enhances t he p r o b ab i l i t y o f t he b u b b l e co al escence and

m ak es b u b b l e l ar g er . O n t he o t her hand, i n t he p r esent

st u dy t he di m ent i o n o f t he ap p ar at u s i s f ar l ar g er t han
t hat o f t he di st r i b u t o r and t he dep t h o f t he l i q u i ds i s
shal l o w . T her ef o r e, t he p r o b ab i l i t y o f t he b u b b l e co al es-
cence o v er t he di st r i b u t o r i s l ess t han t hat o f t he H o u g ht o n
et al . ' s case, b ecau se t he ci r cu l at i o n o f t he l i q u i d i n t he
ap p ar at u s m ak es b u b b l es easy t o ap ar t each o t her . T hi s
f act i s r eco g ni z ed w hen t he p o r o u s p l at e di st r i b u t o r i s u sed
f o r l i q u i d o f g r o u p A and C i n t he b u b b l e co l u m n w i t h
co nt i nu o u s l i q u i d f l o w .
S u m m ar y
B u b b l es w hi ch hav e b een j u st g ener at ed f r o m t he p o r o u s
p l at e ar e sm al l and hav e an eq u al si z e, b u t so m et i m e
co al escence o f t hese sm al l b u b b l es o ccu r s at a l o cat i o n
sl i g ht l y r em o v ed f r o m t he di st r i b u t o r , w her e t he g as ho l d-
u p i s v er y l ar g e. T her ef o r e, l ar g e and w i de si z e di st r i -
b u t i o n o f b u b b l es ar e o b ser v ed. T hi s o ccu r s easi l y i n
p u r e w at er and p u r e so l v ent s. T he su r f ace act i v e su b -
st ances i n w at er and so l v ent s o b st r u ct t hi s co al escence o f
b u b b l es. I n co ncent r at ed i no r g ani c sal t so l u t i o ns, t hi s
o b st r u ct i o n i s al so r eco g ni z ed. Fo r t he ext r em e cases
w hen no co al escence i s o b ser v ed and t he co al escence o ccu r s
at t he m axi m u mr at e, t he co r r el at i o ns o f t he av er ag e
b u b b l e di am et er and t he co ndi t i o ns o f b u b b l e g ener at i o n
ar e o b t ai ned.
A ck no w l edg m ent
T he au t ho r s ar e g r at ef u l P r o f T . S ak u r ai , T o k y o I nst . T ech. ,
f o r v al u ab l e adv i ces.
N o m encl at u r e
d = v o l u m e eq u i v al ent b u b b l e di am et er
d = av er ag e b u b b l e di am et er
g = g r av i t at i o nal accel er at i o n
z / P o = excess p r essu r e r eq u i r ed t o g ener at e b u b b l e
u g = g as f l o w r at e p er u ni t ar ea o f p o r o u s p l at e
Fr = u g 2/ e2g d, Fr o u de nu m er
We = u g 2dp / e2o , Web er nu m b er
p - densi t y o f l i q u i d
8 = av er ag e p o r e di am et er denned b y E q . ( l )
e =p o r o si t y o f p o r o u s p l at e
a - su r f ace t ensi o n o f l i q u i d
[cm ]
[cm ]
[cm / sec2]
[g / cm - sec2]
[cm / sec]
[- ]
[- ]
[g / cm 3 ]
[cm ]
[- ]
[dy ne/ cm ]
L i t er at u r e ci t ed
1 ) Fo u l k , C . G . : K o l l o i d. Z. , 6 0 , 1 1 5 ( 1 9 3 2)
2) G l ei m , V. G . and S hel o m o v , I . K . : J. A p p l . C hem . US S R,
3 2, 7 9 9 ( 1 9 5 9 )
3 ) G l ei m , V. G . , S hel o m o v , I . K . and S hi dl o v sk i , B . R. : J. A p p l .
C hem . US S R, 3 2, 1 0 6 9 ( 1 9 5 9 )
4 ) H o u g ht o n, G . , Mcl eam , A . M. and Ri t chi e, P . D . : C hem .
E ng . S d. f 7 , 4 0 ( 1 9 5 7 )
5 ) K o i de, K . H i r ahar a, T . and K u b o t a, H . : K ag ak u K o g ak u ,
3 0 , 7 1 2 ( 1 9 6 6 )
6 ) Ver sho o r , H . : T r ans. I nst . C hem . E ng . ( L o ndo n) , 28 , 5 2( 1 9 5 0 )
MA S S T RA N S FE R C O E FFI C I E N T S B E T WE E N G A S A N D L I QUI D
P H A S E S I N P A C K E D C O L UMN S *
K A K US A B URO O N D A , H I RO S H I T A K E UC H I ** A N D YO S H I O O K UMO T O
D ep t . o f C hem . E ng . , Uni v er si t y o f N ag o y a, N ag o y a
I nt r o du ct i o n
Mass t r ansf er co ef f i ci ent s f o r g as ab so r p t i o n, deso r p t i o n
and v ap o r i z at i o n i n p ack ed co l u m ns hav e b een st u di ed b y
m any m v est i g at o r s3 ' 5 > 1 1 > 22> 26 l 3 0 > 3 1 ) . A ssu m i ng t hat t he w et t ed
su r f ace o n p ack i ng p i eces i s i dent i cal w i t h t he g as- l i q u i d
i nt er f ace, O nda et al . p r esent ed t he em p i r i cal eq u at i o ns
o f t he g as and l i q u i d- si de m ass t r ansf er co ef f i ci ent s, k G
and k L , f o r t he g as ab so r p t i o n and deso r p t i o n1 2~1 8 ) .
Recent l y , a new eq u at i o n f o r t he w et t ed su r f ace ar ea,
aw , t ak i ng i nt o acco u nt t he l i q u i d su r f ace t ensi o n and t he
su r f ace ener g y o f p ack i ng m at er i al s w as der i v ed as
f o l l o w s1 5 0 :
aj at = l - exp {- 1 . 4 5 U/ ( 7 ) 0 - 7 5 ( L / WO 0 "1
x ( L W^V) - 0 - 0 5 ( UI P L o at y - 2
= l - exp {- 1 . 4 5 ( W<7 ) 0 - 7 5 C f o ) 0 ' 1
* Recei v ed o n Ju l y 1 0 , 1 9 6 7
** D ep t . o f I nd. C hem . , S u z u k a C o l l eg e o f T echno l o g y , S u z u k a
5 6
x C Fr ) "0 - 0 5 ( We) 0 ' 2 } ( 1 )
I t has b een sho w n t hat E q . ( l ) can b e ap p l i cab l e
w i t hi n 20 % er r o r t o t he co l u m n p ack ed w i t h Raschi g
r i ng s, B er l saddl es, S p her es and r o ds m ade o f cer am i c,
g l ass, and p o l y v i ny l chl o r i de, and al so co at ed w i t h p ar af f i ne
f i l m .
T hi s p ap er p r esent s t he co r r el at i o ns o n t he m ass t r ans-
f er co ef f i ci ent s f o r g as ab so r p t i o n and deso r p t i o n b ased o n
E q . ( l ) o f aw and co nf i r m s t he ap p l i cab i l i t y o f t ho se t o
t he v ap o r i z at i o n o f w at er and t he g as ab so r p t i o n i nt o
o r g ani c so l v ent s. Fu r t her m o r e, i t s ap p l i cab i l i t y t o t he
di st i l l at i o n i n p ack ed co l u m ns i s al so di scu ssed.
I . L i q u i d- si de Mass T r ansf er C o ef f i ci ent : k L
1 " 1 G as ab so r p t i o n and deso r p t i o n w i t h w at er
T he & l a dat a f o r g as ab so r p t i o n i nt o w at er and deso r p -
t o n f r o m w at er r ep o r t ed i n t he I i t er at u r e3 ' 6 l l 2' 1 6 > 1 8 ' 2( ) > 24 l 27 ' 28 )
ar e di v i ded b y aw o f E q . ( 1 ) . T he k L t hu s o b t ai ned ar e
co r r el at ed as w el l as t hat i n o u r p r ev i o u s p ap er 1 2> 1 8 ) b y
JO URN A L O F C H E MI C A L E N G I N E E Rl | N G O F JA P A N
| . . 0 . . . | : . . + | | . + . ' : . : . : | . : : ' . . . + : + . . . . + ' + . + : . . .
! : ' | . . | . . . m . + . : | . . + | . | : : ' . . . + . + .
. : + . : | . + .
l : : | . + . t . \ ' . ' . + . ! . m : +
k : : ' . . . + 10m m 0 0 1+ : : 0 0 1: 0 0 0
| . . | : | . | : . + 0 0 : 0
' . . . | : . + ' ' 0 0: : 0
' ' 0 H OH : 0 0 0 0 : 0
' 1 . + ' 0 0 ) 0
k 1+ m m 0 0 1+ : : 0 0 0) 0 0
. . | : : . + : . . + k . + | + + m ' . . ' : | . 1 '
. ' . . . | : . . + | | | | ` | + . . | | | u | . + : . u \
m . | . . k . + | + + m ' . . . ,| t . O. : + : . . : . ' .
| . + . . . . . . + .
| | , | | . | , m = O OO: | ,| : ` | + , | u | \ :
,: . u , 0\ . ,: ,
! ' . . + . + . | k ' | . + | ,: , : . + : . . . . ' . ' : . . . . .
+ . ' . . . . . : . . : ' : . ' K . . . | . + H | . . t . . : , : +
| + . . : H: : | : : , . : + : | . + . : . | . + : | . 0 1 |
. ' : . . . . . ' \ . m : + 11 . + : m . | : : . : . +
| + . . ' . . m . . . . ' . : : ' . . . + | 0 O:. + . : . . . : .
: + . | : : . : + . . + : : | . : | + m + : : : . . . . + . . : + | . . m
. ' . : | . : : ' . | . . | | ,: , | . : . . + . + . . . | : : . : | : . . :
+ : ' : ' . . . + : . : ' : . ' . . + . . . . . ' H. | . . : ,
. + . ' . . | . : + + | : m . + + . | : : . : + . . \ . | l | 1| .
. . . + . : + . ' . + . | : : . . . + . + | | + . . + . . .
+ + . : m ! ' . | | : : . : ' . : . + . . . m : | | . . : | + .
. ' : + : . . ' . : . + . . . ' : . . . : . | | : . + . ' . | . . . . :
. + . . , ! ' . . | | . : . | : . . . + | + . | : : . : + . m : . . + | .
| . m . ' . . ' . + m . + : ' . ' . . . + : . . + | | . + . m . . +
: . . ' . + + : . . + | : : | . + . . : . : . + . . + . ' H. | . . : ,
: + . ' . . + . . . | : : . : | . . . . : + : . . . ' . + : . . : . . + : + : . +
! : + K : . . 0 . | .
\ O| 1 \ O 1 1)
. . : . . + | + . | : : . : + .
! ' . | | : : | : + | : . . | . m . ' . . : . : : . . : m : . . . . '
. ' . ' . : . + . ' : . . . . + | . .1 . + ' . : ' . ' . : . : | .
: = + + . : m . . + . ' . . | : + + : + . : m . . + . ' .
| . . . . : . + . . , . . : . . . . . . | . m | ,: ,
1 : 0 : : ' . . . + ' . : + . : | . + .
M: + . + . . . : . . + + . ' . : : ' . . . + . + : : | .
: | + m + ' : . ' . . + : : . . . . + . ' + . + : . . . : : + : '
. ' . + . H . . . . . ' . . . : . . | : . + | : | . : . : : 1 : ,
+ . ' . : : ' . . . + ' . : + . : | . + .
. + . ' . . . . + . . | . . ' . : : ' . . . + | + . . 0 O:
. + . m . . ' : + | : + : : . ' + . . . . : : ' | . . . . . . : : . . . . + .
! ' . : | + m + + . . . . : + 1: : m . u : + : : | .
. . ' 10-: : m m k : : ' . . . + . | . . | : | . . ' . . . : +
. | . : 0- 0: m ' . . ' .
! ' . m : . . : + | . . . . + | . : . . . . + . + ! : ' | . 1 : :
. . | : . . + | | | : : | + \ | . + | ,| , . | | : : . : '
. : . + . . + . ' . . | : + . . . . . . + . ' . | . . . . : . + . . : 1 : ,
| . . : + . : | . + . . . ' . : m . | . . . + : . . ' + . +
| . : . + ' . : ' . ' . : . . . m . + . | . ' . ' . . . : | + .
: + | ,: , . : | : . . | : : . .
! ' + . . ' . | . + . . . m : . . : + | . . : . | | . : . . + . . | t . | .
: : ' . . . + : + . . . . + . + : : | . : | + m + . ' : .
' . . + : . . . | : . . ' | ,: , . . ' . + : + . . . . | - : 0 | .
. : + . : | . + . : . | | : : . . .
: 0 : . . M: ! . : + | . . 0 . | | . : . . + . . | 0
: 1 \ ' . . . +
! ' . . t : . : . : | . : : ' . . . + . . . . . . + . ' . | . . .
. : . + . . 1 | | : 1 1 0 : , : . . . . . ' : : : | : + | : . . | . m |
,| , ! ' . | . ' + ' . : . + . : . . ' + . + | . : :
| . | | 0 k ! : . u 0 , ` 0 0 u 0 + l \ ., ' : 0 m . | . .
:
F i g . 2 C o r r e l a t i o n o f a b -
s o r p t i o n " d a t a b y u s i n g o r g a n i c
s o l v e n t w i t h E q . ( 2 )
F i g . 3 C o r r e l a t i o n o f
p h a s e d a t a f o r a b s o r p t i o n
g a s -
R e y n o l d s n u m b e r . T h e e q u a t i o n f o r t h e b e s t l i n e p a s s i n g
t h r o u g h t h e p o i n t s i n t h e h i g h e r g r o u p i n F i g . 3 i s a s
f o l l o w s "
k o R T / a t D o = 5 . 2 3 ( G / W G ) 0 - 7 ( ^ g / P g D g ) U 3 f e D , ) " 2 '
( 3 )
I n F i g . 3 , d a t a f o r R a s c h i g r i n g s a n d B e r l s a d d l e s s m a l l e r
t h a n 1 5 m ma r e s i t u a t e d o n t h e l o w e r g r o u p a n d a r e b e s t
c o r r e l a t e d b y m e r e l y c h a n g i n g t h e c o n s t a n t , 5 . 2 3 , i n E q .
5 8
( 3 ) i n t o 2 . 0 0 . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e c o m e s f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t
k a a d a t a f o r p a c k i n g s m a l l e r t h a n 1 5 m m t e n d t o d e c r e a s e
m o n o t o n o u s l y w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e o f a t a s r e p o r t e d i n t h e
l i t e r a t u r e s 1 1 6 ) . H o w e v e r ,t h i s c a u s e i s n o t c l e a r a t p r e s e n t .
T h e jD - f a c t o r f o r m a s s t r a n s f e r c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y
r e a r r a n g i n g E q . ( 3 ) . F o r e x a m p l e , s i n c e a t D p i s 6 ( 1 - e ) =
3 . 4 f o r s p h e r e s , E q . ( 3 ) b e c o m e s
> = 0 . 7 7 1 [G D P 7 Ml - s ) r :3 0 ( 4 )
JOU R NAL OF C H E MI C AL E NG I NE E R I NG OF JAP AN
F i g . 4 Compari son of / c g O d at a f or v apori z at i on b y v ari ou s
i nv e st i g at ors at L=78O O kg / m2 hr
F i g . 5 S c he mat i c d i ag ram of e x pe ri me nt al apparat u s
f or v apori z at i on i n w at e r- ai r sy st e m
F i g . 6- a 15 mm R asc hi g ri ng s
F i g . 6- b 25 mm R asc hi g ri ng s
F i g . 6 V apori z at i on d at a i n t hi s w ork
( O pe rat i onal t e mpe rat u re of w at e r w as
ab ou t 25 C and t he d i f f e r e nc e of t he
t e mpe rat u re b e t w e e n t op and b ot t om
of t he c ol u mn w as w i t hi n 0. 1C. )
F i g . 6- c I i n B e rl sad d l e s
F i g . 6- d I i n S phe re s
S hu l man e t al . 22) re port e d t he f ol l ow i ng e qu at i on f or
su b l i mat i on of d ry napht hal e ne pac ki ng s
jD = 1. 195 [GDPV ^( l - s)]"0- 36 ( 5 )
T he ag re e me nt b e t w e e n E qs. ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) i s f ai rl y g ood
w i t hi n t he re g i on of 100< GD3, 7j"f l ( l - e ) < 10, 000.
2 "2 V apori z at i on
T he re are c onsi d e rab l e d i f f e re nc e s among t he pu b l i she d
V O L. 1 N O . 1 1968
d at a10' 21> 23' 30) f or v apori z at i on b e c au se of t he d i f f i c u l t i e s i n
t he e x pe ri me nt al t e c hni qu e s, as show n i n F i g . 4 , i n w hi c h
kGa f or ai r- w at e r sy st e m are pl ot t e d ag ai nst t he g as
mass v e l oc i t y , G, f or 1- i n. R asc hi g ri ng s.
T o asc e rt ai n t he i r re su l t s, t he rat e s of v apori z at i on w e re
me asu re d f or ai r- w at e r sy st e m u nd e r t he c ond i t i on of
ad i ab at i c proc e ss- i . e , c onst ant t e mpe rat u re of w at e r.
5 ?
F i g . 7
C o r r e l a t i o n o f v a p o r i z a t i o n d a t a w i t h
E q . ( 3 ) .
Th e sch e m a t i c d i a g r a m o f t h e a p p a r a t us i s sh o w n i n
F i g . 5 . Th e co l um n co n si st e d o f 1 5 cm I . D . a cr y l e - r e si n
p i p e w i t h w a t e r j a ck e t a n d w a s p a ck e d w i t h ce r a m i c R a sch i g
r i n g s, B e r l sa d d l e s a n d sp h e r e s. Pa ck e d h e i g h t s o f 1 0 - ,
1 5 - a n d 20 - cm w e r e use d t o m a k e t h e e n d e f f e ct cl e a r .
Th e w a t e r co n t e n t s i n g a s p h a se w e r e a n a l y z e d by t h e
p sy ch r o m e t r i c m e t h o d a n d t h e a d so r p t i o n o n ca l ci um
ch l o r i d e . ;
Th e t y p i ca l e xp e r i m e n t a l r e sul t s a r e sh o w n a s k Ga v s.
G i n F i g s. 6- a , 6- b, 6- c, 6- d . To co m p a r e t h e k Ga f o r
v a p o r i z a t i o n w i t h t h a t f o r a bso r p t i o n , k Ga d a t a h a v e be e n
d i v i d e d by a w o f E q . ( l ) a n d ( k GR T/ a t D G) / ( p t G/ PGD G) uz
( a t D p ) ~ 2' Q a xe p l o t t e d a g a i n st t h e m o d i f i e d R e y n o l d s
n um be r , ( G/ a t [ t G) , i n F i g . 7 .
A s sh o w n i n F i g . 7 , E q . ( 3 ) co r r e l a t e s a l m o st a l l o f t h e
d a t a f o r v a p o r i z a t i o n a s w e l l a s g a s a bso r p t i o n , but f o r
1 / 2- i n . sp h e r e t h e co n st a n t o f E q . ( 3 ) m i g h t be ch a n g e d
i n t o 2. 0 0 a s d e scr i be d i n t h e se ct i o n o f a bso r p t i o n .
3 . A p p l i ca bi l i t y f o r D i st i l l a t i o n
D i st i l l a t i o n s i n t h e p a ck e d co l um n h a v e be e n st ud i e d
by m a n y i n v e st i g a t o r s. Mo st o f t h e m , h o w e v e r , h a v e
r e p o r t e d t h e H . E . T. P. w h i ch i s t h e o r e t i ca l l y un f a v o r a bl e ,
o r H . T. U . , a ssum i n g t h a t t h e sl o p e o f t h e e q ui l i br i um
l i n e a n d t h e p h y si ca l p r o p e r t i e s o f m i xt ur e i s co n st a n t
t h r o ug h o ut t h e p a ck e d co l um n . Y o sh i d a - K o y a n a g i 3 0 ) h a v e
d i scusse d t h e a p p l i ca bi l i t y o f H G a n d H L d e r i v e d f o r g a s
a bso r p t i o n t o t h e d i st i l l a t i o n i n a p a ck e d co l um n .
A ct ua l l y , t h e d i st i l l a t i o n p r o ce ss i s e q ui m o l a r co un t e r
d i f f usi o n , w h i l e t h e g a s a bso r p t i o n o r v a p o r i z a t i o n i s
un i d i r e ct i o n a l , but t h i s d i f f e r e n ce i n t h i s ca se m a y h a v e
l i t t l e e f f e ct o n t h e i n d i v i d ua l m a ss t r a n sf e r co e f f i ci e n t s.
I n g a s a bso r p t i o n , i t i s r e a so n a bl e t o o bt a i n t h e a v e r a g e
f i l m co e f f i ci e n t i n a p a ck e d co l um n , but i n t h e d i st i l l a t i o n
co l um n i t i s m e a n i n g l e ss, be ca use t h e t e m p e r a t ur e a n d
co n ce n t r a t i o n o f m i xt ur e d i f f e r g r e a t l y a t e a ch p o i n t
60
t h r o ug h t h e co l um n . F r o m t h i s p o i n t o f v i e w , S a w i st o w sk i 1 9 )
r e p o r t e d t h e r e l a t i o n o f H o g v s. x.
I n t h e p r e se n t w o r k , usi n g t h e p o i n t v a l ue s o f k a a n d
h h ca l cul a t e d : f r o m E q s. ( 3 ) a n d ( 2) f o r g a s a bso r p t i o n a n d
g a s- l i q ui d i n t e r f a ci a l a r e a f r o m E q . ( l ) , t h e h e i g h t o f p a ck -
i n g s w a s ca l cul a t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g e q ua t i o n .
Z=Gm \ [ - 1 h - i ) - * C 6)
Jy . K k a a k L a - C a v 1 y ' ~ y
i n w h i ch t h e g a s m o l a r f l o w r a t e , Gm , i s a ssum e d t o be
co n st a n t . Th us, t h e h e i g h t s o f p a ck i n g s ca l cul a t e d f r o m
E q . ( 6) h a s be e n co m p a r e d w i t h t h e a ct ua l h e i g h t use d t o
o bt a i n t h e p ubl i sh e d d a t a be ca use t h e e st i m a t i o n o f K g < z
o r H o g use d i n t h e p r e v i o us l i t e r a t ur e i s i n si g n i f i ca n t ,
e sp e ci a l l y f o r n o n - i d e a l m i xt ur e s.
Th e p ubl i sh e d d a t a use d f o r t h i s ca l cul a t i o n i n cl ud e
t h e sy st e m o f be n z e n e - t o l ue n e 29 ) , m e t h a n o l - w a t e r 9 ' 25 5 a n d
e t h a n o l - w a t e r 4) a t t o t a l a n d f i n i t e r e f l ux r a t i o s. C o m -
p a r i so n s o f t h e ca l cul a t e d v a l ue , Zca i , w i t h t h e a ct ua l ,
Za ct , a r e sh o w n i n F i g " . 8 a g a i n st Gm . Th e i r a g r e e m e n t s
a r e w i t h i n 3 0 % e xce p t co l um n s h i g h e r t h a n 1 . 0 m i n
w h i ch t h e m a l d i st r i but i o n o f l i q ui d m i g h t h a v e o ccur e d .
Th e r e l a t i v e m a g n i t ud e o f i n d i v i d ua l p h a se r e si st a n ce s
d e p e n d s o n t h e g r o up m G/ L , but t h e v a r i a bl e r a n g e i n
L / G i s m o r e r e st r i ct e d i n d i st i l l a t i o n t h a n i n g a s a b-
so r p t i o n . F ur t h e r m o r e m a n d p h y si ca l p r o p e r t i e s o f l i q ui d
m i xt ur e s m a y v a r y w i d e l y f r o m t o p t o bo t t o m t h r o ug h o ut
t h e co l um n , a n d h e n ce t h e r e l a t i v e m a g n i t ud e o f i n d i v i d u-
a l p h a se co n t r i but i o n s d e p e n d s o n t h e l i q ui d co m p o si t i o n .
F i g " . 9 sh o w s t h e d e p e n d e n ci e s o f t h e r a t i o o f g a s p h a se
r e si st a n ce t o t o t a l o n e up o n t h e l i q ui d co m p o si t i o n f o r
e t h a n o l - w a t e r a n d be n z e n e - t o l ue n e sy st e m s.
C o n cl usi o n
A ssum i n g t h a t t h e w e t t e d sur f a ce a r e a e v a l ua t e d by
E q . ( l ) i s i d e n t i ca l w i t h t h e g a s- l i q ui d i n t e r f a ci a l a r e a , t h e
m a ss t r a n sf e r ^ co e f f i ci e n t s i n p a ck e d co l um n s o n t h e g a s
JOU R NA L OF C H E MI C A L E NGI NE E R I NG OF JA PA N
F i g . 8 C om pari son of c al c u -
l at e d and ac t u al pac k e d h e i g h t s
f or d i st i l l at i on c ol u m ns
absorpt i on and d e sorpt i on we re c orre l at e d wi t h i n a re ason-
abl e e rror wi t h E q . ( 2 ) f or k L and E q . ( 3 ) f or k a e x c e pt
R asc h i g ri ng s sm al l e r t h an l | m m and B e rl sad d l e s sm al l e r;
t h an 1/2 ".
I t was f ou nd t h at t h e d i f f e re nc e be t we e n t h e m ass
t ransf e r d at a f or absorpt i on and t h at f or v apori z at i on i s
q u i t e sm al l and prac t i c al l y c ou l d be ne g l e c t e d . T h u s,
E q . ( 3 ) f or g as absorpt i on i s al so appl i c abl e t o t h e v apori -
z at i on proc e ss wi t h i n 3 0 % e rror. F or t h e l i q u i d - si d e m ass
t ransf e r c oe f f i c i e nt , E q . ( 2 ) i s appl i c abl e wi t h i n 2 0 %
e rror t o t h e c ol u m ns pac k e d wi t h R asc h i g ri ng s, B e rl
sad d l e s, sph e re s and rod s, and i rri g at e d wi t h org ani c
sol v e nt s as we l l as wat e r sy st e m s of h i g h e r su rf ac e t e nsi on
t h an abou t 5 0 d y ne s/c m .
F or t h e d i st i l l at i on i n pac k e d c ol u m ns, i t was asc e rt ai ne d
t h at t h e re si st anc e i n bot h ph ase s sh ou l d be t ak e n i nt o
ac c ou nt , and t h e h e i g h t of pac k i ng c ou l d be e v al u at e d by
E q . ( 6 ) wi t h E q . ( 3 ) f or k G , E q . ( 2 ) f or k L and E q . ( l ) f or
a wi t h i n re asonabl e e rror.
Nom e nc l at u re
a = i nt e r f ac i al are a i n pac k i ng [m 2 /m 3 ]
at = t ot al su rf ac e are a of pac k i ng [m 2 /m 3 ]
aw = we t t e d su rf ac e are a of pac k i ng [m 2 /m 3 ]
C av = av e rag e m ol ar d e nsi t y [k g - m ol e s/m 3 ]
D = d i f f u si v i t y [m 2 /h r]
Dp = nom i nal si z e of pac k i ng , [m ]
Dp = d i am e t e r of sph e re posse ssi ng t h e sam e su rf ac e are a
as a pi e c e of pac k i ng [m ]
F r = F rou d e nu m be r d e nne d by ( at L 2 /g pL 2 ) [- ]
G = su pe rf i c i al m ass v e l oc i t y of g as [k g /m 2 - h r]
G m= su pe rf i c i al m ol ar v e l oc i t y of g as [k g - m ol e s/m 2 - h r]
g = g rav i t at i onal c onst ant [m /h r2 ]
H = h e i g h t of a t ransf e r u ni t [m ]
j D = m ass t ransf e r f ac t or d e f i ne d by E q . ( 4 ) [- ]
Kg - ov e ral l c oe f f i c i e nt [k g - m ol e s/m 2 - h r- at m ]
k G = g as- ph ase m ass t ransf e r c oe f f i c i e nt [k g - m ol e s/m 2 - h r- at m ]
k L = l i q u i d - ph ase m ass t ransf e r c oe f f i c i e nt ' [m /h r]
L = su pe rf i c i al m ass v e l oc i t y of l i q u i d [k g /m 2 <h r]
V O L . 1 NO . 1 19 6 8 . .
J U
F i g . 9 R at i o of g as ph ase re si st anc e t o t ot al one ag ai nst
l i q u i d c onc e nt rat i on, x , f or d i st i l l at i on
m = sl ope of e q u i l i bri u m l i ne [- ]
R = g as c onst ant [m 3 - at m /k g - m ol e - K]
R e = R e y nol d s nu m be r d e f i ne d by { G l at P o) or ( L /at P z ) or
( L /ov P l ) [- ]
Sc = Sc h m i d t nu m be r d e f i ne d by ( p/pD) [- 3
Sh = Sh e rwood nu m be r d e f i ne d by ( k aR T /at Do) [- 1
T = absol u t e t e m pe rat u re [K]
W e - W e be r nu m be r d e f i ne d by ( L 2 /'pL oat ) [- 3
^c = m ol e f rac t i on of m ore v ol at i l e c om pone nt i n l i q u i d [- ]
y = m ol e f rac t i on of sol u t e or v apor i n g as ph ase [- ]
3 ^* = m ol e f rac t i on of v apor i n e q u i l i bri u m wi t h l i q u i d
c om posi t i on, x [- 3
Z - h e i g h t of pac k i ng s [m 3
G re e k l e t t e rs
s = v oi d f rac t i on [m 3 /ni 3 3
P - - v i sc osi t y [k g /m - h r3
p =. d e nsi t y [k g /m 3 ]
6 1
O c - critical surface tension of packing m aterial [dynes/cm ]
a = surface tension [dynes/cm ] or [kg/hr2]
S ub scrip ts
1 , 2 = b ottom and top of colum n, respectiv ely
G , L = gas and liq uid phase, respectiv ely
L iterature cited
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(1 95 9)
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Chem . E ngrs. , 3 6 , 21 (1 940 )
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G AS ABS O R PTIO N W ITH CH E MICAL R E ACTIO N IN PACK E D
CO L U MN S "
K AK U S ABU R O O N DA, E IZO S ADA AN D H IR O S H I TAK E U CH I**
Dept. of Chem . E ng. , U niv ersity of N agoya, N agoya
Introduction
Theoretical analyses for gas ab sorption w ith chem ical
reaction hav e b een m ade b y m any inv estigators3 >4>6 '1 8 ) :
H ow ev er, it is difficult to apply these theories to the
processes in a packed colum n, b ecause the indiv idual
m ass transfer coefficients and the inter facial area can not
b e estim ated strictly at present.
The assum ption that the w etted surface in packings is
identical w ith the gas-liq uid interface is not only con-
v enient for estim ation of the area b ut also reasonab le for
m ass transfer b etw een gas and liq uid phases. In our
prev ious papers1 1 >1 2\ the correlations for aw , ko and kL
w ere deriv ed as follow s :
aj at = 1 - exp{- 1 . 45 U W U 5 aW
(V at/pL 2g) ~ Q ^ (L 2/pL aaty-2}
koR T/atDo
= 5 . 23 (G W ff) "7 (fiG /PO DG ) m (atDp) "2-
kL {pL /[J tL gy n
= 0 . 0 0 5 l (L /aw ^ L y/' (fiL /PL DL ) -1 /2 (atDpy-i (3 )
In this paper, the applicab ility of the film theory1 8 ) of gas
ab sorption w ith second order reaction to the ab sorption of
* R eceiv ed on J uly 1 0 , 1 96 7
* * Dept. of Ind. Chem . , S uz uka College of Technology, S uz uka
6 2
CO 2into aq ueous solutions of N aO Hin a packed colum n
is confirm ed b y using these correlations. F urtherm ore,
the assum ption of a-aw is ascertained b y com paring w ith
the data for the gas ab sorption w ith pseudo fist-order re-
action.
I. E xperim ental W ork
1 "1 Apparatus and procedure
The packed colum n consisted of a 1 2. 0 -cm I. D. j acketed
acryl-resin tub e packed to the heights of 0 . 2m or 0 . 3 m
w ith 1 5 m m ceram ic R aschig ring and 1 /2- and 1 -in.
ceram ic spheres. The liq uid distrib utor w as m ade of
acryl-resin and had sixty one 3 . 5 m m I. D. glass nipples
arranged in a ll. 6 m m triangular pitch.
The aq ueous solutions of 0 . 0 5 , 0 . 1 , 0 . 25 , 0 . 5 and 1 . 0 iV -
N aO Hw ere irrigated ov er the packings after heating in
the therm ostat tank w hich w as controlled at 3 0 l C.
Air from a b low er and carb on dioxide from a cylinder
w ere fed to the b ottom of the packed colum n after the
gas m ixture w as w ell m ixed and saturated w ith w ater
v apor. The CO 2content in the air w as controlled b y a
reducing v alv e at the CO 2 cylinder. The partial pressure
of the solute gas, p, w as m aintained constant in each run
J O U R N AL O F CH E MICAL E N G IN E E R IN G O F J APAN