: = {0 , 1 , 2 ,L}

10. 3 + 3 = ( + ) 3( + )
3

11. 3 3 = ( ) +3( )
3

12. ( + + ) = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
2

: = {L , 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , L}

13. ( + + ) = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 ( + ) ( + ) ( + )

: Q = / , *

. .. e, ,

14. = ( ) 1 + 2+L2 + 1 , *

5, 7
:

R.
: Q R
3

= = = =

=
=

=
=




= =


( )

=1

:
= +

= ( )

( )

3. 2 2 = ( + )( )

) , = 2 + 1

), = 2

18. , 0 : + 2
19. , , 0 : 3 + 3 + 3 3
20. , , 0 : + + 3
+
2

2
+
Euler
2
2
2
3 + 3 + 3 3 = 1 ( + + ) ( ) + ( ) + ( )
2
( + + ) 2 + 2 + 2

+ + = 0 = = + + = 3
3

R
1. x > y x y > 0
2. x > y y < x
3. x , y R : x > y x = y x < y
4.

x > y
x>z
y > z

1
=

6. xy < 0 x , y
7. x > y x + z > y + z
8. > 0 : x > y x > y
9. < 0 : x > y x < y
10.

x > y
x+>y+
>

11.

x > y > 0
x > y
> > 0

>
1 < 1
, > 0

>
1 > 1
, < 0

16.

4. 2 + 2 = ( + ) 2
2

5. 2 + 2 = ( ) + 2
2

6. ( + ) = 3 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3
3

7. ( ) = 3 3 2 + 3 2 3
3

)
+ )

8. 3 3 = ( ) 2 + + 2
9. +

17. + 2
2

15.

2. ( ) = 2 2 + 2

+L

14. , < 0 > 2 < 2

1. ( + ) = 2 + 2 + 2

(
= ( + )(

13. , > 0 > 2 > 2

+L+

12. > 2 + 1 > 2 + 1

= , , *

5. xy > 0 x , y

0 = 0

16. = ( + )

22. , > 0 :

= 1 1 =

15. + = ( + )(

21. 1 , : ( 1 + ) 1 +

: R 2
: = L
14
4244
3

x , x0
1. | x | =
x , x < 0
3. | x | = 0 x = 0
5. | x | x | x |

2. | x | 0
4. | x | = | x |
6. | x || y | = | xy |

7.

x = |x|
y
|y |

x 2 + x + = 0 0 :

8. | x y | | x | + | y |

1. = 2 4 > 0

9. | x y | | x | | y |

10. | x | x

11. | x | x x

12. | x |

13. | x | = | x |

14. | | = | | =

1. 0 , * :

= x x =

2
2. = 0 :

x=
2
3. < 0 R.

2. , 0 :

f(x) = x 2 + x + , 0

=x

( )

f( x) = x 2 + x + 0 :

= ,0

x 1 , x 2

( )

) > 0 , f( x) = x 2 + x + = ( x - x 1 ) ( x x 2 ) ,
2

) = 0 , f( x)= x 2 + x+= ( x-x 0 ) = x + ,

x 0 =

2
) < 0 , f( x) = x 2 + x +

= , *

= , *

3. , 0 : > >

f(x) = x 2 + x + , 0

0<<1 <1
>1 >1
4. R :
0:
5.

, : x 1 , 2 =

> 0 ,
x 1 < x 2 x

x

2 =| | , *

= 2

> 0 x = x =

x1

x2

= 2
< 0 x = ()

f ( x) , > 0

= 2 + 1

> 0 x = x =
= 2 + 1

< 0 x = x =

f ( x) , > 0

f ( x) , < 0

x + = 0

2. = = 0 (
x R )
3. = 0 0
1. 0 : x =

x + > 0

2. < 0 x <

3. = 0 > 0 x R
= 0 0
x + < 0
1. > 0 x >

(x)=x+
x
( x) = x +

x=

= 0

x
x0 =
2
2
x

x0 =

f ( x) , = 0

f ( x) , > 0

f ( x) , < 0

< 0
x R
x

f ( x) , < 0

f ( x) , > 0

f ( x) , < 0

= =

= =

=
=

x =

k
, k Z
2
2 x

, x k + , k Z
2x =
1 + 2x
2
x x = 1 , x

2 x =

, 0 0 360 0
y
x
=
=
M (x,y)

y
x

y
= ,y 0
= ,x 0
x

y
x
= ( ) = x 2 + y 2

-1

-1

:
1

1
( ) = ( ) =

( + ) =

( ) = ( ) = ( + ) =
( ) =
( ) =
( + ) =
( ) = ( ) =
( + ) =

=
2

+ =
2

=
2

+ =
2

=
2

+ =
2

=
2

+ =
2

( ) , ( ) ( 2 )

( +) ( )

( ) , ( ) , ( 2 ) , ,

2
2

, x k + , k Z
2
2
1 + x

x
, x k , k Z
x

1 x 1
, x R
1 x 1

2 x + 2 x = 1 , x R

x =
, x k + , k Z
2
x

0
2

3
2

1
2

2
2

-1

3
2

2
2

3
2
1
2

-1

3
3

3
3

0
0


x = 2k +

,k Z
x =
x = 2k +( )

= 2
2
2

= 2 2
2
2
2
= 2
1
2

= 1 2 2
2
f(2) f( )

x = 2k +

x =
, k Z
x = 2k

x = x = k + , k Z
x = x = k + , k Z

2 2k +
2
3 ( 2 k + 1 )

4 2k
, k Z
2
1 , 3 k

2, 4 k +
2

1, 2, 3, 4 k
2

1, 2, 3, 4

2
3

2 =

1 2k

2 =

3 = 3 4 3
3 = 4 3 3

2 = ( + ) + ( )

x = 1 x = 2k + , k Z
2

, k Z
x = 1 x = 2k
2

, k Z
x = 0 x = k +
2
x = 1 x = 2k , k Z
x = 1 x = ( 2k + 1) , k Z
x = 0 x = k , k Z

2 = ( + ) + ( )
2 = ( ) ( + )

+

+ = 2

2
2
=2

, k Z
2

2
2

( + ) =

+ = 2

( ) = +

= 2

( + ) = +
( ) =
( + ) =

+
1

( ) =

1+

( + ) =

1
+

( ) =

+1

2 = 2
2 = 2 2
= 2 1
2

= 1 2 2
2 =

2
1 2

2 =

1 2
1 + 2

1 + 2
1 2
2 =
2 =
2
2
1 2
2
=
1 + 2

x = 0 x = k , k Z

x = 0 x = k +

2
1 + 2

2 1
2

2
2

2
2
+
BA
=2

2
2

, 0 , x R :
f( x) = x + x = ( x + ) = 2 + 2

x =
, fmax = fmin =
R
x =

=
=
= 2R , R

.

2.

xx.

:
2 + 2 2
2

2 = 2 + 2 2

= + 2

2 + 2 2
=
2

2 = 2 + 2 2

2 + 2 2
2

y=

y=x
>0

0<<90
y

y=x
<0

y
x

, <0
x

x ( y=0)
.
y ( x=0)
.

x
y=

y=
=0

x
O

=>0

y=x+
<0

, >0
x

x
y=

y = x +

y =

x
O

y=x+
>0

y = x ,x 0

y = x 3 , 0
y = x 3 , > 0

y = x3 , <0

90<<180
x

y = x 2 (y = x 2 + x + )

y = x 2 , > 0

y = x 2 + x +
>0 , >0

y = x 2 , < 0

y = x , x [ ], > 0

O
x

y = x 2 + x +
<0 , =0

y = x 2 + x +
>0 , <0

:
1.
, x .

y = 2 x2

y
x

y
-

x
x

y = 2 x 2

O
y

 = P ( )

1
-3/ 2

f(x)=

- -/ 2

/ 2

3/ 2

-1
1
-3/ 2

f(x)=

- -/ 2

/ 2

3/ 2

-1

f(x)=
y
-3/ 2

-/ 2

/ 2

3/ 2

(x)
(x)

(x)
(x)

( x ) (x) (x)=0
(x) o .
(x)= (x) - (x)
:
( x) = ( x) ( x) + ( x)
( x)
( x)
:
=( x) +
( x)
( x)
P ( x) : ( x + )

= P

, 0.

R P ( x) P ( ) = 0
( x) P ( x) = ( x ) ( x) x
P ( x) x P ( x) .
Horner
1

-5

17

-6

-12

10

-3

-6

15

=2
=(),
(2)=15

x 4 5 x 3 + 17x + 5 = ( x 2) ( x 3 3 x 2 6 x + 5) + 15

x
x ,
.
x
: x + 1 x 1 +L+ 1 x + 0 ,
0 , 1 , L , , .

P ( x)
x
.
0
.
- -
P ( x)
x = P ( ) .
P ( x)
P ( x)
.

(P() = 0) .

.

-
P ( x) x

[P( x) : ( x )]

: P ( x) = ( x ) ( x) + ,

x
1 .

Horner :
1.
P ( x) .
2. x
P ( x) .
3. P ( x)
x=.
4.
P ( x) x .

+1 = +
..
= +1
= 1 + ( 1)
,,
+
.. =
2

,
..

S = ( 1 + )
2

S = [2 1 + ( 1) ]
2

+1 =
.. =

+1

= 1 1
,, ..
2 =


,
..
S = 1 , = 1
1
, 1
1

.. S = 1 , | | < 1
1
S = 1

1-1
f : A R 1-1
x 1 , x 2 A :

0<1

1. x y = x + y ,
x

x

( ) x = x x , ( x ) y = xy , = x

2. : A = R
3. : f( A) = ( 0 , + ) , f( x) > 0
x R .
4. 1-1: x 1 = x 2 x 1 = x 2

.. 2 x + 1 = 2 2 x + 1 = 2 x = 1
5. :
> 1

x 1 < x 2 x1 < x2

..
2

x2 +2

< 2 x + 2 < 3L
3

0 < < 1

x 1 < x 2 x1 > x2

..
1

5

x2 +2

1
< x2 + 2 > 3 L
5

6.
> 1

0 < < 1

f(x)= logx ,

0< 1 ,

x> 0
1.
. x = y log y = x
2. : = ( 0 , + )
3. : f( ) = R
4. 1-1: log x 1 = log x 2 x 1 = x 2
..
log 3 ( x 2 + 5) = log 3 7 x 2 + 5 = 7 L
5. :
> 1

x 1 < x 2 log x 1 < log x 2

..

0 < < 1

x 1 < x 2 log x 1 > log x 2

..

log 3 ( x 2 + 1) > log 3 5 x 2 + 1 > 5 L

log 1 ( x 2 + 1) > log 1 5 x 2 + 1 < 5 L

2

6.

> 1
y

1
x

lim = 0 , lim = +
X

log
log

0 < < 1
y

1
x

log =

x
x ln
x > 0 : x = e ln x = e

f(x) =

: log e x = ln x , ln x = y x = e x

f( x 1 ) = f( x 2 ) x 1 = x 2
()
x

log x = x

: log 10 x = log x , log x = y x = 10 y

x 1 x 2 f( x 1 ) f( x 2 )

log = 1

1
log

log 1 = 0 , log =
log =

log k = k log

x +

lim = + , lim = 0
X

x +

: 1 > 0 > 0 , log

,
x = log
.
x
: = x = log

:
log ( 1 2 ) = log 1 + log 2

log

1
= log 1 log 2
2

lim (log x ) = ,

x 0 +

lim (log x) = +

x +

yy ( 0 , 1)
y = 0 .
xx.

lim (log x ) = + ,

x 0 +

lim (log x) =

x +

xx ( 1 , 0)
x = 0 .
yy.

1 ( )
2 (
x2 + x + = 0 , 0 )
3 (
Horner)
:
) x 4 + x 2 + = 0 ( x 2 = y )
) ( x = )


x ,
| x | = x = | x | = | | x =

P ( x)
> 0 P ( x) Q( x) > 0 , ( < )
Q( x )

x
.

P ( x) Q( x) 0
P ( x)
0
, ( )
Q( x )
Q( x) 0

.

f( x) = g( x) : f( x) , g( x) 0
.

f( x) g ( x) = h( x) : f( x) , g( x) 0 .
,

.

1. f ( x ) =
) = g ( x ) f ( x ) = g ( x ) f( x) = g( x)
) g ( x )
2. f( x ) = 0 ( ). x = y > 0
f( y) = 0 . y x
x = y .
3. f( x , x ) = 0 ( ).
x

x = x =

(1).
4. f( x , x , x x ) = 0 (
). x x
x x
f , = 0

(1).
5. f( x) g ( x )

f( x) = 1 g( x) R

= 1 f( x) 0 g( x) = 0
f( x) = 1 g( x) =

( )

x
| x | x , | x | x x
x
, .

f( x) 0

f( x) g ( x) g( x) 0
f( x) g( x)

f( x) 0

g( x) 0

2
f( x) [g( x)]
f ( x) g ( x)
f( x) 0

g( x) < 0

( )

( )

:
x >
x =

2
2

3
x=
x=
2
4
4

x =

1
2

1
2
4
x=
x=
2
3
3

2/3
3/4

/4

( )

1 : ( x + > 0 )
2 : (
f( x) = x 2 + x + , 0 )
3 :
:
<
( x 1 )( x 2 ) L ( x ) = 0 .
>
+
+

- - - +
..
+
+

4/3

3
<x<
4
4

3
2k + < x < 2k +
, k Z
4
4
3/4

/2

-/4
-/2

2
4
x
3
3
2k +

2
4
x 2k +
, k Z
3
3

x < 1 . , ,
2 2

x = 1 x =
4

x < 1 < x <

2
4

k < x < k , k Z
2
4