Name:Tommy Le

Period:2

Date:

APES Study Guide- Aquatic Ecosystems

Vocabulary
Understand and be able to apply each of these terms. 1. Salinity Saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chloride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) of a body of water or in soil. 2. Plankton Any organisms that live in the water column and are incapable of swimming against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales 3. Nekton Refers to the aggregate of actively swimming aquatic organisms in a body of water (usually oceans or lakes) able to move independently of water currents. Also can be contrasted with plankton which refers to the aggregate of passively floating, drifting, or somewhat motile organisms occurring in a body of water 4. Benthos The community of organisms which live on, in, or near the seabed, also known as the benthic zone. Lives in or near marine sedimentary environments from tidal pools along the foreshore out to the continental shelf, and then down to the abyssal depths. 5. Littoral Zone Part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore. In coastal environments that littoral zone extends from the high water mark, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged 6. Benthic Zone Ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some subsurface layers 7. Eutrophication Ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or swage, to an aquatic system 8. River Source Uprivers refers to the direction leading the source of river. Which is against the direction of flow 9. River Course Downriver describes the direction towards the mouth of the river. Which the current flows. 10. River Mouth A part of a stream where it flows into another steam, river, lake, reservoir, sea, or ocean.

11. Marsh Type of wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody play species 12. Swamp A wetland that is forested 13. Bog A wetland that accumulates peat, deposit of dead plant material. 14. Lagoon- A shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs 15. Estuary Form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments and are subjects to both marine influences, such as tides, waves and the influx of saline water 16. Abundance Extremely plentiful or over sufficient quantity or supply 17. Diversity Condition of having or being composed of differing elements 18. Watershed Carries water shed from the land after rain falls and snow melts 19. Hydrophytes- Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living aquatic environments. 20. Halophytes- A plant that grows in water of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores

Critical Thinking
Read, analyze, and give complete answers to these questions. 1. What are the three important benefits (ecosystem service) provided by wetlands? The three important benefits are lucrative harvests of wild rice, furbearing animals, fish and shellfish 2. What causes high and low tides? Explain. It is caused by combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth. 3. Where would you find an estuary? What type of organisms would you expect to find there? Estuary is found when freshwater and saltwater meets. The mangroves estuaries are a organisms that would be there. 4. What is the definition of freshwater? Freshwater is water that is not salt especially when considered as a natural resource. 5. The mouth of a river can sometimes become murky because of all of the sediments that are washed downstream. Name 3 problems are caused by murkiness? 1. Unbalanced nutrient 2. PH levels 3. Excessive amounts of animal or plant water in pond water 6. Name 2 types of fish that can live in low oxygen environments: The labyrinth fish and the betta fish can live in low oxygen environments 7. Explain why reefs are so important to preserve. What are some of the dangers to coral reefs? Name 2. Provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting. Acidic acid in the water are destroying the coral reefs and we people are destroying the reefs by polluting.

8. There are different types of marine reef environments. Define the following: a. Fringing Reefs: A reef system that grows fairly close to the shore with an entirely shallow lagoon or none at all b. Barrier Reefs: A reef system that parallel the shore and is separated from it by a wide lagoon that contains at least some deep portions c. Atolls: A roughly circular oceanic reef system surrounding a central lagoon d. Coral Reefs: are underwater structures that have colonies of tiny fishes found in marine waters that contain few nutrients. 9. Draw a diagram of a marine environment and define the following: a. Intertidal: An area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide b. Pelagic: Of or relating to the open sea c. Abyssal: Relating to or denoting the depths or bed of the ocean

d. Benthic: Ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake.

Picture of a Marine environment (^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^)

10. What is winterkill in a lake? What happens? During the winter, oxygen normally enters the water of a frozen lake through the inlet water streams cracks in the ice and slow diffusion through the ice. Fish and other aquatic plants and animals use oxygen throughout the winter. Despite this steady use, if lakes are deep enough, they may contain sufficient volume of water to maintain oxygen above lethal levels. But in shallow likes where the volume is low, winter kill will occur.

11. Describe the differences in the types of food webs found in the two ocean light zones, euphotic and aphotic. Where does the initial energy input for each come from?

The food web for the euphotic are near the surface so the food are visible. The food web for the aphotic are below the euphotic zone and the food are phytoplankton. The energy from the euphotic zone comes from the light. The aphotic zone gets its energy from the water and chemicals from the hydrothermal vents.

12. Explain how lakes turn-over yearly and what this process causes. Name one positive and one negative aspect of turn-over. (Answer) As air temperatures drop so does the water temperature of the upper layers of body water. The colder the water the denser and heavier it gets. They become heavy enough to the point they begin to sink. It forces the lower layers to the surface.

13. Draw a diagram of a lake and define the following: a. Littoral Zone: Extends from the high water mark, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged b. Limnetic Zone: Vegetation surrounds this expanse of open water and it is above the profundal zone c. Profundal Zone: Deep zone of an inland body of freestanding water, such as a lake or pond, located below the range of effective light penetration

14. Complete this summary table of aquatic ecosystems:

Location

Physical Characteristics

Coral Reef

Sandy Beach Mangrove Swamp Salt Marsh

Mudflat Rocky Shore

Climatograph
Use the data provided to construct a climatograph. Temperature should be displayed as a line graph and precipitation as a bar graph. Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Precipitation (cm) 10 3 2 5 13 9 2 2 2 8 18 7 Temperature (C) 35 37 39 40 42 44 45 44 42 40 37 35

What type of biome do you believe this is? Give specific observations from your graph to justify this answer.