs from Roots III-Guttural: The Remaining Forms
$& & : Cardinal Adverbs : $ $): $) $* $*$:
: G Verbs from Roots I-W: The Remaining Forms
-: -): $: $): $):
! : Associative (Reciprocal) Verbs: G1t $ : B< and
" : G Verbs from Roots II-W!Y: The Remaining Forms : G Verbs from Roots III-W!Y: The Remaining Forms : Gt Verbs: Imperfect, Subjunctive, and Imperative
Glt Verbs: Imperfect,
Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses
,:
III III
: Causative Verbs: CG, CD, CL, CQ

The Meaning of CG Verbs
$:
Subjunctive, and Imperative
& :
with the Subjunctive and Imperfect
$ *:
7g 8> avk* 7[ 7[ 7[ 7| 7| 7| 7| 7u 7u + 0 avk+ * [ v 4 \ v

Qdv Qkv
[v
Yvd
< Zkov
*j?
ds Bvdv
Evvo v 5kv
*+7
[v vdo E d vv 8d od sv vs v ovvs fd d
UY:<58: svvvs v d svdvs odkd kv dsvdv oo s vvvd k odv v v d ds d svodsv vv so [v v dv
P [v
*+7 *+g *u *+u *+?

m-
:o sv
vvsdv dsvs
0 avk* + 0 avk, *
avkd 5svov 5v avkd Q Q Q
ds kdo k s
ddv v vv
7 0 avk- * S
4 0 avk+ S avk.
bvk/
U vvs Zkov Q
**j
ds Dvdv
d Zv
sv v d dv
v d
d sov E
Evvo bvkd
**
vsv
d d :o v s vvvs v
d sv s
***
v d vv v
kv so
d sv ddv
ds o
7uV 4 89 avk 7 u 7 Csvvsv 7?+ J 7? * 8> g j * X gj gj 4 Q avk 7 5 Zvod + 8sd g+ * Tdv g+ 4 \v +

8K ds 8S
**4
Uvd L bvk, 8K U [v Yvd avk Yvd Zvosd < <
v vv ds s o d v
odod v
**4
v kv
6vodv sv
v vs
dd
dvd : o v d v dd
** g
ddv
ds 8> bvk, \v
**[
=
d d kv vdo v v v kvs E d vdv o d d dv

;
ds o so v ds do dovsv v dv
d vd E d
g j o + Xdsvd
vd
**u
odkd osvdk vds
avk
**?
**?
5svov Zvvov Zvvov [v0
3 !
*4+
*4 j
odv
dsv v v v oovv
d sd v vvvov
vs dv
*4*
8o
vs k vvvs
vd
o o dood
Zo
M x AS57 * 4 *
*4*
vdo
ds ovo d d
d ds vs sv d o
7 [ v Zvvov
Ud ov Uv v [s
g + g [ v Yvvdvs g [ 5 Zvod
Zv 51.7 [ v Uv do _v
.y
Uv
ILz
Zd
,,.
*47
v d
v v oev
ovv
P v v
8d' vvovs d vs
8 d v
Ud
vd v
ds vd
*47
Ud v 5svov Zd
o kod D od ds svov skvs v
Av dvov v vvs
* 4g
8o Udv
ds d Md
5
ddod
SM
v kv
g + u 5kv
[v J v [ v [v Pdv b [dvd v
*4g
v
vvvs Sd d
svv dvod v
>v v
*4[
Zdd
5 v
4[
ds vod
ov ds v v vd vv kdvs v
6 6do >v Pdv
* |[ *?u
Zo`
sd F d
d kvv od sd d v
vs
* 7 :o
6ld
4||
]d 8dksv Pddov
June ? | u
O.
5 Zvvovs ? d U od
4|u
Kdks
4u
Ud G bvk
7gj
Abbreviations and Conventions a. d. o. a. n. acc. adj. adv. c. caus. colI. comp!. coord. dat. demo dir. e.g. encl. esp. ex(x). exclam. f. fem. fig. foIl. Gk. i. e. imperf. indef. indir. inf. interrog. introd. lit. m. masc. n. N. 1'. accusative direct object agent noun (also an.) accusative adjective adverb common gender causative collective complement coordinated dative demonstrative direct for example enclitic especially example(s) exclamation feminine feminine figuratively following, followed Greek that is. imperfect indefinite indirect infinitive interrogative introductory literally masculine ma.scul n
&
neg. o.
S.
negative object suffix Old Testament object particle passive perfect person plural predicate preposition pronoun which see relative subjunctive, subject singular singular suffix(es) verbal noun (also vn.) vocative with or (used in listing alter nate constructions, tran scriptions, or meanings)
\
Introduction Classical Ethiopic, or Ge'ez, is the literary language devel oped by missionaries for the translation of the scriptures afte the Christianization of Ethiopia in the 4th century.
(,
O. T. obj. part. pass. perf. pers. pI. pred. prep. pron. q.

V.
The new written
language was presumably based on the spoken language of Aksum, the commercial and political center t the time. material survives from this earliest
,
period
Some inscriptional of the language, but our As the official lan-
main source is the extensive religious literature which was trans. lated into Ge'ez during the ensuing centuries.
guage of the church, the written language survived the demise of its spoken counterpart in a manner analogous to the survival of Latin in Europe. Although evidence is sparse and scholarly opinion is not unani mous, the Semitic presence in Ethiopia is most plausibly explain d 0 the result of migrations from South Arabia in the form of concrcjal colonizations beginning possibly as early as the middle of the first millennium B.C. Ge'ez is linguistically a member of the South-east Semitic family, but does not seem to be derivable directly from Old South Arabic as known from Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabanian, and othor inscriptions during this time. The real ancestral language on Arabian soil is irretrievably lost to us, but we do have its descendants in the modern South Arabic dialects such as Mehri, Soqotri, and Shahri, when these can be extricated from their North Arabian admixtures. tures of the grammar are clear from the texts themselves. raphy, however, has two defects: is not indicated, and '" Because the Ethiopic script is fully vocalized, the main fea- c.. rthog +I consonantal doubling (gemination) in our These problems may be re
reI. subj. s. sing. suff. v. n. voc. w.

/
idem etc.
"has the same meaning(s) as the preceding entry" "has the same range of meanings as the main entry' "is completely equivalent to in regard to meanings and constructions" with or without
* I the presence of one of the vowels
transliteration) is not clearly indicated.
solved in two ways: the first is to examine the evidence of corre ' sponding forms in other S;;;W- i anguages; the second is to consult the reading tradition preserved by scholars in the modern Ethiopic Church. Neither of these, if taken alone, is conclusive: Semitic historical linguistics is itself ambiguous on certain crucial ques tions because of insufficient data; the modern reading tradition, as published by various European scholars, contains many contradictions and is heavily influenced by the informants I own modern languages
s
In tho reading of plurals, suffixes are to

b I
a.dded to the preceding item:

'11/ -i"I! J
x
$
(p 1.
S w
'I'
Llunc nl
(p I.
. '.
H;
bY
.
t' /.Trl. ,
/,(1' arner J
c Y;
(usually Amharic).
In developing the grammar of Ge ez in the follow High High-Mid Mid Mid- Low Low
and
0
'
ing lessons I have followed as closely as possible the traditional pronunciation as studied and published by E. Mittwoch, W
\\ Lb{ M { b `
Front i [i]
e [e]
Central e [i]
Back u [u] o [0]
(Berlin 1926).
All major devia
tions from this tradition are noted in the appropriate sections of the lessons; these result either from a choice among variant forms or from an attempt to minimize the influence of Amharic present in the pronunciation. Since all deviations involve either consonantal dou To bling or the presence of an e-vowel, the reader is not likely to be seriously misled by my interpretation of a particular form. confusing. attempt a harmonization of all published material would be far more The interested reader may consult the Bibliography.
......-;
a [re, 11]
a [a,a]
are very often preceded by palatal and labial glides respec ' Y W tively: for example, y is pronounced [b et on]. This feature is not represented in the script, and unless the student is determined to imitate the modern reading pronunciation in every detail, it may be ignored. The correct pronunciation of and b is very difficult Since Ge'ez is no longer a spoken lan for the speaker of English.
\..""
A.
Phonology The Vowels
guage, the following approximations should prove adequate:

b as in father, short
as in machine, long as in boat, long as in boot, long.
The distinction between long and short vowels, a property of earlier Semitic according to standard reconstruction, probably per sisted into the period when Ge'ez was first reduced to written form, but because this cannot be proven except by appeal to certain struc tural features, an argument that not all scholars would accept, and because the modern reading traditions do not recognize vowel length as a significant vowel feature, reference to long and short vowels in the following discussion should be regarded as a classification which the writer finds convenient for the description of the phonology rather than a universally accepted fact about the Ge'ez vowel system.
as in let, short as in father, long as in bait, long
a
e
The length distinction between b and a is not difficult to make. those who have no concept of vowel length, however, b may be pro nounced like the vowel of ) and a like the first vowel of b + in order to maintain this important distinction. B. The_Consonants
For
Most of the Ethiopic consonants have an approximate counterpart in English and offer no problems in pronunciation:
There are seven vowels:

..!.,,'
short:
b(
..
r;
l)
"", i'
I '
ILong:
"
ii,
e,
as in boy as in foot as in goat as in hope
\
n
as in king as in leaf as in man as in no as in so

8
like sh in should as in wall as in yet as in zoo
Only a and are marked with macrons in our transcription, since no confusion can result from leaving + and
0
as in dog
f
g
N as in tea
y
+ and
unmarked.
aw
The vowels e and
usually result from the contraction of the diphthongs " There are many situations where
b]b
aw
respectively.
and
alternate
optionally (e.g. b\*
I followed) .
Optional alternation
,1"
No distinction is made between are pronounced as <
and + in the modern tradition; both
between " and is less common but not problematic. The modern reading pronunciation of these vowels is indicated by their position on the following standard chart.
_. __ 1..
y tends to be pronounced as a voiced bilabial
spirant [a], in medial positions when not doubled. _The five sounds ' gutturals.
.... 1,..
Brackets enclose
x will be referred to collectively as
Three of the gutturals
9 6
are pronounced simply as II
4
]pqZq i q q Tf ]qT g Z qZ g g NgQ T q T ], g eqZTq NR T q 8T ] q T ac gc e ]Xqf gT e g h fT T Z Zq T T] q ZT q q g Tq] X g
Z T qZT T T TZZ]
3TXq i q Tq] T] H qq fT e g q Tq] qT X q g q g Hg g g g
c:).
?k*
TfTf ]X]
3 Z q ZT
TXqTq] TXqTqTq
TZqX
qZ X T XTZ e
hTfT Tqf g gT
ZqT X 3TXqZ Z] T] Xg qfqT g] g
O:R
i] g f
TZZ
qf-
# #
XTb e
r)'
T T q ]qqqT T T ] T ZT T] ]q 3ZZ]qf e g T ] T 3 g T{q eqq T g e T]qq ] T
C.
E T]] q gq X eeq TX Zq f T]|Zq gq TX g T fr q Z Tq TX Z T] r q g ] q eqT q T Ig/ q g )] TZZ .
fT g ]
('
<) T
T]qq Hg
T Z] ]qqZ T
X ]ZqX] qg qT Ig AeZ q Z]qf qT eeq X{Z
qT q g. fT qZ] qf
XT
e q
g T]
qZq
N0
NZ
eqq X ?
NT g g e ] T q e
^
g
[n
n^
T] T]cX
N2R TfT gTfT e T] Z ee ZqT 3TXqZ Z T g Tq NR q
qZ]qf TX g Zq g
qZ]
ZT
J:!
gT
TX g
t.).
eT g fq q g e fTq T] T j
T gqZg
] ZT Hg g
Tq qZ]qf e g
ZT e e
m
Tq
Tq, ] ZTq q
g T]
Z e
rT 3 g ]
]qTq
T] cX X ] > q
X T eZqX ] fTq] fTq] gT
}Zq T gT
TT]
XTqZ
Ig
ZqZs
ZgTTZ
g gq e
TqT g ZqqZ T
M]
t q
Ig Z] ]
q q
Z
]qf T q
T Z]T e qq
I!
Hg
q fTq] ZtTq TZ q Ig q q g Z] qZ q 9 ] ] ] T e * gT X ] qZ q u
T q z= Xe T
fTq
D.
; 6gqqZ T] T] T]~ Zr T 7 T 5T T q T' T
T] TfTf
CT q q fT e g eeqT X Z
I!'
Xj TZqX] f e gqZg q ZZ T B
50
GqqZ X TT]
Hg eqf qfq ZZ Tq Z] ] r Z Ig qTc q
q T]
q gq T] Jg
T q
T Z T eqT
xm
qg
0+
p, X
X
T] Z] q ZZ
T]qq T ]qT jq ] v
T T !C%C) q T T
gT
4T
TZqY] T 6fqg q NS q
! !R
qf qfg g ZTT gyZo Z
! ! 0" 0
TXqTq^ wk
!
q
! k
Z] NfR
Zu
0* r0
Hj P+ \
b_
Fl@" %&#$
i\ 11
110' tl
0r
t 1111'
t 110
$
d01l1>
0111111 ls
U [01V
ZZ
q d
W Kj
]X g
] <_qf
NHg q
T] qZ
I 1111 HI' I
,hllil
1," " '"fl"
I i
I1f
/I
share that Z
(CI-C2-C3)
T] e T
CleC2uC3 C eC2eC3CleCi3-CIC2aC3
q ZT] ZT T n
BT
3]]qqT 6 eeq eeq eq e g
r&
e T Tqf TX qg
X Tqf] T]
(IJllIllerpart.
ZqTq
to Lile scI:;
ZT
!R
!R
!@ n y ny a al
! j&@
,
kdn
bc
{ay v |n {n |n
y k |y an knn
yl v y
bb
a l al
{n v |n
in
{k| nv n y
an y| v
yn
al {l
Yain a nn ln
Y{n k ny _n |a
Fnkan na akanl na { Xn
lnnl a va{ {n an v l |n an |an {a alnka
h. ~
v inl ay
an
nn n v aal
innl a | n
v a
{n
al
nia a |
a a G G
u nkvy 5 8 ^= G L Y{
Z{n v n {l Iak| yna Tn a in k lna {a v [ nl an |n |n an {n
|n
nn
{o |n
nal
{n [{nn v" a lkapl lwk
a n k ynna n
iak v
ka! |n nay {nn an
annl |y| invn |l v |n |n |n
, y- byb/
al anl a | inkn v a na
y, s. bb.
a
y^ [yc b
{n % |n {nn |a l
^ ^d bb^
|a ka in ak lnkn
knk y v aianl
in
aanl |n aiaol kna a
naan aka
kn n
v Y|n {n
&ub
ayayn
|n
l an
nkla
nnn _|n
nvn lky n {a {n n
v {
nn in n an | a {n /... n kna Nnn

D.
a '
=
na al v i
{n vgn#
Nnn Y|n
a|ain` nka
b n a Sq
aan v n v kak an |a n
n& ka v yn{n yda i
n nkn dl a Y|n {n nn a alpka Gn |n knl an ink
kn { ^n a ayn L ngn
G G G G 6 8 : kn n vvn {an a k aa vnn n ay |n v
Nnn
kn /.... v a|ain an
=
Xnn Yain G$ 0.. |lnl y v
kia> Xnna
/.
{lnlB nn v lnnnl {n y
an v |n
nvn vn in an v
dl
nn v
{n
E|ak
lvy
Onn
Y|nn nn na al akn a n
nlkain nlkain
nay kany nay nn
{n
iny
kk
ak
9; nkn hl v {n |n i
a {n |
Xnn [ain Y|n nka avn n
Qn17 al al van a n
Ul n
X|
Eaik
na lln a y J{k
k [{ n
nya a inl a ? nn n al Wn
nnl al {n
a ana
ain yn {n
{n naln {n
an an vnny
a a l l Y|n
:I
na{ lnaa
nn v
yn
nkn { ln nk
nan hl nn
I nl a a k
nk naian yn
knna
ayayn J [{n J|k E|ain lnk v v i al naa |n iy |nl {n n {a v v a a {n |n a{a Ul X|
a nnkn kn an
nl nl M
a a nl a vv
U{n aaya|
Xnka an anl invn lnay { v v |n an
V|yka lna |nn inyy { nvnnkn l an v
Y{n K|k Eaik kn n nn in al akn al na v a n [{n an
a|ain k lnD
a inl yala ak v v lvnl
Nnn
\|nn |n al anl v) NaaC nnl
n {n in
an an lnl
aan knnkn
n v nvnnkn [|n nna ka in
kn |
n {alnl nin {n {n Xnk kanl P zs {n
}n
n( v anknln
('
lla alaa an
n |n ]~n /$
k{k ayayn nan
a {n
na lA aia lla
n |n i
nkknl va avnl
pro
ya{k a annl
kaa {n nn E {n Y|n aianl ln a l l
a{ain v Y|n v |n ka a
a v lvka ejf
Y{n nnkn v xnl
a ya l
ka an*
< T T x) vn
n y t a{aink
lkn akkl'y
a cra
a yn
Ra
{nn
an
Yain
n@
trnliltionlll lind m
kln
FL
. ]b-
{nn
N d
ya
|a
kn
a /123
Table A:
The Ethiopic Alphabet Ci

C13.
h
1
h
m
IJ Il tit
no lP
Ca
ooIP-
U fr the {.
Cu
Ce
C,Ce
CIt
PI. t
I\. the
'L
OIJ
1\ "1
'I
Ib db PI. (.,
1,
s
r
l fI
b t
x
+ n T
...
()4! 01:
"1-
>
h OJ 0 H f -,
d g ! p s d
v
.... OJ. 0It
II. 4! Il t l t it. he 0,.

If! tl
''1 q
III fL 4!
9"
U A ill
iJ :P :J
Ci '"
".. C 11 1 1
'P
11
II
(l, 1: h.
II if-
If fto th "., .,.
Co
Table F Ca
W w
Labialized Consonants
W k g
w
..,..
1:-
Ci
r-)...
Ca
bo
,..
W.
?t.
:}
t.J.
\J. ,.
.,.
!k
Ce
C,Ce
.".. 1'W1--
Table C.
Numerical Signs
fa
fl
1
'-
dj h
-fa
4 0
]0
8 9v.
1 ..
1;
11
14 13 12
..,
..,
15
Ii!
Iii Ie If
r.
40
20 30
11:
50 j 60 ;;
70 (t 80 11" 90 j 100 200 @
tL
".
'}
if!
OJ
ill
ffi<'
-'t
8-
A. 4-
ffl.
?..
:t
;J IlJ
y p,
1, 1I1 1t. 'L
fu fo
.f.."
11
/J
If r
tJ sP P
Ca
5
] 00000
IV .., .... 10000 fl'

1000
"fff .... .. ..
Table D. Cu Ci
Amharic Modifications C13.

Ce
t.
4-
t..
? tp K" iJ
ti
-) (Il ?
f..
C,Ce
if
c
n
z
r;:
1i
T 1
1f
1j.
1F Q.l:
=IE -'j.
if..
7i
....
.-re
lJ!
,.,.
c:
rrr"
QJ.
1(
1i. :{
:e 1-
7i !f if
lib].
-Ii
11:
11. :(
it :,; 1
;tr 6f,b
1a "'i 11
-Ii
rr .,.
if
QJ..
1.-
1f' (.fib
1i
2 Vdw ôd :dw @ d :dw
11
w wt w odws wd dmw w wds w d w1 wds d ws mw d y-

Tw d wd dod d ww dw
Z 9Z
odw
J
f Q T *
sw dw
.
sxwws
wows
g
d [
- "
"
dow
w dwdw d od dssws m
wd w
ii w
sd
Q
7 ww mw m @% dw
) T
)h" " (
^ w a o wd
*
w w w ddd dssws w d dm w w*
) ban
w m m w w
zdpws
w d F
E w
^2:2%{
ds
-.2:2%H&
>

dmw w ww sw w{ Nw
% ^ w co ws
wo

;ow ds d wdw do * owd w dw dw!
d s d m w wws
oo [ w mwow odw odw sm ows ww
w
odw
w
u
m w w
dss
Qw
wdw
w [w
mow w
F
ww
msdw
Kw w
*:
" ww
;G
ds dw
s wsw

^w w
[ /
o G w
w d d dw w
dw ww
[ -})(
-7
d wd
+ + +
m w wws s
|P:PCr
>
# # *
[w w ws
# #J .
ds s
mwd
U
Rw d
#" "
oq
ww w wd d w ws
sw wdw do w w msd
+
d ww dmw ds
msd
3.
wmd wod w3
dwd
odw ww
w do
\
d w
dsqd dssws
H sw d 2 w wh
mwo
ds dw d
*
s d d [w durj s W}~oO
an
(

w w dhw s
+ doo
7 dss
w d w4 w w dw d
ww w mww d d ddw wo w w
d www mw w w
wod
,1
mwd wlg w
w w
d I w
8 8
7 w
final im
s s w
Lhuro Is nn I' n I'.
d 1.1 er stago w w
101\,: lev. ev('):
od
ds dswow
rrcCt'<iinH ',yl llll>l"
a d -cy: l.IIIIPS
www
mwd"
12
13
&
>
) ]
&
>
]]
B B0
W (( A ,
G 9&
d # (
n
AA
O !
>
D
B # 8. J & / A
>
o
]
5 1-
0 E E >
# (
>
A &
##
6t
w &
V 1
D
W& A
#=
-an
>
!(
1
6
& A
(K ( # 3: K , C A ,
6
: a
W A c1 # =
>
# AW ( 3:X b
>

S.
K
k& ,
11
3 C 1 # A : 1 : #/ 3a: # &t 1
m& i%
J # 1
-0,
9. j%
, A 3 # : C8 )
-aw
F #
3 bc
5< 1C
,
-aw
proflx
N$
(
1 3
?
F B
-e A 1 ]
# _= \ B
ZR
I
$!
1 a
sil .

-0
$!=
&
AK
/
3#
$!0 v 60 /
>?
O :K &
>R&
3 ,&,
$C
3# &
=
g AH,
#WC
-e,
#
-y-
# &
& / , A 1
r T'eyZit, 544;
lip,
as
U # && A $ # A : \
in
u
J
# #W b ?
6. sonant)
3# ?
&K
( :& && :
9 -R
: C)
3K1X
# :: & , J , ( 1 1 C ( # : ( & : J & A ( K
3#
G,
o # 3C
, 1 /A # #P ( (
&
&
1.
: #/ b ## /
## / K
0 c1 &C :
>
# & : ( / # 1 / & ~ & 1 1 = ,
? ( ? # # $ )
0 3 #
: &
+
&
&
3 ,
TIe
+
U #k 3C C ? >]
....
-7
+@@ > +e t@
W: & #
4-
((
# (
!`?
# 5
3 E & X ,
XNa"
#= ,
U :
#
..... __
K
K
_ .:t....:,_
3 1
.......
(J
G
38@
;0;'
b'
If)'
# #K
Ca- v
%.
&
. [
a.
J (K
A
beg] nn I nft COT'T'll<':Lcd
N ) T?
., _ __
Lilli lalou T'egularly to
wri tten CCl-,
<B
in our texts. Occasional ambiguities remain, and LTf=1 the same word? however: e.g. are Lesson /
=D
FLT1
read as s-
Should the latter be
a D verbal noun? was later always pronounced as
Because the initial sequence U=
/%4
Thus,
There is no definite or indefinite article in Ethiopic.
Uf-
the prefixing of the negative 'i-
(F,9 above) often resulted in
the spelling w$
"
a city a king Prepositions.,
or
the city the king.
$=q $%
3.
> >
$q $%
spelled spelled
$Sgv $g%
(ignorance).
t / 5
Most prepositions are written as separate
Almost equally common in all but the best manuscripts is

'
words before the noun they govern:
the confusion among the three "
s F"
T 6-
although a given manu
script may show consistency in the spelling (wrong or right) of a particular root. Here again we have followed the lexical norm estab in only a few roots (e.g. "
#1 O
"Q m
in/into/to the city on the mountain.
lished by Dillmann;
is there any real
The exceptions are in, with (location, agent, mannor)
uncertainty about the correct form.
B % Many texts show a confusion between s and

merger of these two sounds in Amharic,
, . reflecting the ).
to, for (dative) from (ablative, source),
as noted above (p.
5.
and "
Perhaps the most recent error is the'confusion between ' but
an error which is not present in many manuscripts at all, Normalization here is not problematic, for the most part, known.
which are always written a s a unit with the following word: with strength F6Lto the king, V"h from the city.
frequent in others.
since the
earlier and correct spellings are,
For the sake of clarity we shall always transcribe these with hyphens:
The cumulative effect of the preceding errors can be quite bewildering unless one has a firm grasp of the forms and lexicon of the older language as it has been recovered by Dillmann and other scholars. The failure of modern editors of Ethiopic texts to normal (unless, of course, a word is unknown or
< t<
<
"
There is also an independent (unbound) namely x
form of the preposition
"Q ? ?
and
"
from the city,
are freely combined with the other prepositions. and #1 seldom alters the meaning of the sec
ize spelling is puzzling genuinely ambiguous);
as in O$
even more reprehensible is the burdening of a
ond preposition.
has its usual force:
O$
from on,
critical apparatus with such trivial and predictable pronunciation errors.
#1
from in.
These various compounds will be noted in the vocabu
laries as they are required. 1.3 later, Although we shall defer full treatment of the verb unti 1
it is necessary here to introduce the 3rd person forms of tho
inflection called the Perfect: Singular 3rd pers. masc. Plural he sat she sat
-u,
h Q1 =1G
they
(Ill. ) (r. )
3rd pers. fern. The four endings,
they
tlL
suL
-a)
guage Lo lIIark these four forms of the Perfect, regardless of tho
are used on all verbs in the 1 U/I
16
17
51 + 4> 5:> + J+ ) 6 FC_ 4
r
+C ; ; 3+ 6 ) J 5 4 , > 7 5m
5 HT
> 6 4 ,
;*T
Q 1
+ V
) + 75
pBT
+ >7 4; ; ;74 ;5>
6]
qaBT
c4 U <> + 3+
has <
) 3+ ) + )
2N
&
3N
"!&
+) 75 6 3 7 <
) + ) 75 C, U/ 4
3; ;4
;>4Cm 7,
6w
/; 5;> ) + +
s.*CT
9 ) 6 +
U + ;4 ) 4
Q 4 , C
B E 1. 75 R 74 <1 R 5 + 7 64 <> /; 1 ;; 7 _ + a + <> + + ;H4 d 5< 1 14> + 7 1 l ; , 7+ ~ R + >6
+<
d /4> 7 +>>
6.
5 5< < < 56 +< 6 6 5 5 y 5 +< R k q , , ,
<t 6 +2 O +
Gq q 6 |6 , 6 / +< F , , q Q
7 c 6 D % 6
k o /
9.
10. 6. 7.
T
1 7 5 7= ;>4
) + <>
$T
1.
V V yB <
2.
x O O
lF
#;T T
T
6 + +
+aT
;
[ ;>4 [ 6 [
k O
9.
10.
7 B< 5.
yB <
$. T $ T ,.-T
O+ + 1 ;: 6
+:2T KTT
>$ 6 4+ ) l.T
+ 6 g g
$ <k + )w F ; 6>t )
$T
H
T
5;t
T
< ,
;tT
T
4>
3 4 , $ <,
+T +T
4
T T
T
, " i
4) 4 < R H 5
6m 45 45 ; 6
) ) < :) 6
5 ) , ,
> 1 ) t>
''
.
. 1
\.1 #T
.,
?.T
:
) <
45
'\.- )
f, -
TT
T
wi I I I i I..,
"
II.
jn,
)
i
11111,,;
5, ;4C: ` z 75 ) 75
weota o r l'a-I,}er.i:a ",./,,,

'"
/'/'" "'I, "1'''".
','m-diha
75
75
+k j ` m} m ` ] ` > .; ` ` ` ` m ` } m ` m , , m m ` ` ` ` m ` ` ` m m ` + W` m } m `` ` ` ' m ` m } m / h m } m m ` ` m ` ` ` ` } m R,
2 7 >m}mm}
! >
H 1 1 m 1 m }m 1 O 2 ` m 1 , m ` m ` m 2
> m ` m ` `
hagar 0 ' ahgur) negus bet dabr be' si

,
b m , I ` ` f m
Y m n
I m m }
nagast)
' abyat) ` ,
m / c m } / Q b ' m ` T m ` g m
dcibr -) ' adbar

J
2 ' adbCir) ` 1 sab' ) m
'amat -) 'Qmatat
m m ` ` m ` ` ` ` ` ` m m ` m ` }` , } ` ` K ` m ` ` m }` m
gabr (p l . ' agbert)
` `
m N `
be' s i t (p l . ' anest) `m
m / m ` l` d o
amar
j } L
3 ' aar) } ` m
` m } m
` m ` m
ma?' a ` ` wad . ' a ` `9

` ` p ` ` " m ` / m
Wl '
'
em ',
m Z !
epart r rOIll ; I ( )
m ` m `
bo' a ` wadqa `
R } K
(westa, ba-J .
m ` 3
qetal , aqtal , aqtu l , aqtel ' aqteU qataU
+ + ' egar
' egr dabr hagar batr gcibr negus mal'ak ' anqal} bag '
' adbCir ' ahgur ' cib ter ' agbert nagast mala' ekt ' anCiqel} ' cibage '
` m ` D $ \ } ^ ` m } m m M i ' , / } m `
m m m m
heyya/ba-heyya zeyya/ba-zeyya
U` ` K
" "
m m
O ' em-heyya ` P ' em-zeyya `
wa- m
m 4
%,
+ be' si wa-be' sit
U mU qU U B > A U mU rU U ? A C ' aqatel > / > e m1 h m } ` m } ` m m , h
m m m
m `m
V
6.
m } }
}m( }m m m}m m m
w m }x m m
@ 3 m } m & m }} A3 B, 5. T 1 ,
2.
`}
}m }m }m am
| m } m}s m} < v m5 }m m m }m m m, m 3 } 3 + , 6
7 . _m
7.
? m
= : +}m) m}m m } y } m} m} m } m m}m, }m * }m m m, m) m}m{ / } m , 1
ijora negus .
ijorat be' sit.
e `
ijoru nagast .
ijorQ. ' anest.
1
h h
, /
Nabarat }
8 . kmm
A3
S m ~
The `m further
- : kz k m Rm
D , ktu
6 . 1 ;I ' T` m =,
h eyyo .
20
+ ; E #Ma;; ' a ' em-heyya wa-nabara

zeyy a .
+ 4 oWar ada ' em-we sta ' adblir wa-bo ' a

w e s t a hagar . o 0 Ma 2 ' u w e s t a hagar wa-bo ' a xaba negu s .
;G 7 Wadqa bet . + o 'Arga ' ane s t westa amar .
Lesson 4 Noun P l ura l s ( cont . ) . 4 + nal p l ur a l s are -an and -at . The two endings us ed to form exter
; F / Wa? ' u ' agbert ' em-hagar wa- J:toru

w es t a dabr .
-an i s , for the most p art , restri cted
to nouns denoting ma l e human b eings :
mas agger liq
p l ural :
ma saggeran Uqa.n
fishermen e l d ers , ch iefs .
-at has no such r e? t r i c t i on : nahiy negest gadam

p l ural :
nahiyat nege stat gadamat
prophet s queens w i l derne s s e s .
It is by no means uncommon to find broken plural s further p l ura l i zed by the ending -at, but b ecau s e these forms are sporad i c and e a s i l y ident i fied, they wi l l no t b e l i s t ed in t h e l es son vo cabu l ar i e s . Several b i consonantal nouns have p lur a l s ending in -aw :
' ed 'e4red
pl.
' edaw 'edC/1J! 'edaw
hands trees mal e s
' af ' ah W ' ex
pl.
' afaw ' abC/1J!

' ax C/1J!
mouths fathers brothers .
Be' si (man) and be' sit (woman) have t h e p lura l s sah' and ' anest re
spect i v e l y . The word sah ' , whi ch as a p lural m ay b e trans l at ed "men" or " peop l e , " may a l s o be u s ed as a s ingu l ar noun in the sense of "a m an" or "mankind . "
3. 2
Co l l e ctiv e s .
S ome nouns , formal l y s ingu l ar , d e s i gnate For examp l e ,
groups or speci es as we l l as a s in g l e i t em .
'e4'of ezb daqiq
a tree ( p l .
'e4-aw) ; a group of t r e es , a grove , woods .
It a l s o deno t e s the mater i a l "woo d . " a bird (p l . ' a
'waf) ; fowl in g eneral .

'
a peop l e or nat i on (p l .
azW) ; peop l e (as a p lural).
offspr ing , progeny , chi ldren .
When there is a conf l i ct between form ( s ingu l ar) and meaning (plural), the noun may b e construed e i ther way : peop l e came .
ma?' a ezb or ma? ' u ezb the
32 , | 2 + >2 OU + 2 2 2 , 6 : 2 , NU 2 -2 U2 2 C % -2 2 2 ,2 2 22 ,2 22 # 2 2 O 6 2 - ( 22 2R 2 , , ]2 2 2
+
F2
F2 c , 2 :2 | 6 ,2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 -2 j 2 M2 2 2 -2 j U 2 2 2 $ +2 :O 2 , 62 , 2 2 o2 #2 2 6 2 2 2 N 2 2 | : N 2 2 + N2 2 2 2
6 C 2 mas agger y# O --an)
0 2 B + U 6 2 2 2 2 2 62 2 U w2
liq y # - 2-an, liqawent, liqanat) -at) # # nabiy y # 2 gadam y# O ' -at) 2 N U ezb y# 4 >ezab, 2 ' azab) #
62 : 2 2 2 2 @2
-a 2
, U2 2 2 :2 2
2 + U 6 , C ,2 #
]2 |
S2
6 O N 2 + , 2 2 ## 2
| > 2 p - 2
negusa hagar walda negus qa la nabiy sema mal' ak fe lsata BabiZon Uqa kahenat ma <lira gadam fenota bal'
(wa ld) 6 2 2 (qal) 6 2 2 (sem) 6 2 2

6 2 d 2 #C 2 @ 2
1'0?a 2 C -2 W g ayya 2 6 - 2 gab' a ba?a 2

C # 2 2 2 2 2 ,+#2 6-2 T , ( @ 22 3-2 { 2 -2 o @ 2 :x 2 x : C 2 + : A ]2 U : 6 -2 2 C 2 N 2 C2 2 T:2 + O 2: 2 2 x+ 2 x+2 -2 >2 N x : N 2 2 2+ 2 :2 2 -2 2 +2 : - 2 N :C2 02
Tn
2 (mal' ak) 2
2 , + 2 @2
: , -2
O 2 (fe l sat)
(kahen) (ma <ar) 62 C2

U2
w i l tl l' ,. -
N U2 2 2 2 2 U
mes la N
2 O
-2 2
(fenot)
r 2 C2
(ba)
U Z22 , U 2 UC 2 2 2 2 ,^+2 2 # C $,: 2 C @2 V 2 -e : 2 + 2 # #O 2
-0
2 2
l, 2 62 2
,+: ##
2 2
+2
:2 2
2 , 2
:2
M 2 2
{ 6- 2 p 2 O 2 2 2
: 2 N 2 2
N O O #2 2 C # 2
O O 2 U 66 ,
C2 2
>2
e2 e s :2 +
2 :2 x
C O 2 N O O: 2 $ 2 N 2 6+2 # 2 2 2 O U 2:2 U 2 2
: ]2 U :e ]2 02 -2 +C
5. {
y 2
-i $2
2 -2 2
C2 , , 2 2 , C : 2 62
[02 { 72 ,W2 { : x 2 + 8. 2
?aaje hezb
e: 2 |2 , U2 2 @2 >^ 2 N 2 , , 2 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 , C, O2 2
-a, -e J
2 6+2 2
? / 2: 2
P - 2C 2 + @ 2 x 2 : 2 3 > |2: > 2| 2 : C 2
62 #
T,
O 2 2
02
nagasta hagar we luda negus qalata nabiy

, 2 -2
mo s L
2 2 2 62 2 2
2 2 N 2 2 +C2 ,2
62 62 2 62 2 2 2
, 2 x2
o -{ 2 2 * 0 2 11 2 [ > 2 12 - 2 E
18.
0 :2 N : 2
#C # 2 , , C2 : 2 6 T U2 D 5 8 2 9 02
x + s D! 2 2 ' cllI - h ryyn 2" " ' : I j'. L' 1'
: f -2 N2 N > 2 r2
wn -nabaru
, 2 2 :
; l I s L an c e s &
2 62
& " -2
' <'Ill d i b a
\ (2 i .c. g [ g2
fn :qllclll
compoun d ) ,
g@2
2 beta maqdas 2 O 2# , | 2 2 2
+ # O 22 ,2
h a l il a r .
I i l e r: , 1 I y " I ll<'
h o u s e 62 2
>p
tadbaba beta maqdas
> : ( tadbab) ! Q 7: R / emma eyii:W + 0 \ Q

(eyii:W) "
:1 3
]7. 18.
' cdawa
U & V P y 0 o %3 & U R _ , 3 y ,&z h E o 6 S 0 n 0 &h l[
g -0 2
# #
K#
_ U
`&
'
:, ~ >
0 = Q K #
(' emm) 0 A= W 0 eg ala ' emma-eyaw, A O ,
> j 0 = g :#
1t 2Q
0 0:, 0,
3. L ?
p \& 8
[ WL 2 _ ] 2 8.
q1
0,7
7: =
, , 0 =
samay wa-medr
' Amlaka samay wa-medr
3 j k &&
& ? # & _` 4 5
o _ && 4 3 N e
& M
~ g O
#1 &
g -L 2
+ o j + ; +
Ceq. w 1E ceq.m,;)
g fenot (pl . fenaw, fenawe) ' arwe f : DM' arawit) 1 g D
& Q: E
f1
> hj
SlRL
samay w :1 y -at) * =
barad
g & 3
A 3 0 A E
h L?#
?k & W 7
zenam x: A h -at) w w q a l : A ' aq e Z ) 1 0 beta negus : A
K &1
: & & K A 3 0
' enta = tata #
q=
' i-
1 l
= g : 07
A&
= 1
7 h SD # >'
3. g ] 2 X) #
# # & 4
10.
U#
$ `
0 p } 3
[ 2 _ W 02 8.
>
13.
14.
S U3
T k + ? W 2 P k A + S
1 pF 2 tran s l at o r . 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( 2 & 7 82 ) 2 2 2 2 T" (2 ! 2 " * "! &" 2 I 2 2 1 2 2 ) " /2 1>2 4 82 2 2 I 1 2 2 )2 2 4 2 2 & 28 ( 7 & 2
2 82 D 2 ( 2 / I 2 2 !2 sD 2 2 44 2 2 2 $( 2 =2 9 2 =2 2 !2 p 2 4 2 1 2 2 2
+( 2
)22 1$ 2 ( 1 " !2 !&$ 2 B 2s 2
)2 2 4 ! !2 T& !
hagar ) " f2 bet " >) = 2 dabr " z 2

, 6 7B2 2 1 " !2 2 > 2 j"2 &2 82 ! 2 7B2 4 " 2 h " " $2 1 2 " !Y 2 2 2 ( >2 1"2 12 "2 47 7 4 72
a;nar ) s " > 2 [enat ) W " = 2 barad " s 2 gadam " > 2
<
/B2
' arwe
& 2" $2 2
)>2
2 " & ) B& 12 2 I2 2 2 2 2 2 I!2 ( 82 2 ( 2 2 !& 12 82 " 7 I" ) "& 2
2 F !I 2 & )2 ! 2 2 442
ed " >) > 2

& 2(2 ( 12 7 2
samay " > z2 )

/ 2 $ ( 2 ! 2
zenam " = ) f 2 w q a? l " ) W 2

2 2 2 ) 2 gonu o l' .
zentu be' s i )2
& B2 ) zentu 2 $2
} ! & 2 "~2
zati be' sit )2

2 ) "2 2 2 82 ( "!" 2 $ 7 "2 X T 2
8 2I 2 "B2 ) "2 7 2 [enat I
1 7 7B2 2 )2 " )
adj ect
may
%"&
! $ #. .
zati
2
]2 p 2 4 $ (2
! $ =2 p
82 I 2 2
zentu
zati , I 2 2
4 42 12 2 1 82 I 2 / 2 2 2 ( 1
2 ! 2 ( E $ 2 !2 82 7 "" 2 2 /2 $ 1 2 2 &2 ) $2 2 "2 p2 ( !2 T ! 8 2 2 (2 ! B2 4 & 82 " ! 2 >2 ! (/ 2 &
;2 p ro ll' !'
)2 [enat 2 2 2 (!2 )2 2 )& 2 X 2 4 " 82 2 1 12 /2 1 2 " B2
82 1 2
)&T 2 X & = > 42
7 B 2 )2 2 I& 2 1
! 2 W2 !2 2
as
s2 ) "W2
ze zentu we' etu

B2 " )B>2
za zat
=2 | B 2
! 2
)& & 2 4 ) & 82 )2 "2 )2 " ! 2
/ I 12 2 / 1 2 " /2 &1 + p 2 4 " 2 )2 2 4
W2 ye' e i 'i
" &" 2 12 2 $
&2 ! & 2 " !2 ! 2 8 2 2 "2 I4 2
1m ] &2 &
Ze-
&8
)2 2 2
za-
al'O
7 7 B 2(ze-be' si, za-be' sit) , (2 82 ! 2 2 ! 1 2 44 2 B=2 8 ?/ B2 2
)2 4 E 2 2 I2
GB2 /l!1oLhor T ! i2 j 2
W t' l t
7 & 2 "$2
7" (2 I
& ! &2 ba- , &1/ 2 I
I L =2
X( 2 72 ! 2 ( #2
&8
/2 ba-ze bet 2
2 ba-za hagar & 2 ! 2 "2 2 ( 2 ! $ ( )2 I 2 Z2 Y 2 )" & D7 ! 2 ! 2 2 1 2 ( 2 ( 2 82 I $ 1 2 2 2 !2 "2 82 I 7 2 12 & ! 2 " B2 $ 2 =2 2

6) ! 8 + -. " #8 5 8 *
82 2 B 2 !2 7
&
! 8 22
4& 2
4 ! 2
2 2
7 & 2 2 2 2 2 " 2 "~ 2
1 2
) 2 4 72
7 / ( 22 & ) 2
I & 1 2 IB 2 2 2 " 2 T &$ 7B2
"=2 2
2 ! 2
w w mak annen X4 7 m 2 ak anent) 1 qal X 47 >-at) 2 " W =2$ ) nagar X 4/ = -at) 2 " = 24
=2 B2 r2 I 82
2 "& 82 82
& 2
! 82 B&1 2 !$
1 2
) ) & & / >2
! !2 "W ) =2 2 ! 2 2 I I 2 ) ) 2 ! 82 2 4 F: 2
i ar ,
) = " = "2 2 2 )& 2 "2
2 2 & & 2 2
2 2 & 22
( 2 " 2 )
1 >2 82 ( 2 2
82 (!2
2 ! & 1 82 ) &
&1
& 2
/B2 4 4
T&" / 2
2 &2 "2
mal' ak X 47 mala' 2 ekt) ?aa[i X 4 2 aa[t) wald X4 = welud) 2 /(

1 / 2
1 782 " &( 2 2 /
1 2
=2 X 2 2! 2 / 2 4 / 2 W2 2 2 2
7 2 (! " & 2 W2
7 B2 (2 2 2 B
$& 2 B2 2 ~
&)2 2 ) ( 2 I!I2
&
& 7 8 2( B 82 7
4 / 02 )"2 &2
82 & 2 2 "2 X2
7B2 ) "2 2 2 2
=
! T !2 ! 2 1 2 )2
(2 4 2 82$
walatt X 4 7 2 ' awiHed)

2 i 2 !
1!
8 2 1 & 7 W2 & $ 2 1$ 2 2 !2 / 02
/B 12
! 2 )m
/8
1 2 & $ 8 2)" 2 7 t ) 22
&$ 2
! 2 <$h2 2
& 2 5 34 7
V 2 2
X t"& & 2 k 2 4 /2
&" & 4 &7
>b 7 q3 1 |3 X4 pU
5.
Z Z T% Z
% < < G
Y O
7.
Z #4 # X
d Ya ' vt > d %< | | ; ; < ; ; 3 % 3 2 2 2 m [ 1 2 `<
Y w ; Ru 2 H 3 1 1
47
b p X Z c3U E Y 31
7.
X W % d d Z Q ? Z ?2 2 U 1 1 2 2 Xd 7 U Ud X 4 d U 89y 1
$ %
J J " E 1 J
% R 9 %2 2 ; 2 ; ~ t ; 3 % m ;; 1 a % , 3 1Z ; 2 % % 2 ; ; m %t L 9 |< > ; 1 ; z y
+
[ |
2 ? > 3? 1 E < ?X X 4? L | 3 8
4.
CD X
! !
2 2 Z X
b z@ 7 c Ud 2 o 7 7 UW < d % 4 U v V < Z 3 7 & 4 U4 < 3 {[ W%
mQ K 3 ' !
EF z Y
Y Z
l UlIguugu .
B1 U
5.
C. 1.
; < [ %
b
1'0111 .
Li I (IY
N
%
)YE
% 1 2
< 1 q ; 1 ;< m X U
p I li
111 1 1 1\(1 fO Il I I l I' 1 I
; 92 R
r< \
Y> ~ 2
5.
! ' ro I l O I l I I ' " , I l ! .
Y zL b 3L ? E X
R 7 j ' h<E IB
< ; 2 1 ;m ;<
7.
y y
< YEE R
c E
R 8
t ;1 t
b
fie'
E
<t2 2
" ; K <
c E Y
E
R
Y
=< m1 %
h.
E
%< 7 =
the
7 K
;2
% m m E .K .
; < t x %
1 ;
= 5 2 H
0f
% \ 2 .9
of
2 9
6 ( the [
; < = 1 E 2 Ei
%E ? 7 : 94 E @A68E
I' : 1 1
('
1':111
he
&<<0352 E"
.9=BE
30 context . There are thr e e pos s i b l e forms for such pred i c at i on s : Noun Noun Noun l l l
+ + +
31 Proper Name s : A% , / e Not e espe J K 3

John.
Noun Noun
+ 3rd pers . pron . 2 3rd p er s . pro n . + Noun 2
A%DP, A% DP, A%"P, /
d I `c
Dp
G o d ( c annot , a s a proper name , b e u s e d in the construct
s t at e ) . the Lord (may, as an epi th e t , be used in construct ; e . g . / K , 0 ip ites . And the Independent P e rsonal Pronouns given in the l e s s on . Exerc i s e s A . l . aJ:lafi ' ana . 2. 4. ' Ane s t ' emantti . 3 . Masagge ran neJ:lna . ' Ed awa h agar neJ:l na . w 5 . Mak annen ' ant a . 6 . G abra negus ' anta . 7 . B e ' s i t a nabiy ' anti . 1 0 . Daqiqa ' E s r a ' e l
' cmun ! ( I .
The s e may a l l be trans lated as "John is a/the j udge . "
c i a l l y the u s e of the 3rd p ers . pronoun as a copu l a ; there will usu al l y be agre ement in numb e r and gender i f the nouns denote human b e i n g , but , as noted abov e , there i s a t endency for d 3 e r al i ze d for all purposes as a neutral copu l a . c. I f t h e sub j e c t i s a demon s t rative pronoun (note that t h e
+
, I s rael .
the Lord of Heaven) . / a,i3 the Children of I s r ae l , t h e I sr ae l
to be gen
words given as demonstrat i v e adj e ct ives in the preceding l e s s on a l s o funct ion a s pronouns ) , the m o s t frequent word order i s D em . p ro n . 3rd p er s . pron. K 6.3 / e )
+ Noun :
% c [ 4 I I _ Thi s i s the Law and the Prophets. Th i s i s the daugh t er of t h e king. These are the s ons o f t h e king .
1 l . ' Emma Yoh anne s ye ' et i . 1 2 . ' Ab a negest we ' et u . 1 3 . Negesta z at i hagar y c ' e l 1 . 1 5 . J:lamara ' e l l u masagge ran ye ' eti . 1 6 . Daqiqa z entu gabr ' emuntu . W 1 7 . ' Aq e l a z entu ' ed w e ' ctu . 1 4 . ' Aba ' emuntu we l ud wc ' c ttt .
The P l ural Demonstrat i ve s . these those masc . fern. m as c . fern. 3 8u / 8%
7 ! ' Anesta masagg eran ' ant en .
8
y u
c EMal a ' ekta ' Eg z i ' abJ:ler ' antemu.

B . 1 . ' E l lu ' emuntu s ab ' a zati hagar . w 2 . ' E l lontu ' emuntu mak anent . 3. 4. ' E l lantu ' emantu ' anesta negus . ' E l l u ' emuntu l i qana Q e zb .
S , Meta zati b e ' si t we ' et u .
Vocabul ary 6 Nouns : D ) (p l . ] W (pl . ') shore (of s e a or l ak e ) . co l I . men , males ; t h e menfo l k (of a given community) ; mother . father , forefather , ance stor ; 4 o husband . / 4 fami l y .
5 . Z e - w e ' etu nabiya ' E g z i ' abJ:ler . 6 . Zati ye ' eti ' emma ' e l l antu ' aw al ed . 7. ' E l lontu ' emuntu ' amt at a ' a.n e s t .
a l s o used as a p l ur al of 4 3 , 3 4 s ) (p l . & (pl . z 4 (p l .
7 " Zentu we ' etu nagar a ' Am l ak . w E l lu ' emuntu daqiqa mak ann en . ?
1 0 . NeJ:lna nabiyata ' Eg z i ' abQer nehna . ll. 13.
JS.
(col I . ) chi ldre n , o ffspring , progeny . (p l . H X queen .
' Antcmu aJ:laft ' ant emu . wa- ' e l l u ' emuntu ' arawit a gadam .
' E l l u s ab ' ' emu n tu ' amtata ' emantu ' anest . y o ' et i
{'o no l a
1 2 . Z e - w e ' etu gadam ,
Conj unct
i on :
' ({ I I ,; hi l l
( .1 1 1 , ,
"
I "" " ('d l l ' ) 1 I(,)(: t l i v e c l ause) .
1 4 . Zc-\;e ' ct u ' i\lI1 l ak a s amay .

l ii ! i
gadam .
32
XDFs j JJ V r s JJ#
33
Y ! M # Z # !/ nN_ #v n I #/ # Nn O \! (J? ## ! [ no ! /H 1 J /! n !s ! u J? v JK ZJ J E I !# 2s , ! _s H ! ! s W# DD! s ! / ! 0 ^ I! ] n
v
E
7.1
# 9 </
/ ?,?
E q ((
a
B/ j
= E
/ /H
H # ,
((# = ^!, ! 1J DDJ r r
IJ /!(
( ( # F! /
J , #z
^ ( H I /H = =!
_ s 2
R 9.
10.
!#
#
J?
j ! Pq
i
0 II x I
I: N &i
7( ^ H
H$
#, I # D #
! H ! ^D ( / J
/
-e :
1
' I
I< -a,
-e,
/
-
E (
# / !) r
x g
( ! / !
marxo .
/ /<
<asa. LI
D
<
-h :
f i sh ai'lii) . fru i t
N J (mar'xo )
(j"IJ!'i!)
^ I(
n
David
I "
lIo 'i n f J e ct ed
e*
( 0 / # (( # = :
2
( /< (
Salomonha.
R I ;/ n #( (I # (< ^ H < Î / H !
+
( !#( ! I (
D ! /J | 0! ! (
_ @ 3 L2 !/
I
!/!
S 0
!/ !
<
< !
r ^( I
0#/
: (!
#O
+
< ,
! / K0 !I N ,
H H = =!
R# ! O D
y
7. 3
qG;
q((# I =! = 0 jI 0 E (( r /! J ( K J ^!
H= ( !/
H # / =J # ! ^ ^
7 ^!
% F\
O ><
;
<
)L
}E
by
q I s uch accus at i ves , F ?

npp r n p r i n t f'
K> F
OL
6 2-=
@ t_1 I
4p
lT
altering the meaning. Occasiona l l y the accus ative is used to ind i cate static position , a s in W ferred .
,
Exerci s es A.
1. 2.
<
He dwelt in the wi l dernes s . 2^ i s pre
anau ' abyata ba-westa hagar . Qatalu negus a wa-negest a .

<
But this i s rare , and a prepo sit ional phrase Wa5 Q The Accus ative F orms of the D emonstratives . acc. 9 9 9){
Zo.- ,
3 . T akalu
2adadu 0S
eqawa heyy a .
Re ' yu ' adbara. ' agbert a ' em-westa bet . Kerestiyana ba-westa ' e l la ' ahgur . ' aara masaggeran .
9 { 9 9 6
1 , ( and , )}
8| X
acc .
1 51 X 1 X
2 alu Qat
5 , X&
_ @' 2 I - rakabu
S adada liqana ezb ' ern-hagar . ? Qat a l a z anta nabiya. 1 0 . Tak a l a ' a ada wayn westa ' adbar . 1 1 . Rakaba ' arwe ba-we s t a fenot . 1 2 . Re ' ya mala' ekta westa samay . 1 3 . ana a hagara ba-westa we ' etu ayq . 14.
z and ,
have no dist inct accus ative forms , nor do the when used demonstrat ively as
personal pronouns 1 &c direct obj e ct s .
Vocabul ary Nouns : W%(p l . a P m. f . ( ear ly) morning ; the e ast . (p l . 5 qs2 V erb s : , W 22 to s e e . to bui l d , const ruct . to ki l l , murder . to find , come upon ; t o acqu i re . to persecut e ; to drive out , b ani s h , exi l e ; to excommuni cat e ; t o divorce ( a wife) . to p l ant ; to fix i n , imp l ant . Proper N ames : u y 1x] (pl . ) Chri sti ans . p? +,^ WI u R (p l . W uy * church ; the Church . (p l . 1 v evening, twi l ight . m. vine ; wine . m . f . any circums cribed area : q 2 courtyard, 5 vineyard.
I -rakab a ' edawa hagar .
1 5 . S adadu Kerestiyana ' em-' abyat a Kerestiyanat .

B. 1 .
w B a - $ eb ora ' a ada mes l a daqiqa mak annen . ' em-heyya hagara .
(pl . 1 [_ 2Q
I,
2 a-meset gab ' u @B
3 . N ab ara heyya ba- eb wa-ba-meset . p Re ' yu zenama wa- b arada wa-gW ayyu .
T _ R akaba 2adada _ 0S -G 2ab ' a 2 g ] Rakabu
atrium ; pen , s t al l ; f i e l d , farm; v i l l ag e .
Y GW ayyat negest beta Kerestiyan ba-eba .
aafta ba-westa beta negus.
we' eta nabiya ' em-west a hagar . gadama b a-meset . wayna wes t a w e ' etu bet .
1 0 . ' I -anau ' abyat a , ' al Ia nabaru b a-westa gadam mes l a ' arawit . 1 1 . ' I -rakabu zata amara . 1 2 . Rosu ' amtata ' ane s t ayqa .
I : I
4 4[
& than Le s s on Adj e ct i ve s : + Int erro gati ve Pronouns and & :
i. s very
$ "+
, -
a t t ached to the interrogative words (other
o f the preceding paragraphs : ; > ; # ). What did he see? Where did he find th e ch i l d ? There is a s econd group o f de
who ? what? whi ch? 2B (p 1 . 7
accusative : 9 X 2 (p I . 2 l ( 2
V The Remo t e Demon s trative s .
mon strat ive pronoun s / adj e c t ives , much l e s s frequent than the # r e l at i on s h ip to the speaker and h i s aud i ence . Eng l i s h " that , that . . . there , t'hat m. s . 5 5 5 f.s. } 5 ( ( acc . 7 ( ac c . 9 ( ac e . 9 (acc . 9 c.p1. 2 8 5 7 8 V C 5 ( acc . ( acc . 2 E 9 Y Y
group , used to ind i c a t e a more remote l o cation or reference j n Th e s e correspond to yonder . "
II'
a prep o s i n a c l aus e unl e s s gover ned by Thes e norm al ly s t and first i les : w i t h a prec ed ing noun . Examp t ion o r i n cons truc t s eque nce @ #{ # ; . *! *; ! B . . *+ . ( . > . > Who is this man? Whom did they ki l l ? What i s thi s ? What d i d h e find? Whi ch city i s thi s ? Whi ch city did they bui l d ? To whom d i d they f l e e ? Who s e son are you? Why ( l i t . b ecause of what) d i d h e go? There j 7 8.2 > Who are they?
9@ a l s o
1r
@ @ @ J |J ) ?
with a s l ight ly pej or;l The s e demon strati ves are s ometim es emp l oyed t i ve or d i sdainful nuance . to indi cate the t ime when b e used adverb i a l l y in the accus at ive cas e in the even in g , ( &: se an action took p l ac e . T hus ,
= =
Accus ative of T ime .
Words d e s i gnating p eriods of t ime may
for a rath er r are s p e c i f i c p l ural
n am e l y '
in the mornin g . V o cabulary 8
Int errogative Adverb s . \'Ihere? whence? when? B \ (o :< lS: 7 BS: how ? why ? & +
Nouns : C (p l . ( the night . Verbs : + to be , to be come . t ive i n the accus priest . + adj e U s ua l l y fo l l owed by a predi cate noun or a came was/be he (* ative cas e : + there/ i t was/ m . f . n i ght . & at night , during
t in a c l aus e . The s e a l so usua l l y s t and firs
b e conv erte d and &* Any c l ause may The P art i c l es H firs t ( l e s s freq uent l y aOE to the ng & into que s t ion form by addi in fact att ache d t o the Be caus e th e s e p art i c l e s are \'lord or phra s e . cent ers , thei r nd wh i ch the int erro gat i on e l emen t oC the s en t ence arou norm al word orde r : - I'l. " ( \ ('j1l1 r l l l rt' f rulII \1 <; [ ' O i" l l' l l # ! * Are a j udge?
1/11 / '. ' // . 1 1
t ive ( t h e In t h i s us age a fo l l owing noun may be accusa b e c ame . it : + predic ate) or non- accus ative ( t h e subj ect) was n j ght , i t became n i ght ; + ;) there was hai l .
"
may a l s o be used impers onal l y :
se n
to
II
( t 0 : ;r:nim ,
& -
Oid h e see *
%-
) -
e; i"lil c t i on ; to mak e , fashio n , creat e , produc
Za-) .
t o
do , perform , enact , carry out . Other : (prep . ) t o , for ( in the dat i ve s ense) . i
'. 1
# :S .
Mcnta
nu k u n a
ba-ye ' ct i 1 e l i t ?
Ba-ye ' et i l e l i t kona z enarna
wa-ba rada . o f2 ' Ayyat a ' ahgura hanasu? Neg estata-nu s adadu? Hora- nu mes l a hezb?
anau ' e lleku ' ahgura . Sadadu ' e l lonta nagast a .
(prep . ) about , concerning ; because of, on ac count o f ; for the s ake o f . , i i why? for what reason? ' i9 be caus e o f thi s , thus , therefore . Exerc i s es
IS.
Manna sadadu ' em-beta Kerestiyan?
16. 17.
' I - s adadu negestat a . ora mes l a ezb wa-me s l a ' agbert .
A. l .
2.
Mannu we ' etu z entu be ' si ?
w Mak annena zati hagar we ' etu .
3.
o # 2' Ayte
gW ayyat negest ? GW ayyat gadarna . ' Em- ' ayy hagar g W ayyat ? G W ayyat ' em- zati hagar . Ment we ' etu z entu? Menta takalu zeyya? Zentu w e ' etu ' a ada wayn . Takalu ' awyana z eyya .
Menta re ' ya ba-we s t a ' adbar? Re ' ya ' arawi t a . Mannu gWayya ba- l e l i t ? GW ayyat negest ba- l e l i t .
6. 7.
8
' E l la mannu t akalu ' e l lu ' edawa? ' cdawa . ' E fo hora heyya? Mannu gabra zata fenota? Ba' enta mannu gabru z anta? Mannu gabra z ata h amara? Ma ' ze ora hagara? Ma ' ze wadqa zeku ' e?
Takalu ' edawa hagar ' e l l u
ora heyya ' enta ye ' eti fenot . Gabru s ab ' a hagar zata fenota. Z anta gabru l a-e zba hagar . Zata gabra we' etu masagger.
10. 11. 12.
13.
14.
IS .
Hora mes et a . Wadqa ba- l e l it . w Set a zanta beta l a-mak annen .
La-mannu sea z anta beta? Mannu ' anta?
16.
B a ' enta ment sadada Kerest iyana? ' Ana nabiya ' E gz i ' aber ' an a . Xaba mannu sea amara? Manna sadadu ' ern-hagar? Menta-nu J!ana?u heyya? Mannu kona n abi ya? w Sea amara xaba walda mak annen .
B. 1.
3.
4. S. 6. 7.
B
9.
" !
%
S adadu Kerestiyan a . anau beta Kerest i yan .
Kona Yoannes nabiya. w Kona walda s ahafi mak annena . Konu hezba ' enteku hagar Kerest iyana. La-ment kona aafe ?
B ' c n t a - z c
wa ' u ' cm- hagar wa- ' i -gab ' u .

' ; : I m ?i y u ?
1.1 1 1 1 l 1 1 I I ' I I I
'% I\ \, \,
,
fn l > rll
11 1 1 \>J , I I , l d , 1
1 11 I I
" 'III
':' : I IIl;i y ?
: , 1 1I I n
G abra ' Egzi ' aber s amaya. W .1 rada zenarn.

hi;' ,
I
:: "' l i l "
scu .
p
( c) Les s on 9 9.1 The Noun w i th Pronominal Suffi xes . Pronominal p o s s e s s ion
:
S i ngu l ar nouns ending in a long vowel other than " (e . g .
mendo.b e , aff l i ct ion) :

my affliction
mendo.byo
i s indicated by a s e r i e s o f suffixe s attached direct ly to t h e noun . There are s l ight variat ions depending on whether the noun s t em ends in a vowel or consonant . (a) S ingular nouns ending i n a consonant ( e . g . hagar city) : my c i ty your ( m . s . ) c i ty your ( f . s . ) city h i s city her city our city your (m . p l . ) city your ( f . p l . ) c i ty their (m . ) city the i r ( f . ) city
your (m. s . ) aff l i ction
mendo.bka et c .
accus at i v e : mendo.bya
mendo.bka e t c .
T h e suffixes are l ike tho s e on ?ao.fi above , w i t h no change whatever in the final s t em vOIV e l of the noun . (d) P lural nouns . A l l p lura l nouns have a suffi x -i- a d d C' d 1 0
hagareya hagareka hagareki hagarU hagara hagarena hagarekemu hagare ken hagaromu hagaron
accusative :
hagareya hagaraka hagaraki hagaro hagaro. hagarana hagarakemu hagaraken hagaromu hagaron
The result ing in f l e e t i 0 1 1 I ', l i k e that of the non - accusat ive forms of ? al].o.fi abov e , except I h i l i the endings -iya and -iki usua l ly app ear as -eya and -eki r e s p c " tive l y . There are n o d i s tinct accusati ve forms . my cities your (m . s . ) c i t i e s your ( f . s . ) c i t i e s ( e)
the s t em before the pronomi nal suffixe s .
' ahguriya/' ahgw'eya ' ahgurika ' ahguriki/' ahgureki

C' I c .
liS S
gul ar (no -i-) before t h e pronominal suffixes ; thus , daqiqu , not
Col l ective noun s , like daqiq , are usual ly L r e ::t t etl
*daqiqihu .
Real p l ural forms , howev e r , sporadi cal l y app e a r w i t h oul
Note especial ly the -u/-o contrast in the 3rd pers . mas c . s ing . and the l ack o f a d i s t inct accu s at ive form in the 1 s t pers . sing . [In the tradi t i onal pronun c i at i on the -k- o f - kemu ( and somet imes , o f
the characteri s t i c -i- , e . g .
liqo.nu h i s e l ders ( for liqo.nihu ) .
Con
vers e l y , many singul ar nouns which superficial l y resemb l e p l ural forms may take the -i- of the p lura l ; this is especi al ly true of sin nouns ending in -at after a guttural cons onant ( and hence pronounced gular nouns w i t h - 0. - in the f i n a l s t em s y l l ab l e (notab l y -an) and
-ken) i s doub l e d i n a l l o f the parad i gms given i n this l e s s on . ]

(b)
,!ao.je s cribe) :
S ingu l ar nouns ending i n -i , accus ative - e ( e . g . ?aafi ,
-at; see p . 1 3 ) .
( f)
my s cribe your (m . s . ) s cribe your ( f . s . ) s cribe his s cribe her s cribe our s c ribe yO llT (lIl . p 1 . ) s c r i b e yo u r ( f . p l . ) s cr i he
L Il l' I !'
?al].afiy a ?aafika ,!aafiki

$ a/;Lo.fihu
accus at ive :
?al].o.fiya ?ao.feka ?ao.jeki ?al].o.fihu ?aafiho. ,!aafina ,!aajekemu ? ao.fiken ?ao.fih8mu ,!ao.fih8n
,
l aw) , and ' af (mouth) have extended forms i n -u- ( ac e . s ingul ar before the pronominal suffixe s .
Th e four nouns ' ah (father), ' ex
w ( brother) , I].am ( father- in
-0.- ) in the
Infl ection is l i k e that of
mendo.be above : ' abuya . . .

acc.
?ao.fiho. ?ao.fikerrru :.;c!,o.fi km
' exuya . . . ' exWo.ya . .
?ao.fina
' ahaya . . .
amuya . . . amo.ya . . .
' afuya . . . ' ar aya . . .
The accus ative forms are o ften rep l aced by the non - accusat i v e . (g) The noun ' ed (hand) app ears in the s ingu l ar with -e- be
( Ill . )
.
. <': I'
1 1,,' 1 1
Ni l i l'
. .. . &
I
i I,,
.
:"!/ti.f7:homu
1.'I/liirihc5n
fore suffj x c s :
' edey a , ' edeka, ' edeki , ' edehu , ' edeho. et c .
1 1,,11
I I , , " 1 ' , 1
i l l,
,I"
11'..1 1 i v,'
I ' l i d i 1 1 )( i 5 retained only befo re t h e
> "5
w > ex x : O ' =aJJJ ) -" ) , ext f: B' =iit)
i D c
w ' ex a "
0 2 V
a% * + , . . \C $ 7
> a $ A ' abuk a? M ) z M `) ( ) ) .9 K "5 "5 ' exwa .
' oxuka .
Y p
C < ] . .
C C o . $ C
F 5 -.B 6 ~ "pC e0 p .
. O
. 5 $
. .F . F6 . " " " $ B 6
bB 5 c B" 7C 9 $C . V { \C
9 -B K " A F K
medra ?ebii
medr f : B -at , ' amdar)
K l"5
' arwe medr
}
h > 2G
$a CF $ 5C R B 5 . N . 6. $
$ 75)C C . $9) a O v 6 . . ]VC
beer x: F baawert)
O -" M
K : "=9 l
K 69 - l
B beera gebiiQ
wange l mo t
" B
> R R R [ Y[ Z
# B" : F B 0 6)
b 9 KA 9 ". 69 " : l) ) : ) " f - B"L B ) ": 6 9 l lw" .9 )

ba- : sabaka ba-wange l
sakaba " mota " sabaka
) " $ 7 F]F9 .N . _)" 5 a N )M ) ]-" 5
b L N 67c B L] 7 V{ LN $ Z G G B ^ 67 G > \C B G i G5 G BN
' em-dexra %"
" " e"N ] e% u A .N $ -p $ 67 eq p 7. -
F M
azana "
. 5 $ N)
2
' emze f 6 = B ) dexra x:- :
O7 9 f"0
K )-5"
O " 0 ba-dexra M dexra x 6 =
M )6 K %6
\ VYB ] G V \ $N .] 66 N" ] A $ V b \5 > {O R > G ] ] " >> a \ > i \C > B > } $ N"C 5 C
) %.
B ' em-dexra f " 6
B ' emdexra-ze % - . 7
. 7 )5p
) ) F" )
O V z > O )i
B.
}M Y M 5 5 7 { 9 9) Y Au x b y ) 5.A " C (
uF5 c M G { )C V G Be % G > M) % 9 GM G $ 6 -)"5 6 5 6 "C )"5 V>O GiM G M $6 G
Vi =
"C
V O $ 6 ) "C G } 6 u u"5 G Y . G 9)" -5 F ) 9)5 X. A 6 ) - .9
F N e% $ N 6- p 6- p 9
5 B ]
Fu C bM
V ] ) i u Fk M"
} a ' agb e r t a b c t cn a
:
j'af!u.doll/U
(:
Za-nabiyo.t
the wish of the prop hets
Les son 1 0 10. 1 Prepo s i t ions w i th Pronominal Suffixes . The pronominal
The que s t i o n natural l y ari s e s as to the di fference between t h e s imp l e construct
walda negus and the above cons truction .
A l though some
obj e c t of a prepo s i t i on is expr e s s e d b y adding the suffixes o f L e s s on g2 to a p r e suffi xal form of the prepo s i t io n . in Thi s most common ly ends
s tudy has b een devoted to this prob l em , no ru l e s can be given t o account for every s i ngle example ; this i s hardly surp r i s i n g i n v i ew of the heterogeneity o f the mat erial at our dispo s a l . ever , I n e s s ence , how
-e- and requires the forms of t h e suffixes after a vowel ( c f .

:
?aafi)
' emenna: diba: to.hta:
' emenneya, ' emenneka, ' emenneki, et c . dibeya, dibeka, dibeki, e t c . tateya, to.teka, to.teki, etc . xaba/xabeya, mesla/mes leya, qedma/
Occas ional l y one
(1)
The
s pe c i fi c and can be u s e d only when the s e cond noun denotes a speci fi c ( as oppo sed to a generi c) ent i ty . to de finitenes s and specificity and may be used i n p l ace o f
( 2)
waZdu la-negus cons truction i s marked as defini t e and
The construct s equence
and l ik ew i s e for the prepo s it i ons (toward) , fixal
walda negus i s unmarked j n r e g ard waldll -
qedmeya (b e fore) , mo.' kala/mo.' kaleya ( among) , mangala/mangaleya dexra/dexreya, and lo. cla/la cleya ( upon) .
encounters one or another of these p repo s i t i ons without the pres uf
negus wherever the l at t er occur s .

Thus ,
-e- ; t h i s i s especi a l l y true of ma' kala before the 3rd person ba-ma' kalomu
Even more rare l y , t h e s imp l e prepo s i t i ons may app ear
suf f i xe s , where i t may s t i l l be v i ewed as a s imp l e noun : in their midst . with final
separab l e construct s equence ; the e l ements may be t r anspo s e d ( la-negus waldu) or s eparated (Waldu ' anta la-' Egzi' aber You are the Son of God) . I t is probab l e that the construct ion originat ed as
" '
negus may mean " a k i n g ' s son, the king ' s son" or s imp ly " a prince . " Sty l i s t i cal l y , waldu la-negus i s more f l exi b l e than the fixed and j n
waldu la-negus can m e an only " the king ' s son , " but 'k'a /.rla
- e , such as xab e , dibe , e t c . westa , ba' enta , and kama ( l ike) , d i ffer
Th e three prep o s i t ions from the preced ing :
waldu
, where
la-negus . . . Za- s erve d , not as a dative prepo s i t i o n , but as a

I t i s by no means un
marker o f top i c a l i z at i on , and the suffix on the noun was actua l l y
wes ta: ba' enta: kama:
westetey a, weste te ka , westeteki , westetu , et c . ,

as though on a s ingu l ar noun e t c . , on the s t e m
resumptive ( as for t h e k ing , . . . h i s son . . . ) . A l though the wou l d indicat e .
I')estet.
common to find this word order , even with the init i a l
la- omitted .
ba' enti' aya, ba' enti' aka , ba' enti' aki , ba' enti'ahu ba' enti' a- . kamay a , kamo.ka, kamaki , kamo.hu e t c . , on th e s t em kama.- . ' Enta and
waldu la-negus construction i s used ext ens i v e ly
for p ers onal po s s e s s i on , it i s not restricted thereto , as our remarks Not e , for examp l e , the destruction of the c i ty the d i s t ri cts of the Jordan .
hagW la. la-hagar ' adyCr.mihu la-Yordanos

governed nuun : I
() . .\
Ba- and la- w ith suffixes w i l l be g i v e n in a l ater l e s s on . ' es ka (unt i l ) do not occur w i t h suffix e s .
10 . 2 The
O c c as i o n a l ly t h i s co n s t ruc t ion is u s ed between a prepo s i t i on and a Po s s e s s i on by a speci

(Ii "
waldu la-negus Construct ion .
r;homu Za-ezb
diba ezb. kWe Z Z_ , corresponding to Eng I i i l

I t nl l l y
!# "/
fic p e r s on may be expressed by the f o l lowing very frequent construc t i on , wher e the po s s e s s or is ind i c at ed f i r s t by the appropri at e pro nominal suffix
s i t i on
o f the third person and then introduced by t h e prep o -
" e n c i l , C V l' /,Y .
!I" " 1 / - .
al l ,"
T h c quant i fi er
n l wuys requi r e s a pronominal suffi x .
La- :
,,)u / , II I 7tl " , 'UW; 1 ,;, / " I I ' / " " " i /
the son of t he king the house of t h e woman
1.."1" / /, '1/(1 1.." " ' / / , 1111"
al l of u s al l o f t hcm ,
*:
or in appo s i t i on to another pronomin a l e l ement , as in
47
V erbs :
qarba xa lafa
is us ed inde to dr al1 near , to p as s ; approach to pas s by
lakemu kWe l le kemu J;.oru kWe l lomu

The 3rd pers . m as c . s ingular form pendent ly in the s e n s e " everything ,
to a l l of you they a l l went .
{xaba, westa, la-} . {' enta, ' enta xaba} , p a s s

pass
through
{' enta
w (k e l lu ,
acc .
kWe l lo )
wes ta} , bakaya
p a s s among
{' enta ma' kala} ,

t o peri s h .
away from ,
l e ave
everybody" : Everything is r e ady
{' em-, ' em-xaba} ;

t o weep , mourn Prepo s i t i on s :
Jtie l lu de lew.
{deZew} .
( over :
diba, la <la, ba' enta) . - ' kat-a ba-ma 7 1 ' d em .
W V1ahabku lotu k e l lo . ba-gafjfja kW e llu
I gave him everything .

in the pr e s ence of everyon e . When the
ma' kala ' eska la <la
among ,
in the ml ' ds t o f .
Th e 3Td person forms are u s e d appo s i t i on a l l y b efore a noun .

or
amon g . unti l , up tO, as on , upon ; far as .
' em-ma' kala from
l Ioun i s non-personal , whether s ingu l ar o r p lural , the s ingular forms
k1JJe Z l-
are normal :
(mo t i on down) onto ;
over ,
above ,
about ,
concern i n p, .
kb)e l la hagar kWe lla ' ahgur W k e l l u baJ;.au;ert kWe l l - :
a l l the city , a l l the ci t i e s
the who l e c i t y ;
each c i t y
P art i al ly s ynonymous with c h an g e ab l e .
diba ,
with which it is o ft en
i nt e r
' efll
a l l the d i s tr i ct s .
qedma
b e fore
( spat i al ) , from b e fo re ,
i n the p r e s ence o f .
ba-qedma
b e fore
i dem .
qedma
from the p r e s ence o f ;
( o f t i me ) ,
P l ural personal nouns may t ak e either s i ngular o r p l ural forms o f
prior to .
qedma
( a dv . ) previous l y , befor ehand . Exerc i s e s
a l l the prophet s . The demonstrative pronouns
z e-
and
zentu
regularly pre cede
kWe l l- :
a l l of
A . Trans l at e the fo l l owing .
R ep l ac e the phras e governed by t h e prep
o s i t i on w i th the app ropriate pronominal suff i x .
zentu kWe l lu w ze-k e l lu beJ;.er
a l l this thi s who l e d i s t r i ct , t h i s d i s t r i ct V o cabul ary
1 . mes l a ' axawihu

2. 3. 4. ' emenna ' amdarihomu d i b a wanglHena b a ' enta mot omu w e s t a b aawertihomu es k a
) ' es k a w e ' etu l e l it
? Vw esta
beJ:! era eb aJ:!
1 0 . d i b a z entu wayn 1 1 . ba-ma ' ka l a ' a ' sadatihu 1 2 . dexra meta

13. 14, ' es k a we ' etu m e s e t ' emenna ' awal e d i ha
10
5.
t ime .
Noun s :
<e lat ma <alt
(p I .
-at)
Lm.
day ;
l e s s spe c i f i cal ly ,
W k e l lo <elata
The as
* :'
B b a ' ent a ' axateya B . 1 , Ma ' u kWe l lomu ' a z ab xabehu ,

2. 3. 4. Re ' ya kWe l l o s amaya b a - qedmehu . s e a xabena kWe l 1 0 ' a ' ? adihu.
z a t i ' e l at
every d ay , (pl .
al l day . m. f . day , dayt ime .
mawa <e l) mawa <e l
ma <alta
dur ing the day .
p l ur a l we l l
i s common ly r e g arded as the p l ur a l of
<e lat
t il(' , (1}1I i r
111 . 1 ' .
ancl i s more frequent than
<e latat .
Mawa <e l
frequen t l y h as
1110 1'(, $
p. cncl'ul s e n s e of " p e r i o d o f t ime , era . "

.
G ab ra zanta kWe l l o b a ' enti ' akemu ,
or futur e ) ; /,), " , ' I II/!I , " l ' I i " (/lI i l' I ' I'om! l In t i l that day (p as t
I,',
o i l l y j. n ce r t ain fi xed expres s i on s :

Oil
' em-/' eska

al l
5 . Ma;; ' a x aheY:l kWe l l o ' amir a .

'I . G . N a i J a rll i l e y y <t kl"e 1 1 0 l e l i t a .
(;;111
1\
, I"
0 ' , /llI i , '"
I hat
day ;
kW e l lo ' amira
every d ay ,
8.
I{;t Il I l h l l k w e I I ii ' a l.lmari homu .

1;1 ' . l I ' ( '111
I TI w (' I I o n wes t a ' abyat ihon . , 1'c' 1 1 1I i J :ll:awert a medr .
() .
48
-:
10.
''' ana u za-k e l l a h ag ar a .
Les s on 1 1
1 1 . 1 Typ es o f Verbs . There are three basic l exical types of verbs rel ated to the main triliteral root system. W e shal l d e s ignate the s e types as G , D, and L according to the stem forms of the P er
U , l . h aga ru l a-n egu s ena w ene na 2 . qal ati hu l a_m ak ann ' s it 3 . wel udi ha l a- zat i b e
4.
s ab ' 1 0 . ' ama rihomu l a- ' e l l ontu
' el ata motu l a-m et a ' exuhu l a-g abr l a-Yo J:!ann es * : ' axaw ihu wa- ' axat ihu _ s 2 afti hu l a-ne gus 8 . daqi qomu l a-ma sagg eran st - : mawa ' e l iha l a- ye ' eti nege
feet : G verbs D verbs L verbs s imp l e root + stem vowel pattern , e . g . nabara he s at roo t root
+
doub l ing (D) o f the s econd radi cal
s t em
nQr)
& & #& I
vowe l pattern , e . g . na??ara he l ooked (root

+
vowel p attern , e . g . biiraka he b l es s e d ( rool In,k ) . The des ignation G , for German Grunds t amm (bas i c
s t cm) ,
has
l engthening (L) of the first stcm VO W L' I

$")
qarb u xaba haga rena . D . 1 . Ba-s . a y e ' eti ' e l at . ebah ,. ru zeyy a wa- - gab ' u b eJ:!eromu . 2 . Ma' alta wa- l e l ita naba nabi y . Qarbat ' el at a mot u l a-we ' etu 4- u. ehom ab em-x ' 4 . Wa-b a-me set xal afa u wald ? ,Ba' enta ment b akay a zent et wa- ' emze horu betomu . * : S ak abu heyy a ' eska mes l a- ' e l lont u hezb ? ' E fo xal afa ' enta ma' kalomu , > 2 l a-we ludi ha . 8 . Bakayat diba moto mu ' em- z eyy a? - : ' Enta ' ayy feno t xal afu W e l lu ' ahgu ra z eku b eer . 1 0 . S ab ak a b a-wa ngel west a k ahgu r xal afa mal ' aka mot ? 1 1 . ' Enta west a ' ayyat ' a-n egusomu . 1 2 . Bakayu la' l a mot u l wa-x al afa , em-x aben a. 1 3 . We ' eta ' amir a se a beto W ' em-q edmehu . W 1 4 . G ayyu k el lomu hezb W qed ma mot a l a-be ' s itu . 1 5 . Zan ta k e l lo gab ra ' em-
,
"III"
adopted from elsewhere in Semi tic grammar studies in orucl' some uni formity in grammat ical t erminology. F o r an y g i root , only one of the above bas i c types is normal l y i 5 no general derivat ional relationship among the ference in meaning . a number of verbs may appear opti on al l y as either G or
Il
$
4 0
l lJ p I I
J' I
'1
t h ree t yp c' s ,
" , "'"
no
I II
I I I' "
I" I
'"
I I (.
h\ll
W I L1 1
'I"
til l
Ethiopic also has a s igni fi cant number o f quadr i I t t e r a ] quinqui l iteral root s , the nature of wh i ch wi l l be d i s cu s s ed l ater l esson . Q: Q verbs
CaCCaC- in the Perfect of the basic stem, wh ich
,"e
in
and
$5
Verbs formed from quadri l iteral roots have the pattern sha l l d e s i gnate as
s t em vowe l pattern, e . g . targWama he trans l ated (root trgWm) . s imp l e root

+
When the second radi cal o f a quadri l i teral root is a W or a y , there is a regular contract i on of aw to 0 and ay to e, producing such forms as degana (from *daygana he pursued) and moqe a ( from *mawqaa he impris oned) . Because these verb s resemb le L verbs in h aving a l ong vowe l in the fi rst s t em syl l ab l e and fo l low es sent i a l l y the s ame in fl ectional pattern as L verbs , we sha l l designate them as Q/ L in the vocabu l ari es and G lo s s ary . cont ract i on
i r.
5
Thi s des i gnation is useful b e c au s e t h e re

o t h e l- s o u rc c s .
0"
i s o ft en no way of knowing whether such verbs are a resul t

or
o f til i 5
whether they may not be derived from
i l l r I L'C I i on .
verbs are the most numerous and present the great ,,,.; I Two types of G verb s may be distinguished
V ; ( J' I ,' l y ( )% * E
50 b a s i s o f t h e i r perfect s tems : with ( 1 ) t h e t y p e repre s ent ed by
51
nabara ,
and C , and ( 2) t h e type repre s ented by gabl'a (he 3 2 made ) , with no vowel b etween C and C . Thi s dist i n c t i on is forma l l y 2 3 rather trivial s in c e it is maint ained only in the 3rd person forms o f the P erfect ( s e e b e l ow) , but i t do e s show the remains o f an o l der sys tem i n wh i ch verbs of the those of the
-a- b e tween C
r o o t cononant , but a form \;r i t t en , e . g . , as
xa-da-gu may b e r e a d ei ther

A s i mi l ar r e ading prob l em
xadagu ( t hey l e ft ) or xadaggu (I l e ft) . azana/azanna.

Vocab u l ary 1 1
ari s e s in connection w i t h s t em final
k and n :
sa-ba-ku
sabakku/
sabaku, a-za-na
nabara type were primari l y action verbs and

For various Nouns :
gabl'a type were primar i l y s t at ive verbs . gabl'a i t s e l f i s an action verb .
reasons t h i s distinction has b e come b l urred in Ethiop i c , as evidenced by t h e fact that 11.2
egg (p I . egag) m . f. l aw ; the Law ( s criptural s ens e) ; gabl'a egga t o

p erform, carry out t h e l aw .
The Ful l I n f l e ct ion of t h e P erfect .
The inflect ional Devi a
ba-egg l eg a l l y , l aw fu l l y . Zesana Yonanawiyan G r e e k . Zesano <ll r'Il/ , f
suffixes o f the P e rfect are the s am e for a l l types of verbs .
ma?af (p l . ma?aeft) m . f . book , do cument ; writ ing , ins cript i o n . Zesan (p l . -at) m . f . tongu e ; l anguage . Zesana <Ebl'ayesp Hebrew.
Arab i c.
t i ons from the norm o c cur b e c au s e o f underlying d i fferences i n type
(nabal'a versus gabl'a) and b e caus e o f phone t i c changes o ccasioned by

the presence of guttural s ( (hence roo t s
'
Zesana 'Afrenj Latin.
< h x) o r semivowe l s (y w) in the roo t .
V e rb s from roots who s e first rad i c al i s a guttural or s emivowel
Zesana Ge < z G e ' e z . badn (p l . ' abdent) m . corp s e .

V erbs :
1- gut t . and
1 - II'/ ) conform t o the regular pattern and
wi l l be used wi thout further comment . P erfect i s as fo l l ows : G 3 m . s . he 3 f . s . she 2 m . s . you 2 f . s . you c. s. 3 m . p l . they 3 f . p 1 . they 2 m . p l . you 2 f . p l . you 1 c . p l . we G D
The fu l l infl e ct i on o f the
na??ara to look , l oo k at ( ac c . or westa , xaba) baraka to b l es s . W tal'g ama to transl at e ( from

i nto :
nabara nabarat nabarka nabal'ki nabarku nabal'u nabara nabal'kemu nabal'ken nabarna
gabl'a gabl'at gabarka gabarki gabarku gabl'u gabl'a gabarkemu gabarken gabarna
n?al'a na??arat na??arka na??arki na??arku na??aru na??ara nassarkemu na??arken n?arna
baraka barakat barakka barakki barakku baraku baraka barakkemu barakken barakna
Q W tal'g ama W tal'g amat W targ amka W targ amki W tal'g amku
tal'gwamu W tal'g ama W targ amkemu W targ amken W targ amna
' emenna . . . Za-, xaba)
<aqaba to guard , keep watch o n ; to take care o f , pres erve , k e ep safe ;

to obs erve , keep ( e . g . laws) .
qabara to bury, inter . degana Q/ L to pursue , chase ( ac c . or dexl'a , ' em-dexl'a) .

not always , in a ho s t i l e s en s e . Proper Names : U s ual l y , but
Yonanawiyan the Greeks . ' A fl'enj the Romans . <Ebl'awiyan the Hebrews . Ge <z, ' Ag <azi the E th iopi ans ; beel'a Ge <z, behel'a ' Ag <azi E t h i op i a . ' Ityopya Ethiopi a .
Exerci s e s fl . 1 . Nabarku heyya ' es k a we ' e tu ' am i r . 9
'\ . .1 .
When the final s t em consonant is ings is as s imi l ated : fe l l ) >
q or g , the k of the personal end
* <al'agku (1 w ent up) > <araggu , *wadaqku ( I
wadaqqu.
Al though the r e s u l t ant doubl ing is c l ear in tran s
l i t e rat ion , i t i s not repres ent e d i n t h e Ethiop i c alphabet , w h e re t h e
t\;O examp l es j ust given would app ear a s tive l y .
<a-l'a-gu and wada-qu r e s p e c

1
lI'a raJku west a ayq ba-me s !t . fI

" # %
<al'gu and wadqu because o f the presence of a vowe l aft e r
These could not b e confus e d w i t h t h e 3rd p er s . p l . fo rms
' nd b iira ba- ;; eba .

$ " 3 medr
h c !; o l: O l 1 d
Wl1dll'l' l l l
$
di
w a - s akabku heyya.
%z : l I 1 L a
bet a l a-we ludey a .
T"
53
* : ' I - q at al ku ' e l l onta s ab ' a . G 8 Rakabku badna ba-we s t a feno t . M ' Aqabku egagihu ma ' a l t a wa- l e l it a . - : B arakku ezba wa- ' em z e xal afku ' em-xabehomu .
J
Les son J g
J 9 J The Perfect : Roots I I -Guttural . Onl y G verbs require sp ecial attention when the s e cond root consonant is a guttural e ' h x) ; D and L verbs fo l l ow the regular patterns of formation and in
Takalku ' awyana ba-wes t a ' a adeya . Qarabna xabehomu.
B.
2 . Gabarna z anta kW e l l o b a ' ent i ' akemu .
S akabna heyya ' eska s ebah . 4 . S ab akna kW e l len a wes t a k We l l u b ahawerta zati medr .
3. 5.
* :Targ W amna z anta maaefta ' em- l e s ana ' Arabi .
azanna diba qalat ihu l a-mal ' ak .
There are two types of such G verbs '. ( 1 ) t ho s e corresponding to the type naba ( e g . sa' a l a t 0 as k) , wh i ch are regu l ar i n every respe ct , and 9 those corresponding to the type gabr'a ( e . g . kehda to deny) , whi ch have -e- for -a- throughout in the stem :
sa' ala sa' alat sa' alka sa-' alki sa' alku sa' alu sa' ala sa' alkeTITU sa-' a lken sa' alna keda kedat keedka keedki keedku kedu keda keedkernu kehedken keedna
flection .
Xal afna ' em-ma ' kalomu ' emdexra motu l a-negusomu .
U Qabarna badno l a- ' abuna heyya. - : Deganna dexrehomu l a-daqiq ayq a .
10. C.
N a arna xaba samayat . ' Ayte s abakka wange l o ?
W 2 . B a ' enta ment azankemu k e l l ek emu?

3. 4.
Some D verb s from roots I I - guttural ( e . g . mahhara t o t each) h ave p aral l e l G verbs (mahar'a) already in the early s t ages of the c l as s i cal l anguag e . Thi s probab ly indicates that the loss o f doub l ing o f guttur a l consonants , carried through completely in the modern tradi t ional p ronunci ation , i s almost as o l d as the textual t radi t i on i t s e l f . But because t h e regu l ar D forms of such verbs a l s o o c cur , there i s no reason to rej ect the doub l ing of gutturals in our norma l i z ation o f the c l as s ic a l forms . Vo cabul ary J g Nouns :
haymano t m . f . faith ( esp . Chri s t i an) xebest (p l . xabawez)
m.
Xaba ' ayy hagar qarabkemu ye ' et a ' e l at a?
Manna barakka wa-manna ' i -barakka? W 5 . ' Ayya maafa t arg amka ' em- l e s ana ' Afrenj ? * : Ba ' enta ment ' i - ' aqabkemu eg ag eya? ' Ayte q abarkemu b adno l a- ' exukemu? W { T argW amku ' el l u k e l lo maaef t a ' em- lesana Yonanawiyan .
- : Z anta gabarka ba-egg .
s f G abra h=1 2.
kW e llo egaga ' E gzi ' aber ' eska ' e l at a motu .
ana G e ' z . TargW ama z anta maa eft a ' em- l e s an a Yonanaw iyan l a- l e s g N ab ara ba-wes ta ' I tyopya mes l a ' Ag ' azi . 3 . Menta n a arkemu? Qabaru ' abdent ihomu l a - ' axawihomu. p ; W VG ayya loJesta beera Ge ' z wa-nab aru me s l ehomu .
* :X a l afna ' enta xaba betu wa- n a arna westetu .
F
bread ; p i e ce or l oaf of bread .
The
-z
of the
p lural is the original third radi cal of the root ; the -s- of the singul ar repre s ents an as s imi l ation to the fo l lowing - t o
dam (p l . -at) m . f . b l oo d . ' ed (p I . ' edaw) f . m . hand .
. S adadu ' araloJi ta ' ern-haga r wa-deg anu ' emdexrehomu ' e ska mesH La-ment gabarki zanta? on ? - : B a ' ent3 m e n t i - b k y a d i bn motomu l a- ' amtatih ! . 2 & ( % - 3 3 I uth kon b , l - y e ' e t .i ' e l at ? 1 0 . ' I : fa
I I . I .' .
Verbs :
va' al {/ ro 0 ; 1 ?aaj'a to
WT
i t (' .
' 1 ' 1"0 1-1 0 < 1 11 ' 1 , , :1

::;11 ,;11 "
' t I\\\
. 1 1 ,: 1
I ,. ,
" . l \ l f , 1
I,.,
\v ' ' ' . I . ,
hc t ?
1'0 \'
( fl C (, . d i r .
ob] . ; from someone :
>
em- ,
xaba) .
h lv , ' I I LI
hccra ' I tyopya .
T#
T% 3 3 ? I; 3 V3/ G Vn 3 a / u n n; m# p 93 / Vp V3 , 3 K V/ I/ 2 , II3 i 3 nn 2 'i V ; 3/ n; G 2/ ? k ? 23 n 3 3 I/ 3 V 3 ; 3 / 3 3 n Vk V3 9G; V I V3 / /3 e G I , G n /H /3 / ,

14.
"2 S
3 ` /3
D 3 ju F F F3 3 3 G G Gj 2 # 3
67 2 2 n k 3 G K GM ; n M / Eu Gk p 2 ? uG /
* u/u G G k 3 G I
Mn qb
15. s
pb C G 3 K GM h D 3
G `
2w
18.
u G
K `)
/ G /
5 32)
/
5a)
3 K3
S xabehu. 5
k/ b;pb 3 n Gk
j,
* G *I
I) \ * n
* ; n
G/; I; , K/ k3 3 * pM 3 3 3 I/, , G ; F
[;[ } I /
3 n n G 3/ 3 K K3 ; 3 I
n * 3 K3
/;[
3. K G 3
< , ; 3 ! , Ik
8 . I B b J , b;b , ww k B I3 w J F J F j ; sg 2 2 / ? * k I[ ? EG k * G 8 3 * b 2 H 3 G ,) f nk p { 3 n3 p*G 3 9:
x nh a
n *
@b/
n * n bQ k K G 3 p* @ 3k 3
n *I u /u ; 2 b3 ;
2. m
3. m 3 ! ok
nI k H Ik 2 ? k ?E 3 I
us 3 /
o ;3M uIM
a Ip s , G* G
2.
; I G G kG
w? 3
M2 #p / ? u3 * ;; *K G
;;j u n / u[ /p
n n
3. a * G
< ! , F , , B m , , J
12.
3 K
/;b 3 ;
p 3 KGM 3 ww K U # *3 2G 3
*2 G 3
3 KG M
G)3
G [,
2M G + c ' #
.
G/;
@ 22
2 /
G * b w
M3 G3 ) G /;b 3 , k G
n * K ;
p 2w c F ll 3 b R n b
Sadadu 3
' 1 :111 1 "#3
k I
w a n g t> J w a - s (' l.l t a

-3
.' .
3 2
3 p H
S6
S7
Lesson 13 ' 13.1 (a) The P e r fe c t : Roots I I I - Guttural . The b a s i c l exical
No
lIe She You You
8
Suff.
me
you lll
you
f.s.
@
m. s . f. s .
us
@ @ @
m . pL you
@ @
@ U @ @ J
#J # &
YOU
f .pL
# -a X
forms of verbs from roo t s I I I -Gut t . fa l l into two group s : Al l G verbs are the s ame ( i . e . no 2 and C : 3
o @ & #{ # & I o # '

V o c abul ary 1 3
-= 6 5,
d i s t inct i on
i s mad e ) and have no vowel between C
Q -N " #
- s"
(b) A l l h 2 2 and
Q verbs have #
between C
D h e repent ed , )\
Q/L h e imp r i soned .
and C : 2 3
Both groups , however, are infl e cted the s ame way , with the s t em al t ernation of G
in
m. They & f. They -ii m . pL /J y ou f . pL y ou We
z { o
#z 0{ # U J U o GH d & & J
#&
t h e final s t em s y l l ab l e of the 1 st and 2nd person forms , analogous t o
- D \ (
w i th
-. "
L Q/ L ) )" \& ) ) )"& "J O ) \& )" )"& )"J )"

111e
s6 6 s N N&
13. 2
6& 6 & , 1
" "&
Nouns : (p l .
m. wat e r ; l iqui d .
-(
Verbs :
(p l .
m . l i ght ( l i t . and fig . )
The P erfect with Obj ec t Suffixe s .
Th e pronominal obj e ct
xati' at (pl . xatawe' , xafaye' ) m . f . s i n es) .
o f a transitive verb i s regu l ar l y suffixed direct l y t o t h e v erb . ident i cal to the po s s e s s ive suf f i x e s on the noun : me you (m . s . ) you ( f . s . ) us
forms o f the obj e c t suffixes o f t h e 1 s t and 2nd persons are almo s t
[ 6 t o rais e , l 1 ' ft ,
you (m . p l . ) you ( f . p I . )
&
-
The att achment of t h e s e suffi xe s i s r e l atively uncomp l i c at ed , as may b e s e en from the fo l l owing t ab l e . b ecomes b e comes Not e the chang es that take p l ac e in the subj ect endings b e fore t h e suffixes in certain cas e s :
6 to t ake ( s omeone ) a l ong . \ to l e ad, gui de . + H to hear ; to hear 0 f , h ear ab out ; to heed , obey , l i sten t o (acc . or < , ( 1 ) trans . : t o f1 ' l l ( 2 acc . : someth ing with s omethi ng
of what fi l l s
+
to t ake as a wi fe .
' Ck up ; t o t ake , receiv e , accept ; t o captur P1 e;
H Qj
m -U
; or acc .
# a p
becomes
mn
becomes
or
_ and 0 ( "
Other :
t o b e fu l l , fi l l ed ( o f , with : acc . o r comp l e t e d ; t o abound , be abundant . to repent ( o f : to be afrai d ; to fear ( ac c . or
H e fi l l ed the v e s s e l with water) ;
of what i s fi l l ed , e . g .
( 2 ) intran s .
1 R
T to b e ful fi l l ed ,
N R
-6
( 1 ) prep.
0 suff.
l i ke , as ;
+ & +
l i ke thi s , in th i s
way , thus .
oC spcak i n g and p er c ept i on , e . g .
( 2 ) conj . that (introduces noun c l au s e aft er vrbs
`+
I h e a rd I h . t l
58 59
he had died . ) .
' esma conj . ( 1 ) becaus e , for , s ince ; ( 2) that ( like kama above ) .
6 . 1I'0h za m5y IVcsta hagar wa-mal ' a k\" e110 fenalVeha . w w _ ]Z 2c n l u wange!! we ' etu berhan l a- k e l lu ' amdar wa-l a_k e l lu baawert . 8 . Wa- ' ama s ama ' n a kama baa nabiy xaba hagarena , ma? a ' na wa sama ' na l a-nagarat ihu . 9 . Sadaduna ' em-beta Kere stiyan ' esma kebedna qalata wange l wa seetna ' em-haymanotomu. 1 0 . Soba s a ' alka xebesta ' em-xabena , ' i - s ama 'naka wa-sadadnllk a qedmena. 1 1 . Weh z a wayn kama may ba-west a betu la-zentu mak wannen . 1 2 . Mal ' a we ' etu dabr ' e1awa wa- ' arawit a . 1 3 . Soba re ' ya kama motu ' amtatihon , wadqa diba medr wa-bakoyii . 1 4 . Seba s ama 'na k ama nas ' ukemu , nassahna kama ' i -maa ' n a
wu - '
i ' 0111
Exerci s e s A . 1 . Ma? a ' ku xabehomu. 2. Ba?aku heyya ba-meset . 3. Wada' ku ' em-ma ' kalomu . 4 . G ab a ' ku beer eya . 5 . Nasa ' ku xebesta mes l eya . 6 . Maratku ezba west a fenot . w c Farahku ' em-we ' etu mak annen . 8 . Nas s aku ' em-xa i ' ateya . 9 . ' I - s ama 'ku qal atihu . 1 0 . ' I -nassaku ' em-nagareya . 1 1 . Ba' enta ment farahkemu ' agbertihu? B . 1 . Nas ' ani mes lehu. 2. Nas ' un i mes l ehomu . 3 . Marhani xaba haymanot . 4 . 'Ayte martaka?
5.
1 2 . Menta sama ' ka l e l ita? 1 3 . Ma' ze -nu nassaki ' emxatawe ' ek i ? 1 4 . Manna maraka west a hagar? 1 5 . Ma' ze bakemu zeyya? 1 6 . ' Em- ' ayy b eer waa ' ka? 1 7 . Mal ' at medr maya . 1 8 . Mal ' a s amay b erhana. 1 9 . Mal ' u ' amarihomu maya . 2 0 . Mal ' a mal ' ak berhana westa bet . 9 . Sadaduna ' em- ' abyatina . 1 0 . Rakabuni ba-westa amareya. 11 .
G abrana
' aqabnakemu ' emennehomu . 1 5 . Ba-ye ' et i l e l i t kona b erhana ba-westa samay , wa-marhan a berhan westa hagarena .
z e nt l l
' Egzi ' aber .
1 2 . ' I -re ' yat ana ' emmena . 1 3 . ' I -barakani ' abuya . 1 4 . Na!?!?aruna welud . 1 5 . ' Aqabani ' axateya . 1 6 . ' I -farhuna ' arawit . 6 . La-ment gassakemuna?
_ @ La-ment 2
Mannu nas ' aki be ' s it a ? gassa? ak emu?
6 . B a ' enta ment ' i - s am ' uka?

_ s 2Mannu
8 . Ma ' ze deganukemu?
5
1 . B a ' enta ment ' i -qatalkan i ? 2 . ' Efo rakabkemuna?
farahkani ?
3 . La-ment s adadkemuni ' em-bet eya? 8 . Sama 'naken. 4 . ' I - baraknaka. 9 . ' I - s ama 'lcemun a . 5 . ' I -degankukemu .
D.
1 0 . ' I -nasa ' kemuni . wa

q at a l u daqiqana
,. w 1 . Wa-soba s ama 'na z anta nagara , nassna ' em-k e l l0 xa awe lna. 2.
Wa- sob a rakabun a ,
-
wa-nas ' u ' anestina
mes l ehomu . 3 . ' Ama

.
qarbat ' e l at a
motu l a- ' abuna, barakana wa- ' emze xal af a s amay , re ' yu berhana wa- sam ' u qalomu
$, -
' em-xabcna Wa - s()h,

I.L , : , 1 1 1 1 ' "
I"
Eii
' ('k t
n l n rl l wes t ,)
xab'l.
' ab awihu .
w, ' , ' 1 ,1
, 1111 1 1 , 1
gl barna
an0 a
xat i ' at a .
60
wal'X ( p ] . ' co;)rax) m , f . moon , month .
61
Les s on 1 4 14. 1 The Perfect : Roots I I I -W/Y . G verbs from these root s When t h e final which i s qui t e
Verbs :
<adawa t o cros s (ace . dir . obj . or acc . of goal or prep . phrase) . ' atawa t o go home; to depart ( for home) . we <ya t o b e burned up , consumed by fire wadaya to put , p l ace, set . fannawa
exhibit both nabara and gabra typ e s (examples bel ow) . forms ) , there is an opt i onal contraction of aw to common, and of ay to e , which i s rare . in
D,
0,
s t em syl l ab l e s -aw- and -ay- are c l o sed (in the 1st and 2nd person These same contract i ons occur
to s end .
Hallawa e ither predicates exi st ence per
prepos l t l o ll; ! 1
L, and Q verb s , whos e s t em format ions are otherwi se regul ar . (to weep)
bakaya bakayat bakayka/(bakeka)
hal lawa to exist , be .
( t o cro s s ) G "adawa
<adawat <adawka/ <adoka
(to be d evastated)
badwa badwat badawka/badoka
( t o drink)
satya satyat satayka/(sateka)
(there i s , there was ) , or i t may be fo l lowed b y a phras e predicating exi stence in a state or p lace .
. .
80
. I t , <; 1'II I'C' I Y used with a predicate noun or adj ect ive , which is tho no 1'11111 I function o f kona. Ha 7 'a s H ' unusua l n ' h aving bolll P li s l 1 1 1 1. 1 Examp l e s :
/Ja l '.co.)'1 1
5%, > > !
pres ent t ense meaning in the P erfect .

hagar , There is/was a city .
et c . (to s end)
h2 fannawa
etc. ( t o pray)
r;aUaya fjatlayat
et c . L/Q
etc . ( t o inform)
zenawa zenawat zenawka/zenoka
Halloku westa hagar ,
the city .
HaUawa mes lena , He is/was with us .
The
b etween haUawa and kona i s not always maintained :
kona
d i s l l ll(' !
, " :>
l Oll
I",
fannawat fannawka/fannoka
used for haUawa i n its past t ense meaning , but not v .i co contraction o f the s equence -awa- to found in other verbs I I I - lV . E xercis es A . 1 . F annoku gabreya xabehu .
0;
VI' r q l l .
fjal layka/ (al leka)
The mas e . sing . 3rd pers . form is often found as haUo , w i l h this is very s e l dolll
A number of G verbs are both I I -gut tural and I I I - Y . I f o f the nabara type ( e . g . laaya to be beauti fu l ) , they fo l low bakaya above . I f o f the gabra type (cf. keda) , there i s a regular rep l acement o f -ey- by
-i- throughout : re' ya re'yat re' ika ( for *re' eyka) re' iki ( for *re' eyki) re' iku ( for *re' ey ku) te < y a t o get we l l , and we< ya to burn . re' yu re' ya re' ikemu (for *re' eykemu) re'iken ( for *re' eyken) re' ina ( for *re' eyna)
S.
1 1 . ' I -re ' ikemu-nu berhana aay? 1 2 . Wadayku ' a' bana west a f enot . 1 3 . R e ' ina warxa ba-we s t a s amay . 1 4 . ' I -hal loku mes lehu we ' eta ' amira .
IS .
2 . M annu fannawaka xabeya? 3 . Wadaya xebesta qedmehu . 4 . Wadayna maaeft ina b a-westa b et . 'Adona zanta beera ' eska bar . 6 . 'Adawu bahra ba- ' ahmarihomu . . . 7 . Ma' ze ' adoka ye ' et a fenota? 8 . L a-ment ' atokemu beherakemu? 9 . G W ayayna Hagara 9ay . 1 0 . Re ' iku dama wes t a ' edawihu . B . 1 . ' Ayt e re ' ikana? 2 . Mcs l n nlannu hal loka?
7 , .
Nabarna heyya we ' et a warxa.
The mo st frequent verbs of this type are re' ya to s e e , re< ya to graz e,
1 6 . We 'ya betu wa-motu weludihu . 1 7 . ' Emdexra- z e ' atoku medreya . w 1 8 . Ma ' ze ' adok emu zek a bahra? W 1 9 . ' Ayt e g ayaykemu saba sadadakemu? 2 0 . Waradu 4 . B a ' enta-ze
Nas ' a ' ebna
# ( (
Vocabul ary 1 4 Nouns :

bar (p l . ' abert) f . m . s e a , ocean . ' ebn
) 0 ' eban , ' a' lJiin)
m.
I JJl r'lld.
m . f . stone ( s ) .
f. sun .
' ebna barad hai lstone ( s ) .
[;:mnokul, II x l l i l o l l I lIlII l .
9* 82 0 1 7 3 > 4' I I K " i d l l l, ;< = ( $ #) >
clrrlrry//(/rr(j(r !l ( p l . -iin
Hagara I?Cry Hel iopo l i s ( in E gypt) .
' A y l l!
,,:!,\ayb mn!?afeya?
6 . We ' yu-ntl
62 7. # * #2 8. p e 9. s g : s< C. j % #Jx /L # N #<# # eN C# @ q +e N #L N # eN #@ @ * e# O uyu %# 7. @ #% # #v# %# L * @ + # #2# # x #+ # K#L # # K# #* @ % N W# ; #%Lt e N +/ + # * # #% # @ + # ;u e# L $ L q # [; /e N L u / @ e N ;;# ?# [ # #L . + [ K#L e N 2#%[ ;; y[ [L# % q L +/% % # S@ # - b ; @e +N #* +N 2N@ ? j @ % #N KNN N% N +N ;;# #+ N # + # L + # L L. + # #*L r L#e #;e N e ## # #22 b n# 0 # #L/;# #2 # Lb # # 19 . g @# * j;+ # Lb + s +N $K * #% $ 1 / #; # 2 p# N #;y# M # x# +# Ls. KL e N + # +# +@ @ + % 2 ; ; F @+/; [ %/L# s L + + / +@ * a C @
-0-
63 $; L @+# L;b+ # $ @@ + +@ + N2 N+ N+ F a D2 H L @ 2
qwm
O* ? % + @+ + y
* ` /@ % / @ /++ / H + + + + @+
+ *
2 j ;+ +#
+@
sym
# @ - e - + N2
yexe N e b W # u Le N
qoma qomat qomka qomki qomku

H @ + @# O * 2 N+ +
qomu qoma ' qomkemu qomken qomna

+@ + y # # @ #% # K Tr h
sema semat semka semki semku

2N + +F e / +%
semu sema semkemu semken
K Le N
2#2 ;#
semna
a O O * e e= + o nl l llilry
r'ed
> l i t <' =
3. a * @ L#
#@ v @ + 2 O a @ // %
p
6.
D2 H L @
Fj 1 # # <
L # ; #@+ # #
/ + g #*2 ^ +x 2# % L #e # @L
s aw 'a saw 'at sawa 'ka sawn 'ki aw 'a #;

1@ + @ L +
lyaywa aywat
S? %H
recov('
ayawka/ayoka ayawki/ayoki
+ % e +
{ @ e #+/ L#qw + KL +N
5 2 j % eN e 9. # eNe#
qoma .
# 2N K
(
H L@ U
a +@ O # /
#% s a s #H
@ # %; +
fawwasa +
+ +/ @
payyaqa +
Q H L@
*a
# 2 N@
qoma
serna #L H
g + + GL + + N@
mN K @
K F F
:%
-o/-hu -a/-ha
+ + @ @/ j H + @ + #+ + L @N +
} 2
-omu/-homu -on/-hon.
L + 2/H N@ 1 3 . 2 @ ) + L Q
y + + @N
# + ++ s @ + % % + K )
y@+ @ @ #+ /
@N YK @ L
64
65
-a -at -ka -ki -ku

e Y
- a-ata-ka-ke-ku-
-u -a -kemu -ken -na

/
/ Y
-u-
S X
A %
X /
o %
H f o
-a-kemu-kena-na? H o
%/
-ka
15
maswa <t 9 o F-at, masawe < )
o / f
u /
(1)
% O O % Y
-a- , -u-a- , % -e- , -eww- %
-hu , -ha , -hamu , -han.
' epis qapas 9

diyaqan 9 pappas 9
kahen 9 o F -t) /
liqa kahenat
-at)
?
liqa ' epis qapasat

? f ? % 9 f F
(2 )
( 3)
-a , -a , -omu,
-e-eyy- .
%% H
-a ,
-an
-at) %
-at)
9 /
-u%
.
liqa pappaaat
-a- %
o
-a , -amu? qasis 9 o
#y azG u ? o f
- an
8 o H % JP f
qasawest) -at)
%
oo o
/
-0
-a -at -ka -ki -ku -u -a

f o
-a -at a -k a -ki'iha -keyya -kewwa

;
-omu -atomu -komu -keyyomu -kewwomu -ewwamu
-on -aton -kon
% 9
F ? % % G 9%/ f
POSl. E I
-ato -ko -kahu -keyya -kewwa -ahu -kemewwa -keni'ihu -ki'ihu -ni'ihu qatala la-negus
semani kahena
o H ? f
f ?
o ? 9
diba , la < la, wea ta)

%H ? 9 /H ` % ? e %I f H H ? V H/ A H& e o X H w % L w ~ ( ? % /+ C g / o Y
Yx
8
qama saw < a aywa ?awwe <a

o L ? /) / / /H %/
The/I .
-ewwan -ahon -kemewwan -kenahOn -nahon.

%%Y Y
H ? o o o ?
la-) .
B Hz
-i'iha -kemewwa -kenah a -kaha -naha

/ %/
;
-ahOmu -kemewwomu -kenahomu -nahOmu
-kemu -ken -na
o Y
%% / o *
@ 15 . 3
- H
<a bag <a maswa <ta .
YH H eY
ki l l e d /
qatalo la-negus 9
? % c P Y z% % YH g 9 YH Y t@ u A % o Y / Y // 2 Y W Y / K / % ` / o? / Y
o % 2P
K
fl . 1 . q t a l omu 3 . wuJayo
' : I d : l w ii ,' / l I I I l I l WI lI1l1 1
Y w
13.
, # ! $% *&,
la
Y
Thus ,
6.
b 2
10.
2 . h a rakomu 0[ D ,
I II .
, f( . i' / : " W W i I
b e t ween
-
/,)aldu Za-neguG and

/" 1 1 , ':(1 11:
i, & +, ( ) 0 2
'1 . l .
1 l /l . " I If \oJW l ltlll l 1 / l I'M W 1 1 1tI1l\.J'oIt t UH I
Y Y
1 '1
' . 1 1 II 1 I I
h ' \ 1 It
66 B . 1 . R e ' yewwo l a- gabr . 2 . Hanasewwa l a- zat i hagar . 3 . Qatal ewwornu l a-ezbena . 4 . Rakabewwo la-waldornu . 5 . S adadewwo l a-we ' etu nabiy. 6. Seto l a- betu .
7.
67
1 2 . ' Aqabon l a - ' awal ediha l a ye ' et i be ' s it . 1 3 . ' Aqabo l a-badnu l a - ' abuhu . 1 4 . D eganewwo l a- ' exuhu ' adbara .
I S . G assasornu l a-e z b .
16. 17.
/ '"
/ c' .
'/ ! (
/.' : 1 y o k a 'va
89 7 D l i tl
zeilLIl
' i -rnot ka? qom" ay b a-we s t a sama gay wa- ' i -hor a . l a-da hay berh ana l a-rna ' al t w a - l a-wa . . ' rx
" ub " ur
/ 7 . Wad l l yO ' / : g z i ' bh c r .

bo rh5no
N as ' a l a-be ' s i tu mes l ehu . Marewwo l a-be ' s i westa
G abra la- zati arnar .
8 . Barakornu l a-weludihu . 9 . Na arewwornu l a-rnala ' ek t . w 1 0 . Targ arno l a- zentu rnaaf.

11.
hagar . 1 8 . ' Adawewwo l a - z entu beer . 1 9 . Wadayon la- ' edawihu dibeh a . 20 . F annawewwornu la- l iqawentihomu xabeya.
la-maswa ' t eya wa- s v aw ' o 1 a- ' Eg z i ' abe r . Sob a awwe ' ani negu s, rok u x abeh u wa-w adaq qu qedrnehu . 2 0 . Qomna heyya ba-w es t a feno t wa' i -bo 'na hagaromu .
kahe n
1 8 . N as ' o
19.
l o - l c l it .
F arhornu l a-weludihu l a-negus. Setku beteya.
- 1 2.
1 1 . ' I - sernuni ' epis qopos a . 1 2 . Semewwomu qasawesta. 1 3 . R e ' ikewwomu 1a-weludikemu . 1 4 . Qat alkemewwornu l a - kahenatina.
IS.
2 . Sekewwo l a- ' exuya. 3 . Bo ' ku beto . 4 . Ma ' ze bo ' k emu heyya? 5 . Rona xaba kahen . 6 . ' Ayte orkernu? Konku diyaqona. 8 . Konna kahenat a . 10. Semana diyaqonat a .
' I - sama 'kernewwomu l a - qalatihomu 1a- ' arntatihon.
1 6 . ' I -nasa ' nahu 1a-t a ' otekemu .

17.
' I -nasa ' kewwo l a -maaeftika .
9 . ' Emze kona l iqa pappas at . 1 8 . ' I -nasa ' kewwa l a -b e ' s iteka. 1 9 . ' I - ' adonahu 1 a-beherekernu . 20 . ' I -keedkernewwo l a - ' E g z i ' aber . D . 1 . S emomu kahenata wa-diyaqonat a wa-qasawesta ba -beta K erest iyan .
I '
2 . awwe 'ornu l a- ' agbert ihu , wa- ' i -ma7 ' u xabehu . 3 . Soba awwa 'ke"ornu , s arn 'uni wa-ro?u xabeya . 4 . Qomku ba-qedmehu wa - s arna 'ku l a-qalat ihu . 5 . ' I -nas ' o 'Egzi ' aber l a-rnaawe ' ihomu , 6 . S aw 'omu l a-we1udihomu l a-!a ' ot at ihornu . 7 . S erno liqa pappasat ' ep i s qoposa ba-IVesta z entu beher . 8 . La-rnent ' i -ma ' u soba ? awwa 'nallOrnu? 9 . S aw ' ewwomu la-rnaawc ' ihornu l a- ' Eg z i ' aber ' Arn l aka s arnay wa-rnedr. 1 0 . ' l - s aw ' ku ma swa ' t eya l a-!a ' ot .
12. 11 .
+ 2 . 3 ' em h ag a r wa-rno ' cwwomu l a- ' el lontu sab ' .

W;1
Mo ' kowwolllu
I l :ls a ' k C'wwon l a - ' ahgurihomu.

"'''
/ :i . / / : l y w . i 1 / , , " ' , ; 1 1 1 . W,I ' , , 11,, ' 1 1 / ./
' i -mot a t .
-
/lI" S ;
z Ul l t a , I:aywa wa-qorna wa-hora bet o .
[2
[2
personal Les s on t [ 2
`[ 2Adj ective s .
fern . s ing . pI .
negest s . adeqt negestat adeqiit
. a J us t queen
j ust queens
There are two basic types o f adj ec t ives i n
non-personal
hagar ba 'ed hagar M <edd , ahguT' ba < ed/ba < edd ' ahguT' ba 'ediin/bii 'edat
E t h i op i c :
e t 2 tho s e as s oc i at ed w i t h (or derived from) verb s , and 3 2
those derived from nouns by t h e addit ion of t h e suffixes -iiwi and -ay . The s e cond type is infrequent and r e l at iv e l y unimport ant ( s ee Les son
-2 We shal l confine ourselves here to those of the first typ e , and
} J
a di fferent c ity
different ci t i es
There is a l s o agreement in case :

Rakaba ka le' ta fenata. ayyu hagara ba <edda .
more specifical ly to those associ at e d with stative D2verbs and a sma l l group o f s t at ive D verbs . The adj ectiv es of this group correspond
He found another road . They fled to another

c i
mos t c lo s e l y to the s imp l e adj ect ive o f Eng l i sh and are the mos t fre quent l y u s e d in Ethiop i c .
qetu l qati l qatel qattal
I y.
There are four main patterns : g l o rious , mighty w is e , prudent righ teous , j ust poo r , needy. verb :
kahT'a tahba {iadqa nadya
e. g .
kebur tahib {iadeq nadday
Descrip t ive adj ect ives normal ly fol l ow the noun t hcy llIod i I"y 1 1 1 1 . 1 i f p laced first , g a i n a cert ain emphas is . Th ere are ot h e r a d j (Ie I I VII ' , . howeve r , which normal l y O C cur before t h e modl ' fl ' ed nou n . T h L' '' ' ' i l l c lude a . the demons t rative adj ective s (al ready introdu ced ,i n I.l" ; '; O / I ' . 5 - 6) ; b , cardina l and ordina l number s ( s ee Lesson 3 F 2ka le' p esent vocabu l ary b e longs t o this group) ; c . k e l l- each, every, al l (Lesson P 2
Of t h e s e , qetul is the most common , but we sha l l begin with qatel s ince these exhibit the inflectional endings most s imp l y . Thi s is a smal l group , but it does include the ordinal numbers ( e . g . sales thi r d ; see Lesson 3 F 2and a few other frequent adj ect ives such as
ba <e l ( r i ch) and xape'
i n t h L'
( sinful ) .
d . the quanti fying adj ectives 'abiy ( l arge) and bezux (many , much ) , al though both of thes e occur frequen t l y in post nominal p o s i t ion . V o c abul ary [ 2
Mos t adj ectives are inflected for number and gender by the addi t i on of the endings -t ( fern. s ing . ) , -an (mas c . p l . ) , and -at ( fern . p l . ) to the mas c . s i n g . b as e : S ingu l ar mascu l ine feminine
q adeq {iadeqt
P l ural
?adeqan {iadeqat
Noun s :
sern ( p l . ' asrnat) m . name ; fame , reput at i o n , neway (pl . -at) m . v e s s e l , ut en s i l , instrument , ' propert y , p o s s e ss ions, wealth . awareya (pl . -t) apos t l e .
When the s t em end s in - t , -d , - t , the -t of the fern . s ing . is ass imi l at e d and not represented in the s crip t : ( from *ba < edt) .
[ - 32 Attributive Adj ecti ve,s . ba red (other) , fern . ba <edd
!
T'ad'
(pI .
'
arda' , ' arde ' t ) he lper, as s i st an t ; d i s cip l e , fO l l ower .
An attributive adj ecti ve nor Agreement in number and gender

] 2
mal ly fo l l ows the noun it modifies .
i s i n a cco rdance with the princip l es given in Les son PCI'!; o J la l

)* $ 2 % 5
[8 ecause stative verbs have exact ly the s ame range of meaning s as their corresp onding adj ect ives , defini t ions wi l l not be repeat e d . The verb may have t h e meaning ei ther o f " b o i ng" o r " bocomi ng" :
has
Adj e c t i ves (and Stat i ve Verbs ) :
sing .
pI .
negus ? o.deq nagast {iadeqan
a j u s t k ing j ust k ings
b ecolliC r j ch , ]
8 8 (ll
t IIU S , b e ' la he was rich , he became rich, h e
, I
k;, I , , '
h(' !' , ano t h e r , e cond .
As noun :
as s o c i ate ,
c omp a / l O i l .
P2
.2
0 ~ -d) * Q ,%% ba 'ed w xate' w % - t) , % + Q , ( rate ' 0 [ -t) g ,*
Q +, { *% *& E , AQ (
} 3 be 'Za. + O ?adqa. rat 'a.
14. $
IS.
$8 $ + 4c P 8
P 8 T* + @
H S* v
+ 4 @_ , 8 S 4 W T * [ S E W g @o 8 heyya @ 3
mmv7j
' (' I .
La v P @ _ &
+* S Q b d i ,@ S @ P k++ + ? +*S P W 8 +h $ @ 8 8 ,* 3 @ 8 A @% _ 8 e
ba ' e Z ( f . - t ; 3 ' ab 'eU) ( * Q + yadeq w % |-t) , * QM
% , * % A Q *%
. WL 2c t '2
T $ @ * @ o
@4 T f
samaya
.52
+ 4 + $ T
Samayato Yoannes (ha) . Samayato s ema Yol;1annes (ha) .
. 52
R*
*,
* (* +
3 *
3 r+ + [ S
22. 23.
@T 8 > $S H ? + H : 4 D & , @ * T $4 H + $ k & [ i 4
Samayato semo Za-wald Yoannes (ha) . R* * T( ,

A. 1.
L4 * * 8 +S 4 S $ + W % +
@ cd I1 1 1
' em
W ?
+ 8, & H& + $ $ D _ $ A L* ? C8 s&

>AP
D 8 @
%
24.
2.
P D W? W? W? P T @ P ,* $4 D @ A4 & $ * & + @ g& D 4$ j T E 4 F + & 8 * @4 S && * T fJ&? * k ++
+ #%
3. +H? @ PD
4.
5.
6.
13. +
#
IS.
8 P D 8 P + $ h& T @ & &

3G 2 26.
D S* Q $ + * 9* r g j + 4$ + 8
l"'I - S l I i >lI k "
D $
@ 2&
7.
O .2
,
) *
,
# ) &
W %
10.
3P 2
A B PW
2% 8 . 5L 2. F 2D 4. 5.
&
kd /&Q @* E A 48
?* $*
z 8
A $ +
s 2
l o T S) F + 4_ %S T $ && & $& R e 8 T
+ 4 8 ,* m $ + $ v P E 8 F Ga * 3 8
7. A %
) \
,
.P5R 2 . . 2 . 2 s
I ., .
\ ( ; , k ahku
b aJ)r .
=6 mas c . Lesson 1 7
73
T f = >T
fern .
T < = T
heavy tOrn . C l auses with adj ectival pred i

+
17. 1
Adj ective s :
the Patt ern \
-T By far the most common
17. 2
Adj ectives as Predi cates .
p a t t ern for adj e ctives is
T wh i c h , with the rel ated p at terns T

(from L verbs ) , has certain formal
cates have the fo l l owing b as i c patterns : (a) pronoun subj ect : (b) non subj ect : Adj . Adj . pre d . pre d . Pron. ' sub J .
T ( from
p e cul i arit i e s :
verb s ) and
( a) When the fern . s in g . ending 8T is added, the ,final stem syl l ab l e is r ep l aced b y mas c .
o f the
3rd pers . p ro n .
N o un
5ubj .
T
might y , g l orious ho ly blessed
E x amp l es :
T T T
fern .
T T T
oT
-T l CT 2T T ,T , +f 2T 2T -T T + L-T
am
ill .
We are righteous . He is evil . The j udge is

%$( <
% 9T T 9
exp e ct e d
T % M T% YT
(b) When the b as e form ends in *
QT the sequence T
\ T T
The city is holy . The kings are j ust . The prophets are r i g h t eo u s ,
a c cording t o t h e foregoing rul e i s u s ua l l y , but n o t al ways , con tracted to mas c .
T $L T T % T T
fern.
D T T T
chosen, e l ect o l d , worn out bad, evi l
Agreement in numb er and gender i s p re s ent to the s ame extent as w i t h t h e at tributive adj e ct ive . An adj ect ival pred i c at e i s negat ed \;i.th
am
I T
is
an
T v R T % -T
I not i l l .
( c ) When the second root consonant i s 8 opt i onal l y rep laced by

- ewu -
QT the pattern
(with
ww-
- T I t i s probab l e that t h i s represents

to
-
ass imi l atory change o f the sequence

-W- .
The various syntact i c p att erns g i ven here and e l s ewhere repre s ent the nucleus of a given predi cat i on , bas i ca l ly a predi cate j e ct order f o r al l predi cations in t h e l anguage .
+
but
sub
s ince the evi dence is amb iguous on t h i s p o int , we have retained t h e t ran s cript i on with the simp l e Both g T and
When emphas i s i s
are att e s t ed
required , o r when a new sub j ect i s introduced, thi s may b e p l aced at the b eginning of the c l ause ( t ermed p r ep o s ing , topi c a l i z ing) :
as the base form for most of these adj ective s : mas c .
,3 3
,T T
fern .
,T T
dead i l l , s i ck
+<T
ET
, TT
The kings are r i ghteous .
Th i s order produces ambi guity , s ince our examp l e cou l d a l s o b e tran s l ated "They are j us t kings , " taking + T as at tribut ive . Such The
( d) A simi l ar change o ccurs when the third r ad i cal con sonant i s
'T Here writings with 8 T
(not
AT
are more con s i stent .
amb i gui t i es are usua l l y r e s o l ved from the context or by the use of various preposing part i c l e s suffixed t o the first e l ement . The s e
feminine s ingul ar T masc .
contra cts to 8 fern .
T
pervers e , wi cked
D T
Y T
part i cl e s wi l l be introduced in a l ater l es s on .
Th e fem i n i n e p l ural o f all these adj e ct ives may be based on the mas cu o r , much more rarel y , on T F T T u E ?<T * l i ne stem t h o fem i n i n c'
! 8 8 38 1 0 1'111 , 5 ) 4 !. & 8 8
&
17. 3
Adverb i a l Pred i c at e s .
Any l o cal adverb
prepo s i t ional p h r ase may s erve as the predi cate of a non-ver b a l c l aus e :
T
u ', ;
or
\; i l i J i ' i n a i d e n L a l s :
% &k
..hGJ"tat ,
T PT
UT N o t e
9 ,,
t hen
an
i n suc h pretl i c:lL i o n '; on l y when exp l icit past tense i s raqu i , , , ' ) ..
;,uuh i R u i l y
& L e n se
;T qeddull /,lte ' AtU f t is from the Holy Sp i ri t .

remai ns .
' A na zeyya T am here ;
K T % +k 9 %?T
God is with
1T i ' , I I ' , " . ]

" V' II
74 V o cabul ary # ( N o uns :
75 7 . ' H i t ye ' e t i za-bc ' s i t .

8 . Z e - we ' etu J:legg qeddus . 9 . B e zuxan ' emuntu xar e ' an z eyya . 1 0 . ' Ana dewe y ' ana . ' Anti -nu dewe
manfas (p l. -at, manafest) m . f . spir i t ; the Spirit of God ; a spirit

or demon (good or bad) .
Manfas Qeddus the Holy Spiri t .
lebs (pl . ' albas) m . c l o thing , c l othes ; a garment . wareza (p l . warazut) a youth , young man . te' mert (pl . -at , ta' amer , -at) m . f . a s i gn , omen ; miracl e , wonder .
Adj e ct ives :
yt ' anti? 1 1 . Zentu w e ' etu ma?a eft a egg Bel i t . 1 2 . H al l awu manafe s t ' ekuyan heyy a . 1 3 . Haym anotena haymanot ret e ' t ye ' et i . 1 4 . Dewe y zentu ware za. 1 5 . B e luy ' albasihu. 16 . Z e -w e ' etu te ' mert qeddus. 1 7 . ezunan ' emuntu J:l e zbomu . 1 8 . B e l uy w e ' etu l e b s ey a . D . 1 . G abra Qeddus Marq os be zuxa t a ' amer a. 2 . Seht u ' em-h aymanot rete 't.
<elew ( f . <e lut) crooked , p erver s e , evi l ; rebe l l ious , heret ical . qeddus ( f . qeddest) ho l y , s acred ; as noun :
e . g. saint , esp . in t i t l e s ,
Qeddus arqos S aint Mark.
be <ul ( f . be <e lt) rich , w e a l thy . mewut/mewet ( f . mewett ; p l . mewutan , mewetan, mutan) d e ad . beluy ( f . belit) o l d , worn out , d e cr ep i t , obso l et e . ijegg Belit the O l d Testament . bezux ( f . bezext) many , much , numerous , abundant . ' ekuy ( f . ' ekit) evi l , bad, wicked .
Verb : V erb : V erb :
balya . bazxa.
3.
' I - s ama ' na l a-nag aru ' ekuy.
4. Warada Manfas Qeddus l a ' l ehu . G 5 ana?u 2 be zuxana ' abyat a . 6 . Qat alna w e ' eta nabiya ' e l ewa . 2 ' I - re ' ikemu-nu t a ' ameratihu? 8 . S adadewwomu l a- s ab ' ' ekuyan . 0 2e z un meta ba' enti ' ah a . 1 0 . Takalu b e zuxata ' e awa heyya.
,
' akya.
dewuy/dewey ) 0 2deweyt ) s i c k , i l l . V erb : dawaya. retu < ( f . rete < t) j us t , r i gh t e ous ; straight , l evel , even ; corre ct ,
proper, orthodox .
haymanot rete < t the orthodox faith .
ezun ( f . ezent) s ad.

E xerc i s e s A . 1 . J:!amar belit 6 . negus ' e l ew 11 . ' a ' ban bez ext
1 2 . Se ! kewwa l a-J:lamareya b e l i t .
13.
Nas ' ewwo l a -newayu l a-be ' s i b e ' u1 .
2 . be zux xar i ' at

3 . awareya qeddus 4 . neway b e l uy
7 . k1ihen retu '

8 . be zux masawe ' ' 2 s em ' ekuy 1 0 . wald delvuy
1 2 . b e z ux dam
1 3 . ma?J:!af be l uy 14. ' e l at ' ekit I S . wangeI qeddus
F annawo l a-rad ' u xaba b e ' s i t dewey t. 1 4 . Qarbu xabeh u J:l ezb b e z uxan . 1 5 . Gassa ?a waraz uta ' ekuyana b a ' enta xat . i ' atomu . 1 6 . Na?? arkewwo l a-ma? J:!af wa-r e ' iku k ama Hegg B e l it we ' e t u . . 1 7 . I--!annu t arg wama egga B e l ita l a - l e sana G e ' z ? s Z entu te ' mert ' em -Manf as Qeddu s we ' etu. W 1 9 . N as ' a ' albas a wa-g ayya ' em-bet . 2 0 . Konat ' emmu be ' s i t a be ' e l t a . 2 1 . B a z xa newayu wa-be ' l a b a-ma ' kal a z entu hezb .
5 . rad' ' ekuy

B. C.
P lural i z e the s ingul ar i t ems in Exercise A . 1 . Zati hagar ' ekit ye ' et i . 2. ' E l ewan ' emuntu ' arda' ihu . 3 . Qeddest ye ' e t i zati hagar. 4 . B e ' ul an ' emuntu h e zba zentu beher . S . Me\vut met a .
n.
2 2 . D aw ayat ' extu wa- ' i -J:lavat ' e ska zati ' el at .
La-ment ezun ' anta?
[2
L e s s on & 2
t2 @
Vocabulary & 2 Nouns : A relatively sma l l but or the related f . m . year . m. f l e s h , meat (human or animal) , esp . of the fl esh as opposed to the spiri t ; frequently body as a who l e . F> D (p I . h> x m . f . rop e , cord .
j! "
Adj ectives :
The Patt ern
or "@ (pI . " k k2

2
important group of adj e ct ives has the patt ern pattern (from h2 verbs) .
e
(pI .
The feminine s ingul ar i s formed by O O no P i s added : with l vowe repl acing the stem mas c . fern .
" g3
great , l arge new or
h3
m . f . l i fe , l i fetime . l ife .
he l ed a w.icked
The feminine plural may be based on either stem :

g> Q
Adj ectives and Stative Verbs :

i
( f . F3
1
pl . F3
2 new .
X!! <
New Testal11cn L .
ba- ' cchi!/ ( e . I!. o r to
The variant patt ern is a guttura l . mas c .
occurs when the midd l e root consonant fern . broad
The feminine form i s the s ame as the preceding .
"
"
pI. " pI. Verb :

2 /S
b i g , l arge , import ant , great ; Verb :

"
D in a loud voic e .
(f. / craftsmen) . (f. up .
wi s e , prudent ; ski l l ed, expert V erb :
& h a ve a common (mas c . and fern . ) internal p lural tr Many ad J ectlves in addit ion to the external p lural forms : form
grown up , adult ; o ld , eldest . pl . n

Q
g row
sing .
"
plural
"
great sharp wise .
( f . _@ off. Verb :
w h i gh , l ofty ; tal l ; long ; distant , far
Adverbs :
C / b`
18 . 2
a
The Comparative .
s
The comparative is expressed by adding to the adj ect ive :

! <
prepo s it ional phrase with
exceedingl y, very much , great l y . very , extremely . Exerc i s e s
He is more evi l than the Ring . (much , much A . 1 . ' ep i s qopos tabib 2 . s em ' abiy
3. [52 m aniHest
The comparison may be int ens ifi ed by the adverb C more) :

f {n R b C
' ekuyiit
2 t 5masawe '
' abayt
He i s much wiser than his brother .
' arde ' t t abiban

8. 9. 10.
1 2 . dabr nawix
,
l ebs addi s t a ' amer ' abayt
neway haddas J:! egag J:laddast kahen ' abiy
fenot nawax bahawert nawaxt ' abay
4 . wareza nawix
5. B. 1 .
2.
t 4S
A l l stat ive verbs may be s imi l arly construed :

'I NI t I
- 2baJ:!r
That people became more numer ous than our peopl e .
The adverb or
/
(very) i s also frequent ly used t o intens i fy an adj ec

f
tive ; it may be pl aced before the adj ective or after it : I-Ie

is
N awix ' ana ' em- ' exuya . N awax ye ' eti ' em- kl'i e l l on ' axatiha . )f2 N awaxt ' adbara beherekemu ' em- ' adbara beherena . 4 . Zcntu l cbs hadd i s we ' etu ' em - l ebseya . ' :ll1t a
* 2
very i l l .
5 . Lch i q ' anta ' cmenneya .

6 . Tl i J i h
iy E
hGL
fad fada
' cmenna kiil e ' iinika. w ' em-k e l l u ' abyata hagar .
78 8 . Lehiq z entu J:l awareya ' em-ka l e ' an J:lawareyat .

,
79
N awix fadfada ' em- z eyya w e ' etu b eeromu . Be 'ul ' abuka ' em- ' abuya.
qattaZ 19 . 1
Les son 1 9 Adj ectives : The P attern Qatta l . Adj ectives o f the type One may
,
10.
l . N as ' u abl a nawix a wa-J:lo ru ayqa bar . bA . 2 . B a-ye ' eti ' amat mo ' n a w e ' eta J:lezba 3 . Serna kahen diyaq onata J:ladda s t a .
4.
have no cons istent feminine form in the s ingul ar .

-cr-)
find qattaZt (no stem change ) , qatta Z t (with -a- for mas cul ine form may be u s ed for the feminine .
or the
In the Ethiopic s cript The tradi

8 hl'
S awwe ' omu kahen ' abiy l a-J:le zba hagar . negusen a . 8 . Ma? ' u s ab ' t ab iban wa- ' ab ayt w a- ' ab ' elt xaba , adaqqu ba-eywateya ' em- ' axaweya . ' exuhu . 1 0 . Wa-sob a leheqqu , f annawani ' abuya xaba . 1 1 . Tabbat ' emmu ' em-kal e ' at ' anesta hagar w : rta medren a . baJ:lawe u l l e ba-k nabiy 1 2 . Abya s emu l a - z entu w . i ' et 1 3 . B e ' s itu l a_mak annen t eqqa b e ' e l t ye w e ' etu, kama t ina ' e r , r dab etu ' e w xaba . eqqa nawix 1 4 . Soba ba?n a wa- ' i- ' adonahu . ' ' el ewan wa Ba- 'amata motu l a-pappasen a mo ' una ' el l ontu s ab
7. 15. 16. 17.
aywa J:leywata nawixa wa- ' ekuya . na. 5 . Sawa ' na sega ' arawit maswa ' t a l a - ' Amlake a. 6 . Setku xabehu J:lamare ya wa- ' aJ:lbal eya addi s
adj ectives of this pattern are indi st inguishabl e in the s i ngul ar from the feminine s ingular o f the type qati Z ( i . e . qatcrZ) . s e cond root consonant in both types .
19 . 2
t iona l pronunci ation merges al l these forms and regul arl y doub l e s Adj ectives in -iiwi and -ay . These adj ect ives
e
cally numerous but are rather infrequently used , being preferred relative constructions or construct phrases . corresponding to Engl i sh adj ectives in - l y : fo l lows : mas c . s ing . fern. s ing .
samiiyiiwi samiiyiiwit med:riiwi
Thoy a n'
qu i v n l c i
are i e' x i
l
#8 "
based on a variety o f nouns and denote "of" or "p ertaining t o , " worl dly; samiiyiiwi of h e aven, c e l e s t i al , divin e . p lural
&
o f the wo r l d , Their forms urc 11:; (or (or

-eyan)
samcryiiwiyan samcryiiwiycrt
18.
19. 20.
nas ' ewwa l a-hag aren a . g B e l it we ' etu. Sob a na?? arku z anta ma?af a , re ' iku kama ' em-eg e l at . D awaya waldu wa- ' i -J:laywa ' eska meset a ye ' et i ' . ihu ' Tabab t wa-rat e ' an ' emuntu ' arda w : E fo t ababka ' em-k e l l ena? N asa ' ku ' ebana ' ab ayta wa-an aku bet a .
- eyat)
Opt ional forms in -ay o ccur for most such adj ectives ; these have no pecul i arities in infl ection :
19. 3 -iiy , -ay t , -cryan , -ayat.
Adj ectives :
Miscellaneous Types .
The adj e ct ival p att erns
treated in the preceding three lessons include the vast maj ority of derived adj ectives in the l anguage .
qat Z : qetaz: ' abd
Occas i onal ly , however , other pat E.g.
t erns , usual ly nominal in origi n , are emp loyed . rant , imprudent ; as a noun :
( f . ' abedd; p l . ' abdan , ' abdat) fool ish , igno a foo l .
-t;
eyiiw C f .
p l . -an , -at) alive, l ivin g .
The s e a r e unproductive types a s adj ect ives and wi l l be gi ven wit hout further comment in the vocabul aries . a
fo l l o w i n g noun , 19. 4
Qualificat ion .
, ekuya Zebb lianna!Ja gar;r;
An adj e ctive may st and in const ruct evil of heart beauti ful
of a s rt'ct
@
w i t li
wh ich qual ifies i t s meaning :
n01JJixa qom 19. 5 ^4 m: 0 ! dewuy dewuyiin & 8T! 0 0 < q e te Z t 0 0 S 4S 0% j" $ 8 S4 0 : T<" < 0 -? 0 TT! < 0S[ 0 d 0$ , <0 < !
" :
81 medrawi 9 8 ? !" berhiinawi 9 8 0 S :< manfasawi 8
-t) 8
l
$"
9< 0
0$
<
S0 , , 90 0 0 k ? "
-t)
8 4 0 0 "?
!S! $S4 ! ? 0 S < ? a 0 `<0 : 0
F !
<4
! "
0! 0 !0
0 0
samiiyawi 9 8 F-t) } 8 l -t) 8 " 9! segawi 8 0
<
l ,' " < S ! T 8 0 0 <! 0 C< 0 4 " < !0 19 4S 8 8 < " S4 < ! S0 4S 0 <!$ ^: 8 < ? 4 ? -$ l <" ! 00
9 8 0 /! 0 4< 0! 0 $ _
wangeZawi 9 8 , - t) $?
9 0 <$Y F ! ? b l 8 K
' ekit rete f t < < $ < T 0 8 S< <
?enu f 9 8 F?ene ft) 0 0 c 0 4
` 8 T? 0: ?an fa. 0 0 T$[
1 . >mTP
2.
! !:
, ! >" 7. T 52
9. ! >
11 . >>S
B 0
' ekuyiina Zebb .' ekuyana hagm'
;anny l
' c k uy 'ahl y
< -
1 2 . T >
3.
4.
> KM 0S !$$>" !: : T * S ! <*E
0< >"> T<!8 0 >"> >S
13.
<
J F $< 15. < M
ij 5 f
5. B. 1 . !
"
!0
!$
S4 $
'$
4 0 $? 0 $? ? $T F , $? T0 ? <$ ? 0 8 <$" ? T S 0 0 ' Egze' tena 0 ! ? 0 $ "l $ : S4 0 ? , < !
f iiZam 9
l -at) T 8 F T 0< 4S $ -iin)
f "? f a Zamawi 8 madxen 9 ' egzi' 9
<!$ 8:
Za- faZam 8 4
2 . T $> 4.
">!
3 . ^ > > : m> ] > S 8 S S T T: T
* T<$K ! !< * < T < <" 1 < <! M } <> k * < > 0 : < <!8<0 T > < t $$ 0 *K > < * 0 <>">"> * < s > < *> > * * ">! < pS ">
5.
' aga' e z t , ' aga' est) ' egze' t
' Egzi' ena : $ " 9 <" mendabe T d8 Zebb 9 ga?? 9 j$ <88 S
d T< > 7.
9.
< >
- 2 "> ? T l 8 0 ? T TS!$ ? ! < ! ` m ? 0 l ! <$$>">
' aZbab) , -at) 8 4 0
J, < 11. 12. 1 0T>
< 0T> S T T:
nawwZix 9 8 , S$ T sanniiy 9 8 , -t) T naddiiy xer 9 8 , -t) eyaw ( f . - t ) 4 d 0 !0 9 8 d -t) ? <:
nawix. S8 : ? 8S! ? 0 d $? K S4 3 S4S $ 0 S: K ? $ 9 ba- ) . 8 ! 8 "0 !$ nadya 4 u $ ! t 9 , sannaya f $ 8 9j0 $ ! S < 9S! 0 !0 0 0
) 2!
1 4 . ^ > > T ! l "<T d T !$> T: 1 7 . >"T 5 2K>!l

19.
,
~ ^$$ 0> < ! $$> ">! <* " < *$ _ < ">
' emma- eyaw
m PP ! g!o
82
83 eyawan ' emuntu wa- ' i -mutan .
C. 1.
2 . ene ' t ye ' e t i haymanot u . ek a . 3 . Xer l ebbe ka wa- s annay ga
L e s son 2 0 20.1
. 4 . N adday a l ebb we ' etu wa- ' i - t abib ' em - ' ahgur ikemu . 5 . enu' at ' ahgur ihomu wa- ' abiya t e zuna ga?? w e ' etu . ( n ewayomu . N addayan ' arda ' ihu wa- ' i -b e z ux
La- with Pronominal Suffixes . lita laka laki lotu lati

t o me t o you (m . s . ) to you ( f . s . ) to him to her
lana lakerrru laken l8rrru lon
to us t o you (m . p l . ) t o you ( f . p I . ) t o them (m . ) t o them ( f . )

fo l ' )
<.IS
9 . Zati fenot ! eqqa n awwax ye ' et i . ' ag a ' e z tikemu . 1 0 . B e ' ul ' eg z i ' ey a fadfa da ' em 1 1 . a)'\;a z entu qeddus J;eywat a manfasawit a . 1 2 . Teqqa e zunan ' emuntu ' albabihomu l a-we ludihu . D . 1 . We ' et a ' amira xal afa ' E g z i ' en a ' em - z entu ' a l am wa- ' ar g a xaba W 2 . Ba-mawa ' e l a mendabe g ayayna hagara b a ' edda wa-nabarna heyya ' e ska motu l a -negusena ' e l ew . t a ' abuhomu wa- oru w e s t a 3 . Soba l ehqu we ludih u, wa ' u ' em-be w t ' em-k e l l on ' an e s t a hagar . 4 . Lehqa t z a t i wal at t wa-sannaya , wa a ' na wa-rak abnahu ba-we s ta 5 . ' Ama s ama 'na kama ma ' a ' E g z i ' ena k al e ' behe r . ' abuhu s amayaw i .
8 . eyaw ' Eg z i ' en a wa- ' i -mewut .
The prepo s i t ion la- corresponds in general to the dative (to , Engl i sh . It is used idiomat i c a l l y wl ' th many verb s , however , be noted in the vocabu l aries when appropriate . 20.2
" I'
I; i I I
Obj ect Suffixes in a Dat ive or Prepos i t ional Sense .
Obj e c t s uffixes on a verb are o ft en used to expre s s various c a s e ("prepos itional " ) r e l a t i onships other than t h e accusat ive d i rc c L obj e ct . For examp l e , in He gave me bre ad ,
Wahabani xebes ta = Wahaba lita xebesta

l en t l y expre s s ed by the prepo s it ion la- . In
the verbal suffix expres s es the dat ive , or indirect , obj ect , equiva
wa-b e ' lu naddayan . ( Ba-ye ' et i ' amat nadyu ' ab ' e l t . s s eu kama gabru zant a xat i ' at a 8 . a z anu fadfada b a - l ebbomu wa-na W l u l a -madxenena ba-w esta k el l o 9 . S abaku wang eI a.wi yan ba-I;ange . a ' alu xebes ta wa-se ga ' emenn ena 1 0 . Qarbu naddayan xaben a wa- s . ay a W ' e nawwax ba-b erhana 1 1 . Teqq a sannay ' aq e l a z entu atomu . w a - ' i -be ' lu wa- ' i - s annayat I;eyw 1 2 . Xal afu ' awrax wa- ' amata t , . wa- ' i - an ' u ba-haymanot rete ' t 1 3 . Ma? ' a l a ' l ehomu mend abe ' abiy ' em-qe dma betu . 1 4 . S adadomu b a ' e l l a-naddayan s b a - h aymanot ene ' t . 1 5 . We ' y a l ebbu l a - z entu qeddu baw erta ' al am o
A ' I - s ama' kemu-nu t a ' amer ata ' E g z e ' tena?
fenot .
Scr alani xebesta = Sa' ala xebes ta ' emenneya/xabeya

He asked me for bread , it corre sponds to the prepo s i t ional phras es ' emenneya or xabeya . There are only a few categor i e s o f verbs where such constructions are frequen t , and these are l i sted b e l ow , It should be not e d , however , t h at b e cause personal d i rect obj ects (= accusat ive) of al l t rans it ive verbs are usual ly definite and suffi xal l y expre s s ed by the qatalo la
negus construction, even the l arge corpus of material at our d i sposal

does not always a l l ow us to d i s t ingu i s h the various t ypes o f suffi xed obj e c t s w i t h some verbs . acc . d l r . obj , In describing construct i ons into wh i ch
i ll
verbs ent e r , we shal l emp loy t he fo l l owing designat ion s : means that the verb takes a dire ct o b j e c t s p e c i fi c , be suffixed direct l y to
t he
the accus at ive cas e , which may , i f d e f i ll i ( ll . l l Id

Vt' l ' i > i ll
d n t , ' . I t 1' I ,
t h e qatalo la-negus construct ion .
means that the indirect obj ect ( a l way';

i h 1 e with la-) may b e attached s u ff i x a l
, x l ' l ' .. . .
84 t h e qatalo la-negus construc t i on . E . g . Wahabo
85
la-' abuhu warqa He gave the money to h i s father.

obj . suff. means that the obj ect o f a prep o s i t i onal phrase (other than la-) may be suffixed to t h e verb , as in our examp l e with sa' ala abov e . A typ i c a l l i st ing for sa' ala would be sa' ala t o ask ( s ome one : thing :
dative suffix i s commonly p l aced on the v erb as a rein fprcement of t h e pos s es sive pronoun :
Mararatani nafseya . ljaywo lebbu.
+,
soul b ecame bitt e r .
H i s heart ( i . e . courage) r evived .
' emenna , xaba , or obj . suff . ) for ( some

acc . d i r . obj . ) . We shal l a l s o use the (3)
bad on him . "
For the nuanc e compa re Eng l i s h " on" in "Hi s eyes went
d e s i gnation " obj . suff . " when the evidence is amb iguous as t o what the preci s e cas e r e l at i onship i s . a. Verbs o f speaking , addr e s s i n g , and t e l l ing :
E l s ewher e the s en s e i s that o f an approp r i at e t i onal phras e :
"
*8
Bakayato .
" !liIlI ) . She wept for him (dibehu , ba' en ! ?

1>'"
Nagaro zanta. Nagaro la-negus ' esma

b. c. V erbs of asking .
He t o l d him thi s . He t o l d the king that
On the other hand , i t shoul d be noted that there are ma n y V I ' ! e s p e c i a l l y o f " sendin g , bring ing , condu cting , " where t h e d a t i v(' ', 1 1 1 f i x cannot b e used . E . g .
7.. a' aka to send a mess age/m e s s enger .
S e e the examp l e with sa' ala above . In addition t o the examp l e
Verbs o f giving , surrendering .
with wahab a above , note
Mattawomu hagara.
d.
The perso n to wholll SOllll' thing i s s ent requi res a prepo sit ion 7..a - or xaba ; i f a p l ace , the acc . of goal may be used . The me s s ag e o r mess enger i s the real ac c . dir. obj . , if expre s s ed : He s ent me (as mess enger ) to him.
He surrendered the c i t y to them .
La' akani xabehu.
Occas i onal l y , verbs o f robbing and depriving :
Zanta 7.. a ' aka xaba negus . H e sent this ( as a m e s s ag e ) to

the king .
Nas' ani warqeya. Saraqani warqeya.

e.
H e took my go l d away from me . He robbed me of my go l d .
was ada to l e ad , conduct , bring , take .
Like t h e preceding , the
The verbs o f mot ion ba?ba, ma? ' a , and o c cas ional l y others ,
p erson to whom someone or something i s t aken is intro duced by a prep o s i t ion ( 7.. a -, xaba, westa) , but may not be suffixed to the verb . The restriction invo l ved in t h e s e verbs is apparent l y connected with the traversal o f space (to , toward , over t o ) , and even though the prepo s i t ion 7.. a- may b e used in t h i s s ens e , the obj e c t i s fe l t to be d i fferent from those i l lustrat ed above . 20 . 3 Part i t ive App o s i t ion . The pronominal suffixes (whet her
when used in the sense of "befa l l , happen to , occur to" :
Ba?bani mawa <ela mendabe . Ma?' ani kale' xe Uinna .
Days o f affl i ct ion b e fe l l me . Another thought o c curred t o me .
lIere the suffixes rep l ac e phras e s with Za <Za and diba.
/ Obj ect suffixes on stative and intransit ive verbs have

three functions : (1) E quivalent to a comparat ive construct ion :
dat i ve or accus ative is immat er i a l ) are often used when a part o f the body (et c . , cf. f , 2 above) i s the obj e ct of the t r ansit ive verb :
Sam <ewwo qaZo.
Bazxana we' etu ezb.
That peop l e b e came more numerous than we (or : too numerous for us) .
They heard h i s vo i c e . She touche d h i s

c l ot h i n K .
( 2)
*3
,l i d
,.
13
8, . , . I
s l l i l .l cct
5
Casasa"to 7.. e bso.

, /I arzrm,n,)o
'
I :;
t" t 11<'
a part of the body or some in a l i en -
edawihu.
3 i l'c [ ( s oll l , reput at i on , et c . ) , a
They bound h i s h a I l u ,; .
86 Vocabul ary 20 Nouns :

13 . E) .
87
' Akyo
+ ,*" 5
2 0 . S a ' al kewwo 0eywa t a .
mestir ( p l . -at) m . f . myst e ry (both general and r e l i gious s en s e s ) ;

frequent in reference to the euchari st .
Conve rt thc verba l suffi x e s o f Ex . A into equiv al ent prep o s i t i onal phras e s .
m . sust enance , food . speci e s . N o c l e ar dist inct ion i s maintained between the mean -
C . 1 . Nagarkewwomu kama ma? a ' ku ' em-kal e ' t hagar .

2 . N ababkelllewwo -nu l a - z entu wareza ' e sma x a l afa z amadu? w , Was adevO l a - z entu Qeddus xaba mak anenta J:1ezb .
zamad (p l . ' azmad) m . fam i l y , k i n , r e l at ives , c l an , tribe ; k in d , s ort ,

ings of the s ingular and p l ural form s . Verb s :
4 . Mahharo ' abuhu haymano t a rete ' t a . 5 . Ma a\vewwa l a- h ag aT<?mu l a-we ' etu negus . 6 . ' I -ma! ! awnahu hagarana l a- w e ' etu negus . 7 . S a ' al ewwo xebe s t a wa-wahabomu ' eban a .
nagara to s ay , t e l l ( a c c . of what i s s ai d ; dat . suff. or Za- of per

son addres s ed) .
Z entu we ' etu mes i r ' ab i y wa-qeddus .
nababa to speak t o , t e l l ( s am e construct ions as nagara) .

., wahaba t o give ( acc . dlr . ob] dat . suff . or Za- o f indirect ob j ec t ) .
9 . L a ' ako l a-waldu xabena m e s l a z entu ma?J:1af. 1 0 . Mannu maharakemu b a - l e s1ina G e ' z ? 1 1 . Mahar komu- nu l a-wel udika b a ' enta wang iu i l a - ' lg z j ' cn n 'l 1 2 . G a s sa?omu wa-na garomu kama fannaw o ' E gzi ' abJ:! e r I a IV I I I " " W ' ' al am ba enti ' an a k e l l en a . L a ' aka l ot u wa-na garo kama g ab ' a ' eg z i ' omu ' em-I;a yqa 1 4 . La-me nt nagar kani s annaya wagabar ka ' ckuya l a ' l cy.1 '! G > Wahab 2 a l ana J;teywa ta adda s a wa- s annayt a .
, ,
Za> aka to s end ( a me s s age or me s s enger ; s e e Lesson for construct i o ns ) . was ada to l e ad , conduc t , bring , t ak e ( s e e Le sson for construction s ) . mahara G / mahhara D to t each ( s omeon e : suff . obj . ; s omething :
d i r . obj . or ba- , ba' enta) . acc .
'<\" . ( 1 1
1);' 1 1 1 .
mattawa D t o surrend e r , hand over ( ac c . d i r . obj . ; dat. suff. or Zao f ind i r . obj . ) .
' ammara D t o t e l l , show, indicat e , make known (something :

obj . ; to someon e : Conj unct i on : obj . suff . ) .
acc . d i r .
W a ' a ' em - z amad ' abiy wa-b e ' u l .
1 7 . B a ' enta ment ' i - sama ' kemuni q a l ateya?
, 7 Wahabnahu s i s aya l a - fenot wa- fannonahu wes t a gadamata lV e ' etu

beJ;1er . 1 9 . N as ' o l a-ware z a mes l ehu ' e sma z amadu we ' et u . 2 0 . Wasadato l a-be ' s i ba-westa beta wa- ' aqabato heyya ' e s k a xal afat l e l it . 2 1 . M as a ' ku b a ' en t a z a - sawwa ' kani .
za- that , the fact that ( introduces a noun c l ause after verbs o f
speaking et c . , l ik e kama and ' esma) . becaus e . E xerc i s es A . 1 . Wahabani lebs o . 2 . S e!k ewwo amareya.
,
ba' enta za- ( conj . )
1 0 . ' Ammarkuk emu mes! ira . 1 1 . Wahabnahomu wayn a . 1 2 . ' Ammarakemu t a ' amera .
,
S a ' a l an i s i saya .
4 . Marhuni feno t a . f Ma? 2 ' ana mendab e . " I

,
Maharato l e s an a ' Afrenj .
' Ammaran a ' edawihu .
1 4 . S a ' a l at o neway a . emana qasawest a . . G 5S 2

,
7 . Mattonahu hagarana .
<J
Bazxana h e z b .
8 . W a. h a b cw,o
cgi1 .
N : I :-:
3 + - 5
' :ild)
1 7 . San ' ana mendab e .
I I' Y : I .
& 7 I;lazano l ebbu .
Les son 2 1 21 . 1 Medio-passive Verb s : Gt . Most active tran s i t ive G , 0 , We sh a l l designate t h e s e verbs corresponding Gt verb i s a s imp l e passive :
tafarha tagabra tahansa tamara tamClhJ' a tanagra taqabra taqatla tasabka
he was feared it was done / made it was bui l t he w a s l ed he was defeat ed it was spoken h e was buried he was k i l l e d i t was p reache d
tasadda tasam <a tasay a tasClhJ <a ta?efa tatak la tClhJadya tClhJehba
he was driven out i t was he ard it was so l d i t was sacri f 1 ced it was wr itten i t was p l an t ed he was p J A c<,d i t was g i ve l l .
L , and Q verbs may b e convert e d into a me dio -passive form b y prefi x ing t h e e l ement ta- ( i n the P e rfect) . as G t , Ot , L t , and Qt resp e ct i ve l y : G
o
qatala fannawa baraka W tal>g ama
he k i l l ed he s ent he b l es s ed he trans l at e d
Gt Ot Lt Qt
taqatla tafannClhJa tabaraka W tatarg ama
h e was k i l l ed he \vas sent he was b l e s s e d i t w a s t rans l ated .
L Q
The forms of the Gt verb for t h e various root typ e s are as fo l lows : Sound
taqatla taan?a tal!e fa tasam <a tawalda tamaw' a tasayma tawarwa tasarrry a
he was ki l l ed i t was bui l t i t was written it was heard he was born he was defeat ed h e was appointed h e cast hims e l f down h e was named
I - gut t . I I - gut t . I I I - gutt . I -W I I -W I I -Y
The p as s i ve verb i s usual ly emp l oyed when the writer (s p eak ,' '" ) d l l W, no t wish to spe c i fy t he agent ( active subj ect) . An agent i .. ' , ( 1111" t imes added, howeve r, w i t h the prepos i t ions babut un l e s s a p erson i s invo l ve d , ba- would usual ly be t a k e n cating instrument , not agent . Gt verbs may a l s o have a refl exive or midd l e meanin g qui res specia l atten t i o n :
, ba-xaba ,
0 I'
.I',Ii'< I,
i '
tI S
, ,1<1 1
\; 1 1
I ch
"" _
ta <adClhJa ta <aqaba tarakba
I I I -W I I I -Y
<adClhJa ; ( 2) to transg ress (a l aw : a p erson : la < la) .

2
=
' em- ; ugaj n s L
( 1 ) p as si v e of <aqaba ;
(2) to guard one ' s s e l f against
(' emenna or obj . suff . )

to be found . As virtual l y equivalent to kona ( c f . French s e trouve r , Hebrew nim{lO:' ) it may be fo l l owed by a p redicate noun or adj ective in the accus ative :
TaC aC C a is the norm for al l Gt verb s regard l e s $ of their G l 2 3 type ( i , e . nabara versus gabra) , but an a l t ernate form taqatala for some verbs is not uncommon , e s p e ci al l y those from roo t s I - gutt . bas i c form taqatla, with n o vow e l between C typ e , name l y tG?efa ( c f . keda) . root types : 2 The and C , requires that 3 verb s from roots I I - gut t . have the vocal i s m associ ated with the gabra I n f l ection of the P erfect fo l lows
tare' ya
tarakba ?adeqa he was found (to be) r i ghteous .

to app e ar, s e em (to b e ) . Same remarks as with
tarakba above .
There are some G t verbs lvh i ch ei ther ,have no corresponding G verb or whose meanings are not dire c t l y r e lated to the G verb . especi a l l y the fo l l owin g :
Note
the s ame general patterns des cribed for G verbs of the corresponding
taqat la taqatlat taqatalka

et c .
ta?efa ta?efat ta?eefka

etc.
tasam <a tasam <at tasamii <ka

etc.
arc
tamaw' a tamClhJ' at tamClhJii' ka

et c .
tasayma tasaymat tasayamka

etc .
tClhJarwa tawarwat tawarClhJka

et c .
tanabba tale' ka tam< e < a taasya

Th e re are
to be read , recited . t o serve , minister to ( acc , dir . obj , ) . to b e c ome angry, enraged . to rej o i c e .
two
X N o D2 verb) ,
Contracted forms l i ke " taJllo ' a I I - W and I I l - g u t t . , [ H l l

i ' o ,' 1110 '; 1
oecas i o n a l l y at tested with roo ts

arc
(No G verb)
*# -
u l1 u l l 1 l l ' ; t l' t eJ forms

! v" ? I:
the normal ones .
01
1 1 1 1 ' 1 ,', " , ' , I
v " I ' I l ' ; 1 I I I' rodliceu thus far the
tWI,r:J' a
Gt verbs with formal pecu l i ari t i e s :

u
i s t he regular pass ive of nas'a and means " I
I l('
! > ? &
etc . " The form tanse' a, infl ected as though from a Q to b e convert ed ( re l i g ious s ense) ; to turn around, come back ,
91
root tns' , is refl exive and means " to get up , ari s e ; to r i s e (from the d e ad) ; to r i s e up against ( la ' l.a} . "
return .
taasaya/taasya Gt to rej o i ce ( i n , at :
ba- , ba' enta) . l.a ' l.a , diba, ba' enta) . ta' amana/ta' amna Gt
tam' e ' a ( t o be come angry) has the s ame p e cul i ar i t i e s as tanse' a,

but b ecause o f t h e c lustering o f guttural s at the end o f the s t em i t has deve loped t w o vari ant s t em forms . p o s s i b l e infl e c t i ons are found : . 2 tcun 'e ' a ( 2 ) tcun ' a ( 3 ) tcuna 'a'a All
tam 'e 'a/tam 'a G t t o b e come angry, enraged (at :

sons ) ; to be l i ev e in (ba-) , have faith i n . . 2 to be b e l i ev e d ; acc . ) ; Proper Names :
' amna to be tru e ; to b e l i eve ( a c e . d i r . obj . or la- , esp . wi t h per(2) to b e l i eve in, h ave fai t h in (ba- o r
( 3) t o confess ( s i ns ) ; ( 4 ) t o b e confi d en t , s e cure .
tam 'e 'at tcun ' a 'ka

etc .
tcun'at tcuna'ka e t c .
tama 'a 'at tcuna ' a ' ka e t c .
Beta Leem Bethl ehem . ' Iyasus Keres tos Jesus Chri s t .
Exercises A. Transfo rm each o f t h e fo l l owing into the p as s ive , omi t t i ng the E xamp l e : anau h ag ara Taanat hagar . W 7 . e!na k e l l o ' ahb a l ina . 8 . aafu ' asmatihom u westetu. F Wahabemvo s i s aya wa- l e b s a . . P ]M 2 arewwo l a-ware z a zeyya . f Sama ' na q a l a mend1lbehu .
When the corresponding G verb governs two accus atives (sema,
s cunay a, mal.' a) , the s e cond accus ative i s retained after the pass ive
Gt verb :
Tasayma kahena. Tasamya Yoannesha. Tamal.' a maya.
H e was appointed priest . He was named John . It was fi l l ed with water . Vocabul ary 2 1
agent (subj e ct ) .
. 0F 2arlihku we ' eta n a g ara . 2 . G abra ' Am l lik z an t a ' li l am a . 3 . Qab arewwo l a- s egahu mes l a zamadu . S adadewwo l a -madx e n en a .
S . Qatal ewwo l a- ' eg z i ' omu .
Nouns : , tazkar m emo r i a l s ervi c e or h o l i day , commemora tion ; memory ; m emorandum e l.ata ' n o t at i o n . gabra tazkara t o c e l ebrate a commemo rat i on .
tazkar d ay of commemorat i on . dammana (pl . - t ) m . f. c l o ud ( s ) . gebr (pl . -at, gebar) m . f . de e d , a c t ; work , task , bus ines s ; re l igious
s ervi c e , l i turgy ; product , art i fact , creat ion .
B . 1 . Tafarahku b a ' en t a s emeya ' ab i y . 2 . La-mannu tagabrat zati amar?
3 . Tam<j.w ' u ezben a w a - t anas ' at hagarena .

Tamarana wes t a fenot rete ' t . G >Ta 2 s aya!ku ba- ' edawihomu l a - ' e l l ontu s ab ' . l T a ? efa zentu maJ.1afa egag ba-mawa ' e l a ' abawi n a . 2 T as adadna ' em- ' abyat ina wa- ' em-xaba ' azmadina .
M a n n l l t a sayma ' c p i s qopo s a diba behereka?
me ' raf (p l . -at) a qui e t p l ac e , a r e s t i n g p l ace ; one ' s final resting

p l ace ; a measure of l ength , a s t ade ; chapter of a book .
maqsaft (p I . -at) m. f. punishment , b e ating, whipping ; frequen t l y in

the sense of " d ivine pun i s hment . " d
8 . MIT' z e - nu t amawa ' k emu wa- t an as li ' k emu?

9.
maqdas t emp l e , s anctuary .

Verbs :
Beta Maqdas the Temp l e in J erus a l em .
1 0 . Y e ' c L Il ' ;un i n t at a k l at haymanot ene ' t b a - l ebbu .
walada to b e ar (a chi l d) ; to b eget ch i ldren (by :

Gt to be born .
ba-xaba) .
tawal.da xaba) ;
C.
.1 .
S ( ) " U L ; I ' ; l ci o ll o we ' 3 w (' I I ?T ' iillli l L a .
e t a dabra wa-ba!?lil;na hagaromu, nab.1 " I 1 1 1 I I <
\ \ II
: meta to turn away , divert ; to turn , d i rect ( e . g . face ; toward
2 . 'l'lI l <, ' e k k ('\Vwo l a - z en t u q eddus ' es k a ' e l ata motu . :1 .

#
, t o return somethin g / s omeone t o o r i ginal p l ace ; t o conv ert ve; i s s a p Gt tamay ta tran s form ( ace . d i r . o l l j . ' IJCr; {,a , la- ) .
' 1l < l ' l h k t'lll l l
& & . " 1 . 1 " : 1 /
1,l C'!; .1 g a e zbena wa- ' i - t a 'aqabkemll I I . I ) I I r C l l u wa- ' i - t ana s ' at .
I'll" 1 1 1 1 /1
t.
II
92 5 . Tans e ' at ' em-heyya wa- gab ' at xaba z amada . 6 . ' I - s ama ' kemu-nu z a - t an e ' a ' Eg z i ' ena ' em-mutan wa- z a I;ley aw w e ' etu? 7. B a-ye ' et i ' e l at tarakabku ' e l ew a wa- t as adadku ' em - ma ' ka l omu . 8 . Tare ' ya gau aya wa- lebsu b erh an a s amayawe . W 9 . Tanabba zentu k e l l u ma?l;laf ba-beta maqdas ye ' et a ' amira . w .PfT 2 asamayku s ema Yoannesha ba- sema ' ex a ' abuy a . . . f T 2 amal ' a samay berhan a w a - t asam ' a q a l a mal a ' ek t . 1 2 . Qatal ewwo b a ' en t a z a - ta' adawa ' em -I;legagihomu . W . F 2Wa- ' emdexra- z e t al e ' ka ba-beta maqdas k e l l o maw a ' e l a eywatu . . f 2Z a t i ' e l at ta zkara motu la-Qeddus Ma rqos .
I S . Tamal ' a s amay dammana t a wa-warada zenam wa-barad .
gF2
Les s on g g ggJ f Medi o - P as s ive Verbs : Dt , Lt , Qt . The r e l a t i onship of 0 L, and Q verbs a lready
to Dt e t c . is l i ke t h at of G to Gt and requires l it t l e further com ment . Note the fo l l o\Ving verbs derived from 0, introduced : Dt
T <<ET I hh T T 5T & 5 6T T
to be sent .to be reproached , instru cted to b e surrendered, handed over ; t o a c cept , receive to be summoned , cal l ed to b e b l e s s e d to be t r an s l ated i s synonymous with 0 M M ? T to repent .
D.
. >W 2 aladat walda l a -be ' s i ha w a - s amayato serna Ma rqo s . g TaI;alda ' Iyasus Kerestos b a - Be t a L eem . Ff2 ' Ayte t awal adkemu ' anta wa- ' axawika? 4. Tanabba l ana ma?af b a ' enta gebara qe ddusan . G 5S 2emu l a- z entu mal;laf Gebra I;lawareyat \Ve ' etu , I; a- ' em-l:Iegg Hadd i s we ' et u .
6.
Lt Qt
The D t verb
4d T
in the s en s e " to receive , accept" i l lustrates an interest when a verb in i t s active form governs bo t h a direct This i s fu l ly comparab l e to
ing ph enomenon :
and an indirect obj ect , i t is sometimes pos s ib l e to effect the p as s ive t ransformat ion o n e ither ob j e c t . Eng l i s h , where the pas s ive counterp art of "They gave me the book" is either ( 1 ) "The book was given t o me" o r (2) Thus ,
' amay a Wa- ' emdexra sabaka b a-wange l westa enfakt i medr , t xabena.
7 . Wa- sob a xalafa we ' etu mendabe, t a as ayna fadfada . 8 . F anna\Va ' Eg z i ' abe r z anta maqs aft a l a ' lena b a ' ent a x a i ' aten a . 9 . Wa- ' ama z anta nagaran a , mErna ga? ?atina ' emennehu w a - ' i na?? arnahu . . P 2Rakabna me ' rafa s annaya wa-nabarna heyya ' eska ebal;l . . 2 Wadayo l a- s egahu l a - ' abuhu w e s t a me ' rafu . 1 2 . Ba- ' ayy me ' rafa zentu mal;laf t arakba nagara gebarihu? . F z Ba2 ' ayy ' e l at a warx w a - b a- ' ayy warxa ' runat t agabra t a zkaru? 1 4 . La-ment ba?ana zentu maq ; aft?
I S . Ba- z entu qal tamay a \Vest a ' arwe medr wa-\Vadqa diba medr.
16.
was given the book . "
::B.T JT
JT
(They surrendered the city t o him) b e comes
either ( 1 ) 46::T (2) 46 JK T accepted the city) .
%.@T T
(The city was surrendered to him) or

=
(He was surrendered the c i t y The Dt o f 0 dT
He receive d or . 2 the thing
is simi l ar :
t aught may be the subj e c t , as in 467T or y 2 ! & person t aught may & ! & (He was t aught the l aw ings !
% & & $&
LT
( The l aw was t aught) ,
sub j e c t , as in 4IT
lie l e arned t h e law) .
In their s e cond mean
#d*+N
& #& & p b
&
#d!N
CL
may b e l is t ed as active tran s i t ive that there i s usua l l y n o d erivational There i s a s i gnifi-
' Amanna ba-qalatihu wa- konna Kerest iyan a .

&
AI
&
dl r
obJ oct in the accusat ive . arl j

r
w w
V
1 7 . S o b a zanta s ama ' ku , t am ' a ' ku eqqa fadfada wa-nas a ' ku ' ebna
& G nnd 0 verbs , thi s requires some mod i f i c at ion !& & ! &
wa-qatal k ewwo .
1 <) . I l oru E 'I
- '
xnhchu wa - t a ' amnu xatawe ' ihomu .

" # !#
n V
m v
ur
ful l verb a l system .
which are derived , not from a corresponding 0
l o tu wa-s adadnahu ' em- xabena .

# ' ;r rdii '
!n .
ihu wa-xal afa ' em - qedmehomu .
tIV
f'l I ,
hlhl l
110
lnp, l e s emant i c parame t e r , but there are a few sub - groups
tl w i t h t h e {2 s y s t e m .
t' l Y [ rom a {2 verb , or at l e ast from nouns or adj e c T h e derivat ional c h a i n G -7 Dt

t h a t may
be i ;o l (\ L Od :
( 1) J)L
v c r l; s
xasar (p l . -at) m . f . wretchedn e s s , poverty, ignominy.

[rom s t at ive {2 v erbs have the b a s i c meaning Thes e verbs Verb s :
" to regard one ' s s e l f as , t o show on e ' s s e l f off as . "
t en d to be p e j orativ e , but n eed not b e , and usual ly i mp l y hyp o cr i sy , decei t , or d e f i ciency on the part of t h e sub j ect .
fawwasa to cure , h e a l ( ac c . of p erson or d i s e as e ; acc . of p e rs on ' em-) .

Dt tafawwasa to be cured , heal ed .
tadawwaya ta 'ahbaya ta?addaqa tapahbaha

9g
tanabbaya Dt to prophe s y (to : wassaka 0 t o add (to :

obj . ) .
la- ; against :
la ' la) .
to f e i gn i l l n e s s , pretend to be s i ck to be b o as t fu l , arrogant to give the app e arance ( fa l s e ly) of b eing r i ght eous t o " ac t smart " ; to be crafty , cunn i ng .
Dt tawassaka to be added to (westa , xaba ,
diba, la' la) ; t o increas e , augment (ace . d i r .
or ohj .
tafasse a Dt to rej o i c e ( in :
ba- , ba' enta, la ' la , diba) .

' &11/- ) .
s u r !' . ) .
bezawa Q/ L to redeem ( ac . dir . obj . ; with: ba- ; fro m : tahezawa t o be redeeme d ; t o redeem for one ' s s e l f .
It is E xercises j
(}l
D t verbs may s imp ly b e denominatives from nouns or
adj e c t i ve s , s ometimes r e l at e d t o {2 verb s , sometimes i s o l ated .
di fficult to charact eri z e t h i s group other than t o speak o f lexica l l y
spe c i a l i z e d forms :
tanabbaya tase" e la tagahbara
to prophesy (to :
la- ; again s t :
la 'la) ; denom-
inat i v e from nabiy . to ask someone (obj . suff. or ba-xaha) about someth ing ( ac c . d i r . obj . or ba' enta) . to wo rk , do work ; to work something , especial l y i n an agricultural s en s e : t o work a fi e l d or t h e l an d ; to tran s act business (with : 2 eF
1 . Tamal'i a ' n a wa- t amattawat hagaren a westa ' edal'i i homu . g Wa-soba taga ss au , l'ia- t amehher u ba' enta haymano ta K c r c s l l y n " . F 0 '2I - t amahhara z entu egg b a-mal'ia ' e l ihu . W 4 . Ta al'iwe ' u wa-tafannawu w e s t a k e l lu ba al'ierta ' a l arn . ''i 6 . Ta efa nagaratihu westa b e z ux ma al;1eft , wa-tatarg amu 1 a 7 . Tasal'iwa ' ku xaba 1 i qa pappasa t wa-ta sayamku ' ep i s qop o s a d i b a z entu bee r . 8 . Tawadya ma sw a ' t u heyya wa- t as o ' a xaba ' E g z i ' aber . a tanabbaya l ana, xa1afa ' emennena wa- ' arga westa s amayat. g 0 Wa-sob 2 1 0 . B akayna wa-azanna b a ' enta z a - t awass akana xasar wa-maq s aft . l es 1inat ba ' edd .
S . Tamaytu xaba beta 'abuhomu wa-tab araku b a - xabehu .
mesla) .
Other Dt verbs are r e l at e d to causat ive (CD) verbs and
wi l l be treat ed later .
Ta' ammara is both t h e p a s s ive o f ' ammara and denominat ively r e

l at e d t o te' mert ( s ign , s i gn al ) : t o g i v e a s ign or s i gnal . Dt verbs from ro o t s I I - gut t . a l ternat e between the p att erns
w B . 1 . Ma ' u be zuxan deweyan xabehu wa- fawwasomu k e l lomu b a-Manfas Qeddus . 2 . Tafalvwasna ' em - daweyat ina w a - t anassana ' em-xap.we ' in a . FW Qoma 2 ba-qedmehomu l a -ezb xat e ' an wa-tanabbaya l a ' l ehomu mendabe wa-maq s aft a . 4 . S oba r e ' ina kama we ' etu ? adeq eyal'i we ' et u , t afassana fadfacla wa-wah abna s ebat a l a - ' E gzi ' abe r .
tamahhara and tamehhera , tasa" ala and tase" e la et c .

V o cabulary g g N oun s :
dawe (pl . -yat) f . m . s i ckne s s , i l lne s s ; d i s e as e . denge l (pl . danage l) virg i n ; also app l i ed to men : ' anada m. skin , hide , l eather ; ab la ' anada thong. ne"lat
. i v i II" To I l lm 1 1 ; 1 111'''. ) .
c e l ibat e , monk .
M as ' a madxenena w e s t a ' a l am wa-tab e z awana ba- damu ' em-xal i ' a t .
6 . Tawas s ak o neway wa-k ona b a ' e l a eqqa. 2 Wassaknahomu diba e zbena wa-konna ezba ' ab i yo l'i ll
&
(I.
sebt (p l . -at) m . f . prai s e , hymn of prai s e ; glory , maj e s t y .
lotu
1 I II
be p Ta l s e (a frequent parenthetical remark after
\a @ s s ak u xat i ' ata xaba xat i ' at wa- ' i -s am ' e l'il'io
q l ()
l I l u l l l "llIl l .
T a mL' h h c ]'a #% 5. 6
#6 (J.
WI" c t u ware z a ' em-dawehu
l e sana Yon1inawiyan ba-xaba
' emml l . $ 4
wa- t am a n a
g[2
g _ 2
C . 1 . Wa-wal adat ye ' et i b e ' s i t dengel walda wa-samayato s erna l a-walda ' Iyasus ( lotu s ebat ) ' esma madxena ' alam w e ' etu. W 2 . ' Em- ' ayy lesan tatarg ama zentu maaf be luy?
F 0N2as ' a 4.
Les son 2 3
2 .3 . 1
C a rd i n a l
' anada wa-gabra ' emennehu ' albasa sannay a . ' el atat xaba J:leywatu, wa-J:aywa J:leywata nawaxa fadfada one two three four fiv e six s even e i ght nine t en
Nwn ber s .
Z entu ab l a ' anada teqqa enu ' we ' etu.

aadu
Mas cul ine acc .

ke Z Uu sa Zastu arba ' tu xamestu sedestu sab'atu samantu tes 'atu ' asartu ' a dO: keZ' e ta - to. - to. - t o. - to. - to.
G 5Tawass 2 aku
Femi nin e
aatti
ba- z entu ' alamo W [ ] 2 B ezawa k e l lo ' al ama ba- segahu wa-ba-damu .
7. 8.
ac c .
ke P eti saZas , arba ' xams ses su sab 'u samani tes 'u rasru
alatto.
keZ eta calasn
Tafasselu diba motomu l a- xat e ' an wa- ' el ewan . Nabarna heyya ba-xasar wa- ' i -t afassana ba-ye ' et i J:l eywat naddayt .
:r:(mW a
cu/)U 'a
9 . Tanabba l i ta z entu n agar wa-t afawwasku ' em-daweya .

. P 0 Nas' 2 on
11 .
w l a-k e l l on danage l ' anest ihu .
Was s akka newayaka medrawe wa- ' i - wassakka newayaka manfas awe .
1 2 . ' I - t anabbayu wangel awiyan, ' al Ia s abaku . w . F 0 Wahabu 2 l ana s i s aya l a-k e l l a ' e l at wa-tale' kuna ' eska tafawwasna ' em-dawena .
1 4 . Wa-t afawwasa w e ' etu dewuy ' e sma ' amna ba-qalateya wa- ' i -meta
- to. - ta
- to.
D(I/' ' u iN/ '{;
Goon;; Qllliill i
l ebbo ' em-hayrnanot ret e ' t .

t G 5Wa2 ' ama
ta' arnrnaru, rona kW e l l ena ' ern-bet westa fenot .
1 6 . Tas e " e l ana ba' enta eywatena zeyya .

17. 18.
Tagabbarna medra wa-nas a ' n a s i sayana ' emenneha . Ta' ammara z entu nagar l akemu ba' ent a za-adeqan ' antemu.
1 9 . Ta ' abbayka wa- gabarka ' ekuya l a ' l a naddayana J:lezb .
' b a, ' a l la taabbaba ba-qedma kale ' anihu wa2 0 . ' I - k ana tab 1 t a ' abbaya ba-gebrat ihu wa-ba-qal atihu . 2 1 . Nabarna westa Ye ' et i medr sannayt wa- tagabbarna mes l a ' aJ:lzabiha. w 2 2 . Ba' enta ment tadawwayka qedma mak annen wa- ' i -nagarkahu nagaraka?
23.
mas cul ine ( 7 ) saba 'tu , ( 8 ) samCi ni tu , ( 9 ) tas 'atu , tasa ' tu ; femi nine . P2 'asr . Note that the maS CUl ine numb ers in - tu have ac cus ativ e - to. but that femi nine s in -u have no d i s t inct accu sat ive form. The form ke Z' i s used for both masc ul ine and femi nin e "two . " Card inal numb ers norm al ly prec ede the obj ect coun ted . Othe r than "one , " agreement in gend er i s not alwa ys pres ent , even with per sona l noun s , and ther e is a t ende ncy to gene ral i z e the numb ers in - tu for a l l uses . Agre emen t in case i s normal . The coun ted noun may be eith er sing ular or plur al , with a pref eren ce for the form er :
' aadu be' si ke Z e ti hagar xams 'e Zat aatti be si t ke Z e dammana sessu ' anest ke Z e tu abya t saZa stu warx saba 'tu sab aadu be si a
i
Comm on vari ant forms :
'ani'll
Tat abbabu wa- ' i - abbu, taaddaqu wa- ' i - adqu , ta 'abbayu wa
, i-
' abyu . me n t t as e " e lkenana ba-xaba l iqa papp asat?
24 . l3a ' c nt a
cert ain man . Numb ers rare l y stan d in cons truc t ; the part i t i ve pre s s ed by ' em- :
saZa ctu em- arda ihu 23. 2
Ord i n a l
abadu/ aat ti frequent ly has the sens e "a cert ain" :
ex
three o f h i s
disc i p l e
are ,I
,
based
on
the
( f . qa ie Zt) ;
th e
From " thre e" onwa rd t h e o n i i n l l l 1 1 1 1111 i 1 l' I " ' . same root s as the card inal s, w i : 1 1 4 () 4 ) 1 1 1 1 " $# % @ . / 0 / 0I accu sati ve i s s imp l y in - a .
Numb ers .
98
99
third fourth fifth s i xth For " fi rst"
" " L "

.:J-=.
f.
1
" " [ 23
seventh e i ghth ninth t enth
" 1 " /"T
f.
" "
1 1
1 cK
K 1 z
1"T
01 ( f /
. s used B 1 .
"Second" may b e expres s ed

"
The s e fo rms of the numbers are a l s o used occas ional l y as feminine

8G
in s everal ways : rare ; " 1
/ v = s usual ly , but not exc lus ively, when
cardinal s :
three cities .
"Once" may be expressed by or "

t both of which are fre
only two it ems are invo lved; " ( f . " 1N f " other , strange , foreign . "
(f.
(f.
t)
whi ch i s
or 1
"twi ce" by " 1
but which has al so the addit ional meaning
quent in the s ense " again , a s econd time . " E xerci ses
jB 1 .
A l l o f the ordinal s except " appear also with the adj ectival . ' nal adJ' ectives normal ly precede their suffixes - and / The ord1 noun :
T" " " 1 1M> +
salas hagar sal as negest sal est amar xabawe z
8. 9.
s edestu masaggeran s e s su b e ' s i t
2 . salastu nagast
3.
IS. 17.
sabii
0 " / )-3
't u W i l f'X ' ii mi t !

3 (3 ! 3
.+02 s ab
'u
the third gate the fourth man the seventh city. B.
4.
G 5xamestu 2 7.
I,
2.
6 . xamestu gabr
' arawita medr w 1 1 . ' arba ' tu mak annen . ^ 2 ' arba ' ' ed 1 3 . ' arba 'tu ' aqW el
14.
. P >s 2 edestu
. 02 0 # , * .
# ' U I/II\ 1
1 9 . siimon l
20. 21.
. 1S - T " Note that the feminine form for ordina 1 s 1n the third woman . A further derivat ive from the ordinal s t em
xams ' ext
s ab ' atu qiiliit
sabe ' 1I\1I I ' , I

tes
' fl r l J r t l.l n l l
Setkewwo sal as t a ab l a . Gabarku kel ' et a newaya . ' el l onta ' arba ' t a we l uda xaba betomu , warx 'adawu sedesta dabra .
i s 1"T " a tenth, t i the . There is a s econd series o f ordinal s based on the pattern and used almost exc lus ively to des i gnate days of the week or month or hours of the day :
1 U 1 _ !c
F - Metna 2
4 . Ba-qadiimit ' iimatu mo ' a xamsa ' ahgura .

G > Ba2 dagem + 0 We 2 ' eta 7. 8. 9.
on the t enth day ( o f the month) the third night (of the week or of the part i cul ar time period in question) the fourth day of the month .
.
warxa I;lanau kel ' et a ' abiya ' abyiit a . 'Arnmarana xame s t a me stira qeddus a .
Serna tes 'ata diyaqona wa- xamesta qas i s a dibehomu . Maharewwo ba- ' asartu l es anat . l a- ' e l lontu salastu s ab ' xaba negus . aka xabeya k e l ' e mal a ' ekt a .
%PW Was 2 adewwomu 5 2 L a'
They also occur in p l ace o f the regu l ar cardinals when days , hour s , or months are counte d :
+ 1 !
1 2 . Ma ' a xabena ' ahadu ' em-zamadu . He stayed there three days . (f.
t based on a ro ot
1 3 . l'Iahabomu s isaya l a- s amani < e l at .

14.
IS.
Note in part icu l ar that " s e cond" i s
N abaru mes l ena s edesta ' awraxa . Nabarna mes l ehomu ' asru 'amat a . La-ment ' i - s ama 'kemun i ? xaba beteya reb ' a wa- ' i - rakabani me ' ra . Tab6 z aw a ' a zmad i hu xerns a .
$ -/03
not us ed in the other number seri e s . When the context i s c l ear , the . on the third ( day) , at nouns for day and hour are oml tte d : ] the third (hour) .
23. 3
1 6 . ' I -nagarkukemu-nu z anta s e l s a ?

0 A Gab ' a
J9.
20 .
18.
i n the
Cardinal Adverb s . (lccusatl v e (qc denotes " three times , thrice , " e t c .
From " three" to " t en" the p at tern
I:.
t :1I1ahba
l omu dagema . egg .
' I
L OIII ' e ' a
k ii ' eb a .
2 -) / 0 , 6
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1,, ,
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tPF2
ianwaba
tanZigara
E}ab'
tasayata to buy (acc . dir. obj . ) tawalada to procreat e ; to increase or flouri sh by procreat ion . taxa lafa to wander t o and fro taqawama to oppos e , withstand, t ake a stand against ( ac c . dir .
(pl . ' as . ba' , to batt l e .
- t)
m. f . war , batt l e .
ora/wa4' a E}ab' a t o go out
Verbs :
takayada G l t (root kyd o f kidan above) to make a treaty , pact , cove
nant (with :
mesla or obj . suff . ) ; to promi s e .
obj . or mes la , la cla, qedma) ; less commonl y : up for ( la- ) .
to s t and
?ab' a t o make war, fight (with : Coda trans :
acc . ) .
G l t ta{labe'a t o fight ono
another; to fight (acc . dir . obj . or mes la) . to go around, to surround; to avoid ( a p l a ce ) ; intr::m s . : to go around, circula-te , tour . rad' a to help (someone : obj . suff . ) . Gt tarad' a pass i ve . G l t tarade' a to render mutual aid, to help ( acc . dir . obj . o r mel l / I I ) . tasataJ Pa ' Lt to associate with ( ac c . or mes la ) ; t 0 s h are ( somOL h i l1)! ,
ba-) with someone ( acc . ) . tasanQ' awa QI t to come t o an agreement , be in accord .
anawa to bid farewel l to (obj . suff . ) ; note re l at i onship to ta

D
verb .
The verbs tawalada and taxalafa i l l us trate a further component in the s emantic range of G l t verbs , namely that of repeated (iterative) action . Taking this in con j un ct ion with the more usual associat ive/ reciprocal meaning, we may speak more general ly of the Glt as repre senting a lexical plura l i z at ion o f the base verb , with emphas i s on in vo lvement in an ongo ing or repeated activity rather than on' a s ingl e , punctual act . There i s no corresponding associat ive/reciprocal form for D or
L
Other :
bakama prep . according t o , in accordance with; conj . according a s , b abaynati- prep . among , between (us ed mainly with verbs denoting
[1 5 .
verbs , a lthough a few, l i ke tarzi'i{lara and tafcmawa above, have G l t There i s , however , a Qlt form from Q verb.s , with
tasana' awa (root :
-0.
act ions with are reciprocal ; frequent with G l t verbs : they wept together) . fixes . Exerc i s es
` As oba re ' yu bezuxa mewutan a , t abakayu fadfada . ` A @ Wac |ATaka aduna ' e l lontu ' e l ewan ba ' enta haymanot rete ' t .
F 2' I - t aqarabu
4.
tanal!aru
derivatives .
babaynatihomu they looked at one another; taba.kayu babayna.tihO1
between the second and third radica l s :
sn' w) to
I t does not occur without pronomin a l suf
come to a mutual agreement , be in accord . Vocabul ary 24 Noun s :

te' zaz (p I . -at) f . m . order, command, edi ct ; l aw, commandment . te' zaza at the command o f . kidan (p I . -at) m . f .
|
ba
' eska t awalda waldomu .
p act , treaty, covenant ; ( 2 ) wi l l , testament .

gabra/ an i s Kia:
Wa-sob a zanta s am ' u , t arawa?u westa fenot . bab aynat ihomu wa- ' i -t aqarabu . fadfada wa-taqat alu babaynatihomu. gaa ba-ga wa- ' i - t asama 'na . me s l ehomu me ' ra ba-ye ' et i ' amat .
Kidan Belit Old Testament ; Kidan ijaddas New Tes t ament . sema/takayada kidana xaba/mes la to make a E , with .
2 G ] Tana aru 2 [ 0 Tama ' e 'u
a l s o a techni cal term denoting benefit promised by G o d to tho s e who celebrate the corrunemorat ion of a particular saint .
mes l (pl . mesal , mes lat , ' amsal) m . l ikene ss , form, image ; proverb .
5 2 Tara' ayna 5 2 Taaba ' n a 2 aqarabu g 5T 2 P @Saba
wa-t aqat alu wa-motu be zuxan ' emennehomu .
The form ' amsal i s frequent as a s ingular (pl . -at) with the s ame meanings .
6utaj7> ( rare l y mil-un
e l l l l ', \ ) I I .
tasa ' alu ' esma mota negusomu , fannawu xabeya mal ' aka mes l a
' u h l o r .
) % $ )
ba-' amsala in the l ikeness o f .

Ill .
zentu mashaf.
B. 1.
?, .
! # , ( ,
"
c a?f (pI . -at , ' a cf?eft) m . tunic, c l oak , mant le .

[. S L I1 K .
and co l I . , companion , associat e ,
B(; ;.l il l':t
k i diinil
S CIll I I : 1
- - d n l l : 1 ,'( , 1 1 1 : 1 \v' ( " e l l !
negus.
1 04 4 . Takiiyadna kidIma mes l a ' cgzi ' ena . 5 . !:lorna ab ' a ye ' eta ' amata wa- abii ' na bezuxa ' al!z aba . 6 . Wa- ' emze wa ' u kWe l l omu warazuta hagar ab ' a ba-te ' zaza negus . 7 . 'ada hagaromu wa- ' i - s ab ' omu . dawayku, rad ' an i we ' etu b e ' si xer wa-ayoku ' em-daweya . 9 . Ta ' adawna ' em-egagihu wa- ' i - sama ' na t e ' zazat ihu . 1 0 . Taqarabu ' emuntu kel ' etu ware z a wa-taqata1u . 1 1 . Wa- ' emze tasana ' awu ba ' enta Kerestiyan wa- ' i -taab e ' u mes 1ehomu. 1 2 . Tarade ' u babayniit ihomu wa-konu be 'u1ana eqqa . 1 3 . N abarku mes1ehu wa-tarada ' kewwo ba' enta ' e 1 ewana z eku beer . 1 4 . Zanta gabarna bakama t e ' zazeka. 1 5 . Tasat afnahomu ba-newayena wa-ba- sisayena.
c.
105 7 . Zentu
`2' g W' 2 ado
rad'
kona sut ii.fehu 1 a- ' Egzi ' ena.
I -ha1 1 awa sutafe ' Egz i ' ab er ; ' aadu we' etu . damm ana kama ' a f berhanawi .
z2 Soba
1 0 . Takayada ' E gzi ' aber mes 1 a e zbu ke1 ' e kidanata : ' ahatt i tas amyat Kidana Be 1 ita \1a-kal e ' t tasamyat Kidana ':!addas a .
1 . ' Em-mannu tasayaka z ant a maafa beluya? w 3 . Taba eewwomu 1a- ' e 1 1 ontu s edestu sab ' xaba mak annen . 4 . ' Efo t abawe ' ewwo xa e ' an wa- ' ekuyan 1a-hezbena? 5 . Tagab e ' u sab ' a zamadu wa-t asana ' awu b a ' enta newayu . 6 . Tarakabku mes 1 a z entu qeddus wa-ta1 e ' ekkewwo . 7 . Tarakabu ezb wa- gabru t azkara negusomu mewut .
# Tanagara 2 g 0 Wa-soba 2
2 . Tasaya!kewwo ' em-b e ' si be ' ul .
mes 1 eha wa-t asayaa we ' eta maafa qeddusa ' emenneha .
1 1 . Tamayana wa-tagaba ' na west a betu 1 a-makwannen . 1 2 . Wa-soba tabiik ayu , t afanawewwo 1 a-wa1domu . 1 3 . Taqawamu 1 a ' l ehomu wa-sadadewwomu ' em-ma' ka1omu . 1 4 . Wa- ' emdexra tasaddu, t axa1 afu ' em-beer 1a-beer . 1 5 . Tasyu ba- gebratihu ' abayt wa-t afasseu ba-qa1at ihu t ababt . 1 6 . Soba z anta tanababana , t am ' a 'na wa-tabaanahu qedma kahen 'abiy. 1 7 . Tabawe ' una wa-taka1u ' eki t a ba-ma' ka1 ena .
> 2 Ba' enta h 01 2.
1 0 . Wa<;l ' u wa-tawa1 adu wa-ma1 ' u kW e l l a medra .
t a ' ammara te 'mert , t agaba ' n a 1 a-ab ' .
ment t asatafkemewwomu 1 a - ' ekuyan?
' Em-ment gabarka zanta ' a? fa?
2. Ba- ' amsa1a mannu gabra ' Egz i ' aber b e ' se? 3. Tabib we ' etu wa- sannay eqqa ' amsa1 ihu . 4 . Tare ' ya l ana ba- ' ams ala ma1 ' ak berhanawi . ' Odna wcst a \1C ' etu b eher be zuxa ' awraxa. G W 2 6. Zcn l ll
JlIII;ha r h a ' c n l n
' a; hIT ' t o
' abawina we ' etu .
@A
:((-111< )
107
,-, 1.1.
the one who died those who were from among the scribes thos e who had s ettled there
Le sson g
g s
Re l ative P ronouns and Re l at ive C l auses . mas c . sing . fern , s ing .

za ' enta
The rel ative pro-
' e t ta
' e l lu.
' elll-wevta ?aaft nabaru heyya
nouns are
I:
I
I II
common plural
, e l la
e . To be distinguished from the preceding is the const ruct ion in whi ch the relative pronouns function absolutely and st and in what i s essentially a const ruct re l at ionship with a fol lowing noun :
za- lam? , enta ' Grey 0 ' e l la sagaZ , e l la ' aganent
Za- may rep l ace ' enta and ' e l la unless the l atter are used absolutely
a l eper ( lit . the one of l eprosy) the wife of Uriah ( she of Uriah) d iviners (those o f divinat i on ) demoni acs (tho se o f demons)
( J I'
(see belOW ) . Note that za- i s wr itten procl itic al ly : the man who c ame . a.
be' si za-ma?' a
Relat ive c l auses where the re l at ive pronoun is the subj ect f.
of the c l ause offer no special prob l ems : the man who bought my house be' si za-tasayapa beteya the woman who gave birth to the chi ld be' sit ' enta waladat walda
nabiyat ' e l la tanabbayu heyya
Closely rel ated to this is the use of za- ( s c l dom ' ell / (l
111: 1 < 1 ( ' ,
' e l la) before the names o f materials from wh ich s omething i s manbar za-warq qenat za-' anada
the prophet s who prophesied there
a golden throne ( l i t . a throne , o f gold) a l eather belt
0 1 1 ('
b.
When the relat ive pronoun i s the direct obj ect of the v erb g.
in its c l ause, this may be indi cated by a resumptive pronoun on the verb ; this is not , however , neces s ary :
be' si za-re'yewwo (or : za-re' yu )
Deriving from thi s apposit ional us e, the pronoun za-
%& 84*<
the man whom they s aw
quite general i zed as a "prepos ition" expres s ing the genitive c a s e relat ionship . I t s frequency varie s from text to text , but it appears most commonly where the construct is prohibited by an intervening adj ect ive or suffix or when proper names are involved :
wangel qeddus za- ' Egzi' ena
c.
When the rel ative pronoun s t ands in a preposit ional rel a
tionship ( e . g . in whi ch , o f which, t o whi ch) , a resumptive pronoun is normally employed :

hagar ' enta sema ' IyarusaZem be' si za-qatalewwo la-waldu medr za-nabaru westeta
the holy gospel o f our Lord Bethlehem of Judah the Vin eyard of Agrippa Gal i l ee of the genti l e s
a city who se name is Jerus alem the man whos e son they k i l l ed the l and in whi ch they s ettled h.
Betaleem za-Yehuda ra?ada wayn za-Hagripos Galila ' enta ' ahzab
I f there is no pos s ib i l it y o f ambiguity , a preposit ion may s t and be fore the rel ative pronoun .
, )
Any of the preceding attributive c l aus es and phras e s may

za-mota be' si , e Z la ma?' u sab' za-warq manbar
This i s most frequent with ba- , as in the t ime at whi ch the st ar appeared unto them
s t and before as wel l as after the modi fied noun : the man who d i ed the men \oIho came a golden throne
mawa r e Uhu ba-za ' astar' ayomu kokab
I.! I
,:
I
l .i 'I
Very rarely the preposition is p l aced after the relat iv e pronoun :

medr ' enta xaba ma?a' na
Note especially such expres sions as

za-matana-ze haymemot 3a-kama-zo ae ltan
the l and to whi ch we have come
' j' !
such faith (1 it . faith wh l c l l i s to the extent o f such authority

(lit. thi s)
1 I 1 1 1 1 1 0 1' 1 I y
Thi s i s probably to be viewed as a secondary " fi l l ing out" of the cons truction emp loying xaba alone (see below) . d. The nom i nal l z at i on
of
re l at i v e c l auses is very frequent :
which i s l i k e t l l i ' , )
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.' ' 1 .
,,, , , 1 d 7. 11 hi' :. ; I W U
110 30. ' E g z i ' ena za-wahabo sebJ:1ata b e zuxa 3 1 . qeddus za-nas a ' n a s egahu wa- qabarna we sta zentu m akan W 3 2 . ' anada wa_ag ra gamal z a-t agabra l ebsu ' emennehu 3 3 . z a-mas ' a xasar wa-mendabe 34. ' ent a s e at o zanta ma afa b e ' s i t 35 . 36. 37 . 38. 39. ' e l l a gabra z anta ' al bas a ' anest . ' e l l a t afawwasu ' em - d aweyatihomu ezb ' e l l a an 'u ba-haymanot ret e ' t Kere s t i y1i.n ' e l l a t a a\vwe ' u wa- ' e l l a ' i - t a awwe ' u ' e l la nab aru ba-m1i. ' k al a e zb en a b as e s .
III
Les son 2 6 26 . 1 Causative V erbs : C G , CD , C L , CQ. The s e cond maj o r c l ass
o f derived verbs from each o f t h e bas es G, D , L, and Q i s the causa t i v e , marked in the P erfe ct by the prefix 4 G D L
) C
to come back to be beaut i fu l to perish to be d i s turb ed
CG CD CL CQ
) 4 T
t o bring back to make be aut .i ri l l to destroy
@ " 4
q.
to d i s t urlJ
4 0 . z a - t abaraka ' em -xaba ' E g z i ' aber B. 1 . neway z a-warq 2. 3. qenat za-ma ' s W ' albas za_ ?ag r a gamal 6 . bet za- ' ebn 0 A hamar ' enta ' ed 8 . s ayf za-xain 9 . ' asyeft ' enta bert 1 0 . ma sw1i. ' t z a - xebest wa-wayn
I n thi s l e sson w e shall deal with the causative verbs from These are the most numerous and varied of the four
t ypl'; .
(;
VC' r h o I
bas i c form o f the P erfect i s ' ac C aC a , subj ect to mod i f j c a t l o l l ! " l 2 3 with ro ots I I I - guttural and I I - W/ Y . As noted previous l y , t h e % . ( - 4& s t em vowel before C
` Adammana za-berh1i.n
5. ' a f z a-<;J.amr
N f depending
short 9^
guttural is e ither zero (e . g . sdB or l ong X
or
(!
( <, . )1, .
on whether the preceding syl l ab l e was
"
! "
4 > \4
~ 8 ; _
C . 1 . kidan z a- t akayada sutafehu m e s lna 2. k i dim za-tas ana ' awu b a ' enti ' ahu b abaynatihomu 3 . J:1 e zb ' e l l a ' odelV"/O
g 5# G et c .
verbs we regul ar l y have
) @ )
thus , i n CC
Infl ect i on
fo l low s the p at t e rn already given for verbs I I I - guttur a l :
! J:1 Aezb ' e l l a t a?ab e ' una

5. xa! e ' an ' el l a t abaw e ' un a 6 . t e ' z1i.z z a-wadayo dibena Caus at ive verbs from roots I I -W usua l l y have a l o s s of the s e cond radi cal ; from # etc.
~A t e ' z1i.z z a-gabarna zant a bakam1i.hu

' aby1i.t z a-wass akna l a-hagarena 9 . negus z a-ma awew\.,o lotu l a - new1i.yomu 1 0 . J:1 e zb ' e l l a t agass au w a - t amehheru rete ' t a D. 8.
; #@ u 4 #@ ; #@u I f the root is l I I -gut t . in addi t i on , i s repl aced by e :

we have
#@
4 #@
; 4 4 _
cal .
4 4
( root
8 4 C4 f
etc .
( from J 4 /
The CG form M#J
is
a l s o att e sted , inflected l ik e #k
t From roots I I -Y the C G form
i s the normal one , wi thout loss of the s e cond radi
; 1 ' I -wadayku warqeya westa w e ' etu mak1i.n .

2 . Rakabna z ant a makana ' ekuya fadf1i. d a wa- ' i -nabarna w e s t etu . ' Ama s alus l a-warx x a l a fu ' em - xabena. w 4. B a aJ:1na zeyya ' ama kona ' abuna mak annena beher . 3. 5. 6. 0 ' I - tan1i.garana ' em- ' am a g a ss anahu b a ' enta za- gabr a . ' Ama ma1i. ' kemu xaba mak1i.n xaba hal l o , ' i -r e ' ikemewwo-nu? A H al lona m e s l ehu ' e ska ' ama mot a , wa- ' emze gab1i. ' n a xaba betana . 8.
10. 9.
!# %
26 . 2
The Meaning o f CG V erbs .
From stative G verbs t h e CG
verb is primari l y fact i t ive , as in G
t o b e bad
CG
4 M
to make (s ometh ing) b ad
S in c e a l l meanings of the s i mp l e G verb are at l e ast t heoret i c a l l y incorporated into the C G verb , w e s ha l l not repeat here t h e f u I I range of meani ngs for t ho s e verbs already introduce d .
t i oD shou l d be g i ve n to the s econdary , l e s s pred i c t ab l e Spccl ll i
$% 1 (1 81 1 1II0 : l I l I I i W .
anana
nabara wa-de gana dexrena.
I hili
' I - g a b 5 ' k u hagara ' en t a xaba wad1i. ' ku .

" #
some o f t he verbs have acqu ired .
x o h ll
" W : l - r a c ' ' c l iln a h a ' enta fenota bar .
(1:1j :
'I','
r
(
l., .
! i i, 1 ) ,
SS}
S~
m (I
to make (something) bad ; to act badl y (t oward :

A=
"
d ) ]
to
bring, l e ad , o r t ake in ; to introduce , ins ert

!
to make great , to incre as e , augment ; t o exto l , exalt to make rich to age , make o l d , render obsolete to multipl y , make numerous ; to produce a l ot of, have a lot o f
to bring, l ead , or t ake back ; to turn back , defl ect ; to hand over, b etray (acc. dir. obj . ; t o : to put to fl ight to rais e , rear (e . g . chi ldren , p l ants) to enrage (note the rel ationship t o the Gt verb
7 B
2 7 n g 7 k
,) iI ,I !'
I'
! G! ~(
to make i l l t o frighten to rest ore to l i fe ; to heal , cure ; to let l ive to make s ad ; often used impersonal l y : was not s addened
Aw ~(
. % +
he
,
to bring , o ffer ; to c ause to happen , bring about 7 to let d i e ; to put to death ; to have 501ll0UI I\' killed to set , p l ace, deposi t ; t o sett l e , cause to to set up , estab l i s h ; to confirm the t rut h out the t erms o f ; t o cause to ceas e (e . g . to cause to run ( esp . of horses) to l e ad astray ; to l e ad into sin or error to cau s e to l i e down to burn s omething up ; to burn , s corch to dro p , let fal l ; to throw down , cast down; to fel l , hew down.
to bring , l ead , or take forth; to exp e l ; to put forth,
0
{ g 7 & ^ 1 ! ^ !~ E
RI9 I
to reduce to poverty to extend , put forth (e . g . one ' s hand ) ; to l eng then, make l ong ( er) ; to r ai s e high , e l evate , exal t ;
I & fa
to cause to approach ; t o bring near , to o ffor

ra i n) [; tu
C I I rr y
h e was patient about .
to make right , correct , straight , s t ab l e to make righteous , just ; to declare j ust or innocent
to make firm , strong , et c . ; to grasp firmly Y t o
l e arn b y heart X to make wise
From other intransitive verbs the CG verb has the b as i c idea o f cau s I II I ing , ordering , o r permitt ing someone o r something to perform a cer t ain action . With verbs of mot ion the exact direction of the mot ion
produce to cause to flow (esp . tears ) to bring , s end , or l ead down to cause to pass ; to pass (time) C ausative verbs do not , as a rule,
is o ften amb iguous , producing several trans l at ion values in Engl ish . For example , the CG verb ( from
!
to go home) has the
fo l lowing possible meanings in Eng l ish :
to s end someone h om e , to l e t The context wi l l
Al l of the verbs in the preceding l i s t s are singly tran s it ive , t aking a direct obj ect in the accus at ive . t ake dative pronominal suffixes . When the negative with
f A becomes A is prefixed to a cau s at iv e form beginning A a We shall transcribe thi s secondary
E . g. i-' ,A
someone g o home , to order someone to go home ; to bring s omeone/s ome thing home , to bring s omeone/ something indoors . force applies .
^ k
, , li;krr!la , I ,} II/I ' /I I
usual ly make clear which o f the various nuances o f the caus ative to bring, l ead , or t ake across to bring , lead, or t ake up ; to offer up ( a s acrifice) to lead or t ake around , usually in the sens e of causing to travel about , circulate in a pl ace X! Y
L a move
I \)
as - t; - to prevent confus i o n not know .
he did
V o c [l b u l ar l y Nouns :
26
to tears " I3' ;

r ; ,' , br eat h ,
1 , ,' 1 1l j
vital l i fe - force ;
II
114
' arami
US
co l I . pagan s , heathens , non-Chri stians .
76FA adj . idem .
?%
(pl . -at) mirac l e , marvel , wonder ; also adj ective ( f . -t) mar v e lous , wondrous .
4.
k e l ' et a newaya . w 5 . ' Am ' e ' o nagaru l a-mak annen . 6 . ' A ' ragna ' arba ' t a maswa ' t a .
0 A' Aqraba
'Amo ' a
lita
V erb s :
.?% ?? ?? ?.)
l ot u wayna wa-xebest a .
t o creat e , produce ; to dev i s e , fabricate . to pul l , drag , draw ; to attract (to :

: 6 %? Gt V G ? P Z e
Gt .p%
pass ive .
8 . ' Awaza maya ' em-ye ' et i ' ebn . 9 . ' Agba' kewwo xaba z amadu . 1 0 . ' Aba'na ' asyeft ihomu west a bet . 1 1 . Manna wa-menta ' ab a ' k emu l ana? 1 2 . ' Aqama zanta ki dana mes l en a . 1 3 . L a-ment ' i - ' aqamkemu qal at a kidanu? 1 4 . ' Aw4a ' na newayo w a- ' aw ' ayna beto . 1 5 . ' Askab1i.homu l a-weludihon tat a ' e 4 . 1 6 . ' Awdaqu ' asyafihomu wa-rou ' em- qedmena. 1 7 . ' Awrada ' es sata dibehornu . 1 8 . ' Alhaqo be ' s i ' ar amawi . 1 9 . ' AgWyayna sedes t a ' emennehomu . 2 0 . ' I - ! af ' a ' essat w e ' et a l e l i t a . 2 1 . Z entu we ' etu rnakan za- ' a ' odana westetu . 2 2 . ' E l lontu ' e l l a ' amatewwornu l a - l iqanina. 2 3 . Zentu we ' etu rnakan xaba ' anbaru segahu. 2 4 . ' Abe ' a warqa wes t a bet eya wa- ' anbaro qedrneya . 25 . ' Ame ' a l ana tes ' ata gama 1 a . C . 1 . F a! ara ' Eg z i ' aber sarnaya wa-rnedra. 2. ' Abzexa s i s ayana wa- ' i -nadayna . 3 . ' Efo ' a! fa' kemu z at a ' es sat a? 4 . ' Awdaqa ' ea wa-wadayo westa ' essat . 5 . ' Awdaqa betomu dibehomu wa- ' amat omu . 6 . Sagadu lotu wa-wahabewwo warqa wa-berura.
0 A ' Ab z exa
to protract
p ass ive .
i
to bow down (to :
to go out ( o f a l ight or fire) ; to peri sh, vanish .
CG ) q. ) ? Gt
t o extinguis h ; to destroy , annihi l at e .

) ? ) %
C G t o know , underst and, comprehend, real i z e , learn .

?) n%
pas sive . Exercises
A. 1 . ' Ane 'a kW e l l o masahefta Kid1i.n l:laddas ba- l ebbu . 2 . ' Adwayo maya z at i hagar wa-mo t a . 3 . ' Ahz anana mot a l a- ' eg z e ' tena. w 4 . ' Afrehomu z entu mendabe wa- g ayyu ' em-heyya. 5 . ' Ayawa ' Iyasus mewutana wa- fawwasa dewuyana. 6. Dagema ' aJ:1yawomu l a-deweyan ' em-dawehomu .
0 A ' yawuna
wa- ' i- qat aluna.
8. ' Ab z exa gebara sannayata. 9 . ' Anlhku ' edaweya wa-nasa ' k ewwo l a-we ' etu mashaf. 1 0 . ' A 'baya ' Eg z i ' aber weludihu wa-newayo eqqa fadfad a . 1 1 . La-ment ' a' kaykemu l a ' l eya? 1 2 . Mahharomu l a- ' arda ' ihu wa- ' a!babomu . 1 3 . ' Arte 'a ' albaba ' e l ewana wa- ' adaqa xa! e ' ana. 1 4 . ' Anexa ' e l atata eywateya diba medr . 1 5 . ' As ne ' a haym1i.notomu. 1 6 . ' Ab 'ala naddayana wa- ' andaya ' ab 'e l t a . 1 7 . ' I -ya' kayku diba k1i.1e ' aneya . w 1 8 . ' A 'baya serno ba-k ellu baawert a 'al am o 1 9 . Manna ' adaqqa ba-west a ye ' et i hagar? 2 0 . ' Anexa manfaso 1a ' l a gebara we1udihu wa- ' i -gassaomu .
B.
t a ' amera wa-mankerata wa- ' amnu be zuxan ba-wange l u .
8 . Nabara ba-ma' kal a ' arami wa- s agada 1a-!a' otomu . w 9 . Mota ' abuhu wa- ' alhaqo ' ex a ' abuhu, be' si xer wa-abib . 1 0 . Tafa!ra zentu ' al am ba' ent i ' akemu wa-ba' ent a daqiqekemu . 1 1 . Saabana ga u sannay wa-nagaru abib . 1 2 . S aabewwo Ives t a h agar ' es ka mal ' a damu west a kW ellu fen:Iw i h o. . 1 3 . Saabkll qal eya ' eska meset , wa- ' emze xa1 afku ' em-xabehoIliLi .
B!'a r ' at ,.
; () h : 1 " lTI ' II
1 . ' Ax l afna samanta 'amata heyya . 2 . ' A ' dokcwwomu w es t a k a l e ' beer .
3. ' A ' r :tgl'''wO d i " ; 1 '.l J m n rOnlu.
' c s s at ha-maqdasa a' otomu .
nagaro , ' a ' maru ' esma madxenomu we ' etu .
116
117
' A 'marku egguka wa-t afa ku ba-qilitihu . , . romu wa- e ewwo l a - s ab ' A ' u xaina wa-bert a em- ' a db ara b ehe ' Awe @ W b a ' edan . 1 8 . B a - s amun ' a 'marna kama maawa ' abuna nafs o .
16.
L e s s on f A
d 6A C aus ative Verbs :
CG ( cont inued) .
C ausat ive verbs derived to cause
@ |A T ase ebna xabhu b a ' enta mankerat za- gabr a .
from transitive G verbs are theore t i ca l ly doub ly tran s itive : ( someone) to do (something) . " accus ati ve" s t atus :
' ahgurihu wa-nas ' u e zb o ' agbert a . 2 1 . ' Asatom u nagara we ' etu nabiy ' e lew l a- hezb , wa- ' i -nabaru enu ' an a ba-haymanotomu . , ' ana h . e zb , wa- ' emuntu ' amotewwo . ' Agbe ewwo wes t a ' e d awa l l.q fc|A
3F-2 ' Aw ' aya
3 Pb2 ' At fe ' u
I n practi c e , however, the first obj ect
is usual ly personal and suffixed to the verb , thus obscuring i t s

' ar' ayana ma?afa h e showed us a book ( l i t . 1111
c aused us to s e e a book ) . accordingly :
Even more frequent ly one o f the two
berhana aay ga atihomu .
is omitted (usual ly the Erst) and the trans l at ion must be

' Aqtala we' e ta nabiya. ' Asme <a te' zazo.
adj \ J s l (' d
o b j or l '.
He h ad that prophet ki l l ed He made kno\VTI his decre e . caus ed someone unspec i fied
(J
it.
I,,
-R& .
c aused someone unspeci fied to k

to
"it.
. .1
. . J.
1111
ill''' ' .
F o l lowing are the CG verbs derived from transit ive G verbs introduced :
' a' mana ' a <dawa ' a <qaba ' agbara
a l ready
to convert ( in the religious sense) to l ead or t ake ( s omeone : acc . dir . obj . ) acros s (cc . dir. obj . ) to hand ( someone/ s omething : acc . dir. obj . ) over to (someone : obj . suff . or xaba) for s afekeeping to make or order ( s omeone : acc . dir. obj . ) do or make (something : acc . dir. obj . )
' nal}a to have ( acc . d ir . obj . ) built ; to cause ( someone :

acc. dir . obj . ) t o bui l d (acc . dir . obj . )
' akada
to contradict , not be l ieve ( acc . dir . obj . ) ; to l e ad (someone : acc. dir. obj . ) from the faith to make (someone : acc . dir. obj . ) victorious
' amo' a!' ame' a ' anbaba ' anse' a ' an?ara ' aqbara ' aqtala
(over : la <la, ba- ) to read , recite ( ac c . dir . obj . ) ; to s tudy, med i t ate . to rai s e , c ause t o r i s e ( from seat ed or lying pos i t i on) to l ook (usual ly with the preposition mangala t owlIl'd) to caus e , allow, order (s omeone : acc . di T . o"j . ) bury ( s omeone : acc. dir . obj . ) to cause or order ( someone : acc .
dir. In
&
ohJ . l
#
In
.1"
(someone : acc . dir . obj . ) ; to have
ti l l
118
119
obj , ) k i l l e d
to show ( s omeon e / s omething : acc . d i r . obj . ) t o ( some one : obj . suff . ) ; to reveal , make man i fest ( ac c . d i r . obj . )
{ PE !H -
to cau s e ( s omeone : acc . d i r . obj . ) t o find or acquire ( s omething : acc . d i r . obj . ) to announce (acc . d i r . obj . ) t o (obj . suff . or to summon ( ac c . d i r . obj . ) as a witness to be wel l known , famous , outstanding to caus e ( someon e : acc . dir . obj . ) t o wri t e ( ac c . dir . obj . ) to cause ( s omeone : acc . dir . obj . ) to bear a chi l d ; t o beget a chi l d ( ac c . dir . obj . )
cause o f their special i zed meaning s .
these s t and out side of the derived system relat ionship s prope , I l l '
.
within Ethiop i c i t s e l f ; such forms are either remnant s o f an earl i er s t age of the l angu:lge or creatio ns under the infl uence of o t h e r Semi t i c l anguage s such a s Aramai c and Arabic . It i s a l s o p o s s i h l ,' for any o f the derived syst ems to be u s ed to form denomin at i ve v(' ,'i i ' , ; The verb ' (to he " """,",
As noted previou s l y , t h i s i s s ome times only apparent and a resul t of p arti al merging s for phone t i c reasons ( e . g . +a9 ++{ , I n other cases , howev e r , t h e re l ation ship i s real but i s not bas ed on any product ive derivat ional process
base type s , espe'c i a l l y G and D .
i n a few inst ances there i s a derivat ional rel at ionship between two
g C aus ative Verb s :
CD , C L , CQ .
Causative verbs from D , L , Note t h e fo l lowing:
and Q b as e s are much l e s s frequent than CG verbs .
out s t anding) in our l i s t above i s a good examp l e of th j . Til" " X pected meaning o f CG rel at iv e to G 7 Z woul d $ % & & & cause t o name" ; Z however, i s denominat ive from t h e :,d l ll l' l l v l' r famous . Vocabul ary 2 7 Nouns :
"
% % Q b ^
27 . 3
used l ike D is rep l aced by d i r . obj . )
but not in the P erfect , where it 0

C in the sense of the D verb .
to make (someon e : acc . dir . obj . ) do ( s omething : acc . to l ead ( s omeone : acc . dir . obj . ) t o repentance to adorn, de ck out , array to have ( s omeon e : ace . d i r . obj . ) redeemed G eneral Remarks on the V erbal System. The bas i c l exical '
0 o9 0 -- ]
(pI .
0 a
0N
f . m . foot .
9L
at
t he Ce el o C
on foot .
0 /`
ray o f sun l i ght .
cot S 0
(pl . ' anaqe?) m . f . gate (of city, t emp l e , or other
l arge structures ) . (pl . 0
typ e s G, D, L , and Q , w i t h their medio-pass ive , recipro c a l , and
m . f . t ran s l at ion , interpre t ation .
+r
f ze-we' e tu 0
(c
+r
the interpretation of whi ch i s .
,' ,! !: I
'I
c ausat ive derivatives , form a group of i so l ated but p aral l e l syst ems :
b eginning;
from t h e beginning . idem .
CD -
/ \ r - --/l
- - -
) 08
CG - - -> Gt
Glt
CQ - - -> Qt
Occasi ona l l y there i s n o b as e verb , and a tran s i tive - intran s itive re l at i onship exists between t h e caus at ive and the medio -pass ive verbs , as indicated by the dotted l ines above . CG/Gt Examp l es of t h i s are to know/be known to enrage/be enraged to give hope/have hope to affl i ct/be aff l icted
/I
m . fl ame ; --
Verbs :
Qlt
ro -- 0E E o
CG to b ap t i z e ( ac c . d i r . obj . ) . s et afire, i gni t e . G l t --
Gt 7o
pas s ive . CG
to burn ( subj ect i s fir e , flame , anger etc . ) .
--
to
t o burn with a mutual p a s s ion .
CG (1) intrans . : ' t o rest , find rest , come to res t ; to d i e ;

( 2 ) trans . : to give res t (to : obj . suff . ; from :
= / ? u b
' <1' 1 ,
0 7 !| 7- 7 EE 7-
% EE !
CG to love (ac c . d i r . obj . ) . CIt
Gt 0
to be loved , b e l oved.
Qt 4
oa
CD/Dt CQ/Qt
' wnunclauu CQ to affl i c t , oppre s s ( a c c . dir . obj . ) .

he 3 5 4 6 . 8 9 /- < # < ( 'I I
(
"
to l ove one another ; to love ( someone :
p r"ffl i
S l'
( s omething : acc . dir. obj . ) to ( S Ufflt ' O " ' "
120
d@A
suff. o r d
/ Dt } EE t o hope for , expect , look forward
(,.
' AI I " , , d.IO wa - l a ' amna xa!awe ' ihu wa-t a!amqa b a -may .
' A : l I l 1 l aycww:: i
to ( ace . dir. obj . ) . Othe r :

d
7.
l a - be ' s i t wa-wasadewwa xaba negus . ba ' enta hayrnanotomu , l a ' aku iqomu la-negus.
(presuffixal :
w
_ h e prep . t o , toward, in t h e direction of. e
idem.
i dem .
from the direc
10.
9.
8.
, A s u CCuwoUlu
':eywata za-la- ' al am .
SOI.Hl
L amanuabu
t ion of; on the p art o f . P roper N ames :

4 p 9
' Amc ' ana ' Eg z i ' abJ;ter l a ' l a ' aJ;tzaba zentu med r . I I . ' A ' maru kama ' odna hagaromu soba s am ' u te 'merta za-t a ' arnrnarn a . , I -t akayadkemu-nu kidana mes l ena? La-ment w a1a ' kemu wa 12.
13.
Abraham ; 6
Salem (cf. Gen . @ o y A Egypt ;

Be rn
__
Me l chi z e
w Tafaqra zentu wald s annay ba-xaba k ellomu s ab ' a hagar .

v
t aaba' kemu me s l a warazuta J;tezbena?
dek ; Nox Noah ; ' Adam Adam;
Shem .
C.
14.
Tasatafa ' em-tent mes l a ' ekuyana lebb . Sama' na nagaro ' em- !ent wa- ' i - ' amanna botu wa- ' akryadnahu . ' Ayte ' aqbara negus ' abdent ihomu l a- ' e l l a t aqat lu sab ' ? Ba- zat i t e ' mert ' ar ' ayana mes i ra qeddusa za-egg l laddas .
15. 2. I.
Exercises A.
1.
' A ' manomu wa- ' a!maqomu ba- s ema ' ab wa-wald wa-manfas qeddus . f' A A 'dokewwomu ' adbara wa- " anbarkewwomu zeyya xaba nabarku ba-
3 . Zentu we' etu ' asmatihomu l a- ' e l l a ' asmayu ba-we ' etu ? ab ' . 4 . Mannu nagast ' e l l a ta?ab e ' omu ' Abreham?
5.
t ent . 3 . ' I -yafqaran i , wa- ' amandabani ' eska qarabku l a-mot . W \'IaA ' emze ' a 'rafani ' em-mendabeya wa- ' aqama kidana mes leya.
5.
' Arkabo ' Eg z i ' abJ;ter l a- ' Abreham bezuxa newaya westa Geb . w mak annen la- ' emuntu s ab ' wa- ' aqt al omu qedma kW e l lu
6 . Rada' nahu l a - z entu nadday wa-wahabnahu s isaya wa-l ebs a .

_ " ' 2Aw1e' omu
Xaba mannu ' a 'qabkemu warqa wa-berura za-wahabku l akemu? westa ' anqa? a hagar wa-t ase " elomu l a- ' e l l a xal afu ba' enta
[-2 Qoma
weludihu . _ 5 Sa 2 ' al kewwo ' a?fa za- ' a ' qabkewwo xabehu wa- ' i -wahabo l i t a . w 8 . ' Agbarana zanta mak annen ' ekuy .
9.
11. 13.
hezb . , o!A A\vl ada bezuxa weluda wa- ' awaleda, wa-bazxa z amadu ' ern-kal e ' an ' azmad za-Ile ' etu makan .
NF A annawo Nox l a-Sem waldu mes l a sega ' abuna ' Adam , wa- ' anbaro ba-ma' kala medr ' enta ye ' et i westa , Iyarusalem .
' Agbarkeomu salas a 0amara l a-negus wa- sutafehu . ' na? a zata hagara wa- ' emze ' anbarana westet a . 'Andada nadda ' e s s at wa-wadaya kWe l l o ma?aJ;teftina westetu . Ment-nu tergW arnehu l a- zentu mes l ?
; 2 ( Wadaqna westa ' egarihu wa-s a ' alnahu ryeywat a .

12.
N as ' o Sem l a-MaIka gedeq ' ern-beta ' abuhu , wa-marJ;tomu mal ' aka A , Egzi ' abryer ' eska baJ;tu Sal emha ; wa-t asayma MaIka gedeq kahena , wa-nas ' a ' a ' bana wa- ' a ' raga dibehomu maswa ' t a ba-xebest wa-wayn za-warada l otu ' em-samay kama t e ' merta mes ! ira egg addas .
11.
1 4 . N agarana ba' enta ' amsal za- ' a?J;tafa ba-mashaf . , 1 5 . oru ba- ' egr ' em-Geb? ' eska I yarusalem . B.
s ,
2. 3.
Wa- ' am e ' u mal a ' ekt s i s aya l a-MaIka edeq , wa-kona l eb su ' anada wa-qenatu za-ma ' s ; wa-nabara heyya wa-t ale ' k a qedma sega ' abuna , Adfun xaba taJ;tana me ' rafu .
Mannu ' akhadakemu wa- ' agabbarakemu zanta gebra ' ekuya? ' emenneha. westa samay .
' Anaru m ngal a hagar wa-re ' yu ' abiya nadda ' es sat za- ' arga ' Anse ' ewwomu l a-dewuyan wa- ' am?e ' ewwomu xabehu ' anqa? a beta
1 2 . W a- ' ama
tamay!a ' Abreham ' em-?ab ' , ' em-dexra mo ' a nagast a,
x<l l rt fa ' enta xaba hagara Salem ( z e-we ' etu ' Iyarusalem b n k anw w t crg 1i.mChomu la-lab ibanina) , wa- ' aqr aba l otu MaIka cdcq ( Z Il as aJilya kahena wa-negusa Salem westa egg Bc l i l ) xcht' ,; l : 1 w w ay " a , wa - ' Abr eham wahabo ' aserata ' em-k el l u n('w;;y" .
l WlI
maqdas .
4.
5.
' A ' rafku westa we ' etu makan wa- ' emze horku ka ' eba westa feno t
' Anb:1 h l l
7. : 1 T1 t
mang a l a bah y .
k Wc l l O ma?J;tafa s elsa ba-ye ' et i lel i t .
122 a s o ur examp l e s shO\" . Lesson 2 8 28. 1 28 . 3 form in us ence . or
123
X Indi cating E x i s t ence .

(negative $
The 3rd pers . m as c . sing .
:5
with Pronominal Suffixes . in me in you (m . s . ) in you ( f . s . )
T $
v U
@ 1S use d to pre d1cate ' exi s t -
Q g
ba.,
(X l
The fol l owing noun may b e accusative or non-accusat ive :
in you (m . p l . ) in you ( f . p l . ) in them (m . ) 28 . 4
: $ : (v c
v V X
There is water. There is no bread .

"1"1",
in him in her
8 m
in them ( f . )
as the Equival ent of an Indefini t e Pronoun .

\V; Lh -
o f exi s t ence is especi a l l y frequent in combination ( the p lural $
" I II
( (III
In thes e forms the prepos it i on may have i t s p l ain meaning (by , with , in) or one of the special meanings treated in the fol lowing p ara grap h s . [The Tradit ion has
t i ve p ronoun v
i s rare in thi s
p a rt i c u l a l #
s t ruct ion) , a combination b e s t trans l ated i n Engl ih by ni t e pronouns " someon e , something , no one , nothing . "
za-
1 1 1 . 1 , -R .R 1 1 1 1'
in the 3rd person forms . J The ful l paradigm of ba- given The obj ect
28. 2
I ndicating P o s s e s s i on .
lowing examp l e s carefu l ly , not ing the ambiguity o f subj ect or obj ect ( i n s ome s e n s e ) o f i t s claus e :
St
()
I ldy
1111
1 1 1 11
) #)1 1 1 1 1
above fun ct i on s ps eudoverb a l l y to indicate p o s s es s ion . cas e like a di rect obj ect :
p o s s e s s ed appears regu l ar l y , but not con s i s tent ly, in the accusative
$ $ $ $
(0 (5
(5c* + W0 k
$ V Q
if Xd YZ
someone di vorco ' .

no
# & & w I I II L l lll l"Il
(w%
he found nothing (or no one found my go l d
0110)
: : :
! c
i V j +6e w
I h av e gold . They h ave bread . You have faith . i t must be used appos itiona l l y with the
none o f them ate , o r they heard his voice .
" & + notlt
l llE
( w 7
he heard no one ' s vo i c e , or no
&% -
I f the p o s s e s s or is a noun,
3rd person suffix on the prepos it ion :
Such ambiguit i e s may b e cl eared up by resumpt ive pronouns or by dif ferent obj e c t constructi ons , but they are frequent and shoul d be anti c ipat ed . The positive forms are us ed t o express a correl ated d i stribu t iv e i de a :
: VQ : $ V Q z Q
$ $
W , $ @ z ,
A man has/had two sons . A woman has/had two husbands .
The negative is formed by prefixing $
8 $
g $
X U e tc . : $> > +z ,
We have no wat e r . They have no faith .
( (*
$ W
+* W
W ($ Q
One (or some) entered the city and the other (or some) fl ed . Some they k i l l ed and some they di d not ki l l .
C l au s e s with the v
of p o s s e s s ion h ave no specific tense value , Tense i s 28 . 5 j . . :;ction) with pronominal suffixes in the
/ d M , i( v$
whi ch is gained from the g eneral context of the utterance . made e xp li cit by using t h e verb dative sens e :
On l y .
The prep o s i tion (or con
or ( w$
i s frequent ly correl ated with $
in both pos s e s s ive and exi s t enti a l uses ; it i s b e s t t rans l ated by
$ 5
W DT
x k
i n
He had no son . when he was ten years o l d
Engl i sh " on l y" :
'J
'
The
$
th i n g
' A /bona
xllh, ''' / .
M f
cV d VQ i
We have here on l y [j ve l oave s . He saw only h i s

(v
p u s s ,,, .;(d
III:IY h l'
L h o a c c u s at i ve (as the obj ect o f an im (as the subj ect of B
% &
4 1 > 1 " .. ..
I I I"
4 I I( ) I I - : I c cus a t i ve
' /1 / 1" , :, r- I " " !ln
I'll .
124
S}T
> (
(F+ @
He gave us only wat e r .
Othe r :
There i s a vaci l l at i on between v i ewing (
a s a prepos i t i on fo l Our examp l es ( ob j e ct o f
J9 (
prep .
(with pron . suff . -e-) without , except for,
l owed b y the non-accusative and a s a conj unction (with e l l ip s i s ) fo l l owed b y the case required i n the preceding c l aus e . coul d j us t as we l l have the accus atives L@K L K
excepting . P roper Names :
:K i
Barnabas ; K ( i n Egypt) .
P e t e r ; Rome Rome;
K g
A l exandr i a
K (obj ct o f 0 =
s and
(obj ect o f F+ =
Thi s is comparab l e to the confu s i on in E ngl i s h between "but" as a prepos it ion (He s aw no one but me) and as a conjunct ion (No one was there but I ) . V ocabul ary 28 Nouns : Exerci s es A . 1 . Beya ' abiya s ayfa z a-xa i n .
} Z Bena sedest a gamal a .
'
3 . B eka-nu berura? 4 . ' Albeya berur a ; beya b e r t a .

5 . B o t u qenata s annaya za-warq wa-z a-ma ' s .
sa' (p I .
n" !
(p I .
u "l
U u
thong , l ace ;
UC= C
shoe , sandal .
(p l . g =
UC sho e l ace , s anda l -thong .
6 . B o maqs afta wa-xas ara ba- zentu makan .
g A A m . f . branch ; palm branch .
7 . Bo be zuxa tazkarata ba- z entu warx .
$ L the D e l uge .
Verbs :
8 . ' Albo totanata l a- ' as a' enina . 9 . ' Albo 'a qa d i b a w e ' etu ' e . 1 0 . ' A l bomu me ' rafa westa z entu 'a l amo
F0
0 G (or F ^0
anoth e T .
D) to throw, cast ( a c c . dir . obj . ) ; to s t one
I I . Konana s amani 12.
'amat z a-mendabe wa-maq s aft .
( s omeon e : obj . suff . ) to be stoned .
9
G l t ^C0 Gt
j Gt ^
Dt
' I -kona dammanat westa s amay .
to throw stones at one
1 3 . G abra gebara s annaya wa-kono s em 'abiy. 1 4 . Kono 'as ru wa-xams 'amat . I S . ' I -kono l a- ' Aml akena sutafe . 1 6 . Kono l a-Yo]}annes ' albasa z a- ? agWra gamal . 1 7 . ' I -konomu ' asa ' en l a- ' egarihomu. 1 8 . Bomu ' albas a amr . 1 9 . Bati meta ' em-be Q er ba ' e d .
( . )} UU
:
'
to prep are (a body) f o r bur i al .
p as sive .
CG
caus at ive . Gt t o break ( i ntrans . ) . CG to be l eft over, remain , survive .
to break (trans . ) . ( as a remainder) .
to l e ave
to s eek , look for ; to deman d , require ( from : t o s tudy, pursue d i l i gent l y . (to s eek for one ' s s e lf) . Gt Lb G l t Bb
2 0 . Beka ' abiya s ema b a ' ent a za- abib ' ant a . B . l . Q eywat z a- l a- ' al am 2 . s ayf za-bo qat al kewwo 3 . ' a ' uq za-bat aku ' em- ' e 4. ' aq z a-wadqa d i b a betena w 2 q as l wa- ' aq z a - wagaru w e s t a ' es s at W ' Ayx z a-IIlal ' a miiyu westa k e l lu medr
pass ive and r eflexive
U to inquire col le c t i v e l y ,
( 2) to for
d i s cu s s w i t h one another ( something : obj . suff . ) .
L-
( 1 ) to leave , abando n , desert ; to divorce ( a wife) ; give ( acc . dir. obj . o f debt or s i n ;
of p erson forgiven) ;
T i to l et ,
( 3) to negl e ct , i gnore ; ( 4 ) t o renounce , give up ; a l l 0l1 ; (6) intrans.: to s top , ceas e , d e s i s t .

mes = i
G t -
p as s i ve
6 . totun z a - t abatka ' em- s a ' nu 8. 7. ' ; t ! 'L11l:1 za-ganazna b adno
of a l l transi ti vc mcan i IIg s .
G l L L-
to divorce ( s omeone :
126 9 . badn za- ganazewwo ba- ' albas sannayt 1 0 . warazut ' e l l a t arfu ' em-zentu s ab ' 1 1 . za-tarfu maefta ' abawina 1 2 . z a-wagaro wa-qat alo nabiy 1 3 . ' as a ' en za- ' anada xer 1 4 . s ab ' ' el la ' atrafa ba-ma' kal a hagar 1 5 . wald za-xasasewwo wa- ' i -rakabel';wo
A l . B o za-wagarewwo ba- ' eban wa-bo za- ' i -wagarewwo .
127 2 3 . ' J:mdcxr a bora Marqos xaba Petros hagara Rome wa-kon a lotu rad ' a, wa-ba- heyya aafa wange l o za-tar W g ama lotu Pero s (westa l esana ' Afrenj ) , za-sabaka botu westa hagara Rome. IVa- ' emdexra- ze ora ba-te ' z aza ' E gz i ' ena ' Iyas u s Keres tos ( I otu s ebat) wa-ba- t e ' z azomu 1 a-awareyat westa hagara ' Eskend ery5, wa- s abaka westet a ba- wange l qeddus .
motu l a - Barnab as
2 . Tawaggara zentu qeddus ba-xaba s ab' 'elewan za-hagar . 3 . Tarna ' e ' u ' e l l ontu warazut babaynatihomu wa-tawagaru ba- ' ebn .
4 . Bo za-bataku ' a ' uqa ' em- ' e9aw wa-wadayewwo qedmehu ba-westa
fenot . 5 . Wa- ' emdexra ganazeffivo la-badnu, qabarewwo mes l a ' abawihu . 6 . Wa-soba tabatka s ayfu ba- ' e dal.;ihu , wa_gW ayya ' em- ab ' . 7 . ' Albo z a- xasasu z a ' enba l a weludihomu .
9.
8 . ' A lbo za-tarfu za' enbala ' el lontu s edestu s ab ' . La-ment xadaggana west a zeku makan?
1 0 . X adaga la-be ' s itu wa-nas ' a kale ' t a be ' s it a . 1 1 . X adaga lakemu ' E g z i ' aber xatawe ' ikemu . 1 2 . X adag gemu egageya wa-s eetkemu ' em- fenot za- ' ar ' aykukemu . 1 3 . Taxasasna me ' rafa wa- ' albo za-rakabna za' enbal a maqsafta wa
I I,
xas ar a . 1 4 . Tabakayna ' esma taxadagna wa- ' i -konana sisaya wa-maya. 1 5 . Bo za- ' amnu ba-qalu wa-bo za- ' akadewwo . 1 6 . Bo za-t arnayt a westa ' Iyarusalem wa-bo za-nabara west a Bab i lon . 1 7 . Soba s arn ' a negus zanta, ' agnazo 1 a-badnu la- zentu qeddus wa' aqbaro ba-westa makan xaba t aqabru ' abayta ezb . 1 8 . Ze-we' etu za-tarfa ' em-maaefta we ' etu tabib . 1 9 . ' I - xadaga lita xati ' ateya ' e sma ' i-nassahku . 20 . F annawa ' Egzi ' aber ' Ayxa la ' l a medr ba' enta xatawe ' a s ab ' . 2 1 . ' Emdexra 'Ayx ' albo za-tarfu z a ' enbal a Nox wa- z arnadu . 2 2 . Wa-soba re ' ya Marqo s za-ba7 a l a ' l a awareyat mendabe wa maqsaft wa-xasar, xadagomu ba-ye ' et i hagar wa-gab ' a ba-hagara ' Iyarus alem .
t a ' ulIlC' r a l
1111
# 5
II
1!
[I
I [,
'I I
IVa- s oba tamayt u awareyat xaba ' Iyarus alem, wa ' ai: zah ' e l l a tamaytu west a hayrnanot wa-ba ' enta z n -g abra ' Egzi ' aber ba- ' edawihomu ,
ha ' e l l L a
1 1 : 1 ': ': (' i t : 1
t anagaru b a ' cnt a
w;)-lIl i l n k C' l'iil'

1; :1
I n d 1 ' :, , 1 1 1
za- xadagomu .
128 129
Les s on 2 9
29 . 1
, T-re 'yu !
k % + ,
# ! h$
+ H
They saw no one at a l l . He told this to no one at al l .
I nterrogatives with h
/ A frequent variation o n the , F or
p l ain us e of the interrogatives is achieved with the use of examp l e ,
becomes
Who did thi s ?
It is not uncommon to find a comb inati on (not always s t ri c t l y logi cal) of the s e forms with the cons truc tion H R of the prec edin g l es s o n :
> H p y H
! ) ,
They saw n o one a t a l l
where the r e l at ive c l ause i s the s e cond member of a non-verbal construct ion . inserted : I t i s not uncommon to find the pronominal el ement !
29 . 3 >& & , The trans forma tion noted above in conne c t i 0 1 1 \ I I " the inter rogat ives i s appl i ed free l y to negat ive clau s es .i n 0 ni e ' " I II empha si ze the e l ement o f the c l aus e negat ed . The negat i ve D=> \ \ us ed for this const ructi on :
%-
!)
y B
the - one-who
> && +
(za- )
the surface this wou l d app ear to mean "Who is `! )
I t was not there that he
S ll \
1110 ,
, ., ?" but in v i ew of the uses cited in the fo l lowing p aragraphs,
it i s c l ear that we a re deal ing with a more emphat i c constructi on

,
Any e l ement of a basic s enten ce may be emphas i zed in t h i s way . examp le ,
-+MNR
corresponding to the c l e ft sentence p attern of Engl ish (e . g . I t was there that I s aw him) . thi s ? Thi s trans format ion i s frequent with interrogative adverbs as we l l as pronouns : Thus , the ! M It ! i s to be regarded as the real grammat i cal sub j ect :
5G + ,
Thi s man did not bui l d h i s house there .
C is who
Ywho
did
may be trans formed as fol lows :
M >&R & + $> && >& &
G 5G \
) 5 +
} R/ + ,
) .R 5 : M
5 }7 5p&&
H zH y \G . y
Why did they not heed h i s words ? Where did you find the book?
The p o s itive counterp art of this construction is rare and is recog ni z ab l e only from the
. . ' A lthough these are emphat l c construc t 10ns , the trans l ations " It was
, ,
l !
prefixed t o the verbal phras e :
where . . . ?" " I t was how . . . ?" are too ungainly in Eng l i s h ; more i d i o mati c would be "Where w a s i t that . . . ? " "Why was i t that . . . ?"
29 . 2
8H H 5& 5%& & HG :\ ,
}% !FR
I t is thes e things that d e fi l e peop l e . I t was free o f charge that you received .
& ,
I ndefinite Pronouns . or
The att achment of the suffixes i5 The s e genThe negat ive
and j
to
produces the equival ent of the Eng l i sh in-
defini te pronouns " anyone (no one ) , anything (nothing) . " eral ly occur i n negat ive s entence s :
, l - l,," U71 K~;[h h> : , ' I II' [/or,
I I {
when t h ere i s an e l l i p s i s :
, I1 m l <ckll
' akko
i s used al so to negat e phras es in gener a l , o ften

{,I,, '
They saw no one .

l ie d i d nothing .
!1I'l/rll,I<C1L
1II" lt l o- lt i .
I I
f\ lit 11111
! "
\ 11111 ' 1 1 : 1 1
"
= # ! I I ?I E F I K ',
, I ( ' 4I
l l ' V t ' ( 4 I)y p refi xing F
to the p ro -
I/r ( h" it l ll ' , t/c k"
" /A'ko ' 1 111l / ([/.' u melJu l.-an. j', {' I ' {' /' 'I/ r l .
e i ll,
lJa
He i s the G o d of t h e 1 i v i n ! n o t the God o f t h e dc;,d . n o t what r wn n t . But l et it be wl ' ' ' 1 y l l l !

lV , , " 1
GEHDK
Id'l,r, I, [k,( !l1 'kun, F
II"d
131
130
kama za-seZ ana-bo wa-' akko kama l?aY,i.aftorrru A " A 7 A
7 h AA A A A 7 hA "A A
" " A
/ A _A
had' a A
q u i. et
dOl"n ,
A hA 7 A "8 \" \ VA A DA A
A 8
/ A "8
D 7WA A ' ahde' a /A " 8 t + SA A Z A " A + "D
=A +
/A
K A* kasata A " \
7 u A *$ !Ahedu' 8 /A 7 A " A hA nA A +A aA
7 \ +A + * WA A7 O + /A ! y A A
7A A 7 A ' akko za- " A 7YA A AD Z zaA ' akko A A ba b" . + . A , a" A A " * *A 7A A A \"A Y V A "A dAA W A A A A" Y7 A * D * A A 7 A , A kko za-mo tat , aUa. , 7 + !A tenawwem.
nA Ah takasta + moqea AA +A A A *A \A " [A A +" A
A A " \ 7
/A * /AA A + "D
nA A+ A A A !A A
A A tamoqea A
+ " D SA A ' amoqe,a
A D 77 A A A \"A A
' akk0-h u *A ' akko-nu , 7 h A ' a Zbo-nu , A A A A8 A l+ A D*A A Y* A 7 "A 29 A+ A A \A *A
A *A " *A A 6A A
heyyanta t
' Akko-hu sannaya zarca zaracka westa garaht?
ba.tu *\ WA A \ 7 A +
VAa a W A -13-) +" + !A DA A " SA A "A a " A A A A A l " O A + 7 *A a "A
A A
+ 7 T A A i. n s t ead u r . K ]A e S J 1(,(,
c l ement
0 ('
A wa-batu , "A
6 " A XA 7 A
-R Y
7 A aA A
+"
rO L'
"
7A maC < at S ! A" ? ebur/qebur ) ' asbara ?ebura A "hA 7 ! A * !A A /A S< A +" /A /A \ "" /A" + " mA A S SA -t) k T Z+Y ! SA A DA aA "A "A an \ yat) W V A A y . 2 A + a A A gize ++7 DA A V A " A "8 * " D\ A " 7A A A A "A (2) ba-) gi e D A A A we' eta gize , ye' eta gize A +" , !A u zeh A ba-g W \DA geba./me set ! A A A " 4 l. ba-k e Zu A " 7 /A A +" + "A D A ba-g izeh a D55 * "A DA A A $ A Y A 8 \7 A v V A G;ze gize 7 A gize ?awwa <kani A bA /A \ "A A b A A A \ " 7A Y ba-gize, ' emoA " A "A A + *A A SA A *A gize , *A ' eska gize . A VA' asara/wadaya west a A" /A h /A !Amawaqet ) * moqe + + 7 VA Y A \"A WAbeta moqe h * . + "- A A moqe A A VA
! A1 .
2.
A A
Q< .
" A
hA
" A *" A Q A Q 0A aK hA oA Y< A Q A A"oA A A < < A A < 0X "A < hA pA A K "A A A i 0 A A 7 j jl A SA A F K SA * B A A 5A Q " KbA A 0 < A 00 A VA WA WA * pA A " pA
Q < 5 n A Y h A 7 hA
A Q < hA w Wa A
4.
5. 6.
7.
8.
A Q <h A A A A :I A A A < h hA hA 88 A A A "A F F< "A A F A | * A 8T A
F Ki "A F A
A Q A 0 A QF < aA QhA A Q < *h A /A * A "A Y / A 8070 B A A < DA h *
7 j 7 hA
9.
A
11.
. 3 2
13.
< 77 A
lA
14.
. s 2
Â M A
hatata
A 7 YA ! d Q A+ V A* " WA \ A !A A tatata + D "" /A A A ) . qA diba < Za, /A " A A " 7 A t \ " Z AZa-, Z a A h nagsa A Za- , ! hA + \ " 7 A dA "SA *A SA A t ' angasa to hA A D\ A l5 A /A ".
"
16. A
. _ @A 2n
'
Q < p A
18.
19.
Dengel
xani. "
20 .
m hA Z('yY:l l ?@ A
KAc t i z a - I"a l ad a t o J j *l A 7 K A K" < A

111(' 1 1 1 11 - 1 1 ; ' (,I11:l
y 4 a ' IIIlI ru
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r t
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!7
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0 '2 I\p,h c ' omu

h o yya
l a - '.l c z h
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13.
I $ B x $ %P B o! (
14. 15.
16.
6. n! 8 @
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. - 2 B S E E (
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9.
% % 7.
h Pr v
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% q. 2$ %.
! $.
15.
%$ B $! !
16. n
17. J % .
18. 19. ! h % B$
@
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Nr j
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ed 3 fX 2 =
C.
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x 22
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6.
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11.
1 34
135
Lesson 30
30 . 1
O ( EG * / 2 * ' " } * ; ) j 2 / ) I _
refused to f l ee . forgot to r eturn . He was afraid t o remain there . They stopped coming to us .
an
The Infinit ive :

4 5
o
Form .

The base forms of the infinitives

L
o f the various typ es of v erbs are as fol lows : G Gt CG

" 6
Q Qt CQ
* *
Ot
2
Lt
2
O O %*
There is a s econd group o f verbs frequent ly used with and which are b e s t trans l ated in Eng l i s h a s adverbs :
n 8 . I% *n
infin i t i v e
freqllc i l l J &
L (I rd
A s i mp l e rul e-of- thumb for the formati on o f the infinitive of a l l verb types other than G v erbs i s t o repl ace t h e final s t em vowe l o f t h e P erfect (us ing ending
-0 -0 .
to do first or beforehand (I O to do quickly or s oon * to do j oint ly , together to do again, continue to do
to do a l ot,
to do
i I \'
for Gt verb s ) with

-0
and to add the

/ t which is subj ect to
When pronominal suffixes are added to any infinitive in is repl aced by
Most of these verbs a l s o admit of a coordinated cons L $ " # s e cond verb , with o r wi thout t h e conj unction forehand .
' *@ > (I O l l *% (or 6
3
L i
()tt
" I I II l it"
(to be i l lustrated bel ow) ,
I nfinitives of G verbs h ave the base a few vari ations w ith the various root types . h ave W/Y .
% * % { % * I 2%
With roots I I - gutt . we of the s e cond (or *{e

e / e / /
I arrived fi rst ,
fl l ' r l vl'd I , ,
to t e ach , ~
to err .
The
syl l ab l e may optional ly be rep l aced by The fo l l owing l i s t to s i t t o do to ascend to s e ek to ask

2 l 2 2
with roots I I -W/Y and 1 1 1 %
We worked togethe r . He came again . They fought together I arrived

1 ate .
n
i l lustrat e s these pos sib i l i t i e s : to err to come to arrive to teach to see

x 2% 8 m 8 u
(or e (or l
lot .
to descend
8 8
to stand to s e l l t o weep
The infinitive of a tran s it ive verb usua l l y stands in construct wi th its noun obj ect :
) / 2*% j
% ) % )
He was unab le to k i l l h i s son. They bui lt the city together .
As with other verb types , the addition of a pronominal suffix re quires a stem in
% &
30 . 2
'%
Thus , * Uses .
The accusative is occas i onally u s ed , however, and i s in fact required if the obj ect is s eparated from the infinit ive :
) ) 5 2 j
et c . The I nfinitive : to be ab le
L
The most frequent u s e o f the in

% | 2 I *
He was unab l e to k i l l this man .
finitive i s as a compl ement i n the accusative to such verbs as

2
to forget (to do) to be afraid (to do) to stop (doing)
to be unab l e to prevent (from do ing) to refuse (to do)

/
Examples :
F2
HU
Pronominal obj ects are expressed by the suffixes a s they appear o n a nOun in the accusat ive : to k i l l me , to k i l l you , to ki l l him , et c . The counterpart o f t h e * cons truction may also be emp loyed for noun obj ects : ( ) to k i l l this man . Occas ional ly suffixes that properly belong to the infinitive are trans ferred to the main verb :
F > u
b
We were not ab l e to enter. They coul d not go .

Jle
>
W !
They refused to ki 11
s u f [ j X l' S may
h im.
?@ AD t l Sl'd & &
lm.li Y'a.
The i n f i n i t i ve s o f
as ge
Ki l l ' (ut i 1.'fI4.'i ' / l .
prevented me from leav ing .
I'u l l ch I I I I J L a k l'
ot h transit ive and intransitive verbs S LtiJj e eti ve genitive pronominal
137
w h a t e v e r ca$e
.i s rcqLl i l"c J by the cont ext ; e . g .
your k i l l
i ng ,
h i s wcep ing, et c .
The addit ion o f a direct obj ect in
obj . ) with v
! #0
accord . inf . : CG doing Gt
j oint l y , together .
CG
t o associate ( s omeone : acc . dir .
1z V to make a conspiracy ; to b e in agre ement ,

to be as soci at e d (wi th :
the accusative ( e . g .
1E
my kil l ing this man) is Not e , know l
1
" !
p o s s ib l e , but this is not a frequent construction . Some infinit ives have been adopted as ordinary nouns . for examp l e , J o e dge , current , f l ow , ignorance . Vocabul ary 30 V erb s :
Q to l ast , remai n ; to d e l ay , t arry, be s l ow in coming ; with
; y GE
faith , b e l i e f ,
Y ! #0
to be t ardy or l a t e in doing, to be too long in Q lt !
to put off, d e l ay , defer ( e . g . s alvat ion , prnyc r ) ;
to put o f f a person (obj . suff . ) .
Y ]#0
to
M1 L
6 L
eI(' -R :Iy
I II
inf . ; inf o alone) . Exercises
(rare ly
to be abl e ; to prevai l against (obj . suf f . or Gt (1)

=
(
p er s ona l : ab l e .
9 especial ly when u s e d , by
% im
attraction , with a fo l l owing infinit ive of a Gt verb ; to be p o s s i b l e ( + inf . ) . Gt CG
t o enab l e , make Both
to b e unab l e .
t o b e impo s s ib l e ( + inf . ) .
A. 1.
' Abaya kas i t a s emu.
2 . Kal ' un i nagi s a heyyanta ' abuya. 3 . Kala' nahomu at i t a maaeft i n a .
>S A e ' enku batika zentu ' a? q . e|A ' Abayku xadiga weludeya h eyya . A ' I -kehe1ku raki b a be ' s it eya .
7 . ' Abayna s agida l a- t a ' o t . 8. ' Abayu ? ab i ' a ' axawihomu . 9 . ' I -keh lu ' awida hagaren a . 1 0 . S e ' enna radi ' a ' emuntu s ab ' . 1 1 . La-ment ' abaykemu radi ' oteya? 1 2 . Kal ' un i maye oto xaba zamadu . 1 3 . S e ' nu ' aminoto . 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. ' I -keh l a mawi ' ot an a . ' E fo za- ' i -k eh l a s ayimotak emu qas awesta? ' Abayu wehiba lana s i s ay a . ' Abayku moqeoto l a - z entu qeddus . ' I -keh l a nagir o t ana wa- ' i -menta-ni .
K
s ens e :
and
may t ak e p e rsonal obj . suff . in the dat ive i t was impo s s i b l e for me t o go . Gt
0 #!+ #+
to prevent ; to w ithho l d ( ac c . d i r . obj . ; from : ' em- ) . pass ive ; to abst ain ( from :
to refus e , be unwi l l in g ; to refuse , say no to ; to spurn, d i s obey. to do ( s omething) again ( + i n f o or with s econd verb coord i nated) . to go before, precede (obj . suff . or : hand , first (+ info or coordinated verb) .
8
CG #+ Gt
to do before-
(1)
#
#+
in coordinated usag e ; ( 2) to put or p l ace first ; ( 3) t o to G l t ]#+ to go/come
happen , exist , b e first/previous/beforehand . occur , t ake p l ace first/beforehan d . out to meet .
3 A S e ' n at walidoto l a-wal da wa-motat .
2 0 . Mannu za-kal ' ak a nabibotomu?

%$ Kala' nahomu s e J:l iboto ' em-wes t a betu . % % La-ment ' abayka s awi ' a la- ' E gzi ' aber ? % & La -ment ' abayat mehirotaki ba- l es ana ' Afrenj ?
- d
to be swift , quick . coordinated verb :
CG
-/
to hurry, hasten ; with i n f o or
to hurry to do, to do quick ly .
-d ?
adj .
% to
I i :
swi ft , quick .
A to be connected or associ ated (with :
24 . Dawaya wa- ' i - k eh l a qawima ba- ' egarihu . 2 5 . Kal ' ana l e ' ika zena xabeka .
.'
j oin , associate (with :

lvo rd ,
? to conspire (agains t : ?
u6 y to
be i n accord Iv i t h , agree with M K 8

t h i l1! ,
subj ect usua l l y to do
26 .
n.
' I -kehelku ' ahde ' o rna ' ' at eya .
stor l e; : ) ; t o share something ( a c c . dir . obj . )

i l l i" i ll i L i v c
% ( S e ' nu
fa i ra wa- ' i -ment a-ni
' em - s cl i u l' ,
( I!I. $ %EK&
, ' / " ) : \v i l l i
o r coordina ted verb :
' i\ !laya ' atrefo ' al)adu be ' s i .
1 38
l39
1 9.
2 9 . Z a ' cnb a l a ' al bas s annayt ' i - keh e l na gani zoto l a-b adnu . 30 . ' I - kehe lna kal i ' otomu wagiroto l a-we ' etu nab i y . 3 l . ' Ab ayu t aameqo ba-xaba Yohannes . 3 2 . S e ' nu ' a ' refo heyya. 3 3 . S e ' enna ' at fe ' oto l a- nadda ' es sat . 3 4 . Kehlu t as affewo Qeywat z a - l a - ' al am . 3 5 . ' Abaya awira mangal a we ' etu dabr . 3 6 . S e ' newwa fawweso . 37. ' Ab ayomu ' a ' tewo .
3 8 . Dagamu taba eoto xabehu .
X abra nagaru mes l a zena z a - s amii ' na ' em-ma l ' ak a negu s , betu?
20 . La-ment ' axbarkemu z anta a ' ota ' ekuya mes la ' Eg z i ' abQer wa
I'
I!
iJ
3 9 . ' I -kehe lna takaedotomu . 4 0 . ' Abaya tarakebo mes l ehomu . 4 l . Kal ' omu l a- ezb tagab e ' o . 4 2 . Mannu za-keh l a t aqawemo za-kama- z e be ' se ? 4 3 . S e ' nu t as ayeo s i s aya . 4 4 . Keh l u ' a 'meno bezuxan a . 45 .
11 6 . 13 .
'Abayani ' ar ' eyo ma Qafu . ' Abaya ' ameqotana .
l . Faanana we i z heyya wa- ' i - t akehl ana ' adiwa . 2. ' Abiy ' a 'merotu ' em- ' a ' merotena fadfada . 3 . Warada z enlim wa - ' i - k e h l at ' essat nadida. 4 . Dagamu 'amandebotomu la- Kerest iyan .
6 . Qadama 'ariga wes t a dabr , wa-dexra 'argu ' ardii' ihu . 8 . We ' et a gize t ase ' nomu g ayeya . 5.
' Emdexra ta' amna xai ' at o , takeh l a t a ameqo .
7 . ' Akha l ana t e ' ziizu g ab i ' a hagar ana . W
9 . T a s e ' nana qariba xab a ' anaqe a hagar .

"
'
10.
' Aqdamu nagaru zant a nabiyat ba-mawa ' e l a ' abawina .
1 1 . Qadama bawi ' a, wa-bo ' na ' em-dexrehu . 1 2 . Soba xal afa maya ' Ayx , qadama taka l a Nox ' a :; ada wayn . , 1 3 . Abayu t e ' zazat ihu wa-dagamu s e ita ' em-fenot rete 't . 1 4 . Tanagarana b a ' enta t amayeotomu l a- ' ah z ab west a ' amina ' E gz i ' ena. W 1 5 . ' I - g andaya mo tu . W 1 6 . G andaya gabru gabi ' a h agar a . W 1 7 . Xabru 1 1i ' l oya l a - q at i l o t eya , \va-bahtu kehe l ku g ayeya
"# $ %-&2%( 4 )*+% 4 / 3 1 4
"
JR.
"
kW,' I I ,'"''
I)add i s a .
140 c l ear l y bel ongs to the subordinate phars e :
141
Lesson 31 31 . 1 The P erfective Active P art i cipl e . From every verb there
qJ
qJa
Having s at down , Jesus said to them . . . 4 8 . 4) .
is formed a perfective act ive part iciple which is infl ect ed for per son , number , and gender . The bas i c s t em may be der ived , for a l l prac to [ [ in the final s t em syl l ab l e (between t i cal purpo s es , from that of the infinitive (to which it is identical in G verbs ) by changing [ x
C 2 and C ) :
Suffixed obj ect pronouns cannot be added to this for m ( s ee a lone :
An obj ect noun may be expre s s e d with the s imp l e accu s at ive or w i t il
(or :
N m & ,
Having s l ain the m::ln , I

a
f l ud .
G Gt
CG
* n
L
p
Lt
CL
A m
Whi l e the use of the P erfective Active Part icip le as
prepo " l'd

sL
:
/I
Ot
A ;
J6
Qt
A ;
O h ]
p l ement to the subj ect i s the most frequent use , it m::ly compl ement to any other e l ement in the claus e o r to the ( as an absolute) :
ii',
( !1<3 '
, 1 11 1 1 "
There i s the same optional v ariation b etween x x and [ [
i n G verbs
as was found in the infini t ive with various unsound root typ e s . The perfective active part i c i p l e i s inflect ed l ike a n oun i n t h e accusativ e :
& & ;6
q 2
2 , , ] y
They found his hOLl e i n
having sat down) L i l l' r { ' .
They found me s e ut od ( I I I .
1( . 55
J 6 & &
he , having ki l l ed she , having k i l l ed you (m . s . ) , you ( f . s . ) , "
J J & &
they ( m . ) , having k i l l ed they ( f . ) , having k i l l e d you (m . p I . )

J
( lit . it h aving co l l a p s ed ) . After our city was dofeuL od , wo fled .
"
"
you ( f . p l . ) , we , having k i l l ed
I t must be emph as i z e d that in sp ite of the Eng l i sh t rans l ation va lues the P erfective Active P art i c ip l e des cribes a comp l e t ed prior event , pun ctually conceiv e d , and only incident ally does it describe a con comitant state . Thus "having s at down" imp l i e s " s eat e d , s i t ting" as pos s i b l e trans l ation value s , but only because of the part i cu l ar verb u s e d ; our s econd examp l e above coul d not be tran s l at ed "They found his house co l laps ing . " The Perfective Acti ve P art i c ip l e is not negated . An equivalent or negative express ion mus t emp l oy a subordinate c lause with
I , having ki l led
We have des ignated this form as an act ive partici p l e becau s e of i t s
meaning with trans itive act ive v erb s ; i f the verbal stem i s p a s s ive , however, this form has a corresponding ly p as s ive meaning : Gt
J he , having been ki l l ed .
The perfect ive active p art i c ip l e i s used t o expres s the fact
that an act has been comp l eted prior to the time of the main verb . I t i s thus always subordinate in value, corresponding to Eng l i s h t em poral c l au s e s with "when , after" or p arti cipial phrases (Having arrive d , I . . . ; Having s at down , h e . . . ) or to abso lute constructi ons (The sun having set , . . . ) . I t i s most frequent ly used in E thiop i c b e fore t h e main verb but i s not restrict ed to that p o s i t ion :
( s ee next l e s s on) p lus t h e P erfect , e . g . ;
q&
an d having found no water , he continued on h i s way . Vocabul ary 3 1
nriila.
Nouns :
6m&
2 J /
i s h wo l o nd
Having sat down , I spoke with them .
z6\ 0 iD+
(p I .
2]= 3
A noun subj ect is added appos itional ly to the appropriate 3rd person
form . ,
. $& .
In EngJ
Lo
t i ll)
#& ! / $% 3 % " * 03,
3i n I ' l i l i o p i c , however, the noun subj ect
v i ew an expre ssed noun as the subj ect of
J$
m . f . bul l , cow .
stockyard .
f) m . edg e , margin , h em ; shore , bank ; end ,

-q
the ends o f the eart h .
! )!-
I,-vl/'(iI(J-;;!I/-;;
( 1 ' 1 . - /. ) m . f . l ab o r , toi l , work ; device , arti f i c e .
I 2
1 4 :'
salam m . f . s afety; peace .
keaad/kecad (pl . -u , kesUwed, kasawed) m . f . neck . mes Za to make peace with .
I I.
ba-saZam s afe ly; in peace . SaZam Zaka Greetings I
gabra saZama La cZehu saZam

15.
$ ' A I I IlO
May peace be upon him !

najas (p l . - at) m . f . wind .
I i i 1l1 i " ' l' l i l l u lV u s L a a s n a fa medr mes l a zentu zena. t "Il (" O , dC'ganomu . l Ianasu l omu beta Kcrcs tiyan west a makana ' as ada ' alhemt xaba ? cnfa ba r . 1 ' . 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1")111 1 1
'
Verbs :
' as ara to t i e up , bind (ace. dir . obj . ) ; to t i e ( something : ace . ) to
(something : ba- , westa) .
G t ta' asra pass ive .
1 6 . Soba rakabnahomu ta' as i romu , matarna ' abalihomu wa- fatahnahomu . 1 7 . Ta' exi z o , t awadya westa beta moqe . 1 8 . Ma? i ' omu emmi t a ba- le l i t , xabarna mesl ehomu l a ' l a we ' etu negus ' ekuy . 1 9 . Tafawwi s a ' em-dawea , tafasseJ:!at fadfada wa- ' amnat ba-wangel za s abaka botu. 20 . Tanasi ' on ' anest ' em- ' amtat ihon , bakaya wa- ' abaya tagabbcro . B . 1 . Nabireya ba-rna ' k alornu , t anababku rnesl ehornu ' eska ? ebal: . 2 . Ma i ' aka xabehomu , ment za-t asayarka ' ernennehornu? 3 . Zanta sami ' omu , t anaaru babaynatihomu wa- ' i -keh lu nab i b a ' i -menta-ni . 4 . ' A?ni 'o l ebbo , t aqawamornu wa-rno ' ornu . 5 . lI'ai ' ornu west a m edr, tawal adu wa-mal ' ewwa .
\V[I
fata to unt i e , loo s en , open (ace. dir . obj . ) ; to l et loo s e , set free
( ace . dir. obj . ) ; to forgive ( sins : ace . dir . obj . ) ; to pass j udgment (on behalf of: Za- ) . to b ring to j udgmen t . (with : ace . or mes Za) .
' axaza to s e i z e , grasp , hold (acc. dir . obj . or ba-) ; to take capt ive ;
Gt tafata pas s ive .
CG ' aftea
G 1 t tajatea t o engage i n a l eg al case
to possess , control , occupy .
Gt ta' exza (sic ! ) pas s ive .
CG
' a' xaza to order ( s omeone) held .
G l t ta' axaza to be involved Gt tamatra p as s ive .

D
in a battle or simi l ar act ivity (with : acc . or mes Za) .

matara to cut , cut off (both l it . and fi g . ) . mattaI'a
Other : Qemma, ?emmita, ba-?emmit
=
6 . Tarna ' i 'omu , t anse ' u wa-t aqatalu babaynatihomu .
G.
D t tamattara
Gt .
w 7 . Tafi 'on ' ahgurina, taxal afna heyya wa- zeyya ba-k e l lu rnedr . 8 . Taqaribornu, wal adat lotu wal da sannaya. 9. Sami ' ana l a-qal at ihu , t ak aJ:!adnahu wa- ' awa ' nahu ' em- xabena .
adv . secret l y , in s ecret , in private . Exercises
1 0 . Tabawi ' o west a ma' kalomu , ' asatomu ' em-haymanot rete 't . 1 1 . Tasadido ' exuya ' em-makanu , tasat afke;o ba-beteya wa-banewayeya . 1 2 . Tasana' iwana, t ak ayadna kidana babaynat ina . 1 3 . F.airo be' s e ba- ' ams a1 u , s amayo serna ' Adamha. 1 4 . Taqat i 1 0 sutafehu , ' i -keh l a nagisa la ' l a ezbu . 1 5 . ' Exi zornu ' asyeft ihornu ba- ' edawihomu , ' afanu wa-wa ' u s ab ' a . 1 6 . Tafatiho mawaqeihu , t ans e ' a wa-gW ayya ' em- xaba ' e l l a ' axazewwo. 1 7 . Taqadimomu war az ut , ta' axazu mes 1 ehomu ba-ab ' ' eska meset . 1 8 . Tabaieya we ' et a be ' se ba-qedma makwannen , tafatahku meslehu ba ' enta nel;ay ' ekuy za-setan i .
; /1 ,
. /
A.
1 . Tasayio l ahma, was ado xaba ' a adu . 2 . Ba? iomu enfa bar , ' i -keh lu ' adiwoto ba ' enta nafas ' abi y .
3.
Ba- ' ayy ? ama za-kehlu q ati loto?
'. 1
4. Kawino nafas , ' i-kehe lna a\;ira west a bar . 5 . Kal;ino meseta , nabarna heyya wa- ' i-orna ' eska ? eba . 6 . Gabirana s alama mes lehomu, ' i - ab a ' nahomu . 7 . ' As iromu ab l a wes t a kesadu , wasade,,\;o ' enta fenot kama l ahm . 8 . Hadi ' o nafas , takeh lomu ' ari ga westa amaromu . 9 . X adigo ' abahu wa- ' emmo , xabra mes l a we ' etu be ' s i qeddus . 1 0 . lI'agiromu xa?awentihomu diba medr, ' abayu wa i ' a s ab ' a . 1 1 . Tabatiko ' a?q za-nabara dibehu, wadqa diba medr wa-taqat l a . 1 2 . Tas e ' nani nabira h eyya ba- s a l am ' esma ' i- ' afqaruni ezb wa' alllanclahun i
144 ( 2) s i tting . A l l verb s have Du rativ e ( no speci fic tense ) :
145 L e s s on 3 2 32. 1 The Imperfect : G Verbs from Sound Roots . he was ( i s , wi l l be)
five infl e tted s tems :
P erfe c t , P erfect ive Part i cip l e , Imperfect , The l exical b as e typ e s ( G , D , L , and Q)
Sub j unctive , and Imperative .
and a few of the derived verbal type s ( e . g . CG) have , in add i t ion , verba l nouns and adj ectives of a fairl y regular and predi ctab l e forma t ion which should be l earned as p art of the verbal system i t s e l f . of the verb , beginning with the G verbs from s ound root s . The Imperfect s t em o f the G verb has the pattern -C aC C eC - ; l 2 2 3 i n f l e ct i on i s by means of prefixes and suffixes : In thi s and the fol lowing l e s s ons we shal l take up thes e remaining forms
(3) Habit ual (no speci fi c tense ) : he used to s it , he would (regu l ar ly) s i t , he s i t s (as a matte r o f habi t ) , h e wi l l sit ( d i t to) . (4) Gener al p re s ent : he is great ( from <abya) . Whi l e thi s i s real ly a subdi v i s i on of the durat ive/h abitu al us c , i l meri ts speci al menti on b e caus e o f i t s high frequ ency in re l :l l i vo C l au s e s , which are used inst ead of the corre spond ing s imp l e n t i j l' l ' 1 + v , , with many verbs :
[ ,
One who i s great er than r s i t ; ! $6 #6( a burnin g fl ame
I "" " .
% %
he wi l l s it she wi l l s i t you (m. s . ) wi l l s i t you ( f . s . ) w i l l s i t I shal l s i t
% G %
they (m . ) w i l l s i t they ( f . ) w i l l s i t you (m . p l . ) wi l l s it you ( f . p l . ) wi l l s it we shal l s i t
Tense for the h abitu al and durat ive u s e s must be gain ed f r O Ill I I ", t ext in most inst an.ces . I t may b e made exp l i ci t throu gh l h c l ".l' vario us constr uctio n , espec i a l ly with the verb ) and + ) ) (and whi l e) :
. /53K
"I
) Z )
32. 3 whi l e)
% 5G )
H e was s itting there . He u s ed to s it there .
When t h e negative the ' b e comes
i s p r e fixed to t h e 1 s t person s ingul ar form ,
(which we wr i t e as
I shal l not s it) , Cf.
= ( ( And whi l e he was s i t ting t h ere . . .

Dependent U s e s of the Imperfect . The mos t frequent de
a form e as i ly confused with the 3rd p erson mascul ine s ingu l ar . r emarks a t end of 26 . 2 .
pendent use of the Imperfect is with the conj unction ( 1 ) as compl ement to the subj ect :
(when ,
When the second and third root consonants are ident i cal , the Imperfect forms ending in a vowel show an optional short ening ; thu s , from % ( to speak)
=
5 5 T
He s at speakin g .
(2) as comp l ement to an obj e ct :
Obj ect suffixes are attached to Imperfect forms ending in a vowel j us t as to the corresponding vowe l of the P erfect : to
%HH^ % (
They found t h e man sitting there .
U
.. . -am.
^ ; m
etc.
'j
to -a :
to -u :
-ewwo
Bm
-Bh
( 3) as c ircum s t ant i a l to the entire predic at ion : et c . etc . The
Z ;
N ' awije' eun,)() .

& # + %) (+
find as
peop l ,
$!
t h y
+
l eJ
wept for the

him
(*+ ,
('on
S t ems ending in a consonant take the same suffixes as the 3rd person mas cu l i n e s ingul ar of the P erfect , including the " linking" vowel - a - :
s tructio ns :
may be omi tted fr o l ll
lind o i J j o c l
cl1l" p l (" II ( ' n l
l
32 . 2
p
+ ! + I lIIp c r fect .
*+ 4" , - Khe \; i. l l
etc.
(6$ l IR ' > l". / L O D G H I Q J5
Nnh, lril !i ' II, "'I,"' . IIt 1 ' !I" " , ' I I I Tho
> 9: 3 2 3 4 R; I
" 4 "" 1 > 1 "
2 3 $ ( 3 ) JK
sit.
fl" /o f t ' " " I . . I .

F P K 3 A .R 1111
- CR E
) @R ? / I III , I I I
) % & I I IR I - 7 0R 3 1R 8 8 # K
I"
I I , , , . . , I I . . . ..
" I i 6 $ 1K 0 $ 7
1 4 (,
)0A , A Iannu . A' A lbo 0
act ion or s i tuat ion during whi ch or along with which the action of the main verb occurs . Becaus e ' enza o ft en immedi ately precedes the verb o f its c l ause, the transpo s i t ion o f other el ements of the depend ent c l ause for emphas is may p l ace them before ' enz a :
Rakabo westa maqQber ' enza yenabber.
za-yenagg es heyyanteka? za-yeabbeb za' enbala haymanot .
M Aannu yeaddeq ba-qedma ' F. g z i ' aber?

A T erakkebu
He found him dwel l ing among the tombs .
8 . Konu yenabberu westa enfa bar .

3 A
11.
' alhemtik emu xaba ' aadeya .
Ba- ' ayy ama neqat tel z anta adeqa? N e s addedomu l a-Kerestiyan ' em-ma' kalena . ' awyaneya zeyya xaba ' albo nafas . wangelo ' eska ' anafa medr .
Vocabul ary & A Nouns :

xoxt (p l . - at , xawaxew) m . f . door , doorway . maskat (pl . masakew) m . f . window . ' aragay ( f . - t , ' aragit ; pI . ' a' rug) old person . ' aragawi ( f . - t ;
& A ' Etakke l ANesabbek ) A

15.
N eqabbero mes l a ' abawihu . Konu yesaggedu l a - a ' ot za- ' ebn wa- z a- ' ed . gize ' ekasset l akemu nagaro . ' a' uqa ' em- ' e ?
. A We ' eta
p l . ' aragaweyan) idem. Verbs :

zakara to remember , to mention .
0 A Tematt er-nu 18.
Mannu yez akker s emeya ' emdexra motku?
Gt tazakra pas s ive . CG

kebur ( f . kebert)
kabra to be g lorious , magn i fi cent , great , famous , i l lustrious . ' akbara to make or regard as glorious etc .
Yekabber s emeka ' em- s erna ' exuka. & A ' Efo nefalles ' em-zati medr sannayt ?
3 A & A Westa
' ayy makan t enabbera? za-terakkebi waldaki ? tenaggereyyo zanta zena? ' e l l ontu sab ' . E . g . za-yegabber mankerata a worker of
& & 'A Ayte
w rak sa to b e uncl ean , impure , po l l uted, contaminated ; bad ( i n genera. w CG ' ark asa to pollute , cont aminate , defi l e . rekus ( f . rekWest)
glorious etc.
& A La-mannu
&* Y Aeqatteluna
un c l e an etc .
fa lasa to s eparat e , go away , depart , emigrate ; to s ecede , sp lit o ff
B.
Trans l ate the fo l l owing relat ive c l auses with Eng l ish nominal or adj ectival express i ons . miracles .
Aza-yegabber 2. A' e l l a
(from : ' emenna) ; falasa xaba to go over to the s id e o f ; falasa

' em-zentu <alam to d i e .
CG ' aflasa to s end away , deport , exi l e ,
newaya ' em-bert
remove .
G l t tafQlasa to wander as exi les from one p l ace to Gt tarexwa p as s ive and midd l e .
rexew adj . open .
' e l la yetarrefu ' emdexra s ab ' yenabberu westa zati hagar
another ; to pass ( from one generation to another) .

' arxawa CG to open .
Other :
wa-kana saba and when (fol lowed by P erfect or Imperfect) ; and whi l e
4 . za-yegabber ' albasa wa-qanaweta ' em-rna ' s 5 . be ' si za-yenabbeb fadfada
. 0 A 'ella
' e A
yeqattelu ba- s ayf
l l a q adamuna
( fo I l . by Imperfect) . E xercises A . I . ' Egabber s a l ama mes l a hezba zati hagar . & A ' E qarreb xabeka ba-mesct .
3 . Y e naddcJ zrntll ' (' s ii t k W e l l o
. oI " ' 1\ 1 1 >0 + W -V
.t r
8 . za-yesaddedana 9 . ' e l l a yesaggedu la- a ' ot rekus

10.
-R "z a R- ye g a h h e r
za- yegabber ' asyefta ' em-xa in amahu l a- ' egzi ' u yc:; a bbck ba-wangel
)'I') ; 1 1 1 1 l e l U
gi z e .
1 2 . za 1 1 .
1'1' r ' (,III(\(,X r;1
*! " R ' (' 1 1 ; 1
' abdenta
we ' etu mendabe .
9: ; <K 3 # - oS $ -y, o rat t C'n
I ,Ill C. 1.
+3A
2.
' i\rX:lwn xoxta wa-wa ' a ' em-bet . Soba t aroxwa xoxt , r e ' ina ' aragayta ' enza tenabber west a bet
33. 1
Lesson 3 3 The Subj unct ive :

G
mes l a walda wa lda . 3 . Rakibana xoxta rexewa , bo ' n a we sta bet . 4 . ' Enza t enabber b e ' s i t u xaba masko t , re 'yato ' enza yeqarreb westa feno t .
S, 6.
V erbs from Sound Root s .
The s tem of
the Subjunctive i s - C I C 2 eC 3 - or - C I C 2 aC 3 - , where the vowel or is l exi cal ly determined and not predi ctable , As may be s e en from the fol l owing l i s t , there i s a corre lation between verbs of the type and SUbjunctives with 5 f and between those of the and s ubjunctives with q h There are many exception s , howeve r , some verbs have bo th forms .
3 n . * 3 3b # # b 9 9b # 3 9 3 3 . 3 . 9 3 3b . . `
Tarexiwomu masakew, bo ' a ' abiy nafas wa- ' a fe ' a berhanata . ' Akko qalatihu za- ' akbaro ' al Ia gebarihu . ' E sma s e ' enna ' awe ' o manafest rekusan ' em-w e ' etu makan ,
type
:l nd
7.
xadagnahu. w 8. ' Akko sis ayomu za- ' ark asomu ' al I a qalatihomu . 3 A Nagarani zentu qeddus kama ba- salus yefal les ' em-zentu ' alam ,
P52 T ezakkeru- nu 12.
subj . :
# # # 3 3 3
subj . :
w
v-^
y q r'((f,
z anta nagar a ' emdexra xadaggukemu?
1 1 . Wa- t a z akra t a ' amer z a- g abra ' eska zati 'elat .

13.
' I - t arakabu mes l a ' e l l a yesaggedu l a-ra 'ot . Rak abnahu ' enza yebattek ' a ' uqa ' em- ' eawina . + A F al asna xaba kal e ' ' eg z i ' wa-xabarna mes lehu l a ' l a ' eg z i ' ena qadami . Tas adidomu ' em-hagaromu, t afal asu ' em-beer westa beer . ' En z a ne zakker eywatana sannaya heyya, tabakayna. Rakaba we ' eta ' aragawe yenabber xaba xoxta betu , t egabberu za-kama- ze gebra ' ekuya?
yer'kaiJ/y, ' I'k t l/, W yerk ul1/!I " I'i.."', ' / I
V P J H -
39 < _ < 7 1!- #9 9 . + x
IS.
16.
17.
0T 2 edaggemu -nu
The inflection of the Subj unctive i s exactly l ike that of the I mper fect :
# # = H# # r # # r
etc. Suffixes are added as t o the I mperfec t , with the exception of those of the 2nd person when added t o a s tem ending in a consonant .
#D
I
;j I '! I
. I
They
-a- :
are added directly t o the Subj unctive stem without an int erveni n g
3 #D 3A # 3D #D # 3D ,
[The Tradi t i on
VI
%+ +
' :/I
s tem s t ressed in # D 33 . 2
il.
) % *+$ ! +
s # D
The Uses o f the Subj unctive . I ndependent .

:111
The Subj unctive as t o e verb
or
"
''';1 ' II
i n j unctive ( cohortative, jussive) forc e :
.GP2
15 1
' Enger.
I.
Let me speak . May you find him . Let us not l i e down .
153
"
TerkabeUJWo. , I-neskab .
Other frequent ( a) meaning " before" :
uses
of the Sub j unctive are the fo l lowing :
After the con j unction s (za) ' enbala and ' em-qedma, both
;1, 1
I,
I'r
il '
I'
The p o s i t ive form may optional l y be preceded by la- :
Nagaromu za' enbala yeflesu. ' I-hal lona ' em-qedma yenerana.
(b)
He spoke to them b efore they l e ft . We d i d not exi s t before he c r e ated us .
La-yeqrab .
Let him approach .
The 2nd person forms with the negative ' i- are equival ent to the nega t ive imperat ive :
After the impersonal verb dalawa ( imperfect : yedal lelJ-)
, I-tenbar zeyya. , I-teqte lo.

b.
other verb :
Don ' t sit here . Don ' t ki 1 1 h i m .
to be fit t i n g , suitab l e , prop e r :
' I-yedal lewani kama ' eqrab lotti.

( c) nece s s ary" :
I t i s n o t proper that I approach him (or : I am not worthy to . . . ) .
I'
Dependent .
The Subj unctive , with o r without the con
j unction kama , expre s s e s purpo s e or resu l t when subordinated to an
After the predi cat ively u s ed adj ecti ve maftew " i t i s
Qarbu kama yesgedu lotu. They approached in order to bow down to him .
Quite a number of frequent verbs function virtua l l y as aux i l i ary verbs with a fo l lowing Sub j unct ive ; e . g . faqada (to want , wi sh) ,
Maftew kama neqbero .
It i s nece s s ary that we bury h i m . V o c arulary 3 3
' axaza (to b e gin) , wapana ( t o begin) , makara (to decide to) , xadaga
(to l et , a l l ow) . An Eng l i s h infi n i t ive construction i s often the best trans l at ion value :
Noun s :
W ' eg a l ( p l . -at) col I . or s i ng . , the young o f any animal or fow l , in W c luding humans . ' eg ala ' emma-eyaw man , mankind . derhem (p l . -at, darahem ) drachma, denarius ; gold or s i lver co in . w w w w W W W W x e lq Ix a lq ( p l . x e laq ) m . number, amount . ' a lbo x e lq a N there
is no l imit to N, N is bound l es s , innumerabl e . Verbs :
Faqada kama yenbar heyya. Faqada kama ' enbar heyya. , Axazu yesbeku. Watanna neqrab . Makara kama yeqte lani .
He wanted to remain there . He wanted me to remain there . They began to preach . We began to approach . He decided to ki l l me .
faqada (yefqed) to want , wish , d e s i r e , require (ace . d i r . obj . ) ; for

u s e with Subj . , s e e Les s on . Gt tafaqda p a s s iv e .
Afte r xadaga there i s often an ant i cipat i on of the subj ect of the subordinate c l ause :
makara (yemker) to p l an , propos e , decide on (acc . dir . obj . or sub

He al lowed the man to remain . j unctive) ; to t ake couns e l (with : mes la) ; to test , cho o s e by t es t ing . CG ' amkara to advi s e , give couns e l to (obj . suff . ) . G l t tamakara to take coun s e l together (with : mesla) ; t o d e l i be r f l ed ( s ha l l fl e e ) l est they find me . (or : so that they would/wi l l not find m e .
Xadago la-be' si kama yenbar. Kama ' i- may be tran s lated by " l es t " : fi r ayayku (' egWayyiJ kama , 'i -yeri<abuni .
daZawa to we i gh ( acc . d i r . obj . ; out to : obj . suff . ) ; to be u s e ful ,
a t e and decide to (+ subj unct ive) .

s u i t ab l e ,
prope r ,
. d 6 /6 b e cI
0A 8 1 23 o 47 5 66o I I _ 1o I II
HII I I.
'V I lli I I I "
va oi
('I 1I1I I ' I I 'IIII ' I I I : l I'C' ' , I I I ' I I II l I I I VI'
a l s o found with some of t h e s e verbs,
we i ghed .
correct ( s e c L e s s on ) .
r.
Gt tadalwa to b e Gt
i :;
/!5
frequent .
( I kama ) .
I n fi n i t ives
watana t u I l e g i l l ( , I (, c , d I
' (1 7.::0::, '
oh j ,
@ ( Io Ih
01'
; 78 9 :
I ,
% < &7o
I I '
<B< =o ^ < - R I , ,
I II"
"
Z [5o . o 4
: I II III 7= = > o
III. t llill I I VI-
l ' ,' p l' e s s purpo s e ; t h i s too i s
t IU,)!(! 1/, ( 1 "1 ' . ' ,

II
I II
Subj . or I nfini ti Vfl) .

+
$ ? F) < 9
C6 D ( E 5o
j , ';u f f .
subj unctive) ,
Dt ta' azzaza
152 p a s s i v e ; t o obey ( s omeone : Za-) . Other : 1 53

H.
' c n z a yonabberu mes 1 a ' abuhomu .
maftew it is nece ss ary, fi t t i n g , prope r , o b l i gatory ( s e e Les son for

construction) . Exerci s e s A . 1 . N eqt e l ' alhemtihomu . 2 . La- yegbar za-yefaqqed . 3. 5. ' I - t etkelu ' awyana heyy a . ' I - tenbebu qa1a ' ekuya . 4 . Nes dedomu westa ' asnafa be/:!eren a . 6 . F aqadku kama ' edgem nab i b a . 7 . Faqadu kama yenbaru mes 1 en a . 8 . F aqadat kama t e f l e s ' em-heyya . 9. ' I - faqada yenges l a ' lena . 1 0 . ' I - t eqtelu s ab ' a . 1 1 . ' I - faqadna nesged l a - t a ' ot . 12. ' I - faqadu daqiq kama yeskabu . 1 3 . Maftew kama negnezo 1 a-badnu . 1 4 . Maftew kama tesbek wangi Ho . w 1 5 . ' I - t erk esu westa ' albabikemu . 1 6 . Xasasu kama yeq t e l ewwo . W 1 7 . G ayayna ' emqedma yerkabuna . 1 8 . ' I -yeda l l ewani kama ' enbar me s l ek a . 19. ' I -yedal l ewomu kama yeqdemuna . 2 0 . Tefaqqedu-nu t ek s etu lana ' asmatikemu ? 2 1 . Zanta gabra kama ye!bab . 2 2 . ' E faqqed kama t ezkerani ' emdexra wa9a' ku . 2 3 . ' I - faqadu yeqrabu xaba taqabra . 2 4 . L a - t ended ' es sata haymanotekemu l a - ' a 1 am . 25.
.' I .
.' H .
w 3 . ' [ - taruk abna m e s 1 ehomu kama ' i -nerk as . 4 . Soba tn5garu mes l ena , ' i - faqadna nengeromu wa- ' i -menta-ni .
5 . ' Anbaba l ana z anta ma/:!afa kama nezker gebarihomu l a-qeddusan .
2.
" #
kama negbar s a l ama.
6 . Makara yenbar zeyya mes 1 en a . 7 . Da1awa warqa \"a-berura wa- ' anbaro ba-qedmeya . 8 . Sam i ' omu z an t a , wa!anu taqat e l o . 9 . ' Az z az ana kama negbar l otu ' abaya /:!amar a . 1 0 . ' Az zazk ewwomu kama yeqbaru mutanihomu . W 1 1 . Mas ' a madxenena westa ' a l am b a ' enta ' eg al a ' emma- ('yfl w . 1 2 . ' I -yetraf I.a - ' i - ' ahadu ' emennehomu . 1 3 . Ta s aya!ku zant a ma/:!afa ' ernenneha ba- s a l astu derhern . W W 1 4 . ' Albo x e l q a ' ekuyan westa zentu rnakan . 1 5 . ' Arnkarkewwo kama yekset lomu z anta nagar a . 1 6 . Maftew kama t e zk eru nagareYR . 1 7 . La-ment ' i -t a ' a z zazkemu l i t a s oba ' a ' markemu t e ' z a z eya? W 1 8 . Maftew k e l lo g i z e l a - t a ' a z z e zo l a- ' egz i ' k a . 1 9 . Wehibo l it a daraherna war q , tasaya! ku s i s aya wa- l eb s a l azamadeya. W W 2 0 . Teqqa b e z ux we' etu x e 1q a darahem za-tarakbu westa betu . W 2 1 . ' Arn e ' a l ana ' eg ala l ahrn . 2 2 . Tamakaru kama yeflesu ' ern - z eyya mes l a 'azrnadihornu . W W 2 3 . Zentu qeddus we ' etu xamestu ' ern-x elq omu l a - l iqana papasat . 2 4 . Maftew kama negbar bakama ' az zazuna .
, ,
20 . M:i ' 7. c - nu \vaanka tesbek ba-wange 1 ?

' I
' Ayt e
# . #R
' Eg z i ' ab/ er z a ' enbal a yef! er ' a l ama?
- y c d o i l owo l a - zen tu b e ' s i kama yeqrab xaba z entu makan . t V d }l, t'l1Il1 IJ, lI h i rl
$ %
' I
- (+ . .
& !
"1.
I . .. y , h l > . l l
11 " . 1 . .
W k e l l a medr .
', I l
: 9
& : Y V I IRl' rana z enahu l a - we ' etu nabiy wa-
f'
. ,
154
155
L.e s s on 34 34. 1 The Imperat ive : G V erbs from Sound Root s . The Impera
j'aqadi one who actively s eeks s omething (e . g . mercy , e v i l , re

venge) ; a sp e c i a l i z ed meaning (with t h e p l . ,
<
L. . S *a
i s " n e cromance r . "
t i ve may be formed direct l y from the s t ern o f the Sub j unctive by in s erting
creator ( a lways refers t o God) . (p l . *SN maker , fashioner, craftsman ; t h e word
h between C
Subj unctive :
and C : 2
Imperat ive :
sit ! ki l l !
shares many of the i dioms associated wi th t h e verb *
S * } S.
A
coun s e lo r , advi s or . (p l . N (pl . * a hous eho l d s ervant ; rar e l y : a rc s i d u l l L

)* !".
The Imperative i s infl e cted for number and gender , taking the same endings as the 2nd p er s on forms of the Subjunctive and Imperfect : mas c . s in g . fern . sing .
U K king , rul er .
Note that the p lural
- R
2
(p l .
is borrowed from t h i s synonymous word .
mas c . p l . fern . p l .
N murdere r , k i l l e r .
preacher . pers e cutor ; a l s o : exorci st . survivor . form may s t and in app o s i tion to another noun and Att es t e d main ly as adj e c t ives are garrul ous , t alkativ e , boastfu l ; more rare l y : speech , rational .
capab ( c
()
Obj ect suffixes of the 1 s t and 3rd persons are added as to the Sub j unct ive and Imperfe ct : e.g.
D!!R 8 Z
DW! e t c . ,
#$
" .d ',
an adj ectiv e .
[ T h e Trad i t ion d e l e t e s t h e s t ern v o w e l i n 34 . 2 The Agent Noun
8
or
,
( fern .
f'
From most active G verbs there
may b e made the form common
p l .
burn ing, b l a z ing ( l imi ted to such i t ems as fire , \;rath , lus t ) .
N Z a n agent noun denot ing one who performs , usua l l y

The word
habi t ua l l y o r pro fe s s i ona l l y , t h e action denoted by t h e verb :
qadami des erves special note .
We have already met the word
. .
sS
one who creates , a creator one \ho writes , a s cr i b e , writ er .
as the ordinal " first . "
I t s more general adj ectival not i ons are
" fi r s t , previous , prior , antecedent " ; as a noun (usual l y p l ural ) : " tho s e who came b efore , th e ancient s , men of o l d ; tho s e who go firs t , nob l e s , princes . "
The form i s usua l l y treated as a noun and may stand in construct with a fol l owing noun , the equivalent of the direct obj e ct in the corre sponding verbal construct ion :
i s a l s o a noun meaning " b eginnin g , t h e first
o r b e s t of anything . " the creator of the wor l d us ed adverb i a l l y : fir st i n s t ance . "
Z and qadame ( t h e ac c . ) are
fatare S
E ( lG.
" at fi r s t , in the beginning , previous l y , in the
t h e writer of this book .
A numb er of act ive v erbs have a noun (or adj ective) o f t h e pat tern
O c cas ional l y , as a result of the verbal force of the form, the accu s a t iv e is u s e d :
X which we met in connection w i th stative verbs ! Z e tc . ) .

The meaning of this form is simi l ar to that of
= G!
one who asks for l i f e . form i s l i t t l e u s ed , the r e l at ive L i s ted b e l ow are t h e more fre
but i t s o c currence is much rarer . thus far only the word
Among the sound roots introduced
With many verbs the

q Uc' n t
ph r a s e (za-u eqa/ ,te l) b eing preferred .

4 , ' ( lIIlIIl' H I
gaubaI' ( c a l l . ) work ers , l aborers ; d <'''; l' r v e ... . ! / "4 $ 1 0 4
gabbar foreman
n"t l n , {, ) ,- { i C ram s ound roots introduced up t o this p o int . 1 ' 1 1 1 1':1 1 ('' ' 1'111 ,{n l a i t i s attested , it i s not e d .
If
G 2
H 8P ( A d A"
|%
#
F2
Y L i IA A 6 /A E 6 H D H ( 6A A A $ bA E A E 9(|A bA D E A /A !A E/A6 E A /A
10.
% &$4 (
P ( ! A C B 6 #EA s 6 !A 66 e A A# T Y
11. " P A *
. 3 0 2 m [<f S . F 2 m<s . 2
x\el tt:1
sab '
YA m
A# V
A ( 1 ( $#9 !A bA NA W NA q A E DA A Y 1 #A #1A 1F $#9A

hagar
1 %$ A
E #9A $#A FA 1 A A A 81Y A m

. 0 2#
15.
/A m #A g 8 ( A T 1
P ( V I A B
X A # 1Wh6 A F [
9A
1E A m# j # 1 m $ Y $ # À
A CCFA s 6 b5A B A
. 8 N1 A
3 - 2 Y
3.
1Y AE A A 16 EA y 8 #A A OA = A A 1 8A E 1 DA #E1 6 A m$ 1EA 1EA
7<
{Y <~< <r Bz
A $A A P(
8 Y
/A A P ( /A A /A H #A P ! y |A A /A #
A s
A E A A A
1A
..
6 1 A NA
T A P (9 A 7EA s
#16A 0 2
A1
1 7 . 6 1 E A 1 8 . 8 1# A
G -^ 2 .
7.
1E A A 1 A A 1A
_v .
<
"y `
H D KA HH|A A P !A
Q<-< 3.Y
VA
B A H E H T A s A
1 9 . 8 1#O A
3 P02 3 302 3 -2 3 G02 3 6 281 A 3 F 0E 2
Y j 1 Y#A 5 Y A
/A P
A A H EH D T bA # d A$ A s HH bA !A
F
# $1 A
m F 1 T 1 A8 # A E1A l A E 9A A 1A A A 8 Y A ( EA 1A !A D m E !A
A
/
8.
PA A
6 A A A# A
A P H 6 D A F A |< Y HP /A F T NA
Z A C B
9. E
.P-2
T NA ( A C< /AH A P !A A P
H ( |A C| H Ak O
9 6 6 DE / A 8A A Y A A bA
E 1 GA 1$DA 1A
11.
mA
. 3 0 2 . F 0 2
A A E Y H !A A . $ A H P O T /A ( A A P T WA
F 1 A Q 1 OA
(lCl,;awa A A
F
Other:
H P T AP
A $ A 8A <# m# # $ A q N A 2 EAVE A 3 0m 2 FF A F E A #1AY 1 Y 6 8A Am < = $ # A SE mA Y A E 8A Y <A m ( j NA FA E NA m A A bA Y N A #$ A vA Q ' 1 xgA ' - 2

5.
T bA 6 A
<A
/ AA 6 A
/AP T
9 Y / A 6A EA
D E A
A )
<|
D LA
m A m# A 6 61 A
SEE A E
9 A
A A E EA OEA A 6A6 k A kP 6A ( 8A <5 A
~ E 9A $ NA # A
6A ( ! A
. A m# EA 7.
A X OA ^ k
SA = 61 A !A #A [ E A
EA A A
E* A E #A A < m #$ A
k H A
A.
Sg1A |A
8. 9.
- 2 3 0 2 3. 0 2
A QA 9A /A
# Y A N 1Y A A /A . m# EEj A [ NA
m<O E A
!A ( $ #9 |A 1 SA Q [ m $ NA EA $ # A E A p 8 # $ b A VA 8 A k A # Y
A$ 1 A
$# A m 8 (9 A E Am A P AE A
1 D Y E/A # F $ |A F A Y A j# E NA MA /A # A
6A
FEA (
# 1A A
!A
. 0 2 . 3 - 2
13.
Y [* 1 D A x *A E
G > 2 #7A
mE / A m # A m j Y
[ 2 9 A $# F A 6 A E F A [$ #A AA
6. 7.
8.
m 6Y A EF A p ##&9$ # y A
E A < m( 1 A A EE1A j $ NA m w 8 A ^
L as e '
A Y E6 A 1x L /A S
!A A6 61 A
1 4 . W:l
B A re ' y a ' abuha m # A

' c l fi mannu z a - gabra .
A Q E"
9 . Zekor i
q a l eY:1
1,;(
O < t #EE [
VA
I r, . X . I 1 . I I " ill" '; i

G 47 ,o HI 4I '
Kl' J'('; t i y ;j l l ;j w i q edmehu ,
Y k9A # Y 6 A D A
158 1 6 . Tagabe ' u kWe l l omu tarafeyan b a - ' aadu makan , wa-tamakaru b a ' enta z a-yegabberu . 1 7 . Nakir w e ' etu ga??u l a - z entu ' aragay ; ' em-beer ba<ed we' etu . 1 8 . ' Aflasomu l a-ezbena wa-ewawomu we sta medr nakar wa- nawax . 1 9 . ' Arxiwa xoxta beta, gadafat kW e l l o newaya westa fenot . 35 . 1 Lesson 35
159
2 0 . Setu ' egWalomu la-kahenat , ' el l a so ' ewwomu maswa ' t a l a - t a ' ot . w 2 1 . ' Ark asu manafesta mewutan z anta makana . ' anbeb o . 2 2 . Rakabku t . eraza, wa-dibehu qalat nakart z a- ' i -kehelku W , . walda eywata h ' hu 1 a-rnak annen , s a ' al ato . 2 3 . Wadiqa westa egarl W 24 . ' Andadu nabartihu beto , wa-nasi ' omu warqo g ayyu . 25 . Soba bo ' a we' etu sabak i westa ' anqaa hagar , t abatka totana sa' nu, wa-xasasa gabare ' asa ' en kama yegbar lotu kal e ' a . , a ' n a wa-xasasna makana hedu ' a kama s2 6 . Nagirana zena ement , t an V neskab ' eska ? eba . 2 7 . Z entu we ' etu qadamihu l a-nagar z a- ' anbabku westa we ' etu maaf . 2 8 . Tanse ' u gabbar la ' l a l iqomu wa-qatalewwo ba-xa?awentihomu . 2 9 . Wa- ' enza we ' etu qeddus ba- ' aatt i ' el at yenabber westa ' anqa? a hagar , xal afat qedmehu ' ahatti b e ' sit ' aragayt Kerestiyanawit , - . Wa-nas ' a - 1 a s h awareya wa-me s l eha ' aadu eraz ' em-ma?a fa Paw . la-ye ' eti eraz , wa- soba ' anbaba, rakaba westeta qal a nakira wa- ' a ' mero mankera . Tasayaa l a- eraz ' emenneha ba- ' aadu derhema warq wa- ' azzaza kama terkab za-tarfa ' em-zentu maaf . Iorat wa- ' am e ' a t 10tu saHis a erazata kal e ' ::ita , wa-wahaba ' arba ' t a derhema warq . Wa- ' emze fannawato xaba beta Kerestiyan . Heyya xasasa kW e l l o mashafa xaba ' aJ:tadu ' em-kahenat , wa-wahabo ma?afa , wa- ' anbabo lVa- ' ane 'o ba-l ebbu , wa- ' amna ba- ' E gz i ' ena ' Iyasus Kerestos ( l otu s eb at) .
The Verbal Adj ect ive P In our previous d i s cussion of the adj e ctive we noted that the pattern P is the one most 1'r (' quently used in deriving adj ect ives from stat ive G verbs . i\dj ec t l vo" o f the same patt ern are derived also from transitive act i ve ) !) and from many intrans it ive active ones as wel l . The D 6 = * of the form depends entirely on that of the verb from whi ch rived : ( a) Active tran s i tive :
P
9> I $ "3J G 7 + J
II
I '
.I"
is passive ,
B( %95 J
to the Engl i sh pas s i ve (b) Active intransit ive :

P
c o r n' ' I " / l l d l l t ).! I H ' 1' 1

" , !?
i s resul tat i. V C , i . , ' .

I
adj ective descr i b i ng resulting from verb .

S
=
.
& + ,0 >I
2
=
C# J
:IC t i
< A
I t i s o ft en
8?
E & G , - .4 / J1 0 & : 0 1 J # A J #
rc-
a perfect active
having s a t /having seated , sitting ,

@ ) AF
s i ding, res ident .

J
Stative verbs :
is a s imp l e adj ect i ve , as
already discus s ed . As with al l verbal adj e ctives in Ethiopi c , the frequency of these forms i s somewhat l ow because of the preference for relative c l auses with finite verbs . (a) The fol lowing are the verbal adj ectives
P
from roots l earned thus far : Transitive active verb s :

& . U
broken created worked (of various

m a t e r i l s ) ; do n e , ma J e , ( , + . fa I '
! "= I
rT P -
I ""1t I
=
buried s l ain expel led , exi led, excommuni cated p l an t ed ;

! & H J
.: h !
..
1 1:
j.
#j' [\
"" ,V iii I
:/, ' 111.1 '
I' rl ' p a rt ' d 1 1 l 1 .... ( ) V(,' t'pd
II i
78
i mp l an t e d ,
il I
" %-..
::" /'" /
""
"
& (. n l H' d
JJ
I
# (II
= ,
2 = IK IJ' }' o(" , )
/
I f l ', l ,
, 1 1 ., . 1 1 1 1 1 " . 1 .
I " I '-!
= ; I\ ,""
I \, ,
,d
,," , " J ( ,"
111 ( ' 1 1 1 I
"III C
#$ % <= & I 2 =I
;2J
160
161
3 * A 7
T A A A A T ? A ' atmaqa =*A ' afqara :
pemuq fequr
t?yA =
?+ =
*A TA TA T ? A
? 7 T *A A A A " 3 A A 3 = 6A A A
fjom ezunu. /orku J;zezuneya. Rakabewwo eyawo. Rakabomu J;zeyawanihomu.

=*A RA A A A * 3*A3 A++ 3 A A A ?7 A /A A 3yA A+ 7 3 Â
A 3A A <A= A A A 3*A A )A m*A
* S A * | A A 7 !A A7 GA A !A A *A
11
Ij.enest + = 3 A t % bA= 7 y A k 7 * / A3A k 7 A fe lus = A */A * nebur

*3A
T A * + 3*A 3A
' I- tewa44e' J;zeyaweka. ' I-yenasse' uka eyawaka.
A 1 1 3 A A A 7-A 3A hA A
35
7A T A (nom . ) . 2 TA
:
II
nedud negus qerub
?" 3 = /A 7 3 "? /A 3 3
=A
t ! A 7.. ebb , ma at) t A la- , xaba) ; A 3*
I 3 A t 3 7 A A A = =yA /A* 3 A A t A A t y rA(ba-) qeruba + + A = "A t k A |A 33yA =A A +A A * t 3A A+
? A ** *A A A =A
segud sekub semur teruf
+" +73A =A k
nagWadgWad t + 7 ! -at) A 3* |A mabraq t + 7!Amabareqt ) b A7 3 = ' asJ;zatya ! A / A 7 /= A/ A

? _A 3 */A * A " !A
!A !A
7 3 A * 3A \Ala- , ba-xaba , ba-qedma) , 3 = *3 3qA A T TA TA 7 8 A 7 /A !A + 73 A A A 3 *A ? A 3j A 3A *A ? 3 A H T 3 A 3 A A 37A *A A *T ? A A J SA bA A A *A 6O SA A A A3=
masana A A ? A
+ TAA
*sA A + A + /A *
A ? /A) + A
7 7 = /A
tereft t " A
6A T /A k
3A A ' amasana
!A A tamulJona
A + 7 7 Aterufat) 7 7 3 /A + t yA 7A * + TA TA T? A * |A
/A ? 0 / A H3 | A A ' adkaJ71a dakma (yedkem/yedkam) A ? A * / A T !A dekum t A dekemt) * A /A I /A ? 7 / A7 7SA qarfa/4arafa (yeef) A ? 7+ A t 3 Ala <la, 7..a- , ! yA Ij.eruf ? 7+ /A h */A + SA qarafi t + 7 S -yan) A ?7
6A A +
3A qetul A
6 k *Aba- A 3A A
=
ba-fepun fe-pma 7 / A8 kesuta + 3 7 A+ ? 7 7 A
qW arra/qW arara A ?A 7 * /A 7 A A 7 A tA 3 Y !A A ' aqW rara W W !A q arir t 3 A q arar) 7*/A 7SA !A* " |A? ! y AA A masala (yemsalJ A " ? 7 / A ? A7 I A t
++ "A * A 3A A y A t ? SA T /A"A kama ; A A 9A + A t vAA + = m A A Yemasse 7..ani = 7 6A A A k *A? A
3.
SA
" 1 I' iI
"
35 . 2
; A
@ hA T A A
3 A+ ?
73
|A A + *
warx
3 3A "A *A
+
t yA *
A "A ? A
bA Yemasselani fenot retu <a A A ? A A A KA * h YA 3A kA6 A + 3 A "*A
* *A A t
? A ' enza : 7 yA 7 7 ! A t?yA
' Enza dewey nabarku westa beteya.

7 /A A 7 7= A 30T "? 7A 7
< A 7 h A ( I AA -A A
A b3
A A ? A *A A * yA
kama/za- A
A T73A
+ |A A
+ " 6 3 A y A ' amsala A T /A |A+ kama) .
Z 3A t i a l l y A A ' enza :
' I
Re' iku be' se ' enza yebus ' edehu .

t
A (.
& I , ,'
w i Lh
lid
J I'l / /
( I' )
A w L t h ercd hand t 1 S A H C 3*A A ? 3A
;lth j cc t
/ I -R
or
VI'
! % IV
i I II
+7
3A
7 A ? Ak+ 6 k ]A
1 D p e r s on a 1
+ 3 3 7A
4 . QAA7
163 162
"
5 . waldeya fequr 6 , welud emuqan 7 . ' alblis geduf 8 . ' asa' en gedufan 9 . wareza qetul 1 0 . totan betuk 1 1 - b e ' s i zebu 1 2 . badn qebur 1 3 . sega genuz
Bxa!?in
2 1 . qal semur la- ' e l l a sam ' ewwo 2 2 . kahen adeq wa-teruf 23 . beer qerub 1 a-bar 24 . may qWarir kama ' asatya 25 . qal 'abiy kama nagW adg Wad 2 6 . s ayf tekelt ba- ' egru 2 7 . s em zekert westa zentu mashaf 2 8 . ezb segudan qedma a 'otomu . 29. t era z geduf westa fenot 3 0 . ' e qerebt 1 a-betena 31 . gama1 fetent wa-sene ' t 32 . nadday zebu 3 3 . ' aragit Kerestiyanawit 34 . zena nakir wa-eruf 3 5 . neway be luy wa-geduf
b:t- l ebbu .
1 7. ' A frcho1
mahraq wa_nagW adgWad wa-gab ' u ' abyatihomu.
1 8 . M3s ana ' ahgurihomu wa-tadewawu ezbomu . 1 9 . B ekemu-nu be zuxina ' a1hemta? 20. ' Albo en fa la-xa i ' atomu wa- ' albo xWe1qWa gebarihomu ' ekuyat . 2 1 . ' Amasanu ' abyata wa- ' a ' adata za-ana?na ba- sama 'abiy 22 . ' Asare\o wa-wagarewwo gerufo westa beta moqe . 2 3 . Rakabew\omu 1a- falaseyan neburanihomu heyya ba- salam . 24 . Tafatu mawaqeina wa-wasla ' n a feuna ' em-heyya. 25 . Tamatrat e}'\atu l a-we ' etu garafi ba -mabraq z a-t afann:II1I samay . 26 . ' I -kehlu ba\i ' a beta Kerest iyan ' e sma ' i - emuqan
' clllun l l i .
'
5
wa - s cnu ' .
gebur
1 5 . gass kesut .L 6 . ' c 1e\ s edud

Bscm 18.
zekur
2 7 . Z anta nagara kesuta, wa-batu kal e ' a nagara semm"i t a . 2 8 . ' Em-qadimu koIi.u yenabberu sab ' manfasaweyan westa ' c 1 ] O l l l i l ' adbar , wa-batu ' em-dexra motu 1 iqanihoTIlu , fal asu bahawert ba ' edan .
wc s L
b c ' sit enest

3 h agar nebert diba dabr
20 . ' aragayt sekebt diba medr

U.
with the appropri at e rela Rep l acc the adj e ct ives i n 1 -1 8 above q za-yefappen ; be' si zebup tive claus e . E . g . mabraq fe ?un mabra
=
be' si za-tazabpa.
C.
1 . D ekum ' ana wa- ' efaqqed ' enbar . 2 . Deruf ' anta wa-rekus we ' etu qa1 eka . 3 . Temas s e 1 ani slarafe wa- gabare ' ekit . 1t . 4 . ' Amsa1 na slarafeyana kama qata qadamt kama ma1 a ' ekt ' em-x aba mu aniho 5 . 'Amsa l ewwomu 1a_qe ddus ada. 6 . Zentu b eer yemas s e l an i semura fadf ef1es west a kale ' makan . n 7 . ' Adkamana zentu mend abe wa- faqadna W enam wa- ' asatya wa- ' afe ' a 8 . Ma!? ' a nafa s q ar i r mes 1 a be zux z ' essa ta za- ' andadu . W i wa-wahabani za-s a' a1ku . 9 . Soba q ararat ma " atu , saww e ' an ' aka berhan . 1 0 . Masa 10mu ga?u ga?? a ma1 a ' enza yeqarreb west a feno t . 1 1 . Mas al0 kama re ' ya be ' s e ' ar agay 1 west a ' ed s enu ' . 1 2 . Raka ba ' abiya sayfa ' enza t eku ' em-xaba wadaqna . 1 3 . Ro? u feuna xabe na wa- ' ans e ' una hu genuz wa- ' i -yaqbare\wo . B Naba ru ' arda ' ihu TIlcs l a scga . k ,lIl1a ' i -yeq t e1ka ba-mabraqu 1 5 . ' I _ t edre f 1 3 ' l a ' E i,. z i ' a bl.1 1' r ' e 1ewa waa ekuy ' w a - h a h t u kona " 1 6 . Masa loTIlu bc " l' X 0 .. :I \: I 1 < ' ''" 1 ' : ' Eg z i ' aber .
164
165
L e s s on 36 36. 1 The Verbal Noun . There is associated with near l y every G
s edda t segdat semrat setqat pemqat zebpat
exi l e , expu l s i on ; p ersecution pro strat i on , act of adoration favor, approval , consent ; approval of cutting, s p l i t ting ; a cut , sp l i t bapt i sm beating , whipping
ba-semrata
with the cons ent/
verb a noun denoting the acti on or qual ity defined by the verbal root. N e i ther the form nor the meaning of these nouns is comp l e t e l y pre d i ct ab l e . The form may be any one (or more) of a d o z en p attern s , but there are only seven of rel at iv e l y h i gh frequency
(qet lat, qetl,

from ab shoot) .
qetal, qetal, qatal, qatal, qat l) . The meanings may range s tract ( e . g . pebab wisdom) t o concrete ( e . g . takl a p l ant ,
P lura l s , when attested, are uniformly i n
-at .
In general , hOlvever , the range of p o s s ib i l i t ies , both in form and me aning , i s sma l l and it i s conveni ent to l earn these nouns for a g iven verb when the verb i s first met . po int . (a) The pattern B e l ow are the verbal nouns o f the G verbs from sound roots which have been introduced up t o thi s
(b) The pattern qet l .
q.ens feqr gebr
pregnancy ; a l s o (rar e l y) foetus love already given in V o c . 21 . given there ,

an
gebr
is also emp loyed rather curious 1 Y
In addi t i o n to the llI o a l l l l l W '

I I '. i
qe t lat .
This i s the mos t common type and could With many
adverb "neces s ari l y , out of nece s s i ty" ;
ba-(fphr
app arent l y be formed at wi l l from any active verbal root .

t o another more frequent pattern .
v e rb s , however, it is obvious ly of s econdary importance in comparis on
kebr mekr
dnlll.
gl ory , hono r ; s p l endo r , magnificence p l an ; couns el , advi ce ; considerat i o n , d e l iberat i on ; pruden ce , wisdom; opinion , point o f v i ew ( e . g .
The forms
qetlat
l i sted b e l ow are Note that in some
ba
t h e main verbal noun for the roo t s in quest ion , or at leas t , are as
mekreya negs rekws qWerr ? edq
in my opinion)
frequent as any of the others that may be attested . i s attested only a s C G or G t .
reign , rul e uncl eannes s , p o l lution ; anything uncl ean , any v i l e thing col d , c o l dness j us t i c e ; inf. :
i ns t ances the verbal noun of the G type occurs where the verb i t s e l f
betkat q.erfat fe lsat feprat gebrat genzat nebrat neddat qe t la t

, ' ( /lk( , I
breaking, fracture , rupture b l asphemy wandering, trave l ; exi l e ; deat h ; as sump t i on ( into heaven) .
gabra ?edqa
to do j ustice ;
' i-kona ?edqa
i t i s not ri ght to . . . ; righteousnes s , virtue ;
Felsata Babi lon
the Babylonian E x i l e .
truth , the trut h .
ba-?edq
correct l y , r i ght l y , j ust ly .
the act o f creat i on ; what i s create d , creatures ; nature , character; kind , speci es . fash i on , way in whi ch something i s made and appears ; form, shape preparation for bur i a l s i t t ing down; s e s s i o n ; posi t i on ; condition, s t at e ; manner o r mode of l i fe ; dwel l ing ( act o r p l ace) fl ame, burn ing k i l l i ng , murder
f i nd i ng ; P I'<'''< a c q l l i '; i t i on
zekr
(c)
mention , memory; commemoration
P lura l s , when att e s t ed , are uni form l y at The pattern wi sdom

The
r a t t e rn
-at .
qetal :
tebah
(d)
qeta l :
no ! & " %o
C; p o l' c h ,
N' '!I' ';;!
s ays , manner of speaking

Taraj';'! l "
I '"
I'elll;l i I I d l' ,' .
t i l<'
, rc khn l
Ii
, m ] \[ To
P ,' ( I ,
L [ 6 6 f o i j X ao
preaching m i s s i on
1 /" J' l ff'l
( l V I ' !' I I < lIv
O T b o o k o f Chroni cles ( l i t . tho 1 ' < '11111 1 , , 0 1 < K i ngs)

i ' i I' i !'lII i t y ,
I'l'S . due ; overflow, abundance .
1 " " 0111
"" 1 1 1 1 1 " " . ' , .
weakness
167 1 66 'i.aiJa tewo!o
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3ebpata 'e?uba .
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Z Y !A A + A +/ ;
A qataZ : A _ A ^ /A64 A
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nagar qabar taraf

t 6dA A
la-badnu genzata sannaya.
^ A6A 4 ( A A + +#
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qata Z :
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Y 4 A 6 A^ 6 A + /A A A
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faqad
Z + WA ( - at)
9A maswa 'ta faqad _ ( 4 ( aA !A 30 A
A A ge 'z Z+t ! -at) 4A Z A
8A 4 /A O d !A
4 ( Q \ A $ n 4 j iA ll
faqad _ nafiis
6A ( ( A A Z dAA +
qatZ A
A 4 A A A 4A A H ]A
6A -A
6 ( Â _A
A W A 4 A A
A 4A A 6A A - A A_
( A4 A O A + YA _ A VA A A 6 A
A nafs , nadd, bet ( *bayt) , gabr , wald, 84O A 6 A _ Â
W ( / A4A /A
?aZot Z +^ A - at) + Z dVA ' at;ba 't Z+ !' a?ii.be A 'dA6 ! S 6 A /A VA ' ezn Z +@ A' V ezan A , ' a' zan) 6 ! A !A ' a'yent) 6 ! A !A sab" a ayn + . 'ayn Z + >A
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$ ^ ^ !/ A 4
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mes Za A 6 OA A
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t;alma/f}aZama (ye? Zam/ye? lem) A -A ]AA Y A o f e y e s : t t l 1: I ' . , w ^ kA ?aZma ga??u A A VA A ' a? lama 4 0 A ?elum $ /A 4 /A ( WA al ' Z 6 A l ) t; 'l-m . ?a am ^ SA I I ' III;' I I
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894 5&A
?edq A takZa haymanot

A 84 3 6 / A 4 A O A - O A A 4 A A A_ A A A
(/
' ama _N
A A O A k A A A A A O A A A A 6Â h A 6A 6A A ^ Â A +
la-s . e lmata
A
A A .A Z 4A AA AA /A A A A 4A A 6D A
A VA O A A
^ 6A 6 A A
/A A 6 A A OA ^ A A
A A (A4A A A ( l /A A
& A A
4 A 6 A O_ A 4 A 6 A A 4A
A 6A A 6 A WA A A A 4
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B A $ A
sapaqa (yespeq) A 4 A + ^ A A tasat _WA se puq 4 . qa + sepqat 4 /A + ^ O O /A A4 -A+ ^ !A xadara A / A - ^ Y / A O A Z 4 4 ^ ^ A- A A + + Â 4A A - A A W 6A A + 6 d A xadara la 'la A
O /A + A ^_A A /A Z A 6 A A A ZA + A A A+ d
/A + ( A + /A A
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Z S6 W d A /A A !A ^ ^ O _ A A A A A 66 A A /A A + A A A A
fl. .
' =dara 4
A _ !A A taxadra A b ' A bA mes la) .
E ! SA ( A t=adara
+( 4 ^ OQ A - A 4 A A
- at - O A _A
O_ !A Â
6 -A l + 4 /AA
4 A A _ A + Â 4A A
A O A 4 "A 4O A
6 6 A A + (A 4O A + O YA A 6A O A A A 4 /A A A /A
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A A
_ /A A A
'a?aba/ 'a?ba (ye '?eb/ye '?ab) A A /A /A 6 6 4 ^ A Z 6c A # SA 46 6 ! d t A AA !A 'eub /A 66 4( / A 4 uA di f 4 7 A Z Aa A la- + 6 Sd SbaA ?ub - A 6 4 ^ !A

k
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168
I ' ,
169 7 . fetrata al:1iy wa-warx 8 . fel s at a zentu hezb 9 . derfatu l a - z eku ' arami 1 4 . s e!qata ' albas i hu I S . gebrata zentu neway za-bert 1 6 . berhan wa- elmat 1 7 . nebratu wa- ge ' zu 1 8 . ge ' z atihomu l a - :;; adeqan 1 9 . betkata h ab 1
6.
Mcnt wc ' etu mekreka ba' ent a t ebaba qadamt ?
Ii
7 . ' I - ' amanna nebabo . 8 . Zanta gabarna l a - zekru 1 a - ' abuna za-mota ' ama xamusu la- e 1mata zentu l'iarx . l'i W 9 . Wa-kona samay !? e l uma , wa- t a s am ' a qa1a nag adg ad wa-nafas , wa tare ' ya berhana mabraq . 1 0 . Ta s a qa ' aba ' t u wa-we z a be zux dam ' em- ' edeh u . 1 1 . Ka1 ' una xadira b a-ma ' kal omu wa-sadaduna zeyya . 1 2 . Zentu we ' etu t erafa nagara we ' etu nab i y . 1 3 . ' I -gabarku zanta b a - g ebr ' al Ia ba- faqadeya . 1 4 . Ba' enta gebru ' ekuy wadqa ' em- k ebru wa-kona kli. ' eba iH) ' :' " naddaya . I S . Takala t ak l a enu ' a za-haymanot westa ' al babihomu . 1 6 . Zati ama ' es eb t ye ' et i ; ' i -nefaqqed kama negbara dekamena. 17. ' Asbatomu nebratomu heyya, wa- fa1asu west a k a l e ' b e h c r . 1 8 . ' E :;; ub 1a-l;1ani za' enb a l a ' a ' ban . 1 9 . Na s ' an i me s 1 ehu soba ora westa s ebkat . 20. ' E ubat qal atihu l a - ' a' mero .
kama ! ( &/
1 0 . fel s at a B 1ib i lon 1 l . nebrata makareyan 1 2 . nebratomu ba-westa gadam 1 3 , elmata l e I i t
B . l . ' Ayte za-xadarkemu ba-mawa ' e l a fel s at ekemu ? 2 , Tasadda ' em-xabehomu b a ' ent a erfatu ' ekuy . 3 . Wa- ' emze me o 1 a-we ' etu qeddus ' em - s eddatu . 4 . Had ' at medrena ' em-qet l at wa- ' em-maq s aft b a - gi z e negsu . S . Menta gabra ' F. gz i ' ab er ' emdexra fetrata ' abuna ' Adam? W 6 . Nenabber zeyya ' eska yeq arrer neddata ma " at za-westa 1ebbu . 7 . Ganazewwo genzata s annaya wa-qabarewwo ba- ' abi y kebr . 8 . N agara l a-nege s t ba' enta nebratu l a-we ' etu n egu s wa-ba ' ent a w kebra betu wa-k e l 1 u ge ' zu . 9 . Soba tasam ' a qal a b etkata ' a ' :;; uq , wa-rona fetuna ' em-tahta 'edaw . 1 0 . Tare ' yana gebrata ' al basi hu nakira eqq a . 1 1 . Tanagara mes l ena ba' enta rekbata maaf be1uy w e s t a b e t a maqdas. 1 2 . B a ' enta ment mat arewwo ' a:;; abe 'ihu l a - z entu b e ' s i ? w 1 3 . ' I - kehe lna taxadero mes lehomu b a ' enta rek somu . 1 4 . Soba s am ' a alotatihomu 1 a- K erest iyan , tam ' e ' a fadfada wa ' az z azomu la- ' agbertihu kama yezbetewwomu wa-yeqte lewwomu . I S . Wa- ' emdexra nagaran a mekro , xabarna mes lehu .
C.
2 1 . Xadara manfas rekus l a ' lehu , wa- ' i - faqada wa- ' i -mannu- h i yeqrab xabehu . W 2 2 . G ayyu me s l a t arafa newayomu .
2 3 . ' Ama kas ata ' a ' yentihu, ' i -r e ' ya menta-ni west a e 1mat z a ' odat o .
1 . ba- s emrata ' eg z i ' omu 2 . segdatomu 1 a-!a 'ot 3 . s ebkata wange1 za-madxenena W 4 . emqata ' eg a1 ihomu S . rekbata darahema berur 6 . den s a 1 a-walattu 7 . gebrat ' ekuyat za-xadart
8 . qabar kebur 9 . b a ' enta kebra naga st 1 0 . feqru 1 a -wa1du 1 1 . bakama faqadu 1a- ' abuhu 1 2 . ' atkelt betukan ' em-xaba barad 1 3 . t ebab tereft 1 4 . ke suta ' e zan wa- fetuna ' a ' mera
n.
J , 'i' : 1 1 1 1 1 :i y ii l ,r, . 1\
"
t ,t!
l , Z <l - ' ayy-nu b e ' s i zcntu ens ?
' n ' yC'llt i hfl l'i a - scmurat qa1 atiha .

(
"
1: 1 1 '." : " k : I 1I1:1 s l' l maLa dammanata zenam .

1,\ I ' Y W i l l
r t'
I " ' I I
",
l,t
" 'III
fcqr we ' etu .
' 1 " " I' I'Cl l c l i t wa- ' em-neddata aJ:!ay ba-ma' a1t.
1 70
171 L e s s on 37 37. 1 Nouns o f P l ace : the P attern meqtal . There are two The
maqsaft from qasafa) : maqbart man bart

(p l . maqaber, -at) m . grave , tomb, s epulcher . p l ural i s a l s o used as a s ingular . s t at e , cond i t i o n , mode of l i fe (synonym o f nebrat) The pattern maqtel ( and maqte l t ) has two distinct func t i on s : Ban agent noun for CG verb s , to be d i scussed in a l ater l es s o n ; ( l J 11 e I " ri ved noun from G verb s , s im i l ar in meaning (and somet imes 0 V I I " 1 ,"1 1 Note
=
The
principal types of nouns with pre fixed m- derived from G verbs . mos t con s i s t ently predictab l e in t erms of meaning i s meqtal ( i . e . verb is customar i l y performed :
meC C aC ) , which usual ly deno t e s the p l ace where the action o f the 1 2 ;3 mendad mesgad meskab mepnaq menbar meqrab
furnace , oven , firep l ace a p l ace where one worships , a shrine , mo sque a bed, couch ; a p l ace to lie down a p l ace for bapt i z ing , bap t i s try ; al s o : general a p l ace where something is put ; res i dence , where one l ives ; bas e , foundat ion (of a p i l l ar etc . ) n e ighborhoo d , v i cinity a poo l i n
of) maqta Z .
matke Z mangest
matka Z above samayat the Kingdom o f Heaven ; zamada/I,}(J / 1Ir111 mangest the royal fami l y .
Vocabul ary 37
( p I . -at) m . f , kingdom; kingship ,
maj c:; L y .
11/, / 1/11,'11 1 "
O ccas i ona l l y , however, words of this pattern deve lop special i zed mean ings which must be l e arned separat e l y :
Verbs :
nafsa t o blow ( s ubj ect : the wind) .
CG ' anfasa to breathe s omet h ing
megbar menbab merkab
act i o n , pract i ce , behavior , cus t om ( s ) ; what one does, bus i n e s s a paragraph or s e c t i on (peri cope) o f a t ext , as divided for pub l i c reading acqu i s i t i on ; p ay , s tipend for performing one ' s office
out ( e . g . fire) ; t o res t , t ake a breathe r , find rel i e f ( from:
' ernenna) ; to g i v e rest or relief t o . baraqa (yebreq) to l ightning , f l ash l ike l i ghtn ing .
make l i ghtning . C G ' abraqa to Gt
qasafa (yeqsef) to beat, whip ; to affl i c t , pun i s h (with : ba- ) . taqasfa p ass ive . qesuf beaten , whipped , aff l i ct e d .
pun i s hment , a ffl i c t i on .
qesfat
The gender of the s e nouns i s variab l e (m . f . ) ; plural s , when att e s t e d , a r e uniformly in -at . 37. 2 Nouns o f the P att ern maqtal (t) . The s econd type of noun Nouns of t h i s format ion
saqaZa (yesqeZ ) to s uspend , hang up (acc . dir . obj . + ba- , westa, diba , Za (Za) ; to cruci f y .
Gt tasaqZa pas si v e ; to depend (on :
w i t h prefixed m- i s maqtal ( i . e . maC C aC ) '
cover a wide range o f meanings (nouns o f p l ace , o f instrument , o f a c t ion) and shou l d not b e gue s s ed at . We have al ready encountered Nouns :
1 2
;3
ba- , xaba) ; to adhere , c l ing (to : westa) .

i on.
sequZ hanging , sus s eq Zat crucifix
pended, cruc i f i e d ; dependent (on : ba- , westa) .
masqal (pl . masaqe Z ) m . cros s ,
manfas , mal' ak , mabraq , and makCin ( from kana) ; note also : magnaz manbar marxo maikaZ
J ' O l'
mater i a l s used in preparing a body for buri a l (p I . manabert) m . f . throne , s eat , chair ( for *marxaw ; p I . mariixut) m . f . key
re' s ( p I . ' ar' e s t) m . f . head ; top , summi t ; ch ief, l eade r ; f requcn l

wi th suffi x as reflexive or intensive pronoun :
gallrla i ( 1 ' 1 . -ii i ) k i l l ed h imsc l f ; qataZkewwo re' seya
qatala
. ! .
1 '(1' I/O
h L'
( p I . ma take l ) s t ak e , peg
. ) & !.
mys e l f A
% .
!" D + ( , .
'"
lV I I I , '""' 1 1 , , 1 ,
I I,
I I .. D
2 # D r : I I I : "
111(/' 1 '<1 / 1
( w i th final -t) is use d , o ften al ong " I'

! -# $ *.
Bel'''!!
: 1,'/1/;"/1
( c f . masw(i ( t from saw ( a ;
1:. ,-/' .' 1 /(/

1 1' 1 .
( p J . - a t ) med i c i n e , herbs , et c . ; incant"t i o/l'. , ' ' I ' ' ' I i ' I . [,,'r'(ju, sab' a seray deal ers
"% .
r . garden ; the Garden of
jn
1 i!!.;n. ll l }
evi l s p i ri t .
:W-!lilll''I1 1 1 , 1
1Il/1)! I ,' 1 1 1 . (
IIIII ! I I ,
" 1 " . 1 1 ',
' ," / "
1 72 , ayanell t) o n c po sscsscd by an evi l spirit . Exerc i s e s A . 1 . rnatkal za-xasin 2. rnarxo biHeya 3 . rnanbaru 1 a- ' Eg z i ' aber 4 . rnanbar kebur 5 . ' ahgura rnangestu 6 . mangesta sarnayat 7. rnaraxuta rnangesta s arnayat 8 . rnat ak e 1 a ' es! 9 . magnaz sannay 1 0 . maqabera nabiy 1 1 . manbart a qadamta mangest 1 2 . mendad za- ' essat 1 3 . mesgada ' aramawiyan
.
173
[awlV c s o L O ' cm - d alVehu
' eub .
16.
' Awc ' u alVarcyat ' aganenta ba-s ema ' E g z i ' ena ' Iyasus Kere stos C 1 0tu sebat) .
1 4 . menbira betu 1 5 . meqrabomu 1a-xae ' an w 1 6 . rek sa megbarihomu 1 7 . menbaba mashaf qadami 1 8 . rnasqa1 za- ' e 1 9 . ' ea rnasqa1 2 0 . berhana mabraq 2 1 . manfas rekus 2 2 . makan hedu ' 2 3 . manbar sannay za-warq 2 4 . manaberta makwanent 25 . mangestata medr 2 6 . rekbata newayu
1 7 . awlVe ' omu 1a-sadadd wa- ' azzazomu kama yesdedewwo 1 a- ganen za 1 8 . KW e l lo ' amira ' anbabu l ana ' ahada menbaba ' em-rnaJ:af ba' enta J:eywata qeddus an . 1 9 . Sarn ' a ' E g z i ' aber 1 a - a l ota nabiyu , wa- ' asrne ' a qala wa- ' abraqa rnabareqtihu ba-westa samay alirn. 2 0 . awwe ' omu 1 a- ' ar' esta J: e zb xabehu wa-tas e " el omu b a ' cntn kona ba- l e 1 i t , wa- se ' nu nagiroto wa- ' i -menta-ni .
C . 1 . nadday qesuf wa- sedud
ZIt lV t nag au! r. u l I
xadara l a ' l a wa1 du, wa-bahtu ' i-kehlu sadidoto .
1 4 . ' ed tekul westa gannat 1 5 . ge ' z a ' Ag ' a z i 1 6 . merkaba gabbar 1 7 . taJ:ta meskabu 1 8 . matkal betuk 1 9 . 'abiy rnangest 20. negs naww1ix
ma ' k u l l l
2 . be zuxan ' e 1 1a- ' aganent 3 . ' e zn metert ' ern-re ' su 4 . be ' s i metura ' ed 5 . 9arafi metura 1 e s an 6 . ' atke1t nawixan wa-s enu ' an 7 . ba- semrata 1 iqa p appasat 8 . t ebaba !abiban 9 . maqbart kesut 1 0 . rnetrata re ' su 1 1 . menbara rnasqa1 1 2 . za' enba1a faqad 1 3 . rnangala re ' s a dabr 1 . Maftel, karna ' eqs e fka. 2. ' Amasanu ' asada ' atke l t . 3 . ' Amkarkewwomu kama yef1 esu . 4 . 'Araggu wes ta re ' s a dabr .
S . Mas ' ani dekarn wa- s e ' enku
Wadaya . eraza rnaaf westa mendad . 2 . R e ' s a zentu dabr manbaru 1 a - ' Eg z i ' aber we ' etu . 3 . Qatal ato 1 a-we ' etu be ' s i ' ekuy ba-matka1 za- ' ed . W iI . N enbar qeruba 1 a-mendad, ' esma waana nafas q arir nafis a .
2 1 . fe 1 s at a la-nafsu westa samiy 2 2 . ' ebn sa1 arn 2 3 . maaf seuq wa-geduf 2 4 . ' a ' yent e1umat 25 . ' asmata ' arawita gannat 26 . xWe1qWa ' aganent 1 0 . Xasasewwo kama yesqe 1ewI'o . 1 1 . Tabatka hab1u wa-wadqa westa may . 1 2 . 'E ub we ' etu 1 a- ' awge ' otomu la- ' aganent . 1 3 . ' Enza dekurn ' arga wes t a ba- ' esub . 1 4 . amarna ba-q wcrr<l I11-:1 YII mcmaq . 1 5 . Neb5bu
w
S . ' Emdexra ' anfasna ' em- amana , dagema ' axazna gabira . 6 . Taqasfu ' el lontu ezb xa! e ' an ba- ' essat wa- ' a ' ban z a-waradu 1a ' lehomu ' em- s amay .
7 . Ba ' enta ment ' i -keh 1 a warida ' em-diba. masqa1 ?

8.
Sakaba diba meskabu wa-tadawwaya. 9. Xadaru ' abawina qadamt westa gannat sannay fadfada, wa-baJ:tu ta' adawu 1 a ' l a ' E g zi ' aber, wa-we ' etu ' a z zazomu 1a-ma l a ' ektihu kama yesdedewwomu 1 a- ' abawina ' em-westa gannat xaba makan za se1mat .
D.
1 0 . Tagab e ' u xaba me!maq za-qerub l a-beta negus . 1 1 . Zentu ' e9 we ' etu ' em-masqa1 z a - t as aq1a ' T yasus dibehu . 1 2 . Sequ1 J:eywateya ba-te ' z aza neguseka. 1 3 . Soba baJ:a we ' eta makana, r e ' ya k We 1 1 0mu Kerestiyana s equ1 ana diba masaqe1 ba-t e ' zaza we ' etu negus ' e 1 ew . 1 4 . ' Emdexra seq1atu 1a-madxenena , gWayyu ' arda ' ihu kama ' i yerkabewwomu sab ' a hagar wa-yeqse fewwomu .
IS. ' i\III t" ll l o L t !
J:awira ba- ' egr . 6 . ' I -kona edqa 1 a- ewewotornu . 7 . ' Arnmaran a fenota ba- ' aba ' tu . 8 . ' Akko zentu st:ray za-faWl,aso . 9 . Sall11a ' a ' ycntihu l,a- ' i -keh1a rc ' eyA .
d a h l'
' l I d l' . I '. I I .
e rya
r t ak i
I'a
' cm- ' asnafa medr, wa-baJ:tu ' i -keh 1 u
1 74
1 75
C A 38
38 . 1
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A 5 A A 3q A \ 5 C!A C AA A A j
xflbu.;;u.
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A A
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ya' CJ1l'U71en ya' asser ya'aqqeb ya' arreg ya 'a??eb yaanne yahattet yaazzen yaxabber yaxaddeg yaxadder yaxa Uef yaxasses
v v
Z A 5{ " "A " A A " A

' amna
\ ]A3A 5{ " ]A A { l A A 3 3
ye' man ye' ser y e 'qab ye' reg/ye'rag y e ' l!eb/ye' l!ab yene? ye tet yezan/yezen yexbar yexdeg yexder yex"lef yexses
!A : E
Z YA A
' amani
'aqiibi
3 3A qataU :
A q"C A " A { C q q - A -a- 3 C { 0 "
5{ " A CA
q\ A A 5{ " \EA \A {" \A

' eman ' eser ' eqab
3A - A q C A !A A Z{ A'aqabt ) " A 3 A A 5{ 3CA " h { " v A'aqabe ( 'a?ada) wayn \q 3 "A A A - 3 A 'aqabe re' s/sega F nabib C { h " ] AC { h C5 3 A 'aqabe gannat
' aqabe seray "
"
" ] 3A A in
,aqiib e ' anq(l-?
$b p
wA 'u.'1i1I,;; ?xA
, asara ' aqaba ' arga , al!aba/ al!ba iJ,ana?a hatata azana xabra xadaga xadara xaZafa xasasa
fj.ana?i xabazi xadari xa"lafi
]A{ C
" h" A
3|A
]A q
Y" WA C ] AC A 3CdA 3C " 3 !A ]A q ]A h { 3 A \3 A \ !A A 3A {" 1A A ' aman , ]A\ 3A S A " SA 3A { C C3 A !At r a n s i t o ry . Aused co l l e c L i v e l y :
'ereg/ ' erag fj.ene? etet ezan/ezen xebar xedeg xeder xdef xeses
Z{< A xadart) " Cq >A A 3 3 ] A 3 ]A q ]A " " !A A !AZ 3 A
Z { !A xalaft) { C C $ ]A C A{ CC A 3 !A
A "5A xa"lafit
Z A A\
' esrat ' emnat ' aman 'eqbat
A' CJ1l'U71a.n) " !A "
' amana , ba-' aman \ ' ergat
] A A " >A
Z AEA \
' emun
A A" C - "
\ A qetu"l : A \ A C C C " ]A" VA' emuna \ >A A (2) C A C q ]A C ]A" 5 j \ A "5A A A 533A VA " ]A A
C "\q 3 ] A3 C q
4
' esur 'equb
(1)
!A 3]A ]A { "A ]A 3 A
C ]A C C q Z A A C d !A "C C q C q
A C C 5 { q A q3 A A ]A 3 C " 3A A q r AC ] AZ A
'e?ab/'a?ab atata hazan xebrat xedgat
C ] q A 3 ]Aq " ]A CC
en?/en?at/en?a
Z " A "la-) ; (3)

' eqebt Z{ !A 'equbat)
\ 3]A
CA C A "A ~
C C C ] "A A 3 C C]A " A A 5 q Cq C 3 AZ A C 3C]A q C Y VA " l A ma?afa xedgat \ M " A U6s
5
'e?ub enu? xebur xedug
.J;(' I IIj' xedur
0A " A 36 . Y ]A C Q A >A !A xebura \ !A C 5 A q 5!A ] A C " q A A \ " A "]A 3 ]A A
xedgat/xedagat
q ]A CC A A ] A( 3
r e s i d i ng ,
xedrat " C ]A - . 3 !A xasas a Z { !A- t) - C ] A C " A
Z d ACA A "C A C
mu ' lIlan
A { A " \ ]A
a
"3A maqtal (t) . SA A "
the -,/-
I A- t)
a l . 1 <
I"" "
1 76
mCr' sar ma(qab ma ( reg mahtat maxbar maxdar
s ( NA ma' aser, - t) ; u u AA U
VOl; .
A . . M A
s AA
) d
A A
177
Other :
,A ML,A MA ma' ser A
ma' sart . jA M A
sP ( m A a ( aqeb , - t) M A M ,. uA P L B A A , H . A ) B sP L ma A ( areg , -at) ; ! u A M ;uA . ,. ; AH B L( , AL L A B L, ) A ) . M , A( M ; M A , , B . A P A , A -., A M L (P . , jA; , . M ( B A , M A meqtal A MA P , , A .M , B uA NA , ! A jABM - A . ; A B B L . AB uA iA ; A uA
(adi
[
=
NA ) ( L .A A A .A ,
; M M A, . L ( A L M A . APM A , L A -A MA , A" A ( L- A P - z \ OA/ 6 7
uA
! <
L A U A ,A A ' enza 'adina zeyya -
;A ) . L ( A ( !A ' ( adiya eyaw <A ) A A cadi xamus A ,A ; M A B ( A H(( u A N A N A A sanit ( e lat) s MA d A lA NA l x ; A } lU MA ; ,L x ; l L }; xA 8 U.A x A l f!A A x;A w3A n F ; A uA } .A =uA } /= F A B , ,A A u A sanita
; NAba-sanitii A
A l I C' x t d " y
sP u maxader) A -
s dA ,A A me(rag
mexlaf A + ( B A MA H M ,) P LN -Cit) A P LB A A H , A N 4 A .
A } . A ;0 } x A ; M }M ) -x !A uA
!A
U (MA w o A
A- ( ..
A } ) ; A } _; ; A-
A;.xA
U <,
A A 1 11 B
. . A ; 0Z . A i
}; lM A i A U A
mahaymen s ~ AF ( M !A M U )A
( As A .A
, A , , d A A U
M A ; 7. U } x A 0 ; !A
8.
A MxU A - ,. ; A ;A * U A ; MA ;A
.A
} ; [ }A A 8 A
( araba/(arba (ye (rab/y e ( reb) . A , A s A A H )A A , . u A (arab - ) (arb (e lat c arabawi A
LA U
' a < raba , dNAA A(e lata (arb, AM U ; A A MA A !A
AA YA A u A} U A A . -A f!A r MA wuA };A A , r
U B A(arb ; M
80UA- A . 0 [x A Q . A - oA oMA 0A -p . A A xLA A A A 8 U . A) 0 A- 8A U A , A M } , v A )A

.... ...
A <arabi - , I uA ( erbat , . ; u A me (rab . A - , . A me (raba qaay , U B. AP .A . A , ; uA ( L,, ,,A P L (A L A ) )
80UA M 0A ) ; A - } x;A 8 U Ax L L A A U A x;A } < M0
uA F - Ux x U ; , A 88 .A A ; A
xafara/xafra (yexfar) .A U A ,OA xA #A M U ( A A MA taxafra A U A) ; ;P P A # P. A
s A ba' enta ; . A A , ; . AU M A A .A P M , H A s, ; Aga??a, ' emenna) . A xafrat sP L S -at) A , AP A A A ) . A H A L H.
ga??a, ' emenna) ; . A M A M A
9 . A - < . M xx U A - . A lU A l MA 0l A qx; A x--A
}0;0 A A uA U0 MuA 88 UAZ x [ UA ; AU
NA } U A ;
; A , , NA
U I.A
lamma/amama (yeam/yeemJ .A U A ( A ) MA M , ) !A A' ahmama . ), ( .A B. L L) ) A L( AP A L taamama .A . A A N Aemam sP L -at) A xagaba (yexq.eb) .A - A -)A PMA A . A U A ;A U A A xeqbat - ) awwa a A . A ,P .A L x A . A AU M A elm
NA A U [; 0 }x A aman .
1 7.
A- U 0 A , 0A M A
, , !A
. A
;UUA - } A U } . ;C C LM( ` l ;A 0A -
- , . A ) 0 A uA A
o A ' A 7"A 2 /34

21 .
} ;[- ,. A U A ;
u A C I 8 A Q.A
4 9 . ; 3 - : 5)=
. A i A ;) ) A l M0 A
A A taxagba .A - , A ) A H mA M uAU
), A ( A s A P L B uA A ) A
- ) . A U0MA U _} 0
A d xegub - , A AU . A
! A mexqab sP ( -at) A U
g.1 h i ra
H A L xA A H n NA
u A N . A (A xA A
s U A y Z A :lnd bad s e n s e s ) .
.A taawwa ?a P , A
8 N T[l!l A l h h r l r l l xehl l rn !r " A 9 ; S A 5 - 2,< 6 * / 0)(, + =' [ l i l l a , G j U r

1 ' '' ' ' ' 1 1 1 . 1
A ; x0 A ( Q . AMA x U M. NA A F r ;x A B } : A #. N
m n k Ti I Hi
' (" 1 , , 1 1 . ,
;<
- B, R
" 0!1
# <
;x
M0. A UEA
1 7B re ' s eka l<cs L a 25.

ucl a
" " I I ' Y"
:'. 1 1
III,
!
DC > E
"& ( (
179
. ll a ' enta ment k a l a ' kani h awwes o - n wa-emuman A . . t omu la- dewuya l B . ' Adi sadus wa- ' axa l l e f emxabek emu . '
24 . adeqan ' emuntu wa - cnu ' an
ba-
' As i romu ' aqabe ' anqa? wa-bawi ' omu mangest westa feno t .
beta negus b a - cnullj t ,
qatal ewwomu l a- ' aqab t a re ' su l a -negus wa-s adadewwomu l a- z amada
1 9 . Re ' ya ' abiya ma ' rega ' en z a menbaru dl ' ba me dr wa-r e ' su wes t a s amay . 20. ' At alvu beeromu ' emqed ma ye ' rab aay .
B . 1 . Kere s t i yan mah aymenan 2. ' aqabe nabib t abib wa-teruf 3 . z amad 'Arabi k ebur 4 . baawerta me ' rab 5. ' aqabe gannat ' emun
1 3 . r e ' s a xabaz eyan 1 4 . ' aragay e zun I S . b e ' s i t xedegt 1 6 . ba- ' e l at a ' arb 17 . ' emqedma ' erbata aJ:1ay l B . nafiis ' arabawi 1 9 . b a - lesan a ' Arabi 2 0 . xafratu 1 a-negusomu 2 1 . emam ' esub l a- fawweso 2 2 . xedbata kahenat 2 3 . xafratena b a ' en t a z a - gabarna 24 . ba- 'adi salus
6 . be ' s i dewuy wa-emum

7 . l e b s xeub ba-may B . xasasahomu l a- h e zbu 9 . hanas .i t . . ab i b 1 0 . hagar enet b a - ? enfa bar 11. ' anest ihu wa- ' equbatihu ' e d awihu C . 1 . B a ' ent a ment ' i - t a ' ammena beya? 2 . T a ' as s erewwo ba- ' abal enu ' . 3 . S a ' alnahu xedgata xatawe ' in a . 1 2 . wariha ' esura ' e garihu wa-
4 . awwe ' a J:1anae wa-nagaro mekro l a-hensata bet addi s . 5 . F at a ma' as erihomu l a - ' esuran . 6. ' Aqoma b e zuxa ma ' aqebta w e s t a ' amdar z a -mo ' a . yeqrabu xaba ' anaq e a hagar . B . F aq adku xa l i fa ' enta ma ' k a l a maxbaromu, wa- ' i -wahabuni mexl afa .
9.
7 . Taqadamnahomu westa me ' raga hagar , wa- ' i -xadagnahomu kama
Sarna 'na mah t at akemu H i ' l a z entu b e ' s i , wa-bahtu ' i - r akabna xat i ' ata botu . ' A l bo z a- ' i -yaxaffer ba-ye ' e t i ' e l at .
L :t - Ifl e n t
10. l l.
12.
T8xa1 :J.bku ' e dawiya wa-ga 7 eya b a-may qWarir z a - z entu memaq .
' 1''' z:I
(;"1, ' ,,
1" ,("
' al}mamkana zant a 1:emama ' e uba?
I I
I. , .
1 ,1 .
' au i k emu me s l ena,

!" E
' enagger akemu b a ' enta mangesta s amayat .
w 8 - h awI<asa bet a Keres t i yan za-anau west a s enfa soba warada xaba mexab .
I ', I '
M 7N
! 1 E oo a 4 $ + , # -Y EI '' I L l' l ewwo O 1 1P "Q Io, d
"
" 'III zcntu ' a l am wa-bo ' a w e s t a maxbara qeddus an.
1 80
L e s son 39
(0) V e rbal nouns :
@o@A
39. 1
( a)
'elra i
The Remaining Forms . Al l verb s o f
G Verbs from Roo t s I I -Guttural :
| HF $0F
wr it ing ( ac t or prod uct) reque s t , prayer, p e t i t i on
Imperfect , Subjunct ive , and Imperat ive .
t h i s root type have the s ame patterns for these s t ems , un i formly with in the Sub j unctive and Imperat ive . in the Imperfect Perfect Note the vowe l a s s imi l at i on
B JJF F
>
JJCF F
and I mp erative Subjunctive
B =F > JC F
Imperative
3 F HF with out e rror l ack o f fait h , imp i ety, here sy ; d i s o b e d i en c e , re be 3 F F wi thou t doub t , with out fear of " dict i on
erro r , s in ; denial , apo s t acy, rebe l l ion o l d age
&
Imp erfect
0F $F /3f
(f.
Regu l ar verb s of this type a l ready introduced are
F (p l . 1 F #F
The deriv ativ es of
s e rvant
F F
The verbs
F F /3F
F F F
F F
/3Fm . f i s t
( a l s o I - gut t . ) and
have irregu l arit i e s :
/3F F
//3F F F F
/3F /3F F &
/3F
+ F are a l i t t l e confu s ing. T h e $ % & 1 , , ' ,' 1 ^ F was intro duce d in Voc . 1 6 . The p lural < F p ro l , n i l l y $ long s t o the noun , F( s ame writ ten form a s - ^ F o wn e r I H ) . ; . " . . A s e cond adj ect ive . F was given in Vo c . 1 7 . Ther e are
, . . .t" .
t iona l nouns of ident i c al appe aran ce :
t wo
&
A number o f Imperfects of thi s root typ e have the first s t em syl l ab l e , e sp e c i a l l y
instead of
in
6F for
6F (he s e e s ) .
The reason for this phenomenon i s not c l e ar . (b) Verbal adj ect ives Vo c . 1 7 wri t t en errin g , l ed into error
It i s optiona l .
9 F (p l . 1 $ F m . f . f e as t , festi va l ; F / $ F to ho l d / c e l ebra te a f e s t ival ; O$ F F a fixed fest ival ; O$ F 6 F a movab l e festi va l . O $ F( f . 1 F owne r , p o s s e s sor , maste r ( a synonym o f $ F and shari ng i t s p l ur a l O UF
Then fin a l l y there i s the s imp l e verbal noun (e) Nouns with prefixed Voc . 1 1 (co l I . ) e l ders , seni ors ( eithe r as a s ynonym o f 6fF 6L F or in refer ence to perso ns o l der in age , e . g . /qt F F h i s o l der broth ers ) . The p lural forms F F 1$F a l s o occur . (pI .
9F 3 #F F F F !F F /3F
O .rF i ch e s , we a l th .
HsF F
apo st l e , me s s enger or construct)
impotent , power l e s s sen t ; frequent as noun :
l e arn e d , expert ( in : acc . or captive , h e l d ; pos s e s s ed by (e . g . j o in ed , continuous
/3F
hF \\ F
1 F
(c)
The agent noun Voc . 5
ut F
39. 2
servi c e , o f fi c e , funct ion . The Verb
epi s t l e , l et t e r ; l egat e , l egat i on ; mini s t ry , The Perfect of t h i s verb has
40$#F 0$F F
, r f.I'i1 : :
F to s ay .
+)*32<
infide l , non -bel ieve r ; reb e l

powerfu l , s t ro g , capab l e ; kllh7 1 7/ 10_
U h' I W I
I I
&F
lord .
rep l aced by a un ique prefi xe d conj ugati onal form :
N F omn ipotent ;
\ H l ' , 'oI". ' , O l' ;
i n l" . / verba l noun :

1II: 1 ' t (' r ,
$
tebe
he s a i d she said you

. s ai d
capab l e of (doing) .
&F &F
_
t h e y ( III . ) ';11 1 t I t h oy
yllil
( I . I
&
I
.d I t I
( III
i' l
1 B2
@owA r F &F HF
you (f. ) s ai d
r F F *& F
->
you
(f.pl . )
said
I said
we s a i d
adj e ctive l it t l e ,
(e . g .
a sma l l vi l l age) .
adv .
for a l i t t l e whi l e ; to be d i st ant , CG
1 F
l i t t l e by
litt l e .
T h e l o s s o f t h e final
apparent l y r e s u l t s from an o l d mi s d iv i s ion
07F
B* CF
poral ) . Glt
remot e ,
far off (both s p a t i a l and tem put at a d i s t an c e ; ( from : to d e l a y .
when a dative suffix was a t t a ch e d : us . The
*r
h e s a i d to
} 07F
to remove ,
is always " r e s tored" when a dative suffix is added to
n`07F A7F 67F 8F B* !y)F M 0)F

(p l .
t o s eparat e far away,

=
(mutual l y) remo t e , adv .
! 0 7F
aF! ` F F
; !)7
aFobj .
any of the above forms ending in
& dF
These forms are very frequent ,
suff. ) . anger . afar .
d i s tant ;
s l ow t o
/
b e ing u s e d regu l arly to introduce d i re c t speech . The Imperfe c t , Subj unct i v e , and Imperat ive are a l s o irregul ar ,
7F
a t a d i s t ance .
a p e r i o d of t ime or interval of sp a c e . to h ave mercy , , Gt pity (on : or
w i th uniform l o s s o f Imperfect : I n fl e ct ion i s normal .
F F
Sub j un ct ive :
!A)=!y)F *F
Imperat ive : Imperfect w i t h
obj .
su i ' f' . ) . p i t y / 1111"

= F
111l' IT
CG
t o move t o p i t y .
M9F !0F !0LF

to give
t o b e s hO\m
!:F
The appropr i at e form of the
1 F
mercy,
pity;
F
/
=!
(one who
I II
F *
have pity on ,
show mercy toward .
may be used a f t e r any verb o f speaking t o introduce d ir e ct
speech :
; ]! = <MF B* <y=*
be t asty, obj . ) to ( s omeone :
9!CF
j $)
to t a s t e , CG
to experience
(e.g.
d e l i c ious .
QMF
ue:I I I , ) : I I I
iI('(' ,
( s ometh i n g :
.I "
, --
?F } F ?F ?F
* F F *
F F F
and he s a i d to h i m (he - s aying) : and I asked him ( I - s aying) : (they - s aying) :
or obj .
suff . )
to tas t e ;
to make
p l easan t .
]!F
t as t e ,
tasty, f l avor ;
d e l i c i ous ,
sweet , p l e a s ant .
Fi ''''
and they spoke t o him
% F 7F
(p l .
"to
m. f.
sweet t a st e , p l e a s ant t a st e . (rare ly)
N o t e the derived verb s , Gt
r e gu l ar in format ion : said; to be spoken o f , name d , men
T h i s verb a l s o has th e meanings " t o grow o l d " and g r o w , i n c r e a s e i n s i ze o r quan t i t y"
in addition t o the s ense
to be spoken , t ioned
"to grow up , reach pubert y . "
Glt
F R! F
t o s p e ak
(debat e ,
d i s cu s s , .
argue)
with one another
q)F
0 to hide , cover over , conceal , prot e ct .

f l e xive and pas s iv e .
Dt
qnF
re
:F *E
: Fa cc . )
But CG
to cause to s ay ,
w i thout
1 dF
39
Other :
EF
an empha s i z ing part i c l e ,
usua l l y rendered as "beho l d . " ( s p a t i a l o r temporal )
It
ca l l s
V o cabul ary N o un s :
, I
attention t o t h e immedi acy l ows .
o f what fo l
I f u s e d a l one w i th a fo l l owing noun , "Here , come ! now , is
it may be taken as
"
I.
=!E ; F
(pl .
(p l .
EF s)F
a fu l l predicat i on : m . f. m. wav e , frui t flood. (lit. and f i g . ) , b lo s som, bud ;
# &F
# )F
<
an Imperat ive base :
Forms are m . s .
< :F f . s . F
:F m . p l .
0 king ! ,
L o rd !
,. I
=F
V erbs :
to produce fru i t .
' 0- vo cative part i cl e :

)(#("-
:F f . p l .
% F
O! it is U s ual l y prefi xed, as in regul arly suffixed :
Q )QF j
j /A ?F 0
Tt
F B*
CF
to be smal l , CG
l it t l e
( in s i z e or import an c e ) ;
to be l i tt l e ,
may a l so expre s s wonder o r gri e f .
youn g . young .
\n . F
causat i v e . ( fern .
F 4' F
(f.
smal l ,
.} $F
a young g i r l i n fancy . "

11 1 ' : ; (
o f an unat t e s t e d a l itt l e ,
dF
used
E xerci s e s
i n cOI1;t l'lIcl
F ch i l dh oo d ,
a sma l l amoun t ;
fl .
+#
i(u ,
) ( : < or appo s i t iona l l y l ike an
. .
K \v ,' l l olil l l '; 11 1 1 ' y (' I (' I 1 I 1 (,<[1 1 IV a -yaxa l l e fu \Ves t a me ' r a foml l "
y , " , , I.i I,/ I " 1 I
$ %Y D l'k cl)l)edu
"fl " +h'flil l m c s l c y ::t t ebe " e l u .
' amana wange lu .
I fill
*o A
4 . Nilxas scs 1 A f J RA A k ; (A
S.
( A) RL A R ) ~A t A i !A
>A ) > A
s A
t L:A h0( V A F [ A 2 ) u s v A i : : A ( <F 2(A )
L 2A D [ Pf A Qg >A >A R A 80(0 2 0 !A e A8A >A < < R vA
P A RA )A : A A
A @ ( R $ A (A 8A I:2 A A
w> 0 A ( A A we> AA wf NA A 0A ( A
~ A 2A >A ` A 2 :A
f@ !A kA ff>A R) fwvA
F N z A I F A $$ A ii A A R F A ) no mF:A [ [8 $0d h : $A j >A
o>A R A
, "
$ L ( : AA
A R e > A @ @R >/ A $
-:A ) 2 A 0A I ) ) :A R A 0 :A R < 2 j A F I
f < >e A R $ A F 2 A $0 A >A f >A F I LA f ~A I F RA 0A fo>A )2 A e v' [A f ! 'A F 2 VA w>A

S.
ww~ )2 A2 A A A R:2A w >A U0 w VA 0 w >A 0 wo> JA A w VI A[ A 2 A ( A F 0A I ) A I )$ A@ 80 A A
R AA ( A 2 80 :A
ef>A Rj y u $ (A R A ew> A)0 20A 2 0 I :A

IS .
A R L $A$ 0)A $ L ( > A I 0A
f>A I F RA $ 0 ( A @ < 0A 8 aA A 0A I F A t: A $ --:A I2 A kA ZA I )A I D A [ 5 8A iA @ A 0A @ < 00A 5A 0A A L I : Q A 1 A aA I D [ $ !A [ ~A ! : A $ i0 0 F [ A k
$ ( A 280 :A 02 2 $
e >R A @ : AF / 2 $ @ A A 0( $ A @>A 12 w ) 2 A e >A A @ o !I A < v2: A @ A ; 8 A f >A A $A 2A
f >AI ) A
C.
F I A L A ) > A w AI k A ) (A e A v < 2A $h A 7" w I )A R A )2 A S ) ,: !A A : !Q~A 2Q NA )2 A :A 8 >A A I x : A >A I ) )02AF [ R >A A ) )0 %: A @ >A &0 ~A
W:L
$@ A ( R A A) A 0 D A >A R$ ! A A R8 A VA
$ ( (0A
RF A R @A F [2 i8 A +A A
R C . A1 I I " i l "
@ ) 0 A : 0 0 0 @j 8 8 $ A $A A < @>A
A qadaml .
NA L\:A ' 2 0 : 2 eJA < 2 $ VA j@
I ) A I [ $ @A )
1 IA A ( A x 88 A A
>AR [M >hA R F I>i A >A T I[ o ! : AA @ A I A R
NA I =2[ J:A f@ *A I e f f NA I @ A ) )
3
e A I )
2 ! A
>A
R @ 0) j A I [ ) I e A8 A I 8A IkF A F R A k e U >A $ A ) A 0 A >A ) A
FN @i A8A 0 A ee>AI A 0 @fN I < A w A e w >50: A A e > AA e > A 0A A ) RAA e A iA @ o >D A: e > AI
3
fw> A ke A R [ A A( A e f>!A I F R T A f b'A < j >A f !A ) $A A $ I : A
y ) A R I D$
0 > A 2 b
I $2 A k A c 0A
R ( 0 $A R
A F A >A NA
:2
@ N R 0A A !A f >R A 2A
A 2A [ ) I 2A
@ >A e # ( RA $2 A K@ ) A k @:A @ f $05: >A A 2 A :8 iA e w N e AA A & 0A
@f~ A A k A
I D / 2 iA
w > A F0A R k F A 0A >A ) I AR k F0 A ) A ~ A ) A ) A j) ~ Ak 0 F A 0 A !A 0&DAI 0 D A o ! A e A E >< A N

I
@ A R! :( A e 0 A $ # 00A
/A R ) A +V < eA ) A I [
@ vA u 0@ A A e N A 0 ! A ) 8 L A e >e0 AA I ) 0R A @ >eA0AIA$A A A I @o>A $@A I ) A @ NA A S A
'^ )
&z A : !A D A) : $A I A U J yA
) VA A
A R
, J i
& 3
I n \v e ' c t t l
neglls O F A
186 T t 40 40 . 1 c 't L _ t i z Y N M L O b 3 \ t [ i k t ct t cp M 't Zt b } H 4 K ti z
,o A
j',l!'u h i 0IV1?i {"i
j'a iu.(l i
" )"
p t l b}t
rca [ Cu I ,
(p ] .
ttt
#)>F
z >
ztcz z z t p
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23A 1 A Nekel
Verbs : Gt taxab' a re xab ' a (yexba' J to hide , conce a l (acc . dir . obj . ) . ecret , arcane ; f l exive and pas s ive . xebu' h i dden , conceal ed; s p l ace , ba-xebu' s e cret l y , in s e cret . mexba' (pl . -at) hi ding . ) ; t o b e imminent ?ana (ye?naJ to wait , awai t , exp e c t ( ace . dir . obj ' a?nea t o s e t ( t o : dat . suff. or la- ) ; to l i e in wait for . CG e ( i . e. cause traps or snares for ; to s e t i n ambush ; to promi s . senuh wai t to expect) ; to prepar e ( s omethin g : acc . ) for ( la-J h i dden p l ace ; recept a cl e .
tameh i ro b e zux ' em-ge ' zu wa-nebratu I a - zentu q eddus .
= BWa- ' emdexra- z e 'adi yema e ' akemu ma 'bal a may wa-yer affe ' a
nafs tik emu kama nadda ' es sat .

,
'Eqabi ' es sa t a k ama ' i -t e r fa ' . Yebaz zexu ' e l l ontu s ab ' ' emennekemu , ' 'l ' - teke l u t a abe ' o mes l ehomu .
B.
A' eska me ' atu l a-waldeya fequr s F mab zexta xWe lqWomu
mar r abib wa- ' amani
1 7 . b a- ' e l ata fetokomll

2 A en 'a hayman o t c h.:1 B hed ' ata
&! ) "% $ -
ing, expectant ; put a s i de , res erved . l i s h , set up , sap <a (yespa <) to put into order , arran g e ; to estab ordere d , e s tab d, < arrange ordai n . Gt tasap <a passiv e . sepu ement , disposi l is he d , ordai ne d . ser <at (p l . -at) order , arrang , pact , test t io n ; decre e , edi c t , comman d ; l aw , s tatut e ; treaty ment ; custom , hab i t , any fixed pattern . accomp l is h ; with a fa??ama 0 to comp lete , fini s h , end ; to ful fi l l , . Dt tafa??ama p a s g omethin fo l l owing i nf . : to finish doing s s ive . Exerc i s e s A . 1 . Menta tegabberu s o b a yebaeQakemu ' e l ata mendabe?
f Wa a ' na fe ! una ' emqedma yem e ' u qatal t .
3.
4 . mabzexta zentu maxbara
maMymenan
5.
B marai
maQari
'l: g l. I ' I I I ,I.''' 1
# $
'aqabe seray s emu ' s em ' ' ekuy
ba-qedma ?ab1l ' i t a
en ' a ' ax z u
7 . b a ' enta sem ' a Qeddus Marqos

8 . we lud s ama 'eyan
23. s cm 'atata Keres t j
24 . z a ' enba l a k e l ' a t

25 . w a l d ne ' us wa-farrah
bezxa al otat i k emu
1 0 . moqe fetuh s 5 berhan me l u ' s amaya
feta ' e l ewan wa-kal: adeyiin ferhata l eb b
27. r ef' ata ' ah gurihomu

=
1 2 . s arna 't qetu l an 1 4 . xatawe ' feteht

I S . ' arnreQt ' ekuyan 1 3 . hagar ana ' it
2 9 . b e ' s i farahe ' E gz i ' aber

3 0 . aba' eyan enu 'ana l ebb
' I - faqadu kama yegb e ' u west a ' Iy arus a l em. 4. N e s a ' ' exwaka mes l ek a . ' I -tefrah, wal deya; ' an a ' eradde ' aka . ' I - yes amme ' l a - al o t atikemu wa- ' i -yenasse ' maswa ' takemu.
A S eme ' u l a-qalat ihu ' esma mahaymen rate ' wa- adeq we ' etu .
C . 1 . ' Emenna ' ayy makan ' anta?
Ment we ' etu mem a ' eka?
F a l a s eyan neQna wa- ' a lbena megba ' a .
5.
7.
6 . Bau heyya ' en z a yemarreQewwomu mal a ' ekta ' Aml ak .

2
w 4 . ' E gz i ' aber fataQina w e ' etu wa-rada ' ina ba-k e l l u gebarina.
5 . G abarka xat a htu ' eqas s e fa k a kesut a . , . i ' ataka b a-xebu ' , wa - ' ana b. 6. Ba-agahu l a - ' Eg z i ' abQer z a-ba a9kemu zanta makana h e du ' a b a
3 . Mannu za- gabra mena 'a s amay?
3 A Yema e ' u ' el l a ye?anne 'ukemu wa-yenasse 'u ' ahgurikemu . 1 0 . Mannu za-yekal l e ' an a gabi ' a b eQerana? A We ' et a ' amira yahadde ' medr ' em-mendabe wa- qat l . s
s a l am .
7.
' Asnehuni kama ye ' x azuni wa-yeqteluni .
Me l e ' u darahema Ive s t a ' edawihu wa-xedegu yegb a ' bet o . ' A z z azomu l a - ' aqabt i hu kama yeba ' meslehu l a ' l a kaadeyan .
' Enza
2 A Ne anne): zeyya ' es k a ya ' arreb dahay .
13.
1 4 . Y e ' eta ' e l ata yefatteQana kWe l l an a .
ba' a l a wa- s awwe ' omu I a 1 6 . ! l a - m e s e t a we ' et l l ' e l a t g a b r a ' abiya " w ( l l nllll l 1 1 t ' /. I , 4 ! " # 5 $ % A
' w e s t a fenoL ' e fatte mas kota re ' ikeww o l a- ' exuya yema e
11.
10.
9.
Yes anneh
$
' A l bo xaba nax ab e
l ak emu kWe l l ekemu ' e I t

'
mendabe .
warqana .
'omu z3nt a , gWayyu w a - t axab ' u .

' e sma
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12.
1 :1 .
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!
' i -yegabbe ' xabeka .
+ +
lIlal ' ek t o , xadagomu wa-ga h ' :!
1 90
191
1 5 . ani ? ana hagar i t a ne ' e st a , naxadder bat i b a - s a l am .

, i, I I'
I
1 6 . S ar ' omu fenawehomu 1 a- ?aay wa-warx . W 1 7 . Soba sar ' a ?aba ' t ihu qedmena, farahna wa - g ayayn a . W 1 8 . Sahafa l omu ser 'ata maxb aromu z a - b akamaha yegabberu k e 1 1 0 gebratihomu . 19. ' A z z a zomu l a- ? aba ' t ihu b a ' enta s er ' atomu b a- ab ' . 2 0 . B a ' enta ment t e keQedu s e r ' atateya wa- t e ' zazat eya? 2 1 . S ar ' u ' e l l ontu abiban s er ' at a ' awrax wa- s er ' ata ' amatat . 2 2 . Lakemu wa- l a - daq iqekemu t a s ar ' a z entu egg za- l a - ' a l am . 2 3 . S annay we ' etu, ' e sma wahabana rad ' et a . W 2 4 . aywa k e l l o Qeywato b a- edq wa-ba- ret ' .
L e s s on 4 1 41 . 1 (a) L V erbs from Roo t s I -W : The R emaining F o rms . Imperfe ct , Subjunc t i ve , and Imperative . Many of t h e " r
w- ,
II I
verbs have a shorter form o f the roo t , wi thout the i n i ti a l
i II
Subj unctive and Imperat ive , and o ft en in t h e verbal n o un ( s ('(' The short form is usua l l y as s o c i at ed with the s t em vowel
i ll('
#
"
there are excep t i on s ; some verbs have two or even t h ree Sui> , forms .
; ( I : D
, 1 11 1 1
Note a l s o the irregu l a r Imperfect of the verh " ),,Im/'" . Imperfect Sub j unctive Imperat i ve
$ $
P erfect
)F F F F F
)F F F F
)F F F F F F
F F F F F F F fF F FF FF F
haJJ I
kF F )F Px F FF
WF |F F >FF PP F F
ga' a i
F F FF ' FF PxF PxF -j F F ~
Un l i k e other verbs l I I - gutt . t i v e and imperative forms thus
(cf.
in Lesson 40) the sub j unc retain the -0.- in infl e ct i on ;
and
goF
(b)
F IF
goF F e t c . ;
F~F t : F $F 2F
FF
eF
The verb a l adj e ct i ves fa l l en, l ying fal l en
"F
wclud
( 1 ) p l . of F
( 2 ) s yn . of
i n the s ingu l a r
l a c k i Il P,
depart ing , emerg i n g ; many s e condary meanings :

( i n : ' ern- ) , a l i en ( t o : ( e) t " ',I, r l
! # "$
et c . c TF
&
, I, / , 1
d ' ' '' '' I ' 1 l 1

& * )
: t l l , c o l l ap s e I 'D
s 192
mIF 4 F g +F +0 F +( F
(d)
a g i ft birth exi t , dep arture ;
heir.
_F k TF l F
he is from X , a nativ e o f
W F (pl . , F inhe r i t ance .

he irs .
F ( p l . of unat t ested
Glt
<F *F
*<
F to k i s s . ] F
Gt
F F
9F F pas s ive .
;F
to k i s s
X
(p l .
o n e another.
, F h e ap , moun d , hi l l F r iver , strea m; f l o w , torr ent ( p l . 1, IF+0,* k +F

flow , f lowing The agent noun (f.
a k is s . . 0 t o put , p l ac e , se t ; to 1mpute (something : a c c . d i r . obj . )
t o ( s omeon e :
p ; F
hFto make/regard something ( ac c . d i r .
obj . ) as/ into something ( ac c . dir .
ob j . or z
IF&
aF a ]-
$F
F
H# J
Exerc i s e s ' I -yewarred z enam ba- g i z ehu .
+ , 4F +,F
(e)
1 F p arent %F
one who g i ve s , dono r ; adj . generous Nouns with pref ixed ( for
l Yewaddeq zentu bet wa- ' i -yahannes ewwo dagema . . l ' Ehubakemu warqa wa-berura .
5.
.
,4F ,4F ?F A$ F F
_+$4F
p l ac e of d e s cent , downward s l op e
! Tewas A s ed zanta dab e l a xaba ' a ;; ad eya .

' Ewa
6 . N ahu ' anti t ewa l l edi wal da .
p l ac e o f b i rt h , native l and p l ac e o f exi t ; source
11e '
' em-hagar ba- eba .
$*F
s l ing
aqueduct , canal , 41F (p l . p F a gene rat ion; prog eny
7 . ' Ewaggero wes t a mendad . 8 . T ehubuni -nu xebe s t a ?

9. ' I - t erad xaba J:1ayq . s l N ebari zeyya kama ' i - t edaq i . J J , S a ' alnahu k ama yahabana maya . w J F Maftew kama nes ado xaba mak ann en. J G aro heyya wa- ' i - t ahabo wa- ' i -menta-n1 ' , em - s i s ay .
Note also the deri ved noun o ffspr ing .
+4
V o c abul ary 4 1 Nouns : ral ; o d , v i cini ty ; area in gene 9o+4F (p l . k ;+,4F envi ron s , n e i ghbo rho nd , arou . prep 94lF . ; a circ uit , p erio d of t ime a court of l aw d as to an ac e . noun) . surrounding ( suff ixes adde . , e spec iall y ram , he - goat ( p l . 1 F mal e of any an imal i er s . co l I . army , troo p s , s o l d
1 4 . La-nerkab omu ' emqedma yewt enu yesbe ' u .

I S . F aqadat tegb a ' beta ' emqedma t e l d wa lda . Y J T a ' az z a z a l a-wal adeyan ihu \" , a-na s ' a lotu b e ' s i t a .
s d Teqqa ' e kuy \ve ' etu z entu t e w l edd . s = S adewwo xabeya k ama ' engero . J l Nahabkemu ' a lbas a . g Zati medr me l e ' t a ' awger y e ' et i . w s , Wagara ' ebna ba-mogartu wa-qatala ' ex ahu .
4, & oF >,F
Verbs :
+F l F
* F
s a l iva .
t o spit .
$F
spit t l e , ( an irre gular format i on)
l ' I -konomu maxdara ' emdexra deqata bet omu . g : l Mannu wahabaka z a -k ama - z e habta kebura? Rakabat meta weduqa mewuta westa fenot . Wadaya fere wa-xeb e s t a westa mexba ' .
+F
. dir . obj . i n , be ass iduo us i n ( ac c CG t o cont inue , p erse vere F +F cU , 9 F d , eyes ) to / lF or i nf . ) ; t o dire ct (han ly. , cont inuo us ly, as s i duous adv . alwa ys , perp etua l l y he i r . G t an one to make some +F t o inhe ri t . C G *F (acc . dir . obj . ) . G l t F to g a i n by inher i t an c e %VF npF l y) , gain pos s e s s ion o f . L o i n i1n i t ( j o int l y or s ing
Rakabewwo westa murada dabr .

haga r .
+ + * ) , - +Y4l' W ; I lTL'S
2 7 . 1.lan;:t u muaza may nawwaxa ' em- ' adb ar ' es k a

+
n cwayaka?
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2+ ;0 < !!II I /. ,1 1/
9 U
yeba' ,
X X
X $ .D
B Si n c h e l l'g<'
(acc .
o r Zu < la ) .
9 $ R B .Z w ' al< annana 9
X'
( su l' l ' .
- 6 > . & +/ >
r " COll c i l ed
J takWannana
mes la) .
-e- ) .
$ X P
# " 2
maqtaUt) 2
, ;,,/ ,ji/l,7 I I < i V .
% $ "
2 ' af'
' emB
9/
1 1I1I1I"d l l l l n l y ,
~Q 0 ! X c
W t hn '
1 . 1o Y <8 R M 1
"
4 1< * : < J
* @ " & (i lit .-!/
2 72 deweyana wa-tesded manafesta rekusiina ' em-westa kWel lu makan . " zanta behilo tasawwara ' emennehu . Wa mAreyana
_
2 73 ' e l l a yaxadderu bomu . Wa - ba-medra Damot-hi ' a' mana bezuxana 34 35 wa-masagge lana, wa-bezuxa 'elata taqawamo la-Motalame
26 Wa- ' emze ' atawa westa maxdaru, wa_zarawa kWe l lo newayo l aw 27 ' naddayan wa- 1 a-mes k 1nan , wa-nas a merg eza, wa-xad aga beto rexewa , w 28 l a- s ab ' l a ' emma wa-wad ' a ba- l e 1 it ' en z a yebel : "Menta yebaqq e ' 0 w 30 w 29 wa-nafso hag ala . Wa- ' emze nas ' a simata k ello ' iilama raba w kehnat , wa-wa!ana yesbek haymanot a wangel ba-k e l lu medra S ewa , wa 3l kWe l lo ' atmaqa ba- ' ahatti ' el at matana 1 0 , 000 nafs . Wa-s a ' ara w , 32 33 a a ' wamatihomu ' eska g ayyu Say!anat , ot , wa-gazama mehramata
Y ,
' elew ba' enta haymanot rete 't ' eska ' a' mano ba-Kerestos . Wa ' a ' manomu la-bezuxan ' e l l a mes lehu . Wa- ' astar' aya ' amehii 36 1 ebsa w menk esenna ba-medra S ewa . Wa-nabara ' enza yeddammad ba-som wa-ba. . w , , 37 s alot za - ' albo t e 1 q a eS k a ' aqne omu la-manako sat bii ' edan . Wa- ' emze ora medra ' Amara ta e " ino ba-saragalii 38 ' E 1 eyas , wa-baa xaba ' Abba Ba- alota Mikii ' e l mastagade1 manakos , wa -nabara xabehu be zuxa mawa ' e l a ' enza yetqann y 3 9 lotu kama gabr wa-ye1ammad ; la-alotu. Wa- ' emze tamay!a medra Sewa, wa-tarakabo la-Marqos walda
.
F N to give power to . }78

authority; to rul e . 26 . G >N
Dt 78 78 K N
Gt + N
to acquire power,
' exwa ' abuhu .
78 6
CQ
++ N powerful , in power . 78 , N
} 78 N (p l .
Gt
!N power, authority . ) &N EN

p as s . 27 .
to delegate power to .
qeddus matana ' asartu wa-sedestu ' arde ' t , wa- ' albasomu ' albas a w menk esenna .
Wa-nabaru xebura ba-gadiima Wagada, wa-t agabe ' u xaba
IN to s catter , disperse , distribut e . N

dispersion .
Wa- ' em-heyya ora medra Gerarya, wa-gabra omii ' t a40 ma ' kala s acred precinct , temp l e . G N Gt N (p l . 0]N
=
N s c attered, dispersed . & & N
(one) who scatters , disperses ; prodigal , extravagant .
(p l .
!N
33.
abstinence , devotion .
to lean upon . N s t aff. Qt & & =IN to be us eful, of benefit , profitab l e , N ) = 28 . G & N H J ! SN suitab l e , appropriate ( t o a person : obj . suff . o r 78 & N to p l ead, beseech, pray ' (with , to : obj . P l eas e . CGt = & & & = SN also bene suff. ) . u seful , benefi cial . =*N HN & facto r . H4Nus e , usefulness .
=
) IN
pass .
to cut down (a tree) , to fe ll ; t o cut ,
hew (wood) . 34 . N sayer. Dt $ N 35 . sooths aying .
! N heathen pri est , sooth
G l t WN
to divine , pract i ce divination , CGt /
C . N
to divin e , practice augury .
29 . CG
G N )IN
to gain (as) profit ; to be profitab l e .
idem; to consult diviners . diviner, magician, sooth s aye r . 36 . 37. of (person : of one another . G .
N
(pl . !N
N divination .
GN
30 .
t o make profitable , t o make (someone) profit . G
N 06
profit , interest , gain . CG
adv . then , a t that time .
N [N
78Nto perish, d i e , be destroye d . N to destroy . Gt &N &N . LN N [ 1 N N N N N [ end . NwN N d estruct10n, N [N lost, destroye d . N
=
&
& 6
&
to perish , die; to l o s e , suffer a loss .
N ). SN thing :
CGlt
IN to be zealous , eager; to envy , be j ealous ! SN to emul ate , imitate (a . d . o . ) .

Glt CG
N to incite to zeal or imitation . N
N to be j ealous
destroyer; adj . destructiv e . l HuN to destroy, violate , annul , dissolve , ) N H 31 . G l 2 N destruc = N pass . of G = Gt #N G . bring to an end
=
N to cause to be mutual ly envious .
N j ealousy; zeal ; emul ation ; intense hate or love .

38 . 39 .
N (one who i s ) j ealous , zealous , envious . N (pl . _ ! N cart , wagon, chariot .

G WN )uN CG The reference here is to the chariot which took E l i j ah to heaven (2 Kings 2 ) . to reduce to servitude , to subj ect , rul e; to force to work . ant, s lave. tion .
tion , violation , annulment; dismissal , removal (from o ffice) . 32 . CG . N GN someone) t o a deity; to regard a s taboo .
=
to set asi de as sacred, to dedicate (somethin g , DN t o anathemat i z e . Dt N to
G ; also : to make or decl are as taboo .
N idem.
Gt
N pass . of G; to serve , N
subj ect , serv
be tabo o , prohibited; to abs t ain from for reasons of taboo; to be superstitious .
minist er to (a person) ; to work (e . g . a field) .
-N
s acred, forbidden , taboo , anathematized; abs t i anything s acred, ritual , ceremony .
4N
servitude; s ervi c e , ministry; task , office , func
nent .
(p l . J !N
MN
domination, dominion, SUbj ection .
Hb Ct "t Owt O !t t V t / t J " it 9 !t J t 1t t J O J" gHt J"1 t J t Ot Jt JU" J t !gt W !t t -at) ! / Ot t N i Ct J J t Nt 1 Jt J } t t J J "t t it it t t ^t t 1- N t C b it Ot E t jt t 1 t / J "t J zt $t ! t J Kt t 3 2 t t >t !t J *t J ! 3 t !t &t t t&t t t t O!t t t t t Jt t t 9 Nt N d2 ( Nt t ^t / it 1 t 1 it t J ! J !t CCt t t N it J CHt t t ^t /t t tt t "t 1 t O ! \t CXt Ntit CRt Nt "t J t t J t J , J t it t CTt J t J t Nt t O &t t J t J N! t t 1 t !lt t J Ut J t J t J J O Nt t t t "t 1t t Z t t J Jt ! t 9 !t ! t ! J ! J t t J it t t N &g t gXt t t N " t " t "t &t / " JFt > d t J t t t N t Nt Yt N t t N t !t Nt t !t t } i ! it a J it J t t t | J 1 !! t N Fit Xt Xt gCt !t J N! t N! t it ! J !POt 1 t
Hbgt gTt 1 ! it J t ^t &)t / ! 9t &t / ggt ] t
it
N Cgt t
t JU
wa-konka Ot
N
!
!t JU
CMt t gt
gt
J ! &t
N gbt J ^t
C &t oma <t 3$ it CH t "Pt t 3t !" " &t t !t
oza < 3$ -at t , -t) ! C&t

>t satya (yestayJ t !"t t "t &t >t ! t
' astaya t
=
t
=
t t &t
!" t
it
tasatya $
!t !"
^ t sete it t " !" lt
setay
t $ t $ " t
maste t !" t
t "t
2 ^t satay (iJ t !" !" t
!t pt
mestay t $
C C ^ t q erban 3$
C T t mabaZ Zat 3 $ &t-at) " i t
t -at)
!" it
&t t
"t "it t !$t " ?t !" $ t t ! " t 1!! it g T ^ t > t tamas Za "" ! t 3C2t t t g g ^t !" it t g Xt > t ' armama t lt t t t > t "t " t t t " it P it &t t t t !" t Q P!t 1 g & tt it t t*t F !t 3 t ! $! t >t paZZa t t it $! $ ! t & & it t t !t
=
3 ! !! t t t !t !"
2t t C g&t it !t ! " $" >t nadaqa t &t nadaqi ! " " it t !$ !"t &t! t " t t t !
vn .
" t ! ! lt !" $ ^t ^t t !t it t !t t !
>t tanadqa $ ! t t ! $ $
&t nedq " t !t
t tamassaZa 3 t ^ v " t " "
$ l
t "
!t t
t 3 T 2 tt
" ?t !4
Za- , ba- , kama) ; 3 H 2 tt

3t t it 2 ^t
CXlt me4nega < t &t C & t>t baZxa t &t baZix C R & yaman t t &t yemuna P t C M dagam t
t !t ba- , Za- , kama , ba-' amsaZa) ; & t t badbada " &t matZaZi " t it " it " ^t ^t teZuZ ! t it
> t ' abZexa t
t beZx
g C t bedbed $
~t >t ' apZaZa t &t paZ l
vt yemn " q t ! &t &t $ ! $t $ ! t 3" t &t 'sebur ! ! " it !! t "
yemna P &t
&t
rjEgm
it t
" t
g & t >t ' asmaka t $!$ $ $" ^t it K$$! & t q tt &t mesmak " P! t !t t " t t
& t masmakrtJ &t > t tasabra
"t
" P!
' astaramama t t
^t ' armami " t " 2t !t t "t 2 $! it
&t > t taramma t " $ it 1" t t t " t i tt 2
&t marmem " ! bt 3" t
g & t>t sabara (yesberJ
$" 2 " " pt "
^t sebr !F &t &t
sebar "
g H&t ' agada
vt sebrat
g t g er<e $ ! t 3 2t
& gt ara <it) !
tagW ar< aya t
t &t
H Xt x @t k ft y ! t t a t t t @ kD y @ t t !t t k@ @ t !t @!t yt t t / @t t 3 2 t @ t @ yt k O @+t t 3 T 2 /t " kU k !t t k! t V t "t ! t kt t t $ \t t t @ f t @\t " t t "t \t t !t $ ! 2t !t t t t t "t ! !t $ t t " k @ t @ !k kU u! t mt f k \t k t t ! t gt H k t 3 2t y yt O t $$!t " t t "@t V @+ t +t 3 lt P! t t $ "P+t ! "@ \t &t t !! ! t @t O! t \t y @t ! t c &t t fyu "@ &t R l t "@t M l tsa O m e t "@t t @\t Ht / \t V !t k " @t V+@ t O y t k @t ! t y t yt t " " et !t d et tt t @ 3M2 !t yt kt k@t # ! \t y +R t y ! " k h @ Ct z / t @t +@ t ! +@ t P! t t t t y \t y @ t t @t t 3X2t & f t + yt kU V t y ! y! \t k t 3R2t St t kt @ " \t !t @t t &t / &ft @ y + t Ot k @ t y +t V! k t \t t t t Ukt cK O! t k@ gt t ! t ku !t O!t !t yu t t \ !t Mt O !+ t +t yU" y t t ? ! ! tt k@ t @ t t t R t kU !t & f t U + k \ t Hk yt 8 Ot Jt t @ J \t t u +t t & t/ t tt t / @ t Ht 3 C 2 t y U" !t t t >! t "t @ +@t Ot t + O "@ ! +t et !t !! $ t $!t @@t "$ t t 5 @ " t t t $ @t t Pt " t &t !" t @W ! t @t t t t ut \t !+ $! + D \ t @t t !t k " RX X !t $!"@ t +@tP !+ t t t {t "t 2t R R M\t &t t +@t ! \t gm2 V ! +@t M
II.
t $$ t Ot ! @ !" t t @t t
Vt
t V!t
@@ \t Chrestomathia aethiopiaa 3 + $ + t g & tt Pt ! t ! t +P" u! >! t t t +@t + t @! Ot Ot t @ t t !! "P ! "@ t !@ t t t P ! + @t t U " $" t "@t$ ! @ t + &t t t t !"@ t +@ t t !t @t t
Tt 3 g 2 t/ @ t k OO \ t O'! I
\t Rt
The Rest of the Worda of Baruah 3 @@t

@t !" "@ t t O "t P! t
t k @t O " k [ k " O t + yt k"E k " !Ot @t + \t k@t y + t @t @ Nt
" t @t $$!O+t
3 2 t / @+
x!t !\t
II
gt n t/ U!t k tt yt k t t t k t" \t @t V!t tt @ t "
v
t y U+ yt O t t\t lt t t t \t t &t y U!t Ct \t x !O @t t y t
k O t k @t t
y ! t
Ht
@A
\t l. tt t !t kt
\t k @ t "t ! k yt G T @!t t y O " yt C !t y t @ Nt N k @"t e tt t @ k t !t
Xt 3H2t/ ! # " @+t k! t
kt !t
! y @ t
T t +t t *t \t \t
. +t t O \" y t t ! +@
tazaxxara/tazexxera t
!
&t zexxur @ t !+
za-
Pt t
@ t !
&t tezxert P@et "@ \t
"@ t >! 2 V! !@t
t " gt t $ ! "@
! !t $! @ t @t @t
,
!+ "@ t
&t + @@t
(Chrest . , $ & Pt " " " 2 t !
qeddesta !t
& tP@t
westa/we' eta .
!+ t t !t 3$! !t@ \t !@" 2 \t !@ t t "t @ t t
&t> &t t > lt &t &t > t tasappa $ $ !t t ! \t t &t !@t t \t ]t et t zt faqadka t
faqadeka !t
"@ t t
faqadka ;
H t KalCulewon t T e t' em- !t t t +@tt
we' etu t
vn .
ba- " @ tP t Ct 3 + t
&ft $+ t
>tsaFaFa (yesFeF) !@ t et
sepup !@gt
! \ t !@
seppat
@ t t
C t ramd 3$ & ta ' mad) g & tqe?r/qa?r 3 $ et >t qa?ara t @ t !t ! t admas t ! X &'
!&t ! "" "@ & t t !t > et
$ % s
y t @ ! \t
t H & ad T & tmaret "!
3 2 &t >t da \t t !t
>t ta;amda t lt &t erax t
&t maretawi
adamaa .
C & t>t arxa (ye?rax)
H Rt t d t ? t ? G t Qt dd / t t t_R2t / r ? u t Qt ? H t _ M 2/t t t t _ 2t / ? t t t t _ X 2/ t t ?E t it \t t ? ?t t 1t [ [t t Rt _C2t / t Mt _ p 2 t/ t ? t t d V f ?U t ? t Q N tt ? t t t t ? Q t ? ert t 02? t u ?ut t t Vt rft f ^ (t ft ? t

III
,Ii I
_ 2 t? U t Qt ? \t t ^ t d rft ?v ?Q t t ? t f U1t t \ ? t t Rt ? t ?Q t 1 a \t t Vt ? t t f? ut ? it t t ? t Qt ? t it dt d t ? t ?U t Ot Qt t
" , RS T t
t 11t t t b R t/
t ? + t : ? t t t
\t t t Q t t 11 ? : t t
Y H t 5t 5 r t/ ? t ?E t ? t
H Mt
:: a ,
tt t t
t ? UQ ?t t ? t
? t ? Et t
, ? t O
t L t ft t t f t
? UQ ? dt
? t
r ?s
11
? UQ
? it
v f t _ p 2 t/ t ft ? tft ? ? t t ?t \t HCt t ?$ ? t t t ? t ? 9qt t t $ Q et \t t 5t N t 5t t t 1t t Ct . w t t ? t Qt vft {Q t t Qt t > t t t t Q{ t Q1tt O ?t f?s Q \t t 1 11 ?t ? Yt / 5t , 5 - t t \t 1 Q ft t Q Qt t ?t ? ? \t \t
? Q Xt \ ? ? Q
\ t
pt
O t
t t 5t t 1t 1
? Ut Mt _X2/ t: t
5 f t ? Q? t ? tt O ? ?t Mt Ft 11 t ?
? t rft ?Q ? Q ? t ~t
V Q _ 2t ? t t Ct t t 1t it t ?t 7 ? t 5 f t Vt ?v t \t 1 t ? t t ? t ? t ? t it t L 1 t ? t1 t t ? t Ht \t it t t t t Qt t { \t { Q 5t >t/ t ?U Q?t t? t11t t Qt
_ 2t / t Ht
t11 t / t t ? UQ t \t t _/ O 1 Qt ? t ?u t Qt ? t ? Qt ? t i Xt Y 9OPt t t t
t
t t
t F
t Mt 4 z t
Ht _ R 2t / ? t Ot Q\t 1Qt ? t t ?t t t t 0 t !t YY_ t 2t / t $$ tt HH t 5 tt Y~t t t tt YCt >t N $ Q 5t N t Y 5tu t t t 5 ft v t Y e t@ "N YR5t >t N it $ Q t t $ H t_M2t / t ? ? $Qt
? Q Qt Q ? t
! Qt
Ot t ? Q
? U Q ? bt ? t vft
C t_ 2 t/ t ?v t t Q f ? t ? t t X t_2t / ? ? t t (4) / p 5 t et X5t t Qt t 5t t ? t d t _Y2 / tt t t ?t
t 5t 1
t t t 1_t t ? V
N t \t Ht
Wt t
? Q d t t YRt ? t t t 5t t
Yt t
? U Q ?t t
&
N{
Qt t $Q t t
5t 7 \ t t t t t 5t t t 5t \t Q Qt u Q$$ t _ t \t $
vn .
_ 2t t t t t
r _ t $t UQ 7
2Nt \t
?t 1 t
;N
Q Q t Qt $ 7 t {Q
" N jN
{ t
H {
\
Qt t Qt
N _$ t w N Q
Q 5t
N t
2AN
Q t
5t > t f N t it
Q N
t 5t \t t > t q N $ $
N t CN
Q t t t Q 5t "?N \t
N 5 t > 5t
_ 2 ~t Qt Qt Qt t _t $ $ Q2 t Q Q 5t $Q t >t ; Q) 7 t Ut 5t qN
2 ANt
t
R 5 tQ M 5 x t Y t t Y~t N ~ t Q$ t it Q Q it
N_ $ ~t ;
N t
$ Q{ t t ~t
$ 5t 5t Qt 5t 7t
H 5 t .@ -@
~t Qt
N
QQ 2
N " I t
t P t t $ t
Qt
_$ 5t ; q5N
2
{
AN
\t $
_ Q 2 5t >t $ 5t
N
$ 5t
$ Q t
~t N !
5t N $ Q vt
_$ 5 t 5N { !Q t
et N
g N
an.
HRmt 9 t 9 Bt 9 t 9 t F] t d t d!t t vtrt 9 ;t 9 t t zt / t t 9t t 5t Vt t 9 t t Ft 9 t 9 t 9 t t d t TYt t 7 t tt t t t 9 t t t 9 z t t TTt 1 9U Bt 9 5 /t t t h 9 Bt O t t t V et zt 3 2 t / Bt 3 Y 2/ t a V :t 9 t t 9 t t Ot t t d t 9 t t t
9 t
1'.
I
HR t 9 t t O t9t t t TMt 9 9 B b t 9 { et Bt 9 it 9 t t 1 t 9 Ot 9 Bt 9 t (t 9 9t
V
e r t 9 TRt 9 t t t t 1 1 (t Cmt 9 t C t 9 t 9 t 3R 2t / d tt 1t t Nt 9 t t t N1 Bt 5rt Bt 9 t d 9 t9 t r t /a 9 t 9 Bt Bt 9 t Bt X F O O! 9 t 9t S t a dd t 9 9 t t &t 3M2tV 9 t 9 |N t t t t dt d 9 tV t t t t rV 9 t 1t d t 9 9t lt 9 Bt t 9 >t
X t t (t t t t 9 t 9
HMt 3 p 2 t/ 9 t Tbt 9 T m _X2t/ t 9t 1 1 9. a O t 9 t t 9 t 9 T ` t3 m2t/ t 20 9 t t 9t OOt Bt V t
It
HTt 3 T 2t / a t 9 aO t at t 9 t t t t $ 9 t t 1 ? t YCt k C2t / a
HMt
O , 9 t
t t
/S 3b29 t G Bt Tt 9 t
Hpt 3 p 2 t / N t 9t $ 9 Ut 9 t et Bt t 9 xt t
Bt
: T t
9t t
Tmt t t zt lt t
O \t 9 t 9 N t t
t 5t ^t(t t
rt/ t
IV
YXt 3 2 t / TCt Ot 1t >t t Ybt _Y2 /a t Q t t (t 9 9 t t
t tt OOt t
bdt 9 (t t 9 t ' t t t
O t t 9 1
v t It '
t 9 t et
'
Ot
`V 9 t O t Bt Tpt t 1 Zc 9 9 t t ' d t t t t 0 t 9 Bt 9 t Bt 3 C 2 t t t t t
TYt 3 2 t/ Bt 5t zt t
9 / 9 t
tt Nt e1
t H R t_ T 2t / 9t t 9 9 t 9 t 9 t t 9 t NO t t TXt 9t T 9 9R Ot t 9 * 9t 5t Bt t t t 9 t t t t t 1t
9t
9 t CYt ( tt t
t t Bt
1t 9 Bt t
9 O t Bt t t
9 t
t N t
N1t 9 t
T b e t G H ' atakkaZa T R t >t nad' a t Bt O $ tt lt
(t 3 t q F
(t
5t 2 5t >t tanad' a $ t 5t t tt 1 tt t t t lt t t q $ t t t ^ t nada' i (t kt t tt (t _ > l v t 3 >t ' a?faqa t t (t t t
N1t Bt Bt
YM 5t >t saraba t Tm 5t > t taqabea t lt TY TT 5t TC vt t t
t t tt >t
T M t t ' asqoqawa t
(t tt t t t t t t t t (t t
saqoqaw
|t )t B tt
>t ?aba (ye?b)
t t
?abio t
5t
t et 1 t t t q$ t et e t t t
masqoqew
Ot t t
et t t tt
Cm 5t ' aZza , _ 2t _ t t t t t Bt q t t t Bt t tt t t t t . Bt t t .t q $t t 2 t lt
T et karabo t t (t
baZas/baZasa _$ 5 t- t, ' abZas) t ' esma t

t t t t 5t $ Bt.F t Bt >t tanafxa t t >t nafxa (yen ax) t
>t ?aZ' a (ye? za' ) C l 5 t
nafxa ba-qarn nefxat

vn .
?aZa' i _$ l t?aza' t)
C Y l t?efuq t tt et t (t 1 t
}t ( t Bt t t 1 2
lt
T p t sarwe _ $ t sarawit) >t T X&t tt
(+ t
t>t taafqa t t
deZwata t
de Zwata Zedatena .
HRHt [ U t [ t N j Wt [ ) r t W t t ,t t 1t [ + C t Wt 7 t Wt ] [
-
HRt vt ] Wt[ N +t Wt[ ) t t ) $+ 1,t ] [ Cpt )] [ t Wt[ Wt t +t [ ]+ W Wt [t jt [ t an t Wt 5t t [t pt N [ t t 1 ) ) ;t vt >t t S) 9t t

.
[ ] ) ]t
Vt
t Xt 3 b 2t / Wt ] U+ b t/ 9 [
5t ]+ ] t ] t )t
G ] Wt[
pCt ,+ v 44 ] t t ]+ [)t +t ] + t ,)t /

,,_ "
2t / ]n t 3 H CCt t t rN t+ t+t CXt[ ]t+t
Wt Wt[ W , vt
[ t ] ) ]t Wt[ Y ] ) t [ t Vt ] N+t
[ t t 3R2t V )t t ] t Wt
,)t
,)t +t t t
; Ct 3 2t /
[ xt pt 3C2t /
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290 yebel : "Waldeya fequr, ' i-tethakay alota ' enza teganni la- ' Amlak ba' enti ' ana, kama yemretana westa fenotena, ' e ska newae ' ba-te ' zaza zentu negus xa!e' . 78 "Wa- ' anta-s a edqa rakabka ba-qedma 'Amlak , za- ' i -xadagaka tema ' meslena, kama ' i-ter ' ay ' ekuya za-yetgabbar dibehomu la-hezb ba-Babilon . 7 9 (24) " Bakama ' ab za-bo weluda ' aada , wa-we ' etu tawehba kama yetkWannan, wa- ' ella hallawu xaba ' abuhu, ' ella yenazezewwo , yekaddenu gaomu kama ' i-yer' ayewwo la- ' abuhu yaxasser ba-azan , kama-ze kiyaka tasahal aka ' Amlak , wa- ' i-xadagaka temsa' Babilon kama ' i -ter ' ay mendabe tezb . 80 "Esma ' em- ' ama baana westa zentu hagar, ' i -ya ' rafna ' eska yom ' em-hazan, sessa wa-sedestu ' limat yom. (25) ' Enza naxasses nerkab 100 ' em-hezb sequllin ' em-xaba Nabukadanasor negus, ' enza yebakkeyu Wa-ybelu : ' TaSahalana ' amlak Sor . , iOl (26) Wa-soba sama 'ku zanta nagara, azanku wa-bakayku, soba yeewwe'u kal e ' a ' aml aka sequlan, wa-yebelu 'Tasahalana. ' Wa-ka ' eba ' ezzekkar ' ana ba 'al a za-gabarna ba- ' Iyarusalem za' enbala neewaw; (27) wa tazakkireya 'egabbe ' westa beteya ' enza 'ee" ar l02 wa- ' ebakki . 81 (28) "Wa-ye ' ze-ni ' astabqwe 'u l a- ' Amlakena ba-xaba hallawkemu, ' anta wa- 'Abemelek , ba' enta ezb, kama yesme 'u qaleya wa-nagara ' afuya, kama yega'u ' emenna Fares . 82 (29) "Wa-ye ' ze-ni ' ebelaka, kWeUo mawa ' ela za-nabarna zeyya ' axazuna ' enza yebelu : 'Negeruna maleta addisa ' em-maaleyih[ la eyon, mleya za- ' amlakekemu. ' Wa-nebelomu : " Efo naalli l akemu 100. The Ethiopic "Whi le we were seeking to find" does not make too much sense . The Greek has "Often , on going out , I would find some of the people being crucified by Nebuchadnezzar the king . . . " 101. }3s Gk . } spresumably from Heb . ] N a designation for any foreign deity. The Greek of the fol lowing is al so clearer than the Ethiopic : "On hearing this , I would grieve on two accounts : not only because they were being crucified, but also because they were cal ling on an alien god . " 102. G %s to be grieved, pained, afflicted. CG i %s pas s . of CD. to inflict grief or pain upon . Dt %ss CD $ % s , grief, k torment pain, s % afflicted. s grieved , pained, % j(z affliction .
= =
291 ' enza hal lona westa medra nakir?" 83 (30) Kama-ze eifo ' Eremeyas , ' asara maafo westa kesada nesr wa-yebiHo : "ljur ba-sallim , wa- ' Egzi ' yawwe la' leka . " 8 4 (31) Wa-ora nesr, wa-sarara, wa- ' abeta maafa xaba Barok . Wa-nasi ' o Barok ' anbaba mashafa, wa-bakaya soba sam' a hemrumomu la.. . ezb wa-mendabehomu. 85 (32) Wa- ' Eremeyas-sa nas ' a we ' eta balasa wa-wahabomu la deweylin, la- ' el la westa hezb . Wa-nabara ' enza yemehheromu kama ' i yegbaru megbaromu la-ezqa Babi lon . VI I I 86 (1) Wa-soba basha ' el at ba-za yawae 'omu 'Amlak l a-ezb ' em-Babilon, wa-yebelo ' Egzi ' la- ' Eremeyas : ( 2) "Tanse ' ' anta wa ezbeka, wa-ne 'u westa Yordano s , wa-balomu la-ezb : ' Yefaqqed ' Egzi ' yekden megbara za-ezba Babilon; wa_ la_taba 't l03 za- ' awsaba ' anesta Babi lon ba-dibekemu, wa- ' anest-ni ' ella ' awsaba ' emennehomu neftenomu . , l04 (3) Wa- ' ella sam 'uka-sa, ' agabbe ' omu westa ' Iyarusalem; wa-la- ' ella ' i-sam 'uka ' i-texdegomu yeba 'u west eta . " 87 (4) Wa- ' Eremeyas kama-ze ' anbaba lomu zanta kWello, wa ' ame ' omu westa Yordanos kama yeftenomu . 88 Wa- ' enza yenaggeromu zanta nagara za-yebelo ' Egzi ' , nafaqu ' ella ' awsabu, wa- ' i - faqadu kama yesme 'ewwo la- ' Eremeyas . Wa-bo . - 1 05 1 a- ' alam; nenasse ' on " ewwo : " ' I -naxadd eg ' anestl.yana ' e 11 a yeb"'l meslena westa hagarena . " (5) Wa-xalafu ' em-Yordanos , wa-batu westa , Iyaruslilem. 89 Wa-qomu ' Eremeyas wa-Barok wa- 'Abemelek ' enza yebelu : w "K ellu be ' s i za- ' awsaba ' em-Babilon ' i-yebawwe' westa hagarena. " (6) Wa-yeblilu ' ella ' awsabu ' anesta l a-biomu : 106 "Tanse'u, negba'
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103. G s to be brave , manly. Rs s bravery, cour age , virtue . B Rs (pI . $ Rps n . a male . B s B j;s (pl . ps adj . male, strong. ;s (or -ay) adj . mal e , masculine. 104. G s os to investigate, explore ; to examine, to hand over for examination . Gt s p as s . of test . CG i s G. s investigated , examined, tested. ;s examiner , tester. 105 . F G;~s (coIl . ) the women, womenfolk. 106. ;zs (pl . $ s friend, comrade, companion; neighbor; a singl e individual . D s to separate, distinguish, discern . Glt js to become companions .
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' Egzi ' aber, wa-retu ' a gebaru mayto . N Wa-we ' etu Yoannes lebsu za-yelabbes za-agWra gamal, wa-qenatu za- ' adim westa aqWhu, wa-sisayu ' anba!a wa-ma' ara gadam. (5) Wa tewae ' xabehu kWella ' Iyarusalem wa-kwella Yehuda wa-kwellu ' adyamihu la-Yordanos, [ z wa-yeammaqu ' em-xabehu westa Yordanos falag ' enza yet ' ammanu xaawe ' ihomu . ( 7 ) Wa-soba re ' ya bezuxana Farisaweyana wa-Saduqaweyana ' enza yemae'u westa !emqatu emmita, wa-yebelomu : Tewledda ' arawi ta medr . Mannu ' ammarakemu tegWyayu , em- ' enta temae' ma" at? ( 8 ) Gebaru-ke ' enka sannaya fere za yedallewakemu la-nessea. (9) Wa- ' i-yemsalkemu ba-behi la: ' Aba bena ' Abreham-ha . ' Ebe lakemu kama yekel ' Egzi ' aber ' em ' el lantu ' a' ban ' anse ' o weluda l a- ' Abreham. + jz ' Esma nahu . wadde ' a mae westa gw enda ' eaw yenabber. Kw ellu-ke ' e za' i-yefarri fere sannaya yetgazzam wa-westa ' essat yetwadday. ) ) U ' Ane-sa-ke ' a!ammeqakemu ba-may la-nessea; wa-za ' emdexreya-sa yema?e' yeanne ' ' emenneya, za- ' i -yedal lewani ' eur ' asa' eno . We' etu-sa yaammeqakemu ba-manfas qeddus wa ba- ' essat . + * z Za-mas ' e wsta ' edehu, wa-yanae ' awdo , wa yastagabe ' sernayo westa mazgabu wa-asaro-sa yawe " i ba- 'essat za- ' i-ye!affe ' . z 'Ameha ma ' a ' Iyasus ' em-Galila westa Yordanos xaba Yohannes +4 kama yeamaq ' emennehu. + 7zWa-Yoannes yekalle'o ' enza yebel : 'Ana ' efaqqed ' em-xabeka ' e!!amaq , wa- ' anta-nu temae ' xabeya? ( 15) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus wa-yebelo : Xedeg ye ' z-sa, ' esma kama-ze yedallewana nefassem kWello ?edqa. III pas s .
= 7s
1( 7.
Wa- ' emze xadago . +[ z Wa-taamiqo ' Iyaus , seha wa'a ' em-may, wa nahu tarexwa lotu samay, wa-re 'ya manasa 'Egzi ' abher ' enza yewarred kama regb, wa-nabara la ' lhu. ( 1 7) Wanahu ma ' a qal ' em-samay za yebel : Ze-we' etu waldeya za- ' afaqqer, za-botu samarku . Chapter IV
( 1 ) Wa- ' emze ' Iyasus ' a ' rago manfas gadama yetmakkar ' em-xaba Diyabelos . * z Wa-awimo mawa 'ela ' arbe ' a wa- ' arbe ' a layaleya, wa , emdexra- ze rexba. 4zWa-qarba za-yamekkero wa-yebiHo: 'Emma waldu-s a ' anta la- ' Egzi' aber, bal kama ' ellu ' a ' ban xebesta yekuna . (4) Wa- ' aws ' a ' Iyasus wa-yebe : geuf kama ' akko ba-xebest kema za-yaayyu s ab ' , ' alIa ba kWellu qal za-yewae ' ' ern- ' afuhu la- 'Egz i ' aber . Wa' emze nas ' o Diyabelos westa qeddest hagar, wa- ' aqamo westa (5) tadbaba beta maqdas , [ z wa-yebel o : ' Emma-sa ' aman wal du ' anta til- ' Egzi ' abher ;>- 'wa-tawaiaw tahta. ' sma euf kama l a-mala ' ektihu . ye ' ezz zomu ba'. ent '. aka kama ' - = ye 'qabuka ba-kwellu fenoteka, wa-ba- ' edaw yanasse 'uka kama ' i t et 'aqaf ba- ' ebn . ' egraka. (7) Wa- ' awse' a ' Iyasus wa-yebelo: Ka'eba euf: ' I -tamakkero la- ' Egzi ' aber ' AmIakeka. (8) Wa- ' emze 'adi nas'o Diyabelos westa dabr nawwax !eqqa , wa- ' ar' ayo kWello mangestata 'alam wa-kebromu. (9) Wa-yebelo : Zanta kWello ' ehubaka la' emma sagadka lita wa- ' ammaxkani . j z Wa- ' emze yebelo ' Iyasus : ur ' emdexreya Sayan . geuf we ' etu: La- 'Egzi ' aber ' Amlakeka t esged, wa-kiyahu baQtito tamlek .
G %*ksl6 % 8Us to make level, to pave (a road) . %68s level , even, paved; easy. %648+s highway. leather . l A:s (pI . 6+s loins . $ cs s 4.
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locust (s) . &s (pl .

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honey . river .
see + - 7 = s to finish , complete; used as an auxi liary verb D is already seated, posi s 6 s in the sense of "already" : < O$ *s axe . m*% $ s pas s . * tioned, resting . Dt Y winnowing-fork . s here : 6 s t o winnow . as D2H 12. wheat . sar chaff, piece of straw . threshing-floor. IE6vJ@s
to be tested, tempted , tried. CD $ N s to s 1 . Dt +N IV (pl . + s tempted , tried. s test, try, tempt, examine. s examination, testing, trying, temptation. l +s roof, top , summit, pinnacle. pas s . and reflex . 6<Wqs to throw, cast . Gt +s 6 . <s CG $ s to to impede , present an obstacle to (0 . 5 . ) . Gt + Ps ; be hindered, impeded; to stumble, knock against . P+s U ( +s xP v xPs idem. impediment , obstacle, hindrance,
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(11) Wa- ' emze xadago Diyabelos , wa-nahu mala' ekt ma ' u yetla' akewwo . (12) Wa-sami ' o ' Iyasus kama Yoannes ta' exza, tagesa westa Gal i 1a . (13) Wa-xadaga la-Nazert . Wa-ma i ' o , xadara Qefernahom, ' enta mangala bar westa ' adbara Zabulon wa-Neftalem, (14) kama yetfaam za-tabehla ba- ' I sayeyas nabiy ' enza yebe l : Medra Zabulon wa-medra Neftalem, fenota bar ma'dota Yordanos , Galila ' enta ' azab . $,l ezb za-yenabber westa elmat re'ya berhana 'abiya; wa-la- ' el la-hi yenabberu westa selmat wa elalota mot berhan saraqa omu . 4 . Ba' enta temhert qadami zamahara 'Egzi' ena Kerestos ( 17) 'Em- ' amha ' axaza ' Iyasus yesbek wa-yebal : Tanasseu, 'esma qarbat mangesta samayat . (18) Wa- ' enza yansosu mangala bara Galila, re'ya kel ' eta ' axawa , Sem'on-ha, za-tasamya P!ros, wa- 'Endreyas-ha' ' exwahu, ' enza yewaddeyu marbabta westa bar, ' esma masaggeran ' emuntu. (19) Wa yeblomu ' Iyasus : Ne 'u, telewuni dexrya, wa- ' eresseyakemu tekunu masaggerana sab ' . (20) Wa-ba-gizha xadagu masagerihomu wa-talawewwo . (21) Wa- 'adiwo ' em-heyya, re'ya kal e ' ana kel ' eta ' axawa, Ya 'qob-ha walda Zabdewos wa-Yohannes-ha ' exwahu, westa hamar mesla Zabdewos ' abuhomu yesarre'u . . masagerihomu, wa- awwe ' omu . (22) Wa-ba-gizeha xadigomu amara wa' abahomu, talawewwo . {2 3) Wa- ' ansosawa ' Iyasus westa kWellu Galilii. 17. + j \@] from that time onward . 18. Q + ( to walk, stroll . G to expand, extend, expanpas s . and intrans . spread out ( trans . ) . Gt ow sion, extension. net . CG 19. G # to fo llow, accompany (a. d . o . or =" r caus . Glt recipr. 4 C vn . following ; dowry . fol lower ; disciple, pupil ; sectarian ; successor . o adj . following. 4 C that which fol lows , succession ; rest , remainder . adv. then , immediately thereafter , in succession . 20. n (pl . *" net , fishing-gear . CG Wn to hunt, trap , snare, fl sh . Gt tasagra pass . * ards (of j ail or prison) . ' asgari hunter, fisherman .
' enza yemehher ba-mekwrabatihomu wa-yesabbek waniela . ' mangest wa" wel lo emama za-westa ' yefewwes kwello dawe wa-k ezb . (24) Wa-wa 'a semu'atu westa kWella Soreya, wa- 'ame'u xabhu ' kwelio deweyana wa kWello emumana za-la-la zi ' ahu emamomu, wa-e " urana wa- ' ella-hi 'aganent wa-warxaweyana wa- ' ella-hi nagargar wa-mawe ' ana; wa yaayyewomu. ( 25) Wa-talawewwo bezuxan ' azab ' em-Galila wa- ' em 'Asru 'Ahgur wa- ' em- 'Iyarusalem wa- 'em-Yehuda wa- ' em-ma 'dota Yordanos.
5.
Chapter V ' Ba' enta beu ' an
$l Wa-re' eyo ' azaba, ' arga westa dabr . Wa-nabiro, qarbu xabehu ' arda' ihu. (2) Wa-kasata ' afahu, wa-maharomu ' enza yebel : (3) Be?u ' an naddayan ba-manfas, ' esma lomu ye' eti mangesta . samayat . (4) Beu , an ' ella yelaJ:ewu ye' ze , ' esma ' emuntu yetfesseu . G 2 Be?u ' an yawwahan, ' esma ' emuntu yewarresewwii. la-medr . ,l Be?u ' an ' ella yerexxebu wa-yeaj1lJ1\e: u la-edq , ' esma ' emuntu yeaggebu . (7) Beu 'an maJ:areY , "esma ' emuntu . yetmaJ:J:aru. (8) Beu ' an neuana lebb , ' esma ' emuntu yere" eyewwo la- 'Egzi ' abJ:er . (9) Beu'an gabareyana salam, ' esma ' emuntu weluda ' .Egzi ' abher . . . .(W) . edu 'an . yessaJlll!l<lY U. . . ..- . " . " . ' el la yessaddadu . ba' enta edq , ' e sma lomu ye' eti mangesta samayat . (11) Beu ' an ' antemu soba yesaddedukemu wa yezanaggWegukemu wa-yeabb (eb)u kWello ' ekaya la ' lekemu, ' enza yeJ:es sewu ba- ' enti ' aya. (12) TafasseJ:u wa-taJ:asayu , ' e sma ' asbekemu bezux we ' etu ba-samayat , ' esma kama- ze sadadewwomu
(pl . = " temple, shrine, synagogue . 23. 24. = see Sl . S . 9% lunatic . a type of to rol l , spin (trans . and rolling , spinning . Q epilepsy; $ ? ? intrans . ) . w a paralytic. CLt ; 0 to place on a bed or litter . # 4u pil low, mattress . v S . ] mild, gentle, modest , submissive ; innocent , simple. G ] u2 ] to be gentle etc . ; to please, charm; to persuade , mildnes s etc. yawwahat idem . ] idem. entice . ] , " l G h\ Fh to be thirsty (for : &" CG X caus . [a thirsty . [ thirst. 1 1 . Q zangWagWa to ridicul e, hold in e ! zengWagWe scorn,
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306
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la-nabiyat ' ella ' em-qedmekemu . ( 1 3) 'Antemu we' etu sew la medr. Wa- ' emma-sa ew lasa, ba-ment-nu yetqessam? ' Albo-ke ' enka la- za-yebaqqWe ' za ' enbala l a-gadif ' af ' a wa-yekayyedo sab' . ( 1 4) ' Antemu we ' etu berhanu la- 'alam . ' I -tekel hagar taxabe ' o ' enta mal ' elta dabr tenabber . ) 7 U Wa- ' i-yaxattewu maxtota kama yanberewwa tata kafar, ' alIa diba taqwama, wa tabarreh l a-kw el lomu ' el l a westa bet . ( 1 6) Kamahu yebrah berhanekemu ba-qedma s ab ' , kama yer' ayu megbarikemu sannaya wa yesabbeewwo la- ' abukemu za-ba-samayat . ( 1 7) ' I-yems alkemu za maa'ku ' es ' ar ' orita wa-nabiyata. ' I-maa' ku ' es ' aromu ' alla ' efaemomu . ( 1 8) 'Aman ' ebelakemu : ' eska yaxal lef samay wa medr, yawa ' enta ' aatti qerata ' i-taxal lef ' em- ' orit ' eska soba kWel lu yetgabbar . ( 1 9 ) Za-ke fata ' aatta ' em- ' ella te ' zazat ' enta tae , wa-yemehher kama-ze la-sab ' , eua yessammay ba-mangesta samayat . Wa- za-sa yemehher wa-yegabber we' etu 'abiya yessammay ba-mangesta samayat . (20) Nahu ' ebelakemu kama ' errllIi'a'''' i-fadfada edqekemu fadfada ' em-aaft wa- ' em-Farisaweyan , ' i-tebawwe'u westa mangesta samayat . ( 2 1 ) Sama 'kemu kama tabehla la-qadamt : ' i-teqtel nafsa, wa-za-sa qatala rasa we' etu la-kwennane . ( 2 2 ) Wa- ' ane-sa ' ebelakemu : kWellu za-yame " e ' ' exwahu rasa we ' etu la-kwennane ; wa-za-hi yebe ' exwahu za-1arq ras0a we ' etu la- ' awd ; wa- za-hi yebe ' abd to be unseasoned, insipid, # !. salt . G to season, make insipid etc . D H tasteless, fatuous . ] (pl . well-seasoned , tasty . pas s . tasty. Dt H (highly) seasoned food. B 15. (pl . " a container for measuring, a bushel . h pass . to incise, sculpt . Gt h 1 8 . G 4 ? , incision . mark , stroke letter; a of stroke the h h "the letter iota , whose stroke is (but) r !% I i8 one . " r (x~ the Mosaic Law, the Pentateuch . t o b e subj ect o r liable (to : =" , to be in danger 21. G ! of; to be a defendant ; to be unclean, dirty . CG r U E to condemn; dirty, . etc. ; the accused , to make dirty , pol lute, contaminate . ! defendant . rest (pl . -at) dirt , filth , pollution ; crime , gui l t . 22 . 1arq (pl . ' aqreqt) a patch , tatter . za-qarq adj . patched , threadbare; here an interpretation of Gk raka , an obscure term of
13 .
rasa we' etu la-Gahannama ' essat . ( 2 3) Wa- ' emkama-ke ta.bawwe ' ammexakil- westa meswa '. , wa-ba-hilyya tazakkarka kama-bo ' exuka za-yaayye saka, (24) xedeg heyya maba' aka qedma meswa ' , wa-hur , ' qedma takwanan mesla ' exuka, wa- ' emze gabi ' aka. ' abe' ' ammexaka . ( 2 5 ) Kun abiba la- ' edeweka feuna, ' enza halloka meslehu westa fenot, kama ' i-yemauka ' edeweka 1 a-makw annen , wa-makwann en la-la'ku, wa-westa moqe tetwaday . ( 2 6 ) ' Arnan ' ebelaka : ' i tewae ' ' em-heyya ' eska soba tefaddi !eq kWello .' (27) Sama ' kemu kama tabehla : ' I -tezammew . ( 2 8 ) Wa- ' ane-sa ' ebelakemu : kWellu za-yere " i be' sita wa-yefattewa wadde ' a zammawa bati ba-lebbu. ( 2 9) 'Emma ' ayneka ' enta ' yaman taseetaka, melexa wa- ' awe ' a ' em-la ' leka, ' esma yexeyyesaka kama yethagWal ' aadu ' emenna ' abaleka ' em-kwellu segaka yetwaday westa Gahannam. ( 30) Wa- ' emma ' enta yaman ' edeka taseetaka, metera wa- ' awe ' a ' em- la' leka, ' esma yexeyyesaka yethagWal ' aadu ' emenna ' abaleka ' em_kw eiiantahu-. segaka west a Gahannam yetwaday. ( 3 1 ) Wa-'t abehl a : . za-xadaga be'sito yahaba maafa xedgatiha.. ( 3 2 ) Wa- ' arte-sa " ebelakernU kama kWellu za yaxaddeg be ' sito za ' enbala tezammu yeresseya tezammu . ( 3 3) Wa za-hi xedegta ' awsaba zammawa . . Wa-ka 'el:ia sainakemu kama tabehla la-qadamt : ' I -temhalu ba-J:assat ; ' agbe'u batu la ' Egzi ' abJ:er maalakemu . (34) Wa- ' ane-sa ' ebe lakemu : ' 1 tealu gemura : wa- 'i-samaya, 'esma manbaru la- 'Egzi ' aber we ' etu; ( 3 5 ) wa- ' i -medra, ' esma makayyada ' egarihu ye ' et i ; wa ' i-ba- ' IyaruslUem, ' esma hagaru ye ' eti la-negus ' abiy . ( 36)
J
abuse .
(pl . = 8B enemy . G %. to pay back , to pay a debt . Gt U to exact payment or punishment ; to receive payment or punishment , to be paid back . repayment , retribution; punishment , revenge . % one who pays back . e U money; reward, payment . 29 . D 9 to be better, more outstanding . Often impers onal : 9e 8 ^ + subj . : it is better for me that CD 1 9U U to make better, more pleasing . 9~8 excellence . ' abal (pl . -at) limb or member of the body; body, person , self. Note the ' em- of the comp arative prefixed directly to t h e c l ause beginning with kWe l lu segaka.
26 .
25 .
Rt
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Wa- ' i-ba-re ' s eka temal , ' esma ' i -tekel ' ahatta se ' erta re' seka a ' ada rasseyo wa- ' i - ' as lemo . 3 h t Yekun batu nagarekemu ' emma-hi ' ewwa ' ewwa wa- ' emma-hi ' albo ' albo . 3 RhtWa-fadfa.da t ama' kemu kama tabehla : sa ' em- ' ellu ' em- ' ekuy we' etu. 3 A h S ' Ayn beza ' ayn, wa-senn bza senn . Wa- ' ane-sa ' ebelakemu : ' 1 tetqawameo la- ' ekuy; wa-la-za-hi af ' aka ' enta yaman maltataka mi lotu kale' ta-hi . 3 C h tW a-la- za-hi yefaqqed yet' aggalka wa-malbasaka yensa ' , xedeg lotu wa-lebsaka-ni . t a-la- za-hi ' abba::aka me ' rafa ' aJ:ada, ur lIIeslehu kel ' eta. 3ChW H h tLa- za yese" elaka hab wa- la-za yefaqqed ' em-xabeka 3C yetlaqqa ' i -tekle ' o . 3 C h tSama ' kemu kama tabehla: ' Afqer ' ane-sa ' ebelakemu : ' Afqeru t biaka, wa-ela' ala' eka . 3 C C hWaala' takemu , barekewwomu la- ' ella yeraggemukemu, sannaya gebaru la- ' ella yeal le ' ukemu, wa-alleyu ba ' enta ' ella yesaddedukemu, 'Esma 5 7 U kama tekunu weluda la- ' abukemu za-ba-samayat . ?aaya yasarreq la' la ' ekuyan wa-xeran, wa-yazannem zenama to grow, be green . (pl . $ , s herbage , X & tG , vegetation, gras s . , D grassy, covered with vegetation . , , (pI . $ * ,s hair (of head or body) . b &t + =5% v v+ =5% , either . . . or . , A&t ' prep . in exchange for; n . price of redemption. , (pl . , to enter into Glt tooth . Dt +s lawsuit, litigation , con litlgation with , to contend with . pas s . troversy. G cJ Z - , c T 2 to strike , slap , box . Gt cJ j aw, cheek . (pl . y ,s a blow, slap . ,J to cheat , defraud; to oppress , treat uny 5 U Dt justly, rob . , , y fraud, defrauding , robbing; injury, damage . to compel, force , coerce . t T) C&D a loan . to lend . y, to borrow. D y, , &t Dt y CH 56 UG H pas s . to curse, execrate. Gt yA Z-,,O curser, exe cursed, execrated . pas s . ,D Glt H (pl . s curse, execration . crator. H to bring rain , cause it to to rain . CG + H 45. G to sin, act unj ustly or wickedly; to harm, injure . rain . D unj ust , wicked, criminal . inj ustice , wickedness .
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I.a >la adeqan wa-: 'ammaeyan . 3CXhtWa- ' emm,,:-sa : tafaqqeru za y1ifaqqerakemu, menta' ' asba bekemu? 'Akko- \l.u l!Ia}ab6aweyan-h i kamahu yegabberlJ? 3CbhtWa- ' emma tasai1iaxi<:e, ' ; axawi kmu kema menta ' enka fadfada tegabbeu? ' Akko-nu ' ahzab-ni kiyahu-sa yegabberu? 3CR h tKunu-ke ' antemu-s a feumana kama 'abukemu samayawi feum we ' etu.
, ,
Chapter
VI.
(1) Wa-baJ;ltu 'uqu mewatakemu ' i-tegbaru la- ' ayna sab kama tastar' eyu lomu . Wa- ' emma - ' akko-sa, ' asba ' albekemu' ba-xaba , ' abukemu za-ba samyat . 3 H h Soba-ke t tegabber mewata, ' i-tenfax qarna qedmeka, kama madlewan yegabberu ba-makwarebt wa-ba- ' askWat, kama yet ' akWatu ' em xaba sab ' . 'Arnan ' ebelakemu, hagW lu ' esetomu . 3 h t Wa- ' anta-sa, soba tegabber me;;wata, ' i-ta' mer <;tagameka za-tegabber yamaneka, (4) kama ba-xebu ' yekun mewateka . Wa- ' abuka za-yere " i za-ba-xebu ' yefaddeyaka kesuta. 7 U Wa-soba-hi teselleyu, ' i-tekunu kama mad tewlln, ' esma yafaqqeru ba-makwarebt" wa-we a rna ;a e;;";arahebt qa\ima wa-alleyo, kama yastar' eyu la-sab ' . " Man:,Qelakemu : hagWlu ' esetomu. 3XhtWa- ' anta sa soba ; eel li , bi , betaka wa- ' eu xoxtaka, wa-al li la- ' abuka l a-za-ba-xebu ' , wa- ' buka za-yere " i ba-xebu ' " ya 'asseyaka kesuta . 3 b h tW a- ' enza tei r ';i -t z'ane ; kama ' azab, ' esma yemasselomu ba- ' abzexo nebabomu za-yesamme 'omu. (8) ' 1 tetmasalewwomu-ke , ' esma ya ' airuner ' abukemu s'amayawi za-tefaqqedu za' enbala tes ' alewwo . ( 9 ) Kama-ze-ke ;;al leyu ' antemu-sa : ' Abuna za-ba-samyat , yetqaddas semeka. 3 ht Tem;;a' mangesteka Yekun faqadaka bakama ba-samay wa-ba-medr-ni: &D 3ht S isayana za-la-la 'elatena habana yom. 3xHht W a-xedeg abbasana lana ' . -" kama neJ:na-ni naxaddeg la- za- ' abbas a lan: 3 h tWa- ' i-tabe ' ana westa mansut , ' al Ia ' adxenana wa-baleaTha ' em-kwellu ' ekuy;
_M
,
-
Gt
to repay. street, quarter . G to be repaid, accept repayment . , k payment, reward . corner . + ,s Z (pl . , P Z3 5. i t emptation, danger; calamity, divine pun , F 13. to lead to destruction/temptation . Qt ishment . CQ i H
2'
l ? 3(
#+ ?
310 ' esma z i ' aka ye ' eti mangest , xayl , wa-sebhat l a - ' al ama ' a l am o ' Amen . ( 14) ' E sma ' emma xadaggemu l a - s ab ' ' abbasahomu , yaxaddeg lakemu-ni ' abukemu samaywi ' abbaskemu . ( 1 5 ) Wa- ' emma-sa ' i -xadaggemu l a - s ab ' ( 1 6) Wa-soba ( 1 7) ' Esma ' Aman ' ebel akemu, ' abbashomu , ' abukemu-ni ' i -yaxaddeg ' abbaskemu . teawwemu, ' i -t ekunu kama madl ewan ; ' i -teamahayyu . yamsenu gaomu kama ystar' eyu l a - s ab ' kama omu . sal lau ' esetomu . segaka beruh we ' etu. Wa- ' emma - s a '_ayneka awwag we ' etu, kWe l lu
311
segka elmata yekawwen . w e ' etu , !?elmateka ' efo? taqaneyo .
( 2 3) Wa- ' e a - s a berhan z a - l ll. ' leka elmat ( 2 4 ) ' Albo za-yekel l a-kel ' e ' aga ' ezt Wa
Wa- ' emma- ' akko , ' aJ:tada yea1 1 e ' wa-kal e ' o yafaqqer .
' emma- ' akko , l a - ' aJ:tadu yet ' e z zaz wa- l a-ka l e ' u ' i -yet ' e z zaz . tekelu-ke l a - ' Egz i ' aber t aqaneyo wa-l a-neway., ' ebe l akemu : za-telabbesu .
(25) Wa-ba' enta. - z e
Wa- ' anta- s a , soba t eawwem , qeba' re ' saka, wa Wa- ' abuka za-yere " i za-ba-xebu ' ya ' as seyaka
' I -tetakkezu la-nafsekemu ia-ebal l ' u 'a- la-nafe s t ekemu ' Akko-hu nafs t a ' abbi ' em-sisit , wa-n'afest " em - l e b s ? ' Akko-nu
gaaka taxaab , ( 1 8) kama ' i -tastar ' i la-sab ' kama omka, za' enbal a la- ' abuka za-ba-xebu' . ( 1 9 ) ' 1 -tezgebu l akemu mazagebta westa medr , xaba ae wakesuta . w w q enq ene yamaseno , wa-xaba saraqt yekarreyu wa-yes arrequ . -(20) Zegebu l akemu mazagebta westa samayat , xaba ' i-yamaseno ae wa- ' i qWenqWene , wa-xaba saraqt ' i -yekarreyu wa- ' i -ye s arrequ . xaba h a l l o mazgabeka, heyya yehe l l u l ebbeka-ni . segaka we ' etu 'ayneka . ( 2 1 ) ' Esma (22) Maxtotu l a
(26) Naeru ' a 'wll.fa samay kama ' i -yezarre 'u wa- ' i -ya ' arreru wa- ' i ystagabe ' u westa ' abyat , wa- ' abukemu s amayawi yeseseyomu . ' antemu fadfada texeyyesewwomu? ' araz-ni menta-nu texe l l eyu? ' i -yeamewu wa- ' i -yefattelu . za-yekel was seko ' em-diba qomu ' emmata ' aatta? (27) Mannu ' emennekemu 'ba-takke z o ( 2 8 ) Wa-b a ' enta
Re ' eyu egeyata gadam kama yelehhequ, ( 2 9 ) ' Ebel akemu kama Sal omon teqqa ba (30) Za-sa 'ra gadam ,
Wa- ' emkama 'ayneka s e fu we ' etu, kWe l lu l iabl e ,to temptation/punishment . Lt
kWe l lu kebru ' i - l ab s a kama ' aJ:tadu ' em- ' e l lu .
pass .
pas s .
za-yom hal l o wa-gesama westa '_es-t yetwadday, ' Eg z i ' ab er za-ka a-ze m ylll abbeso , ' efo ' enka fldfiida kiyakemu J:teu_ana n-a miinQt? ( 3 1 ' I.
to res cue , s av e , l iberat e . D y L A A(% l iberator, protector . 17. G
t et akke-z u-ke ' enka ' enza _ tebelu : menta netkaddan?
.-,
Menta i'iebal l e "'wa-menta nesatti wa-
( 3 2 ) ' E sma zanta-sa kWe l l o ' azab yaxassesewwo , wa
A)
( 1 ) to be whol e , perfect ; (2) to accept/bring D
lakemu-sa ya' ammer ' abukemu samayawi kama tsfaqqedu , zanta kWe l l o . . ( 33) 'Antemu-sa xessu maqdema mangesta z i ' ahu wa-edqo , wa- zentu kWe l lu yetwe s s akakemu . t exEi l l i l a-re ' sa . ( 34) ' I -tetakkezu-ke la-gesim-, ' esma gesam-sa Ya' akkela la- ' e l at ' ekaya . Chapter V I I
back ( s omething) whol e/comp l ete/in its entirety; to pay back; ( 3 ) to consummate , finish up/off.
A A)
Gt
G (2) and G (3) ; also :

=
to be to be
effective , t o accompl i s h results . finished, consummated, completed.
Dt ) A comp l etion .
A)
G
$
anoint
$ pas s . and reflex. D$ $ . to smear , anoint . Gt (o l ive ) oi l , ointment , but t er . smeared, anointed . ' $ $ #
ing . 19. CG
( 1 ) ' 1 -tekWannenu kama ' i -tetkWannanu .
w ( 2 ) ' E sma ba-k ennane zaharvest .
nk 20. %
caus . 22. G
moth , worm. (pl . Gt Gt
?
pas s .
?
thief.
moth , worm . G
26 . to steal . 28 . (p l .
$ D
to harvest .
$
G
to prepare or furnish c lothing .
4 3
5
fl owering,
s t o l en obj ect ; theft .
kB
clothing, vestments .
to flower .
U!
t rans . :
=
to expand, extend , spread out ;
decorated with f lowers . to twi s t , spi n . Gt
k A
(pl . pas s .
intran s . :
idem .
intrans . G .
D!
spread out , ex (of a o P

=
>` flower . G A D spun , twi sted .

hli sted work . r st . ho
=
# A. A (pl .
tended; wide , spacious , ampl e ; open , s incere , gui l e l e s s ; generou s .
$
33.
` & _
G
thread, cord . is woo
expansion , extension;
kw 'oo
expanse ; s incerit y ; ] o { k
30. 34 . ) ! or { r ok
x v $v $ Â F X ^ \
see 5 1 . 3 . k M c o r o w k
100m) . anvi l .
extension, width, capacity.
t o d o u o
! w o evi l , malignant . -
savage .
$^
to be r r
for , to
q.awwag pervers e , evi l ,
oo o o
eg .
wo
& t be ] ] o * CG 6 ^ Gt ta' akla t o be o uw % W^ V sufficient , o uw *
312 kWannankemu tetkWennanu ' antemu , wa-ba-masfart za-safarkemu yesafferu l akemu . (3) Menta-nu t ere" i asara za-westa ' ayna ' exuka , wa-sarwe za-west a ' ayneka ' i - t ebeyyen? yerakkebewwa .
313
(4)
Wa- ' efo tebe l o l a- ' exuk a :
"Xedeg (5)
' awde ' hasara ' em-westa ' aynek a , " wa-nahu sarwe westa 'ayneka?
Madl ew , ' awe ' qedma sarwe ' em -westa ' ayneka, wa- ' emze t ere " i l a , ' awe ' o as ara za-westa ' ayna ' exuk a . , l ' I -t ahabu qeddesta l a kal abt , wa- ' i -tedayu breyakemu qedma ' arew , kama ' i-yekidewwomu ba- ' egarihomu wa-t amayeomu yen?exukemu . Xessu wa-terakkebu . gWadgWada yetraxxawo . ' arw medr-nu yehubo ?
(7)
Sa ' alu \a-yetwahhabakemu.
GWadgWedu wa-yetraxxawakemu .
(8) ' Esma kWe l l u
za-ye s e " el yenass e ' , wa- za-hi yaxasses yerakkeb , wa- l a - za-hi
(9) Mannu we ' etu ' emennekemu b e ' s i za-yese " elo
+ I j Wa- ' emma-hi 'asa s a ' alo , + + IZa ' antemu ' enka ' enza ' ekuyan, ' ant emu ( 1 2) KWel lo -ke
waldu xebesta, bo -nu ' ebna yehubo?
faqado Ia- ' abuya za-ba-s amayat . ' el at :
( 1 9) KWel lu ' e za': ' i -yefarri f..r. .s Itl1ay.,,:_ . . yegazzemewwo , wawes t a ' es sat yewaddeywwo . (20) ' Wa- ; ein-ferehomu ' enka ta' ammerewwomu. (21) ' Akko kW e l l za-yeb e l ani , ;" , g z i ' 0 , ' Egz i ' o" za-yebawwe ' west a manges ta samayat , z a ' e baia z a-yegab ber
sannaya fareya .
xabekemu ba- ' albasa ' abage' , . wa- ' enta westomu - s a tak Iat masat t ' emuntu . (16) Wa- ' emferehomu ta ' ammerewwomu ; Yeqassemu-hu ' em ' aswak ' askal a , wa- ' em- ' amekal a balasa ? (17) Kamahu -ke kWel lu ' e sannay fere sannaya yefarri , wa- ' ekuy-sa ., ed fere . .' ekuya yefarr i . ( 1 8) ' I -yekel ' e1 sannay fere ' ekuya fareya , Ha" i - ' ed" ' ky fere
.
(15) Ta' aqabu ' em-has saweyan nabiyat , ' e l la yemass . . e'u : .. .w '
3 2 Be zuxan yebeluni ba-ye ' et i
ta' ammeru sannya habta wehiba l a-weludekemu , ' efo fadflida ' abukemu za-ba - s amayat yehub sannaya l a- ' el la yese " e l ewwo ? ' esma z entu we ' etu ' orit-n i wa-nabiyat . bezuxan ' emuntu ' e l l a yebawwe ' u westet a . za-tefaqqedu yegbaru l akemu s ab ' , kamahu gebaru l omu ' antemu-ni , + 4 I Ba ' u ' enta abab ' anqa, (14) Teqqa abab ' anqa wa ' esma raab ' anqa wa-sef eh . t f eno t ' ent a tewassed westa hagW I , wa
' Egzi ' 0 , ' Eg z i ' 0 , " akko-nu ba- semeka tanabbayna wa-ba-s emeka ' aganenta ' awa ' na wa-ba-s emeka xaylata bezuxa gabarna ? (23) Wa-ye ' eta sobe ' li ' ammenomu : Gemura ' i-Ya ' ammerakemu . tegabberu ' , amma?a . Raaqu ' emenneya kWe l l ekemu ' el la
' el l a e ' eqt fenot ' enta t ewassed westa eywat , wa-wexudan ' emunto VII 2.
G
t o measure (out) .
Gt
to mete out , distribute . meas'ure , specifi c amount . 3. , l pearl .
measured . beam , t imber .
} M}
D
pas s . (p l .
Glt
}
a
M}B
5F
(p l . |@F CD (p l .
to discern , dog . G
nagareya wa- ' i -yegabbe ro yemass e l be ' se ' abda za-ana a beto diba xo li . (27) Wa-warada zenlim , wa-ma ' u waliye zt , wa-nafxu naflisat , wa gaf' ewwo la-we ' etu bet , wa-wadqa , wa-kona deqatu ' abiya .
w aye z t , wa-nafxu naflis 1l.t , wa-gaf' e) l a-we '.e tu bet , wa- ' i -wadqa, w w ' s?mt'iba kWak tasarara . ( 26) Wa-k e l lu z a-ye s amme ' zanta
(24) KWel lu-ke za-yesamme ' zanta nagareya wa-yegabbero yema s s e l be ' se tabiba za-ana a be to diba kWakwh . (25) Wa-warada zenlim , wa-ma ' u
dis tinguish , make out .
+ ] +
to make c lear , evident .
+ B
Gt
(pl .
=B
to
(p l .
+)B
p i g , sow , swine .
#w E.
strik e , beat , knock down, tramp l e ,
7.
? ? K K
pass .
t o knock (on a door) .
l B wo l f . # *M2 to pick (frui t ) , gather, col le c t , harvest Gt g *M pas s . g*a harvest , picking ; the crops harve sted (p I . ag*MB v *M4 g** a fruit/berry/grape-pi cker . *h (pl . + * t
(pl . 16. G
15 .
*\
tho rn ; sting .
7* (pI . B fish . + 4 G h4 # to be (too) narrow ; to narrow, confine . CG caus . ( f . R0 narrOH, confined . narrownes s . M a narrow p l ace , narrow pas s . 1 4 . CG . g t o pre s s in on , t o confine . h narrow , confined . 8 confinement , press ; need. M g adJ' . press ing, confin+j ing . G
(p I .
uB
grape ( s ) .
aHe Y (e
23 .
assert .
3 o52
Ce
is used nominally here :
a thorny p l ant .
at that time , on
that occasion .
aM
in the sense :
to profe s s , confirm as a fact,
Q K'
rock ( s) , stone ( s ) .
3 G @G 2
#K
to be few , smal l .
few, smal l , scanty .
pas s .
K
26.
injured, harmed ; vio l ent .
2 to harm, inj ure , oppre s s . S K 9 K harm , inj ury ; viol ence ;
paucity , scantiness .
oppression .
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merJaq R 4 < R R
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naya
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fever .
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&^ < < LamaR ;
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s L RJR pafara : R R :0 %R l %R .R0 R <.
%R / R :R R R . CR
tafar
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faqant W
?5E 5 2 + B a ' enta za-kal ' o ' i -yet l ewo ( 1 9) Wa-mas ' a xabehu ' aadu aafi wa-yeb l o :
L i q , ' et luka-nu xaba horka? Menta bena mesleka ' Iyasus walda ' Eg z i ' aber? t esaqeyana z a ' enbala yeb;;aJ:1 gizehu? a a ' ka z eyya . .-
317
>2
Wa-yeb lo ' I yasus : QWana el -ni gebaba bomu , wa- ' a 'wafa s amay-ni xaba yaal l e l u , w wa-walda ' e g ala ' emma-eyaw - s a ' albotu xaba yasammek re ' s o .
>5 >>
Wa-yebe l o kal e ' ' Egzi ' o ,
' em- ' arda ' ihu :
"
( 30) Wa-botu heyya mar ' aya ' arew be zux yetia ' ; a / uqa ' emennehomu , (31) wa- ' astabqWe ' ewwo ' aganent wa-ybel ewwo: '
?>
Wa-yebe l omu : f:luru . ' Emma - s a tawa1e ' ana, fannewana diba mar ' aya . : arew . Wa-wad i ' omu , horu wa-bo ' u we sta. ' ahrew rou kWe l lu mar 'aya ' arew, wa- adfu we ta ba.l:r wa-motu west . p w ? ? Wa- g ayyu nolot wa- ' atawu hagara, wa- zenawu .kw e l lo wlza-ba'enta ? B Wa-nahu wa1 ' u kWe l lu agar yet abbal ewwo l a ' el la ' aganent -hi . ' Iyasus , wa- soba r e ' yewwo , ' astabqWe ' ewwo yex l e f ' em- dawalomu . Chapter IX
..
' abehani ' eqde.m awira wa- ' eqbaro l a - ' abuya.
Wa-yebelo ' I yasus : . T e l ewani , wa-xedegomu l a-mewutan yeqbaru mewutanihomu .
m.
wa
11 . >?
Ba ' enta z a-gassaa bara
Wa- 'arga westa amar , wa-talawewwo ' arda ' ihu .
* p Wa-nahu
'abiy d e l eql eq kona ba-westa bar ' eska soba amar yes sewwar ' emenna mogad , wa-we ' etu- s a yenawwem. wa-yebel ewwo : ' Eg z i ' o , ' adxenana, ' e sma nemawwet . Wa-yebel omu : La-ment farrahan ' ant emu , euana haymanot ? Wa -tansi ' o , gassa omu l a-nafasat-ni wa- la-bar, wa-kona zahna ' abiya .
11
r I
5 ? - Ba ' enta maagWe'

( 1 ) Wa- ' arigo westa amar, ' adawa wa-ba a hagaro . > Wa- ' ame ' u w ' xabhu d eweya madag " e a enza ye awwerewwo baarat , wa-re ' eyo . ' I yasus haymanotomu, yebalo la-we ' eu maagWe ' : Ta ' aman , waldeya . Yearref z entu- s a . Yetxaddagu xaawe ika .
>X
Wa-qarbu ' arda ' ihu , wa- ' anqehewwo
>F
( 3) l'Ia-nahu ' e l l a ' em-westa aaft yebelu babaynatihomu :

( 4 ) Wa- ' a ' maromu ' Iyasus xe l l innahomu ; wa-yebe1 6mu :
La-ment t exel l eyu ' ekuya b a- ' albabikemu ? wa-hur" ? ( S ) Ment yeqal lel : ' em-beh i l a "yet xaddag\! l aka xa!we ' ika" wa- ' em-behi l a " t anS-e '
> G Wa- ' ankaru s ab ' wa-yeb e l u :

Mannu ' enga we ' etu zentu za-yet ' e z zazu lotu bar-ni wa-nafasat ni?
Wa- kama ta' meru kama bewuh l otu la-walda ' e gWala to aff l i c t , vex, t orment . Lt
6>,
Ba ' enta ' e l l a ' aganent
29.
saqaya I}adfa
tasaqaya
p as s .
> H Wa-ba io ma ' dota beera Gerge s enon, taqabbalewwo kel ' etu ' e l l a
' aganent ' em-maqaberat wa1 i ' omu, ' ekuyan !eqqa ' e ska soba ' i -yekel mannu-hi xal i fa ' enta ye ' eti fenot . (29) Wa-nahu s arxu ' enza yeb e l u :
seqay
vexat ion , torment .
masqe
goad ; weaver ' s comb . C.G ' afdafa caus . Qt
? >% G
to rush/p lunge headlon g . (pl .
adf
to
(' al}dafJ
precipitous p l ace , precipi c e , abys s .
??.
W > 2 ) q eneZ
ho l e , cave , l air .
nolawi 'arat
G
nolot)
be d .
shepherd , herdsman . The imptv . of
tano Zawa
(pl .
W q ana?e Z)
fox, wo l f .
gebb
(pl .
gebab , ' agbab)
function as a shepherd , to tend f l o cks . IX
>.
S.
(pl .
-at)
ta'amna
also has the CG
> A % CQ
' adZaqaqa
to shak e , quak e , tremb l e ; also caus . of s ame .
meaning :
"Take heart . "
deleqleq mawaged)
26. calm ,
violent mo tion, storm, tempes t ; earthquake . wave . G
mogad
(p l .
qaZaZa
CD etc. . . or .
t o b e l i ght , easy, swift , s l i ght .
' aq laZa
CGlt
to
lighten , dimin i s h a burden ; t o make swift , agi l e ; to scorn, d i s dain ,
zena to !#B tranqui l , cal m . CG ' azana caus . tranqui l . zahn calm, tranqui l l ity . 2 7 . ' enga 8 : = B +2B9@$; = + 4 2 )# 2
zeun
B .
.
make l i ght o f .
' aqaZZaZa maqlaZi
to consider l i ght , to l i ghten . one 1(5B . + * t # 3 < B6&B / 0 % A , ? # ; B
' astaqiilaZa
to l i ghten ; to s corn , disdain , desp i s e , revi l e .
qaZiZ
' em
(
.
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qaZC1Z) l i ght , ' em whether .
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' emma-eyaw ba-diba medr yexdeg xai' ata wa- ' emze yebelo la-we 'etu maagWe ' : Tanse' wa-nesa' ' arataka, wa-ur betaka. G Wa-tansi ' o , ora beto . I Wa-re' eyomu ' azab , ' ankaru wa 'a'kWatewwo la-' Egzi ' aber za-wahaba za-kama-ze seltana la-sab ' .
14.
; U
batu la-wayn addis westa zeqqat J:1addis yewaddeyewwo , wa yet ' aqqabu kel ' ehomu . Ba' enta walatta maggabe mekwrab (1 8 ) Wa- ' enza zanta , yenaggeroffiu, nahu ma ' a 'ah.adu kwaI{ne'n wa sagada lotu ' enza yebel : Walatteya ye' ze motat , wa-bahtu na 'a ' anber ' edeka , l a ' leha , wa taJ,1.ayyu . (19) Wa-tanse' a ' Iyasus , wa-talawo , wa- ' arda' ihu-ni .
15.
Ba' enta Mattewos
Wa-xalifo ' Iyasus ' em-heyya, rakaba be 'se ' enza yenabber westa meebbaJ:1, za-semu Mattewos , wa-yebelo : "Telewani . I I Wa-tansi ' 0 , talawo . (10) Wa- ' enza yeraffeq westa bet , nahu ma 'u bezuxan maabbehan wa-xae ' an wa-rafaqu mesla ' Iyasus wa- ' arda' ihu. ( 1 1 ) Wa re ' eyomu Farisaweya, yebelewwomu la- ' arda ' ihu : La-ment mesla maabbean wa-xae'an yeballe ' liqekemu? ( 1 2 ) Wa-sami ' o ' Iyasus , yebelomu : ' I -yefaqqedewwo e'uyan la- ' aqabe seray, za-enbala 'ella yaJ:1arnmu. ( 1 3 ) uru wa- ' a 'meru ment we ' etu za-yebe : MeJ:1rata ' efaqqed wa- ' akko maswa 'ta, ' esma ' i-maa' ku ' eawwd adeqana ' alIa xae'ana la-nesseha . 7 B Wa- ' emze ma ' u xabehu ' arda' ihu la-YoJ:1annes ' enza yebelu : La-ment nehna wa-Farisaweyan neawwem bezuxa> - ' arda' ika-sa ' i-yeawwemu? ( 1 5 ) Wayebelomu ' Iyasus : Ba- ' ayte yekelu daqiqu l a-mar ' awi laewo ' amana hallo mar 'awi mes lehomu? Wa-baJ:1tu yemae' mawa ' el ' ama yetnassa' mar ' awi ' emennehomu, wa- ' ameha yeawwemu . 7 F Wa- ' albo za-yeaqqeb dergeJ:1a lebsa westa seata lebs beluy, ' esma yanae ' o J:1eyawo la-lebs , wa-fadfada yekawwen settatu . ( 1 7 ) Wa- ' i-yewaddeyu wayna J:1addisa westa zeqqat beluy; Iva- ' emma ' akko -sa, yenaqqe ' u zeqqat , wa-waynu-hi yetka" aw , wa-zeqqat-ni yethaggWalu. Wamar 'a wedding, marriage . mar 'aw groom, son-in-law . (pl . mara <ew) bride , daughter-in- law . Qt tamar 'awa t o get married (to a woman : 0 . 5 . ) . ' amana conj . as long as . 7 F + S aqaba to sew, attach by sewing. eqbat sewing, stitch . derge a patch . QS ' ante <a to tear off/apart . 8 G + zeqq (pl . -at) wineskin . S naq 'a trans . and intrans . : to spl it , burst , rupture . R S ' anqe <a S trans . nequ ' split , ruptured, cracked . naq ' (pl . ' anqe 't) fountain, source , spring . neq <at spl it,
15.
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Ba' enta ' enta yeweeza dam (20) Wanahu be ' sit, ' enta dam yeweeza ' em- 'asartu wa-kel ' etu 'limat, :.., ;M\ ' ma at " en dexrehu, ( 2 1 ) wa-gasasa t enfa lebsu, wa-tebe ba-l ebba : ' Emkama gasasku lebso ' aJ:1ayyu . (22) Wa-tamaa ' Iyasus , wa-re' ya, wa-yebe : Ta' amani , walatteya, haymanoteki ' aJ:1yawataki . a,l:aat e ' sit ' em-we ' etu sa'at . ( 23 ) Wa-mai'o ' i:y,,,,sus bHo la ,_ , we ' etu mak annen, re'ya mabkeyana wa-sab' a' ;'enza ye'thawwaku . * p T Wa-yebelomu: Tagaasu, ' esma ' akko za-motat I:ean , ' alla tenaww;em . (25) Wa-saJ:1aqewwo . Wa-soba wad'u sab' , bo ' a wa- ' axaza ' edeha, wa tanse ' at elin .
7F)
. . , . .
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Ba' enta kel ' e 'ewurml
mar 'at
(26) Wa-wa' a semu 'atu westa kWella ye ' eti medr . ('27l Wa-xalifo ' Iyasus ' em-heyya, talawewwo kel ' etu ' ewuran ' enza yearrexu wa yebelu': Tasahal ana, walda Dawi t . (28) Wa-bawi ' o beta, ma 'u xabehu ' emuntu 'ewuran, , wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus : Ta' ammenu-hu kama ' ekel zanta gabira? Wa-yebel ewwo : ' Ewwa, ' Egzi ' o . (29) Wa-gasasomu ' a ' yentihomu ' enza yebel :
thigh . to be blind . CG ' a ' ora to blind . Dt ta < awwara to negl ect , over l ook , l et pass unno t i c e d ; to d e spi se . /=< @ , 2 05. @ 'UX'at blindness .
manqe ' t
27.
G 'ora
crack, fissure .
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322 mekwrabatihomu, (18) wa-yewassedukemu xaba masafent wa-nagast ba' ent i ' aya la-sem ' lomu wa- la- ' azab . (19) Wa-soba yagabbe 'ukemu , ' i -taxal leyu ' efo menta tetnagaru, ' esma yetwahhabakemu ba-ye' eti sa ' at za-tetnagaru. (20) ' Esma ' i-konkemu ' antemu ' ella tetnagaru, ' al Ia manfasu l a- ' abukemu we ' etu yetnagar ba-la' lekemu. (21) Wa yagabbe' 'exew ' exwahu l a-mot , wa- ' ab-ni weludo , wa-yetnasse 'u welud la' l a ' azmadihomu , wa-yeqattelewwomu . (22) Wa-tekawwenu elu' ana .ba xaba kWellu sab ' ba' enta semeya. Wa-za-sa ' azlafa te' gesto we ' etu yedexxen . ( 23) Wa-soba yesaddedukemu ba-westa zati . hagar, gWeyyu westa kale ' ta. ' Aman ' ebelakemu : ' i-yetfeama ' ahgura ' Esra ' e l ' eska soba yemae' walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw. (24) 'Albo rad ' za ya' abbi ' em-liqu wa- ' i-gabr-ni za-ya' abbi ' em- ' egzi 'u. (2S) Maanu la-rad' yekun kama l iqu , wa-la-gabr-ni kama ' egzi'u. Za-la-ba 'la bet ba- Be ' el Zebul yebelewwo , ' efo fadfada la-sab ' a betu . (26) ' 1 tefrehewwomu-ke ' enka ' esma ' albo kedun za- ' i-yetkassat , wa-xebu ' za ' i-yet ' awwaq . (27) Za-nagarkukemu ba-elmat negerewwo ba-berhan, wa za-ni westa ' eznekemu nagarkukemu sebekewwo ba-diba ' anest . (28) Wa- ' i-tefrehewwomu la- ' ella yeqattelu sega, wa-nafsakemu-sa ' i -yekelu qatila. Wa-batu ferehewwo la- za-yekel nafsa wa-sega xebura ' ahgWelo ba-westa Gahannam . (29) ' Akko-nu kel ' etu ' a' waf yessayyaa ba-ariqa ' asareyon? Wa- ' aatti ' emennehon ' i -tewaddeq westa medr za' enbala ya' mer ' abukemu . (30) Wa- lakemu-sa se' erta re' sekemu-ni kWel lon xWeluqat ' emantu. (31) ' I -tefrehu-ke . 'Em-bezux ' a' waf texeyyesu ' antemu . (32) KWellu ' enka za-ya ' ammen beya ba-qedma sab' ' a ' ammeno , ana-hi ba-qedma ' abuya za-ba-samayat . (33) Wa-la.- za-sa kehdani ba qedma sab ' ' ekeedo ' ana-hi ba-qedma ' abuya za-ba-samayat . (34) yemsalkemu za-maa'ku salama ' eday westa medr. ' I -maa'ku ' eday salama ' alIa mabata. (3S) Wa-masa'ku ' eflet be'se ' em- ' abuhu, wa walatta-ni ' em- ' emma, wa-mar 'ata-ni ' em-amata. (36) Wa-arru la sab ' sab ' a betu. (37) Za-yafaqqer ' abahu wa-' emmo ' emmeneya ' i yedal lu lita. Wa- za-yafaqqer waldo wa-walatto ' emenneya ' i -yedal lu (pl . r m B roof, rooftop . 27. ! a small coin; Gk. G7C 29. $ C 34 . G {N to make an inCision ; to sacrifice . Gt {! sacrifice. pass . {! sacrifice , sacrificial victim . {! ! knife , sword . (pI . R
323 lita. (38) Wa- za- ' i-nas ' a masqal o wa- za- ' i-ta1awa dexreya 1 yedallu Ii tao (39) Za-rakabi la-n'aisu y gadde , wa-za-s a gadafa la-nafs u ba' enti ' aya yerakkeba . (40) 'Za-kiyakemu tawakfa kiyaya tawakfa, wa- za-kiyaya tawakfa tawakfo la- za fannawani . (41) Za-tawakfa nabiya ba-sema nabiy ' asba nabiy yenasse ' , wa- za-tawakfa adeqa ba-sema adeq ' asba adeq yenasse' . (42) Wa- za- 'astaya ' ahada ' em- ";llu ne ' usan ea 'a ' may qWarir batito ba-sem rad' , ' aHlan ' ebelak'emu : ' I -Yahagwe1 ' asbo .
, .
Chapter X I 20. Ba' enta ' ella tafannawu ' em-xaba Yohannes (1) Wa-kona ' emza sal laa ' Iyasus ' azzezotomu la- ' asartu wa-kel ' etu ' ardii.' ihu, xalafa ' em-heyya kama yemhar wa.- yesbek westa 'ahgurihomu . (2) Wa-sami ' o Yoannes megbarihu la-Kerestos ba-beta moqeJ:! , fannawa xabehu kel ' eta ' em- ' arda' ihu . (3) Wa-yebeIo : 'Anta-nu .z a-yema e ' ? ...Wa-oo-nu kale.' a . zan'e sseffo"7 ''''; ' '' : ' (4) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus , .wa-yebl'!lomu : 'r . l;Iawirakemu, zl'!newewwo la-Yoa!1nes za-t samme ' u wa-za-t ere ' ' eyu . (S) ' Ewuran yere " eyu; ankas. yaawweru; ' el la lam yenaeu; wa-emuman yesamme ' u; mutan yetnasse 'u; wa-naddayan yezzena wu . (6) Wa-beu' we 'etu za- .' i-ta' aqfa beya . (7) Wa-soba xalafu ' ellu, ' aiaza ' Iyasus yebalomu la- ' ahzab ba' enta Yoannes : Menta waa' kemu gadama ter ' ayu? Ber' a-nu za-yetawwas ' em nafas? (8) Wa-menta-nu-ma waa' kemu t er'ayu? Be'se-nu zaressuy ba-qatant ' albas ? Nahu ' el la-sa qaanta yelabbesu westa ' abyat a nagast hallawu . (9) Wa-menta-nu-ma wa1a' kemu ter' ayu? (pl . = B cup . 42 . c S . t N^ to l imp , be lame . ^ lame , crippled . lameness . !^Sk (pl . $ { : reed ; arm of a candelabrum. CG a !C to 2 > { idem intrans . or pass . ; & !$ move, shake, agitate . Gt !C (p I . -at) motion , movement . !$ reptil es , "creeping things . " a (physical) sens e . ~T exc1am . of wonder or admi.ration . . pG~m ( f . qaFiin , pl . G Gm Q fine, del icate; % fine S. fineness, delicacy. clothes . m XI
324
325
Nabiya-nu? ' Ewwa ' ebelakemu , wa-fadfada ' em-nabiy. (10) ' Esma zentu we ' etu za-ba' ent i ' ahu taefa : Nahu ' ana ' efennu mal ' akeya qedrna gaeka, za-yeayye fenotaka ba-qedmeka . (11) ' Arnan ' ebe1akemu : ' I-tanse ' a ' em-tewledda ' anest za ya ' abbi ' em-Yoannes Mameq, wa-ba-mangesta samayat -sa za yene" es ya' abbi ' emennehu. ( 1 2) Wa- ' em-mawa ' el a Yoannes Ma!meq ' eska ye ' ze tetgaffa' mangesta samayat , wa-gefu ' an yethayyadeww . ( 1 3) ' Esma kWellomu nabiyat wa- ' orit ' eska Yoannes tanabbayu , (14) wa- ' ernma-sa tefaqqedu t etwakkafewwo , we ' etu 'Eleys za-hal 1awo yema' . (15) Za-bo ' a ' zana sami ' a 1a yesma ' . (16) Ba-mannu ' astamasela la-zati tewledd? Temassel daqiqa ' ella yenabberu westa mesy! wa-yeewwe 'u biomu wa yebelewwomu : (17) ' Anzarna lakemu, wa- ' i -zafankemu; ' asqoqawna 1 akemu, wa- ' i -bakaykemu. (18) ' Esma mas ' a Yohannes ' enza ' i-yeball e ' wa- ' i-yesatti , wa yeb!!lewwo : Ganena botu. w ( 1 9 ) Wa-ma ' a walda eg ii 1 a ' ernma-eyaw ' enza yebal le' wa yesatti , wa-yebelewwo : Nawa be' si bala' i wa-sataye wayn , ' arka maabbe9an wa xate 'an . Wa-adqat !ebab ' em-daqiqa . , (20) Wa- ' emze ' axaza Iyasus yeison 1a- ' ahgur ' ella ba-westeton gabra xayla bezuxa, ' esma ' i -nassehu . ( 2 1 ) Wa-yebelon : ' Ale laki KWarazi. ' Ale l aki Beta-Sayeda. ' E sma soba-sa ba1 2 . G 5@ Zf5%2 to take by force , violence . Gt 5 pas s . and reflex . 5 violence , taking by force ; booty, prey . 5 % a violent person, plunderer . 17. Q p to pipe , play a musical instrument . fp% a musical instrument of any sort . _ pf musician, piper, flute player . G p to dance . p n. dancing . p` % (f. & t dancer. _fp a place for dancing . r( f to become friends (with) . Glt 19 . t friend . _ pI . < f 21 . @ Woe unto (pl . : Wnt sack, s ackcloth .
. ....
( 26)
Tiros wa-ba-Sidona tagabra xay:l a-tagabra ba-westetek en, , em wadde ' a ba-saqq wa-ba-amad ' eFl-nasseu. ( 2 2 ) Wa-bahtu ' ebe laken : Tiros wa-Sidona sexutata yekawwena 'ama ' e l ata da) ' emenneken . ( 23) Wa- ' anti-ni Qefernahom, la' emma ' eska samay teUe ' 'al i , ' eska Gahannam tewarredi . (24) ' Esma soba ba-Sadom hu tagabra xayl za-tagabra. ba-westEitek i , , emh lwat . ' e ka . yom. (25) Wa-bii9tu ' ebelakemu kama medra Sadom sexeta. t.e . a. . lawwen b ' elata dayn ' emenneki . Ba-we ' etu mawlt 'el ' awse' a ' Iyasus wa-yebe : 'Esebbeaka 'Aba ' Egzi ' a samay wa-medr, ' esma xabii'ka zanta ' em !abiban wa- em-m' meran , wa-kasatkon la-e9anat . ' ( 27) ' Ewwa, 'Aba, ' e sma kama-ze kona semrateka ba-qedrneka. ( 2 8) KWellu tawehbani ' em-xaba ' abuya, wa- 'albo za-ya' arnrnera la-wald za ' enbala iab , wa-l a- ' ab-ni ' alba za-ya' ammero za' enbala wald, wa-la-za-faqada wald yekset lotu . ( 29) Ne 'u xabeya kWellekernu seruan wa-ewuran , wa- ' ana ' a 'arrefakernu . ( 3 0 ) Nese ' u ' ar 'uteya dibekemu, wa- ' a' meru ' emenneya kama ywwah ' ana 'va- - -P .... .. teut lebbeya, aterakkebu ' erafta: la-nafsekemu' ,' , esa- - " ar 'uteya sannay, wa-areya qalil we ' etu.
... "' . . ,. .
Chapter X I I
(1)
. .
.. . . -
Ba-we' etu mawa ' el xalafa ' Iyasus ba-sanbat ' enta mangala garaweh, wa- ' arda' ihu-sa rexbu, wa- ' axazu yemawu sawita wa-yebl e 'u . ( 2 ) Wa re' eyomu Farisaweyan, yebelewwo : Nahu ' arda' ika yegabberu za- ' i -yekawwen gabira ba-sanbat . (3) Wa-yebelomu : ' I -yanbabkemu-nu za-gabra Dawit ' ama rexba, we ' etu-ni wa- ' ella meslehu, zakama bo' a beto la- ' Egzi ' aber, wa-xabaweza qWerban bal 'a, za- ' i-yekawweno la-bali ' wa- ' i -Ia- ella mes lehu , za' enbal a la-kahenat la-batitomu? , l Wa- ' i -yanbabkemu-nu westa ' orit kama ba-sanbatat kahenat ba-beta maqdas sanbata yarakkWesu , wa- ' i-yekawwenomu gegaya? , l ' Ebelakemu kama za ya' abbi ' ern-beta maqdas hall o zeyya . (7) Saba-sa ta ' ammeru ment we ' etu "Me.hrata ' efaqqed wa- ' akko maswa 'ta," ' em- ' i 30 .
XII 1 . G _ ripen (of grain) .
<
a yoke .
f_! n%
to pluck . Gt ear of grain .
f(
pas s . G
to
32 6 kWannankemewwomu la- ' e l l a ' i-ye 'ebbesu. (8) 'Esma ' egzi ' we ' etu la-sanbat walda 'egWla ' emma-eyaw. 21. Ba' enta za-yabsat ' edehu (9) Wa-faliso ' em-heyya, hora westa mekwrbomu. (10) Wa-nahu be ' si za- ' edehu yabsat . Wa-tase" elewwo ' enza yebelu : Yekawwen-nu ba-sanbat fawweso? kama yastawli.deyewwo . ( 1 1 ) Wa-yeblomu : Mannu ' em-westetekemu be ' s i ' za-bo ' aatta bag'a, wa- ' emma wadqat ba-sanbat westa gebb , ' akko-nu ye ' exxeza wa-yanasse ' a? (12) ' Efo ' enka fadfida yexeyyes sab ' ' em-bag ' . YekaIYwen-ke ba-sanbatat gabira sannay. ( 13) Wa- ' emze yebelo la-we ' etu be ' s i : Sefa ' edeka. Wa-saa ' edehu, wa-aywat sobeh, wa-gab ' at kama kale'ta. ( 14) Wa-wai ' omu Fariswey[n, tamkaru ba' enti ' ahu kama yeqtelewwo . (15) Wa- 'a'miro ' 1yasus , tagel,lsa ' em-heyya. Wa-talawewwo bezuxan sab:. , wa- ' aJ:yawomu la_kwellou . ( 1 6) Wa-gassaomu kama ' i-yaghedewwo , ( 1 7) kama yetfassam za-tabehla ba- ' 1sayeyas nabiy ' enza yebel : Nahu waldeya za-xarayku , fequreya za-samrat nafseya . 'Anabber manfaseya la ' lehu , wa-kw ennane la- ' azab yenagger. ( 19) ' 1 - o. yedamme wa- ' i -yearrex, wa- ' albo za-yesamme ' ba-eggw qal (20) Ber ' a qequa ' i-yesabber, wa-su ' a za-yeayyes ' i-ya!affe ' ' eska yagabbe ' fetJ:a la-mawi ' , (21) wa-ba-sema zi 'ahu ' ahzab yet ' ammanu . 22 . Ba' enta za-ganen 'ewur wa-emum (22) Wa- ' emze ' am e ' u lotu za-ganen ' ewura wa-emuma, wa-fawwaso , eska we ' etu 'ewur wa-emum wa-bahham nababa-hi wa-re 'ya-hi. (23) Wa-yeddammamu kWel lomu ' azab, wa-yebelu : 'Akko-nu ze-we ' etu walda Dawit? t o bring charges against , t o accuse . 1 0 . CGlt r w W W ) street , mark et-p 1 ace . 19 . [ (pl . [ 20 . Q to grind; to break . ground , broken . vn . grinding, breaking . * .4 / flax, tinder . G # %R to smoke . CG e caus . ~ smoke . 22 . G behma (yebhaJTI) : 7 @be mut e . bahham mut e . behmat mut e ness .
_. ..
327
( 24) Wa-Farisaweyan-sa sami ' omu yebelu : Zentu-sa ' i -yawae ' 'aganenta za' enbala ba-Be' el .Jbul , makwanneno"mu' la- ' aganent . (25) Wa- ' a'miro ' 1yasus xel linnahomu, yebelomu : KWellu mangest 'enta tetnafaq babaynatiha temasen, IYa-kwellu hagar wa- ' emma-hi bet ' enta tetnafaq babaynatiha 'i-teqawwem. (26) Wa- ' emma-sa Saan Sayana yawae' , babaYJ.latih,: tanafaqa. .. ' Efo ' enka teqawwem mangestu? (27) Wa- ' emma-sa ' ana baBe ' el Zbul 'awae ' omu la- ' aganent , weludekemu ba-ment yawae ' omu? Ba' enta-ze ' emuntu fatata yekawwenukemu . (28) " Wa- ' emma-sa ' ana ba-manfasa 'Egzi ' aber ' aIYae ' ' aganenta, ' m i ga baat la' Hkemu mangesta ' Egzi ' aber . (29) Wa- ' e.fo yekel inaimu-hi bawi ' a beta xayyl wa-newayo hayeda za' enbala ' emma ' i-qadama ' asiroto la-xayyal ? Wa- 'emze beto yebarabber . (30) Za- ' i -kona mesleya ' edeweya we ' etu , wa-za- ' i -yastagabe ' ffi..;lsleya y_zarrewani . --; ..: ...." .. ;, : .. - : -- : ' (31) Ba' enta-ze ' ebel akemu : Kwellu ..x t werfat yetxaddag l a-sab ' , wa- za-sa la-manfas qeddus araa ' i -yetxaddag l otu. (32) Wa-za-yebe qala la ' la walda ' gWala ' emma-J:eyaw ;etxaddag lotu, wa-za-sa yebe la' la manfas qeddus ' i -yetxaddag lotu ' i ba-ze ' alam wa- ' i-ba- za-yemae' . ( 33) . 'Emnia ' akko gebaru t ea sannaya wa-ferehu-ni sannaya , wa- ' emma ' akko gebaru ' ea ' ekuya wa-ferehu-ni ' ekuya, 'esma ' em-ferehu ' e yet ' awwaq . (34) Tewledda ' arawi ta medr, ba- ' ayte tekelu s'annaya tanagero ' enza ' ekuyan ' antemu? ' Esma ' em-tarafa lebb yenabbeb ' af . ( 3 5 ) Xer be ' si ' em-sanny mazgaba lebbu yaIYae ' sannaya, wa-ma' amme be' si ' em-mazgaba ' ammaa yawae ' ' amma1t . (36) 'Ane-sa ' ebelakemu : KWel lu nebab eru ' za-yenabbeb sab ' yagabbe 'u ba' enti 'ahu qal a ba- ' elata' dayn , (37) 'esma ' em-qlHatika teaddeq wa- ' em-qalatika tetkWennan . 23. Ba' enta 'ella sa' alu te'merta (38) Wa- ' emze ' awse ' ewwo sab ' ' em-sahaft wa- 'em-Farisaweyan ' enza yebe lu : Liq, nefaqqed ' em-xabeka te'merta ner ' ay. (39) Wa- 'awsi 'o, yebelomu : Tewledd ' ammadit wa- zammawit te 'merta taxasses, wa-te'mert ' i yetwahhaba za' enbala t e ' merta 75*8@ 6( - 0 > @ @ %9 4 ( @1(3)@
328
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Yonas nabara westa karsa ' anbari salus a 'elata wa-salusa lelita, kamu yenabber walda 'egWl a ' emma-eyaw westa lebba la-medr salusa 'elata wa-salusa lelita. (41) Sab ' a Nanawe yetnasse ' u ' ama kWennan mes la-z tewledd wa-yetfateewwa, ' esma nasseu ba-sebkata Yonas . Wa-nahu za-ya' abbi ' em-Yonas zeyya. (42) Negesta ' azeb tetnassa' ' ama 'elata dayn mes la-za tewledd wa tetfate, ' esma ma ' at ' em- ' a nafa medr tesma ' !ebabo la Salomon . Wa-nahu za-ya ' abbi ' em-Salomon zeyya . (43) Wa ' emkama wa ' a manfas rekus " em-sab' , ya ' awwed ' enta badw ' enza yaxasses 'erafta, wa-yaxa!!e ' . (44) Wa- ' emze yebel : ' Egabbe ' westa beteya ' em-xaba waa'ku . Wa-ma i ' o , yerakkebo ' enza yastarakkeb ' edewa wa-meruga . {45) Wa- ' emze yaJ:lawwer wayamae' mes lehu sab ' ata kale' 1ina manafesta ' el l a ya' akkeyu ' emennehu, wa-bawi ' omu yaxadderu heyya, wa-yekawwen daxaritu la-we ' etu be ' s i za-ya' akki ' em-qadamitu. Kamahu yekawwena la zati tewledd ' ekit . (46) Wa- ' enza yenaggeromu la-' zab , n1ihu ' emmu wa- ' axawihu yeqawwemu ' af' a ' enza yefaqqedu yetnagarewwo . (47) Wa-bo ' em- ' arda' ihu za-. yebtno : Nahu ' emmeka wa- ' axawika 'af ' a yeqawwemu wa-yaxassesu yetnagaruka. (48) Wa- ' awse ' a wa-yebe la-za-nagaro : Mannu ye ' eti ' emmeya? Wa- 'ella mannu ' emuntu ' axaweya? * . l Wa-safJ:Ia ' edehu xaba ' arda' ihu wa-yebe : Nahu ' emmeya wa- ' axaweya . (50) 'Esma ia-gabra faqado la- ' abuya za-ba-samayat we ' etu ' exuya wa- ' exteya wa- ' emmeya-ni we ' etu.
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Chapter X I I I Ba' enta messal
a=ba-ye ' eti ' el at wai ' o ' Iyasus ' em-bet , nabara mangala bahr . Wa-tagabe 'u ' xabhu sab' bezux 'eska saba ya' arreg westa J;1amar wa yenabber, wa-kw el lu sab ' westa ayq yeqamemu . \) Wa-nagaromu bezuxa ba-messale ' enza yebel : N1ihu wa ' a za-yezarre' yezra' . (4) Wa:" ':enza yearre ' , bo za wadqa westa fenot , wa-ma 'u ' a' w1lfa samay . wa-bal ' ewwo . D Wa bo za-wadqa diba kWakw , xaba ' albo mareta bezuxa; wa-we ' eta gize saraa, ' esma ' albo ' emaqa la-maretu . , l .Wa-sariqo 1aay, ma lawa; wa- ' esma ' albo serwa, yabsa. ( 7 ) Wa-bo za-wadqa westa sok, wa-baqWala sok wa-xanaqo . (8) Wa-bo ' za-wadqa westa medr sannayt , wa-wahaba fere , bo za-me ' ta wa-bo za-sessa wa-bo za salasa . . l Za-bo ' ezana sami ' a yesma ' . ( 1 0) Wa-qaribomu ' arda' ihu, yebelewwo ; Ba' enta ment ba- ' amsal tetnagaromu? ( 1 1) Wa- ' awse " a wayebinornu : ... . 'Esma l akemu tawhba 'a' mero ewwuratiha l ; -mngestasa.yt , wa-lomu-sa ' i-tawehba. ( 1 2 ) ' Esma la-za-bo yetwahhalio wa. . . . - '. " . . .., yefadaffed, \a-la-za-sa 'alba ' ella-hi -bo yahayyedewwo . ( 1 3) Wa-ba'enta zentu ba- ' amsal ' etnagaromu, ' esma ' enza yere " eyu ' i -yere " eyu, wa- ' enza yesamrne'u ' i-yesamme ' u wa- ' i -yelebbewu . ( 1 4) Wa-yeteam la ' lehomu tenbita ' Isayeyas za-yebe : Sami ' a tesamme' u wa- 'i-telebbewu; wa-naero teneeru wa- ' i-tere " eyu. (15) 'Esma gazfa lebbu la-ze J:l ezb , wa(2)
whale . the south . @ badw/bada desert , wasteland, uncultivated area. G badwa to be desert , etc . CG ' abdawa caus . 44 . CGt ' as tarkaba to be at leisure (for) ; to be ready, oppor ' adawa to sweep . tune , convenient ; to be busy with , involved in . ' edew swept . ' edaw sweepings . G maraga to plaster . merug plastered . marg plaster . * +l dax (x)arit end . qaar am it beginning.
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42.
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(pI . -yCit, -eyat) parable, proverb , similitude . G 'amaqa (ye 'meq, ye 'maq) to be deep . CG a 'maqa to make deep , to penetrate deeply. 'emuq deep . 'emaq depth . ma 'meq (pI . ma 'ameq) the deep , abyss . 6 . Q ma Zawa to wil t , wither . CQ ' ama? Zawa caus . Qt tamallZawa to become withered; to wrinkle the face . mes lew wilted , & " ( wrinkled. W W W 7. G baq aZa/baq Za to sprout , grow . B ' abq aZa caus . baqW Z (pl . at) plant , herb , vegetation . baqaZt date-palm. G xanaqa (yewaeq) to choke , throttl e . Gt taxanqa } G and ( gezafl # + l X gazfa (yegzefJ t o b e dense , }\N Ng i v
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332 ' arda' ihu ' enza yebelewwo : Fakker lana messale za-kerdada garaht . (37) Wa- ' awse ' a wa-yebelomu : Za-ye zarre' sannaya zar 'a walda ' egWala ' emma-eya\ we ' etu; (38) wa-garahtu-ni 'alam we ' etu; wa-sannay-ni zar ' weluda mangest ' emuntu; wa-kerdad-ni weludu la- ' ekuyj (39) wa-arrawi -ni za zar 'omu Diyabelos we ' etuj wa-ma' rar-ni xelqata 'alam we ' etuj wa- ' adadd-ni mala' ekt ' emuntu . (40) Kama-ke ya' arreyewwo la kerdad wa-ba- essat yawe " eyeWwo , kamahu yekawwen ba-xelqata 'alamo (41) Yeennewomu walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw la mala' ektihu, wa-ya' arreyu ' em-mangestu kWel lo ' alaweyana wa ' el l a yegabberu ' abbasa, (42) wa-yewaddeyewwomu westa 'etona ' essat , wa-ba-heyya yekawwen bekay wa-aqiya senan . (43) 'Ameha yebarrehu adeqan kama aay ba-mangesta ' abuhomu . Za bo ' ezana sami ' a yesma ' . (44) Ka 'eba, temassel mangesta samayat madfena za-xebu' westa garaht , wa-rakibo be 'si xab ' a , wa- ' em fessehahu ora, wa-seta kWello za-bo , wa-tasaya!a we' eta garli.hta . (45) Ka ' eba, temassel mangesta samayat be ' se sayae za-yaxasses bareya sannaya. (46) Wa-rakibo ' aatta bareya ' enta bezux set, hora wa-seta (47) . . kWello za-bo wa-tasayata. . Ka ' eba, ' temassel mangesta samayat garifa ' enta tawadyat westa bar , wa- ' em-kwellu zamada ' asa ' astagabe ' at, (48) 'enta mal i ' a ' a 'ragu westa ayq , wa-nabiromu ' arayu sannayo westa muday, wa ' ekuyo-sa gadafewwo ' af' a . (49) Kamahu yekawwen ba-xelqata ' alam : yewae'u mala' ekt wa-yefalle!u ' ekuyana ' em-ma'kal omu l a-adeqan, (50) wa-yewaddeyewwomu westa ' etona 'essat xaba bekay wa-aqiya senan . (51) Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus : Labbawkemu-nu ' enka zanta kWello?
.
333 Wa-yebelewwo : 'Ew\a . (52) Wa-yebelomu : Ba' enta zentu kWellu aafi za-yeammad la-mangesta s amayat yemassel be'se ba' la oot za-yawae ' ' em-mazgabu addisa wa beluya. (53) Wa-faimo ' Iyasus ' ellonta messaleyata, tanse 'a ' em-heyya. (54) Wa-ora hagaro , wa-maharomu ba-mekwrabomu ' eska soba yeddammamu wa yebelu : 'Em- ' ayte la- zentu ze-kwellu !ebab .wa-xayl? . (55) 'Akko-nu zentu we' etu waldu !-aaral:!:i,? 'Akko-nu ' emmu sema" I>l aryam wa ' axawihu Ya' qob wa-Yosef wa-Sem' on wa-Yehuda? (56) Wa- ' axatihu kWellon xabena h ll wa? ' Em- ' ayte ' enka 10tu zentu kWellu? (57) Wa-yangWaraggWeru ba ' enti ' ahu . Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus : 'Albo ba-xaba ' i-yekabber nabiy za' enba1a ba-hagaru wa-ba-betu. (58) Wa- 'i -gabra ba-heyya xayla bezuxa ba! enta ' i - ' aminotomu . Chapter XIV 25 . Ba' enta Yoann'es wa-Herode$' :' (1) Wa-ba-we ' etu mawa ' el sam'a Herodes negus nagaro la- ' Iyasus . (2) Wa-yebe la- ' agbertihu : Ze-we ' etu Yoannes Ma.tmeq . We ' etu tanse ' a ', ' em-muj:1in , wa ba' ent zentu 'yetgabbara xayllit botu. (3) ' Esma we ' etu Herodes ' axazo la-Yoannes , wa-moqeo ba-beta moqe ba' enta Herodeyada, be' sita Fileppos ' exuhu , ,(4) ' esma yebelo Yoannes lotu: ' I -yekawwenaka tawseba laka. (5) Wa- ' enza yefaqqed yeqtelo, yefarreh 'azaba, ' esma kama nabiy yere ' ' eyewlVo la-Yoannes . (6) Wa-kalVino 'elata ledatu la-Herodes , zafanat walatta la-Herodeyada ba-ma 'kalomu, wa- ' addamato la-Herodes. (7) Wa-maJ:!ala lati kama yahaba za-sa' alato . (8) Wa- ' aqdamat 'a 'mero ba-xaba ' emma , wa-tebe lo : to helV, do carpentry . i woodwork , stone work . @% carpenter, craftsman . 57. Q ' Q C Q ; t o be angry, vexed; t o mutter . M_ 6. D i to please (someone : 0 . 5 . ) . eDt a to > be pleased with ( a . d . o . ) , to find pl easing, pleasant . i pleas ing , pleas ant . V jp $
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36 . D to interpret, expound, explain . Dt pas s . @ explanation , interpretation, exposition . in terpreter, expounderj soothsayer, prophet . 42 . (pl . >0 furnace , oven . G !g to grind/grit/ gnash the teeth; to chew. CG a g caus . 44 . G . to cover, hide , conceal. treas p N s epul chre . 47 . % net .
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La-ment ' arda ' ika yet 'addawu ser" ata liqanat , ' esma ' i yetxaabu ' edawihomu soba xebesta yeballe 'u? (3) Wa- ' awse ' a wa-yebelomu: La-ment ' antemu-ni tet 'addawu te' zaza 'Egz i ' aber ba' enta ser 'atekemu? (4) Wa- 'Egzi' aber-sa yebe : 'Akber ' aba wa- ' emma, wa- za-yaammi 'aba wa- ' emma mota yemut . F Wa- 'antemu-sa tebelu: Za-yebe la- ' ab wa- la- ' em "Habta za- ' em-xabeya za baqwa 'kuka" ' i-yakabber ' abahu wa- ' i- ' emmo . Y 8 Wa-sa 'arkemu qalo la- ' Egzi ' aber ba' enta ser ' atekemu . (7) Madlewan, sannaya tanabbaya ' I sayeyas la 'lekemu ' enza yebel : Ze-hezb ba-kanaferihomu yakabberuni, wa-ba-lebbomu-sa nawwaxa yereequ ' emenneya; # @ wa-kanto yamal lekuni ' enza yemehheru temherta ser ' atata sab' . ( 1 0) Wa-awwe 'omu la-ezb , wa-yebeIomu : Seme 'u wa-labbewu ( 1 1 ) kama ' akko za-yebawwe' westa ' af za yarakkWeso la-sab ' , ' al la za-yewae' ' em-westa ' af we ' etu yarakkWeso la-sab ' . ( 1 2 ) Wa- ' emze qaribomu ' arda' ihu, yebelewwo : Ta ' ammer-hu kama Farisaweyan sami ' omu qalaka ' angWargWaru? (13) Wa- ' awse ' a wa-yebe : KWellu takl ' enta ' i-takala ' abuya samayawi tesserraw . ( 1 4) Xedegemomu . ' Ewuran ' emuntu ' amreta ' ewuran . 'Ewur la- 'ewur la' emma maro , kel ' ehomu yewaddequ westa gebb . ( 1 5) Wa- ' awse' a Peros , wa-yebelo : Negerana zanta messale . ( 1 6) Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus :
xv B B
' Adi-hu ' anteu'-ni ' i-labbaweyan ' antemu? ( 1 7) ' I -ta' ammeru-nu k'ama kWellu za-yebawwe ' westa ' af westa kar$' yetgammar wa-emma yetgaddaf? ( 1 8) Wa- za- s'a yewae' ' em-westa ' af ' em-lebb ye\ae' , wa- ' emuntu yarakkWes ewwo la-sab' . (19) ' Esma ' em westa lebb yewae ' xel l inna ' ekuy : qatil , maJ:zan, zemmut , serq, sem ' ba-J:assat, wa-erfat . (20) , Ellu'-ke za-yarakkwese\o la-sab ' , wa- za' enbala taxadebo ' eda\-sa balf r"';' r.:-jra'l'llk kw eso la sab' . Ba' enta Kananawit ' enta walatta ta' abbed ' 0 ' Iyasus ' em-heyya, tageJ:sa westa dawala Tiros wa b A * Wa-wai 8 Sidona . A A Wa-nahu 8 be' sit Kananawit ' em-we 'etu ' adwal wad ' at ' enza ..... ! .. . ;. tesarrex wa-tebel : ." . . ', . "'... ... ."' . Maarani , ' E.g zi ' o , walda ' Dawit . Walatteya ' ekuy ganen ' axaza . Y A 1 Wa8 ' i-yawse ' a ' Iyasus qala . Wa-qaribomu ' arda ' ihu, ' astabqWe 'ewwo ' enza yebelu : F annewa, ' esma tearrex ba-dexrena. 8 Wa- ' awse' a; wa-yebe .: YA ' I -tafannawku za' enbala xaba ' abage ' za-tahagWla za-beta ' Esra' e l . . . 8 a-qaribo , sagadat lotu ' enza tebel : bAo W ' Egzi ' o , rede' ani . 8 Wa- ' awse ' a , wa-yebela: A ' I -kona sannaya nasi ' a xebesta welud wa-wehiba la-kalabat . 8 5Wa-tebe : YA ' Ea, 'Egzi' o , ' esma kalabat-ni yeball e 'u ' em-ferfarat za yewaddeq ' em-ma' eda ' aga'eztihomu . 2 : U Wa- ' emze ' awse' a ' Iyasus , wa-yebela: 'O-be' sito, ' abiy haymanoteki . Yekunki bakama tefaqqedi . Wa-aywat walatta ' em-ye' eti sa ' at .
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1amaya (yermiJ
to curse, revile, slander .
emuy
dis-
graceful , shocking . hamet vn . T his i s a difficult sentence . The Eth . appears to mean : oZ8 It is a gift on my part that I have been of any profit to you . " habta is i n construct with the nominali zed za-' em-xabeya . The za- of W baq a <kuka may be compared with that of the construction treated on ? # $ @it may be a simple relative , however : "That by which I have been a profit to you is a gift on my part . " afar (pl . kanafar) l ip , edge, hem . 8 . k
30 .
Ba' enta ' ahzab ' e lla tafawwasu ' em-bezux dawehomu
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358 wa- lal ihomu-s a ' i -ye l akkefewwo ba- ' aba 'tomu . w (5) Wa-k e l lo mahala botu wa-ba- z a-yenabber westetu .... (22J'Wa- za-hi maa l a samaya maala manbara ' Egzi ' aber wa-ba- za-yenabber dibehu . (23) ' Al e l akemu aJ:!aft wa-Farisaweyan , madl ewan ,- ' e l l a
359
megbaromu za-yegabberu l a - ' ayna s ab ' yegabberu, wa-ya ' abbeyu ' az frihomu , (6) wa-yafaqqeru re ' s a merfaqat ba-westa mesaat , w wa-nabira fe uma ba-westa ' a ' wada t , (7) wa-t a ' amex a ba-westa me5ya'at , wa-yebelomu s ab ' "Rabbi . " (8) ' Antemu- s a-ke ' i tess amayu rabbi , ' esma ' aadu we ' etu mamehherekemu , wa- ' antemu sa ' axaw kWe l l ekemu . (9) Wa- ' i -terasseyu ' aba ba-diba medr , ' esrna ' aadu we ' etu ' abukemu samayawi . (10) Wa- ' i -tessamayu (11) mamehherana , ' esrna ' ahadu mamehherekemu we ' etu Kerestos . re' so yaxasser, wa- za- ' atata re ' so yekabber. 56 . Ba' enta ' ale-lomu la-aaft wa-Farisaweyan
tabawwe ' u 'l1serata ' edehu la- ' azab wa- Ia-selan- wa-.la-karnin, wa xadaggemu z a-ya ' abbi t e ' zazata ' orit : edq a , wa-mewata , wa haymanota . tewexxe!u . Ze -ni maftew tegbaru, wa-kiyahu-ni ' i -txdegu. (24) ' Amreta ' ewuran , ' el l a sadota tena! efu wa-gamala-sa (25) ' Ale lakemu aaft wa-Faris aweyan-, madl ewan , ' e ll a t axaebu ewa 'a wa-ala ' enta ' af ' ahu, wa-wesu-sa (26) F arisawi 'ewur , qedma
Wa-batu za-yelehheqakemu yekunkemu l a ' ka , ( 1 2 ) - ' esma za- ' a 'baya
melu' hayda wa- 'ammaa wa-te 'gelta . ' af' ahu-ni .
xeebo l a- ewa ' wa- la-al ' enta wes!u, kama yekun neua ' enta (27) ' Al e l akernu aaft wa-Farisaweyan , madlewan, ' el l a t emas selu maqabera gebsusana, ' e l l a ' enta .' af' ahomu yastare " eyu sannayana, wa- ' enta westomu- s a me lu'ana ' a 'semta . , w w wa- abd enta wa-k e l l 0 rek s a . (28) Kamahu-ke ' antemu-ni ' enta ' af' akemu t eeddaqu la- 'ayna s ab ' , wa- ' enta westekemu-s a melu ' an ' antemu ' amma1a wa-hayda"w- ' adlewo : (29) ' Ale lak emu , aft wa-F arisaweyan , madl ewan , ' e l l a tenaddequ maqaberihomu l a-nabiya t , wa-tastasaneyu z exrou l a-adeqan , (30) wa-tebelu: Soba-s a hal l awna- ba-rnawa 'el a ' abawina,. ' emma ' i -xabarna mes lehomu neqtel nabiyata . (30) Nahu-ke lal ikemu ta' ammenu ' kama daqiqomu ' antemu l a-qatalta nabiyat . (32) ' Anternu-hi fa emu masfarta ' abawikemu . (33) 'Af 'ot , tewl edda ' arawita medr, ' efo tekelu ' amse!o ' em kWennane Gahannam? ( 34) Ba ' enta-ze nahu ' ana ' e fennu xabekemu nabiyata wa-tababta wa- aafta, wa-teqattelu ba-westetornu, wa w tesaqqelu, wa-teqassefu ' ernwestetomu ba-mak arebtihomu , wa tes addu ' em-hagar westa hagar, (35) kama yeba l a ' l ekemu darna 23 .
( 1 3 ) ' Ale l akemu aaft wa-Farisaweyan , madl ewan , ' esma tebal l e 'u ' abyta mabal l atat wa-tamakanneyu wa-tabaz zexu alota. Ba' enta zantu terakkebu fadfada kWennane . ' Ale l akemu aaft wa-Farisaweyan , madl ewan, ' esrna ta ' a ewu mangesta samayat west a gau l a - s ab ' . 'Antemu-hi ' i -tebawwe ' u wa- l a- ' el l a-hi ( 1 5 ) 'Ale lakemu s ahaft wa yebawwe ' u tekal l e ' ewwomu bawi ' a . ta!mequ ' aada falas e . la-Gahannam .
Faris aweyan, madl ewan , ' esma t a ' awwedu bara wa-yabsa kama Wa- taamiqo , teress eyewwo ka 'batakemu Z a-maala ba-beta maqdas daxen w e ' etu, (17) ' Abdan wa warq-nu wa-mima beta maqdas-nu za (16) ' A l e l akemu aaft wa-Farisaweyan , ' amreta
' ewuran , ' e l l a tebelu: ' ewuran . ' Ayy ya ' abbi :
wa- za- sa maala ba-warqa beta maqdas yegegi . yeqeddeso l a-warq?
(18) Wa- z a-maJ:!al a ba-maswa ' t daxen t ebelu, wa- za- s a maala eno yegegi t ebelu . ( 1 9) ' Abdan wa- ' ewuran . ' Ayy ya ' abbi : senhah-nu wa-mima meswa ' za-yeqeddeso l a-we ' etu ena? (20) Za-ke maala ba-meswa' maala botu wa-maala w ( 2 1 ) Wa- z a-hi maala ba-beta maqdas ba-k e l l u za-dibehu .
D2 sakama to carry on the shoulders .
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make excus es . mekneyat (fal se) excus e , pretext ; reason , caus e . 1 5 . teresseyewwo ka <batakemu Za-Gahannam You make him your double for Gehenna (i . e . , twi ce as l iab l e to Gehenna as yourselves) . 18.
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362 ' abiy, wa-yastagabe ' omu l a -xeruyanihu ' em- ' arba ' tu makan ' em ' anfa s amy ' eska ' anafa s amay. ' amsal ihu : ta' ammeru kama qarba ma ' raru . (32) Wa- ' em-balas ' a' meru ' emkama kona ' aqa dekuma wa-qWala l amlama, (33) Kamahu-ke " antemu-hi , i - taaz z aba wa-ba-gize ' i-ya' mara, (5l ).wa-yekWenneno a
363
yemattero wa-yiigabbe' .makfal to mes l a madl.ewan xaba bekay wa aqiya san . , Chap'ter' XXV 59. Ba' enta ' asru danage l (2) Wa-xams ' em (3) Wa- ' abdat -sa (5) Wa- gWandeyo ( 1 ) ' Ameha temassel mangesta samayat ' asru dgela ' e l l a nas ' a maxatewihon wa-wa ' a westa qabbala mar ' awi . westeton ' abdat ' emantu , wa-xams !ababat .
' emkama re ' ikemu zanta kWe l l o , ' a ' meru kama qarb a wa-hal l o xaba xoxt . (34) ' Aman ' ebelak emu kama ' i -taxal lef za-tewl edd ' e ska w z e-k e l lu yetgabbar . (35) Samay wa-medr yaxallef wa-qal eya-sa ' i-yaxal l e f . 58. Ba' enta s a ' at wa- ' elat
(36) Wa-b a ' enta ye' eti-sa ' elat wa-ye ' eti s a ' at ' albo za ya' ammer, wa- ' i -mala' ekta samy wa- ' i -wald za' enbala ' ab bahtitu . (37) Wa-bakama kona ba-mawa ' e l a Nox kamahu yekawwen (38) Bakama y e ' eta mes ' atu l a-walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw .
nasi ' on maxatewihon ' i -nas ' a qeb ' a meslehon, (4) wa-!ababat -sa nas ' a qeb ' a ba-gama ' eyehon mes l a maxatewihon . mar' awi daqqasa kWe l l on wa-noma . kona: Nahu mar 'awi ma ' a . 9a ' u westa qabbalahu . (7) Wa- ' emz e tanse ' a ' e l i eku danagel kWel lon , wa- ' asannaya . maxatewihon . Habana ' em-qeb ' ek'en , ' esrii'a nixat'ewina -!af' " (9) Wa- ' aws e ' lihn, t ababli_ ' e z yebla : ' ; -ya' akkelana lana w ' Emma bo , "a,:"l aken . l;Iura (8) Wa- ' el l eku ' abdat yebe lahon l a-tababat : .
. ...
(6) Wa-ma' kala lelit w ewwe ' a
' amira ' em-qedma ' ayx yeba l l e 'u wa-yesatteyu wa-yawas s ebu wa yetwasabu, ' eska ' ama bo ' a Nox westa tabot , (39) wa- ' i -ya ' maru ' eska soba mas . ' a maya ' axy wa- ' a!fe ' a kWe l l o , kamahu- ke , w - . (40) ' Ameha yekawwen me atu la-wal d a ' eg _ ala ' emma- h . eyaw kel ' yehel l ewu westa garaht : ' aada yenasse ' u wa-kal e ' o yaxaddegu . ( 4 1 ) Wa-kel ' et i yarrea ba- ' aadu mara : ' aatta Wa-ke l ' e yesakkebu westa (42) ' aada yenasse ' u wa- ' aada yaxaddegu . (43) Wa- z anta batu ' a ' meru :
yenasse ' u wa-kal e ' ta yaxaddegu . ' aadu ' arat : . ' eg z i ' ekemu .
Tegehu ' enka, ' e sma ' i -ta' ammeru ba- ' ayy s a ' at yema e ' soba ya' ammer-hu ba ' l a 'bet g i ze yema e ' s araqi , ' em-tagha wa- ' em- ' i - xadaga yetkaray betu . (44) Ba' ent a - ze ' antemu-hi del ewanikemu hal lewu, ' esma ba-gi ze ' i -ta ' ammeru yema e ' walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw . (45) Mannu ' enga gabr ma ' man wa-abib za-yesayyemo ' egzi ' u westa betu kama yahabomu s i sita ba-gi zehu? (46) Beu' we ' etu (47) (48) Wa gabr za-mai ' o ' egz i ' u yerakkebo ' enza zanta yegabber . ' Aman ' ebelakemu kama diba kWel lu !eritu yesayyemo .
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I
I
xabehomu l a- ' el l a yesayyeu wa-tasaya! l aken . (10) Wa-hawiton yessayata , baa mar 'awi , wa-bo ' a mes lehu ' el leku del ewat westa kabkab , wa-ta ' awa xoxt . ma ' ' el l ektu-hi danagel , wa-yebela : ' arxewan a . ( 1 2) Wa- ' awse ' on , wa-yebe : ( 1 1 ) Wa-dexra Egzi ' o , ' egzi ' o ,
' Amlin ' ebelaken kama ' i -ya ' ammeraken . ( 1 3) Tegehu-ke , ' esma ' i -ta ' ammeru ' elata wa- sa 'ata . 60 . Ba ' enta ' el l a nas ' u makleya berur
' emma-sa yebe we' etu gabr ' ekuy ba- l ebbu, "YegWanaddi ' at iwa ' egzi ' eya, " (49) wa-yezabbe! ' abyaihu, wa-yebal l e ' wa-yesatti mes la sakart , (50) wa-yema e ' ' egzi ' u l a-we ' etu gabr ba- ' e l at 49 . caus . tion . G sakra (yesker , yeskar) to be intoxicate d . CG ' askara
( 14) ' Esma kama be' s i za-yenagged, wa- s awwe ' a ' agbertihu,
FE
G . azaba to think , believe , suppos e .

=
Gt tzba
Dt
taazzaba
cerned . XXV 1. 4. 6. 9. phras e :
G ; also :
to exp ect ; to fear, avoid; to care, be con
tezebt opinion , belief, expectation , fear . qabaZa/qabbaZa a meeting, encounter; westa qabbaZa prep .
out to meet .
sekv inebriated, drunk . sekrat intoxication .
sakar intoxicating drink; intoxica
gem 'e (p l . gama 'ey) flask , container for oil .

D wawwe 'a to shout .
sakG:r>i (p l . s.akart) drunkard .
wewwe 'a a shout , cry .
) el7U7la-bo kama perhap s.
364
365
wa-wahabomu newayo yetgabbaru . bakama yekel u . makl ita.
( 1 5 ) Wa-bo la-za wahabo xamesta
( 2 9) ' Esma l a-k e l l u" l a za-Db Y.e'h.uhewwC! wa-yewes sekewwo ,
. '
'"
maklita, wa-bo l a - z a ke l ' e , wa-bo l a - za ' aada : Wa-nagada ba-gi zehli .
l a- I a ' aadu
wa- Ia-za-sa ' albo ' l l a-hi -bo Yahayyxaewwo . wa-aqiya s enan .
61.
(30) Wa- I a
( 1 6) Wa-ora zeku za
gabr-sa ' ekuy " aw1e ' ewwo westa 'anfi !ielmat xaba bekay
xamsa maklita nas ' a, wa-tagabbara bontu, wa-raba kal e ' t a xamsa
(17) Wa-kamahu za-hi kel ' eta raba kaI e ' t a kel ' et a .
( 1 9) Wa- ' emdexra be zux mawa' el. ' atawa ' egzi ' omu (20) Wa-qarba za
( 1 8 ) Wa- za- ' atta-sa nas ' a xal afa wa-karaya medra wa-xab ' a
Ba' enta me ' atu la-Kerestos
warqa ' egzi ' u.
la- ' e l leku ' agbert , wa- taasaba meslehomu . yebe l :
xamsa makal eya nas ' a, wa- ' ame" a kale ' t a xamsa makaIeya ' enza ' Egzi ' o , xamsa makaleya wahabkani , wa-nahu xamsa kal e ' t a rabku.
(21) Wa-yebelo ' egzi ' u :
w wa-k e l l omu mala' ektihu mes i ehu, ' ' ameha yenabber westa manbara sebatihu . (32) Wa-yetgabe ' u kWe ll omu ' azab ' qedmehu, wa yefa l l e!omu za-za z i ' ahomu kama no lawi yefal le! ' abage ' a ' em ' atal i .
( 33) Wa-yaqawwem ' abage' a ba-yamiin wa-" ataIe ba-agam . ( 34) ' Ameha yebel negus la- ' e l l a ba-yam :
( 3 1 ) Wa- ' ama yemae' walda ' egWala ' en:ma-eya
: b- s ebatihu,
'
N e ' u burukiinihu la- ' abuya. Ba-eda konka me 'mana . Westa l akemu ' em-qedma ' alam o Ba' westa tefseta ' egzi ' eka . Niihu
Terasu mangesta z a- ' as tadiilawa
' O - gabr xer wa-me ' man . bezux ' esayyemak a .
' Esma rexebku wa- ' abla' kemun i ,
ama ' ku wa- ' astaykemuni , wa-nagda konku wa-tawakafkemuni . t amoqku wa-nababkemuni .
( 36) ' Araqqu wa- ' al baskemun i , dawayku 'wa-awwa!i'kemun i ,
( 2 2 ) Wa-ma ' a za-ke l ' eta-ni maklita nas ' a, wa-yebe :
' E g z i ' o , ' akko-hu kel ' eta makaleya wahabkani? ke l ' eta klile ' ta makaleya ' el l a rabahku .
( 2 3) Wa-yebel o ' egzi ' u :
(37) ' Ameha yawasse ' u adeqan; -wa-yeb lu :
' Egzi ' o , ma ' ze re' inaka rexubaka wa": : "'ab\<i1aka, wa'(38) Wa-m_e re ' inaka ' engediika (39) Wa
' O - gabr xer wa-me ' man . bezux ' esayyemaka .
Ba-e1at konka me ' mana .
Westa
Ba' west a fesseahu l a- ' egz i ' ek a . Ta' arrer

(25)
wa-tawakafnaka, wa- ' eraqaka' wa- ' ' i basnaka?
emu ' aka wa- ' astaynaka?
(24) Wa-ma ' a za- ' aatta-ni maklita nas ' a, wa-yebe :
' Egzi ' o , ' a' ammeraka kama deruk b e ' si ' anta .
dewuyaka-ni wa-.awwanak a , wa-muqaka wa-nababnaka? (40) Wa-yawasse ' negus, wa-yebelomu : ' Aman ' ebelakemu : gabarkemu ..
(41) Wa- ' emz e yebelomu la- ' el l a ba-1agiim :
xaba ' i - z ara ' ka, wa-tastagab e ' ' em-xaba ' i - z arawk a . Wa- fariheya orku wa-xaba' ku maklitaka westa medr . ' enka makl iteka.
( 26) Wa- ' awse ' o ' egzi ' u , wa-yebe lo :
kWe l l o za-gabarkemu l a- ' ahadu ' em
Nahu
' e llu ne ' usan ' axaweya ' el l a ya' ammenu beya, lita
' Ekuy gabr wa-hakkay .
Ta' ammerani kama ' a' arrer xaba

(27) ' Em
uru regumlin westa ' essat za- Ia- ' alam za-de l ew l a - s ayan wa- I a-malli' ektihu.
(42) ' Esma rexebku wa- ' i -yab l a ' kemuni, amli ' ku wa- ' i -yastaykemuni , (43) ' wa-nagda konku wa- ' i
' i - zara ' ku wa- ' astglibe ' ' em-xaba ' i - zarawku . ' em- ' astagabbarkewwo l aliya ba-rede .
nasa ' ka warqeya , wa- ' em- ' agba ' ka westa ma' ed , wa-mai ' eya
(28) Nese ' u ' em
t awakafkemuni , ' araqqu wa- ' i -yalbaskemuni , dawayku wa- ' i awwakemuni , tamoqliku wa- ' i -nababkemuni.
(44) ' Ameha yawasse ' u ' el l a ba-aglim ' enza yebel u :
xabehu maklita, wa-habewwo la-za-botu ' asarta maklita .

14.
Note Dt tagabbara in the sense "to invest , " and COt (vs .
' E gzi ' o , ma ' ze re ' inaka rexubaka wa-semu' aka wa- ' engedlika wa- ' eraqaka wa-dewuyaka wa-tamoqi aka wa- ' i -tal e ' eknaka?
(45) Wa- ' emze yawasse ' omu negus ' enza yebe l :
27 belDly) "to recover one ' s investment . "

3 o2
deruk harsh , savage . rede interes t ( finan c i al ) .

Gt taradya to l end at inter G l t taradaya i dem .
27.
est , to receive intere s t .
32 .
taZi ( f . - t ; pl . ' aa Zi) goat .
366 ' Arnan ' ebelakemu : za- ' i - gabarkemu l a- ' ahadu ' em- ' el l u 63.
367 Ba' enta z akama tase " ' el ewWo ba-xaba' yasiimal ewu ,-lotu F e sha
... -
(46) Wa-yaawweru ' e l l a-hi westa kWennane za-la- 'alam , wa adeqan - s a west a eywat z a - l a- ' a l am . Chapter XXVI ( 1 ) Wa-kona ' emza fas sama ' Iyasus zanta kWe l l o nagara , yebelomu la ' arda' ihu : ye ' exxezewwo la-walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw wa-yesaqqe l ewwo . ( 2) Ta' ammeru kama ' eska kel ' e ' mawa ' el yekawwen Fas i k , wa
n e ' us an , l i t a ' i -gabarkemu .
yebel ewwo :
( 1 7) Wa-ba-qadamit 'e l at a F esQ. . ,qar.b.u ' arda ' ihu la- ' Iyasus wa
Ba- ' ayte te 'faq'qed nas tadalu l aka t ebla ' Fesa? ( 1 8 ) Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus : l;Iuru xaba ' egale wa-bal ewwo : Yebe liq : xabeka ' egabber Fasika mes l a ' arda ' eya . " Fe5a .
I I G i ze' y."a ' qara, wa
."
( 1 9) Wa- gabru ' arda' ihu bakama ' az zazomu ' Iyasus , wa- ' astadalawu (20) Wa-meseta kawino , rafaqa mes la ' asartu wa-ke l ' etu ( 2 1 ) Wa- ' enza yebal l e 'u , yebe : ' Arnan ' ebelakemu kama ' ahadu ' emennekemu yagabbe ' ani . ( 2 2 ) Wa-takkazu !eqqa wa- ' axazu yebalu ba-ba ' ahadu : ' Ana-hu ' ena ' Egz i ' o ? ( 2 3) Wa- ' awse ' a , wa-yebe : ' arda' ihu.
(3) Wa- ' emze tagabe ' u l iqana kahenat wa- l iqanat a ezb westa ' aada l iqa kahenat za-s emu Qayafa, (4) wa-tamakaru kama ' Iyasus-ha ba-ebl ya' axazewwo wa-yeqtelewwo . ( 5 ) Wa-yebe l u : Bahtu ' akko-ke ba-ba 'al , kama hakaka ' i -yekun westa ezb . 62 . Ba' enta ' enta qab ' at o la- ' Egzi ' ena ' e frata
(6) Wa-ba io ' Iyasus Bitany[ beta Sem ' on za- l am , (7) ma ' at xabehu be ' si t ' en z a bat,i berale za-me l u ' ' e frata westetu za-bezux setu, wa so!at diba re ' su l a- ' Iyasus ' en z a yeraffeq . ' ard[' ihu, tame " u wa-yebe lu : La-ment-nu matana-ze ' ahgWa l at ? (8) Wa-re ' eyomu
.
" , "
Wa-walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw yaawwer bakama eQ.uf ba' enti ' ahu, wa-bahtu ' ale lotu l a-we ' etu b e ' s i za-ba- Hl 'l hu yetmeHawewwo , ' Em-xayyaso soba ' i -tawalda , l awe ' etu be ' s i . (25) Wa- ' awse ' a Yehuda za-yagahbe ' o , wa:"yebe : Wa-yebe 1o : ' Anta tebe . 64 . B a ' enta ser ' at a mes!ir ' Ana-hu , en'ga- rabbi?
Za- s abxa mes leya ' edehu westa mabex we' etu yagabbe ' ani .
( 24)
(9) Za- ' em-t asay!a ba-bezux
wa-yahabewwo mewata la-naddayan . ( 1 0) Wa- ' a' mara ' Iyasus , wa-yebelomu : La-ment tasarreewwa l a-be ' s it? zalfa za-terakkebuni . annaya gebra gabrat la ' leya . ( 1 1 ) Wa-naddayan - s a zalfa t erakkebewwomu, wa-kiyaya-sa ' akko ( 1 2) Wa- zanta-sa ' e frata za-sotat diba ( 1 3) ' Arnan ' ebel akemu : Ba-xaba re' s eya la-qabareya gabrat . ni wa-yezakkerewwa . (14) Wa- ' emze ora ' ahadu ' em- ' asartu wa-kel ' etu ' arda ' ihu za-semu Yehuda ' Asqorotawi xaba l iqana k1'lhenat , ( 1 5) wa-yebelomu : Mi -matana tehubuni wa- ' ana l akemu ' agabbe ' o? kama yagb e ' o .
aa_M 2
( 26) Wa- ' enza yebal l e 'u, nas ' a xebesta ' Iyasus , wa-baraka, wa-fatata, wa-wahaba la- ' arda ' ihu , wa-yebe : (27) Wa-nas ' a ewa ' a, wa- ' a' kW ata, wa-wahabomu ' en za yebe l : S et ayu ' em-westetu kW e l l ekemu . ( 2 8 ) Ze-we ' etu dameya z a-haddis ser ' at z a-yetka" aw ba' enta bezuxin kama yetxadag xati ' at . (29) Wa- ' ebel akemu : ' abuya.
17.
tasabka z e-wangel ba-westa kWe l lu 'alam yanabbebu za-gabrat za
' Enkemu bel e ' u .
Ze-we ' etu segaya.
' I -yesatti ' enka ' emze fere wayn ' eska
' entakti ' e lat ' ama ' es att eyo addisa mes lekemu ba-mangesta
Wa-wahabewwo salas a berura .
( 1 6 ) Wa- ' em- ' ameha yefaqqed yerkab saxta
Fes Passover .
D2abxa t o diw .
Fasika
&} " - 2
berale/birale beryl , crystal ; here an alabas ter vessel . 'efrat n o S . sota (yesu) S 2 w E C `2 DS2 tasCiJ.J}ta w d d-2 and C 7 2 sewut w } -2 sutat vn . pouring , emptying .
23.
26.
abx sauc e , gravy .

KYd2 wQ CS Y a2 w C 2
mabex
} Y 2bowl .
' enkemu
/ " S2
' enka .
2Y d S 2 K E d 2d
2 S 2 A 2 com-
w R d a 6 2an
' en-
wY j d 2 ;2
pronominal e l ement .
L Q L e 8 Wa- ' anbibomu , wac;l ' u westa Dabra Zayt . LH8W a- ' emze yebelomu
' Iyasus : KWe l lekemu ta' a l l ewuni ba- zati l e l i t , ' esma yebe maaf : ' Eqattelo l a-nolawi , wa-ye z z arraw ' abage ' a mar' etu .
L8 Wa- ' emkama tansa ' ku , ' eqaddemakemu Gal i l a . L L8 Wa- ' awse ' a Pe!ro s , wa-yebe lo : Lw8 Wa-yebelo ' Iyasus :
wa-yebelomu : Numu ' enka- sa, wa- ' a 'refu. Nahu bal)a gi zehu, wa-yagabbe ' ewwo la-walda ' egWala ' emma-heyaw westa ' eda xate ' an . w 8 Tanse ' u , nel)ur . Niihu qarba z a-yagabb e ' ani .
i
' Emma-hi kW e l l omu ' alawuka, ' i -ya' allewaka gemura . ' Arnan >ebe l aka kama ba-zati l e l i t selsa tekel)edani za' enbala
Ba' enta geb ' atu la-Kerestos -
yenqu doreho .
L 8 Wa-yebelo Petros :
wahabomu t e ' merta ' enza yebe l : Za-sa 'amku we' etu. Wa-yebelo ' Iyasus : Kale' eya, ma a ' ka-nu?
' aadu ma ' a, wa-mes lehu bezux s ab ' mes l a maabe wa- 'e aw ' em 1 xabehomu la-l iqana kahenat wa- liqanata ezb . w Q 8 Wa- za-yagabbe ' o Kiyahu ' axazu . Bal)a Rabbi .
e 8
w `8 Wa- ' enz a zanta yetnagar, nahu Yehuda ' em:: <asartu 'a-kel ' e
' Emma-hi motku mes l eka, ' i -Yekeedak a . Wa-kamahu yebelu kWe l l omu ' arda ' ihu . L 8 Wa- ' emze I)ora mes lehomu ' a ada wayn za-semu Geteseman , wa-yebe lomu l a- ' arda' ihu : Nebaru z eyya ' es ka soba ' awwer kaa wa- ' eall i .
L ` 8 Wa-nas ' o la-Pe!ros wa- l a - ke l ' ehomu daqiqa Zabdewos , wa- ' axaz a
w 8 Wa-qarba xaba ' Iyasus , wa-s a 'arno , wa-yebelo .:
yetakke z wa-yezen . mes l eya .
LQ8 Wa- ' emze yebelomu :
Wa- ' anse ' u ' edawihomu , wa- ' axazwwo la- ' Iyasus . H 8 Wa-niihu ' al)adu ' em- ' el l a mes l ehu l a- ' Iyasus s afl)a : e dehu wa-malxa ma!bato , _ wa z ba!o la-gabra liqa kahenat , wa-mataro ' e zno-. ' Tyasus :
Takkazat nafseya ' eska l a-mawit .
Nebaru z eyya, wa-tegehu
- .c5 iji-yebelo
L 8Wa- t a ' atata Qeqqa ' em-heyya, wa-s agada ba-ga u , wa-al laya, wa
' Agbe ' ma!bal)taka wes ta betu, ' esma kW e l l omu ' e l l a ma!bal)ta
yebe : ' Abuya, ' emma- s a yetkahhal , yexlef ' emenneya z e - ewa ' . batu faqadaka yekun , wa- ' akko faqadeya .
w e Wa-I)ora xaba ' arda ' ihu, wa-rakabomu ' enza yenawwemu, wa-yebe lo
Wa
yanasse ' u ba-ma!bal)t yemawwetu. l L8 Yema:;sel akemu-nu za- ' i yekel ' astabqWe ' oto l a- ' abuya wa-yaqem l ita fadfada ' ern- ' asartu wa-kel ' etu s arawit a mala' ekt?
w 8 'Efo ' enka yet fa am qala
mal)af z a-yebe kama- ze hal l awo yekun?

8 Wa-yebelomu la-I)ezb ' Iyasus s obeha :
la-Pe!ros : Kama- ze-nu s e ' enkemu tagiha ' atta sa' ata mes leya? Tegehu wa- alleyu kama ' i -teba' u westa mansut . yefattu, wa-sega dekum .
wT8 Wa- ka' eba hora dagema , wa- al l aya , wa-yebe : wH8
Manfas - s a
Kama za- s araqi tedegenu rnaa' kemu ba- ' e9aw wa-ba-maabel) w ta' axazuni? Wa- z alfa ' enabber mes lekemu ba-rnek rab wa- ' emehher, wa- ' i - ' axazkemuni . w Wa- ze-k e l lu za-kona kama yeba qala nabiyat . Wa- ' emze kWellomu ' arda' ihu xadagewwo wa_gW ayyu . ` 8 Wa ' e l l a ' axazewwo la ' Iyasus wasadewwo xaba Qayafa liqa kahenat xaba tagabe 'u' al)aft wa
' Abuya, ' emma ' i -yetkahhal z e -xal i fa z a ' enbala ' esteyo , yekun faqadaka.
wL8 Wa- gab ' a ka ' eba xaba ' arda ' ihu, wa-rakabomu ' enza yenawwemu,
' esma ' a ' yentihomu kebudat . kiyiihu kema qal a ' enza yebe l .
ww8 Wa-I)ora ka ' eba ba-sales , wa-? al l aya w
Wa-gab ' a ka' eba xaba ' arda ' ihu ,
l iqanat . Q 8 Wa-talawo Pe!ros ' em- reuq ' eska ' aada liqa kiihenat , wa-bo ' a westa, wa-nabara mes la wa 'ali yer ' ay rnaxlaqto la-nagar . 8 wa-yaxasses l iqana kahenat wa- al)aft wa-l iqanat wa-kw ellu ' awd sarna 'ta hassat ba- z a yeqte l ewwo la- ' Iyasus , wa- ' i - rakabu . (60) Wa-
L i eqqa adv. a little , a little whi l e , a short distance .
ba-eqqa suffi cient ly, enough ; very much , altogether .

@
w `
B 55 .
i n the s ense " c lub . "
Note the emphat i c use of kiHa- kema :
the very s ame words .
bet in the sense " s h eath . " kama za- l ike , as though, as it were .
408
hezun (f ' h -h . ezen t) s ad . ma . zen, mah . zani saddenin g , provoking s admabzan cause of sadnes s . See a l so mazen sub mz . nes s ; also
=
409 concern ing : ba' enta) . CG ' akda to contra dict , not b e l i eve (some one : a . d . o . ) ; to l ead (someon e : a . d . o . ) from the fai th . ka!:Cidi infidel , unbel ieve; rebe l . ka l ack o f faith, i mpiety , heresy ; disobe dience , rebe l l ion ; za' enbaZa kCid withou t doubt , . without fear of contradictio n . kedat denial , aposta cy, rebe l l ion .
k(i < eb ( f . -t) adj . s econd, other; ka < eba adv . again , a s econd t ime ;
further, moreover . mek < ebit n . doub l e , the doub l e amount; mek < ebi ta adv . twofo l d , doub l y ; me' ta mek<ebita a hundredfold .
ka <awa (yek 'aw) to pour out , spew out (trans . ) .

trans . densome .
Gt take ' wa idem in
kabda G to be heavy , s erl0US . kebud ( f. kebe8

l iver ; the s tomach.
' to be burCG ' akbada to make heavy, heavy.
kebad heavine ss .
kabd the
kabkab wedding, wedding feast . kabra G (yekbar) to be glorious , magn i ficen t , great , famous , i l lu s
trious . CG ' akbara to make of regard as glorious , et c .
kebur ( f .
kebert) glorious , etc .

pas s .
kebr gl ory , honor ; spl endor, magnificence .

Gt takadna
kadana G (yekden) to cover, prote c t ; to padon (sins ) . kedun covered, protece'd .

tun i c , garment .
kalZaZa D to crown, to surround like a crown . Dt taka Z Zala to be 'crowned' (loiith : acc" e . g . taka ZZaZa kebra he, wa"'. owned with gldry; .or ba-) . ke ZZuZ ' CTowned (witl'1 : . ba-) : e itz ze n . crowni
coronat ion.
W w k ak b rock (s ) , stone (s ) . ka l' a G (yek.Za' ) to prevent (someone : 0 . 5 . ; from doing : in'f. ) ; to withho l d (somet hing : a . d . o . ; from : ' emenna ). takaZ' a pass . ; to abstai n (from : ' emenna ) . keZ' at prohib ition, prevention . kale' ( f . -t) adj '. other , anothe r , s econd; n . compan ion . keZ' e m . f . two . ke Z' etu (acc . kel' e ta) m . two; ke Z' e ti (acc . keZ' e ta) f . two. kalb (pl . kaZabat, ' aklebt, ' akZab) dog . kaZ ZeJ:a D to cry out , shout . kelZa a cry, shout .
kediin (pl . -at) covering; esp . kadiini protector .
kednat protection .
kafaZa G (yekfe Z) to divide (up ) ; to apportion , distribut e ; to make

someone a part i cipant/partaker in/of; impersonal l y : to be one ' s portion ( e . g . ' i-kafa Zomu i t was not their portion worthy of it) .
=
they were not
W k e ZZ_ quantif ier : al l , each , ' every (see 1 0 . 3) . kWe Z lanta_ (w. pron: . suff . ) a l l of, the who l e o f . kWe Z Zo adv . altoget her, complet ely; (not) a t al l . kWeZ Zahi/kW e Z Zehi adv . everywh ere ; . wherv er; ba W k e Z Zahi idem.
...
' akZiZ (pl . -at) crown , diadem
ki
ng,
' de up among ones elves ; to ' vl Gt takafZ a pas s . ; to dl
kaZameda rob e , vestment . ke Zsest (p l . kaZasest) bundl e , sheaf. maklit (pl . maka Zey) talent (wt . ) . kama (w . pron . suff . : kama- ) ( 1 ) prep . l i k e , as ; kama-ze like thi s , thus , i n thi s way; kamahu idem; 3 conj . hat (introd ucing a noun
c l ause) ; so that , in order that (+ subj . ) ; kama ' i- so that not , l est (+ subj . ) . ba-kama ( 1 ) prep . accordi ng to , in accorda nce wi th; @ conj . accordi ng as , as . za-kama cOl1j . how . ' em-kama conj . as soon as , when .
hesitate , be of divided mind . kefuZ divi de d . kefl (pl . -at) part, , portion , share ; s ectl0n , cat egory; chapter . mak+' < Zt part , portion, Ja share .
ar) container for measuring, a bushe l . kafar (pl . ' ak,kehZa G (imperf. yeke Z , subj . yekhaZ) to be abl e (to do : inf. ) ; to
prevail against (0 . 5 . or mes Za) .
takehZa ( 1 )
kehZa , esp .
CG
when used, by attraction , with a foI l . inf o of a Gt verb ; ( 2 ) im personal : to be possible (for someone : o . s . ; t o do : inf. ) .
' akhaZa to enab l e , make ab le . kahaZi powerful , s trong , capab l e ; W kahaZe k e Z Zu omnipotent; kaha Zi Za- + info or v . n . : capab l e of
(doing) . G l t takahala mes la to come to an agreement with .
kema postpositive part . : a l s o , even, too . kamin cummin . kanfar (p l . kanafer) lip ; edge , hem . W k annana D to j udge , condemn , punish ; to rul e , have power (over : acc . w 2 0 . 5 . ) in charge of (acc . 2 h 2' ak annana to put 2 ba- ) . W W Dt tak annana pas s . of D . G l t tak anana to become or Za 'Za) . W reconci l ed (with : mesZa) . k ennun b PXR P condemn ed, subj e c t to W 82 QA (p l . -yat) j udgment , q S z2 k ennane wE
kahen (pl . -at) pri e s t ; Ziqa kahenat chief priest .
kehnat priesthood.
kaha, kaJ:aka, kaak, kaa (kaJ adv . thither, to that pl ace ; further 'on. ke da G (yekJ:adJ to deny, repudiate ; intrans . : to l ack faith , be an
unbeliever .
D
takaada to argue with, contradict (s omeone : 0 . 5 . ;
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412
413
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414
415
mea Q (yem) 3 [
3 [ 3 4 4 a 3 3 , z 3 z
la3 3
P 0 8 zQ ' amara Q3 0-at) a ,
Q3 tamea 3 , 4 [ 3 [ ,
3 4 g 0 merat [ 3 0 0 3 3 a 3 0
matakot
, [
a 3 Q
a [ 3 0 3
z malakotawi [ , 3 P
P mamlaki T
$.
' as tamra 3
gabra meata la-/mes la/la <la 3 maari

4 3 3 mekke 3 0 a P a ~ ,3 3 3 " a [ 4 . 4 3 a 4 X 3 3 3 4 a 3 . , 3 3 a 4D 0 a 3 8 4 4 R Q3tamebwa 3 4 3 z .t ) 0 z 3 . 4 33 z N4
maa Q (yem) 3 tamaQaza Q 3 3

[ P 8 0 mahzen
malxa Q (yemtax) 3 3 3 a me lux 3 a 3 3 0 ' amandaba 3 4 3 a

-
Q3 tamatxa
0 maaz X[
P 8 0 maza
an )
mendabe 0 0 mangala P ( 1'1 .

P 3
4 3 a P
3 P
z 0 z 0 8 3tamandaba
"
ba-mangala
0 4
0manga le-) 3 3 , a 3 3 4 43
g ' em-mangala a 3 P ,3 43 Z 3
.
3 4 N O
tamakke 3 3
3 3 P
temket
=
0 makka Q ' amkana a a g 8 3 z Q 4 3 [ a 3 S a 3 44 0 , 3 33 4 4 [ ,z
.mankwasa 3
[ a
makana Q (yemken) 3
D z makan g meknat 4
g makkana 3 *makin) 3
a4 8 N4 0 33
' amaknaya 3 3
3 N3 3 4 4 a 4 ,3 [ a
mekneyat
makara Q (yemker) 3 ' amkara 3

D 3 3 3 a 3 . a Q 0
/
I
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mannana 3
0 manakosayt 4 3a
w menk esenna
S 3
P manakos 34
6 P-at) mennun
0 3 tamannana [ P z . . mansl{t a, 4 3 $3
X a , 3
43
0 mennane z
' amansawa 3 3 3 mensew X 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 a 3 4
P 3 tamansawa manasew)
mes la) ; 3 3
tamakara 3 3 g P 0 8 Q 3
0 ' amakkara
mesla) ; 3 P mekr g
3 P 8 0 tamakkara 3 3 3 3 3 a N
\
\ \
I I i
ment-hi/ni th a mannu 4 4 manna) 3
2 9 . 2) P
ment
4 4 menta)
3 [ s 3 g menawe P ' 0 , 3 ta:men t , ba' enta ment , t 29 . 2) . P 3 , 0 , ,
mannu- hi/ni
P P 8 g mar <a , a
mak"G:ri 4
3 N 3 . 3 3
mamker
P -t) 3 3
0 mamakert) 3 a 3 3 3, . 3
mekkur
. 4 4 0 + 4 4 0 3 g ^ ' em a 4 0
tamar <awa 3 3 3 mar <awi a

3 ,0
P mar <at 0 marg g
0m ara <ew) P
z makkara 3 0 3
mal' a Q (yemla' )
N , 3 0 ] 3 3 4
la <ra/westa/ba-) ; (2) 3
' emenna) ; 3 Q3 tamal' a 3 4 4 0 8 3 z 3 a 4 ,3
a 4
D a
1 I
maraga Q3 3 P W tamarg aza 3 3 X marha Q (yemra) 3

Q3 tamar
merug
a
W merg ez 3
3 0
3 ,
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P marai
P P 3 a [3 3 8 P Q P merar
44 0 ba-) . , P 3
me lu'
08 a
R 0 0 8 mel' ,3
mel' a ' ed malaka Q (yemlek) 3 3
ba-me l' u Q
0 a 4 4
3 , [ a
tamalka 0 Q 3
P 0 0 a g
marra/marara Q (yemrar/yemrer) 3 3 3 3 0 ' amrara 3 3 3 3 3 3 a N4 3 a [ 33 g marir P marar) 3 3 -at) 3 3 merrat 0 maret 3 a 3 mare tawi P 3 a 3 0 tamarraya 3
P
=
mar
0 ! P 0
g' amret )
0 Q ' amlaka 3 ,
Q 3 tamaraya 3 [
la- ) .
a
Q3 tamalka 3 43 a e
P meluk 4 4 a P ' amtakawi [
P mari
4 3 4 [ mareya n, mareya t , marayt ) 3 P CG J 2{ 4t
3 a 3
malaki , 7
7 0 me l kenna
-k 3 y a r3 , ~3 ] 2 ' Am"a u2
G 3 U
3 P
mesa 0~ V T banquet ,
416
F 1 =1
5I
I X I X g " X " W " X " I
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417
I WX 8 " X ` .
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QI a X
I " " " 8 X XW [ 8 j W
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3p g 24 73 A3v
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g "0 . ; I v[0 " X Za- J .
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9[ X
T T" " " U " Q I 2
art
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Q #, A
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94
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V , E
WXX I X I " 8
[ WI X z
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418
419 G D D # 0I P # qM ne <u , na <awe/ # P U 1 ; \ "{ $ # $ D $ v _ ._ . , . __
ne' sa (yen' as) c 8 ' an' asa na' as L

L Q P G
ne' us D ne' est)
ne' s G D b
nestit

nestita xebest) ; ne <i ,
hagar nestit) ; nestita $

\ U na <Q:,
naq.afa/nafafa manl!af G narjza (yen"q.ax)
O e "
ig
tanO.?fa
; .$ojrelfuf
U tana-' . -a fD Q # G D
#9
P ba-ba-nestit
nafaqa (yenfeq)
G Q # "
ne <- a $ c
na <a .
r nafaqa P #
B d f
na 'Clwi G P G na <awa (yen <aw) G na 'We G ' anbe <a 8 ' anabe <) D ' anbe < D c nababa (yenbeb) " # D U P Za- U
U r tanafaqa U tanafqa ; nafq
nefuq $
N ' #"
'i,
tip\
: nufuq G # D =
nuj7Lqe $
IU P U A ; ; $ $ G
nefq G
# # P 2 # P
manfaq G PG G G M C
tanabba I xaba , nebab

Q "$ GP
# P # P P Q
tanababa G # P P manbar D # P G P "
" G # U nababi
(mes Za ,
nafsa Q D G
8 ' anbaba
8 ' anfasa " G # 2 nafs D 1 -at)
m; #
\' emenna) ;
' anbaZbaZa vk nabara (yenbar)

$ < nebur G # G G
nabaZbaZ JP # P #
P P P # P D Za- ; M nada' i # #
P - P # U
U 8 ' anbara
nebrat
G
manabert) U
- manbart G
menbar
nafa?a (yenfelf) 8 ianfafa h i G naj7Lfi $ naja?it G $$ nafxa (yenfax) # G P Q # P nafxa ba qarn G ] tanafxa # nefxat
# $ 6 ;
P * naj7Ls D Q -at) M manfas D q -at , manafes t) m . r ; | sj= G g P D D P Manfas Qeddus G _ U manfasawi D -t) G X y
nagada (yenged)
U tanabbaya D D - I # # # )ba-) .
D2
" 1G
# -an) mangad $
nabiy D -at)
1 $ Q Q
# #G G P
nagd D $ 1#
negd 1
Za < Za) . tenbit G nad' a (yenda' ) $ D

G $ # N P D 1 # 1 G# -
nagadi tanad' a
Q
nadda (yended/yendad)
8 ' andada G 1 ; nadd -
# 1
W W nag adg Cid D -at) G nagafa (yengef) " "

tanagfa
8 ' engeda . # G" neguf 8 ' angeha - P \ M ); - " 1 Za- ) . D

DS2
Q tanCidada
8 ' angafa G
c P $ G w "
nedud
neddat Q $ #
nadda ' essat

-
nadadi
nedq
nagha
G nagh 1 n #
I ; mendad - D
nagara (yenger) tanagra xaba, ba- ) .

- - GJr @
Q D ;
nadaqa (yendeq)
tanadqa
tanCigara
> " G
(mes Za,
. +
nadaqi $ ;
nadya (yendi) q poor , P Q z \ T ' andaya
ba-/ba' enta
PRVaMm \R D
naga2' (p I . -at) Y /
# nIyvG \ Q C Z b n X $ $g
nedet/nedyat $
nadday
420
421
B G ?
Q/N to ro l l , spin (trans . and intrans . ) .
a type
of epi l epsy; ro l l ing , spinning . Q/N to be angry , vexed; to murmur , mutter .
one-eyed, blind .
=
G # k & k+ y r
(p l . (
+ V CG
(p l .
to become king, rul er ; to rule (over : k+
queen .
to make someone (a . d . o . ) king (over : k+
reign, rul e .
(p l . (p l .
king , ruler . king , rul er.
the
m . f . kingdom; kingship , maj esty; y
Kingdom of Heaven ; Q+
the royal fami ly. I t cal l s
introductory part i c l e , usua l ly rendered as "beho l d . "
attention to t h e immediacy (spat ial o r temporal ) of what fol lows . I f used alone with a fo l l owing noun, it may be taken as a ful l predication : " Here , now, i s x . " Usually, however , i t introduces and emphas izes a prepo sed noun , e . g . 0
kG 1
G aR
K }d
where it may be omitted in English or rendered by such express ions who . . . " as " suddenly, to my surpris e , of all things" or as " I t was/ i s X C laus es introduced by 0 as subordinate in English: "now that " may sometimes be trans l ated
Q/N to wal k , stro l l,. ? G G to rai s e , l i ft , p i ck up ; to t ake , recei ve, accep t ; to captur e ; to take as a wi fe . Gt ? p as s '. ; w: U to arise, get up ; to ris e ( from the dead) ; to ris e up again st # >] > CG ? G to rai s e , cause .to rise ( from a s eated ' or lying pos it i on) . G R resurrecti on; 0 e > D Feast of the Resurrecti on (Easte r) .
G stroye d . to destr oy, overturn .
t o emit its appropri ate sound ( subj t n;ay be animal sounds . T D to repent (o f : , ? +G . . bt a: _ ide . CD T caus . repentant . d one who"'i s repen tant . repentance , regre t , penit ence . ..c:(p l . G eagl , vul tre . bird or anima l) .
D j
d l ? 1
we. (p l .
roof, rooftop . Eth . month name : Aug. 7 - Sept . 5 .
R+ T R +(
G l t 1
C G t o wonder , marvel . b e amazed (at : a . d . o . or U +
to regard as s trange or marvelous .
Gt :1
p as s . (f .
5 5 Q(N to oo z e , drip ; trans . : " to " ; fuaein j ui ce , drop s . ;55 i dem. ;@ D to look , look at ( a . d . o . or
look at one another . CG ? @
,;
G }d to be pur e , clean . 27 Gd c lean ; innoc ent, uncorrupte d, s incer e . }d ; l purit y, chast ity, innoc ence .. w:
des truct i on .
Gt
pas s .
de
caus . ;l pure , purif icatio n , e t c . l on who purif i es .
d'!bp .
;5@5
to
to repudiate . be alienated from (o . s . ) .
s p l . 1B
adj . strange , al i en , foreign ; other . di fferent ;
marvelous , wonderful . adj . (f. 1 1 ing .
(p l .
mirac l e , marvel , wonder;
marvelous , wondrous .
Q/N to ro l l (trans . and intrans . ) .
n . rol l CG
R look , glanc e , vi ewing ; s ight ( abil ity to see) . e CG to tear o ff/apart . . 5 G to strain out . 75 strai ned, pure . y 75 strai ne r , sieve . ;; e ( d ; >2 7 ) j y
interro g . part .
to look
r Glt } t oward) .
1 ]
B1
wheel .
vei l , coverin g .
See 8 . 3 . ( q . v . above) .
z G # ?y ? 0
=
] trans . and intrans . : to sp lit , burst , rupture .

G trans .
sp l i t , ruptured. cracked .
1 (pl .
intro d . part . equival ent to :M0
] fountain , source , spring. thigh .

G # 0
spl i t , crack , fissure . CG ?0 to watchfu l c22 I~k 2
j >
G #
Qt to function as a ' shepherd, to tend flocks . shepherd .

c 2 s l eep . 2 ok
>C Y
(p l .
2 c Z2
to wake up , be awak e , be al ert .
CG
+?
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t o put to s l eep .
aI'iaken , revive . ness , alertnes s .
awak e , watchful , alert .

= c 2 2 cnk \2 ~ k 2 2 k 02 !C
Y kk# -2
(pl . ) wealth .
k ; Z2utensi l , inst rument ; property , # c k O c ! 2 c2 >k2 / r '2 R g 2 !c2 ?k2 O ( !2
' anqalqala Q/N

agitat e .
> > motion , shaking , agitation .
xa D2
far off. CG
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sakama G t o carry on the shoul ders .
431
CG ' askama caus .
Gt tasakma
sakra G (yesker/yeskar) to be intoxicated .
CG ' askara caus .
sekur
pas s . (pre d . n . in the c c . ) . CG ' asmaya ' o be . well known , famous, outs t anding . semuy named, cal led; famous , il 1ust:r'i-o-u'. samay (pl . -at) m . f . heaven , sky . samayawi ( f . - t ) heaven ly, divin e ,
inebriated , drunk .
sakar intoxicating drink; intoxicat ion .
sekrat intoxi cation . sakari (p l . sakart) drunkard . w sakk asa D to ceas e , come to an end , die out . W W sak at/sakot (pl . ' ask at) stre e t , quarter. maskot (pl . masakew) m . f . window . sa laba (; (yesleb) to take (a. d . o . ) away ( from : o . s . ) , deprive o f ,
celes t ial .
tasana' awa Qlt to come to an agreement, be in accord . ' asanbata CQ to obs erve the s abbath or Sunday . sendon/sendun fine linen . senn (pl . s enan , ' asnan) tooth . tasannana D t
=
sanbat (pI-. -at,
sanabet) s abbath; Sunday (sanbata. Kerestiyan) ; week :: .
strip off. taking away.
G t tasalba reflex . and p as s .
se lbat n . deprivin g ,
G lt tasanana to enter into l itigation with , to contend
sa m . f . s afety , p eace ; ba-salam s afe ly, in p eace ; gabra salama mes la to make peace with ; salam laka Greetings ! La <lehu salam May
wit h .
sanuy
tasnan lawsuit , liti gation , controversy .
senape mus t ard .

i sanit) the s econd day (of week or month) , two days ; sQnit e Zat) the next day; s anita idem ; ba-sanita on the next day (or
peace be upon him !

se lan dil l . tasalaqa G lt to j oke, sport , p l ay ; to mock , make fun o f (la <la) . selaq sport , p l ay , mockery. salata G mastasaleq mocker, s corner .
I
night) .
to be who l e , p erfect ; ( 2 ) to accept/bring back (some +I D sallata G (2) and G (3) ; also : t o be
=
thing : a . d . o . ) who l e/ comp l et e/ in its entirety; to pay back; ( 3 ) to consummate , finish up/off. finished, consummated .
=
effective, to accomp l ish results .
G t tasalta
D t tasallata to be
sellae comp l etion .
saqala G (yesqe Z) to suspend, hang up ; to crucify .
to depend (on : ba-/:x:aba) ; to. adhere , cl ing (t o : wes ta} . hanging , suspended, crucified; dependent .
masqal (pl . masaqel) m. cross . saqala (pl . saqalew) tent, tabernacl e . w w saq ara (yesq er) to pierce, dig out/through . sequr p erforated, excavated, breached . ' asqoqawa Q to lament , s i n g a dirge .
'Gt tq.aqZa p a,ss . ;

's equZ
seq lat crucifixion .
sem (p l . ' asmat) m . name ; fame , reputation .
W Gt tasaq ra p as s . W seq rat ap erture , openin g .
obey" listen sam <a G (yesma <) t o hear, hear o f , hear about ; t o heed, to (acc. or la- ) . Gt tasam <a p as s . C G ' asme <a caus . ; t o summon ( a . d . o . ) as a witness .
saqoqaw dirge , lamentation .
masqoqew mourner; adj . lamenting, mourning. ' asrab (pl . only) cataracts , downpours . saragala (pl . - t) cart, wagon, chariot . ' asargawa CQ to adorn , deck out , beautify .
G lt tasame <a to hear and understand one another, each other ' s language . semu < famous , i l lustriou s ; notori sama <t) ous . sam2i <i adj . hearing , l i st ening to , obedi ent ; n . (p I .
sem < (pI . -at) m . f . rumor , report ; t' estimony ;
Qt tasargawa p as s . and
sargW (pl .
\vitne s s , martyr .
reflex.
sergew adorned, decorated, made beautiful .
martyrdo m, martyrs . ' asmaka CG to l e an ; to prop up, cause to ' lean . port .
mesmak idem. samen the south .
-at) adornment , beauti fi cation . sara G (yesra) to labor to the point of exhaustion , to be affl i cted
masmak (t) prop , sup
with di fficult tasks or dutis . caus e or impose labor/mi s ery .
CG ' asrea to t i re , exhaust ; to

seru vexed, exhausted . s erah (pl .
samani (acc . idem) f . eight .
samanitu , samantu (acc . samanta) m .
-at) l abor , bother, exhaustion , affl iction. sark evening, twi l i ght; sarka Sanbat Sabbath evening . saraqa G (yesreq) to steal . saraqi (pl . saraqt) thief. sarara G (yesrer) to fly .
samenay (f. samenit ) i dem . samaneya eighty .
eight .
sQmen (f. -t) adj . e i ghth .
eight days , a week .
semn f . eight ; semna adv . eight times .
samenawi ( f . -t) idem. sannln the eighth day (of the month) ;
C G ' asraqa caus .
Gt tasarqa p as s .
serrat
serq/sarq stolen obj e c t ; theft . serur.

:s . ,. ..
serur adj . flying , in fl i ght .

=
. + [T Gt tasamya samaya G (yesmi) to name ( for constru ctions s ee Voc
fli ght , flying.
sarari
432
sarwe (pl . sarawi t) troops , army , cohorts ; a mi l itary leader . saraya G (yesray/yesri) to forgive , excus e , p ardon.
' asgara CG
Gt tasarya p as s .
CGt
' astasraya to seek pardon (from : ' emenna) . sutaf/sutare sete
tasatafa Lt to as sociate with ( acc . or mesZa) ; to share (something : ba-) with (someone : acc .) sutuf companion , partner .
masgart (pl . masager) snare , net , trap . ' asgari hunter, fisherman .
CO ' asaggara to cast net s , fi s h ; cap fre by trapping. ... .:...:, 'v Gt tasagra to be captuxea, ensnared . , . masaggr ' Cpl . ' ':'an) , fisherman.
= +.
....
sagarat (pi . ) guards .
m . f . sing . and c o l I . , companion, associat e , cons ort .

satya G (yestay) to drink .
=
CG ' astaya caus .
Gt tasatya pas s .
satay (i)
tasahaZa G l t to show mercy (to : a . d . o . ) ; to forgi e . sahZ mercy, .:' kindness . mastasaheZ m,rciful , l enient, ; s eeking mercy or forgi ve ness . saaqa/seJ;zqa G (yesaq) to ridi cule ( a . d . o . or Za ' Za) ., ' CG caus . saJ;zq/sa7;zaq ridicul e . mesq comedy 'the'at er. ' asaqa
satay
maste a drink (the act or what i s drunk) .
drinker, one who i s fond of drinkin g . ing, a watering p l ace .

' as tama CG to submerge , immers e , flood . setmat submersion, s inking. setetira a stater ( coin) .
mes tay a p l ace for drink
Gt tasaa to s ink (intrans.).
mastem adj . submerging, flooding .
sazas (acc. -a) f . thre e ; saZastu (acc . saZasta) m. thre e . saZes ( f . -t) adj . third. saZesawi (f. - t ) idem. salesay ( f . saZesit) idem. saZus the third day (of week or month) ; three , days . seZs f. three; seZsa adv . thri c e . saZasa thirty.
tasapwa Gt to accep t , receive , t ake; to comply with; to respond . soba conj . when; wa-kona soba and when . ye' eta sobe at that time . sobeha adv . immediately, then, thereupon . sawwara D to hide , cover over, conceal , protect .
of measure .
saZlata to have power, authority..
masZest (pl . masaZes) a kind
Dt tasawwara refl e
mesewwc.r hidden
give power to . ity; to rul e .
and p ass .
s ewwur hidden, covered, conceal ed.
place, hiding p lace .

sor (p I . ' aswar) o x , s teer . suraje Z s eraph, s eraphim. sota G (yesut) t o pour . s exin frankincense sayf (pI . ' asyaf, ' asyeft) m . f . sword. sesaya Q/L to nourish, sustain , provide for . sisay sustenance , food, provi s i ons .
i
sewut poured .
,
power, authority.
seZut/seZ Zup P9'lerful -h1 p ;;we ;:

' .. _
Dt tasaZ lata
Gt 'tasaZPa to acquire power, author
CD ' asaZ lata ,:: CG ' asZata to '
" S'iFG.rt' (PI .

-: '
-at)
samra G (yesmar) to take delight , be p l eased (with/ in : ba- ) .
.:
G t tasawta p ass . and refl ex.
8upat n . pouring, emptying .
I
Qt/Lt tasesaya p as s :
-
p l easing (to : Za-/ba-xaba/ba-qedma ) , nice , p leasant . approval , consent; ba-semrata with the consent o f . pl easing (to : xaba/Za-) .
Sene/Sene Eth . month name : June 8 - July 3
' asmara to pl eas e , delight give p l easure to (6 . s ."'or la- ) .
CG
semur
semrat favor, masmer/masmari
sannaya 0 t o b e beaut i fu l , fine , excel l ent , goo d , fitting, appropri
at e .
CD ' asannaya to adorn, deck out , array ; to make ( a . d . o . )

masanney the best (of) , the best part (of) . masanney .
sisit idem .
good; t o do (somethin g : inf . ) wel l . lovely.

mesennay
sennuy adorned, decked out , senn beauty.
say tan (pl . -at) S at an ; a devil , demon, advers ary .
sannay (f. -t) beauti ful , fine , excel l ent,
good (both physi cal and moral senses ) .

sa' n (p I . ' as' en, ' as' an, ' asa' en) sho e , s andal . se <ra G to grow green, to grow . sa rr (p I . ' as <ert) herbage , vegeta se <ert (pl . saqq (p l . -at, ' asqaq) sack, sack-cl oth . saqaya L to affli ct, vex, torment .
Lt tasaqaya pass .
seqay vexa
tion , gras s .
se <ur gras sy , covered with vegetation. mas <e winnowing-fork .
tion , torment . ordai n . ordained .
masqe goad; weaver ' s comb . seru < arranged , ordered, established ,
' as <ert) hair (of head or body) . sa <aya G to l'iinnow . sega (p l .

-
sar ia G (yesra <) to put into order, arrange ; to establish, set up ,
oppo s ed to the spiri t . carna l .
t ) m. fl esh , meat (human or animal ) ; body; the flesh as

segawi of the flesh (not spiritual ) ;
Gt tasar 'a pass .
ser<at (p l . -at) order, arrangement , disposition ;
de cree , edict , command; law , statute ; treaty, pact , testament ; custom, habit , any fixed pattern .
434
435
saraba Q % sernay/sernay sarara y % ]
. 0
0 P y tasarara ] ^ 0 . P Q ' asra?a 4 . B 0 ] ] . B ] z 4 0 4 B B . B% . z P 4 B 4 P Q tasatqa 4 ] . 0 setut ] 0 Qtasua z sar? G . 4 ]

v
s"axxata . tasexxeta 0 serur/surur %%] 0 sarari 9B% g g a cdawa Bv . K B % 0 Q ' asraqa 4 B 4 0 saraqawi 0 B d ?acadcid ta?a c ca Za B 0 ?acaZi 4 % ?ac cana P ?a cda/?a cada a c a ra Q (ye? C a Z) ' amasrata B( ] % B 0
. B ]
/ g
{ G sexut
6 % ] X
+ . asaxxata b k %
G P $ saxt
% P surare y% masarrat v 0 -at) % 0 tamasrata B% saraqa Q (yesreq) sarq B. mesraq ] sarawa Q % sarwe seray
=
B ]
z ' a?a cdawa 4 % 0 0 ?acadew) 4 ]

) B\
asraq) v P' 4 -at) 0 P

sarrawa
P ? e c dew c 0 ?e cdawe SV . .. ...
B % 0 serqat
] g 4 ] B . . B 4B
z sac c aZa % 0 G ta e c ceZa/ % P ? e c Zat B 0 49 4 0 G @ B B ]B 0 4 ] 4B BF

' ..-r....... a
e c u Z/?e c cu Z %
sara?a/sar?a Q (yesre?/yesra? ) %4
] ] B 0
]3
% B B e c cun % B ' a? Caqa Q 4B B ?e cra 'G 4 ' a?ba Ct 4 B 0 T B ]
%B B %]
tasarrawa
z serw %4
seraw, ' asraw) P -at,
B 0 ?e 'uq B ] 0 Q' a? C
...
% P masta?e c cen
P serrawe arawi t) 0 s 0 -at)
B % 0 0 G' asa c c ara G 0 ?e cur/ .

."
B % 0 ma? c eq % 0 6 W % g 4 ' B %.
%4 4 .
za-/J a Z Za seray , sab) a seray % sataqa Q (yeseq) setqat B 0 4 satata Q (yese) B su c/su c ] B 0 . B% 0 4 4 B B 4 ] B g 4 ] 0 saw ca Q (yesu C) z sawa ci masawe C) sok sawaya Q 4 B ] P se a (yesit) tasayata 4 saxata/sexta Q P 0 a 0 Jswak)
Gta?e C Cera % z ?a Cr B
;q. ':'
z setuq 4 ]
?e c cur y % . b' a. sQb' a Q 0
% 0 Q tasatta B% B
P settat B P
PJ a?aDe C )
0 P 4 v
. ] %
0 B 0 , % 0 Q z 0 g ?eba 0 c4 4 v P-at) 4B ] 4 B B 0 Q B %g ?ebbat B
?abba/?ababa Q (ye?beb) J a?baba 4 P % P ] 4 meswa c ] % { 4 Za- ) . Q tasaw ca at, P 0 J P maswa Ct 0 ?abib P 4 4 v ] 4 P 0 masbeb B
0 ?abab) B ] ] %B B
Ct) z sawa
?ab Q (ye?ba) ta?abea B ?abbe
- at) z B B P
B g sawit B 4 ] ] -at) 0 B 4 ] d -at) ] X 4
J a?abbea 4
sema Q (yesim) seyum 4 4 0 j 4 masayemt v
g % d 0 ] %z 4 4 ] 0 Q
P 0 ] H
?abbat me?ebba ?abaZ % ?adfa Q Z4 Z J ?abxa QU %
d ma?abbe g 4 ] %v P Z 4 ] J}
d ma?abbei %
4 4 W ] j simat 0 4
0 Q tasayma 4% B P P 0% 0 Q tasayta 4 P ] 4X ] ] 0 sayati
% .
d ?ebuZ % P ?abx ] v v ]
z ma?bex % Q J a?dafa 4 0
P ?adf ] ] PJ a?daf) W ] Zv d %
xaba, Za-) .
4 ] 4
0 se
sayatt) vv
0
adaZa Q v
v B% % P h Q Ja?daZa
J d mesyat
?edu Z J J _
?adaZ sp l endor, v z V ] g l e am . ] Z ]
?adqa Q (ye?deq/ye?daq)
74[
4 $ ! ! ! & & @ '1edq 2 2 2 2 2 e 2 t -at) ^ = ! @ ! : - 8 &
taaddaqa ?adeq
!@
' a? Za Za 8
Z?aZZa Za
! ! 2 "&
! $
" ! !
' a daqa )"

-t) t & 2
Z ta?aZZaZa 2 &
tq!'he
& 2 $ & 2
sha'aed,
" & "
?aZaZo 2 )
- ?eZa Zot/f!e Z ZaZot ! & $ &

.
& ! 2 2 | 2
ba-'1edq 2 2 2 & !
" @ & & )" @ & $ ! ; &) 2 & @ t & ! ! 2 & @ & 2 2& )! & 2
mef!ZaZ/mef!e Z la l ! 2 & "& " 2
; ma? a Z Zat 3 ?e Zum ! 2 ]
?adiiy ) ?aqot/?a?ot
2 & 2 "&
Ba raZa Ma?aZ Zat [ ) @ "
?aZma/?a Zama (ye? Zam/ye? Zem)

&N ta'1afa ?efrat @ f!aZma ga??u ! & @ ! ! X 2 ! ) !
" @ N f!eZmat ) "
'1af ra (ye'1fa r)
22
Ct; ' af! lama
f!aZim
?a'Zam) ! ! )
2 " + ! !
'1efnat
' a'1faqa )" ta'1afqa

' t
'
2 & !
f!efuq
(+
@ )! 8
mawa re la f!e lmat f!e lmata Y

! ) !
N l
2 ' ama X-u Za
" &v " 2 &
qatuZ )
f!agba ' a'lgaba w egg

&
@ '1egub 2 ! \ $ & @ 2 = & - ?ehuq ta'1efa maf!lJaf & t & 2 & 2
f!aZlaya Z
2 ! )! & \ !
\ xaba/qedma; 2 ! &
up .
\ba' enta/Za r Za/diba) , 2 -'-at)
'legab
f!aZot
mef!e Uay 8^"a.?!!!.e' u }

.' "...:..: .
w w 2 '1eg ag )
!
?am' a (ye?ma' )
= & ! 2= & & 8 ' af!lJafa ?aafi 2 maaeft) )2 " & 2 2 F t & 2 - -t) )
\ Z a-) .
f!emu'
?agWr !
)2
? em' ! )
aggawa Z !
$ &"
Za- ) ; '1aga
?amhayaya v = ! G ?amma ta?amama

$ 2
Z taaggawa
ba-aga
8 ' amama )" ) ~ t ?emum 2 & = & &) & @ & 2 2 &
&
?aggawi/agawi 2 '1agaya 2 ege

" & 6 --yat) 2 t
t f!emma , ?emmita, ba-emmit $
'leguy e
f!amawa r (yef!O:mu)
@ ) 2 -t) ) ! & )2 2 ! !& !
& &
2 2&"
8r ' af!amawa $
! !
'lehqa (ye?haq) ?ahq ?euf '1alJaft)

@
2 !& $ 2 &2 x ! @
t ?ama/ ama y t l @ =)y & N & 4

for ;
8 ' a haqa
?an ra B(ye?na r)
f!alJafa (yef!lJaf)
'1efat @ 2& 2 - ! N
- 8 ' asne ra )" 2 - sana rt) ! & &
(ba-) ;
& =))
(ba-Zebb-J .
? enu r
?ene rt) samay !

)
f!ana ri & = ) ! "L )
= )@ @ '1en ra = 1 ) &"@ 2 - at)
'len ", f!en rat !
f!aZ ?eew
!&
mef!na r
f!a Z' a (ye? Za' )

) ! 2
2 $ ! ! & 2 '1eZ' /f!aZ' !
ta?a Z' a
t l &
enf 2 ' a?naf, ?enaf) )

2= ) = - ' af!nafa medr ! Ns ) &
& ! )@ !
2 ta?a Ze' a q 'laZa' t) )L ! = 2 & )2
= 2 & ! - ` =
! H
?anafi ^ )) 5C ) !
e Zu' ! &
- ?aZ'8! i !
?ana (ye?naJ Za- ) ;

)= 5=
= N N
{la ZlJawa W ?eZut
2 ?eZew
2 = =
C G ' a?nea C
T
438
F'V' .... ... =-=
74
. ., '...
waiting, expectant ; put aside, reserved. ?ena sacrifice , offering. ta?annasa Dt to be impoverished, reduced to poverty . ?ennus poor, indigent , wretched . ta?nas poverty, wretchednes s ; lack , defi ciency. geT< Greece, the Greeks . ba-$eT< in Greek . $eT <awi adj . Greek . aTaba G to hew, do carpentry . ?eTbat woodwork, stonework . ?aTQbi carpenter, craftsman . eT (pI . ' a?Ta , ' aTe,t) room, chamber , house ; bedroom. ?aTiq copper, small coin . ?aTiqat thin disk, cake . ?aTxa G (yeTClx) to cry out . ?eTClx a cry, shout . sawwe <a D to cal l , summon; to invite; to proclaim. Dt ta?awwe < a pass. ?8WWU < summoned, invited . ? ewwe <a cal l , summons , invitation . ?ewwa <e i dem. seula < (p I . -at) cup . ?oZa ' (pl . -at/-t) rock (s ) . ?oma G (ye?um) to fast . ?ewum adj . fasting . ?om (pl . ' aWiim , -at) fast, fasting. soma 't (pl . -at) monk ' s cel l . ?OTa G (ye?OT/ye?UT) t o carry , bear (lit . and fig . ) . C G ' a?OTa/ ' a?aTa caus . Gt ta?awTa pass . ?ewUT adj . bearing, burdened (with : ace. ) . ?OT (pl . ' a?WClT) burden . ?aUJWClT carrier es) , por ter es) . sawiiri (f. - t ; pl . ?awaTt) one who carries, bears (e . g . for :
?enu; pebab , zena) .
la- ) .
G to rot . eyu' rotten, decayed . ?i'at rot , decay. ?e,a G (ye?i,) to make level , to pave (a road) . Gt ta?e,a pass . ?eyu level , even, paved; easy. ma?yat highway . few salt .
?e' a
(pl . -at) ark (of Noah, of the Covenant) . to be brave, manly. teb < , teb 'at bravery , courage , virtue . taba <i (pl . taba <t) adj . taba < t (pl . ' atbu < ) n . a mal e . tabba < male, strong . taba < tawi (or -ay) adj . male, mas culine . taf' a G to spit . tef' at spit , saliva. tagha G to be wakeful , watchful , vigilant, attentive . teguh wakeful , etc . tegah vigi lance , watchfulness . teta G to be humbl e . CG ' atata to make humble, to subj ect . Dt
tiibot tab <a
=
to humble one ' s s elf, be sbmi!5si ve, : t. act or be infe rior, lowly. tehhut humble, modest , .obedient ; lowly, ignoble . te,etenna humi lity, humbleness . tata prep . under , below, beneath; adv. below, from below. matett lower or inferior part ; mat,etta prep . below, under, beneath . matkaf(t) (pl . matakeft) shoulder . takaZa G (yetkeZ) to plant; to fix in , implant . :G-t tatakZa pass . CD ' atakkaZa to push, shove, hit . tekuZ planted; implanted. fixed . takZ (pl . -at, ' a tke Zt) a plant , tree; <a?ada ' atke Zt orchard, grove; also fig. : taUa ?edq , takZa haymanot . matka Z {pl . matake l) stake, peg. matke Z idem. W W tak Za (p l . -t, tak aZut) wolf. ' atkata CG to wish to gain time . CD ' atakkata idem. tekat antiquity, yore; za-tekat ancient, old, primeval , pristine ; ' em-tekat (u) fro of old, hitherto , once , formerJY. takkaza D to be sad, distressed, troubled inmind.,_ t be coricerned . CD ' atakkaza caus . tekkuz sad, etc . tekkaz (pI . -at) sadnes,s , grief, care , concern; business , task. taZawa G (yeUu) to fol low, accompany (a . d.. o . or Za-J . CG '_aJ; caus . GI t tatalawa recipr. te Zwat/teZot n . fol lowing; dowFY . taZawi follower; disciple, pupil ; sectarian, successor. matZew adj . fol lowing . maUew/mat td that which follows , succession; rest, remainder . maUewa adv . then , immediately thereafter, in succes sion . taTfa/taTafa G (yetTef/yetTaf) to be left over, remain , survive . CG ' atTafa to leave (as a remainder) . teruf left , remaining; abun dant; excellent , outstanding. tel'eft (pI . terufii t ) virtue , excel ence, perfection . tel-af remainder , residue; overflow, abundance; q TeTafiita Nagast the aT book of Chronicles (lit . the remainder or overflow from Kings) . taTaf/taTf idem . taTiifi survivor . W taTg ama Q to trans late (from . . . into : ' emenna . . . xaba/la-) . Qt W W tataTg ama pas s . terg iime (pl . -eyat) m . f. trans lation , interpre tation; za-ba-teTgWamehu , ze-we' etu teTgwiimehu the interpretation of which is . . . mataTgWem translator, interpreter . tes <u/tas <u (acc . idem) f. nine. tes <atu/tas <atu , tasa <tu (ace . -tal tase < (f. -t) adj . ninth. tase <awi V - - t) idem . m. nine . tase <ay V $ tase <it) idem . tasu < the ninth day o V the month) ; 'a/tas <a nine days . tes < f. nine; tes ta adv . nine times .. .... tes ...
tate!*eta
. . . ...
440
_ D , T H% 1 @ Z
77
( 9**
(
-
aa' n H ,
c8 .
, H%
, @ F d
]DS
)
N 5 HS % R R N $ H % , " L Z , R
, LN
-
, L , , , T F
H H
; 1 0
=
. : .:",.. -
T
( 3
D , _ T _ H H , D T _ , L , H F F %T 8B Y RT @ % @ R " B ) @ ; l % _ ,, N " %d F N d @ " _ @ 8BY D q T % " , H , H H ,H D D % HT ,
d \R , V M h F % 5 F L L @ { B S R" L %d 8Z
SS ) )S
,
H H 8B aL D , T { T Z N : S " _ , BF
_9
B F , ,
B# ,
i 3
L l 1 L , R , , ,, F % H ,H _ @ L R L , ,
2 0 8 B +
@ _
_ {
F , , D F
, F @
Ny D y L d
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D _ )
l"
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L M ,
2 n; % % , D H
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B R H % 'L " % B F Z
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32
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F D , / BF LD
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D e Vo c . 1 0) . H @ 8B H RL % { F R 8B , , V /
E 2 37 2
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t"
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V . 1 F I J d %L ,
, c ,
!
H F
/
H
2 R RG
V T RL
L h G H , , h ,, N ,, L h % { B / h RL%
B F
Y % L D , % H T
N F H@ K % L L , .
8B Y L
H ,
JS '
H { N
RL
RL % Z , V BF 2
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,
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%
y h F d
H \ c % S/ Z , , , L C ? Y 2
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B H H %c
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Y
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.
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, ,
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D - = 8B S , B ,
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B
2
R %
)
W H
V h,
q2
? #!Y
8 _
2 &
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#M _ fH H
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B# 2
2 A
? # A Y Y 2 ? # ! Y ! B 2 ,
I R
/7
R5
D , V
X 1
.
h
depart
H V H , Y A 2 ,
BK , h O
lF
V & 8
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G FwFY C 2
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t /r Y
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77*
forth; to exp e l ; to put forth, produc e . emerging; l a cking (in : partur e ; source . G adj . depart ing ;
&
G G s l op e .
CG
&0
a l ien (to :
+u
he is a native of
W=0 X. R
exit , de p l ace of exi t , the coun-
#.
qt to dig"
. .-
(7
excavate .
" :..
to d e s cend, come down", go down . descent .
CG ' o
to bring!
s end/ l ead down . m . gol d , money .
p l ace of descent , downward
#f . IR0 # 6
Gt D wave .
to go out into the country .
trys ide , fie lds , farms , farml and .
farm l and, pasture .
G G
#. #.
to sp i t . to inheri t . CG to gain by inheritance .
spitt l e , s aliva :
(p l . G
to make s omeone an hei r . Glt
Gt in-
to throw, cas t ; to stone (someone : o . s . : to be stoned .

=
I1
he i r .
to inherit (j ointly (p l .
&+ 0
Glt
1
=
to throw stones Gt. Gt (pl .
or singly) , gain po s s e s s ion o f . heritance . (pl . ) heirs . m . f . moon , month . t o thro, cas t . Gt
1L ?1 E1L
b1 0
at one another .
G.
Dt
heir (very rare) . lunat i c . p as s . and refl e x .
u1 0 I
Glt
h e ap , mound , hi l l .
s l ing . p as s . excom
E 9
(p l . G
+ 1E0 10
CG to excommunicat e , anathemati z e , curs e .
#.
(p l . idem.
to a l i enate one ' s s e l f from (a . d . o . ) .
a youth, young 'man .
: |
CGlt
manhood, maturity .
municated , curs ed .
G (imperf. dat . suff . ) Gt
5 I5 .
3 g
excommunication . subj .
50 5
CG
to give ( s omething : a . d . o . ; to : (p l .
CG to marry ( subj . man ; obj . woman) . give someone in marriage , to marry o ff . G
to
p as s . to flow .
&1 0
gift .
5RL
one
ssabmaiage .
who gives , donor; adj . generous .
3 3
8)
#N3 L
to cause to f low (esp . river, stream ; flow , current . aqueduct , canal .
to:
E 3
. b`
to l ead, conduct " bring, take (a . d . o . ;
tears ) .
(pl .
b1 h
flow, flowin g . same . Dt idem.
0 R 3
0.) .
D to add (a . d . a . ; to : L 31 T ' Dt t o b e add d (to : D to d e l imi t , mark o ff , define .
0 to increas e, augment ZE + 5X: o . s . ) . I1

Dt p as s .
(a.d.
Gt to accep t , receiv e , t ake unto one ' s s e l f ; also p as s ive o f accepted, acceptab l e , agreeab l e , p l ea s ant . Dt to trust or have faith (in : trus ting, confiding, dependent . G
addition . boundary, l imi t .
b3L
or o . s . ) .
(w. pron . suff . :
| &0
prep . in, into , t o ;
&
idem;
trus t , faith , confidence .
& 1| + I "+
from in , from within . interior, mi dd l e . CG to respond, answer; to take up a discours e . Glt
# .
Gt
to bear (a chi l d) ; to beget (a chi l d : a . d . o . ; by :
bE0
to bear . s ingu l ar .
I
(p l .
p as s .
G lt
I1
CG
to procreat e ; to in
crease or flourish by procreation .
to beget ; to cause X 2 p l . of
son , chi l d , boy , l ad ; p l . also used as
t o speak against , contradi c t ; t o di sput e , argue (with : 0 . 5 . or
= 0 nP+"1+
e l oquence , refined manner of speaking .
(p l .
10 u 0
daughter, gir l . p arent .
CG to continue , persevere in , be a s s i duous in ( a . d . o . or in f . ) ; to direct (hands , eyes ) to G
land .
* syn . o f
birth .
in s ingular ; (f.
(3) adj . born , begotten .
31 T3
&.
adv . Gt
1L
(p l .
p l ace o f birth , native
always , perpetua l l y , continuous l y , assiduous ly .
&R 0 offspring ,
fami l y ; rac e , trib e , fami l y , Dt
3 .
pas s . D to shout .
to begin (a . d . o . or sub j . or inf . ) . n. beginning;
speci es ; generat ion . D to change , alter , trans form . changed, transformed , di fferent . tran s format ion .
W=
from the beginning .
tawaUapa
pas s .
weUu,p
R| u0
change , alteration ,
& E E3
oo
G to be few , smal l . s cantiness . G
Qa T E
shout , cry. few , smal l , scanty .
;E(
p auc i t y ,
change ; exchange , price .
m . f . gospe l .
| L
(f .
adj . gospe l ; n . evange l i s t .
to swa l l ow .
7~ X X X1 X Y [/ 7? 7? X b X $X 1 9X r X Y + e X1 9 X $X % X Noun o 7? 7? E $X 7? X1 $X
, . -. -.
8 r 8r
(] ;
#j 2
e 7? ;
7? 7?
r " X 9 $X r " X 8 9 $X , $X r X y Y
( :j
%^& %\
Y +
Y7
8 8 B9
( # :2 g( #: j (# : j # vj ( # &j ( #: 2
; %: %: ; %: %: ;% %:
uW
6 d
6 #j
%6
7 7? 7?
; (
d ; b
d
7
8 9 ; 8 8
6 t
.
% ; ; ( # :2 ; %: ( # u %& (# w2 6 % : ( #: 2 6 ( # &2
M $X
(AD
L
8 r 8h X1 9 8 8
o
% ;%
: :
7?
6
7 ?
r "X 9 $X "X 8
Nouns :
6 di d; 6 @
6 d; [ 6 6 U
Y[
e6
( l 7 ? U
57
For al l Quadr i l iteral and Quinqui l iteral verbs s e e Les son
SO .
Elementa Linguarum Orientis

ELO Band 2
AltiithiopiscQ
Grammatik des Ge ' ez mit Dbungstexten un Glossar
Josef Tropper
Herausgeber
' .- ' . .. _.... .
Josef Tropper
Reinhard G . Lehmann
..
-.
U garit-Verlag MUnster 2002
U garit-Verlag MUnster 2002
258
Ubungstexte in Original- und Umscbrift

Text
1:
Vorbemerkung: Die Interpunktioszeichen l!mschriftpart wurden y o m Ver fasser gesetzt und folgen syntakttschen ltenen . ., .,
Ubungstexte
259
Johane n sevangelium, Kapitel l, Verse

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r 6&- 1
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If f IE f ra f .n ; J
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wangel za-yohanns: m c'raf 1 ' . . ,gzl ' ,ab h . tu .' .: , er w , 1. qridamih qal w ,t;t, wa- 'tu qal !J.aba qal. tu w r wa- 'gztabhe , . ' . 2. wa-zntu '-qadimu fJaba 'gztaber w tu. . 3. kWllu bottu kona, ,. ' . . . : : k, : . . wa-za- 'nbalehu-ssa 'albo za-kona, wa- l-mntnz ,m-za- ona 4. bottu hywat w 'tu, , , w. w 'tu. wa-ywat-ssa brhanu la- gWiil m (m) a, 5. wa-brhan-ssa za-wsta -rlmat yabarrh wa-yar ,l, wa-slmat-ni 'i-yrakkbo . , adu b 'asi, za-tafannawa. 'mfJaba ,gzl ,aber, 6. wa-hallo 'ah za-smu yohanns. . . 7. waw ,tu m ,a la-sma C, sama Cfa ykun ba ,nta brhan, .. . kama kWllu y 'man bottu. 8. wa-Iallihu-ssa 'i-kona brhana, d 'm _ sama Cta- ykun ba- 'nta . brhan. ,_. ... 9. za-w 'tu brhana -rdq, za-yabarrh la-it'IIu sab , -... . za ymass ' wsta calam. 10. w-wst' calam hallo, wa- calam:ni bottu konal :va- am-ssa ,lya 36.22]). . . . . 'maro * 'i 'a 'maro [perf. A1 3.m.sg.; . ., J ww0. ' IrE. 'a, wa- "lli ahu-ssa ,l-tawa"' . , Z; hu mas 17a-ssa twakfwwa, wahabomu sltana, wluda gzl ,aber kunu la- 'lla 'amnu ba-smu. , . . 13 lla 'i:konu 'mnna za-dam, wa- 'i- 'm-faqiida ftwat za-sga, . , ata b"" '' '''' '"m" "" 'si 'lla 'm- 'gzi 'aber tawaldu. wa- ,1- m- s . 'hu, 14 wa-w 'tu qal sga kona, wa-fJadara la Clena, wa-r:; ,ma bh . atl wa-mogasa -ragga za-mlu 'abihu, lawad 'aadu sbata kama wa-sdqa. samii Ctu ba 'nti 'hu kal w:ybe. 15.yohnns , z-w '... '" tu za- 'belakkmu ana ,ba- ntl ahu: ymp ' 'm-dfJreya zahallo mqdmeya, , ma w 'tu qadamannz. . 16 ' ma 'm -tarafa zi 'ahu naSa 'na nl;na kWllna -ragga hyyanta sagga. 17. " sma 'ont ba-muse taw'bat lana, ba- iyasus krstos kona. wa-sagga-ssa wa-sdq . , za-r yo gmura, 'alba 'abher-ssa 1 8 la- 'gzi 'alla wald wal;d, za-hallo wsta 1;4na 'abuhu, w ,tu nagaranna.
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Text 2: Matthausevangelium, Kapitel 6, Verse 9-13 (Das "Vater-Unser")

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Text 3: Matthausevangelium, Kapitel 5 (sogenannter "B-Text")

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kama-z;}-ke all;}yii. 'ant;}mu-ssa: ,abuna za-ba-samiiyat, y;}tqaddas s;)m;}ka.. 1 O. t;}ma ' mang;}st;}ka, y;}kun fi -daka, b a-kama ba-samiiy wa-baaqa m;}dr;}-ni. 1 1 . sisiiyana za-Ialla c;}lat;}na habanna yom. . 12 . wa-b;}d;}g lana 'abbasana, kama ndJ;na-nz ":f!b d;} . f,a- a ;abb .sa i' . c: lana. 13. wa- 'i-tab;} 'anna w;}sta mansut" ' 'alla 'adh;}nanna wa-biil;}J;anna ;}m-kw;}ilu dkuy. _ ,amen. ,dsma zi ';ahu y;} ,;}ti mang;}st fJayl wa-sdbJ;at la- alama calam. .
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m;} carat 5 " . ba- 'dnta bdfu "lin ( = Uberschrift) 1 . wa- 'dYO 'aJ;zaba, . carga W;}Sta dabr. wa-nabiro, qarbu fJabehu . 'arda 'ihu. , 3 2. wa-kaSata 'atahu wa-maharomu, ;}nza Ydb l. . ' can nadday - an ba-mantas, ';}sma . lomu y;} ,;}tz mang;}sta samayat. 3. b dSU ";}hu bdU can ';}lla YdlaJ;dwu y;} 'ze, ,;}sma ,dmuntu y;}tfiess . _ l -m;}dr. bdU " lin yawwahan, ' ;}sma ' ;}muntu y;}WaTTdSdwwa . . - -. sddq, dsma ,dmuntu 6. bd4u "an ';}lia YdrdfJdbu wa-y;}ammd ,u la y;}aggdbu. " 7 bdSU can mahardyan, ;}sma dmuntu YdtmaJ;aru. 8. bdU can ndshana l;}bb, ';}sma 'dmuntu Ydre ';}YdWWO la- ,:gzz. ,b;}J;er. . . . 9. bdfu can gabardyana salam, "dsma muntu w;}luda ;}gzz ab ;}h . er y;}ssammayu. 10. bdfu can 'dila y;}ssaddadu ba ';}nta ddq, ,dsma lomu y;} ,dti mang;}sta samiiyat. 1 1 b;}su can 'antdmu soba y;}sadd;}dudmU wa-YdzanaggWdgukdm u wa. dabbu kWdUO ';jkaya la clekdmu, dnza y;}J;essdwu a ,dntz ,aya,. . _ 12 a aSs;}hu wa-tahaSayu, ';}sma "asb;}kmu bdZUfJ Wd ;}tu ba-samayat. , ma kama-zd 'sadad;}wwomu la-nabiyat ';}ila ';}m-q;}dmek;}mu. 13. 'antdmu W;} ,;}tu ew la-m;}dr wa- ';}mma s(s)a sew . lasha, ba-m;}nt;} nu y;}tqessam. ,alboke ';}nka la-za-y;}baqq d " za- ,dnbala la-gadit ,at,a wa-ydkayydo sab '. , 14. 'antmu Wd 'tu b;}rhanu la- calam. 'i-tdk'l hagar tabab;} 0 ,;}nta matlta dabr t;}nabbdr. _ taJ;ta _ ,/', jar 'alla diba ka 15. wa- 'i-yahatt;}wu matota kama yabrwwa ta wiima wa-tiibaTT;}h la-kw;}ilomu ;Jila W;Jsta bet. iihu y;}brah bdrhan;}k;}mu ba-qddma sab ' kama Ydr ,ay ;}gban 16 ka k;}mu sanniiya wa-y;}sabbdJ;;}WWO la- 'abubmu za-ba-samayat.
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e;Jrta 36. wa- 'i-ba-r;J 'as;Jka t;Jmhal . ';Jsma 'i-t;Jl 'ahatta . cada -., . s;J . . r;J 'as;Jka sa rasS;Jya wa- 'i- 'asl;Jma.- 37.y;Jkun ba!J(;Jt)tu' nagar;Jk;Jmu 'dmma-h/ 'dwwa ';Jwwa wa- ';Jmma-hi 'alba 'alba wa-fadfiida-ssa 'dm.';Jllu 'dm- 'dkkuy W;J ';Jtu. 38.sama ck;Jmu kama tab;Jhala: eayn beza Cayn wa-Sdnn beza S;Jnn. 39. wa- 'an;J-ssa ';Jb;Jlakk;J:Zu: 'i-t;Jtqawam;Jwwa la- ';Jk(k)uy, wa-Ia-za hi ara-ka ';Jnta yamiin malta!Jtaka mit Iattu kiil;J 'tii-hi. 40. wa-fa-za-hi Ydfaqq;Jd ydt Caggalka wa-malbasaka YdnSii,' g;Jd;Jg Zattu wa ldbsaka-ni. - 41. wa-la-za-hi cabbataka md criifa 'a!Jada !Jur mdslehu kdteta. - 42. la-za YdS;J 'dZakka hab wa-la-za Ydfaqqdd ';Jmgabeka Ydtlaqqii!J 'i-tdkld 'a. 43. sama cbmu kama tab;JhaZa: 'afqdr bia-ka wa-;Jlii ' afii ';Jka. 44. wa- ' and-ssa 'dbdfakkdmu: sannaya g;Jbaru la- ';Jl/a y;Jalld 'uk;Jmu. wa alldyu ba- 'dnta ';Jlla Ydsaddddukdmu. 45. kama tdkunu wdluda la- 'abubmu za-ba-samiiyiit. 'dsma fa!Jiiya yiiSarrdq la efa 'dk(k)uyiin wa-geriin. wa-yiizanndm zdniima fii cIa iiddqiin wa- cammiifdyiin. 46. wa- 'dmma-ssa tiifaqq;Jru 'za-yiifaqqdrakkdmu mdnta casba biJkdmu. 'akkohu mabbd!Jiiwdyiin-hi kamiihu ygabbd",u. - ' - ''..:.- : > "' ;;- , 47. wa- 'dmma ta 'amiigkdmu 'agawikdmu kdmma mdnta 'dnka fadfiid;]. tdgabbdru 'akka-nu 'a!Jziibd-ni kiyiihu-ssa y'dgabbdru. 48. kunu-ke 'dntdmu-ssa fdumiina kama 'abukdmu samiiyiiwi fdum
_ _ ,
Text 4: -Das Buch Henoch, Ka pitel l, Verse

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Vorbemerkung: Die Versziihlllngen der Textallsgabe einerseits und der Um schrift andererseits weichen voneinander ab (letztere folgt M. A. Knibb, The Ethiopic Book of Enoch, Oxford 1978). Ein Hinweis Zllr Orthographie: Nach Glltturalen werden /a/ und /ii/ promisclle gebraucht.
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266
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...
ba 'nta hruyan 'be wa- 'awsa 'ku ba 'nttahomu msla283 za-ywaff ' qddus wa- <iibiy ,m-ni.iifJdaru wa- 'amlOka: ealam wa- 'm-hy(y)a ykayyd diba sina dabr wa-yiista; 'i ba-t <ayntu wa-yiistar 'i ba-n <a fJiiylu 'm-samiiy . wa-yfa"hu kWllu wa-yiidLaqaZZ<Jqu tguhiin wa-Y<JnaSs<J 'omu !<Jrhiit wa-ra <iid Ciibiy . '<Jska 'nii!a <iiLam wa-ydanaggfu 'adbiir nawwiifJan ( = ntiwwatza!l) " wa-Y<JttelJatu 'awg<Jr nawifJan ( = nawitziin ) wa-Y<Jtmassawu kama ma ciira grii 'm-Lahb wa-tssat!am mdr wa-kwllu za-wsta mdr YtfJiiggWaL ( = yathaggWal). wa-ykaww;;ln !tlJ liicLa kWllu . wa-Lii cLa iidqan k'"llomu la-iidqan-ssa saliima y;;lgabbr lomu wa-ya <iiqq;;lbomu La-fJruyiin wa-ykawwn siihl lii <lehomu wa-ykawwnu killllomu za- 'amlak wa-yse"lJu wa-ytbii"aku wa-yba"h lomu brhiina 'amliik wa-niihu m 'a ba-t 'a/fit qddusiin kama ygbar ftlJa Lii c1ehomu wa-yiifJgIIIlomu ( = yiihglllalomu) la-rastan wa-ytwiiqas klllllo za-sgii ba- ' nta kill llu za-gabru wa-rassayu Lii clehu fJa( 'iin wa-rasi can
m r Uf f, h f, -'S. 1l lV , f,. .tl C
m " ft .e,. ,4 1 H- I\-' OD- ::

m f f} <l' o OD-
CP i" I mf, 'f;dt 1: h tD--? C: P. 1 1 mf, 'l- qo fl OJ. h qo ODf} l -?t. }-. 1JO I\ Utl I m T fl m 9D r C : m h'- ft- 11m- h i' lr C ,r, :r. :}70 A : m.e h m- 1 tt::" fh I\()I\ H-ft- :
mf, f. -?8 Jt .e- I1 C
Jt ?lIJ .( f}1\1JO ::
mY il i' Ch. Il T() f, 1 1: : m Y il 'I'C . 1l ' 1 0 f, I\- 'h lJO fltrlJ f, I m '( ClJ' H- I\- I my I\ "'A T r Y 1 : mf, p' 1't OD- C y:,- CD l f} .e'Hl .e 'h il h
4.
5.
l;
6.
7.
. Z ta ,4 '} fI fl I\ qo .e 1 ofl C !tano .

t\ 1 ?- Y '} : m .e
h m- ' Uf lJ t\ 1\ t\, U" OD- : m.e h m- - 'rI' flu (ID. 1Ih lJO I\ n I m .e Uf, C ,h. m .e J :'- () t: n. m.e, Il C U I\-'OD- l1C Y Jt rl\ n I: In
:t m lJ rr OD ?i il
:
8.
hOD f. "1 IJ C ldt I\ot\, U"ou- :

1\ t: II. f} 1 : m f, :" CP 4' 1l
11 :'- 'hA 6.. :,. .p_
9.
mY 1 1.. tt.. ou-
II I\ 01t (1- :} 1' 11 1 ml ll. f} ' ::
H- tr- fffP ;J : 1l }-. 1 1' H- ta- 1I 1 11 ?- OI l
:a.
..... __
. . -41 ..,
283 Andere Textvarianten .

:::>
bieten statt masla entweder masiile oder masla miJsiile.
268
Ubungstexte
Ubungstexte
269
Text 5: S31Ul f<J!rat ("Beauty of Creation"), Abschnitte
1-7
Gebrauch von /a/ und /a/ nach Gutturalen wird nicht erlautert.
V rbemerkung: Handschriftliche Wiedergabe des Textes durch Getatchew Haile _ Mlsrak Amare, Beauty o f Creation ' Manchester 1991 (S . 52f.) , ' d Ie ' unter ' vgl . hlerzu . . 24.2 prasenherte Schrifttabelle. Der Wechsel von Gutturalen und der Promiscue -
ciDch /, ; lDlID nt: V1 'l1 " ( sic ) 7 d, tt: " n'r li!'f'l;J-.t lJ. , h"'f,"l H. 'h {1(h, c ', Hfl)U4- " n lJ. ', is ()1!'r, ({Oro'cJ/r. : :f1 hf" fl,t'- 1Jcl1t "-"7 '" h fl tytfl)-. ', "llCfD 'f,/:. +" ov.ti : 'Tn)!. : '11I7 a1J - t'nt; ', 4 N,r : gtpr to OJ' l. :J. .f: lJ.: A 14 -t: " In tT} : '(rt/-t. : '1> r "> 'fl: f, !f'1L\l " h((lft OJh.1l -, lIrJlr : '"A n tfD ', 'nr-k 'f, ', t7h([() : '"f1ru n.tJc, : n ', V r n-t t,. -f! (llIO ' S!- 'fr'7'T : l.fl ch (J)'fJ(J7) '7 roT: 'fl ll. fT.-t: n "" n ', n-n '"h tJ) LWf) 'f'f1 r : tP 'n ao f. n fJ:h n' h 6.: -y, ft. . hC1t f. (1() '1o'fJ : 'h tPt.'"f ;: 2 , "'fO 1>g;av: a-, hn'1 r " tp t:(JV " U Itt> " 'X If') tt"{,.[1,h,c n 1--,.w 1111+ : n't} ,.,t lJ.: ({) 0 +'P,'" +" lroll'p-f: !: tOIlO', tL4> : 11 11 fJ:ht-f! ;6.. 1': 'fllJV f.PlC : l}.tJ;JL:f. + : (llOC : tTD,n..1- : na1J 1;{O n bll + ', YtlJ.,e: ', J: 4'?t7i'L++' mL" i o'll C ?DCfV' 01 f1'7(l. 1J " i 'i1+(W. : flUClf. : m7D c " lO" t.O'1lr h : d)',!,Il!; (l)11av!f.' (1)lfO I)Yll1 1- ' LV "fJ/)o'1t" "i Q! trL:J. +: mL: n1, )t -, ri C 'f]: "hVO i O: !J l)r ' ', c1J "f7tf'1l : (1 0 '. htht "(}hoh: otrOtl.-r : cotf.. 6.. 01L : ''1b(J : 1l'(J'P: ?iro'1 q' 4! (1j1 L t : t,f{'J f1 'hI:! (1 H ct). 'n-F nc 't '1 "0; Ii -{I . A I{.- 11--,., -{1 C 't :
1.
0 luw '- "Ad) H.n.()clbC
1.
..
ba-sma 'gzi 'aber maari wa-mastaSiih1 nf sna ftratiitihu la- 'gzi 'abJ;er za-maharuna kiyiihu 'abawina, mamhriina qddst beta krstiyiin . labbiwomu 'm- 'orita muse nabiy. ,sma y 'ti tzenu awiitwa f!ratiiiihu la-zntu jatiire kWllu, 'amliikna, ytbiirak smu, wa-ytle iii zkru ba-hirutu rlciba hallwo 'a ciilama 'm- 'i-hallW 'sma 'ams .Q .... . . ... . . - - . . _. :.:. .... . . rabiia na kama ynunan wa-kama yt Ciiw(w)aq ( = 01 bzw. 02) khilotu ba-aba sab ' wa malii 'kt; wa-kama ysbii ba- 'f!-fa 'llu ia- ciilama ciila'!f:_'"'amen.
C
"
'.
'
2,
I
I
..
'
::
"
'm-qdma Ciilamiit, qdma hallo 'gz(aber ba-tslsta 'akiiliitihu wa-ba-tawiidota malakotu wa-soba jaqada ba-za-biititu jaqiid kama yft.r f!ratiita ba-warii maggiibit 'ama 20-wa-9, ba- Clata 'ud 8 f!ratiita fa!ara : 7 ba- 'armmo wa-l ba-nabib za-w 'tomu samiiy wa-mdr wa-miiy wa-nafs wa- 'siit wa-lmat wa malii 'kt. wa- 'llontu 7 ftratiita fatara ba-gize sark 'm-aba 'albo. wa- 'm-z soba sata diyiiblos ba-t 'abita r 'asu fatara kii cba zta siimniiya ftrata 'm-aba 'albo za-w 'tu brhiin 'nza ybal : la-ylam brhiin.
'.
'.
..
.:: "
270
Dbungstexte
Ubungstexte
27 1
...
h lr " 'nao.-F : c}! 'Yl( :" lD 'rllJr.t; ', n 'i b '.
J. ( C 1'. 8 7 b )
n ch f : . "ir{]l\ : O"hoz,-t- '. :q 1 C : ([}....flF ' "-O n crv " 'll"1 Ito-{ulb Q : 'l1 "Ih.', lJ}.'n-F :'- lD'1f1 : O:hb. lOC 'fI, o{J : fi n. :r L'l1.fl: lJ}t }l-F :'. tOO"'o-t, +ll ' Yl-t, H : JI1b J'.. Lp' 'l1 au 11 tr Jl. !J t ' 'll /;) f 4t " (l :h,p: a1. 1. : q! l. t : 5, CO'(,aD : a," r"'tl &nn'r'-" t: f'1 h n 'h c roqu ' 6.. tl1 L " n + ' 1 'PftO , '"/l..n l) : fl "f,7+ " fln.u!,w, ', '1t " l1UC]b1oz,':, 6, r"11 'Ul-{1 "L" 6.. {Jll!-j:; , ..n e l.I '1: n{ID ', JWA ( ' "it tit1,'I ', ?J tJ1l fJ y.:;" un -1 'n11=1- 0 11-t,t-H '. '(J dO ', ". o.'1'fD 4- rUIn.7, of ', "6'{D I)"ll 'i LJ. ' n., 11...0 ', /,...
4,
" : ; 0
(0 1) ( 0 1'. 7b ) (([} " f [}, : ro7 f : h"N1 'h{l cn, C! 0 t a;' C 0 tplljll.t+"
'-L /;-" , H, , "n 'i /;)
L\'1 lt'h -Oclb C't.:
rn LJ.. ,
art
ar-F '
I "[) L /:) '. (/}''np.
L}t "
3, '.,llu '.,muntu j.,[ratiita 'gud

wa- '.,ud bghil 1 b.,hil w., '.,tu
:
/1 [, t-'l.'. vn
'.,gii 'ab.,J:terOJ-ni bghil w., '.,tu
,orit.,-ni b.,hil zenii b.,hil w., '.,tu
4, wa- '.,mma t:Jbe

m.,nt 'aqo la- '.,gzi 'ab.,er y.,ft..,r j.,[ratiita ,.,b.,l : ba- 'gnta 4 nagar w., '.,tu ,.,sma '.,gzi 'ab.,er kahiili w., '.,tu wa-bii C.,l wa-jatiii wa-r.,kub za-" i-y.,trakkab w., '.,tu wa-ba, '.,nta-z., 'gnza yii[eyy.,q kama '.,llu 4 fotii hall.,wiin bottu .,qa jarira j.,!ratiit.
5. wa- '.,mma t.,be kii C.,ba

ba- '.,nta m.,nt ba- 'armamo j a!ara '.,llonta 7 awiit.,wa.. ':Jb.,l : ba- ':Jnta za- 'i-hallawu 'amehii samii C.,yiin.
6. ba-nabib.,-hi j a[irotu b.,rhiina

,.,sma za-hallawu 'amehii samii C.,yiin malii '.,kt wa-ba- ' .,nta-z., kama yii 'm.,ru '.,muntu 'amliik.,nniihu ba-nabib ja!ara b:Jrhiin.
lO 'oUV', !Jo n, : 0,)1..: n 'n r ', f'-z, :,. o n il + '!>L " +l1jl+ ', IlC'I'lr' 'ofD'1: 'X I\- 7. , "knll: '(J tID ', f.'(}o-t, ', "h'[Oq h : ao'Zz,,} p1., fl CTCl :r ', (l'l1 rw ', 0.() c: "' -" ', J? -t,r. n : n yo ?; l\UO!I- : f1{1Cj IJ-. : 'Yl'fl'llt : a,!) fV .e"6 f- Il : rr-, I)I[O : H ov "it: J:tlJI.: ''Il7, H : 'f.. {IfF 6...1l1 L : n '"A+ : 'tnt : 'fd7+-;c!" : h..nC 17" "hqo%::
7.
" :
m L', "O C lJ :"
7. wa- '.,mma t.,be Cadi

ba, '.,nta m.,nt 'astadaiira
( = Astz)
taja[rota b.,rhan 'fJm.,nna '.,llu
'.,b.,l : kama y.,kun 'amsiil mang.,sta samayiit ba-kama b.,rhiin y:Jeyy:Js '.,m-"lmat kamiihu '.,m-z.,-ni ciilam y:Jeyy:Js ciilam za-y.,mp ' d.,ra ,.,nza y.,bl ja[iiri. ba- '.,nta z.,ntu 'astadaiiro la-b.,rhiin ':Jm.,nna 7.
272
Ubungstexte
12-13
Text 6: Das Buch der Jubilaen, Kapite1 50, Verse
Schrifttabelle (Vokale gemaB tradioneller Aussprache)

. . U ha fI la tJ- hll
V orbemerkung: Der folgende Text, die letzten Verse des Jubilaenbuchs, wird nur in ath. Schrift prasentiert (nach J. C. Vanderkam, The Book o f lubilees [CSCO 510 / 87], Leuven 1989) . Zur leichteren Lesbarkeit des Textes sind - nach Vorbild der amharischen Orthographie - Konsonantengeminationen durch zwei Punkte fiber mus und Murmelvokal bei Schriftzeichen der 6. Vokalordnung ist eigenstandig entsprechenden Schriftzeichen markiert. Die Unterscheidung zwischen _ Vokalis
'I. h i
'/ ha 1\
'/, fI.
he Ie he me
-
h, ha .
la
t!
ho
fI- lu
rh- h u
au!Po
Il li
la
A I,
fl 10
vorzunehmen.
(h ha
au LP
OD11 f.. : alii'/. : f."" "'f. : OJlj:l : OJ" '/. : 0 0. -1: : OJho;. '/. : O tt;\. : ODi n :: OJII '/. : 1 i-X; : " ... .,. : OJ,,'/. I 101--01 : -'to : ttl\- : h1 il ... :: OJ II'/. : f.-1 : Om ODC : lJtl1 l : OJtt it- : fll1h : IIf.II.fl'J' : OJf."':}A : 9'"1 .,.'/. : OJII '/. : fmCX- : h1 il ... OJ? t.. : OJII'/. : hF 1l : h;;" '/. I hC' : OJ?t.. : OJhm, '/. : '}..., : OJII '/. : f.izj.9'" : OJf. 'l.fl C : 811 " : Ot\ .,. : fl1 0 '-" : 50: 1 3 OJfl l1h : IIf.'l .flC : ttiio : IIh9'"lI : Ot\ .,. : fl10'-" : 1000-.-,. :: hOD : .e h- ). : OJ-I\-f.. : hilt- 1t.A : h111 : Ifl .fl i: : OhOD : '-"h ",,+ : fl1U ;t-+ : 9'".:C : OhOD : "mt. . : h9'" OJ-il + : . :,. : IIOJU O : OJ-il + : hf.. 'e f : hOD : h m : t\h : m'l 'l : 'LII. : OJ'Ll" : 0 0 : h-cS.fl. : . OD'l' lLrr ::
Gramti ma sche Hilfestellungen: Syntaktische Struktur (Y. 12 bis V. 1 3a) ; k <J/lu sab za- . . . wa-za -hi . wa-za-hi . . . wa-za-hi . . . wa-za-hi . . . wa-k <J/lu sab za- . . . wa-za-hi . . . wa-za-hi . . . wa-za-hi . . . (V. 13) wa-s ab ' za-y<Jgabbar kwallo za- 'am-za ba- 'alata sanbatyamut "Wer auch immer . . . wer auch immer irgendetwas von diesen (Dingen) am Sabbat tut, der soll/muJ3 sterben" (verallgemei nende Relativsatze mit Apodosis; 65.6 6). ba-kwallu makin i "an irgendeinem (anderen) Ort" (5 1.913 ). yae Can < *Y<Jte Can (36. 5 1) tIer reite t": unregelmaJ3ig (wie Impf. T ) 2 gebildetes Impf. Tl zu I cn (44 .631) . manta-hi (4 1.81) . - wa-za-hi 'agara "und wer (ein Tier) fangt": Man beachte den Gebrauch des Perfekts; nach wa-za-hi steht im Text sonst Impf. (vgl. 65.6 6). Ein Manuskript biete t yiisagg<Jr (Impf. Al) statt 'agara. fab 'a "Kampf' (Akk. ); siehe im Lexikon unter ab '. (Y. 13b) yiisanabbatu "sie halten den Sabb at"; Impf. Al (44. 73). tallfa "(wie) geschrieben steht ": Perf. Tl (44.532). agaga gize wa-gize babba kufole mawii calihu (56. 6).
W'C
50 : 1 2 OJtt fi : ("I11h : IIf.1 11C : "'111 l : OJII'/. : ffh
ma
sii
mu
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m,. <7'l;
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7- po

18 Introduction To Classical Ethiopic

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D :*,%*D &&: 0AD %5)D 85?

Distributed by Scholars Press PO Box 5207

Missoula, Montana 59806

%5)D %==*:5D =/0890D /

29/%&*=D 85838.0%2D ::8:<D

INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL ETHIOPIC by Thomas O. Lambdin

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Copyright 1978 The President and Fellows of Harvard College

3.2 4.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1

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-nu %5)D -hu

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Prepositions with Pronominal Suffixes The

: Causative Verbs: CG (cont.)

General Remarks on the Verbal System

: Types of Verbs $: # &: & ): )$: ) *: *

with Pronominal Suffixes Indicating Possession

The Full Inflection o f the Perfect

$$: $&: $&: $&:

The Perfect: The Perfect:

Roots II-Guttural Roots III-Guttural

)&: )*: )*:

as the Equivalent of an Indefinite Pronoun Only

$ : The Perfect with Object Suffixes : The Perfect: Roots III-W!Y

The Perfect with Object Suffixes (cont.)

$- &: &: &$: &

"&: "&: " : : : ): -: "):

: The Perfective Active Participle

7 % : Adjectives as Uredi cates

G Verbs from Sound Roots

: The Subjunctive: G Verbs from Sound Roots

& " : The Imperative: G Verbs from Sound Roots &$:

&) &)$: &*

: The Verbal Adjective

Further Remarks on Complements

: The Verbal Noun (G Verbs) "**:

with Pronominal Suffixes

&* $ : The Cognate Accusative &+": &+ $: &,:

Object suffixes in a Dative or Prepositional Sense Partitive Apposition

Nouns of Place: The Pattern Nouns of the Pattern

$&: $ $$ $& $&$: :

G Verbs from Roots I-Guttural:

: G Verbs from Roots II-Guttural: Remaining Forms

-+: -+: -,: ": *:

& - $ : The Verb : $ &

G Verbs from Roots III-Guttural: The Remaining Forms

$& & : Cardinal Adverbs : $ $): $) $* $*$:

: G Verbs from Roots I-W: The Remaining Forms

-: -): $: $): $):

! : Associative (Reciprocal) Verbs: G1t $ : B< and

Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses

: Causative Verbs: CG, CD, CL, CQ

Subjunctive, and Imperative

with the Subjunctive and Imperfect

7g 8> avk* 7[ 7[ 7[ 7| 7| 7| 7| 7u 7u + 0 avk+ * [ v 4 \ v

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5=::8.%=0?D 5=::8.%=0?D /D /D %:=0(2*<D

48=D 485<=:%=0?<D 8-D 04*D

: Types of Verbs $: # &: & ): )$: ) :

)&: ): ):

+7 +g u +u *+?