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IMPACT of URBANISATION London GREW,CRIME FLOURISHED-20000 Criminals in 1870s Criminals belonged to poor families. Poor living conditions resulted in early deaths-life expectancy to 29yrs and 55yrs for middle and rich class respectively.
IMPACT of URBANISATION London GREW,CRIME FLOURISHED-20000 Criminals in 1870s Criminals belonged to poor families. Poor living conditions resulted in early deaths-life expectancy to 29yrs and 55yrs for middle and rich class respectively.
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IMPACT of URBANISATION London GREW,CRIME FLOURISHED-20000 Criminals in 1870s Criminals belonged to poor families. Poor living conditions resulted in early deaths-life expectancy to 29yrs and 55yrs for middle and rich class respectively.
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LONDON AND BOMBAY Characteristics Of Cities • When an increase in food supply supported a wide range of non-food producers. • Centre of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity. • Supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests. • Cities vary in size and complexity. Densely settled modern-day cities are called metropolis. Industrialization And The Rise Of Modern Cities London-A large city with huge population. Its population multiplied four folds in the 70 years i.e. 1810-1880 from 1 million to four million. It attracted many people from country side. Major employment places in London were:- • London dockyard • Clothing and Footwear • Wood and Furniture • Metal and Engineering • Precision Products as Surgical instruments, Objects of Precious Metals.
By First World War, London began
manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods. IMPACT OF URBANISATION • LONDON GREW,CRIME FLOURISHED-20000 CRIMINALS IN 1870s • Criminals belonged to poor families. • To discipline the population, authorities imposed penalties and offered jobs to deserving poor. • Factories employed women; industrialization created unemployment and forced them to do domestic work,tailoring,washing and match-box making. A low-paid work. HOUSING AND TRANSPORT • Change in London city after the industrialization. • No housing arrangement by factory owners for migrant workers. • Houses-cheap and unsafe apartments. • Poverty- both in countryside and in cities. • Bad living conditions resulted in early deaths-life expectancy to 29yrs and 55yrs for middle and rich class respectively.
Westminister Transport & Lambeth Palace, residence
Abbey Multistoreyed Of Archbishop, Canterbury buildings • Rich class demanded removal of slums • Reasons:- – a serious threat to public health – fire hazards due to poor housing – Fear of social disorder So workers’ mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the poor from turning rebellious. CLEANING LONDON-VARIETY OF STEPS • To decongest localities, green open spaces, less pollution-large blocks of apartments were built. • Rent control was introduced to do with housing shortage. • Congestion in cities required cleaning-green belt by architect and planner Ebenezer Howard ,later Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick • Between 2WW(1919-1939) housing was taken care by the British state. TRANSPORT IN THE CITY • Underground railways-first section of it was opened in 10Jan1863 • By 1880 train service carried 40milllion passengers • Earlier people were afraid to travel • Better planned suburbs and a good railway network helped people to live outside central London and travel to work. INDUSTRIALISATION AND LIFE IN THE CITY • Ties between members loosened- institution of marriage was breaking down. • Women worked for wages, had some control over their lives. • Social reformers needed that the institution of family be saved. • The city encouraged INDIVIDUALISM among men and women and a freedom from collective values. • Men and women did not have equal access to urban lives. • Male-public space, women –domestic sphere. • Political movements-demanding vote for all adults and limited hours of work in factories. • Women joined mvmt; demanded right to vote or right to property to married women(1870). • The family now consisted of smaller units. LEISURE AND CONSUMPTION • Wealthy Britishers-cultural events, opera, theatre and classical music performance. • Working class- met in pubs to drink, exchange news and organize political actions. • Libraries, art galleries and museums were established to develop pride in the history and achievement of the British. • Lower classes preferred to go to music halls and cinema. • British industrial workers spend their holidays by the sea.
Charles Library The Royal Albert Hall
Dickens hosts the concerts. POLITICS • In 1886- the London poor exploded in a riot demanding relief from poverty. • In 1887-similar riot, which was brutally suppressed by the police-BLOODY SUNDAY of Nov 1887. • In 1889-thousands of dockworkers went on strikes and marched through the city. • A large city population was both a threat and opportunity. THE CITY OF COLONIAL INDIA • The pace of urbanization was slow in colonial INDIA-11% lived in cities; esp. 3 Presidency cities- Bombay, Bengal and Madras. • These were multifunctional cities- major ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army, educational institutions, museums and libraries. • BOMBAY –premier city of INDIA. Islands of Bombay BOMBAY • In the 17th century, Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control. • In 1661 it was passed to British after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess as dowry. • At first, Bombay was major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat later large quantities of raw material as cotton and opium would pass. • Later a major administrative and industrial centre. WORK • Bombay became a capital of Bombay presidency in 1819. • Growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders, bankers, artisans and shopkeepers came to settle. • Ist cotton mill estd in 1854 led to lot of people migrating to Bombay. • Women formed a part of mill workforce, but by 1930s women’s jobs were taken away by machines and men. • Bombay dominated sea trade of INDIA till 20th century. • Railways also encouraged an even higher scale of migration. HOUSING • Bombay was an overcrowded city-9.4 sq yds per person in 1840s as compared to 155 sq yds in London.London had 8 persons per house as compared to 20 in Bombay. • The Bombay fort area in 1800s was divided into native towns where Indians lived and a European or white section. • A European suburb and an industrial zone in the north and cantonment in the south of the Fort. A racial pattern also prevalent in other two Presidencies. Chawl • Water and housing problems were created due to expansion of the city. • Rich Parsis, Muslim and upper class traders and industrialists lived in bungalows and about 70% of the population lived in congested chawls . • Chawls were also place of exchange of news of jobs, strikes, riots and demonstrations. • Many people lived as tenants in one room(4 to 5).In the case of high rent people used to share homes. • People were living in a miserable conditions. • The jobber in a mill used to be neighborhood leader-who settled disputes, organized food supplies and credits. TRANSPORT
Trams, Tongas, Horse carts, buses, cars and
trains. LAND RECLAMATION IN BOMBAY • The seven islands of Bombay were joined as one over a period of time • The Bombay Governor William Hornby approved the building of the great wall to prevent the flooding of low lying areas of Bombay. • Need for more space led to reclamation of land from sea. • In 1864, the Back Bay reclamation company reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba. • With population increase more area was reclaimed from the sea. To improve the situation of housing –The City of Bombay Improvement Trust was created in 1898 – clearing poorer homes out of the city centre.In 1918 Rent act was to keep reasonable rents. BOMBAY AS THE CITY OF DREAMS- CINEMA AND CULTURE • Bombay appears to many as a ‘mayapuri’-a city of dreams. • Many Bombay films deal with the arrival of new migrants and their problems and real life pressures. • Bombay film industry- Harishchandra S B shot a scene of wrestling match in Bombay’s Hanging gardens and it became India’s first movie. • 1913-Raja Harishchandra by Dadasaheb Phalke. Asiatic Society of Bombay
Oldest Cinema Hall Regal Cinema Hall
• 1925- Bombay became first film capital. • Most of the people in the industry were migrants from Lahore, Calcutta, Madras and contributed to the national character of the industry. • Bombay film industry contributed in a big way to produce an image of the city as a mixture of dream, and reality,of slums and bungalows. CITIES AND CHALLENGES TO THE ENVIRONMENT • Harm to natural features due to more demand for space by factories, housing and other institutions. • Noise, air and water pollution. • More use of coal in homes and industries- black smoke created pollution hazards. • Factory owners and steam engine owners did not want to spend on technologies to improve their machines which produced a lot of smokes. Congested Living PRESENT--AMCHI MUMBAI • Calcutta-too had a long history of air pollution- a lot of smoke esp. in winter. • Main pollutants were in industries and establishments using steam power. • The authorities tried to clean this but the introduction of railway line brought new pollutants. • In 1863, Calcutta became the first city to get smoke nuisance legislation.