Name: __________________________________ Hour: _____________

Chapter 8: Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

Main Idea: New technologies improve urban living, and a modern mass culture emerges. Reforms in public education raise literacy rates. African Americans work to end legal discrimination. Essential Question: How did American life change in the areas such as technology, education, race relations, and mass culture at the turn of the 20th century? Term Definition List either... Impact on major trends for Americans
Technology/ Education/ Race/Mass culture

Daniel Burnham Orville and Wilbur Wright George Eastman Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute grandfather clause and poll tax segregation Plessy v. Ferguson debt peonage Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst rural free delivery (RFD)

Chicago architect Brothers who flew the first airplane Inventor of the camera Prominent African-American educator All black school Clause that allowed poor, uneducated whites to vote The word used to describe racial separation Court case that upheld the Jim Crow laws A system in which a person is forced to work to pay off debts Owner of the New York World newspaper Owner of the New York Morning Journal San Francisco Examiner System that brought packages directly to homes

Technology Technology Technology Education Education/ Race Race Race Race Race Mass Culture Mass Culture Mass Culture

Section 1: Science and Urban Life Main Idea: Advances in science and technology help solve urban problems, including overcrowding. Why it matters now: American cities continue to depend on the results of scientific and technological research. 1. Technology and City Life Skyscrapers - 1890, 58 cities have 50,000 people; 1900, 4 of 10 people in cities - Invention of elevators, internal steel skeletons lead to skyscrapers 1. Louis Sullivan designs Wainwright Building - Skyscrapers solve urban problem of limited, expensive space 1. Daniel Burnham designs Flatiron Building Electric Transit - Before Civil War, horse-drawn streetcars run on iron rails - By 1900, electric streetcars (trolleys) run from suburbs to downtown

- Some cities build elevated trains or subways Engineering and Urban Planning - Steel-cable suspension bridges link city sections - Need for open spaces inspires science of urban planning - Frederick Law Olmstead spearheads movement for planned urban parks 1. 1857, helps design Central Park City Planning - Chicagos population growth results in unregulated expansion - Daniel Burnham draws plan for city with parks along Lake Michigan 1. designs White City for 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition What new technological helped make city life more livable?

2. New Technologies A Revolution in Printing - By 1890, U.S. literacy rate almost 90% - Growing demand for newspapers, magazines, books - Mills produce cheap paper that withstands high-speed presses - Faster production, lower costs make periodicals more affordable Airplanes - Orville, Wilbur Wright use engines to fly heavier-than-air craft 1. first successful flight Dec. 1903 - By 1920, first transcontinental air mail established Photography Explosion - Pre-1880s, photography requires heavy equipment, time - George Eastman develops light-weight equipment, studio processing - 1888, introduces Kodak camera, easy to operate 1. millions use Kodak camera 2. helps create field of photojournalism How did inventions change the world of communication? Section 2: Expanding Public Education Main Idea: Reforms in public education lead to a rise in national literacy and the promotion of public education. Why it matters now: The public education system is the foundation of the democratic ideals of American society. 1. Expanding Public Education a. Schools for Children i. 18651895, states pass laws requiring school attendance for children ii. Kindergartensoriginally childcare for working womenbecome popular iii. 1880, 62% white children, 34% black children in elementary school b. The Growth of High Schools i. Industrial economy demands technical, managerial skills ii. 1900, more than half a million students in high school iii. Expanding education changes American society c. Racial Discrimination i. Small percentage of black teenagers attend high school ii. Most attend private schools that get no government support d. Education for Immigrants i. Immigrants encouraged to attend school, be Americanized ii. Some resent suppression of their native languages iii. Many public school systems have readings from Protestant Bible 1. Catholics have parochial schools iv. Adults attend night school, some day programs at work 1. unionists object to employer programs How did public education change in America in the late 1800s?

2. Expanding Higher Education a. Changes in Universities i. By turn of century, 2.3% of youth attend college ii. 18801920, college enrollment more than quadruples iii. Research universities emerge, offer new curriculum iv. Professional law, medical schools established v. Private universities have entrance exams 1. some state colleges want high school diploma b. Higher Education for African Americans i. Not enough black college graduates to meet needs of communities ii. Booker T. Washingtonracism will end if blacks get labor skills iii. Heads Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, now a university iv. W. E. B. Du Bois, first African American to get Harvard doctorate 1. disagrees with Washington v. Founds Niagara Movement to encourage liberal arts study 1. believes well-educated future leaders needed How did colleges change at the end of the late 1800s?

Section 3: Segregation and Discrimination Main Idea: African Americans lead the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws. Why it matters now: Today, African Americans have the legacy of a century-long battle for civil rights. 1. African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination a. Voting Restrictions i. For at least 10 years after Reconstruction, Southern blacks can vote ii. By 1900, all Southern states restrict voting, deny equality iii. Some limit vote to those who can read; officials give literacy tests iv. Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to vote v. Some add grandfather clause to constitution to let poor whites vote 1. can vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867 b. Jim Crow Laws i. 1870s, 1880s, Supreme Court allows poll tax, grandfather clause ii. Racial segregation laws separate races in private, public places iii. Segregation laws called Jim Crow laws after old minstrel song c. Plessy v. Ferguson i. 1896 Plessy v. Fergusonsegregation legal in public places ii. Allows separate but equal doctrine if provide equal service How did voting rights for African Americans change in the late 1800s?

2. Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations a. Opposing Discrimination i. Racial etiquetteinformal rules for black-white relations 1. enforce second-class status for blacks ii. Moderate reformers, like Booker T. Washington, get white support iii. W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells think problems too urgent to postpone iv. Born a slave, Ida B. Wells becomes teacher, newspaper editor 1. campaigns for racial justice b. Violence i. African Americans who do not follow etiquette are punished, lynched 1. more than 1,400 killed 18821892 c. Discrimination in the North i. Many blacks migrate North for better paying jobs, social equality ii. Are forced into segregated neighborhoods

iii. Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by employers iv. Competition between blacks, working-class whites sometimes violent Name at least two expectations of African Americans at the end of the 1800s?

3. Discrimination in the West a. Mexican Workers i. More Mexicans build railroads in Southwest than other ethnic groups 1. forced to work for less than other groups ii. Mexicans major force in Southwest agricultural industries iii. Some Southwest Mexicans, African Americans forced into debt peonage: 1. system of slavery to work off debt to employer 2. 1911, Supreme Court declares unconstitutional b. Excluding the Chinese i. Whites fear job competition, push Chinese to separate areas, schools ii. Opposition to Chinese immigration leads to Chinese Exclusion Act How were Mexicans discriminated against in the West? Chinese?

Section 4: The Dawn of Mass Culture Main Idea: As Americans have more time for leisure activities, a modern mass culture emerges. Why it matters now: Today, the United States has a worldwide impact on mass culture. 1. American Leisure a. Amusement Parks i. Cities begin setting aside green space for recreation ii. Amusement parks built on outskirts with picnic grounds, rides b. Bicycling and Tennis i. Early bicycles dangerous; at first, bicycling is male-only sport ii. Safety bicycle increases popularity of sport; women ride too iii. Tennis imported from Britain; becomes popular c. Spectator Sports i. Americans become avid fans of spectator sports ii. By turn of century, boxing, baseball become profitable businesses d. Baseball i. 1845, Alexander J. Cartwright organizes club, sets down rules ii. National League forms 1876; American League forms 1900 iii. Discrimination leads to Negro National, Negro American Leagues Explain two activities that became popular at the turn of the century?

2. The Spread of Mass Culture a. Mass Circulation Newspapers i. Newspapers use sensational headlines, stories to capture readers ii. Joseph Pulitzer buys New York World, pioneers popular innovations iii. William Randolph HearstNY, San Francisco papers exaggerate stories b. Promoting Fine Arts i. Artists like Thomas Eakins promote realismportray life as it is ii. Ashcan School paints urban life, working people iii. European abstract art introduced; many find difficult to understand c. Popular Fiction i. By 1900, thousands of free circulating libraries in country ii. Most people like dime novelsglorified adventure tales of the West iii. Some want more serious, realistic portrayal of ordinary people, life iv. Novelist, humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens, or Mark Twain: 1. rejects high culture yet writes American classics

v. Galleries, libraries try to raise cultural standards How did mass culture spread in the early 20th century?

3. New Ways to Sell Goods a. Urban Shopping i. 1890, first shopping center opens in Clevelandglass-topped arcade ii. Retail shopping districts form near public transportation b. The Department Store i. 1865, Marshall Field opens first U.S. department store in Chicago 1. stresses personal service 2. pioneers bargain basement c. The Chain Store i. Chain stores offer same merchandise under same owners for less 1. buy in quantity, limit personal service d. Advertising i. Advertising explosion: $10 million spent 1865, $95 million 1900 ii. Advertising in periodicals, billboards, sides of buildings e. Catalogs and RFD i. Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck catalogs bring goods to small towns f. Rural free delivery (RFD)post office delivers direct to every home Explain two developments in the ways that goods were sold.