ARCHITECTURE"

INDEX

ARCHITECTURE
INDEXVOLUMES XXXIX AND XL

JANUARY"

DECEMBER,

1919

ILLUSTRATIONS
CHURCHES.
Cathedral The of Soissons

Manor, N. Y., Francis A. Nelson, Architect Plates Ixxxiii, Ixxxiv, Ixxxv, Page 171 Interior of Old First Presbyterian Church, New York, Restored by Grosvenor Atterbury, Architect

Huguenot

Memorial

(Aisne),France Church, Pelham

...

December

Frontispiece

August Frontispiece
The

Memorial, Washington, D. C., Egerton Swartwout, Architect, Page 66 St. Joseph's R. C. Church, Fort Edward, N. Y., M. L. " H. G. Emery, Architects Plates cvi,cvii, cviii St. Lawrence Church, Harrisburg, Pa., Paul Monaghan, Architect Pages 319, 321 Winchester Cathedral,Winchester, England Frontispiece, Pages 237-242
. . . . .

National

BaptistRoger

Williams

CLUB-HOUSES.

Moore, Architect Plates clxxxiv, clxxxviii clxxxv,clxxxvi, clxxxvii, C. Dean, Architect CosmopolitanClub, New York, Edward Pages 119, 120, 121 Garden Plates cxv, cxvi,cxvii City Country Club, Nassau Boulevard, Long Island,Morrell Smith, Architect, Musical Mutual Protective Union New Architects Building, York, Trowbridge " Livingston, Plates xciv,xcv, xcvi Nurses' Home, Greenwich, Conn., Wm. B. Tubby, Architect Plates cxxxi,cxxxii, cxxxiv cxxxiii, Philmont Pa., Magaziner " Eberhard, Architects (FormerlyMagaziner" Country Club, Philadelphia, Plates cxviii, Potter) ...........'... cxix,cxx St. Paul Athletic Club, St. Paul, Minn., A. H. Stem, Architect, Plates clviii, clix, clx, clxi, clxii, Pages 279,280 The Women's City Club of New York, McKim, Mead " White, Architects Plates Ixxxvi, Ixxxix Ixxxvii, Ixxxviii,
.

Blind

Brook

N. Y., Frank Club, Portchester,

Ashburton

FACTORIES,
Administration

WAREHOUSES,

AND

POWER-HOUSES.

The Fisk Rubber Falls,Mass., George B. Allen,Architect, Plate xc Co., Chicopee Building, HoleproofHosiery Co. of Canada, Ltd., London, Ont., Lockwood, Greene " Co., Engineers Page 349 Service Building, Overland Boston, Mass., Fred T. Ley " Co., Engineers Page 349 Roessler and Hasslacher Chemical Co., Perth Amboy, N. J.,Stone " Webster, Engineers Page 348 Factory for Standard Oil Cloth Co., Buchanan, N. Y., Lansing Quick, Architect,Stone " Webster, Page 293 Engineers Henry C. Thompson " Son Co., New Haven, Conn., Lockwood, Greene " Co., Engineers,Page 283 Factory, Office Building, Page 293 Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio, Stone " W'ebster,Engineers,
.
.

...............

GARDENS.
and Screen at Easton Neston, Northamptonshire, England Gardens, Verona The Grand Cascade, St. Cloud Ewhurst, Hampshire, England Water-Garden at BridgeHouse, Weybridge,England

Gateway
Giusti

Plate xxxiii Plate xvi Plate xvii Plate xxxi Plate xxxii

........

......

......

ARCHITECTURE"

IN] )EX

GARAGES.
Garatje

Group

of Private

Group, Estate Charles Garages

P.

Holzderber, Harriman,

N.

Y., Wm.

............

Edgar Moran, Architect, Pages 150, 151 Pages 225, 227

HOSPITALS.
Northeastern " Perrot,Architects Pa., Ballinger Philadelphia, Hospital,
....

Pages 258, 259

HOTELS
Hotel The

AND

APARTMENTS.
.

" Wetmore, Architects Plates xlvii, xlviii, Commodore, New York, Warren xlix, 1,li, Page 99 Plate clxxiv, Henry Hotel, Greensboro, N. C., W. L. Stoddart, Architect Pages 315-318 " White, Architects Plates liii, New Hotel Pennsylvania, liv, Iv,Ivi, York, McKim, Mead Ivii, Page 92 Hotel and Club-House, Knoxville,Tenn., Barber " McMurry, Architects Whittle Springs A/fl Plates Ixv, Ixvii Ixvi, O.
. . .

HOUSES"
F. F.

CITY

AND

COUNTRY.

/* 7'6"

V-30-"O
Warren " Clark, Architects Alexander, Glen Head, L. I., J. Harry Alexandre, Glen Head, L. I.,Warren " Clark, Architects A. O. Aulabaugh,Dayton, Ohio, Louis Lott, Architect Cecil H. Baker, Knoxville,Tenn., Barber " McMurry, Architects J. F. Barrett,Richmond, L. L, W. Wiegand, Architect C. C. Blackmore, Dayton, Ohio, Louis Lott, Architect Alexander Bonnyman, Knoxville,Tenn., Barber " McMurry, Architects Earle P. Charlton, Westport Harbor, Mass., Parker Morse Hooper and Frank
. ........ ....
. .

Pages 272, 273 Pages 338, 339, 341 Page 15

Plates
.

cxxiv,cxxv

......

...

Pages 312-314 Page 21 Pages 261, 262, 263

. .

C.

Architects Farley, clii cxlviii, cxlix, cl,cli,

Plates The

Dene, Berkshire,England,T. H. Lyon, Coppice,Cookham Architect Cottage and Plans, V. J. Clirehugh, N. J.,Emilio Levy, Architect Country Home, Far Hills,
B.

Architect
....

....

Arthur Domestic

Elizabeth,N. J.,Herman Curtiss,

Architecture of Bermuda
.......

Fritz,Architect
"

.......

Plates Architects Gillette,

Page 45 Pages 310, 311 Pages 93, 94, 95, 96 Page 86 cix,ex, cxi,Pages 203-205

Henry
Mrs.

P.

Davison, New
E.

York

City,Walker

Plates Ixxvi, Ixxxii Ixxviii, Ixxx,Ixxxi, Ixxvii, Ixxix, "Plate Ixviii, Architect Conn., H. B. Little, Dodge, Stonington, Pages 145, 146 Los Angeles, Davis, Architect Cal.,Pierpont JulianEltinge, Frontispiece, Page 59 W7. Edgar Baker, Jr., Architect Franklin Gaylord,W. Englewood, N. J., Pages 216, 217 Designsfor Residence,Col. E. H. R. Green, S. Dartmouth, Mass., Alfred C. Bossom, Architect, Pages 211-214 W. Dalzell, Architect Group of Cottagesat Maplewood, N. J.,Kenneth Pages 78, 79, 82, 83 Pages 197, 200, 201, 206, 207 Group of Small Houses, Harold E. Paddon, Architect Architect (Kilham " Hopkins), cxxiii E. T. Hartman, Lexington, Plates cxxi, Mass., Wm. Roger Greeley, cxxii, S. Devon, England, T. H. Lyon, Architect "Hellens," Dartmoor, Islington, Page 231 Albert Herter, East Hampton, L. L, Grosvenor Architect Atterbury, cxxxix Plates cxxxv, cxxxvi, cxxxviii, cxxxvii, House Architect (Kilham " Hopkins) Plates cxxvi,cxxvii at Lawrence, Mass., Wm. Roger Greeley, Architects, Housing Development,Newburgh, N. Y., Ludlow " Peabody, C. H. Sparry, Pages 172,173,174, 175 Ideal Homes London and Leslie Glencross, Architects, Competition, Daily Mail," Evelyn Simmons Page 236 Lake, Pa., Edward J. W. Johnson,Crystal Langley,Architect Pages 157, 158, 159 Eugene Kruskal, Pelham Manor, N. Y., Julius Gregory,Architect Page 51 Dr. Frederick W. Lamb, Cincinnati, Plate xxxviii Architect Ohio, G. C. Burroughs, B. W. Lamson, Cincinnati, Architect Ohio, G. C. Burroughs, Page 243 W. V. Lawrence, Lawrence N. Y., Bates " How, Architects, Plates xxxiv, xxxv, Park, Bronxville, Page 77 Herbert H. Lehman, Purchase, N. Y., Harry Allan Jacobs, Plates Ixiii, Architect Ixiv, Pages 141, 143 E. H. Murdock, Cincinnati, Architect Ohio, G. C. Burroughs, Pages 232, 233 P. Barton Myers, Dayton, Ohio, Louis Lott, Architect Page 19 No. 4. Officer's House, Dayton, Ohio, Louis Lott,Architect Page 25 No. 6. Officer's House, Dayton, Ohio, Louis Lott, Architect Page 17 No. 7. Officer's House, Dayton, Ohio, Louis Lott, Architect Page 13 clvii Plates civ,clvi, Capt. A. P. Osborn, Glen Head, L. L, Warren " Clark, Architects W. B. Patterson,Dayton, Ohio, Louis Lott, Architect Page 23 Henry C. Perkins,Hamilton, Mass., Lynch Luquer, Architect Pages 126, 127 Samuel F. Pogue, Cincinnati, Architect Plates xxxvi,xxxvii Ohio, G. C. Burroughs, Frank
. . .

.....

....

....

"

......

...

.....

....

"

...

...

.....

ARCHITECTURE"

INDEX

HOUSES"
Ranch

CITY

AND

COUNTRY"

Continued.
Wm. M.

House, North

Yakima, Wash.,

Kenyon,

Maurice

F.

Maine, Architects

Plates xxxix,xl,Pages 70, 71 Plate lii, Pages 100, 105, 107 George C. Rew, Coronado, Cal.,Elmer Grey, Architect Louis E. Welsh, Associate, Frank L. Sample, Plates ciii, Teaneck, N. J.,Aymar Embury, II,Architect, civ,cv New Plates clxxix, clxxxiii York, Walter B. Chambers, Architect clxxxii, clxxx,clxxxi, J. R. Sheffield, Plates Iviii, "Tamaracks," Residence of Franklin G. Colby, Andover, N. J. lix, Ix,Pages 111, 112, 113 for John H. Patterson,Dayton, Ohio, Louis Lott, Architect Tenant's House Page 27 S. J.Thompson, Glendale,Ohio, G. C. Burroughs,Architect Page 223 Todd Ford, Pasadena, Cal.,ReginaldJohnson,Architect Page 61 B. Tubby, Architect W. B. Tubby, Jr., Greenwich,Conn., Wm. Pages 253, 254, 255 Villa Maria the Dunes, Southampton, L. L, E. P. Mellon, Architect on Plates clxxv,clxxvi, clxxvii, clxxviii, Pages 307-309 Fred Von Steinwehr, Cincinnati, Ohio, G. C. Burroughs,Architect Page 345
....
. .

....

....

Wells, Mt. Vernon, N. Y., Geo. H. Wells, Architect A. Clayton Woodman, Merion, Pa., Frank Seeburgerand Charles
Geo. H. Mrs. R. B.

Plates F.

cxl,cxli

Rabenold, Architect
Plate Plates
.

Fla.,W. Worthington,St. Petersburg,

S.

Shull,Architect

Ixxv, Pages 135, 137 cxciv cxci,cxcii, cxciii,

MEASURED Milford Town

DETAILS.
Bauer Hall, Milford, Conn., Drawn by Edward Church, Albany,N. Y., Philip Hooker, Architect,Restored
.....
... .

Double

Plate

xxx

First Reformed Architect

by John

L.

Dykeman,
xciii xci,xcii,

Plates
.....

Second 1918 The

Restored Church, Albany, N. Y., Philip Hooker, Architect, Presbyterian

...........

by John

L.

Dykeman,

Plates cxlii, cxliii, cxliv, cxlv,cxlvi N. Y., Philip Restored by John L. Dykeman, Church, Albany, Hooker, Architect, 1918 Plates Ixix, Ixx,Ixxi, Ixxii, Frontispiece, Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Pages 123, 124 Entrance and Drawn Plate clxxxix Detail,House at Georgetown, D. C., Measured by L. L. Huot Mantel in the Hood and Drawn Residence, Washington, D. C., Measured by A. W. Eichler and L. L. Second

Reformed

......

"

Huot
........... ....

Plate
W. Eichler and

cxc

Entrance Louis

Detail,Hood
L. Huot
at

Residence, Washington, D. C., Measured

and Drawn

and Louis

Drawn

by Alfred
.

Plate cliii

Mantel, House

Georgetown, D. C., Measured

by

L. Huot
.

Plate cliv

and Drawn cxxix House, Ludlowville,N. Y., Measured by Carl C. Tallman, Plates cxxviii, Baber House, Skaneateles, N. Y., Measured and Drawn Plate cxxx by Carl C. Tallman Parlor Mantel, The Austin House, Skaneateles,N. Y., Measured and Drawn by Carl C. Tallman, Plate Ixi and Drawn Plate Ixii Doorway, Soule House, Sennett, N. Y., Measured by Carl C. Tallman Mantel, Carvel Hall, Annapolis, Md., Drawn by Edgar Salomonsky and V.erna Cook Salomonsky,Plate cxii and Verna Cook Salomonsky,Plate cxiii Md., Drawn Doorway, Carvel Hall, Annapolis, by Edgar Salomonsky State CapitolBuilding, omonsky Md., Drawn Stairway, Annapolis, by Edgar Salomonskyand Verna Cook Sal-

Doorway, Doorway,

Miller

....

Plate cxiv and Drawn

.....

Doorway, TaylorHouse, Alexandria,Va., Measured

Weber
.

by J. L. Keister,O. J. Munson, J. A.
Plate xli

MUNICIPAL
Firestone The

DEVELOPMENTS.

Greater

Park, Akron, Ohio,John F. Suppes,Architect City of Three Rivers, P. Q., Canada, Mann
Connecticut

......

Pages 327-331 Frontispiece, Pages 181-190

"

and Municipal MacNeille, Architects, Designers,

Developers
Housing Developmentfor
The Town Site of the New
.

Cornelia

Architects

Mills,Danielson, Conn., Alfred C. Bossom, Architect Plates xlii, xliii, xliv, xlv,xlvi, Page 69 M. Kenyon, Maurice F. Maine, Copper Co., Ajo,Arizona, Wm. Plates xi,xii, xiii, xiv,xv
.....

OFFICE,
The

BANK,
Bush

AND
Sales

STORE

BUILDINGS.
York Helmle City, "

Terminal

New Building,

Architects Corbett,

Plates i, ii, Frontispiece, iii, iv,v, vi,vii, viii, x ix,

ARCHITECTURE"

INI )EX

PUBLIC
Baldwin

BUILDINGS.

High School, Birmingham, Mich., Van

Art

Leyen

"

H. J. Keough, Associate Architects, Schilling, Plates xcvii, xcviii, Page

165

Institute, Youngstown, Ohio, McKim, Mead " White, Architects November Plates clxiii, clxiv, clxv,clxvi, clxvii, clxviii, clxix, Frontispiece, Pages 295, 296 Children's Home, Stamford, Conn., Harry Allan Jacobs,Architect Pages 46, 47, 48, 49 Associate Architects, Plate clxxiii, and John J. Ferry, Pages 298-302 High School,Englewood,N. J.,Ernest Sibley Architect Plates clxx,clxxi, clxxii, High School,Leonia, N. J.,Ernest Sibley, Page 297 in the Rotunda, State Education Mural Building, Albany, N. Y., Designed and Executed by Paintings Plates xcix,c, ci,cii, Will H. Low Pages 193, 194, 195 New Jordan School,Waterford, Conn., Louis H. Goddard, Architect Pages 115, 117, 118 Plates xxvi,xxvii, xxix New Town Hall, Milford,Conn., Tracy " Swartwout, Architects, xxviii, Frontispiece, U. S. Post-Office, Architect,Treasury Department,Page 178 Augusta, Ga., James A. Wetmore, Supervising U. S. Post-Office, Architect,Treasury Department,Page 178 Austin, Tex., James A. Wetmore, Supervising U. S. Post-Office, Minn., James A. Wetmore, Supervising Architect, Bemidji, Treasury Department,Page 180 U. S. Post-Office, Architect, Kan., James A. Wetmore, Supervising Cherryvale, TreasuryDepartment,Page 180 R. L, James A. Wetmore, Supervising U. S. Post-Office, Architect, Westerly, Treasury Department,Page 179 U. S. Post-Office, Architect, Wooster, Ohio, James A. Wetmore, Supervising Treasury Department,Page 179
The Butler
.... ....
...

THEATRES.

CapitolTheatre, New
MISCELLANEOUS.
The Arch of

York, Thomas

W.

Lamb, Architect

Plates
.

xviii, xix,xx, xxi,xxii, xxiii, xxiv,xxv

New Victory, of the Avenue

York, Thomas
of New Victory,

Architect Hastings,

....

Decorations

York, Paul Chalfin,Designer

..........

....

Etchingsby Lester E. Varian, Architect Fountain, Queensboro Bridge Market, New York, Edwin EvangelineWilbour Blashfield Memorial Chas. W. Stoughton, Architect Howland Painter,Eli Harvey, Sculptor, Blashfield, June Frontispiece, York New City,from Photograph by J. B. Carrington High Bridge, Page 221 in the Bowery, New York The Lions of St. Mark's Page 276 Lych-Gates Page 242 New Memorial Van Amringe, Columbia to Dean York, McKim, Mead " White, Architects University, Page 218 Pa. Old Doorways, Philadelphia, Page 74 October Roosevelt's Service to the National Theodore Capital Frontispiece, Pages 267-270 Memorial The Plans for the Great Roosevelt Architect Park, Oyster Bay, L. L, Electus D. Litchfield, Pages 290, 291
The
. ..... ........
. .

Frontispiece, Page 88 Page 90 Page 132

............

TEXT
Address The of Mr. Thomas of the
....

R.

Kimball, President
Dilemma.

A. I. A. William

...

Aftermath

Housing

By

E. Groben

Pages 244-246 Pages 228, 230

(A Letter.) By Victor Eberhard New York The Architectural League Exhibition, Architecture and the Greenhouse (Illustrated). By Harold A. Caparn Clinton Pond Art and Electricity (Illustrated).By DeWitt
The Architect and
' . .
. . . . . . .

Pages 16,80, 252, 288, 350 Page 248 Page 332 Pages 153-156 Pages 249-252 Art as an Educator Page 260 The Blind Brook Club (Illustrated). Frank Ashburton Moore, Architect Page 343 A Book of Great Value to Architects Page 265 Book Reviews Pages 44, 80, 168, 271, 350 Costs in England and France Building Page 286 in the North Central States '......... Building Deficiency Page 199 of $500,000,000 in Six Eastern States A Building Deficiency Page 81 The Building of the "Tamaracks" (Illustrated).By Franklin G. Colby Pages 111-114 The Building Situation of To-Day (Illustrated). By Richard P. Wallis Pages 166-169 Build Now. By Harold E. Paddon Page 196 The Bush Terminal Helmle Sales Building " Corbett, Architects (Illustrated). Pages 1-4 The Butler Art Institute, McKim, Mead " White, Architects, Youngstown, Ohio (Illustrated), Pages 295, 296 The Carrere Memorial (Illustrated) Page 335
Announcements the Draftsman.
. . . .

....

"

"

"

"

"

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...

"

....

ARCHITECTURE"

INI )EX

TEXT"

Continued.
of Materials and Construction for Walls
....

Comparative Characteristics
voort

of Small

Houses.

By

H. Vander-

Pages 128-131 Comparison of the Various Types of Plan Adapted to Block Formation, Block Size 200' x 800'. By Page 344 Henry AtterburySmith A Cost System for the Small Architect's Office. Pages 75, 76 By Harry Leslie Walker, M. A. I. A. A Cottage in Somersetshire Page 81 (Illustrated) N. J. Emilio Levy, Architect Page 93 Country Home, Far Hills, ciate AssoParker Morse of Earle P. Charlton The Country Home (Illustrated). Hooper, Frank C. Farley, Architects Pages 284-286 Pages 69, 70 Danielson, a Unique Housing Development. By Alfred C. Bossom, Architect Address of Henry K. Holsman, President Illinois ChapterA. I. A., Page 215 of a New Era. The Dawn Inaugural of the American Renaissance. The Dawn Pages 289, 292 By David Varon of Victory(Illustrated). '. of the Avenue The Decorations Pages 89-91 By Paul Chalfin Eberlein Architecture of Bermuda The Domestic (Illustrated).By Harold Donaldson Pages 203-205 Door-Knockers Pages 176, 177 Something About Their Originand Development (Illustrated)
Walsh
.

..........

......

"

Editorial and Farm

Other

Comment

Pages 11, 12,39, 40, 67, 68, 101, 102, 133, 134, 163, 164, 191, 219, 220, 247, 277, 278, 305, 306, 333, 334 Page 110 Improvements and Rural Construction Work Will Aid in Readjustment Firestone Park, Akron, Ohio (Illustrated). John F. Suppes,Architect Page 327 Floor and Wall Tile,Their Mission and Application (Illustrated) Pages 160-162 the National Government, and Other OrganiBetween For a Better Co-operation Architects, zations. Engineers, Page 50 By D. Knickerbacker Boyd Architecture and Sculpture Garden (Illustrated). By Harold A. Caparn Pages 34-38 Gardens and Their Ornament (Illustrated) Pages 62-65 W. L. Stoddart, Architect The O. Henry Hotel, Greensboro, N. C. (Illustrated). Pages 315-318 The Hotel Commodore. Warren " Wretmore, Architects Page 98 .' The Hotel Pennsylvania(Illustrated) Page 91 of W. V. Lawrence House (Illustrated) Page 77 The Huguenot Memorial Church, Pelham Manor, N. Y. (Illustrated). By Francis A. Wilson Pages 170, 171 Institute Committee Assignmentsof the Illinois Chapter Page 235 of the Classic Orders of Architecture. Pages 303, 304 Interpretation By David Varon Will Take Large Quantitiesof American Lumber Italy Page 80 Page 22 JapaneseArchitects Our Guests Pages 24, 26, 56 Legal Decisions. By John Simpson Louisville's Million-Dollar Factory Fund Page 114 Lumber Salvagein France Page 275 S. Devonshire, England (Illustrated). Lych-Gate at Islington, Page 242 By T. H. Lyons, Architect Needed A Million Homes by Our Allies Page 14 The Moderate-Cost Pages 209, 210 Apartrrjent-House. By Henry AtterburySmith Modern Building Superintendence. I. Introductory Page 264 II. Excavation, Foundation, Concrete By David B. Emerson. Pages 281-283 III. Structural Steel and Floor Arches Pages 320, 322
.... ... . .
.

;"

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.......

...........

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.......

..........

....

.....

........

IV.

Cut

Stone, Ornamental
"

Terra-Cotta, and

Brickwork

Pages 346, 347, 350 Building Present Developments Future Prospects Pages 14, 16 Mural Paintings by Will H. Low in the State Education Building, Albany, N. Y. (Illustrated), Pages 193-195 New Activities of the Indiana Limestone Quarrymen's Association Page 54 The New at Waterford, Conn. Jordan School Building By B. F. Dingman Pages 115-118 New York City Real Estate Values Page 48 New of Architects York Society Page 235 New York's VictoryArch (Illustrated). By Thomas Hastings Pages 87, 88 No Material Reductions Prices Expected in Lumber Page 110 The North Yakima Ranch House Wm. M. Kenyon and Maurice F. Maine, Architects (Illustrated). Pages 70, 71 A Notable Civic Development at Three Rivers, Province of Quebec (Illustrated). Mann " MacNeille, and Municipal Developers Architects, Engineers, Pages 181-190 Paris to ReplaceHovels of Zoniers Page 286 The Park Avenue Viaduct, New York City (Illustrated) Pages 41-44 A Patriotic Duty as Well as a Good Business Proposition Page 246 The Perfect Dwelling. By Robert Thomson Pages 292, 294 Porto Rican Building(Illustrated). By E. C. Bartholomew Pages 147-149 Money
and
"

.....

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.......

....

...

........

.......

"

"

....

...

ARCHITECTURE"

INDEX

TEXT
A

"

Continued.

Possible Savingin Building Expense. By Richard P. Wallis Idealism Must Supplement Practicality Prices and Pre-War Wage Scales Are Out of the Question Pre-War The Present Cost of Building.By Willis Polk White Ants Protection Against Public Works Can Help Rhythm in Our Architecture. By David Varon
.

...

.....

....

............

...

....

...

Pages336,337,340,342 Pages226, 228 on Some Comments Housing Conditions Pages256, 257,260 Costs Some Reasons for High Building Page 288 Reflections of a Draughtsman. Part I. By Talbot Faulkner Hamlin Some Pages72, 73 Part II Pages 140,142,144 Part III Pages222,224 Southern California's New Architecture (Illustrated)By Elmer Grey Pages57-61,103-106 of Specifications I. The Writing Pages32,33 Specifications. for Specification Writers Pages84, 85 By David B. Emerson. II. Danger Signals the Writingof Specifications Further Practical Suggestions III. Some on Pages136,138,139,140 Is Specified What IV. Getting Pages198,199 Architecture. American The Spirit Can There Be a Typically and the Letter By David Varon, Pages5, 6 Architect The Stamford Children's Home (Illustrated). Harry Allan Jacobs, Pages46-48 The Status of the Architect. K. Pond By Irving Page 192 Page 97 By Enos V. Foulk Superintendence By a Superintendent. Theatre Decoration at the New Capitol.By A. Lincoln Cooper .....'. Page 33 Theodore Roosevelt's Service to the National Capital (Illustrated). By Charles Moore Pages267-270 Investment There Is Little Danger of Loss in Judicious Building Page 106 To Build or Not to Build (Illustrated). Pages310, 311 By V. J. Clirehugh The Three Hooker Churches (Illustrated). By the Late John L. Dykerhan Pages123-125 Conn. (Illustrated). Hall at Milford, The Town Pages29-31 By EgertonSwartwout Cornelia Copper Co. (Illustrated). The Town Site of the New Pages7-10 By William M- Kenyon The United States HousingCorporation Page 265 E. P. Mellon, Architect The Villa Maria (Illustrated). Pages307-309 The Vital Need Is the Immediate Page 242 Resumptionof Industrial Activity .War Memorials Page 22 Home Pages234,235 Building Ways of Financing We Are Going to Build and Build and Build. By Willis Polk Page 20 We Must Protect Our Forests Page 48 What New York Club Did With Its Back Yard. a Page 119 By Edward C. Dean What the Huns Have Porter. Photographs Done for French Art (Illustrated). by By A. Kingsley L. A. Porter Pages323-326 Winchester Cathedral (Illustrated). Pages237-242 By Canon John Vaughan,M.A. of Fine Arts for the United States ? Pages18,20 Why Not a Ministry Page 20 Why Not Put Theory Into Practice in Our Architectural Schools ? The Work of the United States HousingCorporation, Pages 52-55 Hammond, Ind. (Illustrated)
.

Association Roosevelt Memorial Scientific Management of the Drafting-Room.By Henri C. Heps Material. the RightRoofing By H. Vandervoort Walsh Selecting Construction. A Short Talk on Building By David B. Emerson
.......
.

...

Pages274,275 Page 322 Page 304 Page 28 Page 311 Page 246 Page 202 Page 271 Pages108-110
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6
o
"

VOL.

XXXIX

JANUARY,

1919

No.

ARCH1TECTVRE
The
PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECTURAL MONTHLY

CONTENTS

TEXT

PAGES

PLATES

AND

ILLUSTRATIONS

THE

BUSH

TERMINAL

SALES Helmle

BUILDING.

(Illustrated)

Pages

1-4

BUSH

TERMINAL

SALES

BUILDING,

NEW

YORK

CITY

firCorbett, Architects
CAN THERE ? BE

Detail
Entrance
A

in Entrance

Lobby

Plate Plate Plate

Plate

I II

THE

SPIRIT TYPICALLY

AND

THE

LETTER

Lobby
Reception-Room

"

AMERICAN By

ARCHITECTURE David
Varon

Pages

5, 6

Main

III

Business Staircase

Library Connecting

III
IV V

First

and

Second

Floors
-

Plate Plate

THE

TOWN

SITE

OF

THE

NEW

CORNELIA
-----

COPPER

Co.

(Illustrated) By
EDITORIAL OTHER William

Pages
M.

International
7-10

Buyers' Club, Second

Club Club

Floor
-

Kenyan
"The
1919

Merchants'

Plates

VI, VII VIII

IX IX

Fireplace, Merchants'
AND

Plate

COMMENT:

look," Out"The

"There

Will

Still Be

Architects,"
the

Perspective Longitudinal
of

Plate Section
-

Status
Finish

of the

the

Profession," "Let
"America
the

Government

....

Plate Plate

Work,"

Melting-Pot

Front

Elevations
Helmle

Architectural in the
A

Styles," "Examinations
State
of New

for Architects
-

firCorbett, Architects

York

"

Pages

n,

12

THE MILLION HOMES NEEDED

BY

TOWN

SITE

OF

THE

NEW

CORNELIA

COPPER

Co.,

OUR

ALLIES

Page

14

Ajo,
Arcade

ARIZONA

Around

Plaza

Double Double

Plate Plate Plate

XI XI

MONEY

AND

BUILDING PROSPECTS

"

PRESENT
------

DEVELOPMENTS

"

Site Plans
FUTURE

Pages

14,

16

Railroad ANNOUNCEMENTS WHY

-

Depot

XII XIII XIV

XV

Page
FINE
------

16

Store

Block
with

Plate
....

Hospital
NOT
A

Houses
-

Plate
-

MINISTRY
-

OF

ARTS

FOR

THE

UNITED

STATES?
WE ARE

pages
BUILD BUILD

18, Page

General
20

Office Building William

M.

Plate

Kenyan,

Maurice

F.

Maine,

Architects

GOING

TO

BUILD

AND

AND

20

By Willis Polk
WHY
NOT PUT THEORY SCHOOLS
INTO

GROUP No.

OF

HOUSES

AT

DAYTON,
AND

OHIO PLANS
-

7, OFFICER'S
AND

HOUSE
A. HOUSE P. O.

Page

13 is 17
19
21

PRACTICE

IN

OUR

CHITECTURAL ARHOUSE

Page

PLANS,

AULABAUGH
AND

Page
Page Page

20

No.
WAR

6, OFFICER'S
AND AND AND

PLANS MYERS

MEMORIALS

Page Page Pages

24,

22

HOUSE HOUSE

PLANS, PLANS, PLANS,

BARTON

JAPANESE
LEGAL

ARCHITECTS

OUR

GUESTS

C. C.
W. B.

BLACKMORE PATTERSON
AND

Page Page Page

22

HOUSE DECISIONS
-

23 25

26

No.

By
THE

John

4, OFFICER'S HOUSE

HOUSE
AND

PLANS
FOR

Simpson
TENANT'S
PLANS

JOHN

H.

SON PATTER-

PRESENT

COST

OF

BUILDING

Page

28

Page
Louis

27

By

Willis Polk

Lolt, Architect

ARCHITECTURE,
(Charles

edited

in the

interest Avenue

of

the
at

profession, Street,

is New

published
York.

the

fifteenth

of

every

month

by

CHARLES

SCRIBNER'S

SONS

Scribner, President), Fifth

mailed annum;

48th

PRICE, $6.00
per

flat to any
to

address

in

the United
per

States, Mexico,
annum.

or

Cuba,

$5.00

per

annum

in

advance,

50

cents

number;

to

Canada,

any

foreign address, $7.00

The of
an

ADVERTISING

RATES

upon

request.
the

writing and

displaying of Advertisements
at
no

is

an

art

in

itself,and

the

publishers will be

pleased

to

give the Advertiser

benefit

Expert's experience in this line

additional

expense.

Copyright,

igig,

by

CHARLES

SCRIBNER'S

SONS.

All rights reserved.

Entered

as

Second-Class

Matter,

March

30,

1000,

at

the Post-Office

at

New

York, N. Y., under

the Act

of

March

2,

1879.

ARCHITECTURE

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was

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then

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the Stucco

home

led in

is merely a combination of cerBishopric Board tain building principlesand materials that have been "Built Note soted in successful use the Wisdom on for untold of centuries. It's

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the stucco is Bishopric Board lath, welding them together solid piece. The stucco can't let go, and into one work, the Bishopric Board, securelynailed to the frame-

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THE

BUSH

TERMINAL

SALES

BUILDING

AT

NIGHT.

From

photograph by J. B. Carrington.

ARCH1TECTVRE
THE PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECTURAL MONTHLY

VOL.

XXXIX

JANUARY,

1919

No.

The

Bush

Terminal
"

Sales

Building

Helmle

Corbett, Architects
H.

By

S. Gillespie
of the Bush Terminal T. Bush, president Mr. Irving Company, who, a quarter of a century ago, conceived in the big terminal developidea that later crystallized ment When
now

the beauty of accustomed to observingforeigner, of our when asked for his impressions European cities, cities? Oh! American they are product,replied:"Your side walls without roofs, juststreets without ends, buildings

AN

the

model

of its kind

the world

over,

decided

to

without

front walls with decorations, he and

avenues principal our our

too

much, and tanks,

Look for up
or

extend

and signs." Was pent-houses,

one

? right
answer

down

of
not not

our

We yourself.

in Manhattan and erect a peroperations manent exhibition buildingwhere manufacturers where everycould show their goods in a distinctive and individual his field of he secured the services of Messrs. of Helmle and bett, Corthe to design Brooklyn, The superbstructure, building. be one of conceded to generally the finest in New how their task. Few modern sky buildings class presky-scraper sented unusual so lems probmany in engineering, tion, construcand architectural
ment. treat-

do do

end roof

simply let streets, we ply simwe buildings,

them

peter out;

we

manner,

remain leave

let their topmost "in'ards" forever exposed. We the side

walls,the
of
our

most

York, shows
fulfilled

conspicuous part
to

ings, build-

successfully they

bask in adorned slather

our

ugliness,

while every
some

we

fronts with

conceivable inconceivable

style (and
ones),ranging
the late the Adam the have tects archito

of, the

all the Adam and

way

from

periodback to Eve period. If

don't know
to

where

put
them

their decorations the count, where know

to

advertisers
to

surely
use

Towering four hundred feet in the air, the and fifty but fifty tower portioncovers by ninetyfeet of ground space,
the smallest the To
area

put their signs

read
"

have

them

they
common

in the world except

of any building for its height ment. Monusubstantial it was

the the
sense or are

undecorated very
reason

side walls

for

Washington
secure a

simple and
our sees.

that in any view up

streets

base for this

mighty frame

down all one Some

side walls

feet fifty necessary to go down level before below the street proper extends 41st the
42d Street
entrance.

mission, parking comcity beautiful committee, may giveus endings for our and give us an streets too; endingof the signnuisance, some

future

foundation

was

reached.

the Although Street

present building through the block to with

a

extension

but

in the
a
"

meantime very any

mean

"

very

long and probably

time,

on

nine-story portion, buildingoperationstarted all the front lot only and

over

the

rear

conspicuous with equal interest all sides of a building effort to treat should deserve real visible roof in the bargain and provide a mention. particular In the recently ing, completed Bush Terminal Sales Buildof in West 42d Street,Manhattan has acquiredone these rare architectural landmarks whose beauty is not likely The new to suffer eclipse. soon zoninglaw rang the deathof these knell of the sky-scraper, and there will be no more castles in the air, and at least in the greater city, no more
if
not

the material
was

for the entire

tower

of the one brought to the building through42d Street, where traffic is never busiest thoroughfares in the city, pended susof if the work as night or day. It would seem been construction would have hampered to an almost
extent

unbelievable and the for yet,

under

the

restricted

means

of

access,

by having the

steel for the

structure

fabricated,

here,then

where

else,pray, would
?

any

venturesome

in the yards ready stonework, brick,and terra-cotta before the foundation there was finished, was delivery caused no delay whatever by lack of material nor any sidewalk. of traffic either on street or blocking The
i

to produce them spirit aspire

unusual

feature engineering

of the

work

was

to

ARCHITECTURE

second floor. Staircase gallery,

third floor. Detail,

provide proper
the wind.

for the architectural selected as the inspiration of Gothic was resistance to the overturning movement ern it is handled with a remarkablymodthe fifty- treatment, although This great strain naturally came across interior partitouch. and there being no foot width of the building, tions ments Built in the centre of a block,the side walls are blank in which to conceal diagonal struts, heavy reinforcehere for reveals, had to to windows, and with strong knee-braces at the column points no as space could be sacrificed in the plan for a wider could any encroachments on be introduced. Also the necessity nor property neighboring space
at to one on point

the three lower floors than column regular spaces

was

was

get between
came one

the

sible posanother

be permitted. Yet these side walls were as projections if not more the front, a part of the building as conspicuous for
so, and
some

columns,carrying up for solution. Two thousand three hundred tons, resting on a pair of cross-girders seventy-two inches deep with a seventythat problem
a

form of architectural embellishment

that would

total of

to dress them bringthem into harmony with the front, up, architectural and make them, with the fiont, an so to speak,

clear span, five-foot this

were

added

on

the fourth level

to

meet

unit, was
is

demanded.
or

contingency. Since any building than ten times higher a actually tower, some special of the upper portion treatment to was obligatory giveit the appropriate
and finish, the

Since cornices it is wide

on

of any projections of

sort

were

not

missible per-

the

sides, a scheme

chosen which was design front, on no required projections

or

rear,

sides. had

Reveals,too,
be discovered

were some

the sides, so on impractical device which without

to

tanks,

by
curring in-

and pent-houses which chimneys, the tops of most of our disfigure had to be concealed buildings within fittingly proportioned walls. In deciding upon a style of architecturefor the the choice lay between would
one

reveals could

be simulated
or

sacrificing space
undue

building,
one

use judicious the colors camouflage," by three tones of beingsupplied

By the expense. tectural of a little "archi-

that

brick,the desired effect

and
an

was

tained, oband

exaggerate the height or that would diminish it. Distinction in building, like distinction in

new entirely

dress, comes

from

the accentuating rather

or

natural peculiarities than in concealing

so

of side walls, treatment original of in most so neglected painfully evolved. Black our was buildings, brick and
he excavation.

was

used

for the shadows the highlights, effective

as

them, belittling

white

for the

the

result

quite as being

ARCHITECTURE

4
"fcJ

IS

a!
o

i
w

o"

I
5
-

3
Cfl

"

"

ARCHITECTURE

though

the

accustomed

architectural
had been

ments embellish-

used, the
effect
to
respond cor-

lightand shadow being worked out

with
average

ground backdelightful walls, panelled beamed ceilings, and Jacobean furniture. A entrance grand main full stories in two rising
a

with

of

the natural

height, with
carved

richly
ting, set-

The

angleof the sun. and individuality

of
not

ecclesiastical

distinctive character
the
on

is the coup de grace of the building, ing establishat once

dees building the outside. is

stop
terior inof

in the

mind
lation corre-

The

the

visitor the between

quite as unique
here well
as

its Gothic

and

and original,

exterior and the fifteenthcentury environment the club-rooms.

of

the plan, as again the

solutely follows abdecoration,

unconventional
lines. the

Every

floor above
an hibition ex-

Perhaps the feature of striking

both of the club in the and

most

terior, the infloors

chants' mer-

third is

open space, divided

the

by
Smoking-room.
as

exhibition

floors

low
or

rails, glass partitions, the booths, where

can

well, is the
in color In

mony harquiet and the

same

buyer
sun on

article under the manufactured every make The and his selection accordingly. display find second and floor
are

in vaiiety pleasing

the

use

of materials.

fact,the
so

distinctive note
in conspicuous

ground

and

for
an

an

International Buyers'

of complete unitywhich is the entire exterior treatment

unusual skill and

remarkably
has been
ried car-

Club, furnished

fittedlike

old

manor-house, English

into the interior with

success.

The

Spiritand

the

Letter

"

Can

There
?

Be

Typically

American
Architecte diplome, Author

Architecture
Varon
in Architectural of "Indication

By David

Design," etc.

wreckingof THE jewelof the

moaned widened and
on

Rheims
is

Cathedral

and

many the the

another will be
one

knew
source

the folk-lore. In that

of

folk-lore we

must

look

for the

same war

class,the losses of which

has forgotten,
on

long after

the

hand

the gap between the other it has

never

the civilized world

and

vandals,
into the

brought Gothic
written
on

architecture

as lime-light

before. this

So much

has been
out to

by subject
of

men

both

of the devilish forms of those gargoyles inspiration characteristic of the time. To these symbols are attached so Whether those were popular beliefsand superstitions. signs of low or high culture, is now of the out pure or crude belief, to question. Suffice it to say that the artist strove assign them a placein the elements he used for his decoration, thus

inside and

of the

arts

that it almost

a special requires

the attracting
manner.

attention ideas

of the the

man

in the

street

in

forceful

knowledge

find one's

of which is very much with a spirit of pure partisanship. It is well for the scholar to discriminate between the genuine and the imitation,between the
true

bearingsin this flood and imbued superficial

literature,

The

of

last

among of the the

wicked,
us,

the reward of the people, usual the most were all

was

judgment then current the just and the punishment

themes
the resorted
to

by

It sculptor. Let

nai've

and

understood

by
a

all. which est inter-

and

the false prophets. architecture written

or on as

if you

please,revive

enthusiasm

It is with
many

with

music.

No

matter

how

made, in those times gone by, the layman take

in what
was

deep

books

are

the
star

without subject,

the orchestra,
are

going on
town
"

in the artistic hall

or a

and spheres,

consider
a

the fine organ, efforts. churches

the

soloist all the books

seen

vain

the outside of his poem

us,
or a

his market

little short of of them.

Likewise, without
on

having

genuine

Gothic

song

and

he knew

good

the very
would

judgment one

form

born, the was spot where the style of the style would be very similar
of

ourselves of those drawing inspiration spirit telligent times,encourage the culture of the beautiful and a more in-

many from the

Let

to that one might form hurdy-gurdy.

foreign operas
some

wailed

out

by
ments monu-

the Let
us so

love of

nature
our

which

is the best

source

of

true
as

poetry.
to

formulate

No

one

who

has

visited

of the wonderful

create
"

programmes the cravingfor purer

"

of education
art

ually grad-

and
"

reach

the

moment

of the best the will for many well as looked

of period
to

Gothic
on

architecture
the

deep impressionthey
centuries
as

leave
come

mind.

can deny Humanity

happy

one

when

the

of majority

student

architects will

feel indebted

to

the

ligious re-

go into architecture not because "it pays feel it to be their calling.Commercialism

but because and

they

"arrivism"

of those times,be they the two that justat present affect greatlyour are sores aesthetic, intellectual, or spiritual profession. those interested in the history of architecture, tecture Many took the stand that everythingin Gothic archiwith a view to studyingthe process of the is perfectly rational. In this respect it is interesting particularly there is hardly what making of a style, to see was Every thoughtof the whole system by the late any better school. brick of its productions is a clear demonstration of stone or JulienGuadet, one of the foremost teachers of architecture what architecture ought always to be construction made of Architecture," at the Ecole, whose -book,"Theory and Elements decorative. in him There is hardly any architectural ornament world-wide a reputation. The chief gave that stylebut has some of raison d'etre structurally. characteristics of that master his common his sort were sense,
structures

civil

from upon pointsof view. To

the

"

""The

function

should

create

the form"

seems

to

have been

and conscientiousness,
one

his broad-mindedness. his

Winding up

the

motto.

After having visited churches, monasteries, town

and

halls,

all brimming period, with the a at beauty of their own, one feels no surprise to revive the so-called Gpthic architecture. attempt made The idea has found many devoted to to it even partisans the pointof fanaticism. They declared that a church could be a real church unless built in the Gothic style. The not Beaux Arts school had

courthouses,all of the best Gothic

book, in the third volume, which deals mainly with ecclesiastical architecture, and speaking of the Gothic church, here is his judgment: "Here, then, you have the flying-buttress type of a church, which type was generalfrom the thirteenth century
on.

of the

of chapters

spoke to

you
rest

of the naves, of the

mainlyon
a

account

of their

the justifying transept, "The

etc.

composition.
church

But

holds good with any part of

all that cedes prehaving side aisles, is the mainspring

givingthe study of place. It was

part of
an art

attack for its not to sustain many an the architecture of that epoch a pre-eminent

buttress, flying you

can

readily see,

considered littleshort of
to

crime
to

on

the

institution
are

show

such

and neglect

"forget

that many

churches

still to be built."

Undoubtedlythe intentions of the revivalists were very noble, only theymistook the letter for the spirit. ing Paraphrasthe saying Hors point de salut" they made it 1'eglise "Hors le gothiquepoint Now, if art means d'eglise." thing any"

compositions. This architecture is based the permanent propping-up process accepted as a upon of securingdefinite stability. This is what makes means both the originality and the unremittingservitude of this theory. Let us then examine the strong and the weak of the flying its advantages and its dangers, buttress, points
for the

of all these

judgment we

shall pass

on

it will

applyto

the

ious relig-

it is the reflection of lifeitself. The age

to
we

monuments

of the

been referring tion to conform to that definistrictly of art. Their authors did not resort for their decoration obsolete forms and symbols, tut rather to those well expressive
have of the ideas which
were

Ages. buttress is a "Assuredly, the conceptionof the flying bold one, almost paradoxical. As it is with everything, it came by degrees. To-day, after we have seen it so often,
we

architecture of the Middle

have

grown

used

to

it,and
at

it fails to But

us impress

with

familiar

to

the

masses

who

We surprise.

look hardly

it.

suppose

for

moment

ARCHITECTURE

traditions, they should build, that,running contrary all on a sudden and for the first time, an edifice so propped it is seen from the Dame as up; take, for instance,Notre
to

all

in Notre

Dame,

and

as

well in St.

Eustache, and

to

see

composition that
smaller in St.

looks

bigger,even

though

it is much

'He

St. Louis.'

What
a

would hard

the

be? impression The mind

ment Astonish-

and then first,

resistance.

accepts

but does not yield out withwhat is natural and simple, readily whatever to runs against a struggle nature; it does not of props for the rising the necessity admit from the first onset structure, stillless will it accept that these props serve of assuring the durability of the the permanent means

than St. Peter's. In the Gothic church, and as well discover for himself Eustache, the student can easily the law of scale,the thorough mastering of which means much in architecture, and the understandingof which so has
see

baffled the
no

earnest

efforts of

so

many

until

they could spirit

then

longermere days when

to

images but youths would

in
one

actual

monuments.

Yes, indeed, let us revive by all means

of the

the Gothic from

as

gladlywalk
with

their distant

edifice. the of

at

give the spectator the treatment infirmity, of 'monumental which is of the province orthopedy.' the building he is entranced if one should enter "But the aerial vaults,the great the sightof the lofty naves,
These props,
an or

crutches,would

town

Paris,to get firstsoaked

beauty and

of impression

irretrievable

beg for admission which that spirit

of the many building corporations; enabled the apprentice stand all the to work sustained
a

hardships attendingthe years of preparatory in turn, some only by the dream of achieving,
like the outdo master's,and if possible talent I have

day
it.

piece master-

of all that the superimposition traceries, the dividing piers, various the depth and obstruction, the

over

thin, slender
without
ing caus-

parts of the church

of variety

the different

With

the of

of the overcome impression aspects, the surprising the mixed the realization of the unattainable,

with difficulty, architecture,

triumphand
a

wide of

range

in our of observed colleges the varietyof modern programmes, the splendid of the art materials, development the do
we

mystery.
or a ransom

He

could

account

for all that

not

only by
see

prodigy
then
one

what building,

need
"

for the

attainment

of that

miracle,for the spectator could

he has
to

from within the

I
on

pay

for all this

beauty. And
"

supreme American

imagine an extremelysensitive pairof scales the other the weaknesses. Which on splendors,
out

the

shall win
of the

goalso much longedfor the creation of a genuine is a very serious one ? The and style question could foot. I hardly be solved while standing on one solution could not even approach the outline of a possible
within the the limits of this
some

? the

The

of the religious architecture appreciation has

writing.However,
conclusions:

we

may

from

Middle
to

Ages

varied. greatly
the nineteenth and

From

the Renaissance

should be able to look upon with unbiassed we everything century minds. familiar with the not ignorance. More recently Thus, being they quite intimately its imperfections. spirit of the Ecole, we saw only its magnificences, admiringeven it,and when can hardlyunderstand Truth is between both exaggerations. its methods as ever are we we attempt to pass a judgment on "One of admire the very skilful combinations criticism is based must bound because our to on fail, ficialities superthe results but and likewise the letter. A serious survey of those methods must one equilibrium produced; admit the daring side of the expedient I do not take the will prove that they answer the local purpose to perfection. back which form its mainstay. Look, for instance, If those methods word when succeed and cannot transplanted at Notre Dame; should only a stone fail in one of the flying subjected to a culture, why blame the process of hot-house the collapse of the entire strucand there comes Ecole for the fact ? buttresses, ture. Even though all should be perfectly forced upon the be artificially ertheless cannot a style figured out, nevSecondly, the very existence of the whole structure of an epochmust be directly correlated to depends public.The style the durability of the flying frail element its contemporaneous modern life. Do have our a not buttress, we upon inherent to the weather achievements and their respective celebrate and to exposed to the destructive causes geniuses and other contingencies. is a body the vital organs Here of inspiration, ? Is not the source commemorate nature, still of which are on the outside. That which is most of the beautiful ? Is not brimming with the eternal principles sable indispento its life is the most the fountain of youth eternal ? On the other hand, while naexposed." ture How lucid the above criticism is and how fair ! Gaudet is one, is there not a variety in this oneness ? The survey admires what is admirable,but he does not want of Gothic architecture shows at once the splendid to accept as working of variety in unity. Thus, while the Greeks of this principle permanent that which has the appearance of being temporary. the same Romans the Middle and Probablyhad those artists had at their disposal delightedin the acanthus leaf, of materials which have to-day,our sort of rein the line of we means inforcement Ages turning to the local flora did wonders fine cement, and our those flyingbuttresses, conventionalization.
see

of beginning

up people couldn't

derive foregoing

First and

foremost,

in it but

barbarism

"

"

"

"

"

looked have

upon
to

with life.

so

much

sense

of

would religion,

never

If the devotees
to

of Gothic

architecture

want

to

be

true

of worship themselves, they oughtto apply the same spirit It is about time we should see that the beauty of the local vegetal and admiration to our elements, with a view Gothic architecture lies neither in crockets nor in flying to making use of them in the decoration of our structures, as buttresses no matter how the contrivance be did those who borrowed the cabbage,the cowslip, ingenious and other in pinnacles in gargoyles, but in its proportions, nor which plantsfor their decorative value. observed by the authors of St. Eustache, were proportions of consideration moment a Thirdly and lastly, single that other famous Paris church, but of the Renaissance style. shows us that the Middle Ages, whether they sought it or They preyed on the secret of the beautyof the churches individualists. Having problemsto solve, they not, were built in the preceding and while they adopted the did not spend their time studyingarchaeology, centuries, but,daringto
come
" "

Gothic
ornaments.

skeleton

they clad

it with

Those

were proportions

Renaissance forms and the real invention of

be themselves, units
with the
an

utter

of their time, faced those problems a genuine love of Deep logic, independence.
a

the Middle

by

them.

St. Peter's of

Ages. All the rest, as says Guadet, was justified Many a disillusionedstudent coming back from is glad to refresh himself Rome, so huge in size,

and beautiful,
"

this is what

sincere respect for the lifeof their contemporaries famous. them made They had

the

spirit.

ARCHITECTURE

"fa"

i?"

B)

*-*DEVELOPMENT NEW CORNELIA AJO. TOWN ARIZONA CENTER FOR. THE COMPANY WILLIAM MAURICE. M.KDiYON TMAJNC.

COPPER.

NEW

DEVELOPMENT CORNELIA
ATORE BLOCK

ron COPPEK

THE COMPANY WILLIAM MAURICE M KEN

VON

N01

A RMA,NE

ARCHITECTURE

"
5

10

ARCHITECTURE
a

dream

of

and successful plant would be

return

on

the millions

of dollars which

ATO,
BOOM TOWN

to required carry out the project. railroad and equipment, This would big require leaching-tanks, stone-crushers, sludge-tanks, powerroads, homes, plant, water-supply, sewerage, With the start of business and public buildings.

the and

railroad followed the

came

the

real boom other boom

town

of

tents

shanties.
This
was

by

two

towns

diately imme-

to adjacent

Ajo had become and, althoughdry by law

was some towns.

company's property. a placeof considerable importance,

as

well

as

by

of the sentiment of This

and

of atmosphere

nature, stillthere the early ing min-

At

an

expense

over

$11,000,000, the plantwas

an

completed. finally
Detail of construction work.

followed

of expenditure
a

other and

millions of dollars for the

construction of
town

railroad

equipment.
In the

meantime, three
on

sites had
and labor

been
One for

planned
site
and

one ducing

ton

of ore

per

day was

installed.

From

the

the small plant, two-ton a gainedin operating seemed installed with such improvements as was necessary. had magnified the old legendary In the meantime rumor of increased rapidly. story, and the population Ajo The from
cans

experience plant

and

laid

out

the

company'sproperty:
one

town

for the
AJO
NEW TOWN THE

Papago Indians
the mines for and

Mexicans,
in

who around

comprisedthe
was

element

site

the

plant.The third town whites, who comprisedthe

type of architecture of the business

of the
same

was dwellings

and packing-boxes pounded out flat

to

the and skilled mechanics and trades,the clerical, buildings and ranged and administrative. executive, generalcharacter, wells were No immediate available, being water-supply burlapbags to empty gasolenesunk the
seven

and

miles away

and

secured
or

whatever The effect

vertical
were

horizontal hand.

supports
was

at

turesque picand

in the
was

extreme
a

obtained
cost.

at

The

erate very modinterior decoration

pipedto the new site. Sewerage-pipes town laid, electricity were erated genthe plant, and a at installed. telephone system Homes, business and public
water
were buildings

and such
course,
taste

homes

of furnishings depended, of individual

for opportunity and

built with an future development

withstanding Not-

the upon of its owners.

growth.
the

the young tin can

However, Papago Buck, with

or as a coffee-pot little difficulty

water, the

of scarcity little park was ated cre-

with
centre.

its bandstand

in

nucleus, had
in

all of acquiring

the other

Buildingsof
are

all characters of fireproof in

decorations, which
consist
l)'ll)it'S

usually
and
Mexican houses.

constructed

of the
the had

squaw

materials, thoroughly

sanitary and
once

modern

With who

success

of the
came

there experimental plant,

men

spent thousands

in the great minds of the of dollars in experiment

the desert and

every respect, and what was far beyond the legend has developed
creators.

wildest dreams

of its

No

Medals
Year's

for Builders This Year

Produced
No

in New
of Merit

York

Construction

Examples Worthy

the first time since the FOR givingspecial recognition

the design, that Fifth
no

custom

was

to

construction

established of and architectural

announces

ton

Swartwout, technical members

of the committee, after

Avenue
or

Association

there will be

medals

certificates awarded

this

year. The

Association's committee

found
effect

no war

architectural harmony on thus pointedly to consider, the subjects reflecting

restrictions have had upon Buren Magonigle, Thomas

H. Van

general building. and EgerHastings,

all buildings considering presentedby the Fifth Avenue the unanimous Association,reportedthat it was opinion "that no work, either new done duringthe year or alteration, is in a class which should make it worthy of the distinction of having medals of honor awarded to it." The lay members, Walter Stabler,Ensign Douglas L. of Elliman, and Michael Dreicer,concurred in the findings the members professional of the committee.

Editorial and

Other

Comment

The

1919
no

Outlook
whatever with in the minds of

the title for his

new

play,
or

"

Dear

Brutus," might be
in
terra-cotta

cast

in

bronze, carved

in stone,

modelled

over

the

THERE those who

seems are

to

be

doubt
contact

doorways

of many
"The But

offices in many
dear Brutus, fault, in ourselves, that
we

professions:
is
not
are

in close

buildingconstruction that a mood of From by all the present indications. much-needed are being made to take up the work of building the alterations of hundreds and dwellings, apartment-houses of into small apartments, the conversion of old city houses into the work industrial plantsthat have been given to war of things that are greatlyneeded in these new production of factories There hundreds are and cheerful days of peace. opments banks be built,new be extended, new housing develto to ings, buildbe carried on by private to public enterprise,
schoolhouses. No doubt

problemsof future optimism is justified all sides preparations

in

our

stars,

underlings."

The
EDITOR

Status

of

the

Profession

ARCHITECTURE,
at

Fifth Avenue
New Dear Sir: York

48th

Street,
Y. much and letter-writing
ment com-

City,N.
has been
most

There

in published with
some

of the

architectural

for rematerials the great need of American construction tain in France work and Belgium will tend to mainthis has any been and anticipated in the ently apparmake difference

regard to the future of the good and much bad, but

status

of today journals of architecture, profession

is disturbing

all of which

the In

of the various and

we

profession very materially.

articles
we

but high prices, will

or

the

have

been
one

styled as
gone
so

tects, archifar
as

not

generalsituation
to

architects

and engineers,
are

has

delay progress.
There
"It
a

prophesy that
every There are

to

become

master-builders, embracing

phase
those

of who

designingand
are

building.
it far
seems as on

Will

Still Be
to

Architects pick up
any
tend atperiodical, to

whether to question beginning

architects
is rather difficult do

meeting, or

nowadays anything which

not
come

at are necessary that the discussion has gone

all,and
about
as

to

the

writer

it should the

without

has
upon

any
a

relation

the practice

some

definite

understanding and
at

action

part of the

of architecture

and

or something more Sam, or the present knows it practitioner

generalatmosphere of with either the public, Uncle less wrong or of architecture the as theory and practice
or

architectural societies
order and with that the
some

the

conditions, which
the very
near

the architects

themselves.

One

is almost

in public

in moment, possible confront the profession may future,might be approached earliest

tempted
existence
to

to
as

of an architect's continued question the justification such. Almost seems any sort of questionand answer

of the all

unanimity of thought and action, that the future be definitely defined, that architects may profession
after-war condition it
a

find full warrant, and

for, while
the
war,

on

the been the

one

hand,

architects

seem

approachthe
that
a

with

definiteness

and

moderately
before the moderate
nor

modestly to
since still,

have

war,

in their existence justified has been neither justification

conviction has In view

will carry with definite future. of the

that certainty have

the profession defined

seem

modest."

fact that

several States
license the future winter

architecture

THE letter suggestive

of the Middle West.

above

quotation

is from

a a

most

and interesting architect of the the mood

or by registration

law, it would
status

that

written It is

by

well-known

action as any decisive this should be had of the

to

of expressive

coming

of the fession probefore the meetings States of the

of uncertaintyas to the future; times, of the generalfeeling is going right on. feel that the profession but somehow we

United

Maybe
between

with

newer

ways

in the
resources

conduct and
a

of

business,with

bodies in several of the legislative States have adjourned. Yours very truly, EDW. C.

VAN

LEYEN.

greater concentration of
the artistic and And
we are

closer co-ordination

branches, but, nevertheless, practical

inclined

righton.
constant

to feel, too, that instead of of pessimism and discouraging criticism, bickerings,

Let the Government

The Great
Loss Involved in the

Finish
Sudden S.

the Work
Government

it

might
some

be well

to

try

to

arrive

at

some

determinative of what
some

tion, posito

Stopping of
194

adjusted information carefully

to restore

by Housing Projects

J. Resolution

needs
measure

12, the above numbered passed, on December poration directingthe U. S. Housing Cormen's souls of the Hard character and a we mean (Bureau of Housing and Transportation little discipline after days of prosperity is sometimes the all governU. S. Department of Labor) to stop all work on ment take stock of our real qualifications that are us not only way to make seventy-five housing projects per cent brass tacks, to inventory and measure in relation thereto. and to get down to completed and to cancel all contracts conclusion This to resolution was ourselves, come some to as why we fail and adopted by the Senate upon the We the taxpayers of the must never quite discount or fail to why others succeed. ground that it would save money the intangible but effective personalequation that every one is in sympathy with. to appreciate country, a purpose
be done
success

confidence
architect

and

to

insure

of

for every times test

worthy
"

of the

THE

Senate

name.

Resolution

"

that The

so

often makes
"

or

mars

success
"

lines from

Julius Caesar

from

in any field of endeavor. which Barrie derives

ii

The is

action

taken, however, is

not

well

considered.

It Cor-

opposed stronglyby

the officials of the U. S.

Housing

12

ARCHITECTURE
had

who poration,

alreadyof

their and

own

volition be

before
nent perma-

the

"grand tour,"and
the

will be in and

more

intimate

contact

with

Congressacted, stoppedall work

demand and projects, On after the the
war

terminated
not

contracts

the real architecture of the French

as

there would wherever, in their judgment, in peace

wealthy tourist
the grand and
a

student

people, say, was, formerly

works and of the

instead of,
in
contact

times for such could be

on

housing
to

with of

monumental architecture

architecture,
treatment

therefore the money

of signing

saved November

the

country.
55

the armistice

natural solutions of problems. were abandoned, 14 projects were simpler, severer, more projects radical difanother decade will witness some All in all, ferences cancelled 20 only are proceeding as planned. The projects in the direction of American due enof over architecture, involved the expenditure at a loss of tirely $17,000,000, the war, not only in waste-prevention, volved and solely to cancelled without loss inabout $4,000,000. The projects construction manconstruction methods, ethics of practice, which were about $5,450,000, and the projects agement, tailed curof efficiency and general due to have been reduced in cost from $17,000,000 odd to raising planning, but in that intangible lessons, war somethingcalled style $20,000,000worth $11,000,000. In addition, approximately
"

11, and curtailed,

mainly. This means ordinaryAmerican

cessation of monumental

coming

in of

of

housing which was abandoned voluntarily

The
contracts

that

unlike anythingthat has gone before, art an was entirely spirit ready to submit to contractors by the U. S. Housing Corporation. justas the American race is itselfa differentrace from all of them all. with, therefore, others,yet combining the characteristics are beingproceeded
An attribute of is said genius to,
to

represent the well-considered judgmentof Mr. Eidlitz and that should be proceeded his associates as to the projects
with and without the midair It is needs. completedin view of peace-time however, arbitrarily now by Congress, proposed, without completeknowledgeof fullinformation, or in of their progress, unless
cent
or completed, more.

be the

to ability

similate as-

the ideas of issue them And

one

others,fuse,cohese, recombine, and

unified improved, Orleans and

forth added

perfected.
"

New prominent

the American
to ability as

architect maintains that architect exhibits this trait of greatness the

to
so sum

all such projects, and halt them to discontinue facts,

of the state irrespective happen to be seventy-five per

they

to

"swipe" essentials and result in a productgreater than

has "swiping" been

recombine of the
to

them

the

originals.
being
infusion

Hitherto this
works

confined

monumental
now an

He

It is very similar to a situation where a private vidual indifor him. has ordered a suit of clothes to be made finds that the coat is two-thirds finished, the vest is half about

of the past, but it is probable that the era ushered in will see this first phaseinfluenced by of the lesser works and From of domestic the result will be worth

rope, architecture visible in Eu-

are completed,and the trousers He thereupontells the tailor that

one-quarter done. he has changed his mind

on

waitingfor.
Orleans.

Review," New "Building

and doesn't idea that form

want

the

and suit,
can

to

stop all work

with the it,

the tailor he
can

sell the suit in that

get for it. The for unof arrangement obvious. The market at once completed is not much better than it would be buildings for uncompleted suits of clothes. The practical of thing, those projto do is to complete course, for the government ects which should be completed, of them and then dispose under a well-considered plan upon such lines as may be worked
for what is
out

uncompleted Examinations of this kind absurdity

forArchitects
two

in the State ofNew

York

THERE
examination. open
to

will be

to

be

1919 during opportunities in New York admitted to practice held in various 1-3. who shall have and
on

for architects State

by

Examinations

cities will be Candidates Those the

candidates

on qualified, previously

January 29-February 1,
should write at once Division,Education
who wish
to

June
to

for information

the Examinations York.

by the U.
To

S. HousingCorporation officials and

by Congress.

Building, Albany, New

in midair without arbitrarily stop these projects consideration of the loss involved to the community, the interference with the
contracts

take

the examinations will be

by required

for the installation of

sewers,

public

such as water, gas, lighting, and utilities, to say the least. reckless,

etc., is

that the under the law which specifies Regentsto qualify the course shall have "satisfactorily completed applicant in high school approved by the Regents of the university, thereto of having and subsequent the equivalent thereof, or in mathematics, history, completed such course satisfactorily and
one

modern

America
^

the
is
a

of Melting-Pot
that question

Architectural Styles

as language,

are

included

in the first

two

AHERE

in connection cans thousand Ameri(our army) have had their vision and knowledgeconsiderably with foreign lands. war enlarged by their acquaintance with the fact that several hundred least of the these things Americans will
come

arises just now

ferring conyears in an institutionapproved by the Regents, of Arts. Such candidates the degree of Bachelor

shall in addition submit five

Not

to

evidence of at least satisfactory in the office or offices of a years' experience practical architect or architects, commencing after the reputable ." of the high-school course. completion
. .

will be appreciate will be the their when

the architecture that

theysee
on

there.

What tecture, archiand

Candidates may
an

obtain

of copies

the

Law Registration

influence, then, after the

war,

American

outline of the examination

of thousands of these men, tens Downing, Assistant Commissioner returned to Education Building, Albany, New York. become clients and country, in years to come Architects who have graduatedfrom certain schools of "prospects"? It is obvious that the favorable impressions and those who have practised ten (10) years in architecture, of European architecture will be reflected in a desire for without exother States, certificatesof registration amination. in the same in this country. or maysecure somethingsimilar, spirit, for any one to use the title"architect" It is illegal These clientsof the future, tects, archinot to speak of returned
own

Dr. A. S. by addressing for Higher Education,

and others,will largely draftsmen, a inject into American

new

fluence in this State without in-

unless registration

he

actually practised

architecture in New York previous 28, 1915. to April architecturaldevelopment. REGISTRATION THE BOARD EXAMINERS AND OF of world races, this counAlready the "melting-pot" try ARCHITECTS. OF will become even than it alreadyis, the meltingmore D. EVERETT WAID, President. fluence pot of architectural styles.The chief difference in the inWM. P. BANNISTER, Secretary. will probably be that the new desires will be along domestic lines; for these soldiers will not be making Education Building, Albany, N. Y. simpler,

JANUARY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

I.

DETAIL

IN ENTRANCE

LOBBY,

BUSH

TERMINAL

SALES

BUILDING,

WEST

42o ST.,NEW

YORK.

Architects. Helmle " Corbett,

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

III.

MAIN

RECEPTION-ROOM.

BUSINESS

LIBRARY. BUSH
TERMINAL

Helmle

"

Corbett,Architects.

SALES

BUILDING,

WEST

42D ST., NEW

YORK.

JANUARY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

IV.

Helmle

"

Architects. Corbett,
YORK.

STAIRCASE

CONNECTING

FIRST

AND

SECOND

FLOORS,

BUSH

TERMINAL

SALES

BUILDING,

WEST

42o ST., NEW

JANUARY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

V.

Architects. Helmle " Corbett, INTERNATIONAL BUYERS'

CLUB,

SECOND

FLOOR,

BUSH

TERMINAL

SALES

BUILDING,

WEST

42D

ST., NEW

YORK.

JANUARY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

VII.

MERCHANTS'

CLUB,

BUSH

TERMINAL

SALES

BUILDING,

WEST

42n

ST.,

NEW

YORK.

Helmle " Corbett, Architects.

JANUARY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

VIII.

FIREPLACE,

MERCHANTS'

CLUB,

BUSH

TERMINAL

SALES

BUILDING,

WEST

42n ST., NEW

YORK.

Architects. Helmle " Corbett,

JANUARY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

IX.

PERSPECTIVE. BUSH TERMINAL

LONGITUDINAL

SECTION.
WEST 42D

Helmle

"

Architects. Corbett,

SALES

BUILDING,

ST., NEW

YORK.

JANUARY,

1919.

ARCH]

ARCADK

AROUND

PLAZA.

"

"JEV"

-FO-4 TfrfX,_. i,Of'H^-)f,r(r

pM

TOWNS

JTF."'"--' \

\-~"-

'

DOUBLE

PLATE

XI.

H
O w

H
i" i

ffi
U

5
"

H
U-

w H

H
U W

H
U

ARCHITECTURE

_l
_

-JIH/"(

JKWt

JZiyBB/T

i
rzit* HOVJi
n/ut

No.

7.

OFFICER'S

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

NATIONAL

CASH

REGISTER

CO., DAYTON,

OHIO.

Louis Lott, Architect.

Million
United States

Homes
Will

Needed
the

by

Our

Allies

Supply
to

Necessary Building'Materials
short of two with present plans in project, This demand normal demands. now solely upon The expanded from domestic to world proportions. met, based
even

about England, and France BELGIUM, material the United States building supply
are

call upon and

to

ment equip-

years, has mate esti-

for at least 1,000,000 houses, accordingto William C. This of the Department of Commerce. Redfield,Secretary the domestic tion situawith disclosures concerning building fact, made
to recent

does

not

include

construction speculative

trade conventions, face

to

has
a

brought the
the

ican Amerdition. con-

The it pertains to situation, as price without materials,is developing regard to organizedcontrol

so

of any kind. domestic building

investor building The

face with

rather serious

far

as

can

be discovered The
mason

by
of

problem centres
demand
meet
an

on chiefly

question of
American call for

markets. price almost like

material

buildingmaterial
manufacturers
to

and

the

of capacity

unheard-of

attitude

unprecedented domestic
at

construction material, and

the

the

same

of other parts requirements imperative of the probable A amount computation

of time take care of the world. of

new con-

arbitrary price advances. for is watching carefully

no no

into the rigid investigation dealers are taking the counselling againstanything In fact, a Federal ment departa

any

evidence of

advances price been that reason, in made

that have while

foundation for the

Government

movement.

For

fixed

has quotation

it is already is being made at present, and evident, structipn from figures twice as at hand, that there is approximately in this country tomuch day buildingconstruction in project
as

certain
that

ment basic building commodities, the Governimportant control over commodity potential any looks shows signs of stampeding. The Government

is holding a

of the and allied industries to absorb much to the building returningsoldier and naval labor, and the intimation is channels that it intends to see that American is already ing cement and Canada, where supplant- plainlymade in some brands that formerly almost exclusively its plans are not upset by any price that will the German were manipulation investor. off the prospective used. building frighten The building investor is face to face with an alternative builders will find it to their advantage to Prospective what material he can of either taking in determiningto defer construction. prices consider fundamentals get at existing in the best

previous years

ever

recorded.

No

sideration con-

is given to the

demands building

of South

America

until prices his operation come deferring he will have to pay high prices, but proceeds
or a

down.

If he

It took
normal The

ten

years

for
a

also will have

with level,

few

material prices to building the following exceptions, of the country is world-wide then and

find their Civil War.

was

demand

lower, but prices

material building will probably be

for the finished building.If he waits he may find the demand will not be there. Foreign

construction

programme

only

whereas sectional, the

to-day it

far beyond

demand,

only of

far as Europe as duration, but year's

is

concerned,

that of South

America

will be

for construction

character. The of a permanent demand material in the United States cannot be

of present American facturers buildingmaterial manucapacity it when it gets into full stride. Prices of to supply commodity are remarkably steady. practically every building From the "New York Sun."

Money

and

Building
"

Present

Developments
and

"

Future
for taxes,

Prospects
coal,and
better
scarce,

will be freely had for projected building money BEFORE the building construction material manufacturer and and dealer,laborer, that of of prices all commodities of such their

equipmentsupplyinterests must have been brought to

assurance

stability.
In the absence

lenders

are

cautious,
tures struc-

ties;
show
a

while expenses

labor and and

are

much

stage

than usual, the net returns are higher Places for residence are satisfactory. has resulted. cities great congestion for new strong demand for residence purposes. "The volume of construction of the
most

generally
in many

is,therefore,a of all kinds, particularly buildings

There

not

because

they fear

built before the war, condition where excessive when to-day, the

but

to compete ability because they are

with

demand

wary of a for building materials

available is below normal, might quantity result in such a stampede of prices, labor costs, etc., as to construction. effectively prohibit Walter Stabler,Comptrollerof the Metropolitan Life Insurance nant domiCompany, New York, probablythe most of institutions lending construction on building money

work. building millions handling made

a

tirely moving consists ennow urgentlyneeded commercial and industrial construction company, One largeconcrete

of dollars' worth of
a

of government
town

work,

cently rea

survey

New

England
one

visited

by

and great fire, that

one not

developed only
an

contract, insignificant Owners

was

beingfor
go ahead

industrial concern.
and

said
some

would
of
a

rebuild until there

they sign
tude atti-

The of building general stabilizing prices.

owners'

throughout the country, analyzesthe attitude

and investor in respect to the the unquestioned demand "At market
estate
no

of the

age aver-

current

trend

for

new

of building costs in this way: buildings

is a

is typical of all parts of the country, that,althoughthere for more rentable space of a speculative demand nature, until labor

time
even

has the present condition

nor approximated, ever

of the mortgage

they would defer work equipment, and

market "In
to

they had
interests

assurances

from had
a

rial, mate-

that

they

lized stabi-

been

conditions

have the present realbefore existed. The whole country

most
cases or

deal with.

the interim

there is about

20 per the 16)

cent

of normal seaboard

reports rentals as vacancies of moment

in higher

than

ever,

and

no

market building

along developing
(Continued on
page

Atlantic

in either business

residence proper-

i6 from Baltimore
to

ARCHITECTURE
Boston. In the absence

of,

or

the

extreme

be financed by private entirely funds. This includes business,commercial, and industrial Reports. Daily Building there has been a tendencyto boost yellow-pine work, and it will be sufficient to give every one "Where a fair share of construction. The peak of the building Pacific Coast Douglas fir interests have movement not canenterprising prices be expecteduntil the summer of 1920, and under the brought 20,000,000feet of this material to this market for The glass it manufacturers immediate delivery at low levels. influences, present financial and construction controlling is entirely about to grant a 25 to 30 per cent advance to workmen, are beyond the power of individual or corporate it." advance to but under this plan theywill not employmore men than were manipulation
to

architects are turning to another. material, of common of the stiffening The stone interests, pri.ce hearing of have been rushinggreat quantities brick, for instance, like New centres York, this material to large distributing and to-day there is immediately Boston, and Philadelphia, available 2,000,000feet of Indiana limestone deliverable to before the war, according job at prices barelyabove those ruling

of,one highprices

employed last year, so will be only 50 per cent

To will be made
next

that of

in production

this

department

will be stabilized. normal, but prices

announcement stabilizing prices two

further help in
week

of of the merger crushed-stone interests of this district.

of the great
a

"Judged by

the last

two

years

of construction

very

market building generous of construction that can

is

developing among

that

type

the Dow

Service

Announcements
wish Ordnance Major Charles H. Higgins, is honorably dischargedfrom has returned
to

at 6 Beacon Street, Boston, Blaney " Blaney,formerly that they have reopened their office for to announce

Department,U.
the service of

S.

the in

of landscape architecture practice the Brattle

and

town

planning
been in

Army,

the

Building,Harvard
Both

Square, Cambridge,
have

United States and

with architects Higgins, William H.
to

of his prothe practice fession Aldrich and Charles H.

Massachusetts.
the army. I have

members

of the firm

his firm of Delano and

"

engineers.
transferred my
and drafting-room East
my
to library

Gompert of
announce

171 Mr.

Madison
Lauritz Mr.

Avenue, New
Lauritzen has

York, wishes
become

that

spacious Jackson Park Studio,at 1544 Telephone Blackstone 5307, and retain
the office with
an

57th

Street,
ference con-

business

Gompert is known the architect of the Pullman Madison Square, on as Building office buildings. the Cuyler Building, and other important
associated with his office. five
P.

and extensive exhibit of building 175 W7est

orating decphone Teleto

materials
Wabash
M.

at

Jackson Boulevard,
from
two

2020, with
K.

hours personal

Dwight

P.

Robinson

"

and Company, constructing that

HENRY

HOLSMAN,

A. I. A., Architect, Chicago.

announce engineers, consulting

they think
Institute of
was

the

cost

plus
The

fee basis is the

new

most

one satisfactory

for architects.

The
In

Manufacture
years

of Pressed

Steel Parts

of buildings Mr.
on

the Massachusetts Wells

of which
were

William

Bosworth

Technology, the architect,

recent

the manufacture

of deep-drawn,heavy

built

this basis. Cement M. Association

as

steel parts has increased tremendously. and pressed stamping of cast or malleable iron are made Many articlespreviously
announces

The
H. He Civil

Portland of Wm. E. is

the
to

pointment apceed suc-

now

formed successfully

from

the result being a steel, instances. is the Truscon

more

Kinney Hilts, resigned.

associate member American the of

General

Manager

and durable part in most satisfactory in this business the leading concerns

Among
Steel

an

of the American

of Society

Co., of Youngstown, Ohio.

They
number

have

been

ciation, Railway EngineeringAssoSociety for Testing Western Society Materials,American Concrete Institute, of Engineers, Club of New Club York, Engineers' Engineers' and Engineers
a

pressedsteel parts
such work

for

of years,

manufacturing of the majority

member

American

being for use in their own products. Their the entire field of 'structural cover productsto-day practically materials. building
Bank and Public

of

Club. and Chicago Engineers' Philadelphia,

He

has been

active in the work of the American for particularly Society C" 1 Materials, Testing beingvice-chairman of Committee

Holidays Throughout
World

the

of the Executive Committee. and a member Cement of the Executive is a member Committee and Secretary Concrete Roads of the Committee and Pavements of the on
on

He

The
book

Guaranty

Trust
a

Company
new on

of New
and

York

has

American

Concrete "

Institute.

for the year 1919 issued a year ago

and "Bank book

edition enlarged
Public embodied
to

pared preof the

Holidays
is believed

Throughoutthe
Marshak of their
resume announce Hickey,architects,

World."

That

what

the

opening
for

to

have

been

the first attempt

a complete compile

310 Strand offices, the

Providence, R. I.,to Building,

to

offer

of architecture, be pleased and would practice their services in the designing, and superplanning, vision office buildings, residences, schools, etc. churches, consultation " C. N. without

of Advice B.

of all nations, and was preparedespecially holidays ternational bankers,merchants, and manufacturers engaged in inin use It is now trade. everywhere by those lections involves the making of payments and colwhose business listof the in other
as an

and H.

charge.
that This

and countries,

has

come

to

be

recognized
part of the
York

authority.
book is the its
not

announce Whinston, architects,

but is for sale, Trust and others.

as printed

they are now located in their new offices New Circle Building at 2 Columbus Circle,

in the American York.

service which
for provides

Guaranty

Company

of New

customers

ARCHITECTURE

OFFICER'S

RESIDENCE.

JfooMrJ

I
"

-11

,ff^J 7too/t*".

ll
" "

La"p n
i

i *

_JTi
i

"-

No. 6.

OFFICER'S

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

NATIONAL

CASH

REGISTER

CO., DAYTON,

OHIO.

Louis Lott, Architect.

Why NOT
at was
"

Not
war

Ministry
began
we

of Fine
a
"

Arts
established

for the

United

States ?
petitions com-

long before the

which
a we

seconded

ment move-

for apprentices, arranged scholarships of the various induce and manufacturers

to

had

often suggestedbefore
Fine Arts.

for the art, and

for the students did much

to

schools of decorative invite the

operation co-

establishment of
the time

Ministryof

by

many

artists of all

It was supported It gradesand aptitudes.

of students Later Societe

was

artists professional

urged in
to

these Art
a

columns, and
real national any vouchsafed.
"

efforts
not

make very

asset

elsewhere, that our past had, to put it mildly,

as was

on,

des

Artistes

in 1904, another founded, whose Decorateurs, was exhibitions and of schemes and

in their ductions. procalled the society, aim

been

successful
been which
to

at

initiative had

rate, It

far

as

Government that

the

of organization decoration

projects
the

shown such

the
had

of

interior

furnishing.Then
Decoratifs,founded
and industries

came

Department
been conceded

the

of organization

aid
most

as

Union of

Provinciale

des Arts

had

been

intrusted,had

for the

part

arts regional reviving

for the pose purthroughoutthe

mistaken its mission; and that the result so far had, quite distrust in Parliament, aroused not a unnaturally, perhaps outside of it,of any further additions to the and probably whose zeal,when officials, long list of well-housed,well-paid

country.
The

French

the value the Comite

of these

Ministry of Fine Arts promptly recognized such as and others organizations,

"

Central d'Art

des

Arts

and Appliques

the Comites

had been manifested, enthusiasm

for the and administrators,

kindled

cause

of which

whose

special knowledge of or they had been created the exertions were apparentlyparalyzed by
no

by
us

the old taint of circumlocution.

war

the inauguralmeetings of pressly July last year M. Dalimier exindicated that the new Regional Committees are to the preparation of artistic to relating study all questions

Regionaux
two

Applique. At
in

the

last mentioned

As the

and Lord drifted along,

prived Kitchener's death deMr.

craftsmen

for their

tasks, to suggest necessary

reforms

in

of his

for organization, and priceless capacity

artisticand

generaleducation, to

interest themselves

in the

followed by Mr. Lloyd George's in the district work and progress of students and apprentices was resignation Asquith's accession to the Premiership, each committee is concerned, to give continual with which it became evident that, for the old principle of Ministerial responsibility support and encouragement and teachers of to the principals good or evil,
to
we

Parliament
were

knows House

gone by the board,and that henceforth governed by "Ministers" chosen by nobody heretofore by election to the who, unrecognized as of Commons and, apparby the vote of the people, ently, answerable to nobody for failure and, as events proved
to

had

and schools in their experiments

and generally to researches,

be

keep

the

Ministry of

Fine

Arts
to

informed constantly report progress.

The

as

to

the needs

of the districtand

tral Cen-

in

most to

cases,

of little use.

The

one

"Ministry"that
most

has

yet
so

its existence or justify

follow

of the others into

the limbo
some new

of lost activities is that of Reconstruction.

That,

Committee, it should be added, comprisestwo members of the Chamber of Deputies, a Senate, two members from the Paris Chamber of Commerce, representadelegate tives of the three great salons,delegates from the four great of the chief twelve representatives and craft societies, art
of the
we

great
the

the and inaugurate artistic industries and of the great trade houses in Paris. everything, say, is to reorganize of prosperity which is to purify and elevate industry. it will be at once As regards era admitted that ourselves, As
to yet, it is discouraging note

that of

there is
tion reconstruc-

not

that no scheme slightest signof recognition be worth twopence to the can possibly
out

nation

which

present institution of the kind' to which, as they intrust such preponderating to exist,any Minister is likely have in any real scheme of reconstrucinfluence as Art must tion.
no

have

leaves Art in its

of its purview, and denies

it may
us.

to

artists any

voice
Guild for
nor

Some and
a

good

work

or operation. Nor inception

that has from

do

more seem

harm

is there any general viction conthan the calamities war that every

the Arts and

moment

has been done by the Art Workers but it is not comparaCrafts Society, ble that which the Arts and has

with made last

been done

in

France,
at

inflictedon

Few

aware

industry,

is that which

Crafts

Exhibition

the
no

down to the least useful calling, agriculture be must either an organizedart or a demoralizingfraud. Fewer stillare alive to the fact that in the economic which struggle will follow peace Art must the lead, as she does representing
most

Royal Academy by
rate
men

springsuch

failure. But the

movement

there is

lack of individual like but what

we

It ability. others

is true

inspired
know
at

Ruskin,Morris,and
there
are

Crane

guished, has for the time lanus

stillwith

who
our

any

solid and
As

which enduring capital French who Allies, knew

can

be utilized for
this

lack,and

that tillwe The

find it

industries
or

will

national service. really

if anything they produce is conceived degenerate

produced

usual,our

longago,

and

without the Fine who

the

helpof
would
a

Art. take

have profited far in front of are by the knowledge, already in the work us of the set goingfor the broadening already facilities theyalready cieties sopossess, thanks to the numerous founded since 1851,when, as one result of the Great Exhibition here,the Union Centrale des Beaux-Arts Appliques In 1874 this society a 1'Industrie was founded. gamated amalwith
a new

Arts

would

first step any real Minister of be to follow M. Dalimier, of

instituted
the

number

of committees

inquiry out throughcauses

into the to inquire Departments appointed

or

of

the failure
were

decadence unanimous

committees
education

of certain industries. These in declaring, that the artistic first,

body for

the creation

of

museum

of

workman is inadequate, and, second, that the need for the re-establishment of the ticeship appren-

of the French

Arts

decorative art, and the two became the Union Centrale des whose work has been the organization Decoratifs, of the of Decorative Art in the Pavilion de Marsau. Museum In 1889, the year after the foundation of our own Arts and
Crafts
arose Society,

system
his

was

recognized.They universally

mend recom-

that it shall be made trade

the Societe

a 1'Art et d'Encouragement

1'Industrie. This

body

was

instrumental
art

in

securingthe
at

of the claims of decorative recognition home and abroad, it organized

in exhibitions

in his own apprentices craft school, and or the apprentices These recommendations have on to attend. result. The Senate has already had one immediate practical of trades and trade made in the case these two obligations, (Continued
on

the master to send on obligatory time to study at the appropriate that it shall be equally obligatory

ambulatoryexhibitions,
18

page 20)

ARCHITECTURE

coatHOUSE AND

Koox
Louis

PLANS,

P. BARTON

MYERS,

DAYTON,

OHIO.

Lott, Architect.

20

ARCHITECTURE
The
As

of a decree. same procedureis schools,the subject Dalimier,in the case to M. about to be followed, according and will apply to all of the crafts and artisticindustries,

yet there is If he

no

signthat

the Minister
we

of Reconstruction

perceives any

such

necessitiesas

have

indicated. briefly

craft schools and schools of decorative

The be and
to next act of indispensable
our

art.

take order that made of the

any such Minister should workshopsshould be better planned, workable

had, he would ere now have taken counsel with the Englishartists and craftsmen,as M. Dalimier did with those of France, and enabled them, at the head of such an
is being done there to attempt what organization, If he is content task of national regeneration. who have piled of Industry," the "Captains up the
cost
to

head

the

healthier and
workers. of
a

in,without

to injury

the

to

relyon
at

moral the
one-man

should Concurrently

follow

every

fortunes have

encouragement
formation

and great increase of small workshops, the From of craft and industrial villages. amid able favorthe small the

of the the

workers,or the Factorylords who

formed trans-

and lines, workshop,working on right

associations, as from
and Some
we on impulses

inventor, come
to

the ideas and

which
men

largeestablishments
the

depend.

of standardized into labyrinths and country-side towns have defaced and dishonored who beauty, hovels, in its stead,or on the and deformity given us ugliness fevered
race

of the small

will stillflock

More, factory.

still more
no

for

new

markets is the

for rubbish

that

which to the freedom and independence trust, will cling of Art. In such small undertakings the life-springs many of our returned soldiers and sailors will find congenial means instead of ornamenting the doors of securing a livelihood,
are

and

will buy,which foreigner all of which together are health of the the people,

of war, primal cause sappingthe moral and physical

prospect is indeed

hopeless

one.

of

shopsand

kindred

as buildings porters.

From

News" "Building

London.

We

Are

Going

to

Build

and

Build

and

Build,

wakens. the sleeping stirs; giant the hair superfluous from his timid ones, lest thou be devoured. used The late D. H. Burnham H. Richardson
a

Look

out

when Stand

he sheds

Says

Willis Polk
war

shaggy fur !

aside, oh,
that
to

NOW
prepares

that the frosts of of the

that drove have

into hibernation

dustries inbuilding H. been dispelled by the the

to relate quizzically
was

held that he would

an

architect's first duty

warmth grateful
to

vestment the dormant Bear of inarmistice, get finance stirs in its slumbers, rubs its eyes, and was seek whom it may devour ! But

dazed from its

"was

emaciated from longinactivity, It is like the and architects,

itsenforced

it is cautious. fast,

solemnlyobserve: "But Henry architect's first duty," he maintained, An wrong. to do the job." "But do it well,"he would always add.

job.

Then

twenty cats camped around one timid littlemouse one exposes

So What Mr. Investment queries about capital issues ? about the next LibertyLoan What about the thaw the spring with

the architects are like the knot-hole from which tiny

one

Why

Not

Put

Theory

into Practice Schools ?

in Our

little whisker. bristly Can about

we

Architectural

Finance: What ? What

build now?
the

about

? What priorities

high cost
Still

of labor ?

of highprice

material ?

that releases the

snows stored-up

its resultant

will wash freshets,

away

of winter, all obstacles to

progress. Shall
we

we wisely impound and its uncontrolled flow to permit or

shall direct this floo'd, or wreak destruction

war

of training architects. Almost the course to is continually or university college planning ings. buildnew some improvement on the campus or in planning all this work be performed by the junior Why cannot and senior students in the architectural and engineering the direction of their professors ? This is under colleges but absolutely feasible ! not only possible

NOWevery

as

equal

We

have

demonstration positive

of this

at

the Tuske-

to

Therefore, Mr. Capital Investment,Mr. Labor,and Mr. Materialman,

? harken
unto my will never

greater than

the

devastation

of

in Alabama ! This, gee Institute for colored students now is the most school of architecture in my opinion, practical in the United left the
to

voice ! Sit thou be

at

my

feet and learn wisdom

States,and
T.

in possibly

the

world.

It

was

Labor
was

glad to
a

dollar

cut, I guess cord.

can

afterthe Civil War, cheaper.My father, haul,and pile good oak cord-wood for one
we are

Booker
not

student

Washington to show us how ! Here the only prepares the drawingsbut he actually lays
"

glad to

pay

twenty

dollars

to-day.
Still we
than
we

buy a
ten

could

better elevator for less money to-day We mobile can buy a better autoyears ago.

for less money We than

we can

to-daythan
better

we

build

for building
was

could five years ago. less money to-day

the concrete, does carpenter work, plumbing, in short, everything that enters painting, plastering in into the building it complete.There are now to make the neighborhood of some the campus, on buildings sixty will compare and these buildings as a whole very favorably in architecture and workmanshipwith most of our State

brick, pours

tion put into the foundaof the Claus Spreckels in the form of grillage Building than was from recently put into the entire Hobart Building base to roof. We didn't know better then; we know better We can do better things now. for less money than we now
could then.

Twenty years

could twenty years ago. steel ago more

It follows that graduates of such university buildings. schools are not only competent to intelligently design a but they are supplied with the necessary business building, of our lack. knowledge which most graduatesabsolutely Had would such have methods
now more

been

in vogue

in

our

universities

we

James

it is said, traded Phelan, the Phelan trade

band of mules

for the lot upon which What are we goingto

moment

stands to-day. Building

for the opportunities of this build and build, wages

and

? We
are

goingto

build and

to prices

the contrary

The sleeping notwithstanding. giant

and possibly contractors intelligent less mediocre who architects, not only are a hindrance to themselves but to the whole profession at large. Will our directors consider this necessary university change in their school curriculum ? James B. Dibelka,in the Bulletin of the Illinois Society of Architects.

ARCHITECTURE

21

~T/J?jr

riAQX

TJAfi

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

C.

C.

BLACKMORE,

DAYTON,

OHIO.

Louis Lott,Architect.

War
Suggestionsfor
to

Memorials
from The American Federation of Arts

Their

Treatment

requests for advice response IN the following suggestions offered

are

from different quarters,

to

(6) The
is often site.

cost

of

laying out
want

the The
a

site,when
effect of
a

those

who

are

should be included

in the scheme. of

necessary, memorial of the

the considering

erection of the
amount

war

memorials:
of money available. probably

lost by entirely

careful layingout

(1)

Consider
on as

Conclusion

this
to

pointmust
of be work form

necessarily precede any

memorial, and
some

termination demural

(7) Where

the form that

is

portant imequally

whether buildings,

whether
or

structure,

architectural

are proposed for the interior of stained glass, architecture, sculpture, be careful regard should wall tablets, or paintings,

memorials in

or painting, sculptural,

of

landscapeart.
the memorial
or

paid to

the scale and

to

character

of the

architecture

of

the

and building

any

monuments. adjacent

should
a

the form which (2) Consider tentatively take, whether architectural preferably
some

sculptural, studied
Italian

(8) The
and

of lettering

all

should inscriptions bold Roman

be

carefully
or

or painting,

kind

of

A should be legible.

landscapeart.

of the lettering
most

sixteenth

century

type, based on

the

it, is

importance.
should time
not

is of vital of site. This question (3) Also the question the memorial, if monumental, In large towns be
so

the type

suitable. all memorials

placedas

to

obstruct

traffic and

at

the

(9)
should

In

same

be

aimed

at

rather

should

be in

worthy
should

of its

to be sufficiently a conspicuous position other surand roundings object. Existent buildings

scale,and proportion simplicity, of detail or exthan profusion cessive

It is the

costliness of material. and

artistic, imaginative,
that

should

be

considered

also the
This in

permanence is quiteas
or

decidinglocation. So of such roundings. buildingsand surimportantin the case of a small

in

of the work intellectual quality

givesit

its final

value. of tentative (10) Before the adoption before any plansare made, secure This
can

and prefplans, erably

as village

largetown

city.

expert advice.
a

usually be
an

best

obtained

in by calling

petent com-

the ques(4) Likewise in connection with any structure tion Local of material,whether stone, marble, or bronze.
stone

be he artist,

architect, a painter,. a sculptor, or a

has

both economically and sentimentally. advantages,

to approaches

(5) The
view from

any
are

which

it is

seen

of memorial and the points its immediate as as quite important

ful carelandscapearchitect. If there is to be a competition, settingforth the terms of the competition specifications that the ablest should precedeit. It should be remembered artists are not to enter willing competitions usually except

surroundings.
BOARD Herbert Mrs. Adams. W. Alexander. DIRECTORS Otto H. W. H. Kahn. Kent. N.

for

structures

of the

most

kind. important

OF

ROBERT CHARLES CASS

W. L.

DE

FOREST, President. HUTCHINSON, First V ice-President.

GILBERT. C.

John
W.

FRANCIS

Charles

Ames.

Florence Charles Charles Duncan Mrs. Elihu G. D.

JONES.
MUNN. ALEXANDER. CRAWFORD. Executive Committee. W.

Levy.
Munn.

CHARLES MRS. ANDREW

ALLEN

Cecilia Beaux.

Moore. Allen

JOHN

George G. Booth.
Andrew Robert Cass

WRIGHT

Wright Crawford.
W. de Forest.

Phillips.
Gustav Root. Radeke.

Gilbert.
A.

Arthur Charles Francis

Hamerschlag. Jones.

Seymour.
Widener.

L. Hutchinson. C.

JosephE.

Japanese Architects Our

the past month New York has been honored by DURING the of three distinguished Japanesearchitects:

Guests
of their visit which
a a

presence UheijiNagano, Yutaka first named is the architects

the York

In the early part Nippon Club, to architects The 7

at
were

dinner
of

was

given at

number

prominentNew
uary Jan-

Heidaka, and
the
to

Seichiro

Chujo.
of

The

invited.

of president

governingbody

anese Jap-

New which have

York

ChapterA.
were

similar

the American

tects. Institute of Archi-

the visitors
now

I. A. gave a dinner on the guests of honor. the West.

They

departed for

22

Legal Decisions
These

of Interest
are

to

the

Architect

decisions

edited

by

Mr.

John Simpson

LIQUIDATED
A
was

DAMAGES
to

FOR

DELAY

IN

COMPLETION the architect for

pletion com-

the specifications, work and materials

contractor

could

not

recover

for and

extra

contract

wreck
to

building providedthat
extension of time

between required

"roughing in"

the

empowered
if the did

an certify

The

owner

the work. was delayed in starting The tractor condelay the beginningof the work. did not thereupon apply to the architect for an extension waiver of the requirement. of time, and there was no
contractor

of fixtures. The it was held, would not be setting owner, bound by a custom plumbers to call extra work among "roughing in" unless it clearly appeared that he contracted with Pac. reference 1018. CHARITABLE
to
to

it.
"

Donaldson

vs.

Brewster

(Wash.), 173

The
act

New in

York

Division Appellate

holds

that

the

owner's

LIABILITY In
an

OF

INSTITUTION
a on

FOR

IMPROVEMENTS lien for materials

of the work did not delayingthe beginning destroy the provisionfor liquidated damages for delay. Trants Realty Corp'n v. Casualty Co., 166 N. Y. Supp. 807.
"

action

foreclose

mechanic's
a

furnished for improvements

charitable institution it

appeared
and could

that

buildingbelonging to a former hearing at a

1023) it
not, under
was

ENFORCEMENT

OF

BUILDING
to

RESTRICTIONS restrictions building

of the
the

case

(95 Neb.
did
a

491, 145 U. W.
not

held that
its

institution into

charter,

The
burdens

courts

are

slow

declare unless it

enter

valid

contract

from clearly upon appears the deeds of conveyance, not only that a generalscheme of but also,if a grantee of the improvementis contemplated, seeks to enforce the restriction, that it covenantee original is
not
a mere

real property

materialmen, the material

of the claims of for the payment having been furnished for the

covenant personal

but

passes

with

the

land.

It was of constructing held that this a hospital. purpose hered previousholdingconstituted the law of the case to be adthe adduced remainingsubstantially to, the evidence also held that, the institution having,because It was same. of the

The and of the

rule is that where

no

the fee is

passed to the

covenantor,

substantial benefit
of the value order the

which

it had the

received
a

from fund

the for

reversion
or

estate

tenure

is left in the covenantee, there is no privity between of the parties, and the burden

improvements, made
the payment would court raised -Horton
to

for provision
to

of raising
such
so

it of such benefits
any

received,the
fund
so

for solely with 172 Pac.

covenant, the the 387.

though imposed upon the land conveyed, is personalbenefit of the covenantee, not passing

of application
cost

realty

to

his grantee.

"

Breese

vs.

Dunn

(Cal.),

the payment vs. Tabitha PENALTY

of the Home DELAY

a

of any

benefits N. W.

received.

(Neb.), 165
"
"

2.

FOR

WORKING-DAYS" where the defense the time

plete com-

OWNER'S The

RIGHT

TO

COUNTERCLAIM

FOR

DEFECTIVE holds

WORK In
an a was

action upon

contract building not

Rhode

Island Supreme Court

sued all
sums

that where

that

the buildingwas
within 55

completedwithin
had

contractor building

for the due

of price

in the declaration

him

extras, "under said

including
contract,"

it appeared that specified the work It held that the

term

the

contractor

agreed to

the defendant

work,
amounts

her damages for defective although the plaintiff sought to prove that the sued for became due under such an alteration of
owner

could

recoup

the

contract original
even

as

to

constitute

new narrow

one.

The

court

said that
it
was

if

by

very of the

strict and

construction

held

that the damages claimed

extras
was was

recoupment
contract, grew the
out

grew out claim for plaintiff's of and

by the original contract,

defendant
and that

in the

days from the date of the contract. "working-days" excluded not only but also days on which no work could Sundays and holidays but included Saturday be done because of weather conditions, pension susas one working-day,although the labor rules required The contract of work on Saturday afternoon. vided profor liquidated damages of $100 per day for delay in was only $60,000 to completion.The value of the building
was

nevertheless
one

it
same

a separate and additional claims obvious that both

$65,000, and
that
as

the rental value

sum

$6,500 per year.

"

It

was

held

the There

to wit, the transaction,

ing build-

of the house.
contractor
was

was

evidence that the

owner

paid

actual to was disproportionate stipulated vs. Simpson, damages, it was merelya penalty. Christopher Const. Co. (Mo.), Architectural Iron, etc., Co. vs. Steiningh
the 205 S. W. 278. DAMAGES

contract

the full contract that the price, believing but discovered later that properly performed,
a

there had

been
if she

breach.

It is held that

charge to
a

the

MEASURE In
a

OF

IN

QUANTUM

MERUIT

ACTIONS

jurythat
not

paid him

the

contract
recover

under price

apprehension" "miswas

contractor's
to
recover

action
an

of fact she could open the

to
use

her damages

the

courts

of the word

that testimony outside

929.

that there was evidence to objection no since there "misapprehension," after payment of the price the owner

souri meruit in the Misin quantum tion unpaid balance for the construcless the plaintiff cured prothan the proof price
not

port supwas

of

the defendant urged that building

the showed be

material and

labor

at to

covered dis-

that white lead and

the reasonable value

to
more

be, and therefore should

in this action.
at

linseed oil

were

not

used

in the

entitled

than

he

Mr. Phillips painting." vs. EXTRA WORK

Durkin

(R. I.),103 Atl.

paid out,

To

illustrate: R. contracted

the excavation work

work. he did
was on

then The
contract

did $100 of
that
to

extra

testified that and

was measure are

the work

$2,600, and He was paid $2,700. He reasonablyworth $3,275,

the the

Washington Supreme Court holds that, under a that the plaintiff would do the plumbing providing
and would

he lost

$500
in
cases

to

$600

like effect. of recovery classes of

This

brought up
cases

job. Other testimony what is the question

In Missouri there meruit

work

for a specified sum,

furnish

listof materials

of this kind.

for "roughing required in," this including allmaterials necessary to do the plumbing in accordance with the plansand

two

in quantum
on

growing out

of

Continued

page 26

ARCHITECTURE

No.

4.

OFFICER'S

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

NATIONAL

CASH

REGISTER

CO., DAYTON,

OHIO.

Louis Lott,Architect.

26

ARCHITECTURE
contracts: building

violated
has and and used

(1) Cases

where

the
has

contractor

the value

of the other
not

breached

contract, and the owner the material and labor furnished the
owner

the

taken

(2) where
the The
contract.

has breached
sue

by the contractor; the contract, and the

meruit

has plaintiff
on

elected

to

in quantum said:
cases

rather than
has

ish
over

the restriction would

district the character scheme. The California

would
not

The enforcement of properties. the to restore to materially impressedupon it by the general

tend

be enforced 32.

Supreme Court held that the by injunction. Bryant

"

striction reos.

Whitney,174

Pac.

Missouri

some

loose

Supreme Court writingin the Missouri

two now

"There
as

been
COMPLETION I I
case OF

to

the

measure

WORK.

BY

OWNER

"

NOTICE

TO

of recovery in these have set out what I where the

owner

classes of cases,
assert to

but
true

in Division rule in
. . .

CONTRACTOR
A
contract building

be the

has

breached
of the

the

contract.

With

contained
or

characteristic preciseness

Kellyvs.
the law:
contracts
a

Rombauer, P. J., in Rowane, 33 Mo. App.,loc. cit., 443, thus summarizes

man,

the

contractor
or

refuse

neglectto supply

that, should provision of sufficiency

a

'The

law

the rights of parties to governing building If of the

recover

in this is

is well settled. State,althoughpeculiar,

act

should have the power workmen, the owner to finish providethese, after three days' notice in writing, to the work, and the reasonable thereof should be deducted expense

materials

contractor

owner

from action

prevented by the unauthorized a building completing contract, he

the reasonable
contract

from the
the

contract
was

price.The

contractor

abandoned

in

an

of the
rata

share

of the

contract

value of his work labor, gardless reand is not restricted to a proprice, price. On the other hand, if he
recover

may and

In an action completed by the owner. by the latter on the contractor's bond, there was testimony that the architects, the time of abandonment, served at upon the
contractor
a

work, which

abandons voluntarily value of the work such and less price, have
not

the contract, he may

the actual
contract
tracting conwe

the

in building, and

the form

written notice,notifying him to finish of a stipulation between the architects

materials,not
as

the exceeding
to

damages
say

have

resulted
of the

the other That

which

must

the contractor, setting forth certain items of work be done before the architects would accept the
stated: "If the hereinbefore

party from
cases

the breach that the

contract.'

then building. The stipulation

which

who (contractor), plaintiff

an

has

mentioned the said

the same, of and
contractor

items

are

not

finished within
the

three

days,

then

breached has

who the
cases

his contract, suingin quantum meruit breached his contract, cannot in recover

owner

architects

shall have necessary

of completing privilege thereof."

excess

of

payingthe
produced
was was

expenses
was

contract

rate, there is no doubt; overlook the real distinction.

but

to

Where

mind these my the contractor

this, signedby the contractor,

in evidence.
not not
was

retained

by

A copy the tects archi-

The

the contract, and then sues for material and labor in quantum meruit,it is proper to limit his recovery so as to within the contract keep the finished structure price. This

breached

latter

copy

signed. It was held signed by the owner,

copy retained by the that although the it was

as a

given by
the notice

his

and authority

because his bleach

under rights he
cannot

of the the

contract

contract.

does not destroythe owner's the contract By breaching the reserved rights meruit of in the
can

of

acceptedby the contractor signednotice,and as being in fact

sureties
were

lent equivain writing.

er's ownvs.

The

therefore

not

released
work.

by
"

the Cohn

take

from
owner

the

owner

contract,
at

but the
the
.

least assert
. .

contract

in the quantum to the extent

a case

action

and taking possession Smith 174 Pac. 682. (Cal.),

the finishing

values fixing

and
or

damages.
elect the

But

in

where

the

owner

violates

RESTRICTIVE The New

COVENANTS

"

"FRONT

FOUNDATION

WALL"

breaches the contract,

we

universally say

the

can plaintiff

in quantum meruit rather than for damages on to sue If he does so sue, the special contract. contract forms perfunction in that suit. The defendant cannot no dertake unto

Jersey Court of Chancery holds that, while a restrictive covenant lot unless the on against building a
"front foundation
was was

wall"

be

at

least 75 feet from

the

street

because
use

limit the recovery he has breached the

contract to to
a

by

the

terms

contract.

of the contract, To permithim to

not

violated

by

porch within

the 75-foot

it distance,
a

violated

by

the alteration of the

porchto

erect

second

his breached be
to

limit

recovery

against him

would law
our

does
cases

not

The premium for his own wrong. such. The contemplate apparent conflict in in considering this vital grows out of an oversight
pay

him

addition to the main an story thereon, forming substantially building, although piers supportingthe double-decked wall. structure not were The term a foundation technically "front foundation wall" does not necessarily imply a solid

difference between

growingout
it is not who

the two classes of quantum-meruit actions of breached builders' contracts. To my mind consistent with good reason to hold that an owner his
contract
can

wall,but includes anythingwhich

foundation
such
a

serves

the

purpose

of

wall.

The

court

restrictive
can

covenant

said that the clear purpose is to prevent the erection

of

of

has breached

yet

use

that

contract

which something

be sensed

by

one

of the

senses.

When

to

limit the amount of recovery in a quantum-meruit action for labor and material which he appropriated at the time he breached the contract."
VIOLATION BUILDING

the grantor but

the

used

the

in mind, primarily
structure

language"foundation wall," he had the masonry formingthe foundation, structure or a superimposed, ordinarily
not
a

superimposed upon
OF

foundation
a a

wall

which

would
a

appeal
person
ture, struc-

RESTRICTIONS

to

the

sense

of
terms

sightof
of such

neighbor.To
covenant

hold that
erect
a a

under

the which

restrictions on 28 lots, Building comprising part of a violated by the owners generalimprovementscheme, were of 7 of the lots. In a suit against another owner for alleged violation of the restrictions the infraction complainedof was merelythe erection of a house with one side and a projecting

may upon

main

would

rest ordinarily terms

foundation

wall,

and

be within

of the covenant, without foundaa tion wall technically and be within the terms of the speaking, would render
"

the

covenant,
covenant

the

languageof
vs.

the

restrictive

chimney

too

close to the side

meaningless.Marsh

Marsh

(N. T.),104 Atl.

and did line,

not

dimin-

373.

ARCHITECTURE

HEJT

PL005

TENANT'S

HOUSE

AND

PLANS

FOR

JOHN

H.

PATTERSON,

DAYTON,

OHIO.

Louis Lott,Architect.

ARCHITECTURE

The
"

Present

Cost
!
"

of

Building

on

filein ?

Forward, March

Says Willis Polk always competition

end of

brave

If you must be a coward leader gives the command:

vault alongwith deeds to the propsafe-deposit erty be ready to follow when a

Forward, march
ten

while Therefore, laws of immutable God-made THK control the economic world, and laws
ever no

labor worked

hours

day thirty

man-made

at

dollar and a quarter and building cost was years ago for one least as high as to-day, I do not believe that ten years

the than a temporary from now be surprising on it would to find labor working but ripple more Is the with materials For example: hours a day and receiving as ten dollars, seven they are. things it be wise upon still within ? Would costs and likewise find building prohibitive proportionate, present cost of building I do not believe that for safe investment. economic bounds the part of investors to deferimprovement at this time with will steadily than a slight that they will, costs reaction; duringthe ensuingconditions, there will be more any certainty rather than lose by such deferment ? A safe estimate advance, as they have during the periodunder discussion; profit will go on forever. An idle lot is no taxes of future conditions may always be wiselyprognosticatedin the meantime vain hopes of the past. For example, better than an idle mechanic; an idle dollar is worse. by a careful analysis of things but conscript available natural Hooverize the anticipation unattainable, as often encourage resources the to ask of progress. Drill; don't slack. Make said to the butcher: "Pop told me units in the army the farmer's son but if I couldn't get forty the idle dollar work. make idle lot productive; dollars for this here heifer, forty ourselves in a take thirty."Now, shall we to encourage be shall we of waiting, or policy pound-foolish penny-wise, results in of

surface placid

bold
net

and income

courageous,

zero

the money, I do ? Personally,

to set

post up our improveour properties, investment net on at 6 per cent capital upon shall we let the property remain idle at minus or
not

APOLLO-KEYSTONE
COPPER STEEL
Galvanised

feel either

or qualified

petent com-

in this very serious myselfup as a prophet than to express my do nothingmore sonal perthe day when and beliefs. I remember opinions and one-half and eight sold at seven Thanksgivingturkeys I cheerfully paidmy local cents per pound; only recently for a turkey. I remember retailer thirty-eight cents per pound the day when the honest laborer, worthy of his slaved and worked ten, industriously hire, contentedly and twelve hours a day for a dollar and a quarter. eleven, in San Francisco, I remember when, in 1891, the Mills Building modern celebrated as one of the pioneer office-buildings of the best,cost at that still one of the world, and to-day

question.I

can

Highest in resistance.

and quality

rust

Unequaledfor

Culverts,Flumes, Tanks,

\\\\\
Sheet

all

Roofing, Siding, Spouting, and exposed sheet metal work.

description" Black Roofing Tin Platen,
and htc.

of every and Tin Mill Products We manufacture and Formed Products. Galvanized Sheets, Corrugated

AMERICAN

SHEET

AND

TIN

PLATE

COMPANY,

Pittsburgh,Pa.

time,when
a

labor for
a

ten

hours

dollar and

quarter and

received the average wage mechanics for nine hours

of
ceived re-

cents the average wage of three dollars, cost forty per In the reconstruction of and addition to this cubic foot. fire which the earthquake and same building, following
our destroyed

PRIVATE
ELEMENTARY
RENDERING Personal AND

TEACHING
IN

ADVANCED
AND and

DESIGN,

beautiful
costs

of and duringa period city,

excessive

and

high wages,
an

with

apparently labor working

two
a

SKETCHING

eighthours
and
a

half and

per day at mechanics

wage of hours working eight average Of

dollars

by Mail D. P. L. G. F.
DESIGN"

the cost with average wage of six dollars, but thirty-three cents was per cubic foot.

day at an improvedmethods
course

By Prof. D. VARON,
Author "INDICATION
Write

there

are

IN

ARCHITECTURAL

believe always fluctuations in local values,but I seriously from the morrow that the big man exact can compensation in the for his losses of to-day. It is only the small man, who permits hope that he can make some gainby delay,
valuable many

for Prospectus

309 Broadway, Tel. Worth

2946

property

to

remain

idle one

moment.
our

There fair
our

are

notable lots. Of with

instances within

the confines of

city
cant va-

in question, the point to illustrating

course a

wit: many of these casual observations of mine salt. I

am

should

BIND

YOUR

COPIES

OF

be taken But who lost" Would with

grainof

in the

interest to encourage to my in any event, as a last resource, desire to ignore the adage that "He

It is

ness. busibuilding building. doubtingThomases who

on

ARCHITECTURE
The
37 and

hesitates is

might
it the
not

find consolation
now

in this

note

be advisable

for such

of any development

that plans

preparedness: persons to proceed mightbe required

and Title-Page 38,January

Index for Volumes

to

December, 1918,
now

of ARCHITECTURE will be mailed subscriber upon

Address

are

without

ready charge to

and
any

for

be preand by this method prospective improvements, pared able notice to take advantageof any favorat a moment's conditions that might ensue, rather than be market with hastily made and immature forced to participate plans in the rush
to

request.
DEPARTMENT

CIRCULATION

ARCHITECTURE
597 Fifth Avenue New York

time arrives ?

In other

be first on the market words, why not

when have

the

hoped-for

City

completeplans

THE

NEW

TOWN

HALL,

MILFORD,

CONN.

Tracy

"

Swartwout,

Architects.

3" small number of who people

ARCHITECTURE

were building every of stairs some to walk up a flight day would be compelled the feet high. Unquestionably, or one-story thirty forty

usingthe

In the
was

competition programme
the

left to the
churches

with competitors,

tradition and wooden what calls for and

of the building style that historical suggestion of two old interesting propinquity the the make advisable The the main selection of The

type

was

least

there objectionable;
to

was

of room plenty

on

might
as

the lot for it and it seemed and

we

found

ings, fitin better with the surroundthat the problemtreated in this manner
a

is known
a

the colonial type.

central feature.
a

site

definitely
high road

dominant

resolved The

itselfinto
or

and simple rangement. arlogical perfectly

branches in the

shapeof

Y
on

the main

axis is

in front of the building, directly the line of the high road, so

the largest that a pedimented portico hall proper was The demanded. is practically the highof balcony, est. necessarily cupola is such a distinctive colonial form for buildings in the centre this character that its use essential. to put this room seemed The natural scheme was absolutely of the town it up above the roof of the wings. The amount of money of the building, not was at the disposal carrying could be obtained, and the such as to warrant the thought of marble or even stone In this way lighting clearstory of the old work the precedent other rooms columns, therefore following arrangedthemselves in two or perhaps three the columns, cornices, trades, balusnatural groups, the largest of which all and cupola are and most important auditorium
on

town

room,

and

account

of its

was

the

town

court

and

its
sential es-

made

of

white. wood, painted

are

It dependencies.

seemed

The walls
as

of what

isknown

that this group should as be kept separate as much might be from the rest of the and yet building, it seemed
a

brick, laid in Flemish bond, with a certain of black headers, proportion

Harvard the entrance-steps, umn coland bases,keyblocks, sillsare of white marble. and it might be said is colonialin building not a copy type, it is certainly of any existing work, nor has it been thought necessary to that the While

difficultto
entrance

introduce
on

account

separate of

the

scant

cubage allowance.

However, it was perfectly feasible, by the introduction of a gate in the side corridor, cut off, when to necessary,
the
town court

from the front

access building, being then on

of portion
to

the

respect the limitations which the colonial on were imposed

architects
Deta

the

court

by the

lack of adequate
or

through a
has away
a

door

the

rear

The portico. from the

natural

grade
the
east

by their in relatively slight experience

material monumental work. I presume have
more

drop of four or
west

five feet
to

side,therefore it was

the

treatment

that

an

architect of those times would

of the east side of the building, adopted would have been the usual two-story treatment court on to put the town logical would be practithe central hall. The entrance-door would have been carried and lockup that the police so headquarters cally that side. The police the level of the first story window-heads, and on at the grade-level on through quarters hidden from view by carrying there would have been square-headed windows in the second could be entirely a solid brick have carried the we alongthe eastern side at the level of the terrace at the story of the auditorium. Instead of that, of the judge The rooms and the police cornice of the wings front of the building. as an impost, throughunder the portico comes which is fifteen feet in width, becommissioners could then be entered througha private and the great entrance-door, lobby other Anback of the court-room and directly connected with the police to the size of the portico. thereby proportionate wall colonial ideas is the treatment from strictly departure There are six of these and they windows. clearstory somewhat after the mansemicircular in form,arranged these ner are competition programme much higher with a large vault which would be of those used in Roman offices were to connect days. By this means of and this innocent littleclause proved one and bigger windows are obtained than could have been had common to all, features to arrange in the whole building, if the cornice had been carried through the most difficult unbroken, and a more below by headquarters
a

staircase. private
town

In the second
assessor,

the offices of the group were of probate. In the the judge

the clerk,

and

of the

and like many

other similar difficultieswas

found later

to

be

fenestration has interesting there is a rather

main and of the cornice of the

been

secured.

In this

tion connec-

entirely unnecessary, as the committee themselves afterward that there might better be two vaults, for the one suggested
town
.

of detail at interesting piece

section the inter-

and and The

at

of probate and another for the assessor, judge of adoption this changemade capable the perfectly simple clerk and

building.The
is mutular in such
a

with the cornice of the portico cornice has quitea projection portico
a

and it is quiteevident that character, would projection

not

logical arrangement
selectmen's the
rooms

indicated
were

in the little sketch in placed the

east

then

plan. wing,

cornice with
treatment

do

at

all for the the

over

the

semicircular
of which

windows, clearstory

in The

of the entrance, exactly in the space left right filling this wing after the town had been providedfor. court

successful treatment
a

cornice with a simple requires

course

result of this arrangement is that the auditorium is the central feature of the building, the main floor and easily on

in the manner of a band more very flat projection, in order to than an actual cornice. Consequently, this projection back of the end column the pilaster
was portico a

reduce of the

accessible to the
the It is entered

It public.

can

be

cut

off from the

rest

of

set

back
corona

from

the

corner

of the

and need not building from directly

be heated the front

except when
and portico

required.
has exits

and foot,

the

of the

cornice portico

about building carried through

unbroken This and makes

around

the

auditorium, the difference in projection

into the side corridors and from the stage directly to the In case of firethe hall can be emptied from all portico. sides within a very few minutes.
rear

being taken
a

is not

at

up by the foot break above mentioned. very natural and I think successful solution, It might all noticeable in the actual structure.

ARCHITECTURE
be worth

pediment the pedimentcornice that is, temples,

as

notingin this connection that the cornice over the similar to that in the Greek is treated in a manner
the

and

am

glad
under The

to

say

that the
be

acoustics

are

though alexcellent,

this could

only

expected,as
of ceiling

the work

had

been

cornice below
This

and

projection is simplerin form, the

as

has

not

much

laid

out

the direction

of the late Professor Sabine, of

the niche which and felt, stained the
same

Harvard.

semicircular
with
rear

forms felt
felt

mutules the six

being omitted. beyond tympanum

noticeable in

but here inches,

is not

necessitates setting naturally in this case about five or the frieze face, from the customary againthis divergence nate Those who have been fortuthe building.
may

the stage is covered the is also used on is covered with

acoustical wall

of the auditorium. muslin

a

This

enough

to

visit Dublin

remember

the

treatment

of

the entablature of the Custom is the prototype of the in this building. of the portico

tions, House, which,with modifica-

cornice

back Directly is the which and

vestibule,from opens the auditorium,

this vestibule
are

purple held in placeby plaster is draped and ments ornatone, which it is quiteinteresting and which to are see gilded, rich effect obtained the by this very simple material. of account on Unfortunately, the light this does conditions, show in the not very clearly of the interior of photograph
the
room.

unbleached

soft

The and is

stage has
not

no

in

curtain

intended

double

leadingto
are

stairs self-supporting which the gallery,

in the tion. illustra-

for theatrical
the hall

performances,
town

being used for

shown

school exercises, meetings, and lectures, and other similar

tertainments. en-

(See Plate
These stairs
are

XXVIII.)
made of
inforced re-

The corridors

offices

concrete, with marble the

white

the throughout

aggregates

polished,
of white is the way stair-

treated are building generally in

a

treads

being
The

very
to

simple manner,
has been
same

marble.

balustrade

althoughan attempt
made

extremely
whole is upon

simple and
a

keep the
character

ing feel-

effect of such

and

naturallydependent
care are

the
Side of buildinR.

entire
are

throughout building.The
and

the
curves or

with worked.

which Some ago

we

corridors
doors
are

vaulted

the

the
seven

of the

eight years
a

built

somewhat made has been

use

similar of
a

woodwork
town

is

white, with pine, painted

mahogany. The of the exception

with We the

stair method
us

in

little

in library which

Stamford

and

of construction number

since then

used

by

is in oak. court, which One rather interesting feature in connection up in the

quite a

of times, and

but of

which, though now

From description. scale three-quarter-inch is

undoubtedly by others, perhapswell known, may be worthy worked-out drawing at a carefully

a

buildingcame

designof
with

the hardware.
town

had this

hardware specified special

ford in low relief on work
no

the seal of the When

we came

of Milhave

the knobs.

to

model plaster
curves

staircase
on

made, and
are

the

of
over

this model

worked carefully and unbroken for the forms

on

complete the strings and soffit until theypresent a

From this model stairs is prepared, of the template

of the

found that the town of Milford had modelled, it was faced with either the abandonment of seal,and we were
or

the scheme
to

the

of production It seemed
to
some me

seal that certain

would

be suitable
an

continuous perfectly
as a

line.
concrete
a reverse

the
as

town.

that such

old

basis the

rough form

town

Milford

must

have

historical records the seal. The

which
matter

the top of the form, which soffitof the stairs, being made

would
was a

be

of value

in the

design of

wooden

supports in cinder

broughtto
largenumber
of
a

the attention

of the citizens and and that had

resulted in
the unearthing

that it be easily It can seen concrete, trowelled smooth. in wood is an absolute impossibility to reproduce properly

of letters from old residents

warped surfaces of such a face strings of floor made are

the up drum-fashion and work notched is done

soffit. The boards

to

and strings built laid vertically, the riser face.

care

wall

documents great many It was found that the been

a

hitherto

been

known. un-

property had
Treat used and

made

show

If
to

seal which

original survey of the town by Robert Treat, and that Robert was octagonal in form usual very un"

this preparatory

and carefully
out

taken

keep
of
curves

all unnecessary
very

false work
idea
can

of

the

line

It was very interesting. of the old deeds there

also found
was a

that in

some

seal

or

initial used

vision,a
and the

good

the lines of the soffit from

be gotten of the above and

of

stringsfrom
In other After the

above
can

or

below, and
made
are

corrections requisite form. full size. removed

easilybe
is
set

any in the

words, the forms

the work should be

modelled

and

the forms rubbed

and

of the letters M F united; also that original bought from the property was Indians the deed was signed by Anawastae, the local Indian chieftain, with his mark, which was to represent a bow and arrow. supposed by some If the curious little that was wiggle given me was

composed
the

when

aggregates

meant really

to

be

bow

and

arrow,

I have

still

in this particlower opinion of the artistic abilities of the abpolished by hand. Unfortunately, origines ular the work was done by a machine than I had before,but, in operation, polisher, an any event, it was which proved unreliable and unsatisfactory. littlebit and was into the design. interesting incorporated The main auditorium is a room about fortyfeet by The result,as the illustration shows, was extremely simple hundred ninety,and will seat about seven and really and was people. It is formally very effective, adopted by the well lighted by the semicircular windows before mentioned, town at a town meeting.

The
Care and

Writing
Essential be No
"

of

Specifications
Importance
for Doubt Emerson of Definiteness
"

Knowledge Special
Should

The Room B.

There

By David

and system in all In writing specification,of the first essentials in the present seekingafter efficiency IN the architect's specification the the best results for all parties concerned lines of architectural effort, obtaining
a one
"

must

late pace above that in

inning. of Working drawings have been improvedwonderfully have not kept unfortunately, years, but specifications, of improvement. with the steady march whose drawingsare Many of our leadingarchitects,
needs have
are

its

owner,

the

and architect,

the

work

the

of all trades as nearly as is constructed; also building is

to

arrange the is possible in the order in which

contractor"

is

to

to

have

all of the

work rect di-

which

be done

by

stillcontinue reproach, value of little practical

cases

to to

send

out

that a subcontractor assume sequence, as it is not find any part of will read all through a longspecification to specifications in

any one fair to been

contractor

arranged in

the contractors;

fact,
do

his work of the

which

may

have

written

into

some

other

part

some

they are
many

almost

useless. will specification

An much with

accurate,

written carefully
the

to overcome

of the troubles which number

architects have

reduce their buildings,

and, above misunderstandings, let by competitive bidding, get

save

of extras, prevent which all,in contracts are lower

specification. for any one In writingthe specification trade, always the materials and workmanshipfirst, that the contractor specify what he has to furnish; then specify know what may
it is parts of the building much he has
to
to

be used

in,and

he

can

tellhow

bids and

oftentimes

furnish.

when revision of drawings bids run too high expensive something has to be done to reduce the cost. Although in these times draughtsmen are both numerous writers are comparatively and capable, good specification of our able office asfew in number, and a great many most sistants and know
an

is very essential, Careful checkingafter writing as many

contractors
are to only too willing are

take

contract,

knowing

full well that there and then

items important

omitted in the
contract to

cations, specifitortionate ex-

demands The first

after signingthe for extras.

to

make

very

little about

that

essential part quite

of

being the general part of all specifications

well

architect's
most

of specifications, and for work, the writing inclination to learn. little or no In for this condition are obvious.

it is conditions,

consider them

first in

to starting

The American Institute of Architects specification. The the ditions reasons a very thorough and complete set of generalconpublishes of the writer,should be used smaller offices the architect frequently writes the specificawhich, in the opinion tions in specifications whenever therefore the assistants have no part in it. a uniformity to promote himself, possible, The opportunity about the subject is limited, and to learn much a sion greater harmony between the architectural profesarchitectural schools are obliged trades. and the building our to crowd as so many essentials into a short four years' of standardization of specificathat the subject That of course a certain amount tions is desirable cannot be denied and all movements touched and for ward tocan only be briefly specifications upon, the those who take of the that other wish end to the hand, overwelcome, but, on are study subject may up all speciafter finishing school the number and most of books on the subject standardization is alwaysquestionable, fications which have been made valuable books are onlya very small are few,and the really up of stock clauses and by of that few. of card indices have been failures. In the specifying means portion It is not the intention of the writer in this short article of materials one be too explicit to quality, cannot as grade, tell all about With lumber and timber, alwaysgivegrading as called to etc. specification writing, mostly because he doesn't know is altogether for in the grading rules of the lumber and timber associations. it,and also because the subject has been in one but where standard In all cases too to be treated to a finality a one a article; large specification for the Testing of Maof the profession adopted by the American terials, for the benefit of those younger members Society who wish learn something of the subject, I will that material shall be according ciety's to to the sospecify may detail some of the points which I have found valuable in specification. of in the specifying which and some I have found One of the most errors writingspecifications, vexingquestions in my own and in other men's specifications which materials is that phrase"or equalto," which be causes more may avoided. else in the whole range of worry and trouble than anything The two first and great essentialsof a really good specification specification writing. and is so highin quality to If any material or appliance are as completeness brevity; pointto be every be acceptedas a standard there is in all probability covered, and no unnecessary tractors nothing verbiageto confuse the conand hide the real meaningof the various clauses of which is equal the market and in nearlyevery case to it, on the specification. the contractor's idea of "equal to" is something much A should be so written that in case of specification cheaper.So if a certain articleis wanted and it is believed it could be taken into court it outright, because and stand the test of to be the best of its kind, specify dispute you believe that it has no equal. litigation successfully. the reader the value of makes With materials where special Right here let me impress or most patterns upon the liberal use of the word "all." Wherever it is possible are not particularly it is best to follow the method desired, "all." As in excavation, shall of the United and call for certain reStates Government contractor quirements specify say: "The
the

part show

write

do

all

to complete the work, etc.,"and excavating required

for quibbling there is no room over included in the contract. or

how

much

is

to

be done

to as weights,method of manufacture, and and standard. of what a quality, establishing require you to be used. allowing any materials meeting those requirements

ARCHITECTURE
it is not necessary to follow that In private practice method, which,however, with the government is mandatory, to be used on as the law does not allow materials or appliances under make or pattern. to be specified buildings In materials specifying

33

advisable
would be be

government

it, specify you he is the person to yourself, as, after all, it In starting must to wrjtespecifications out pleased. writer should have a that the specification remembered
to
even

what though it is not just

recommend

for any factor to be considered, one

work proposed which

many

an

portant very imare

thorough knowledge of
in the
to

of

us

both construction, which should it is very

so subject,

of all materials and methods field and in the shop,without the on knowingly and clearly for specification writing

which is really of the client, is the satisfying to forget, and and should always be considered, factor, a large quite lutely is not absowhich material or appliance if any particular it is to his taste or inferiorstrikeshis fancy appeals prone

hard

write

therefore the candidate

before

construction have some superintending experience to write specifications. attempting

Theatre

Decoration

at

the New

Capitol
of Industrial Art

By A. Lincoln Cooper
Instructor of Mural the New Decoration in. York

Evening School

is THERE and upon in Theatre is

to a now

in determining problempresented peculiar lowed the style of decoration to be folexecuting such

as magnitude
"

pretense of attempt in
of cognizance in the world full purpose
"

the

but that full a new style, developing theatre exceptional subject the largest
"

of playhouse

the

new

Capitol

demands

treatment
a

in New York City the theatre that building in the world. largest playhouse details, etc., the Upon going over the various plans, of the interior, writer'sfirstconsiderationwas the vastness as of decoration, how effective in a smaller and matter a style no be the
more

behind such

structure.

the that will encompass The theatre depends

intimate structure, would

and The ideal choice of
a

in all likelihood miss such

a

the

warmth

so vital in responsiveness

ensemble. large under such

ditions con-

and style the

scheme
"

and to genuinely effects, pre-eminently upon psychological self, itthe structure aid in properly meetingthis conception vie the interior decorative scheme, must and particularly the in engendering, with the stage picture and maintaining the interior To this conception audience in, mood. a receptive Theatre will be dedicated. decoration of the new Capitol of Louis Quatorze has The grand manner and splendor and passed,
vast

rise almost gives enfold

counteract
an

to

they must paradoxical

quately adetime
area.

instead of the stateliness and

a

expanse of interior and at the same the coldness that is bound to result from the

with the Empire, effected,

court beauty thus with a to harmonize Severity

gowned subject,
rather reality

in rich
a

will strive for velvets,

an

tistic ar-

To

this accomplish
a

architect with

the decorator

than

fictitious royalty.

decided upon
The

its

liancy. of and brilIt is rather premature to present a full description combiningwarmth tended a cafe au a shade prelait, eminentlythe whole decorative scheme, and this article is only inbeautiful when enriched with gold and is espeidea as to what is contemplated. to convey a faint general cially of decoration with is stillin the The theme of the mural paintings adapted to the EmpirePeriod style small delicate details. This scheme will bring to the stated that these embryo, but it can alreadybe confidently color scheme
tone general

will be

whole

warmth

and

so essential responsiveness

to

an

abode

too

will harmonize

with

the whole and convey

purpose and

symbolical

of amusement, while the general will avoid any style effect so likely in an area of such to develop The proportions.
to

of great dignity, breathing and giving of vast a atmosphere profound impression is greatly of treatment reduced by the Empire style, spaces, and it probably represents the culmination of the in which the variety of form permits architect's extensive experience and a wide range of choice. knowledge, for Mr. In deciding the cafe-au-laitcolor scheme, with Thomas Lamb, the architect, to the theatre, to which upon brings monious he has devoted a specialized enriched with gold and glazedto strike a harornament lineof thought, abundance of an of the woodwork of the large in execution. ideas rich in conception chord, the nature and unsurpassed interior was The borne in mind. is of a woodwork of the special Some features of the theatre that might fully rich old walnut and antique be of passing like the oak, especially involved in any treated, not interest, although directly old Georgianrooms, in a manner of the interior decoration, wherebythe mellow tones are a wonderful gan, ordescription finish and In bring out the natural gloryof the wood. constructed and designed to fillthe vast artistically auditorium to harmonize the rich effect of the woodwork with with music of a nature striving surpassingly supreme; the color scheme,and stillmaintaining of for both sexes, designed a distinct virility in a way to rest-rooms and appointed each, the desired effect is one akin to the feeling felt in the respective for luxury, meet and comfort. tastes beauty, The hangings of velvet and silk It would be a lack of appreciation gazingupon an old master. to omit mention, in
both the architect and and the difficulty decorator,
an

scheme

the to frag- conception mentary appropriate structure. large the unique is admirably reThe grand auditorium is one sponsive contemplated

utilization of

have been
manner

chosen avoid

with the

great

care

in order

to

blend in

connection

with

the

decorative

scheme

and

the interior

to

semblance slightest

of discord.

consideration in determining dominating upon the Empire style of decoration was the decorator's desire to the architect's of part carry out conception dignityand to defrom the academic coldness which prevails in certain
and periods,
once

The

of the valuable aid givenby the vice-president furnishing, of the holding whose suggestions have uniformly company,

indicated a natural geniusfor interiordecoration; also Mr. Lamb's happy choice of his supervising who has architect,
shown in directing and carrying this big out great ability In summing up the entire operation, the writer project.

to
a

instil instead
more

finesse of character that

at

breathes

intimate environment, at

the

same

time

that mightsuggest the simple an avoiding appearance Not that the writer makes process of transplanting. any

feels that it would have been a very hard task indeed form a better organization of contractors and tradesmen
carry
out

to to

the intent and

of spirit

the work.

Garden

Architecture
By
PL

and

Sculpture
of

A. Caparn
Art, March, 1918 be whim mentioned.
or

From

Lecture

Given

at

the

Metropolitan Museum

contain four architecture and sculpture really GARDEN of which might occupy article each subjects,
one an or

too

obvious
for
mere

to

None

of

them

was

duced intro-

be expanded into
"Architecture

an

book. interesting

The

four would in

be formal In-

in Formal

Gardens,"

"Architecture

in Formal

Gardens," "Sculpture Gardens,"

Informal But

"Sculpture in
Gardens." all
to

they are
it appears
to

akin, and
me

best
some

to

attempt
the have

knowing why, has often been the case in gardens of later styles and as is the most attractive of all garden periods. Sculpture and this is surelyuse enough, and when it is ornaments, that nothing well done and well set it has a vitalizing power else can equal. It is the stone inhabitant of the garden, but sometimes, unfortunately, its its presiding genius, clown. We need not wander very far to find examples of this. The hermae, those heads on stone posts, decidedly
or caprice,

without

trace

of

acteristics charover popular in look and

here, have
appear
at

not

yet gotten rid of their

to

they
common.

seldom

difficult to look I
use

them and

imported naturalized. It is really the Fourth Avenue walk sideforget

be

this word extended

on

garden
sense,
tinent con-

in its more

customary
of it
seems

the

Europe, where
to

describe any
for

treated space and used for

Central Cain's lioness,

beauty

pleasure.

Park, New

York.

Here
a

we usuallythink of less or garden as a more

at most home, however charming they may be in their native climate. They were originally farmer used to amuse boundary posts which the Roman himself by carvingwith the head of Hermes, the god who the termini or boundaries, and which over presided garden motives or always on the alert for new sculptor, subjects, elaborated how so ingeniously.I wonder long it will be himself by whittling before the American farmer amuses

where

they seem

restricted but there

place made
is
no

for primarily flowerless of of

the

of flowers; display
in the small of principles gardens;

fundamental

difference
or

the tops of his fence posts into the likeness of his favorite of the United whether States ? of a ball team or president, To consider first gardens in the formal or architectural
or style manner as

designof
scale

flower and
one

and large

by

far the oldest and

the difference is

containing beyond comparisonthe most

and

and or proportion of feeling. consequently Garden does the

not

numerous

best

amples ex-

tecture of garden archiand it would

to

ture architecinclude

sculpture,
consistent of the
chitecture ar-

be

house, palace or ing chateau,or other buildof which is

an

speak not
in

them, but

the

garden
sion, extenroom

of the entire of

or adjunct an

for the buildings, garden is a work

roofed un-

outdoor in

architecture, an
which
not

or

rooms,

fact, but

extension of the

only
within
serve

those the
some

structures

garden that
of its purposes,

building on and depends,

in

it

ing differ-

of design principles
one

whollyutilitarian
or

from apartments.
lines
or

of Its

its

mainlysentimental,
pergolas,
grottos,

tural struc-

entrances,

are

straight
its
or

arches, shelters, mer-houses, sum-

radial

curves;
are

boundaries

walls

gazebos, tool-houses, and cascades. temples, pools, Garden ture sculpwould include
uary, statVilla Albani. Rome, coffee-house.

sonry; mahedges,vegetable

its rows
or

of

trees
or

bushes, clipped
columns
or

undipped,correspond
to statues.

tains, hermae, founwell-heads, and

even

Its Some of these,of course, contain fountains, for instance, sculpture,

flowers, es, massfoliage

seats

and

vases.

both often

architecture

and

built massively You into

and

elaborately sculped.
not
one

will observe that fulfil some

of these

thingshas

been real
or

but decorative vegetable and vines are not structural, of the It is the character carpets, tapestry, or curtains. be so to conspicuous carpentry, and sculpture masonry, the garden as a rule,so that the foliage dominate to as and whether flowers, formalized
or

brought
need,
or

garden designexceptingto supplysome

use

not,

seem

to

lead up

to

to

of which

it is

an

elaboration

it and It

become
was

It is justification.

not necessary, for instance,to explain defend the use of sheltersin gardensof all times and countries, of vases, seats, pools, and the uses and well-heads are

the

investiture. selves in the Italian gardensof the Renaissance, themof the Roman descendants gardens of ancient
a or setting

times and

the

prototypes

of the

great gardens of other

34

ARCHITECTURE countries, that architecture

and
or

35
takes composition
or place so a dary secon-

attained sculpture
to

their the this very and

never

is lost
are we

sightof,

development.All highest
conditions contributed limitations
has of the including perfection, climate and

infatuated the

by
to

the be
a

fascination of modern
and
a

flowers,

garden
of
art

ceases

work

and

becomes

growth. Nowhere
been sculpture
as so

good architecture
easy
to

and tain ob-

nursery. Garden form house

or

buildings are taking every mostly shelters,

from the rustic summerto

in of

Italyduring the
Nowhere does that vegetation

Renaissance. the kind

the

templesof

Love

cles Diana, those beautiful cirof columns

a supporting

best lends itself to architectural varied and effect grow more luxuriant. No such greens and unite with cheerful textures submission the the the
to

roof

so

with gardendesigners, popular the French, especially

or

the the

elaborate cofFee-house
at

the

shears

of

of the Villa Albani

or or name

Rome,
other
to

as topiarius

in the

box,

of .'Esculapius, temples any

excuse

the bay, the orange, ilex, and lemon, the euonymus, the cypress. But, on the other summers are hand, the sultry unkind to lawns, and flowers
were

under buildings that gave

a an

put up
sun or

and glorified costly shelter from the or rest-place occasional of showers. this
-

few had

until modern

plorers ex-

The
too,
a

is pergola

kind,
for

broughtthe

floral

sheltered walk,and when

own excuse

riches of the temperate zones front yards. So the designers to our

well

done, its
much
and

done but,unfortunately, being,

too
Turin. A styleof garden architecture for illustration,not Frejus monument, for imitation. necessarily

put their
the and
resources,

into strength best

too

badly so
and naked stark of

of their exploitation

that these massive

structures tower to

their architecture otherwise

a

like
The

and vegestone sculpture, table. Their gardens in architecture, compositions were, in reality, with water in every variety animate and inanimate, of motion to vitali/.e them and counteract by its unceasing whatever sense of gloom the towering of dark masses sparkle foliage might suggest. Flowers added color,gayety, and essential. But the stonework, not spicebut were really the water, and the all-embracing the were evergreen leafage that it was so garden, good in winter as well as in summer, of centuries, and now, after the lapse these gardensin the of their growth,and excepting where the ravages maturity of time and depredation of repair have gotten the upper or hand, are often, haps, perbetter than they
ever

skeletons many look

not
an

the

ruination first

good garden
an

scene.

dition con-

of

like any pergola,

other structure, is that it should

reason

have credible,

apparent

for

it should being;

onlysupport

the vines for which

it exists, but it should

else. Once in a while somewhere to somewhere of a corridor of these things that reminds one you see one tunnel from a railroad and of a building taken out or a lot. It is of interest to in a forty-acre dropped casually lead from mention doubt that
we

have
were

pergolaan

American

know, there

a fairly good claim to consider the development,although,as you no of them in the villa gardens plenty of ancient Italy, and

they have
in
ever see one

been
or

built

were,
or

for their

tings set-

form since.

another You
can

frames foliage
mature

are

now

and tions. propor-

in

in many

an

can Amerigrapeof row

their proper When

new

a farmyard

these

theywere must gardens

as raw

arbor made horizontal often

or

of

have looked

and

undeveloped as any new gardennowadays,

than and Such

uprights supporting pieces and connected by braces,

not even planed and this is painted; the form of simplest

which,

as

rule,
raw

looks nothing

more

undeveloped.
contemporary
we to

and the easiest pergola to the prototype build, of

as garden pictures

have go far
this

confirm

these which we

structures

have

oped, devel-

Here supposition. between the

is the essential difference

perhaps, more rately commonly and elabothan

else. any
one

old

and The the

modern latter are

as

commonly

gardens. imagined for places

Structure
Villa Frascati. Lancellotti, A glorified wall. retaining

These
structures

are

the usual
all periods.
were

of architectural But

of flowers, display

gardensof

and often the

there

ARCHITECTURE
travel second
so

that a fast and far that it is unlikely party could be found to walk into the

trap.
as

But
were

perhapsgarden owners

of those

days, they
but

now,

troubled with uninvited

visitors who

when for depredation used theiropportunities and these were thought no one was looking,
means

of

deserved

retaliation.

In

of speaking

mention should in sculpture garden eccentricities be omitted of the enormous not giant representing the Apenninesconstructed by Giovanni de Bologna
at

the One

foot of which

stands

the Villa Pratolino the

use

above

referred to.
of the differences between appears in the basic

gardens
of architecture

of the several nations and their

use

sculpture.The
not
were

of principles than

do

ings buildbut in Italian gardens differ, much

more numerous

and in France

statuary
or a

England,and
different and

in

Italyand
of the

England
effect Notre.
chitecture arclosure en-

they
than which This
Vue
aux

have in the is

more

intimate of Le

great expanses
not to

grand style
of style
sense

found its climax in the works

due,
or

differences in the
to outer

buttes, Chaumont,

Paris.

A buildingof the Temple

of Love

type.

but sculpture, the and

as

the

of

or

from separation Italians extended

country sought

by
others
more sense are

the

while English,
far into the

gardens of the Renaissance, the point of view and the as illustrating interesting
very
common

in the

French
on

gardens are
east

At possible. the

Versailles in midsummer is the

the typical as landscape the boundary evenings

of humor those

of the times than

their architecture. made

Such

mentioned Duke

by Montaigne, who
Florence, which
I for the famous He doors made and

visited the Villa

was

the west the setting on palace, sun, the most magnificent comparison garden ornament the emblem created.
or

yond bein

Pratolino,six miles from

the Grand who where the Francisco of

Bianca

by Capello,

the solar system, and

this
was composition

of Louis XIV
or style

for whom with its

afterward became
movement statues

grand duchess.
water to
move

describes a grotto
and
to

In

the

informal

natural

manner,

music

harmony,

of phases
on was

various causing
to

shut,animals

other devices. He says: "In one the grotto can be filled with water. moment Every chair it over therefrom up the steps of the squirts you, and fleeing
in and drink,and plunge

and so on, called naturalesque, gardenesque, the continent of Europe the Englishgarden,because it of the eighteenth invented in England in the beginning

the

villa, theycan, if theychoose,start

drench you
to

one

thousand jets and

the skin."

These

secret

fountains stillremain

in many Italian gardens. They were not useful, merely for but for moistening the stonework heated practical jokes, also a representation of a fortress There was by the sun. and besieged by cannons arquebuses shooting
water

of architecture and sculpture to seems century, the use with the taste or caprice of the or misunderstanding designer. No art has passed through so many stages of whim corrigible and misunderstanding this. Yet it is an art of inas for almost front yard and popularity, every That public park in the country is done in this manner. of them are not done well is not the fault of the manmost vary

and
an

from

other devices. There is a letter extant architect named Traballesi written to one

of his ducal patrons under date of May 21, 1587. He says: "I have a model for a jest to be constructed in a pond. In the midst of the pond to little island of timber with a bridge in the form of a raft where could go to eat or for one and when eight or ten people are pleasure, gathered togetherthereon, the said raft descends to the the said abandoned bottom, leaving ones upon the island. Next, the island itself begins to make
a

descend,and slowly sinks,for the greater

of those who is gone
a

torment

find themselves upon it. When it certain distance it slowly to ascend begins

the bridge also returns that the peoso ple should be able to go into the sunshine and themselves." this thing was Whether dry ever and again, constructed or not I do fact that it should have
not

know, but the

mere an

been proposed sheds

light on interesting
was

pointof view,and especially the notions of humor, of the period.It on for the reason not that it built, probably
of the the news wretches would
Bassin d'Apoiion, Versailles.

the

would

onlyhave worked once, for of the first party of ducking poor

38'

ARCHITECTURE

Gounud

monument,

Parc-Monceau,

Paris.

Designed

for

park setting.

Daudet,

Champs-Elysees,

Paris.

Garden

sculpture designed for informal

setting.

nowhere

in

but particular, its lack

not

much look

more

to

its

impossible
that
as

and

disorder.

Some

of the
it
as is, a

monuments
a

are

good
to

in

naturalism, its attempting to

could
animal In
not

like
means

something
of support

be, and

of visible

of metal,
this wide

of flesh and

blood.

hasty and

necessarilyvery
not

incompletesketch
mention of

of
most

very

subject I should

omit

ness
it
an

but esign,many passable, impression of any of them

rule,difficult
of
art

as

work

because
trouble

get an of their

that and

popular of all collections of garden architecture the of us must sculpture, Surely many cemetery. that these places from are not usuallyvery depressing,
of the presence their course run
not
arouse

feel the

is partly in the inordinate partly in the design, still more size of many trying to overtop their neighbors,but of an of chieflyto their lack of setting, enfolding mantle their to and mitigate their glare,their restlessness, foliage in their

multitude

and

the

confusion

of it all.

The

number,

incongruity.Cemeteries
and the

of

this

kind
scene

where has

dead, for this proximity of those who

and

have

beauty of the

greenery dominates prefirst consideration

as

achieved
reverence,

the

gloom

but

should great adventure but because of the ugli-

less rare than are becoming much formerlyand are, they should be, proportionately popular and prosperous.

Garden

architecture

in its simplest form, Salem,

Mass.

Editorial and
War Memorials

Other
garden
bronze
to
or

Comment
church;
for
or a a a

for the Times

town

clock;

designed beautifully
itselfor
as an

standard
a

of arms, a triumph of the old ideas of celebrating after of a return to peace of a great national uplift, and selfish in seem paltry sacrificesand untold hardships, and of later arches of Rome The these times. triumphal

either by flagpole,

junct ad-

MANY
times

hall

schoolhouse; the fountain in its myriad

are,

the after all,

most

and impersonal

least intimate

under a the inscribed stone seat shapes of lifeand laughter; of trees fitly avenue village tree; the newly planted stately the boundary stone; a gateway or a church door; inscribed;
a

sun-dial
"

or

even

bird-bath;the monumental
one

the bridge; many of those

more,

of memorials.

and future generations, They may impress their knowledge of history to much little according or mean but of past heroic times, to respondto the spirit and a capacity tions either worthy or mediocre,theyare manifestaas monuments, and celebrate-too of contemporary art and design chiefly often the
not individual,

water-gate

every and

of

these well

forms be made

and

or may magnificent, simple

commemorative
who have would

of the hour

its storied

meanings.

Some
we

the

nation.

One

comes

to

look

blithe creatures; died for us were young, them, and their coveringrest lightly upon whatever young and upon wherever it. And it

their memorial,
some

is, not
whether

without

sign
be

of

ing, of civic adornment, not as livupon them merely as a part and sympathy. of human feeling expressions speaking The in and
so

joy

the

monument

for

great army
towns

of and

soldiers that granite

stand

as

sentinels
cannon

youth
worth but in

many

citysquares,

flanked

by
but

old

or age, for the group in will be revealed, not

the individual,its true or size,cost, or elaborateness,

and

of piles pyramidal
in blue and in memory
!

alas ! too
men

lifeless and, of the often grotesque caricatures of the real spirit cast-iron shells, are
intended gray of

content, spiritual fitness, quality, imaginative

to

also,not
both We army

be

the forgotten, artisan."

well-educated

workmanshipof
our our

artist and
made in the

they were
our

to

commemorate.

How

monuments few,indeed,of all the figure

erected

their purpose the

In New

and navy old army look with pride York we upon Madison
entrance

in the country are worthy of the and Square, to the park.

of great strides during the mobilization of real Americanization effort toward a and be entertained would

club A neighborhood population. polyglot their families could also

more

for soldiers where do

meet

of Farragutin figure sturdyupstanding

on

mounted spirited
rare

Sherman

at

the

But and

they are
trivial

to exceptions

the

generally commonplace
erected
to

thingsthat
war

have has

been

in the in

name

of
ways

local oratory that might be uttered to with the present dangers and do away amalgamate our people and differing of racial segregation languages. There than all the

This patriotism. upon

men,

taughtus
It has

look

could be
shall be

no

new

upon
remotest

nations.

brought

into close relations

devoutly English.
art

to
a

better way be wished

to

further

Colonel Roosevelt's
that this

most

ideal patriotic

country

the
as

never

directed attention elements of civilization, of millions of before to the utter helplessness face of the
a

country
need

We

of one language,and that language something biggerthan merely abstract

our war

mankind

in the

great World
sum

War.

Instead

of

ideas for the humanized

few in
and

memorials.
to

Let

us

have and

them in statuary and useful and helpful wards human

made

to

minister

human

needs

millions spending

of dollars in monuments,
to
more

arches, let
purposes.
to

us

devote
us

aspirations.
The Cost of Building Materials
interview with
firm revealed
a tracting conlarge Philadelphia a new

Let

endow

and

add or bui|d hospitals

use ever-ready

for hospitals

the service and Let build

and

their families when

us

they may

be in need

soldiers of medical and

our
"

of

schools for their children in evidence and the the flag shall be ever schools in which nation great, of the men who have made our words of men national ideals from the beginning. who have expressed our records of the halls and libraries where Let us build town with a roster of the men who war may be kept as a reference,

surgicalcare.

RECENT

the fact that

record

had

materials. been established in the cost of building "The records show that in 1866, immediatelyafter the worth $2 a barrel, calcined close of the Civil War, cement was

$2.50 a barrel,Roman plaster $2.50

cents
a a

cement
a

barrel,lime 30

cents

$6 a barrel, fire-clay hair 30 bushel,plastering

thousand.

the khaki or the blue,with a star for those who gave the purpose of meettheir lives and make the halls to serve ing-places of all our armies where they may for the veterans keep up old associations and helpto spread broadcast the of sacrifice and of love of country that they stand for. spirit
wore

and fire-brick$48 bushel, and

at largely
a

"Current 1918

for similar materials prevailing out throughprices the present time

are:

$3.27 a barrel
barrel for fireclay, for
are

for cement,
44
cents

$4
a

barrel for calcined bushel

a

$3 a plaster,
cents
a

for

lime,30

bushel

ing plaster-

There have
at

should been

be

club-houses perpetual

for

all

men

who

and $47 hair,

on

in the
over

home,

for those who have served either service, there,on the water, anywhere that duty has
us

Roman has been

called them.

Let

too

build

baths public

and

swimmingwife of the

cements, "In
at
a

no tations quoother imported cement, which, with most for a number of years. of this market out

thousand

for fire-brick. There

pools.A
well-known makes with
our

recent

writer,Mrs.

Adeline Adams,
National
us seem

1916 cement calcined plaster sold at $1.65 a barrel, lime at 20 cents at $1.50 a barrel, $2.05 a barrel, fire-clay
at

of the and president sculptor that suggestions,

to

these
new

Academy, quite in keeping

or

hair and plastering bushel,

arc

28

cents

bushel.

No

ures fig-

ideals:
memorial forms has
a

not to

the firm in available for fire-brick, as in question. handle them in the period
"It will be noted about 30
to

did question

"In

of place

be condemned of variety has

couraged, disfrom

that 1918's
cent

are prices

expert knowledge suggest; and

'Without well
as our as variety,

rich

shapesto
said:

60 per

than higher

in many instances those prevailing in

critic sprightliest without

somewhere

A vision,the people perish.'

a

by the wayside;a

bell in

tower;

shrine in

grove

or

100 per cent above those for 1916, the 1866,and in some cases year before the entry of the United States into the World War. "It is a curious coincidence,however, that plastering
39

ARCHITECTURE
hair sellsto-dayat a bushel." cents And

the
a

exact

in 1866 figure prevailing urgency insistent

seems

"

30 with the of

As

an

with first prize, nation-wide

seems

essential part of this preliminary competition, a other prizes, should be awarded. possibly

yet there is
some

to

go

on

That

the

judgment of

this

of competition

ideas be

building.It general
of solving

absolutely necessary
to

to

of the

vital and

unemployment
be the
is
no one

rendered, after public exhibition, by a jury composed of citizens. It is suggested that the jury of representative
award Chamber Arts That That In this
manner

problems.The

greater problem

be

of securing loans,and building finance,

"there

hood likeli-

composed by each of

of fifteenmembers, three members pointed apsuch organizations the New York as Arts and the Fine Association, Letters, etc.

until our demand of an adequate investment existing Bonds are digested." and our Liberty Loans are over Liberty A writer in the New loan York Sun advocates for
a

of Commerce, the Merchants

the idea awarded made the the

of the Society Federation, be competition

the

by providing
of the

the United States Government

next to

sufficient amount

be allocated
new on

demand such

for

centres

throughoutthe country where the is urgent, and the same reloaned in building loans under the direction of regional building
to

the winner of this

to

first prize in this preliminary of a final competition. subject final competition be awarded York York

the commission

execute

the memorial.

conclusion,the New
can

Chapter feels that

and opinion
as

in

loan commissions

"If billions are

loans
are

made
are

to

appointed by the government. loaned to foreign if mortgage countries; funds of farmers; if so-called revolving
be
to

best be obtained the

the sentiment of the

of the citizens of New

to

the form

memorial.

millions

created and such

make

of good deficitsin operation is it

too

for the stabilization of the market railroads, Loan Bonds

value of Liberty for the govpurposes, ernment and effectivemeasures to relieve to adopt prompt situation?" this critical
much

Original Drawings at

the

Library

THE
of "The

New

Public Library esting interannounces a most exhibition of original collecdrawingsfrom the tion
York in such
an

J. Pierpont Morgan.
technical element
exhibition of drawings
art

for American Opportunities

South America

Architects in
the and

should
masters

the to appealparticularly
offers the student

student.

How

handled pen, chalk, and brush in he may

see

makingstudies
stimulation

sketches scrawled

and suggestion how Rembrandt

IT may
America. have

be of rather readers
to

interest to special
know that

some

of

our

there is a constant of this magazine from various parts of South for copies

and professional mand deand

example. Here
with

brushed

scratched the pen, or put in big broad washes, or (similarto his lightlines in landscape subjects

been

American
about

in our etched ones),according to need and mood, and always with buildings published pages in the leading in hand. of comment South made the subject Or how to the subject a sufficiency appropriate tween Raphaelused sharp limited in number; architectural magazine. The closer relation beyet sinuous lines, and

A number

of

North

South America

that the

war

has

brought
a

the

thingsaid,he stopped. Again,how

the facileGuercino, or
in in strong drawingcarefully all is
masses

methods with

are

varied made

for our well open the way architects to find may It is a widelyknown fieldof endeavor. and profitable new fact that one of our well-known firms has undertaken sive extenin China. developments Here
to

by
one

by Annibale Carracci,who
red

chalk, and

How in some lightpen outlines and washes. into weakness, evanescing delicacy, -ultimately is a field of great promise. while in other all is firm and vigorous, a quality accessible, eventually in some to artists, leading, exaggerated poses and hypermuscular finished development. Some made more Memorial Soldiers An mirable AdFor a Fitting to Our trophied Claude and Poussin in stately drawings: landscape tions; composiSuggestion from the New York Chapter of putti red chalk drawings and Guercino (in Correggio Institute Architects the American another

the south of us,

easily

work

"

of

of

WHEREAS, committee
a

The
to

memorial American soldiersand sailors in the World The realization of such WHEREAS, permanent
whatever
nature,

Fine Arts Federation is to appoint consider the form to be taken by a the valor of the commemorate to

the methods and Picart foreshadowing and other subjects) others of the nineteenth-century professional lithographer; in again, brush-washes
to

of one

or

two

white, akin
is wide

the chiaroscuro

method

with tones, heightened in engraving. There

War, and
a

memorial, of
of

is of vital
a

importanceto the community

of expression the sentiment
to

in that it should be

true
as

the citizens of New

most

York

form of memorial
York
to

deemed ican Amer-

appropriate:
That Be itResolved,

the New

of the Chapter

Institute of Architects and

present

the Fine Arts Federation,

in the use of wash. Bramantino,Annibale variety it and others applied Pietro Testa, G. B. Tiepolo, Carracci, indicated outlines. Tiepolo to givebody to freely lightly and dash, did this with a particularly noteworthylightness in a remarkable of everhis shadows flickering suggestion heavier shadows and tones moving life. Somewhat appear Giovane or Pordenone. work by Palma in some Polidoro, the and others method quiteto a Vanni, Parmigiano, carry finished
we

prints." has hardly There That committee be appointed institute a preone are drawings by artists whom to a liminary other than in their engravings of ideas or suggestions known or etchings Bega, to to be open competition all citizens residing Potter, Dusart, Bloeof established place or an Berghem, Du Jardin,Campagnola, maintaining the actual to see business in Greater New York. mart, Breenbergh. There's opportunity sketch made That their ideas or suggestions be presented in one of by Ostade for one of his etchings.Or original
find in chiaroscuro
"

the following for its earnest consideration, programme plan of procedure:

of such work and it is the reproduction effect,

that

the

mediums: following
A. B.
C. A

one

may

trace

of foreshadowing
some

the

In letter form. and plan. form, a perspective form,a model and plan. plastic location or plotplanto be submitted if the In sketch In of
a

in Goya's"Caprichos" menico The idea be many,

of the wash has much

aquatinttones drawingsof
to

of
Do-

Tiepolo.
which exhibition,
on so

offer and

to

so

will remain

view

in the

in the form

structure.

from the 1st of Februaryuntil the

(room 321) gallery print end of April.

FEBRUARY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XVI.

GIUSTI

GARDENS,

VERONA.

A COLONNADE

OF

TREES.

"

H
U w

H
HH

w
u

H
U

ffi
U

o
T-H

O5

X X

ffi
CJ

X X

w Pi p H
U w

H
""
i

W
u

Pi

a"

"
X

."

"8

I
n;:I
J3

siSS 5s Is fSI

Ifil'i i""M

'-

V.! .;"..:^-: IJvJP51 rilj^"^S-i^*^-i?"4v^^

H
U W

"
U

IT s|2^sss3ji ^Rrn-T' iiiiT

D
a a

r
A v..ft a
Y

"4
0 N
5

-^

"

fi

"

X X

I
iiUsis

Kt

H
u W

2
o

D
a m

M
-

X
/

I
"

I
lie

_-

c
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--

"
=

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"

X X

I
i

u w

H
i"

ffi
U

FEBRUARY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XXVIII.

ENTRANCE-HALL

AND

STAIRCASE,

NEW

TOWN

HALL,

MILFORD,

CONN.

Architects. Tracy " Swartwout,

FEBRUARY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XXIX.

AUDITORIUM.

NEW

TOWN

HALL,

MILFORD,

CONN.

Tracy " Swartwout, Architects.

c^

S
cQ
U-! ti-

CQ

C(

20

Lu

O
EC_; tU

O
?

E-

UJ

The

Park

Avenue

Viaduct, New
Central the
new as

York

City

traffic in every direction from Grand STREET relieved by New York, will be greatly Station, Park other
avenue

arches.
site is it
was

the

over

^Esthetic considerations called for arches,but as of rapid transit subway strucnetwork tures a
not to provide abutments practicable

Avenue north

viaduct, now
and south bound the that

nearingcompletion.

The

only

for

true

arches.

for traffic within of Manhattan either

a

lever arched canticonstruction offered a The solution.

Borough
has
not

convenient The

elevated Avenue.
on

line, or
The Fifth
so

surface-car, both, is Fifth

have

idea

of designing
as

traffic conditions Avenue

the steel spans beams, but yet appear

as

cantilever

making them
out

arches,grew

of

become that Park

the Avenue

greatlycongested improvement of
at

of the physicalconditions the site. A true arch design

would have

34th

Street,
the
struction con-

required space
in the street Grand

in

with conjunction

for its abutments

and in the Terminal
not

of the Park viaduct

free

Avenue another

Central

openingup
of is
even

avenue

traffic, was
considered
as

Buildingthat could would be spared, and

possible iminvolved practically foundation conditions.

vital and

have

by
of

the

proper

authorities

been had

enough importanceto have a military necessity,

the This
war

continued.

viaduct and

begins at
is carried 42d
west

40th
over

Street Park

The girdersforming half of the north northerly umns are supported on colspan located at the northerly buildingline of 42d Street, the

Avenue, overgrade across

to

an

elevated

roadway

around

the

side of the

Street,and leads station,

extending back
steel work

over

these columns

to

frame into the existing

Street. at 45th connectingwith upper Park Avenue this structure, conditions led to the unusual In designing expedientof using steel cantilever girders shaped to appear

Building. The other girders will be supportedindividually steel columns and that two on The girders the piers between them. over part of the girder
in the Terminal (Continued on page 44)

P"RK_AVENUE_ VIADUCT
PARK
40ST. TO (MUMO

AVENUE
CINTftAL KTAT

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

43

DETAILS

OF

PARK

AVENUE

VIADUCT,

PERSHING

SQUARE,

NEW

YORK.

44

ARCHITECTURE
the iest, heavwithout The
crown

and largest being 136 feet long by about 12 feet deep at the supports, and weighing
are

field splicing. meeting ends at the

of each "arch"
a

will

be

by joined

horizontal

73

tons
as

each.
to

ficulties Dif-

clearances

pinthroughslotted holes, maximum a pansion exallowing

of The
structure

on

the

road RailPennsylvania it necessary

cars

inches.
is
an

made
route

to

teresting in-

the

via Morristo

engineering

town,

then back

fort Frankthe
to

problem.
viaduct the Architecturally was designedto with the Grand

Junctionacross
Delaware, and
Trenton via ordre branch.
were

back

the The

Belle-

harmonize Central is

ers girdfrom

Terminal, and it

unloaded
at

the
onto

cars

Greenville
towed
to

the

that to note gratifying original design by " and chitects, Wetmore, ArOlaf Hoff,

floats and Street

Warren

19th

and which hauled

East

River, from

point
on

they
two

were

trucks, pulled by fiftyhorses been

to

the site of the viaduct. and

All of the

girders
erected

have

fabricated

shippedas units, and

Consulting Engineer, though modified by the Chief Engineer of Highways, ful Department of Public Works, has produced a beautiwork of truly monumental character. and satisfying

The

Great

Work

Done

by

the Construction
one

Division of the Army

Construction Division of the U. S. Army is THE that effective construction organizations the
most
ever

of
has

existed. It is believed this'statement

so

it will

not

from civil life. is composed who have tunnelled our mountains, They are the men constructed and our bridged streams, built our sky-scrapers, and public maintained our shops and industrial enterprises and railroads. In two utilities years they will have performed three times the work required Canal, by the Panama that took ten years to complete. They have done this under the most conditions of labor, and transportation, trying material,
and This
at
a

be necessary to prove almost entirely of men

will go unchallenged, it. This organization

structio
appreciated. The majorityof these men would be willing to go to if they could continue France their present organization and be permitted to work by the methods that have proved of French will be successful. Co-operation so engineers At the invitation of the French engineering necessary. societies and of the French Government, a representative is now in Paris conferring with body of American engineers them maintenance and construction of all kinds regarding
work
to

crime. If demand exists would be an economic with its equipment could take hold of the this organization of France as it took hold of the building of our rebuilding and terminals, cantonments etc., it should be of the greatest to French assistance, constructors, and would be possible

reasonable

cost.

It still possesses is still intact. organization of mechanical worth construction $3,000,000 equipment, of which it has had experience. Its labor with the operation few months all is nearlyfinished. Within of this will a while great conbe disbanded. To allow it to disintegrate

of reconstruction
returns delegation

for the devastated

areas. as

When
to

that the
act ex-

this country and should be condition of affairs, we

advises

ready to

take instant

action

along these

lines.

Book
ARCHITECTURE
Alfred A.
AND I2mo.

Reviews
he is with with such

DEMOCRACY.
$2.00
net.

By

Claude

Bragdon.

Knopf.

quite follow all of Mr. Bragdon's theories and comyou ments and intriguing not, you will at least find him a stimulating writer, based on a foundation of sound architectural he has been training. Like so many observant of recent others, tendencies.
or

Whether

with

an

individual pointof view

solvingnew and staggeringly he has scant daring, sympathy inconsequent matters as stylistic purity of a fafade or the the other hand, the engineer of a moulding. To the designer, profile on in the light of a subordinate be used for the promotion of his to appears own ends, or an evil to be endured as an interference with those ends."

the

safety, building's strength, economy,

the

difficult problems with address and

should

the modern the natural outtendency toward specialization, growth there is no inherent reason necessity, why the bones of building be devised by one and its fleshly man clothingby another,so another and long as they understand one in ideal agreement, but are there is in general all too little understanding and a confusion of ideas and aims. To the average structural engineerthe architectural designer is a mere milliner in stone, informed in those prevailing architectural fashions of which he himself knows little and cares less. Preoccupied as
not

"With of

WE
the

are

of pleasedto acknowledge the receipt givingthe interesting historyof

life story of The makes a mighty
one a

copy

of

the book

the

growth

success

Detroit News. of the News The News has

newspaper

and development of that has achieved the

the country. of marked

Alfred

of the Kahn was

most

and individuality

record. interesting in complete and up-to-datebuildings the architect, and he has created a building for its purposes. appropriateness

ARCHITECTURE

45

The

Stamford
By Harry

Children's
Allan
which this
new

Home

Jacobs
no

THE
or

he he architect, whether painter, sculptor, artist, from some musician, generally gets his inspiration forms
to

doubt

she

would

have

built had

she

into lived,

building.

There were to be no the nucleus for his completed picture. largedormitories with fifteen and have twenty children in each dormitory. No, she would designthe new Stamford Children's Home, had none of that;no more than four or five children in each episodein my life there happened an extremelypleasant Then there would be fine open sleeping-porches room. the new for create building. to which helpedme the poor children who were anajmic and needed plenty of Every one has read Jean Webster's charming little fresh air. In the diningbook Daddy Long there were room to not nearly Legs," and be long tables with oilcloth everybody has seen the dren and all .the chilplay. One can never at one phan table;there forgetthe squalidordren to again her idea was asylum,littlechilidea which When asked
"

dressed

alike the

in happy un-

have
or

littletables of four
to
a

gingham, with

five

making table, would

in look, living without surroundings and

not

cosey

little groups,
rooms

the
be

love,and scolded from

morning until nightby

a

chromos

with plastered and ugly pictures. Her idea

was to

soulless It
was

matron.

just about
that I
pleted com-

have little net

and in the

curtains

this time
an

living-room
with The be

orphan

lum asy-

book-shelves

at

Pleasantville on
which plan, had the done abuses

cheery
walls
were

books.
to

the cottage
we

hoped
with

away

rough sand-finish plaster of a nice bright tone. cream

There and modern The would nice be showers baths with

shortcomings of orphan asylum as in the play. I shown

and the
wrote
to

Miss her
to

Webster if she
see

plumbing and sanitarysteel lockers.

rooms

and would
new

asked like

would

be

the

She

orphan asylum. lighted, dewas perfectly

and I look back
one

largeand airy, with ting plentyof windows, letin sunlight and

The happiness. would kitchen

on

of the of

pleasantmy life her

be have

est

days
I the Her

clean, and
would

spotlessly the boys

their
own

when about

piloted
new

ings. build-

gratitude was touching for the change that the president

of this institution had
the

dining-room and with a girls theirs,

pantry

the

separate for each

connecting from
fellsick there would
V
ista

the
be

kitchen;and if a kiddie
from

brought about
"

over

porch.
a

squalid

and

happy un-

littleinfirmary where would be nursed

conditions had in prevailed dream

that the past.

or

he But this what

was

not

exactlyMiss
have done

back

to

health,with every
a

Webster's

of conception

she would
the

nurses;

and physicians great big playroom for rainy days where they
care

of competent

had she lived.

The
at buildings

could

romp

to

their hearts'

desire, and, of

course,

able comfort-

Pleasantville

are

on

It good for the greatest number. tage accommodating five hundred children on a cotchildren in each cottage. Of course plan,with thirty this was the only thingto do with hundred children, many but Miss Webster's idea was for a building of a more timate inin every nature, a home for a few children, a home and respect, with the lovelyliving-room fireplace, open where the children gatheraround at night, to the listening stories of a motherly soul who took care of them; and I hope I have been able to put the ideas of Miss Webster,

greatest

plan of the stitution, is a largein-

quarters for the staff. of architecture which There is no style

lends itselfso

domestic the admirably to the picturesque, as qualities have made domestic EnglishGothic, so we a low, rambling of two storiesinstead of the high,boxy building. building Miss W'ebster had in mind fine evergreen to planting the placecheerful in winter, and for the summer make turesque picgardens filled with herbaceous planting, hocks, hollysweet-williams,foxgloves, asters, etc., all giving a and cheerfulness; riot of color, imparting happiness then,

46

ARCHITECTURE

somewhere, there would

make and the All

be

fountain little trickling Webster in the

as

to

hope

that I have

not

cool in hot weather. place these charming ideas Jean been able
to

children had
new

comfortable

and

in

mind,

if I have in

install them

it is because

I felt the soul of it. designing

Jean Webster

building havingbeen

every way, to keep the that this feeling will permeate and make them and physically,

the omitted anythingto make happy. I have endeavored, in of the real home, and trust spirit the soul of the littlechildren

with

me

happy and contented,and fit them battle with what is to to mentally

morally,
come.

riRST

rLOOR

PL'AN:

We

Must

Protect

Our

Forests
and wood

as

necessary,

GREATER for the throughprotection

of the United
in the

conservation of wood
raw

products

the President's emergency fund. It may be the secretary says, to seek from Congressagain of $750,000. deficiency appropriation
a

loan from

material in the forests

States is urged by Secretary New York Houston's sistants asCity Real Estate Values The secretary's Department of Agriculture. with other cities, the purposes of comparison to or annual report also advocates for pushing more provisions and debt limit or bankruptcypossibilitiesapproximate the improvement work in the forests, for a greater rapidly less idle calculations, New York realty is genother more or erally number of forest guards,and for earlierorganization each taken at the assessable value base. The Tax Department of the protective fire season system. the value of taxable realty at $8,339,638,851. figures It is declared that protection of the forests duringthe That represents only a partial valuation, however, for task. An andifficult nual present year proved an exceptionally there is much property which does not appear in tax lists. strain was pleted desomewhat imposedon an organization of schools, the cityitselfin the way For instance, policein numbers and much weakened by the loss of many and other municipal fire-houses, stations, parks,bridges, of its most Added the difficulty men. to this was experienced for school not to mention land held idle taken necessities, of securing for temporary appointmentas good men ing purposes and other future needs, which is estimated as havof men for fighting guardsduringthe fire season, and parties of $1,707,664,450. a value largefires. An unusuallyearly and severe season dry in forts, The United States, custom-houses, navy-yards,

FOR

summer tective prototalled this and other possessions, hospitals, assay offices, was organization fully ready. year a value of $69,625,500. The State has cityproperty declares that The department in embarrassment some worth $7,349,035, and churches and religious organizations meetingthe situation was caused by the failureof the annual tax-free properties to a value of $415,447,817. occupy until after the fire act to pass Congress appropriation the be in New York Should all property taxable, City Relief was furnished by the season was over. virtually levywould be based on $10,539,725,653. who placed$1,000,000 York EveningPost. President, The New at the secretary's disposal

caused

the outbreak

of serious fires before the

ARCHITECTURE

49

For

Better

Co-operation Between
Government,
From
At an

Architects, Engineers, the

Other

National

and
by
of the

Organizations
Boyd
of Architects

Address

D.

Knickerbacker
Institute

the last Convention

American

A
"**"

TTENTION

has

been

tivities of the American

of the accalled to some recently Societyfor Testing Materials,

doubtless

proved

very

helpfulto

them

in

arrivingat

clusions. con-

the National

Fire Protection

Laboratories, the United

of
some

States

Association,the Underwriters' of Standards, and Bureau

the United States ment. Govern-

of the

departments of

as are

these

well as departments of the government, organizations throughout the country, performingservices at all times and issuing publications Various other and other
are

Department of Labor and the Bureau into the subject investigations of the housing of employees for many kinds of industry, this and they have issued valuable publications to relating of which includes a monthly bulletin of the Bureau subject,
United States
have both of Mines made

The

Labor Statistics.
aware

I do
or

not

know

how

many

architects

are

that

of the greatest interest and usefulness to the architectural other interested citizens and and profession yet
"

few of us, comparativelyspeaking, realize what is done in this direction and how we are being benefited. how

being
The

in every way also to assist them are can. we willing to operate coAmong other things,we should, it seems me, of the National Fire Protection with the American Association, the American Societyof Civil Engineers and of the other national than we have ever other great engineering societies far more Societyfor Testing Materials,and some which done. In recognition of the important developments in are organizations working for the good of us all in the various problems connected with the sheltering materials of humanity ? and applianceswhich they have brought about, How that the Department of Agrifew of us are aware take a more to culture we should voice our desire and willingness will provide information furnish and publications active part in such work. architect to any asks for either.
or

that being the case, should it not create point is, a reciprocal on our obligation part to co-operate with these agencies, ourselves of the information alone by availing which not be obtained issued by them, but can through publications in their activities and as by participating fullyas possible these publications made to "the results which contributing of us as can, be members ? Should we possible not, as many

they have applied for any of those publications, but, if not, they should. for materials The Navy Department issues specifications that are in many features of building construction. used of and benefit by the results of these These we should know investigations. In these and should other we recognize many ways what is being done for us by the various departments of
facts whether
our as own

of these

government
are

and

afford

them

the realization

that,

citizens,we

the utilizing

results of their endeavors

and

Many
we

States who any citizen of the United of the excellent publications absolutely are may be had

We and of

should

also

maintain

more

cordial

contact

with

free and
It
seems to me

others

which which
use as

this

at merely nominal prices. acquaint ourselves with the service department renders and the publications

should
that
as

and assistance to such organizations give encouragement scientiously are as constantlyand conproducers and manufacturers endeavoring to improve materials and processes and bring about a better understandingof their varied

it

and issues, of them

in the
we

case

of the latter review

we

should

characteristics.

many

can,

should

offer suggestions for their possible, improvement, or greater distribution and utilization. The same department has prepared an elaborate and model of a farmstead, most ings interesting showing all the buildof such a group well as the layout of the grounds. as Why should we not get in touch with the Department of and offer our services in further developments Agriculture of this idea,and see that such models are given the widest circulation and recognition ? possible The of Education in same to the Bureau thing applies the Department of the Interior. That bureau not only issues comprehensive publications schoolhouses to relating and all educational but has prepared drawings for matters schools for the smaller communities how been and
we

wherever

them, and, amplification,

And,
the

at

the

same

time, I

want

to mention particularly

the lack of co-operation for correcting our on necessity part with the craftsmen,mechanics, and others employed the American tion Federabuildings. In this connection upon of Labor maintains a Building Trades Department, tionals, Internaas composed of nineteen organizationsknown
" "

with

local

branches various These

in

different

parts

of

the

country
other

covering the

industries that
concern to

pertain to

building construction. things that we methods of safety in

materials.

ought

know and

themselves, among about, with more

the
use

construction

of

building
are

Other
Public the

organizationsthat
National Association

we

should

consider

the

Health

Association, the American

of Real

tion, Hospital AssociaEstate

many used
not

of the architects know

of the country. I wonder that such drawings have and ?

are

Boards, the

prepared,that they are available to, by, school boards and communities
co-operate with

secured

cil, the National Safety CounIlluminating EngineeringSociety, pensation Comthe American of Safety,the Workmen's Museum Service of publications ourselves. The the National Education is
one

Why should

Bureau,

with
we

the

valuable do well
to

work

and

drawings, if they department know that we are with it in this ? It also has prepared a model movement for a schoolhouse for a small community, and that model is being asked for by school boards in various parts of the country, and has
least let the

such

the government in the issuance of need improvement, and, if not, at

all of which

would

familiarize of
in

Association for the

a

is another

one

bodies which
is of Schoolhouse

working
which

safetyof occupants
on

and buildings

has

Committee and

tion Standardiza-

Construction

Planning.

ARCHITECTURE

"FllLST
HOUSE AND

"

FLOOIL-

PLAN-

i I C 0 M P

F L OO

(L

"

PL AW-

PLANS,

EUGENE

KRUSKAL,

PELHAM

MANOR,

N.

Y.

JuliusGregory, Architect.

The

Work

of the

United
457
"

States
Hammond,
The
and 11 for the

Housing Corporation
Indiana

ProjectNo.

AT

the southern ride of steel towns,

end

of Lake

Michigan,within

an

hour's

Chicago,are

the Indiana known several towns as of which the most importantare: Gary,

development consists of 163 singlefamily houses each of the latter capableof caring boarding-houses, equivalentof at least one additional family,thus
a

Indiana

Harbor, East

Chicago,

and

Hammond.

South number

making
are

total of 185 families accommodated.

as

The

houses

Chicago,across
can

the line in

and north of Hammond, Illinois, also includes

a

distributed

follows:
NO. FAMILIES

of smaller The

be classed with this group, which communities. towns or entire section has had
a

remarkable

growth,which

7 6

undoubtedly will continue because of the elements inherent such as in the location that appeal to the manufacturer, for raw material and rail transportation water exceptional which to expand, on and finished product, broad, flat acres and close proximity to a large population. Housing for these communities has been a live question the United States Steel Corporationand from the moment few others located their immense plantsin this vicinity a
years ago. Hammond is one of the
towns

4-family four-room Type C 4-family four-room TypeC1

four-room

houses, brick houses, frame

construction
construction

"

28
"

24

17 detached

bungalows, frame
semidetached

construction 17

5 42

-Type 1 2-familyfour-room
construction
"

bungalows, frame
10

Type J
houses, frame
construction
construction
"

detached

six-room

which

has shared in the

11 semidetached 6 detached

growth of

the

and is the home section,

of several manufacturing

Types E, E1,A brick 2-familyhouses, TypeB

six-room houses brick and
"

42
"

22

employing large numbers the Standard One of these plants, Steel Car Company, was engaged in urgent government
concerns

of workmen.

frame

tion construc-

Type

14 detached

seven-room

houses,frame
"

tion construc-

work, and

was

ously seri4

care

handicappedin production to by lack of facilities ployees. properly for its em-

Type F brick boarding-houses,

and
"

14

stucco

tion construc-

As no other solution of its housing problem was found to be adequate, the scribed housing development debelow was rated. inauguThe lot plan for this " made by Mann was project for the McNeille,architects, Ordnance Department of the army, and the installationof

Type G frame boarding-houses, construction Type II

"

All houses with full

are

complete,
water to

basement, furnace
and cold

heat,hot

bathrooms, sinks and laundry

and bells. trays, electriclight Each family has a plot of

the
was

street

pavingand

utilities
the Standard Steel Car

undertaken and completed by of the project to the taking over Company, prior by the U. S. Housing Corporation. The large of the group which is used hotel in the centre erected and comto house employees of the company, was pleted by the Standard Steel Car Company before the erection of the houses
was

occupyingspecial corners,
to

as

feet,except four-familyhouses shown, where the ground area ground

for
40x100 the less. the
rear

each

house will be somewhat

In the

houses (Type C) four-family

street
are

centre

houses
means

have direct service from the

a

to

the

by

of
next-

covered

door

and passageway, neighborsin all matters

independentof their

of kitchen

removal service,

of

commenced.

garbage,etc. assigned to J.
need for them C. the front. From the
was

There

are

no

all service coming alleys, architect

not
as a

from

The designingof the houses was of Chicago. The Llewellyn, architect, urgent and the purpose has been would build easily.Hence compact
and the
were

standpointof design the

a

has group

sidered con-

the let

use

of materials

which

design them so they plans, simpleelevations could easily be obtained in

to

the
unrelated

as development

whole

and

of

were neighborhood

favored.

As

contracts

for the houses

time of the year which might carry construction into late fallor earlywinter, the use of materials that
at
a

would

weather
or
"

was

requiretime to dry out, or that would need fair for finishingsuch as concrete walls and construction and the general of stucco tile, for outside finish use avoided, and as far as possible houses of frame construction, with houses of brick, brick and a or interspersed
"

design,and tion attractive effect mainly by variahave endeavored to gainan materials in mass -ratherthan by the variation of styles, tain has been to mainand colors so often employed. The object roofs and corunbroken nice lines, straightforward simple, in construction which thus eliminating elements lines, In the plans of all and not. always of value. are expensive
houses, differing widely in type and
"

two-story houses
due second-story down

there is
to

no

diminution

in floor
no

area

in the

and gambrel roofs,

of multiplicity with the different

ble ensem-

limited amount have worked

out

of stucco, were decided upon. the exteriors of the houses are

amount

As

matters

spouts because of broken cornices. The variation in the designof the houses
which has
no

practically

materials employed has given a variety to the

element of monotony.
page

complete,and
to

the small

be done

at

present is not

that remains finishing dependenton weather conditions.

of

All frame

houses

(Continuedon

54)

ARCHITECTURE

53

TYPES

C, E, C, A, E,

E".

TYPES

E, E,

G.

TYPES

D, P, J, I.
W^^U"aaMMMM|MMMM||^^H^HMW|^^^^MMH^B|^M

I^HH^HHIHRM

*."";$
***
,W
*

'"':"^VV"
""
,

v^v^ ^,', .,';/ !--r*^

Plot

PLOT,

PROJECT

457, HAMMOND,

IND.,

FOR

U.

S. HOUSING

CORPORATION.

". McNeille, Architects. Plan, Mann Architect. Houses, J. C. Llewellyn,

54
are

ARCHITECTURE
sided
a

with

wide, rough clapboardsof white

pine stained
cornices,
Brick

to

has patriotism,

afforded

the

opportunityof engaging highan extent

with sash and

stain. silver-gray doors and frames roofs with with

They
and the

are

trimmed

with

to grade specialists, working co-operatively

that

and

lattices of

porches in white,
slate.

topped
are

color of sea-green

houses

faced

red brick,laid with rough dark-purple

professional jealousy and the lack of an urgent largely prevented before the war, with the result homes have been provided than had ever been
pre-war construction

crisis had that better attained been in

with white cornices,sash, doors and joints,and trimmed roofed in the same the manner frames, trellises, as etc., and

economically and
the and wages. This war-time

of this type. And sound and a upon

this has

done

frame houses.

cost ever-increasing

of

basis, notwithstanding practical buildingmaterials

is

Throughout
there has been the aim has
no

the

designingof
toward
to

the

houses

in the

attempt
for
a

but effects, striking

group rather

emergency

construction

bringing to
of turers manufac-

been

build

the attention
and
"""

comfortable houses
as

price
offset labor
ditions, conmunity com-

low

as

to possible,

fact

that

the municipalities a sufficiency of

the and

unusual

prices of
to
war a to

good
worker draws

material due
and of houses

the housing attracts and consequently

new

build each

industries
also criterion

one

of

locality.It
valuable

to the furnishes a

which

bears

the

stamp
to

yet with

community ety enough vari-

dustrial for inthe

housing
The of

of

ture. futhe
ciency effi-

tain give each house a cerdegree of individuality.

beneficial

effect

good

After
a

this

has project
to

come bethe conditions

more

health,

housing upon happiness,and

worker is done has

live addition
a

of the

being
in
a

here and in all other cities where housing for war needs has been built will prove in to the generalpublic way very interesting a sociological

community

survey

of

generallyrealized.
time, it may
and important

While
we

much
are

been

short this

be said that
difficult

just beginning to
The

solve

It is well to consider the housing specialists. will accrue from cities and benefits these new locally communities. Improved conditions are already apparent, ideas of civic pride and organization bound and new to are towns. spread beyond the confines of these war-emergency The as largescale of the projects compared to previousprivate with developments, combined speculative an appeal
as

well

problem.
land shown it. pre-war

entire elimination be
as no

as

to

that

of slum

districts throughout the

needs have
to

should
way
to

the

Housing for war could enterprise

do that
not
we us.

has

the It is

goal. private
we

shown
our

be hoped that
but has that

drop

back

somnolence,

rather ened awak-

benefit by the

crisis providential

New

Activities
Limestone

of the Indiana

Limestone
The this
new

Quarrymen's
architectural service of its the Indiana

Association
therefore, feel that

has Quarrymen's Association in the field representatives activities will be confined to the promotion of Indiana whose Limestone generallywithout regard to the interests of any single producer. Mr. George B. McGrath, 1531 Park Road, Washington, the eastern D. C., will cover that is,the New territory, York State, Pennsylvania, Virginia, England States, New the Carolinas, and Georgia. Mr. C. R. Yanson, of Bedford, Indiana, will cover the Middle States, embracing lower Wisconsin, the Mississippi Valley,and east to Mr. McGrath's territory. Mr. J. R. Sargent, 225 Clay Street, Topeka, Kansas, will cover the territory of Mr. Yanson's, to and includwest ing the eastern slopeof the Rocky Mountains. The simply stated, is to stimulate interest in purpose,
to

Indiana THE arranged

profession may, disposaland

that

place three

Limestone it
can

Quarrymen's
call
on

Association service
at

is

at

this

all times.
are

They
will be

preparing matters
accurate

in such

way

that of

there which

available has

technical half

data, much

heretofore

been
to

only

is their purpose

distribute unbiassed and

formulated, if at all. It entirely able depend-

Indiana This

Limestone.

will be done lines and with full along legitimate of all conditions which make the architectural recognition factor in the creation of professionthe great controlling buildings.

the use of Indiana Limestone to pertaining ornamentally. While ment, prospects generallyare not definite at the mothey do not intend simply to wait for thingsto happen, but are them going to help make happen, and hope that their efforts will find the hearty co-operation of the architectural profession. is going on but as yet it appears Quite a little figuring of inquiries, be confined small to to jobs. The volume business however, is growing and earlyspring will see some of and summer quitea good deal. The Indiana consequence and structurally Limestone district did and
a

information

business of about
at

feet in 1918

expect,

2,500,000 cubic least,to double that in 1919.

Legal Decisions
These

of Interest
are

to

the

Architect

decisions

edited

by

Mr.

John Simpson

EVIDENCE
In
contract
an

OF

ABILITY
a

TO

FINISH

WORK

action

by

contractor

for breach
to

the defendants

undertook

show

of the purchase paid on account in course of erection buildings had refused to accept on the thereon, which the plaintiff denied This was the work. to carry on skilled workmen requiredby the Carolina Supreme Court held ground of deviation from the specifications The North by the plaintiffs. laws of the cityof Philadelphia, the sole question buildings for the defendants to this issue it was that on competent whether the departure from the specifications tentional inwas was had executed note to another that the plaintiffs on show a material as to justify the plaintiff in refusing or so Wilkerson Pass which vs. judgment had been obtained. to complete the purchase. The testimony was conflicting, (N. Car.),97 S. E. 466. and the questionwas for the jury to whom necessarily one it was submitted with instructions that, if the variations STATEMENTS MONTHLY RENDITION OF would be entitled to recover the material,the plaintiff were action to foreclose four successive mechanics' In an paid, but if the defects were merely minor matters, money the same and material furnished under liens for work tract conthe contract provideda way in which they could be adjusted. that the for the alteration of a house it was alleged The jury found for the defendants. should receive for contract providedthat the contractors On appeal the plaintiff complained of the action of the the work and material furnished the actual net cost thereof, trial judge in permitting expert witnesses for the defendants be ately immedimade 10 to monthly, plus per cent; payments in their opinion there had whether been a substantial to state the rendition of monthly statements by the upon of the contract in compliance with performance that such is held the It under a tract conto owner. plaintiffs the objection the plans and specifications, not being to the the rendition of the statements by the builder to the of the inquiry, but on the ground that the answers competency would be a condition precedentto the builder's right owner of the witnesses were based upon a hypothetical not receive any payment and in an action from the owner; to facts. of the the usual is While statement ceive practice to reit would be necessary for by the builder upon the contract the testimony of an expert in the form of answers to had been rendered him to allege either that such statements hypotheticalquestions which he, for the purpose of his that their rendition had been waived the owner to by or has octo be true, an testimony,assumes casion expert frequently him." Smith Y. Supp. 97, vs. Walter, 172 N. examine quiry. the subject-matter of the into personally Each a perexpert offered by the defendants made sonal THREE-WEEK PERIOD PAYMENTS examination of the buildings, together with the the Pennsylvania Supreme and plans and specifications, for breach A contractor sued an of a building owner that they should not be perCourt held that an objection which that the latter would make mitted contract provided ments paythe result of such examination without to testify as of 75 per cent of the value of the labor performed and the use of a hypothetical questioncould not be sustained. the premises every three weeks. materials incorporated on affirmed. Loeb vs. The defendant contended that the work done and materials Judgment for the defendants was Davidson (Pa.), 104 Atl. 681. furnished during each three weeks under the constituted,
In
an
" "

wrongfully failed and refused to accordingto the terms of the contract, due to the building furnish sufficient unable to fact that they were financially of propmaterial of proper qualityand a sufficient number erly
had

building that the plaintiffs complete the

a

of

supplied material, does not suffice. -Norfolk Bldg. SuppliesCorp. vs. Elizabeth City Hospital Co. (N. Car.),
have
"

97 S. E.

146. SPECIFICATIONS -EXPERT EVIDENCE

DEVIATION

FROM

"

action for money price of property with the

terms

of the contract, a separate contract, of the three-week made at the end stated.
so

and

the settlements

periodsbecame

accounts

It

was

held that such is

a means

contract

provision
the
tracting con-

does

not

operate, but
Steere
vs.

provided by
amounts

FOR
A

SALE
14x21

for estimating the parties

of the progress

payments.

"

Formilli

(Cal.)175, Pac. 806.

LIEN

genuine Persian Rug

Inquire
or

in first-classcondition
MATERIALMAN'S Under Carolina
owner

write

the

terms

of

mechanic's

lien

statute must

(North

Rev., 1905, " 2021) the

a

contractor

notifythe

H. W.

MEYER,
Bear Mill

120

Franklin

Street,N. Y.
Co.

by
to amount

statement

owing
the

the

properly itemized, showing the amount retain from materialman,and the owner must
the
his
contractor

Manufacturing

due
A
mere

the the

value

of the
to

materials
the
a

furnished.
to

notice
amount

by

contractor

tect archi-

procure

showing of the amount also showing that same is due

not

by per cent of material

to

making

factory satisIN

PRIVATE
ELEMENTARY RENDERING Personal AND

TEACHING
ADVANCED SKETCHING DESIGN, AND and

out delivered,withand

the materialman
no

intended
with the

as

notice

on

behalf of the latter, is

creates
no

ance compliAuthor Prospectus

on

by Mail D. P. L. G. F.
DESIGN" 309

statute

and

lien for the materials.

By Prof. D. VARON,
"INDICATION demand IN

Mere
are

knowledge on
at

work

on

the part of the owner that certain laborers the building that certain persons or firms or

ARCHITECTURAL

Broadway, Tel. Worth

2946

THE

GARDEN

FRONT,

RESIDENCE,

JULIAN

ELTINGE,

LOS

ANGELES,

CAL.

Pierpont Davis, Architect.

ARCH1TECTVRE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTURAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XXXIX

MARCH,

1919

No.

Southern

California's New
By Elmer

Architecture

Grey
of the San
rest

NY

one

who

would southern

of the United

States.

When

Cabrillo

landed in

Diego harbor and Father Junipero Sierra established there in San Diego the first Spanish mission,they did more California after not now of a great religious the inception than mark movement; having been there for a few tecture inating they touched the chord of a natural theme for the archiyears would, ifof a discrimof the United States. Its variations of a large of mind, be portion turn in the past, and have been played with varying success velopment struck with the latest deof style in many they may still have further vicissitudes before them, but of its buildings. theme, touched again at Santa Barbara, again Especially the original San at Juan Capistranoand wherever the missions with during the last three or walled-in and lovely their deep reveals, soft-red tiled roofs, four years, many, if not influence will always remain a powerful of the important built, gardenswere most, of this portion of our country. When built there have buildings upon the architecture sion Americans began to populateCalifornia they used the misbeen in what, for done often for a while, but more of a better term, is want stylealmost exclusively it poorly, than not they handled called "Spanish." A similar copyingits inconsequential walls and curved gable lines mannerisms,such as plastered tendencywas, of course, essential features such as rather than its stronger and more noticeable prior to that and time which had its beginpatios, well-planned good proportions; nings deep reveals, of it fellinto disrepute. of in the inspiration a/idas a consequence their interpretation of taste, even those who Men admired the origthe missions; but it reinal ceived From J. L. Rice, Pasadena porch, residence, California. felt obligedto speak of the so-called missions,finally a fresh, a different, mission styleapologetically. Some kind of substitute was and a much more powerful of the World's Fair buildings therefore demanded has been at by many and the Italian style impetus with the designing This is largely much colonial. This present development used for the purpose. San Diego in Spanish justified by the the same akin to it in derclimate and scenery as ivation; fact that Italyhas much of styleis not mission,though somewhat of the Spanish colonial archihas southern and also by the fact that the root tecture it is an California, adaptation of much Italian. But while of Mexico, and of original to original Spanisharchitecture, Spanishwork was Italian architecture often sets extremelywell in California, States which has the needs of that portionof the United traditions and climate as has a large it is rather inflexiblein plan,and also it is somewhat the same much too part of formal in appearance for long as a predomihas been the demand for it recently So wide-spread to hold its own Mexico. nating there. The Spanish, the other hand, is equally those who have built fine homes and other important on style among in southern California that it bears promise of amenable either to formal or informal plans, structures largeor small and often possesses a certain joyousness, houses, being one of the prevailing suggested types of architecture of the in the same Southwestern States, by its florid aspect, which finds a ready response in the farway in which colonial and of the Atlantic States. its variations are typical It requiredbut the emergence of western temperament. of course, as it should be in more This is, the San Diego Exposition in Spanish colonial to buildings ways than one. When the war) we travelled in Europe,the one fan these somewhat obscure characteristics into a definite (before thing which lent interest to our and popular flame. Soon after the exposition wanderings and charm to any tain opened,certhe distinctivecharacter which that wealthy builders of Santa Barbara and Pasadena,men was particular locality also of taste, ordered houses designedin Spanish colonial. it from all others. had differentiating In England locality This influential started a wave initiative of the style out throughit was other thingsthe thatched roofs, the brick or among southern California. Whereas Santa Barbara's residence and half-timbered gables, the lovelygardens which tivated capsection five years ago had scarcely a building ing suggestit was similar features perhaps but In France us. the Spanish, and important to-dayit has dozens of large with an entirely different flavor given them by a different structures so designed. In the town of Nordhoff an entire in in And it so Holland, or elsewhere, Belgium, people. business street was camouflagedwith a Spanisharcade built the individual character of the town which was or landscape in front of rather poor-looking frame structures and covering and held our attention. most us pleased the sidewalk, while the town-hall and post-office signed dewere Southern her climate, California's traditions, and her to match. Schools, college groups, railroad-stations,

journey to

scenery, all suggest

different type of architecture from that

57

and

churches followed the vogue,

and

the progress

of the

ARCHITECTURE
and similar plantsindigenous cacti, plantedwith aloes, to California. The bounded oppositeside of the forecourt, by a low wall upon which have been placedmany potted looks out plantsin ojas and similar Spanish receptacles,
over

Silver Lake.

Beneath

it, at

much

lower

is level,

a portionof the garden containing pool running house is striking almost its entire length. The in appearance, of the unusual of its account on texture partially successful use of strong color walls and the highly stucco because of the extremelypicturthem, but largely esque upon The walls are stucco compositionof its masses. the usual but in not they might rough in texture way; better be described as undulatingin surface. Plasterers tool called a darby,consisting of a long use a ordinarily the surface of the stripof wood, which is dragged over thus levelling it to a perfectly when it is soft, plaster even here omitted, surface. The use of this tool was the character of the trowel beingthus better of the hand-work served preand a much secured. texture more interesting The is ivory-white in color, first story of the building the second dull half-salmon,half-orange a red, and the window

another

frames and
a

sash

are

dull blue.

The

main

floor is about

forecourt, and that as one approaches juts out with a part of it first seen bold overhang supported upon huge, mediaeval-looking heightabove story's
corbels.
centre

the level of the

The

main

entrance

is farther

on,

and

over

its

otnaee.
t
over

I'TiTifm 1 J.H. Pershice, Santa Barbara, Cal. the door is taken from the authentic coat of arms
.

Myron Hunt, Architect. The of the owner, granted by the

ready arrested by the war, has been alonly temporarily style, with new brick staircase with iron hand-rail leads to the main floor resumed vigor. One of the most above. houses of the type and by The of this hall has been vaulted and has interesting ceiling far the most of Los individual is that of Mr. Julian been decorated in a way which makes it one of the noteEltinge, worthy features of the house. A painter Angeles. It is situated on the top of a hill so steep that an working on the automobile will scarcely climb it, the and upon arriving at to do this decorating job had asked permission by the use has to descend for a short distance at of allegorical So startling from one a figures. apex of the hill one suggestion who was an even known be an artist was first parried to at not steeper grade to enter the property. There is the by wisest of methods in this

in having a recessed balcony openings of which are divided by columns in polychrome, the recessed walls decorated and of which of a deeperorange than those outside. The are in polychrome, is reached entrance-door,also decorated of steps, and the platform by two flights dividingthem leads to another portionof the garden at a still higher is a wall fountain set in a niche level. Upon this platform and embellished with gayly colored Spanish tile, around which Mr. Eltinge has trained a squash-vinewith its leaves and yellow flowers. enormous Upon enteringthe house the hall is seen be circular in form,and a winding to
tower

rises a square the story above, the

the architect, and

owner

the be

choice of location, ever, howfor the grounds thus overlook a beautifulbody of fresh water called Silver Lake and a lovely
stretch surrounding hilly countryside distant mountains. of and cause Be-

happened
man

to

away. The and was

to

He

persisted, allowed finally make a sample panel. West origihad come nally to help with the
of the San

decoration Francisco

of this unusual situation, the

house, although

but twenty minutes' ride from the centre of the

the and fair, result of his panelwas so effective that wonderfully he was told to complete the ceiling. turn Upon the reof the also work
a owner

city, seems
therefrom many
The

removed miles.
a

he

was

engagedto

do similar

stucco

high them, and, afterpassing through

wall around

grounds have

elsewhere, including
of larger ceiling living-room.He is Martin Syvertsen,

much

the Mr. and

The

the

enters

entrance-gates, one forecourt the a left side of which rises

patio. ""!"", J. H. Per.hine,Santa Barbara

his work, characterized

the slope Steeply, being

by exceptionally good color and decorative

ARCHITECTURE

5-

RESIDEXCE.

XICHE

OX

STEPS

RAKCE. RESIDEXCE.

it

Davis, Architect.

JULUX

ELTIXGE,

LOS

AXGELES,

C\L

6o

ARCHITECTURE
a

bachelor
knows

actor

and

artist who them in

loves

beautiful

comes
thingsand
how
to

compose

combinations, but they are also employed in lesser ways in many southern California houses and they represent a movement in planned in this style; connection with it toward of building materials. a freer use In the art of painting there is a certain school the adherents of which paintwith fine brushes and with faces close to the in order to secure and anminutelyperfect results, other canvas, in which coarser brushes are used, and they look at it from a distance to secure bolder technic. These building methods be likened unto the latter school of painters. may careful as those more or as They are not as precise monly comabout them used, but there is a rugged virility not of They get back to the methods present in the others. mediaeval days,the vigorous hand-work effects of which are It has been said of Mr. Eltinge's to this day. house prized that it is, the face of it, the home of an actor and would on
be suitable for any one else. This may in a measure be true, and should be true, for the house should suit the man; but there is also another fact regarding it. It is also the
not

usual daringand unof methods typical

unreservedly placed his work and an equallycapable decorator. combination Without such a triple of unusual such home, at once harmonious, no ability unique and splendidly could have been produced.
a

home

of

master

artist who clever

in the hands

of

architect

Santa Barbara Fireplace,

Country Club.

Bertram

G. Goodhue,

Architect.

which, while not in any sense figures so of those of Michael nevertheless recall some pretentious, in the Sistine Chapel, and they have been washed Angelo's down to appear as though worn and mellowed by age. The walls of the hall and living-room plastered colored to are harmonize with the ceilings, and the texture of these walls
as a no

contains effect,

well
manner

as

those similar and

of the
to

rest

'of the interior has been done

show. the

in

those of the outside of the

to

house,using
This

darby

the trowel-marks allowing

effect

unusual

texture

constitutes

one

of

noticeably
and

successful features of the interior. The treated

floors of the house, instead of being made

in the

with narrow of polordinary pieces manner, ished hardwood, are constructed of boards six,eight, and inches wide,which have been scrapedrelatively ten smooth with a scraper, but not sanded or other polished.This adds antouch of handwork and holds a corresponding interest. It must be supposed that these unusual methods not who has wished to do the eccenare merely those of a man tric in building operations.They have, it is true, been

carried somewhat

further here than

in

most

houses, as be-

Living-room window, residence, Mrs. E. M. Fowler, Chino, Cal. Myron

Hunt, Architect.

Gardens
Famous and Historic

and
of

Their

Ornament

Examples

Entrance-Gates, Pergolas,Loggias,Steps and

Balustrades, Bridges,etc.

HOW
romance

much

of of

the the

dignity and

statelybeauty
and

and

were

obtained

for the II
at

additions and
Court

improvements carried
in 1669. It
was

great English country

to

manor

out

by

Charles

Hampton

then
was

houses

was

and

is due

that made Limes

are same

landscape their gardens to settings,

and

their beautiful

the great canal and the avenues

were

of

planted that

architectural

and

stillin existence. The

decorations of sculptural the the garden ! And to comment applies same and to Italy, France pecially esto

influence pervaded England, and in the of the larger number great placeslaid out at
all

the

latter whence

the end found

of

the

teenth seven-

country,
came so

from much that

century
the

will

be

of the inspiration made

so

long

lines of

the
table. no-

English gardens
There

have

been

in woodland clearing or of specialplanting,diverging from one point,

written books on many the great gardens of the

probably
the main
lines and of
vast at

the middle

of

terrace.

These

world, and
in but

hardly a garden Italyor England

its well
tators commenas as

givereposeful dignity
that space

impression
that
was

has had

its

painters. In early days in England the great houses

were

by the leading of the French designers

school. In

aimed

the

nearer

defensive
from and and

castles

shut away

approach
thick-wall

portionof the wood (the 'Bosquet'of the French, familiar in the pictures so
of Boucher and his the
were temporaries) con-

by moats keeps

drawbridges,
"Marmion,"
bands It
to clipped

trees

the castles of

form walls

of mediaeval robber and

was

of

raiding barons.
not

green, such points, of tuated

until the time of

VIII that
mental orna-

Henry

important as inner junction alleys, beingpuncby fountains or

These
of many
were

gardeningin England portance imbegan to assume

and It
was

statues.
scenes in the kitchen-garden summer

the

brilliant
tion connec-

distinction.
"

fetes in
with that the

at

Orchards, Surrey.

in

Elizabeth's such

near

time houses others

owners

that
as were

great
and with

were

dens, garalso

Longleat, Woollaton, Hardwick, Kirby,

built,monuments
to

alike

to

the

tastes

of their

with niches walled decorated high hedges close-shorn, of for sculpture, and piercedwith arches for the passage the

and

the

skill and

paths.
were

But
to

invention

of

contemporary

becomes that

liable
not

every style accretions

architects.
'The
more

contemplated

garden ornaments,

important fountains,

by
that

its

founders and original vantage; not are always to its adthus the

other and statues, vases, works of sculpture not were in of

use general

French

gardens
century
with
a

of the
were

eighteenth

in the

garden*
to
come

encumbered
number

the

earlier
were

Elizabethan
the
pansion ex-

houses; they

after later, especially

Restoration,when
of

great

took gardendesign place. The magnificent dens garat

Versailles and

had

been

of plants placed along the and garden-paths, terraces ridiculed by fashion justly a the critics of the day. But even through the reign of it William and Mary, when
vast

in pots

laid

out

eminent

built by the garden architect Le

of whose

was

inevitable that
influence

much

Dutch
The

would

be

Notre, some

designs

bridge at Blen

the large, to likely prevail,

62

ARCHITECTURE
the cultivation of the
swamp
most

beautiful of

aquaticplants. But we have always to^remember that we have to look that it is to Italy for examples of the highestdevelopment
and
"

of ornamental with remember the

features in
When under

nection conwe

garden design.
conditions

which into

the great gardens of it is no longer a being, that

Italycame
matter

of wonder

they should

of excellence both in finished

at
a

out as examples and general design made detail. For they were

stand in

time when revival

there of

was

that

dinary extraor-

and learning,

of development of fine

in all the branches

sance art, that we know as the Italian Renaisof the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. And when
we

read of
as

giantin

Bramante, the of St. Peter's and the Vatican, creator with Raaffaele,the gardens designing,
architecture
such of the
Fountain basin with bronze tortoises on
a

papal palaceand those houses, and of all the princely

beautiful tazza of Be'gian black marble and figure by Mr. John Hughes. groups half-round balls that spurt into the basin. Heywood, Queen's County, Ireland. The curb has eight

of other
most
alted ex-

talent that

could

be found

being

the long, and especially simpleschemes of the French style, woodland and their lesser counterparts avenues converging stillheld their own. in the garden, John Rose, gardenerto Charles He
was

II,worked

under

the direct instruction of Le

Notre.

followed by the partners London and Wise, who in of William and Mary made the reign additions further large the gardensof Hampton Court. With to Kent, before the

of the eighteenth the change to the century, came when all straight lines became abhorrent landscapestyle, of gardeningwere and the old ways considered barbarous of abolition. Then, near and only worthy the middle of the century, came Lancelot Brown, who was ployed widely emand who continued to sweep away the older gardens with their parterres and trim hedges. Later in the century he was followed by Repton, middle and the "It
same was

employed upon the gardensof the many of the palaces and pleasure-houses courtlycentres throughout the land; of the popes and of the great houses of Medici, Sforza, princes d'Este,and the and pouringout rest, givingtheir personal encouragement their wealth for the making of their gardens, is the one better prepared for their splendid and endless variety design of sculptured Numbers of the best of these ornament. and of those that stillex^ gardens have perished altogether, ist many in a state of ruin,but enough remain to impress are with the grandeurof style with admiand to delight ration us us for the amazinglyfertile invention and varied manner of treatment of the vast quantity of ornamental detail." than ever To-day the landscapearchitect is more an factor in the development and planningof the important

work
not

went

on.

tillearlyin the nineteenth of the Italian century that the principle den garwas and as again recognized desirable, wide terraces with noble stairways straight, and this make the Charles

laid out by Sir floweryparterres were Barry and succeeding designers. By time the possibilities of the desire to
use

of these led of

to

what

we

know

as

bedding system.
the exclusion

century this way

to

By the middle of the gardeningwas practised

all other cultural hortiof hardy plants not thought worthy banished,and even

of almost

consideration. The
the older

gardens

were were

of cultivation and the smallest

have their beds of must places tender plants months put out for the summer only. Happily, a wholesome change again came about,and the last thirty years of the nineteenth century saw the old plants restored to favor and their number increased largely by the discoveries of botanical travellers. The interest of modern gardens has also been greatlyextended by the use of the flora ot alpine regions or the world and by
a r 1
*

11

Kirby Hall, Norths mptonshire. Gateway with broken pediment and heraldic shields and garlands. A notable ample of Engiiih Renaissance design and treatment. Possibly the work of Inigo Jones.

ex-

ARCHITECTURE

largecountry house, and he the methods and traditions

French
masters

naturally goes
of the

back

to

study

ingon
near

and Italian, English,

in the time

the top. Gates of iron alone were used onlysparingly of Elizabeth and James I, and it was till not

With conventional

the

of garden-making. growth of the garden developed various of ornament, such

as

the end of the seventeenth of such gates were made

master

century that the finest

in

amples ex-

forms and

Entrance-Gates,

in smith's

markable England,when that rein England was work, Jean Tijou,

Stepsand

trades, Balus-

in

the

time

of and

Urns

William

OrnaSculptured ments, Paved and StoneCourts Garde

n-

Mary.
Where
den gar-

ground slopes steeply

there will
sarily neces-

Seats, Loggias,
den-Houses, GarOrangeries, terres, Par-

near

be terraces, or far apart,

Sun-Dials, Canals, Pergolas,

Ponds and Water and

Gardens,Bridges,
Fountains

the to according degree of the gradient, and nected they will be conby flights of steps. The of the of built

Wells, FlowerBorders, WallGardens.

gardens
Italian which
on us

Many
were

sance, Renaismany
were

of these
famous

signed demen chitectural ar-

by

in the

hillsides, give
the finest of
amples ex-

world.

During
time of the

the

such
ment. treat-

lish Eng-

terraced In

Renaissance,

those

beginningin the days of Henry

ing VIII, and reachits full development in the Tudor succeeding and Jacobean the most reigns, usual "K7""'*

of the great villas the retaining wall

was a

crowned balustrade tervals, in-

by
with

piersat
each
urn

pier
or

an bearing vase or

form

of

sculptured The figure.

gateway
whether
or

piers,
of brick
was a

in noble, stairs, and easy flights, the landings,were also bordered

a

stone,

structure

of

by

square finished cornice

sections,
with
a mounted sur-

balustrade with
WThere

naments. piersbearingor-

by
stone

the

hillsidefalls
the
not
.

ball.
more

In
The Palladian bridge at Stone House, Buckinghamshire; middle eighteenth century.

rapidlyand
space allow
to
was come

the

important examples,
a nice cor-

does the

steps
in the

instead of

only,there
ornament,
some

often
or

whole
a

which

might be

either

entablature with a top of lead or stone vase or

natural

There were sculptured figure. also architectural additions on either side,forming lesser themselves often gateways, or with niches only. The piers had niches in the lower portions, with sculptured ornament and seventeenth one centuries, may say that it stood These above,as in the flower-pot anything from fortyto seventy feet back from the road, gates at Hampton Court. niches were for the placingof sculpture, with an enclosed forecourt either all paved or with flagged not necessarily but to gainthe advantageof light and shade,an effect which path with grass on each side;the path passingstraight is specially valuable in the flanking from the road to the front door. If the house stood on a where they occur screens. slightly higherlevel there would be a few steps flanked on It was till earlyin the seventeenth either side by a dwarf retaining wall at some not pointon the century that iron was used for any part of secular entrance-gates in Engthe house than the front enland trance, approach a good deal nearer work with connected and this upper space would be entirely or, indeed, for any ornamental paved. In architecture other than ecclesiastical. In earlier times gates these manor-house have more entrances cases recently many of wood, strapped and bolted with iron, then of wooden into gardens, but think that the were been made and one cannot with bars onlyof iron,and perhaps iron cresthas often been overdone; for it is the safest rule framing an gardening

heraldic form

other

obvious way, namely at a rightangle to the which makes leads to a simpledevice, terrace, the difficulty the stairway all the more beautiful and important. "If one assume a typical trance arrangement of the enmay front of one of the fine old manor-houses teenth of the sixand

ARCHITECTURE

keep quiet as
to

the
to

entrance

side

perfectcyclopaediaon
perb subject, with a suing showseries of plates

showy flowers,
the main play disfront
a

the

and

to

reserve

for the

garden
Such

the

most

notable world.

amples ex-

of the house.

rule "It these

in the is

always works out well in and, indeed,the practice,

use

hoped

that of all

illustrations

of such
no

restraint penance,

volves infor

kinds

of
now

ment, garden ornagether brought to-

what than

is

more

delightful
mary, RoseAland the

for

convenient

Box, Bay, and

Skimmia and

study
may

and
serve

penrose, Lent

some handof

not

comparison, only to
interest in but

ground

greenery

quicken
beautiful also
to

the

Hellebore, Megassa,

gardening
show how best

? A large and Acanthus proportionof these green thingswith a few flowers China only,such as Lilies, Rose and Columbines, of gives an appearance dignity to an entrancesuch as would court only be lessened by a more lavish
use a

ment orna-

may

be

plied, ap-

according to the quality or calibre of any descriptions place. The

and
to

critical remarks be taken than but

as

are

suggestive
tive, authorita-

rather

of flowers.
different of is
a

It is in the

ter mat-

case

place which garden court,

enclosed

paved purely a
is,an
actual here
are

that of

space

flower-garden; for the bright flowers in place. strictly

that about
some

of the books In many have been published

they will be u~seattention ful in directing to the various objectsand their judicious treatment, mainly as to the preservation and of harmony avoidance of incongruity. The overgrowth of good by ivy and fastbuildings growing climbing plants
is

famous
of these
are

gardens,
ornamental

pointedout
is should

in several
a

instances;it
that
High retaining walls, well clothed, at Cliveden Court, Somerset.
more

matter

details but

evidence, such comprehenno sive showing of garden

has heretofore notable

in

receive much

attention, for ivy is

for the tegration disinthat

answerable been
book

ornament

available

as

is gathered in
It is been

of

much

ancient

masonry

ought
to
common

to

have
refined

Miss

Jekyll's very

recentlypublished.*

better guarded, and

deserves better
a

architecture
treatment

of careful and
than be

* "Garden Ornament," by Gertrude the offices of Country Life, 20, Tavistock

2, and New 2. 600

Published at Jekyll. London: Street, Covent Garden, W. C. by George Newnes, Ltd., 8-11, Southampton Street,Strand, W. C. York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1918. cloth,with over Large folio,
text

character
or even

defaced
ing climb-

obliterated by

rampant

growth of

plants."

and full-page

illustrations, net, $28.00.

66

ARCHITECTURE

Editorial and

Other

Comment

To

Build

or

Not

to

Build
architect

Now
writes: "I

Further

Word

on

War

Memorials

A
be

WELL-KNOWN

Western that the

am

firmly convinced
to to

publicwants
compared
assured there

the

that be

would

thing the building of building to-day as is the cost know If they could three to five years. next will not the cost drop within that time, a tendency to proceed with the needed
one
.

AN

editorial in The

the

most to

of one EveningNews, of Newark, N. J., of the State, finds influential newspapers

occasion

comment

favorably upon
and
to

the

editorial in

our

February number,
memorials
readers. In

reflected

say the

that

for service suggestions of their thoughts of many

our

this connection
the in American

we

call attention

to

cular cir-

work." This is the

East and

problem

West, North

that confronts the architect where, .everySouth. and Arguing from

by headquarters are

issued

Federation

Washington,
and the
names

of Arts, whose containinga list of appropriate of the members

of

memorials

the

General War Memorials. It would be well Committee on analogy,going back to conditions that followed the- Civil for local committees the unprecedented demand for mafor this send to terials planning memorials War, and anticipating of the mistakes of general building, circular. It may that will follow the resumption help them to evade some that have been made in the past by zeal unenlightened with be any very hopefulprospect of any there doesn't seem to of art. The annual considerable reductions. In an address by Senator Calder, ing meetany trained judgment in matters of the Federation in New in May will be devoted York of New York, before the Builders' Association at Baltimore, he said: to a discussion of various morials, phases of the subjectof war mewith the problem of whether "You met are one now past and present. afford to build under No doubt the rapidgrowth of art museums can opinion throughout present prices. My own is that prices will never return to where they were before, the country will have had a beneficial effect upon publictaste, of is while reconstruction there bound to be a period of expert advice available merely and there is a vast and, amount of the American for the asking. It will be a pity if it is not serious to your trade, the ingenuity builder called upon. he is such that materials that will The architects everywhere are ready to co-operate, and they by substituting can, the same obtain a lower price, and make should be consulted whenever the opportunityoffers. answer purpose, up, the
to
a

certain

"There

is

extent, the difference in increased costs. real demand to-day for housing all over

country,

and

if I

were

to

offer advice

it would

be

to

On

the

Education
that

of the Architect
to
our

their opportunities, and be prepared urge builders to watch when to take advantage of them they are presented." of a very general expressive feeling. of materials there is,from another As an offset to high prices point of view, the compensating factor of greatlyincreased rentals. The Department of Labor at Washington is making the a vigorous campaign to stimulate and encourage of homes, and from offices come building many reports not but as well the only of the crying need for such building, hopefulsign of the drawing up of many plans. In most minds the real problem is the one of stabilizing the prices for labor. Cost of materials may less be accepted more or fixed charge, but the uncertainties concerning labor as a no at present predict. One one can of the most cheering the members of the architectural optimists among fession, proWillis Polk, of San Francisco, is consistently ing preachto

A
-i*-

PUBLICATION
welcome is the

comes

desk

with

especial
a

This

also seems

be

"Bulletin Mr.
we

of E.

the

Illinois Society of
It is

Architects," edited by wire, and from its pages

F.

Davidson.
not

live

derive

only pleasurebut

number take the following recent a we profit. From crete conform a more suggestions. They put in condensed detailed report on the questionof architectural education:
"1. Affiliation with in

architects' offices, students

offices in

four months

accredited

to spend superintendenceand

drafting.
"2. students Affiliation with
to

accredited construction
months in

spend

two

companies, estimatingand superintendence.

"3.

Extension

of

course

to

the doctrine
are

of "build now."

In New

York, where

there

diploma, draftsman's
four years.
"4. rendered "5. Present

diploma

may

five years for architectural be given at the end of Arts of

large undertakings awaiting development, the lack to seems be, according to one authority, of co-operation the part of financial interests. on "We have in the United States serious difficulty owing, the unwillingness of financial interests to to principally, with the material and labor projects co-operate in building market in its We are working on a total present condition. of nine industrial projectsinvolvingapproximately 6,000 workmen's homes, to be carried out by privateinterests in
many

chief trouble

so-called Beaux
to

system

elaborately
in full-siz,|

plans and elevations

The orders and

be
to

changed.
be studied

details

pencil.
"6.
as

All
as

well

elevation,and
Problems in

problems in designto be studied in perspective, presentedin pencilwith littlerendering. design to

and be small and

"7.

for practical
terials ma-

various
are

importantindustrial centres, hampered by the buildingloan

we expect to carry out outside of the United States."

but

in each

case

we

the first four

used. "8. and All

years,

studied in

to the relationship

situation. without

The

only
cated lo-

definite work

delay is

problems in design to be roughlydimensioned

annotated.

67

68
"9.
out

ARCHITECTURE
The
a

thesis

to

be

in

complete

set to

of

attached, and
the fourth year. "10. forms
to

who us practical problem, worked acting tions working drawings with specificahalf of be presented in the second always
a

small

will
at more

assure

the Let

future
us

of America schools
to us

in this field of
now

by
art,

once

have

industrial
!

schools, and
in Industrial

give

them

decorated Antique, Mediaeval, and Renaissance with the History of be studied only in connection

Associate

F. BACH, Museum Arts, Metropolitan ofArt.

RICHARD

Architecture.

elements, Physics, Applied

"

subjectsof Chemistry, Calculus beyond the Mechanics beyond Statics, Geometry, to be omitted. Spherical Trigonometry,Analytical
"11. The 12. Shade
to

Art

in

P"ench
"

Homes
de

of the the

Eighteenth Century
Guest
of the

M.

Ricci

and

Shadows

as

science

to

be

Architectural

omitted,

League
League
of New York de Ricci States.
art

students
"

from get their knowledge largely

nature.
on
a

13.

nature,
"

be based to Study of ornament and indigenousand geometric forms.

study of

ON

March gave
a

13th

the Architectural
to

dinner
now

Seymour
was

of the French

High
cause be-

Commission,
Monsieur

in the United Ricci

14. Interior
nature

Decorating to

be

taught with instruction

etc. iron,tiles, to

de

selected for his

as a

mission

in the
"

of

ornamental textiles, glass,

of his well-known
arts

talents

student

of the

trial indus-

because of his knowledge of the home-making. The subject for discussion, illustrated with lantern slides, "16. The design of industrial plants with modern "Art in the French Homes of the Eighteenth Century," was construction of unit a nd method to factory multiplication the historyof the home-furnishingcrafts in the illustrating be taught. acteristic chardays of Louis XV and Louis XVI, includingthe most in housing,with its social relationships, "17. A course examples of fine French craftsmanship applied to reference reading. to be taught through lectures and the making of furniture, and metal work. textiles, porcelain 18. The science and historyof City Planning to be given as an elective study. be given in business promotion, 19. A to course The National Memorial Baptist Roger Williams ing showing sound methods of promoting and financingbuildoperations. National Memorial is to Baptist Roger Williams
15. Practical

elementary Surveying

be

taught,

of

France, and

with

simple field

work.

historyof

Gallic

"

"

"20. Extemporaneous speaking to be taught through in presentingbuildingprojects. practice "21. Last, a general change in spirit be awakened to in the schools to the ultimate end of modernizing and Americanizing the education of the architect."

THE be

erected
at

in

Washington,
is
an

D.

C., on

triangular piece
and
rear

of property Road.

the intersection of Sixteenth Street

There

umbia Colof

the site,now used altered and connected

utilized The and
a as a

existing buildingon the temporarily as a church, which

with

will be will be

the church
National

proper,

and

Sunday-school.
is
to to

church

be

Baptist Headquarters
A
statue

memorial

Our

Great

Need

for Better Art

Teaching

of

of the main The

Roger Williams. features of the fafade:

of him

is

one

Industrial
era

interior of the church

is circular

in

plan,although
It will
seat

is dawning in the industrial ANEW forced brought the opportunity. The

war

arts
us

war field;

the buildingis polygonal on the exterior. thousand people. one

proximately ap-

to

choose

that the job over there aping Europe again now in the broad finished, or standing upon our own ability Timely Slogans from the U. S. Dept. of Labor field of high-class industrial art production and furnishing in this Europe from here. The schools must get to work Let's make America live. better place in which to a serious business. The their make general schools must the homes, churches,schools, Build now and roads' which in drawing useful; the schools for manual work craftsmen the war stopped. is
must

between

be

busier and
fine

harder

at

work

than

ever;

the

schools

have for teachingdesigners

assure

for for

us

design

the greatest task for production on

must
are

for
a

they must large scale.

way

Farms,
as

factories, mines,
peace
as

and

furnaces

must

well

for

for

war.

Production

is the

produce key to
is

And

this great and

a

work, which

be

got under

Prosperity.
One
to set

immediately,our
in number have
are not

insufficient hopelessly individually inadequate to the task. We

we

present schools
need
can a see

of the best
to

uses

it

work
now

on

half

dozen;
men

hundred

even

now.

Where Build that

buildinga

for money earned during the of your own. home

war

the

great
are

who

America's

Where

the Where

educators
are

that

can

lead and

opportunities? mould public

who

City Hall, Courthouse, Schoolhouse,

Build Now.
a

Church, Factory, Memorial.

opinion?
have
now

the

long-headed manufacturers
as an

failed to regard schools

that that

asset

yet who
back
no

signers cry for deinto

to

Stinginess puts savings in

a

sock

"

Thrift puts savings

home.
now

Europe

has ?

called Are

them there

defend

the schools

trained them

giantsamong

Construct

for

greater and

America. still happier

"
PH
"a

"2
eS

C/3

I
H

i
H

Q "

K H

"
PH

u w

F
i" (

w w

w
u Pi w"
o Q
"

"
m

w
"/}

1
W

o Q

3
"

Q " " O

I
W

W
H

hJ w

BBX

H O

W
w

ft

w H
I" I

ffi
u

1
" W

H a

04
O
C/2

Q
a

I
H
OS
^H

Oi

MARCH,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XXXVI.

TLOOJL.PLAN
HOUSE
AND

PLANS,

SAMUEL

F. POGUE,

CINCINNATI,

OHIO.

G. C. Burroughs, Architect.

MARCH,

1919:

ARCHITECTURE

PLATK

XXXVII.

DINING-ROOM.

OCCOND
RESIDENCE,
SAMUEL
F.

POGUE,

CINCINNATI,

OHIO.

G. C. Burroughs, Architect.

MARCH,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XXXVIII.

PLAN

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

DR.

FREDERICK

W.

LAMB,

CINCINNATI,

OHIO.

G. C. Burroughs, Architect.

MARCH,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XL.

LIVING-ROOM.

LONG

CORRIDOR

LOOKING

TOWARD

TOWER.

William NORTH

M.

Kenyon, Maurice

F.

Maine,

Architects.

RANCH-HOUSE,

YAKIMA,

WASHINGTON.

MARCH,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XIJ.

MARCH,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE'XLH.

W-;

fl'lflJITL HOIJL M tut

JOt'THL COSKLCTfCUT
tLSOH

MliU
COMM
"

CO.

HOUSING

DEVELOPMENT

FOR

CONNECTICUT

MILLS,

DANIELSON,

CONN.

Alfred C. Bossom, Architect.

H
U W

o
CJ

MARCH,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XLV.

QHTAUS
AifktD

COHHA.TJ)iBlti;0)i
C.

"

".-

J"onoM

,'.-

". .":$*
,

gB"'-*V
.

-""

}"*""

-r^ ,;^%;,

v'"^:*

"

,,'

"-"

COTTAGES,

HOUSING

DEVELOPMENT

FOR

CONNECTICUT

MILLS,

DANIELSON,

CONN.

Alfred C. Bossom, Architect.

MARCH,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XLVI.

Will

%"

"4::"

".

at-

COTTAGES,

HOUSING

DEVELOPMENT

FOR

CONNECTICUT

MILLS,

DANIELSON,

CONN.

Alfred C.

Architect. Bossom,

ARCHITECTURE 7o

improvements)
attic
are

for

contract

for three

the

six-room

houses

with houses

Again,
to to

the the

general operatives.
greater
be

plan
It

is is

not

necessarily
at

to

sell
more

the.
sirable de-

approximately
six
rooms

thousand

dollars;
hundred

two-family
dollars;
twenty-two

felt
over

this the houses feels

stage

houses,
and hundred

and
rooms

attic, twenty-eight
in
are

keep
than writer

control

accommodation
were

average

five

multi-family present-day
will the
soon

house,

provided
The
on

would

possible
in

if the

sold.

dollars. and it is felt

"

These

prices, February,
be
or

(the
of

architect
or

charge)

very

strongly totally
just un-

1919,

certain yet

these

materially
better

proved im-

this for

point
the for

selling
with

leasing.
the

Surely
amount

it

is of

upon

and

provide

same

modation. accom-

owner,

greater

capital
a

and

facilities
The gross in
return

rerenting
to

the pay
"

houses for
a

built,
house
an'd in

to
a

expect
certain the
same

man work-

intention
upon
cases as

has the the

been

not

to

get
but

more

than may
vary

per

cent

to

guarantee
he
"

location time
in the

investment,
rents

this

slightly
to
owners

unless

the that

employer
workman

equally
continuous

at

certain
are

of

the

houses those
tenants

belonging
of

the

guarantees
location in

employment

mills in

fixed

in

conjunction
to

with

property

question. experience
the lives may

immediate
to

vicinity
the other for

prevent
sake of
a

moving
cents
a

from

one

At but
now

Danielson
this is

dictate
A of

change

of

policy,
with
as

house

the

few

week

ence differ-

plan
in

adopted.
the

welfare the

worker,

in

rent.

her
the of
an

own

house,
the mill

midst

development,

By
each
mill

experience

mill

manager that the

over

approximates
takes annual five

that the is

does

also The

superintendent.
scheme
a

replacement
one

employee
and With

place
hundred

costs

complete

includes

nursery, small movie may go

to

already

der un-

hundred 20 this

dollars,
per
cent.

replacement
hands expense that if
two

construction,
medical both
sexes

complete,
a

thorough,
and school

hospital, with
auditorium be added
town

approximately
employed
of in

attendants,

gymnasium
and
a

for

replacements,
can

the overhead to mill, it is easy see for instance, it is calculated, and be

combined,
over

local

later, school,

although

seventy
the

children

daily
limits.

the

replacements
a

prevented,
house. that fixed the

this

equals

the

interest

upon

just outside
Taken

development
it
as

three-thousand-dollar

altogether, problem
the

is

an

example
should,

of

carrying

out

Thus, reduced,
the labor
turnover.
a

if it is
more

proved
or

labor

turnover
can

is

materially
tween beto

housing
with

exactly advantage
the
mill

it

theoretically, be
having
Mr. R. the

ated, operest hearti-

less of

relation

be

established
needed

of

the

architect both

number

houses

advantageously

the his

sympathetic
wife,
and all

co-operation

of

J. Caldwell,

people

generally.

The
By
William

North
M.

Yakima
Kenyan
and Maurice

Ranch-House
F.

Maine,

Architects

THIS
noted in which
to

house for the

is its house

located

in pears,

the and

beautiful
other of

Yakima

Valley,
The
estate

extensive
Hood and The all
a

view Mount

is

obtained,
Adams of the the in
are

although

from

the

court

Mount

apples,
stands

fruits.

plainly visible.
is built

consists The 40 house

1,000
stands

acres,
on a

devoted

exterior
from gray

house

of three

kinds
One of

of

stone, is other An-

mostly
the All

apple-raising. grade
are

hillside,

obtained
lava is

near-by

mountains.
into in

these

lower
around

being
hills
or

about
low

feet

below
far that the

the

upper

grade.
away
to to

rock,
a moss

color, running

rusty
and

white. of
a

mountains effect
on

enough
artist
one

rock The

quite
third mixture.

irregular
is
a

shape
rock

various tity quanup

at

produce paint.
across a

that From

purplish-blue
the court, of

loves

brown of

shades.

black These in

trap
stones

with
are

the

first-floor level,

looks

rusty

gold
very calls

laid

great
but

expanse

country,

picturesque
of
tower

in

the

treme, ex-

random,
The in

with

little

shaping,
bold
on a

large, light-colored joints. rugged

detail, and,

quietly please

showing
the eye.

evidences
From the

industry
a

which
more

situation

for

treatment,

satisfy

and

much

general, everything

large

scale.

ARCHITECTURE
No

71 corridor
the
connects

attempt

was

made

to

the

tower

with

of architecture, follow any specific style the aim being to make the house
as

dining-room125 feet away. This corridor, the living-room,

and three office enclose sides. and The the
rooms,
court
on

fit the site and

if it

belonged there.
is spanned by
one

appear the On

except

lower about with

creek circles a natural level, and

two
stone

bedrooms
are

finished in with
no

bridges,
The the lower

of
stone

which walls 3

connects

oak and in

kitchen department, rough resawed white stain light-brown very In the second and also
a

the lower

wall. vary
are

other finish. with the

exterior 2
to

story there is

largelibrary connecting
tower

thickness from feet thick. used hewn Cascade The

stone on

feet, although
tower

walls of the The the

having
into The

heavy

timbers handthe

opening with balcony top part of the living-room.

an

exterior
not

are

balance of the second

to

story is
bath
room

Washington
Mountains

fir from

devoted
rooms.

sleeping

and the

far away. is of interior of the tower with exterior,

a

In the basement

like the

stone

the living-room under is directly with access from a swimming-pool the for
tower.

steps
open
to a

ascendingaround
shaft. These

central

In

the other
are

end

of

steps lead up
room

this story apartments

the caretaker

small inside lookout

just

and the

provided family.
under the floor level

below From
to

lookout. the top or open level the steps leading this room the top are outside. the first story the

There is a sub-basement
caretaker's
rooms,

In

long

in this location being6 inches above the level of the service court.

Some

Reflections of
By
Talbot Faulkner

Draughtsman
Hamlin

I ON ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION

been trained architectural draughtsman has usually He may be the graduate of three differentways. be the graduateof any he may of an architectural school, or he may or of several eveningtrade-schools, simply have one received his education by a long process of absorbinghis

THE in

the
one often,

one

during a gradualrise from the status of officesurroundings ments. and shiny instruboy to the dignityof T-square,triangle, of the three systems he happens to be Whichever draughtsman, as he grows into a productof,the thoughtful tects, his education to a close architectural schools are intended primarily to train archito submit maturity,is very likely of his present environment, attempt not draughtsmen. Their graduatesare expected to scrutiny;and in the light provement. of imbe draughtsmen, to be sure; but only for a limited period, to appraise it, and, if possible, suggest means in order to gain the experience for the opening necessary of their own offices. The future will prove this expectation, The system of office education depends so entirely upon I doubt not, a great fallacy, for who would be brave enough of the officeleadership, the ideals of the office, and the quality but of in these days of rush and efficiency that it is almost to discuss it in any to foretell era a new impossible It may make ruin the student's career; offices ? The signspoint the other way, two terms. or one or man personal look forward at most of their own and the draughtsman must it may make slaves of routine, true masters to evenor tual in in a largefirm as his reward and not to the "boss" is interested principally as minds, according participation
in his professional his profits, or family.Education be left to a machine, even the small machine of an
"

over,
not
so

teachers are draughtsmen; usually themselves driven to this eveningwork is tempted to believe, much by the desire to teach as by the insistence of
makes
an

It is rare, indeed,that such duns. grocers' teacher. or inspired inspiring that the and more It is,therefore, true becoming more from tectural best draughtsmen receive their training the archischools and the ateliers of the Society of Beaux Arts Architects. This is itselfsomewhat of an anomaly. The
rent
a

bills and

man

cannot

the absolute

of his headship

own

office. But

that is another

tectural archi-

office. The teacher, be he boss," head draughtsor man, character determines by his own fellow-worker, Is it small and his own enthusiasm the ideals of his pupils. wonder, then, that a youth doing his best, making, perhaps,
or

question. The product of this anomalous the young condition, food usually finds much graduate architect-draughtsman, for thought in his education; finds much to blame and much the shock of the contrast between the to praise. At first,
free camaraderie
at

of ignorant mistakes and seeing his laborious hundreds efforts received without sympathy and criticised without

and

enthusiasm

of his school

and

the

tine rou-

understanding or,
"

grow
uses

criticised at all may worse not still, draughtsman who lives by the clock and routine methods of holding most only the least laborious,
"

nine-to-five "pencil pushing"that usuallyawaits him His sense of the start of his office career staggers him.

up

into

or

his job?
On the other hand, put that same youth into a small officewith a sympathetic "boss", who has time enough to real personal and you may a little give his pupil attention,

proportion gets deranged. He feels that he has not been, has not been warned. His is not, treated fairly, knowledge, acquired by hard work for four years hard that is the very antithesis work and lots of fun,hard work
. . .
" "

make not artist and

merely a good draughtsman, but

creator.

even

true

It is the teacher who makes the difference. such offices are rare, and in these Unfortunately, industrial times becomingstillrarer. and More bustling
more

that of routine seems to his present environment so foreign almost useless. a lot of it appears has A little when the bitterness of the contrast later, edge, been somewhat the draughtsman's teal knowlmitigated, The school like any real knowledge,beginsto count.

and

away lessen his personalinterest in his employees, in and

take job chasing and supervision

the

"boss"

graduate begins to see that sometimes accepted. He are

offices the direction of the younger and less skilled large the pupils is left in the hands of men, men themselves who often have neither the wisdom nor the symemployees, pathy to givethe youngsters the training they deserve. If
" "

cautiously suggestedideas that the artistic primacy If he has kept in most of the officesis held by school men. have his eyes and mind open during his course, he must a working knowledge of architectural bibliography acquired
his
sees

that becomes Above

more

and

more

useful
to

to

him is

and
not

to

the office.
to tack at-

he is not all, any

afraid
is

think.

He

afraid
has

we

which he can build in at least a foundation on uable valin very exceptional of problem,be it engineering and or sort design. But more produces cases, in of limited initiativeand usefulness. than anything else he is likely to find his training draughtsmen The pupils of the evening trade-schools are in a slightly these things:imagination, taste, and architectural history. of his thesis, better position. Their instruction is at least systematized At first the leap from the colossal subject
-

believe in this system of office-training, see must we it that it is more As it is, it seems carefully supervised.
save

to

problem he

given,for

the school

given him doing any

doomed,

and

But its level is not distinguished. supervised. Alas, with the salariesthese schools pay, how could it be ? And often the aim of the courses too is more purely utilitarian than it should be. They train the hands, but the imagination

or

to

are

his last projef, to the cottage or barn or doorway he gets jects draw up in the office is overwhelming. Later,the suband of his projets slipinto the back of his memory, but because of them he has acquired finally forgotten;
and of

they leave cold;

to

is it not the main object cation of eduenkindle that into a hot and vital flame ? Moreand
72

the ability of analyzingany probleminto its elements evaluatingthem, and working accordingly.And some

ARCHITECTURE
the wild and his of his last coloring has sunk projet into his when

73
The
to

not why with other necessary design-training in architectural One of these might be a course courses. tellectual of composition in which the basic principles and only an incriticism, stimulus as well. It makes but an emotional the detail could be learned by their application to actual modern near might draughtsman feel at home in his work. It is almost like buildings by. Another, still more important, of noble friends for his comfort him a great number be a course in the artistic use of materials, illustrated again giving the beautiful Love of,and admiration for, cluding and inrather than by mere and inspiration. by actual buildings samples, of past times emotionalize and vitalizethe presvisits to stone-yards, and the like, monuments lumber-mills, ent lack vital inspirathat the student might really task. The draughtsman need never the methods understand so tion
a bit of its glow even uses imagination muntin. a window detailing is not A real knowledge of past building

soul,

draughtsman
his

wonders

it would

be possible

he is

co-ordinate

if he

can

be made

to

see

that

even

the

most

routine

of manufacture.

This

course

should that

be combined the

with

some

detail of his work

is necessary for the construction of some realwhich, however humble, attempts the ization building to-day, of the repose and beauty and spiritual of some tent conhe has studied and learned to love. of the great buildings of art history There is another result of good teaching
cannot important. A good teacher of art history the history impressupon his students how intimately of the race of art and the history are connected; how of some is great every great change in style onlya symptom of archiThe history tecture and living. changein ways of thinking that that teach life and and art are ought to one, ture. falseness of ideal is mirrored inevitably by a fake architecIt ought to go far toward removing that destructive of the present day, that sees architecture as view-point stead insomething very far off and esoteric and unimportant,

instruction in modelling, so

that fail

is

to

of the very stuff of

our

contemporary

civilization. It

ought,in
The

open the draughtsman's eyes to the of his art. and the social responsibilities socialimplications
a

word,

to

draughtsman might the more visualize his drawings and specifications, easily for materials, their texand so gain a fundamental ture, feeling This is the more color,and proper use. important for the reason edge that unless the draughtsman gets this knowlof the material craftsmanship of architecture in school, unless he has a particularly innate personal or sure feeling for it, Heaven there's small likelihoodof his getting knows it'inan office draughting-room ! Another criticism arises from the fact that the draughtsman is likely of his school is loosely to feelthat the curriculum The architectural school of organizedand fragmentary. the present day is forced to teach such an infinite variety of subjects that it is small wonder that sometimes they seem if the lack disconnected. Yet the draughtsman wonders of apparent connection is absolutely unavoidable. Would it not be possible that at any one to arrange a course so
main idea ? time all the majorsubjects should emphasize one Could not each designproblem the student takes be related in style in history ? Could not he is studying to the period

architecturalgraduate, then, after a few years of

"

his school he owes realizes the deep gratitude draughting, think in terms the designproblems themselves be used to illustrate points of his to for all these things for the ability spiration, for the background of inin theory, and could not they be used to furnish the ornament art, for the trained imagination, of past greatness. He is for the fine fellowship to be modelled or drawn, or the engineering problems for instance, that no final examination to be solved ? Suppose, too, though in a less whole-hearted way, for the grateful, but instead a in architectural engineering were of the school. He is less sure of his ground here required, atmosphere of the most detailed study and presentation tural structhat a portion because he has come at least of the important to see the of his own ? Would members thesis design not ateliers and schools is forced and not atmosphereof some then, instead of takingthe real. For all that is real he has only the deepest gratitude. glamour of the design-training for four years in student's time and interestfrom his other courses, irradiate When of young people are together a crowd but the them well ? Perhaps all this is impossible, of hard work and enthusiasm, the growth such an intimacy as for the common interest of a real camaraderie is inevitable, draughtsman wonders if it has been attempted. than all else, More of the strongest possible in beauty is one however,the draughtsman wonders bonds, and one of in professional of real courses the most But the draughtsman wonders why, if inspiring. why there is such a scarcity such an inspiriting of vital interestconThere are so many nected matters atmosphereis inevitable, any additional practice. elements need be forced into it. He has come to realize that Such it is so neglected. with it that it seems a shame New York or Chicago or San Francisco is not Paris,and it would lessen the would serve a double purpose: a course be graftedovernight that Latin moral ideals cannot onto bitterness of the break between school enthusiasms and of fine tiveness, sensiloss American without some youth irreparable office routine, and it would set the minds of an increasing if nothingworse. of young number men going busilyon all the important of criticism is more divided. Opinionon other questions like should cover Such a course related questions. subjects it shows, at This division of opinionis in itself a criticism; of the architect, methods status ethics, legal professional that no one school is flexible enough to furnish every least, into quesof office organization, with perhaps an inquiry tions with what he thinks he most needs. That, however, one

there could hardlybe expected. In general,

that
seem

are

cisms few criti-

of

etc., the profit-sharing,

relations architect's

to

client

in nearlyall cases. and contractor, and the architect's placein the community. applicable One of the most of the thoughtsof a graduateimportantof these is connected with Such, then, are some The schools, the whole theoryof designtraining. realizing draughtsman with regardto his education. More and more that drawing is the most importantof the draughtsman's he realizes his debts to his school and its training.More overmuch man to concentrate seem duties, upon it. The draughtshe becomes conscious of the tremendous and more tance imporof the third dimension. frequently gets little appreciation the architecture of the influence the schools exert much it seems as Plans are considered, to him, too abstract patterns, too littleas living diagramsin which every in an structural purpose functional, spot has a definite,

imaginedbuilding.Cleverness of indication is allowed to take the place of real knowledgeand mastery of form; clever sometimes hides lack of taste. rendering

upon he wants and more of the country. And to see more stimuli the schools take their places as the strongest possible the socializing, and the idealizing the humanizing, toward in even profession
a

of the

greater degreethan

at

the present

time.

Theirs is an

big with promise. opportunity

74

ARCHITECTURE

OLD

DOORWAY

IN

SOUTH

4ra

STREET.

OLD

DOORWAY,

FRUIT

STREET.

DOORWAY,

5434

MAIN

STREET,

GERMANTOWN.
OLD

DOORWAY,

STENTON PA.

HOUSE,

1730.

DOORWAYS,

PHILADELPHIA,

Cost

System for the Small

By Harry Leslie Walker, M.

Architect's
A. I. A.

Office

of MANY architect in the

same

us

have
most

breath he

often heard a man compliment his and almost highlyfor his artisticskill, him for the unbusinesscriticise like severely
in the conduct of his work and the

the office, showing all of the expenses

the

for

one

month. drawn Of

For

of clearness, the various sums purpose Architect for his personaluse omitted. are

by
course

the

if

methods

uses

there

are

one

or

affairs of his clients.

A

salaryfor
same manner

each
as are

faulty and
as public to

of the of
an

architect

is

incompleteunderstandingon the part justwhat constitutes the proper services for this condition of partially responsible

partners the predeterminedweekly of them in the would show on this account those of the draftsmen and other employees.
more no

Where

there

partners in the business there is no

a no

ticular par-

for fixing necessity upon

the part of the client, but it is also true that in on individual many architects are instances exceedinglycareless,impractical, made. in inexact business and their and seem relations, incapable mind of in the conduct of it the the importance of careful realizing of their practice. Architecture
most
one most

architect, as

there

is

weekly salaryfor the division of profits to be

GENERAL

ACCOUNT

and

methods systematic and

of satisfying
must

is the greatest all

of all

arts

the practice
to

but professions;
men

practise
an

architecture
are

in

have clients. The instances business men,

conservative

clients of who

tect archi-

have

by

careful, exact, and

life accumulated

in their practice

business

the money which they expend in the erection of buildings.They have a rightto expect from their architect the same careful use and accounting of the funds that they would from their attorney or any fully agent of their affairs. Before he can successhis client an architect must have equalknowledge serve of of,and interest in,the three distinct parts of the practice
to

intrusted

him

other

trusted

his

/'. and profession, e., Design,Construction, In this classification of his

Business

lations. Re-

vision the diresponsibility, of Business Relations is, the most perhaps, important of all. If he is weak in his knowledge and practice of the essential principles of accounting, contractual relations, realestate

values, insurance, and

be but and
a

similar time

branches

of business

$2,287.84

it will experience, him of

to
a

short

until his clientsleave

continual

beingan

artistic but the

conduct careless and One conduct the

the reputation lonely struggle against No one man. impractical can cessfully sucbusiness operations of others if he is his
own

The
be
as

Petty Cash Account it being noted follows,

to

for this
that cash this drawn

same

month is

would

account

kept supplied

from time
Account.

time

with

from

the General

unbusinesslike with business

he

affairs.

of the first any

to

himself or

article which
or

know in order to must thingsa man with satisfaction or practise any profession of producing to his clients is the cost be it shoes,automobiles, sells, zines, magaservices.

PETTY

CASH

ACCOUNT

December, igi8
Dec.
i

Dec. Balance Cash from November

:..
. .

$ 3.*6
IO.OO

Car-fare

28

architectural
an

Job No. 326 Telegram Job No. 327 Car-fare Job No. 326
Car-fare

o.io

50
10

$13.26

06
2.00

In

office

there a enjoying largepractice

employed a trained bookkeeper capable of keeping up to date a system of accounts

the financial relations of the office. The

usually developingand coveringall of

system
lined out-

is

Picture-Framing Photographs Job No. 326

6.00 $ 0-30

Balance

forward

to

January

3.06 113.26

cost

below is in no sense intended to supplantor take the of a scientific place accounting system such as may be handled it is but a simple method which by a trained bookkeeper; has been developed in an office having a moderate-sized has been found accurate and which and in every practice, for the purpose intended. way satisfactory Every commission or "job" in the office should be given this is essential to the proper handlingof a serial number; records of every sort, and is the principal foundation-stone

invariably paid by check, the only exception being the Petty Cash this account should be kept supplied Account, and even by
be
means

of any system in an architect's office. All moneys paid out by the office should

of Below

check from
is

the General

Account. the General Account of

75

of given a transcript

self the Architect himincluding Every person in the office, excludingonly the Office Boy and Stenographer, should keep a dailyrecord of his time on a weekly timethe part of the below. To prevent laxity card as shown on in filling their cards each night it is well to have out men the Office Boy charged with the duty of caring for these cards and of seeingthat they are filledout each properly For the evening and turned in at the end of each week. purposes of keepingthis time record,every day is considered days, holihave to seven working hours, Saturday afternoons, etc., beingchargedto Miscellaneous on the time-cards. time-card Any nightwork or overtime is kept on a special is entered and as a special charge againstthe particular of hours of commission being worked the number on, and and

76
such work is not
or

ARCHITECTURE considered when

the calculating

proportion
sion commis-

result in the
to

by

the

total number
on

of hours

spent by everybody
and the
to

of overhead
as

to general expense chargeable hereafter. explained

each

the this The

office

this

job, particular
or Expenses

result be

is

amount

of General

Overhead

charged
above
for

particular job for

cost to

this month.
sums

WEEKLY

TIME-CARD

total of the three

found

as

indicated

is the this

the office of this

commission particular

month. particular An example of how this works is givenbelow, the items being picked out of the General Account, the Petty Cash the Monthly Summary bill, Account, the monthly blue-print of Time-Cards, etc., and include all items of expenditure which be directly cannot charged to any particular commission commission or on prospective being worked in the office duringthe month.
OVERHEAD Office Rent
OR

GENERAL

EXPENSES

FOR

MONTH

gioo.

At

the end

of each in the

month

the time-cards

shown office, as
SUMMARY
OF

is made summary below.

TIME-CARDS

of all

Telephone Towel Supply Office Boy's Salary Stenographer's Salary

Miscellaneous Blue-Prints
_.
. .

9.76
2.

24. 80.

1.36
5. 60
2.

to Subscription

"

Architecture

"
. .

Car-Fare
MONTHLY

Picture-Framing A. Black,Miscellaneous Time, C. Brown, D. White,

" "

15 hours hours 12 17 hours

"

.71 .28

la" .47 "

10.65 5.64 4.76 #24577

Followingthe procedureoutlined above, the Job

Dec.
A. C.

cost

for

No.

326

would

show

for this month

as

follows:

Black, 43 Brown, 40

hours hours

" " "

.71
'

$ 30.53
18.80 7.
10 10

3
10

D. White, 25 hours Car-Fare

Car-Fare

.47 .28

of the office worked on duringthat month to each commission chargeable is made of the General out up of the various items picked the Petty Cash Account, the Account, the blue-print bill,
The

share of the total monthly expense

24

Photographs
Blue-Prints
General
.'
" "

6. 6.18

of $245.77 Expenses, 114/728

38.48 #107.19

Monthly Summary

of

Time-Cards, and
or

of

certain

portion pro-

for the month. General Expenses The share of Overhead or General Expenses to be charged commission bears the same relation to to any particular of General Expenses for the month the entire amount as the total number of hours charged to this commission as shown the Monthly Summary of Time-Cards bears to on the grand total of all hours for the entire month.
The

of the Overhead

The monthly would commission,

cost

of the A.
as

B.

School, a prospective

be

follows:
Dec.

A. Black, 30 hours
D.

" "

White,

10

hours

.71 .28

$21.30
2.80 17.37

General Expenses,84/728of $245.77

$41-47 All of the above

men

of work

in the office is divided in three on parts, which are ascertained as follows: First : Multiplyeach man's hourlysalary by the total number of hours which he has spent on the job duringthe month.

monthly cost being worked

of

commission

or

prospective piece
may
seem

trite and elemental

methodical I
trust

to

some ducting con-

who

are

and habitually systematic but office,

in

the affairs of their prove

assistance to those who have the real cost of producing to as ticular any parSecond : Separateand add to the cost of the job all associated Architects temporarily pieceof work. be directly that special to sometimes seriously differ as chargeable some on expenses that may particular building of opinion particular pieceof work, such as travelling fare, and this difference to the divisionof profits, usually expenses, caris the real cost of doing telegrams, the question long-distance arisesover to what telephone-calls, as blue-prints, etc. special supplies, the work in each office. In obtaining a fair settlement with Third : Add it is sometimes essential togetherall generaloverhead expenses recalcitrant client, a particularly of the office which be separated and not can for the architect to be able to demonstrate charged to beyond doubt It what has been the actual cost of producingthe work. job, such as miscellaneous time of salaried any particular office boy, telephone, men, rent, janitorservice, is becoming customary for architects to base their fees on stenographers, of
some

it may selves found them-

that

uncertain

such

for their own supply,expendable materials and supplies, the cost of doing the work plus a lump sum clo"-h, pencils, time,and, of course, such an agreement with a client paste, etc. personal Divide this sum is absolutely unless the real cost is plainly monstrable. deby the total number of hours spent impossible and multiply this by everybody in the office on all jobs,
as

towel

paper,

78

ARCHITECTURE

s''G.*t
s X *i a
o
"

C-*
P

'"-T
':

O.

*j
^""

" -|

g " ^ g

*j

ARCHITECTURE

79

8o

ARCHITECTURE

Italy Will

Take

Large Quantities of
Lumber

American
Mr. Kenneth

Announcements
Albert
C. H.

Dow,

Mr.

Hamilton that

Kimball

announce

Harlow, and Mr. they have formed a

ONE be
Italian the

of the

markets principal in News Bureau.

for American
a

lumber
to

will the in

found
American

accordingto Italy,

cable special

Architects

Reconstruction

work

is of Venice to the northeast recentlyinvaded territory for buildingmaterial, and already making large demands of contemplate the expenditure plans for buildingprojects millions of lire by the Italian Government. the part of Italy,according to on Import demands Charles of the Italian American T. Henderson, director Bureau, already indicate that anywhere from six to eight feet of all kinds the first year of lumber and timber will be within
course

of Dow, Harlow " Kimball, partnershipwith the name with offices at 101 Tremont and Engineers, Street, Boston. Mr. has designed many Dow prominent public in New buildings Hampshire and Massachusetts, including the Carroll House and the County Court Rockingham is a wellCounty Administration Building. Mr. Harlow known Boston and nology. architect, a graduate of Techyoung Kimball Mr. is an engineer,and a well-known Dartmouth The
man.

billion board needed

firm

of Wallis

and

Goodwillie
that

has

been

dissolved
into partnership in in

Of of this

of peace. forests will help to Italy's

two

by
contribute
to a

mutual Frank

share

agreement. E. Wallis announces

P.

he has taken
the

product,but anywhere from

to
come

three

billion feet per

cent

Richard

Wallis, graduate of

Massachusetts

will have

from

the

outside. been toward has

cut

Fully 50
out.

of

the Italian forest

are now

supply has

The

authorities

bending their effort

and

fruit trees, and a decree the cutting of them. Director

Henderson
to

saving olive,mulberry, ding been promulgated forbidasked the

of Technology,1912, who Institute has been engaged in Albany, Cleveland, work engineering and Minneapolis, the U. S. War Department Construction Division. The " firm will henceforth and be known West
as

Frank 45th

E.

Wallis

Son, Architects

Engineers,56
of

New Street,

has

been
to

by the
for

Italian

York

City.
Mr. E. H.

Government
United States

make for

terials buildingmawhich the cessation of hostilitieshad brought about. The lumber industryin Italywas given a new impetus when Italyentered the war. Temporary barracks for the civilian population soldiers and dwellingsfor the refugee shelters for were erected, as well as quickly constructed

inquiry as supplying the

in the possibilities of
a

Bennett

Chicagoannounces
H. Bennett and

the formation
William E. Parsons,

demand

of partnership
as

Edward

architects. consulting G.

A.

Zimmermann,
near

architect, announces
La Salle

the

removal

of his offices from

10 South

Ninth

Avenue,

Sixteenth

Street, Chicago, to 85 York Street, New City,

their

and provisions

munitions.

January 20, 1919.

Earl
return

Italy is not rich in forests except in the mountainous In 1877 the regionsin the north, bordering Switzerland. the forestry of the country, and took in hand made state certain laws regardingthe plantingof trees and the cutting of them. The quired rebuildingsfor war temporary purposes of lumber; hence the situation the great quantities
country
Much
now

W.

Porter

and

army, of their offices for the practice the re-opening of architecture under

from

and Ernest F. Schreiber service in the aviation section

announce

of

the

the

firm

name

of Porter

Rooms Nebraska.

596-598, Brandeis Theater Telephone, Tyler 3176.

architectural 'firm of
announce

" Schreiber,in Building, in Omaha,

finds itselfin.

The

Banigan, Mathers

"

son, Thomp-

of the lumber United

needed

undoubtedly
varieties in the
redwood.

will be

sent

Toronto,
active and

that

from
spruce,

the

States, the
southern

demand

being
The
mand de-

hemlock,
will

pine, and
is
not
an

industrial war of architecture. The

new

who those members were on service have resumed the tice pracfirm
announce

that Street

they

have

depend largely upon

times lumber

for in normal

price asked, however, essential for building

occupied their

7 and offices,

King

E., 4th floor.

purposes
Not

country
stone

of

Italy. only is there a surplusof labor in Italybut the is rich in clay for brick and in building and tile^ various kinds cause Belimestone, lime, and cement.
"

in

Book
IF

Reviews
the architecture,
the

the life of
is true

nation
the

is reflected in its
an

of the
a

of scarcity
amount

lumber

which

has has

existed for

converse

that

architecture is

index

turies, cen-

to

life of the
are

In THINGS
manners

an IN

minimum
houses

of lumber

been used, buildings

book interesting recentlypublished, "A HISTORY OF ENGLAND," by Marjorie and C. H. B. Quernell,there

ple. peoEVERYDAY

brought

having been constructed at a comparatively low cost from stone, brick, and other materials. The is used for foundations, for walls,and for stone and when obtainable in suitable shapes and sizes partitions, it is even used to finish door and window openings and to
and

facts and illustrations of interest to the student of English many and customs, and to the architect for the comments the various on ink illustrations of certain particular feaearly buildings. The tures, pen and such the interiors of the old English halls and the monasteries, as and the tables giving lists of important buildings in "The Norman Period,"
"The

together

top walls. In Italian

the horizontal partitions made buildings are and layingon them flat by placinglightiron beams in rows arch hollow tiles. The roofs are generallyflat and tiled. In the agricultural districts the barns usuallyare attached of the same the floors being of to the houses and material, and racks of stone slabs or stone, the mangers iron frames. Unthreshed grain is stacked in the open.
set

Early English," "The Decorated," "The Perpendicular," have interest. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York; B. T. Batsford, London. Cloth. $4.00.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
FOR

historic

I2mo.

COUNTRY

HOUSES.

The

acteristics Char-

earth

in

and Merits of Various Types of Architecture as Set Forth by Enthusiastic Advocates. Edited by Henry H. Taylor. Robert M. McBride " Co. $2.50 net. 410. Cloth. New and enlarged edition of a book designed especiallyfor the direction and assistance of the layman who is planning a country It home. has many illustrations of certain popular types of houses in various parts of the United States.

ARCHITECTURE

81

Convenient

Pocket

Reference

Charts
wire size

of $$00,000,000 BuildingDeficiency in Six Eastern States

WIRING for
use on

chart

for determining the proper

the

circuits of 110-125-volt

country-home ing lightElectric Company.

systems has
The

justbeen preparedby
Lamp
Works for the low

IT partment, DeEngineering
work

National

of General

approximately$500,000,000 expended in chusetts, in Maine, New buildings Hampshire,Vermont, Massawill take Rhode Island and New the the York
war.

to

make

steadydemand

wiringchart

(28-32 volts) voltage for country homes, distributed in July of last

incident to building deficiency

must

This

up the construction

able year, shows that the informationcontained thereon is valuand conveniently arranged. For this reason, the chart
on

be in addition Information and

to

normal,

current

ments requireS.

of 1919. The Education

110-125-volt systems is designedalong the same lines. As indicated above, the information the chart for on 110-125-volt be used for all voltages within systems may Either chart may be obtained on request from the range.
the

Service of the U.

Department of Labor has issued the results of a study of made needs in these six States, building by the Economics
Section

of the Division

of Public

Works

and

Construction

issued in 1914, Developments. Taking the building permits 1915 and 1916 to obtain an average representative of the normal and comparing this average year'srequirements, it should be noted that there is a fundamental differencebetween with the issued during the war permitsactually years of the two designations, 28-32- volt lamps and 110-1251917 and the Information and Education Service 1918, volt lamps. In the first instance, class of lamps, a single establishes the actual reductions in buildings in twenty-one of which is designedto operate on any one any voltage cities. is referred to; but,in the latter within the range indicated, of the building To obtain an approximation deficiency case, there is a different lamp for each individual voltage that the building ciency defiin the several States,it is assumed of all between 110 and 125 volts. While the characteristics
the lamps in this range are such as to allow of their being for many chart grouped together purposes, as in the wiring that a 110- volt just prepared,it should be remembered a 115-volt lamp is to be burned only on a 110-volt circuit; each lamp only on lamp on a 115-volt circuit, or, in general, of the voltage for which that lamp was designed. a circuit in the State is in the
as same

of EngineeringDepartment, National Lamp Works General Electric Company, Nela Park, Cleveland,Ohio. In connection with the high and low voltage systems,

ratio

to

those in the cities

the property valuations of the State are to those of the cities. in New Nine citiesform the basis for the figures York

State,and

from the actual decreases

that New
not

in

in these it is estimated for 1917 and

shows 1918
are

York's

activities building deficiencies building

less than

chusetts $236,000,000. Massa-

short,the basis for the computation up $124,000,000 off in the building being actual falling permitsin

Maine, important cities of which Boston is one. Island show $8,000,000 or Hampshire, and Rhode is the title of Products" "Dixon's new a Graphite is $4,960,000. and Vermont's building deficiency more, pocket catalogueissued by the Joseph Dixon Crucible of $173,192,304, New York City shows a deficiency Company of JerseyCity. While not so complete as the for Boston are $70,258,082. The normal while the figures it furnishes a good idea of the largegeneralcatalogue, activitiesfor 1917-18 in New York, on the basis building of products made by this old concern. variety of building permitsissued in 1914-15 and 1916,should have Pages have been devoted to lists of articles especially but $145,123,063. Boston been $318,315,367" they were for mills, The descriptions are etc. railroads, automobiles, normal should have shown to have building approximated will b ut the send pamphletsdealing brief, gladly company $100,898,780for 1917 and 1918. Its total totalling in detail with any of the individual members of the line. permits but $30,640,698. This new be had for the asking. was catalogue may
seven

New

Catalogue

New

Cottage in

Somersetshire

and

destined for a gentleman This cottage,being his wife who do their own work, it appeared
that
a

somewhat

more

architectural

treatment

was

walls

are

to

necessary than is usual. The Hill stone and the roof be of Ham

of Hyrib, cementA barrel ceiling will form the inside of the roof, also plastered, work a building. The woodaffording fireproof is oak, touched with color and gilt, and case the fireplaces to be of stone, also the stairare in the projecting bay. The architect is Mr. Philip Tilden. From the Building News, London. of thatch.

82

ARCHITECTURE

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ARCHITECTURE

"9

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Kg
-^
^

Danger

Writers Signals for Specification

By
David B.

Emerson

former article I gave general IN writing. In requirementsin specification

a a

outline of the this

leading
article
in

stone

or

terra-cotta.

In

very

high-class work,
copper

where

cost

does

not

have

to

be considered, use

clamps
in

and

I will detail and

reasons

some some

items

which

should

be embodied in my

dowels fications speci-

in all stone-work. structural do

which

should be avoided, and

I stated

the general
or

Wherever brick

steel is to be embedded
not

concrete coat

therefor. As

article previous much

masonry,

specifypaintingthe

field

for the same painthaving linseed-oilas a vehicle, stated relative to paintingconcrete. reason as previously fected Specifya paint having a bituminous base,as it is not afof the older readers,a great many by alkalies and also has excellent qualities as a damp appear very trivial to learned throughunpleasant experiences. resistant. When specifyingpipe railings, them were never personal specify the black iron; as galfor any particular building, galvanizediron pipe or fittings, In writinga specification specify vanizing the fills the pores, and paint will not the local conditions, adhere well first points to be considered are as materials which can be obtained,the local labor conditions, to the smooth surface and is liable to peeloff". Most for architectural bronze work and the local building specifications are code, if the latter exists. For to drawn often only saying "all bronze work which are unobtainable,or which are loosely, very specify any materials shall be the raise the best statuary bronze,"which means on questions by the code, is liable to prohibited very little. To obtain the best results the alloy considerable trouble for and cause should always be specified. part of the contractors One of the leadingbronze foundries recommends the work. the superintendent on an than 7 per cent which are to than 3"" to buildings alloyof not more tin,not more This, naturally, only applies it is understood be built at a distance from the office, lead, the balance to be pure copper. as Also, the per cent how For high-class work that the specification it writer,no matter inexperienced finishshould always be specified. tions should be all hand-chased. For he may be, is reasonablywell acquaintedwith the condicheaper work, statuary the reader's In calling in the home which prevail finish,which town. merely consists of removing the fire skin which the brightparts, may from the castings and filing be speciattention to the various pointsin the specifications fied. the owner, bronze work, it should be trouble and worry for the architect, Furthermore,in specifying save may than five duplications stated that where and all concerned, the writer will take up various parts of more are wanted, the patterns must the specifications be highlychased metal patterns, otherin which in much the order the work wise the castings will not be clean and sharp. would be written. Wherever wall tile are specified of concrete In concrete to be set on work, where any largeamount plastered that a sufficient the plastering walls are to be used, always be sure should be done with a one to specify to two partitions, of expansion for number Portland cement shall be made, as otherwise to give bond joints mortar, deeply scratched in which of the concrete the mortar the tile is set. serious cracking occur. Always specifymetal may lath on all stud partitions should be paid behind tiling.Interior marbleAlso, in specifying concrete, attenton work should always be specified which of Paris, the amount of water is to be used in to be set in plaster to specifying creases and all clamps and dowels should be specified deof water to be of copmixing the concrete, as an excessive amount per six gallons of brass. the strengthof the concrete; about or All fragile which marbles, like Pavanozza or Sienna, should water to a bag of cement being the average amount be specified Whenever to be backed should be used. cement stucco are concrete or up with a hard, cheap marble, to never a paint to be painted, haying linseed-oilas a specify prevent fracture. All floor sleepers which will saponify in cinder fill, the oil the alkali in the cement to be bedded are as vehicle, and all blocking and other timber which is to be bedded in and the larger part of the paint will be washed off"by the be treated with a brush coat is to specify first heavy rainfall. The safest method to some concrete, should be specified of an approved creosote wood of which reliable and well-tried concrete preservative. coat'ng or primer, Whenever is to be laid in a fireproof there are many the market. double flooring on In spec'fying should be taken to cut on stone-work, care building, specify tongued and top of cinder fill never always specify specifythe thickness of all ashlar,four and eight inches grooved stock for the under flooring; squarefor if tongued and grooved for alternate courses edged stock,laid with open joints, being ample and sufficientin ordinary for stock is used, and the jointsare driven up tight, there is work, but eight and twelve inches should be specified h gh-class All jointsshould be specified work. be cut to ing chance for the moisture to escape, consequently no a swellback one and one-half inches from the face of the stone. of the under floor, and buckling causingdamage to the

(February number), what I write is not intended so writer as for the younger for the experienced specification and althoughsome of the profession, thingsmay members

with any

All limestone and in

mortar

marble

should

be

to be specified

laid up

finished floor.

composed of an approved brand of non-staining When either flat seam is to be specified, copper roofing and the backing up brickwork coming in contact cement, heavier than sixteen-ounce or standingseam, never specify with the stone should also be laid up in non-staining cement of heavier copper copper, as the expansionand contraction All top joints in copings, mortar. cornices, pediments, etc., has such a pulling force that it will tear loose. Wherever with oakum should be specified and pitched to be caulked is to be soldered, that the edges of always specify copper or pointedwith some approved plasticcompound. All all sheets shall be tinned, as tinningmakes a much better anchors,dowels, clamps, and other ironwork used in the In all copper work such as of stone-work should and terra-cotta be specified holdingsurface for the solder. securing that the to be galvanized, or as roofs, skylights, always specify plainiron is liable to rust and stain the gutters, leaders,
84

86

ARCHITECTURE

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

ARTHUR

B. CURTISS,

ELIZABETH,

N.

J.

Herman

Architect. Fritz,

ARCH1TECTVRE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTURAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XXXIX

APRIL,

1919

No.

New

York's
By

Arch

of

Victory

Thomas

Hastings
Beaune; and perhaps less so in Nancy, mostlyplannedand not evolved.
Mr. made Paul W. with the Bartlett,
two
a

the proposed temporary arch in commemoration designing of the great victoryto welcome our returning where such to know troops, the first importantproblem was arch should be placed. It seemed evident that Fifth an the most beautiful avenue in New Avenue, unquestionably and better architecture than York, with fewer high buildings be decorated to anywhere else,should be the avenue by such a feature. The questionthen arose in what part of Fifth Avenue to place the arch. Twenty-fourthStreet is the only site where it is possible to put an arch, large in

IN

city which

was

PiccirilliBrothers,

where scale, with arch

rests

the abutments

would

be received

without

fering interthe

privateproperty. One
on

of the main the Worth

of piers
monument

the little island where

the stands,and the other in the park itself. In this position Fifth Avenue. the gateway In its relation to the present Altar of Liberty which is already associated with such distinguished have transpired in New events as arch becomes
to
"

York

to make an position, comopportunity interesting being related to each other to produce a of appropriateness real atmosphere The thought and dignity.
"

there

was

an

the

two

was

to

make

the

arch

framework
one

classic in character

and

most

to impersonal,

hold in
were

contributions York. endeavor The while

which

ensemble the splengeneral did of New given by the sculptors and it has been selected,
our

Doric column

was

classic lines with restraint to be following in spirit, the lifeand character of these modern expressing times and the vital events which have taken place. More it the endeavor not to glorify but to glorify was war especially Peace on Earth and Good- Will toward Men. The sculptures which have already portray and tell the story of the events become The historic. arch is

only

constructed under selected This of

in

collaboration
a

the direction of

It was Victory Arch. twenty-foursculptors of citizens, distinguished company

temporary

with

by Mr. welcoming home

temporary
the influencing

Rodman
our

W'anamaker soldiers
was as

for the sailors from

purpose
overseas.

of

and

sejugis on top of the arch. It shows a chariot with six horses forming a great group, with the crowning figureholding a great flag to illustratethe Triumph of Democracy. This group is colossal in scale. On one side, supportedby the main columns, are Herbert Adams's large about 12 feet high; on the other side are Daniel C. figures French's corresponding these four figures two figures; represent Peace and Justice, Power The spanand Wisdom. drels of the two main arches have largeallegorical figures modelled by Andrew O'Connor The and Isidore Konti. minor spandrels the side also on arches, containing allegorical modelled by C. A. Heber, F. M. L. Tonetti, are figures, Ulysses Ricci,and Philip Martiny. Aside from all of this work are of them approximately 16 feet numerous some largepanels, long and 7 feet high, and others round medallions 7 feet in diameter. These different pictorial modelled were subjects by Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney, Messrs. Shrady,Flanagan, Perry,Beach, Young, Testi,Crenier,and Keck, while the the main cornice were modelled on eagles by Messrs. Roth did the architectural and Harvey; Mr. Raphael Menconi modellingon the arch. Mr. Adolph Weinman, who has did the two given much study to the subject, sphinxes. These pictorial bas-reliefs are of and some high in relief, of them illustrate such subjects the Battle as Ypres, for for England; La Marne, for France; Chateau-Thierry, America; La Piave, for Italy; Salonika, Palestine,etc. of these panels also illustrate the splendidservices Some for relief, such rendered by the various war organizations tion Cross,Y. M. C. A., Knightsof Columbus, Salvaas the Red the ship-builders Army, etc. There is a relief illustrating and what they have done, and also a relief devoted to the service has not munition-makers, etc., etc. The aeroplane inscription: been forgotten. In the main attic there is the following

the

construction

built without the regards its

final decision
as

any thought intended permanent

memorial, either
or design,

to

the character of its site,

ERECTED THE STATES HAVE TRIUMPH FOR THE

TO VICTORIOUS OF MADE OF

COMMEMORATE ARMY AND SUPREME FREE OF PEOPLES AN AND IN

THE NAVY MEMORY

HOMECOMING OF THESE OF THOSE FOR WORLD PEACE. UNITED WHO

OF

the selection of its authors.

The
more

beauty of

if there be any beauty consists in its actual proportions and in the opening and the arch
" "

AMERICA,
THE THE

SACRIFICE OF THE

THE AND

only one arch that I know of and I have made a careful study in the last few months and that is which is really symmetrically placed, six arches the "Arc There de Triomphe" in Paris. were built in Rome, the three most importantones in the forum. them. There around were never symmetricalsurroundings the In the case of the arch of SeptimiusSeverus there were Hill with its buildings dominatingon high bluffs of Capitol
the which picture
"

it so

frames.

There

is

PROMISE

ENDURING

"

The

arch

is 125

feet long,40 feet wide, and

was

100

feet
seem

high.

difficultpart of the task

to

make

the arch

one

side and with

void

on

the
none

other. the less in

These of the

arches

are

all it

buried is done

in confusion
art.

and This

because beautiful,
two or

massive,overtoppingstructure, despitethe fact that in a which look down it is overtoppedby the sky-scrapers reality The designconsists of a main it from every hand. upon side arches and a surmountinggroup central arch with two representing Democracy or the Triumph of Justice. While like any other arch," yet it suggests in a it is "not exactly
which arch of Constantine than any more way the Roman arches the world over. other has been the model for triumphal

is

equallytrue
one

three

arches in

London; the beautiful

Lille;also Bordeaux,

ARCHITECTURE

THE

EAST

END.

THE

WEST AND THE

END.

THE

ARCH

OF

VICTORY

FROM

THE

NORTH,

EAST

AND

WEST

ENDS.

The

Decorations
By

of the
Paul

Avenue

of

Victory

Chalfin
hand,
arms,

REMEMBER

pleasant conversation
back in November Mr.
we over

revived

their gas, their armored tanks, all these barbarisms so in a easy to draw together, if so many as Testudos battering-rams or the heated
stones

singularly panoply of
or

like the

with when

Hastings, gether laughed tothe realization of

burningoil and
Out

of Titus

and

Diocletian. scheme make of the

that
note

of these elements of thought came the which I tried to strangely impressive purple, that indicates

in plaster of some arch

Piranesi's visions. The smell of these

brought back the splendid

and their of

old
touch

books

the fine
this

paper.

Something of
remained in my and afterward, the
The Lincoln inscription at the library. a

mind when

questionof giving character to the city

ghostfrom
easy
"

to

decorations came up, a Piranesi's pages had me It is not by the hand. reconcile Roman with Washington Square splendors It would be

no nation,but all nations; no majesty, but that of majesty of sacrifice;no imperialism, perfect freedom;no pomp, but that of the high heart. It not was than necessary at Washington Square to do more creation of McKim, hang a necklace or two around the lovely Mead " White. But Madison at Square I have gone and borrowed almost literally here deeplyinto my Piranesi, and there, with the idea, earlier mentioned, of bringing into the backgroundof our victorious Rome imperial troops. It is mere lap-dogyapping and barkingat the feet of the its face one might say with its great arch, and licking and its gay streamers. I dodging balloons,its tin spirals, have been happy in seeingthis splendidarch loom up with majesticsimplicity behind these pylons and assert the culture of the ages beside these trivial improvisations.

but

the

"

"

nor

necessary. face
to

It has
a

been

intentional should

that pear ap-

out positively

of place to
of the

bring City

great
at

entassement

them

icate face with the delXVI

Louis Hall. But

the pomp ness and richof the arch almost indicated

to
me

the

for Madison the

was library

cine rightmediand Square^; ready with a

littletouch
to
to

of transformation

point as a slight reminder of the splendors along the way through the Forum it is by at Rome, and such effects that the Capitol looms up so immensely from the Arch of Septimus Serverus. I was happy to be able to
perpetrate
at to a

this

itselfcompletely heavy splendor. I am putting

reconcile this all down
to

little French
to

decor

the bind

Altar
a

exonerate

Liberty and gildedpalm upon

in the finical fine

triumphof our troops from havingimposed the remnants of Roman grandeurupon my thoughts. The arch itselfdid
the that.
not to impossible The camouflaged stand S9th Street. be that they should dream bered tramping a way past encumthe Capitol, to a final temple upon bringing splendors whiteof Asia,or red-headed savages from Britain, the spoils skinned Teuton or captives, monkeys and peacocks from Syria. with the idea that Rome, All along, I have been haunted after all,had achieved a League of Nations and kind of
at

the column
manner

of Paul

Baudry
It
set
was we

and
at

Luc Olivier Merson. this

pointthat
of of foot

the

two

sacraments

It

is

colors and

Allied saluting the triumphant placing upon the virgin the arch. of New heart

sanded These ceremonies if

to
went

way

beneath the

to straight

peoplereally could have been worthy and to feel. What need to dream the of that short cortege, with its great service flag, save ideas comport ? What its splendor of gold and purple like those of majesty of their own majesty with a remote ? These ancient Rome trophies piledup with shields from that moment which, World Peace under the Antonines at these spears relinquished by heroic heroic and fallen arms; of the I believe, historians call "the happiest recorded era of hung with accoutrements hands; these majestic trees human race." of chivalry; the great etiquette to valor according and elements knightly Piranesi, Trajan These, then, were my of back the naive beginnings these simplechargesbringing his race, and their great gift the late autumn of mankind from a military office and these curtains drawn of the Roman sunlight peace, with its imperialsplendor, heraldry; I could see of majesty are from Rome. its purple, its consequence, its great militarymovement dyed in the purple and I could find no jewel to back forth benefited and peoples; and finally nothing too splendidthere, among those words of Lincoln: than the thought of our returned to us with place in the settingrarer own singularly men, be yours to have laid so costly solemn pridethat must "The and a the little Roman touch upon their helmets of steel,
York,
as

show

how

little encouragement

"

"

"

little Roman modern

arms,

their

suggestion in of engines

their
war,

antiquated but
from projectiles

most

sacrificeupon

the altar of

freedom"

"

consolation

not

their

the 89

(Continuedon

page 91)

ARCHITECTURE

THE

ARCH

OF

VICTORY

AT

NIGHT.

DECORATIONS

IN

FRONT

OF

THE

PUBLIC

LIBRARY.

ARCHITECTURE

iT-TOTmra^a'.n

08

"HILmlF
"

f TT1 P raT1 [ rrpn_.] LaEJ 5 ta"i SdEaS rn

3E23E23E23E3
ii

1' I^

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O O "".,
m

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w p.

Country

Home,
Emilio

Far
Levy,

Hills, New
Architect

Jersey

and increasing more more the longing for is undoubtedly due This to year. every the delightsof agriculture, pigs and ploughs, plants and thingsessential to the country gentleman. Perhaps trees; this explains the apparent
seems

yearning of THE gentleman

the
to

city
be

man

to

become

country
which
on

All

woodwork

has

main The

is painted white excepting living-room, walls from floor to ceiling. All floors oak-panelled oak. part of the house are quartered sawed kitchen and servants' from but

quarters
within

are

located
access

in

wing entirely separate

easy the

to

the

main

house.
From

in preference inland
sea.

the

selection of
near

front

on

the
one

sites

to

those

the

south looks

side of the

house

The situated and of

present
near

property

is

out a upon well-cared-for lawn.

large.and
On
no

this
trees

Bernardsville,

side have

of
as

the

house

view enjoysa picturesque The Jersey hills. farmhouse Dutch style of the
was

yet been

planted.

architecture
to owner

meet

the for
a

decided upon desires of the

house of and

successful ind very charming old-fashioned garden affords a pleasing view

A from and
on

country
"

the large living-room which are living-porch,

east

the

farm

type
house

simple
was

the

end

of the house. the

west

unpretentious.
The
to

The

dining-room at
opens house
a out

designed

end

for years

suggest that it had existed tion. in the present loca-

garden.
the

On

the roseupon the north side of orchard

closes en-

the generous the to

Naturally, the large width of the hand-split gles, shinand rough in texture, coarse of the pre-RevolutionTea-house. used, and a were ary period, innovation duced introwas pleasing by the doubling of the shinglecourse, the widths of the shinglebeing 1 inch of the exposure the weather to
and 11 inches The

vegetableeast
an

garden; grape arbor, and

the south. The
some

is

the

ing interestto

greenhouse is
farm

located

distance

from

the

house, are
trees.

reached

uated sitbuildings, way by a roadthe

flanked The

with sentinel-like garage

respectively.
the

four-car The

follows the
located The

general style of
on

highest part of
distance from the
was

property, which
o

is

at

venient con-

house.

are living-quarters

the second

floor. the for

"LJ" is

main

road,

naturally

determined

for the upon of the house, thus position

joy en-

garage future

shape of adaptable
either side

additions.
on

The
are

wings
open

to enablingthe owner viewing his estate,

and

afford

sheltered
cars

cluding in-

parking
as

for visitors'
as

the distant of

group

well

for

splendid
An

farm

ings. build-

carriages
are

and

horses. in

Motors the

interestingand

washed
court.

centre

winding road, bordered with stately trees, leads

to

the

entrance

on

the

A small running brook skirtingthe edge of the

north

side of the
Visitors afoot the

house.
enter

woods of the

on

the

west

side

property
and

is
a

being
fine be
tractions at-

the house
or side,

on

opposite
desirable

dammed,
added

south
most

side.

swimming-pool
to

will many

The

the of the

allotted to were exposures the living-room and main

property.

It is that the

bedrooms.
rooms are

All of

of

the portions; prohave relations and it may be said there is

owner

ample hallways
to

pleasantto add friendly same

between the his country

been
no

reduced
room.

the

minimum,

and
was

his built.

architect

exist

now

as

before

waste

house
93

94

ARCHITECTURE

-2

-^

jj

w o

"H

pS
z o

ARCHITECTURE

95

GARAGE.

CO'JTAGK.

COUNTRY

HOME,

FAR

HILLS,

N.

J.

Emilio Levy, Architect.

ARCHITECTURE

E
w

"

"

3
o

S
O
CJ

a u

Superintendence By
"

Superintendent

By Enos
happens between taking the drawings off over turningthe completed structure hears ? Ordinarily in an who the art for use expression tecture climax has its placein the scheme, but in the art of archiwhat ABOUT the boards
"

Foulk
.

the been

and

medium built

of
can

sketch

be readily

the finale
"

the materialization

of the
stone

into

of physical entity

brick and This

paper and
to

tecture archimortar

is little discussed,but

should be.

purports

be

an

entering wedge.
An in heart and vision, when architect, large his staff and "You
are was

placeon

about
not

to

start to

on

my

I took my first assignment,

and on the same sheet,at This sheet should, of course, of walls may be enumerated. show for record purposes that the conditions described exist the end of a certain date. sionally, at Photographs taken occaprogress in a say every second week, reveal general These, too, should be dated immediately, practical way. of record. the negative all as matter a on preferably
"

plan. Heights that walls have shown by numbering the walls, the built height size, filing-cabinet

Photos

of

condition special

have

been found

valuable

which tective,ally for a reconsideration of a treatment perhaps privatedebut an interpreter and a harmonizer, and to get into Through these three might be bettered in final treatment. the the character you have found expressedin our the work channels, then, language,drawings,and photographs, I found this visualize progress and possess permanent records office may drawings." And in a dozen years' experience the part of a sub or the a correct to be substantially ditions. on view-point, dependingon conshowing interest or delinquency builder. Such records are invaluable aids in later settling said:

going out

be

Client,mobilizer of dollars;contractor, majordomo of adviser as to taste and craftsmen, and materials; architect,
the into

controversies

as

to

blame

for failure to progress.

(I hope practical.
for jail

the government

will

not

throw

me

tewnty
not
or

but triangle,

!) The old years for this presumption of the stage; for, instead of an evil element, should, into
a

of the work it is well to, taking Nearing the completion into consideration, both plans and specifications report by trade just what remains to be done at the end of a definite date.
extras.

This

relates

to

both

contract

and

the inevitable
sent to

and honorable have been men large-minded brought together. that there is no It is axiomatic, to live men at least, human the combination of to thought, so even finality is not the last word. "blue prints" and specifications Which is but another way of saying that at the site itself be may the strength or revealed completenessof the architect's of the case, but more the contractor's frequently presentation the client's pleasureor and or co-operation failure, he has been able, or unable, to visualize as displeasure, the "blue prints," and is then able,financially and temperamentally, For also in this to adjustto imposed conditions. of the artist form stone cannot position change either his comart, its details as readily with as littlecost as the or or etch artist or the paintartist may change theirs. varies,depending on the Superintendence necessarily of the structure from headquarters or remoteness accessibility the possibility quent freand the staff. Nearness of more implies visits of the chief to the site, not only for the actual which has, of course, already stakingout of the building, been studied on paper, but on of through the examination in decoration the footingconditions to the last note and sometimes well. Remoteness furnishings as bringswith it of selection of a resident superintendent, the problem whose and administrative generaltechnical knowledge,aesthetic feeling, and power harmonize will make for progress, conciliate the client, the latter and the builder in the event of

all three enter, three providing

constructive

combination,

A copy him

of this

could,with good grace, be

as

the

of co-operation, not builder, only for record but,in the.spirit

to

remind

of his sins of omission

to

well

as

of commission, into
rect cor-

providingthe latter have

structure.

be transmuted
the

A
a

record

of this kind Where

is invaluable

in the
mote re-

issuance left with

of

final certificate. copy

is operation

from

a headquarters,

the

owner

of

of the final report may be of a residence or the chairman be utilized as

accounts.
one

committee, building

that

it may

of the

factors in the final settlement of

duties has to as a feeling superintendent's My own if need be, for the carrying to always fight, out me impelled of a design, in the sense of finish rather than structure. In
which I
attest to

my

consciousness

that the architect I have

an artist, operated although he has corepresentedis essentially with an engineer ! There, I have used the fatalword. I might recite without end numerous instances as to and how received at the site by details, they were My Lady" of either sex. A very wonderful brick wall, running in color value from warm here and there a reds to reddish yellows. And
"
"

scarlet brick.
come

All of which

meant

the scarlet brick

to

must
a

out.

long-distance 'phone to the chief

or more

come

hundred
brick.

miles
And

then
were

discuss the raison d'etre of one the charm and pathos of it all ! The
to

friction.
A superintendent keep headquartersadvised of may growth or progress of the work intrusted to his care in three ways, viz.: language, drawings, photographs. Up to done will be found a certain point, a weekly report of work desirable. This should be separatedinto the trades most justwhat each has done working on the structure, narrating and describing all the activities for, duringthe week reported of the week. Such a report shows how alive the job is as a whole reveals any and hiatus in any trade. particular can Again, the superintendent keep headquartersadvised weekly,or every second week, as found desirable, through

the

I would get the to paint a water-color and then to giveit life ." would wall, : this is a "But," said My Lady, "this isn't a water-color; house." The scarlet brick,however, remained in the wall. And the porch which be redesignedbecause, must the hall would be so dark. And the chief's ultimatum forsooth, that he would consent to the change,but would put work." is not my And when all was up a sign: "This completed"My Lady" put up at least three kinds of draperies window of the hall. at each to keep the light out And for the eleventh time,in a discussion "My Lady" says of interior details: "But / am going to live in this value general of the
.

defense: "If I

house."

And

that

was

in my loneliness, for I never saw interest had been dissipated.

the last straw, and I was the chief there

left alone

again.

His

97

The

Hotel
Warren

Commodore,
"

New
Architects

York

Wetmore,

this remarkable building THF.pointregarding features certain distinguishing

notes to

are

aimed of

serve

up

to

2,000 seated
china reserved

at

one

time

and

to

providelinen,

out

and

the

employed in styles
the

the

plan of decoration, as explanatory

and silver,

the illustrations shown From wide

in this number.

for the purpose. ballroom is not tied to The decoration of the large any styleor period. It was evolved from the form particular

trance, vestibule,at the Forty-secondStreet eneither side lead up to the lobby. on stairways of an Italian are The vestibule and stairways reproductions garden. On the street level there. is a passage between the Central and Grand to the grill-room access giving stairways

and which

arrangement
allows for
a

of boxes
maximum

used

in the

Mexican
on

number

of boxes

the

bull-ring, gallery
for

and at charityfunctions, or dancing. banquet-tables for sale he

free floor space

below

Station. The

tended out hotel lobby in the world, is inlobby,the largest Ball gave a brilliant test of The Old Guard of this room. of an outdoor courtyardor give the impression of the women the rich gowns tary its success when and the miliand treated in a suitable with glass, patio roofed over of the men blended uniforms with the color scheme and hangings and direct manner a background for plants as of the decoration of black, green, and mauve. arches of rough stucco, in soft The from the mezzanine. the roof of the ballroom of the skylight On with the treatment a summer-garden will be color,harmonize light the whole effect being enhanced and the dark woodwork plantedfor tea and luncheon. the H floors arranged on The bedroom in the p'an are free coming from concealed sources by indirect lighting bedrooms. In fact, the Commodore's from the obnoxious inside court In plan the lobby floor is so arranged the columns. on vases
to
"

When the decoration was assignedto the modeller, of ornament which has worked adopted an empire style criticism admirably. There has been much conflicting

that been
a

travel lines do
"

not

interfere. The

social interests of
"

the hotel

and attractive to the ladies things pleasant of the entrance end. at the east kept to the right
as

have

Up
this
to

the courts, which are wider than best rooms are on The floors are controlled by streets. any of the fronting clerks at desks opposite the elevators. placed centrally There
are

known few steps is a terrace dinner coffee and afternoon

terrace

the
are

Palm-room, where afterserved. from Behind it stairs lead ladies'

rooms.

2,000 bedrooms
is
a

all with back

baths. the grillof the vestibule, room

entrance

tea

There used

notable

room

is the main

and dining-room,

for supper

and

dancing. The

is from

the The

and mezzanine, the hair-dressing parlor, walls of the main without

or higherlevel,

a dining-roomare done in American in chestnut with alcoves and the walls are is vaulted and decorated mouldings. The ceiling steps. Here in low relief. The are paintedin Large beams in the ceiling ceiling panelsand the piers porting leaded windows. supwith the dark heraldic designs taken from illuminated manuscripts. This the vaults are painted in contrast in the is decorated utilized as registers. is the work of Mr. Smeraldi. The room The lighting wood. are scones of the Swiss Tyrol. and occupying the To the left of the lobby entrance, style of material had to be used in the construction entire west end, are found the business affairs essentially Huge quantities of the Commodore. For instance, stock-brokers' identified with men. 4,256,000 bricks They include the offices, men's blocks,218,restaurant 1,653,000 terra-cotta check-rooms, men's writing-room, were partition required, room, arches, 900 back-up tile, 1,035,000 square feet of fireproof etc. (an earlyEnglishroom), telephones, telegraph, All around the lobby is a wide comfortable mezzanine 412,000 63,850 pounds of cement, 10,000 tons of plaster, lineal feetof plumbing duit, 450,000 lineal feet of electric conpipe, lounge reached by a broad stairwayat the west end and the sides. other smaller stairways at 1,500,000lineal feet of electric wire,245,000 linealfeet The Park Avenue and 10,000 lineal feet of refrigerating pipe. viaduct, which* crosses Forty-second of steam-piping, consists of public the Grand of spaces in the building Central Station,gives Street and passes around The area bedroom a to the mezzanine at the west unique ballroom entrance space, 520,000; space, 91,600; service space, 57,900;

walls and columns and terrace, having stone is down tile floor. The main part of the room a few broad

walnut

end.

Automobiles

land

guests

on

the
to

mezzanine, where
coat-rooms.

five below the street level stories, thirty-three the guests ascend from the street surface. Its steel skeleton and room removed the balland twenty-eight are to wraps floor without with regularhotel 16,000 tons and is built over the great coming in contact weighs approximately matters. new subway systems. with It was is a community of cliff-dwellers, The Commodore necessary to plan the ballroom floor to provide for various forms of entertainment of suites and small gathfurnishings, (large erings),each cleft in the cliffa floor of palatial The hotel is a cityof 15,000 souls and to and apartments. dances, conventions,conferences, banquets, many and diningeach. Small cities are smaller. In the restaurants and grills to give the particular type of service peculiar ballrooms open into each end of the largeroom and laughing be used to 2,000 of them are eatingand chatting rooms, with it or apart from it. A special to a war In the ballroom,3,000 are jazzing melody. banquet kitchen takes to music. of all requirements for dinners without interfering with In the subway under the hotel, care on LexingtonAvenue, 200,000 service in other restaurants. In this way it is possible to persons ride daily.

short,easy

of flight

stairs leads

the

Here

corridor space, There are

101,400,and stair space, 2,622 square feet.

"

98

ARCHITECTURE
IOO

LIVING-ROOM

MANTEL,

GEORGE

C. REW

RESIDENCE,

CORONADO,

CAL.

Elmer

Grey, Architect.

Editorial and

Other

Comment

Why

Wait?
to to
see

More
turn

About

War

Memorials

WAITING
many
at right
men

for

something better
who We have have

up

has

ruined

failed
been

the

their doors.
over

hearingof

opportunities building pects proswith But

as soon

bulletin of the MunicipalArt Societyof New York, THE the subject of devoted is entirely just published,
to
war

memorials, and
of many

all
as

the

cost

ready to go ahead country of building materials goes down.

in any
cost

the

hands

it will prove a helpful document committees throughout the country

in the who
are

not

going down

degreethat

will

difference be

in the

of construction.

they are make any appreciable Possiblyprices may

ence up the differbecomes a fact further

readjusted slowlyto a point that will make in the added high cost of labor. If this
will be
no

there

real and

sufficient

reasons

for any

delay in building. The idea that we are going back to prewar is only a dream that will not be realized for many prices in the present generation. Taxes be must years, if ever The libertyloans paid and Europe reconstructed. met, of building is but a part of the higher cost of greater cost train ourselves to everything. We must forgetold ways, old ideas of economy, fixed plans of cost based on the past. The United States Department of Labor says: of contracts on tion "Investigation buildingand construclet in February,1919, made projects, by the Department that a majorityof of Labor, produced convincing evidence
the
contractors

The of funds for such a purpose. contemplatingthe raising of going wrong, monument possibilities by puttingup some the highways the bad that in future years will cry out on and poor judgment of those whose prise comnames taste may lessened the committee, will be much by a careful illustrations of readingof such bulletins. There are many of merely good thingsthat have been done that no amount effective object-lesspns. as descriptive writingcould make Not is given to examples of "What One page in the back stone-maker, No should think, beyond the local tombto Do." one, we of little stone the designerand cutter angels and doves and bleeding hearts,will think of puttingup the old-time of
a

stone

soldiers.

One

of the

monuments

shown
a

is

soldier

on standing at parade-rest

top of
The East

fountain

in its spray ! enjoyinga sun shower-bath be had by addressingthe society, 119 at New York.

bulletin may 19th Street,

and

builders

in the the
to

country
contracts

have

come

to

understand of 1913

the situation. and 1914

are

When revised

let in February
struction con-

New

York's
not
as

Victory
of the

Arch

the pricesand these shows that February, 1919, the comparison Now February,1919, was better than 90 per cent of normal. of the Department of Commerce that the Industrial Board of delaying business the futility in adds its testimony on the hope of availing of pre-war a reasonable prices, tion expectais that buildingand construction work will show a further approximationof normal." We have of optimism in some noticed a decided tone One of the notably in the Middle West. quarters recently, favorable indications is the widely developed publicity in behalf of the "Own-Your-Own-Home" Campaign. The cities is immediate and insistent need of buildingin our evident everywhere and there is obviouslyas great a dearth
contracts

the basis of present are figures compared with

let in

WHETHER of favorably
or war

memorial, there is
as a

triumphalarch is to be thought forms for a most fitting little doubt that Mr. Hastings' arch,
one

the

erected

temporary
a

structure

across

Fifth
a

Avenue

at

Twenty-fourth Street, is
success.

in its final results

distinguished
there
are

It is

notable

achievement; and

while

differing opinionsconcerning details,there seems a pretty generalacknowledgment that it is a thing of dignity with ample claims to justify its beingcalled a thingof beauty. There is nothingunder the sun that any artist can create
many
or

reconstruct

from
of

the

historic past that

will

not

receive

of homes
seem to

for dwellers be

in country

and

suburbs.

There

would

relatively only an insignificant questionof speculative of city values even in the building Rents apartments. have been established on a new basis and the projectors of filled and have a new apartment nowadays will have them before the foundations laid. There a waiting-list even are of dollars being lost by waiting for better thousands are be realized. that will probably never prices that we shall shortly It is not at all unlikely see a rush to of an unprecedentedperiod get in ahead and the beginning of generalbuildingactivity. The widest development will probablybe in the construction of homes, and this work will give employment to architects throughout the country. In have already been made offices preparations to meet many this demand, and plans and elevations have been drawn estimated the basis. costs on Beforehand carefully new offices who show can plans and exactlywhat can be done without that will get the prolonged delay are the ones
business.
101

chasteningcriticism. Mr. Hastings says: "It was built without any thought of influencing the final decision as regardsthe intended permanent memorial, either the character of its design, to its site, the selection of as or sculptors." We believe our illustrations of the arch will
have interest for many architects who may
not

its full meed

have

had

the

of seeingit in place, and we privilege are showing also some photographs of the decorations at particular points along of victory, the avenue whose significance and purpose are told of by Mr. Chalfin, the designer of the decorations.

Prizes

at

the

National
PHE
National

Spring Exhibition of the Academy

the following Academy announces prize Spring Exhibition. The Altman prize of $1,000, the chief prizeof the exhibition, goes to E. W. for "The Redfield Old Mill." The second Altman prize, of $500, Symons for his "Shimmering Tree goes to Gardner A
winners in the Shadows." Thomas B. Clark prizeof $300 for the best American figure compositionpaintedin the United States, by an Amer-

102

ARCHITECTURE
limitation of age,
to

Jerome Myers called "Evening." painting $300, $200, and $100, for three prizes, Hallgarten Julius ican in the United States by Amerin oil-colors, painted pictures Robert citizens under thirty-five years of age, to: first, for "Between SettingSun and Rising Strong Woodward of Miss Moon"; second, to Ercole Cartotto for a portrait "The Carlsen for a stilllife, to Dines Marion Ryder; third,
without ican citizen, for his

by
his

his belief in the soundness

of academic

and traditions,

Jade Bowl."
Isaac N. Maynard prize, $100, for the best portrait entered R. Wiles for a portrait to in the exhibition, Irving "The Little Green Hat." as Saltus medal for merit,presented by J. Sanford Saltus,
to

can figure only be adequately drawing of the human Mr. by the word masterly. As a mural painter expressed Cox was known by importantwork in various parts of the Bowdoin lege, Colcountry, notablyin the Libraryof Congress, the State Capitol, Minnesota, the Appellate Court, New Mr. York, the Essex County Court House, Newark. of the goldmedal givenby the Archithe recipient Cox was tectural League for Mural Painting.As a teacher his work was

to art
on

and

for years of inestimable value, and he was looked up admired by a large of part of the present generation Mr. Cox
was one

students.
art

also
wrote

be awarded

for

work

for the eligibility

award

of art, either in painting or sculpture, not tionality, to be affected by the na-

and no subjects, knowledge. He wrote and the books He

are

more

writer as a distinguished with greater clearly, the but his artist,

ticles ar-

not

only for

membership in any art age or sex of the artist, merit of the work or society, any other condition than the
of art,
to

laymen.
in
no

read with delight well by and profit as had no sympathy for the ultra-moderns,

the cubists and them have "The taken

their

ilk,and

he

his opinionof expressed

Malcolm

Parcell for "Louine."

His books, "Concerning measured ing," Paintterms. Artist and Public," "The Classic Point of View,"
a

permanent

placein

our

modern

art

literature.

The

West
is

Is the Leader in Public

to

Improvements
Owen Brainard

be

during great deal of publicbuilding

In the the public-improvements fact,

the programme

next

six months. for 1919 will the

and history, country's the Atlantic "I have

to

equalthat of any five years in the activities from road-building

under way,
are

once Pacific,

to

be

mendous. tre-

of America's foremost civil of heart disease on the evening died suddenly of engineers,
as an one

OWEN

Brainard,widelyknown
architect and

throughoutthe country

the 3d of been in much Mr. provement to find the scope of imsurprised haps Percoming than in the East. the W7est larger for in the fact that the West the East. It is newer
try. coun-

April.
Brainard
was

born when
a

in

Haddam,

Conn., in 1865,
was

work this may needs

more

to

New

York
as

be accounted

number "

of years

the

boy. He of chief engineer

known

for

the firm of Carrere

improvementsthan

Hastings.
In 1907 Mr. Brainard

of the governors and mayors realize the prudence of exception, The

out W7est,almost withas

established a business of his

own

improvementsas
and
too,
a means

of

going in for public of buffer employment for labor a source business. The West, general stimulating
in reclamation and is anxious to able waste, available and suitsoldiers as wish to go back the States agricultural

is much for

interested

make

land, heretofore arid and

farmingby
of
to

such former

to

the soil. "Most the anxious This governors from of the army to settle in their believe the army represents if their believe

Since then at 52 Vanderbilt Avenue. consulting engineer of his most some importantwork has been the designing of the New the ^Century, and the industrial Theatre, now of the United States Steel Corporation. villages Mr. Brainard was member of the American a Society of Civil Engineers, the American Institute of Architects, Architectural League of New tion, York, City PlanningAssociathe Century,Engineers', and Apawamis Clubs.

are

get

men

States.

is because and
can

they

the best manhood States respective

brains of the country, and the governors absorb soldiers,

Small The Relatively

Advance

in

Costs Building

the States will get the blood of the nation." There is much failure In many and plans,

highest type

of citizens and

the best

AT materials,
cent
cent.

of the federal government's building tions. operago ahead with its own risen 113 per for which sites, localitiesfederal buildings, construction criticism in the West
to
were

of building war had risen only 61 per steel, including the pre-war prices of 1913, while the indfexnumover ber for commodities, exclusive of building had materials,
not

the

close of the

the index number

The

average

increase of wages

in the

held up the on present construction costs such localities there is resentment government

before the war, are appropriations will not because the original appropriations had
over

now cover

18
-

was

in forty-one cities from 1914industry leading rise of 94 per cent a only 28.5 per cent as against When the armistice came, there was, of

in commodities.
course,
a

desired. buildings

In

the fact that the money the fact that

to

great volume

of deferred construction

projects,

has

not

been

granted additional

these building this and activities, carry on has not been done is exerting harmful influence on many a which feelthat ifit is prudentfor the govinterests, private ernment
to

refrain from the

prudentfor

this time at building interests to follow the same private

it also is
course.

partlyin the form of publicworks, partlyin the form of and of semipublic utilities, partlyin the form of housing, commercial This volume of deand industrial buildings. ferred construction represented in largepart the curtailment of non-war which had resulted from the production diversion of one-third of the nation's industrial capacity to war production.
Arthur
is with the IT of Arthur Durand
most

Kenyan

Cox

Durand

Rogers
we

IN
and be

the death of

Kenyon Cox, America

one

and artists,

lost one of her foremost whose influence in the betterment

sincereregret that

record the death

wider appreciation of American in general will art a missed. Mr. Cox always stood for sanity, for greatly for thoroughness. His own work was marked conservatism,

Rogers.His services for many years on behalf of the architectural profession marked were by high and a sympathetic of both ideals, untiring zeal, appreciation the artistic and practical sides of modern architecture.

APRIL.

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XLVII.

VESTIBULE,

42o STREET

ENTRANCE,

HOTEL

COMMODORE,

NEW

YORK.

Warren

"

Wetmore,Architects.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XLVIIT.

HOTEL

COMMODORE,

NEW

YORK.

Warren

"

Wetmore,Architects.

H
U W

H
i" i

ffi
U

APRIL, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LI.

GRILL-ROOM.

MEN'S

RESTAURANT. HOTEL

Warren " Wctmore, Architects.

COMMODORE,

NEW

YORK.

APRIL.

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LII.

.,.v-.'.
"

-"

f?
*"

"".

JU"

ENTRANCE,

GEORGE

C. REW

RESIDENCE,

CORONADO,

CAL.

Elmer

Grey, Architect.

P^i
UJ H
U w

H
KM

w
u

APRIL,

1019.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LV.

BALLROOM,

HOTEL

PENNSYLVANIA,

NEW

YORK.

McKim,

Mead

"

White, Architects.

P4

5
H U
w

H
HH

"

a
u
W

03
"" I

ffi

APRIL, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LVITI.

SOUTH

PORCH,

"TAMARACKS,"

RESIDENCE,

FRANKLIN

G.

COLBY, ANDOVER,

N.

J.

a
H

9
a

P4

p
H
U w

H
i" i

ffi
U

OS

APRIL, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LX.

LIVING-ROOM.

DINING-ROOM.

'TAMARACKS,"

RESIDENCE,

FRANKLIN

G. COLBY,

ANDOVER,

N.

J.

APRIL, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXII.

O
LE

ORWAY

SO

HO

USE

SENNETT.N.Y.
Built

1814 -.SCALE
IKCHEJ
2

ELEVATION

OF

TEST

^
PLAN

DETAIL^1

MEAJUR.ED

AND

DE.A.WN

BY

1918

Southern

California's

New
Grey

Architecture

"

II

By Elmer
Santa Henry Dater house, THE house of the Spanish type, but
near

Barbara, is another
a

Its difference and

serves

to

show

what

very different one. wide variety of effect

use

expression may
as an

be obtained in the

of the

same

style.
of

It is used

argument

againstthe

wide

introduction

adopted to reach it. At its farther end are arcade, the back walls of composing an which of beautifully colored designedand richly are panels the centre Not only a wall fountain. constituting one tile, the individual tiles in these panelsbeautiful, but they are
about three
way

arches

Spanish
of

in California, vor in famore

have

been
as

signed de-

and
a

parts of

of general use that other styles, the result of much would of

one too

largerpatterns the covering whole panels, just as the patterns

of Oriental
so

style
ference dif-

many rugs
are

be

onous. monot-

The

between the Dater both somewhat

and designed, the effect brings much

to

Eltinge and
homes,
built in

very mind

the idea,of
tal Orienfused trans-

beautiful rugs

lar simion

situations the side of

goes
a

into
more

the
terial ma-

hill,

solid tile.

far toward
each
corners

In

such a dispelling theory. As one approaches the Dater also house

a one

of the four of
a

the

patio is
around
Henry
Dater house
at

tree, the bases

are tagonal oc-

enters

court, forestead in-

Santa

Bertram

G. Goodhue.'Architect.

of which

but

curbings
decorated with
more

in treatment, in of the main fa?adebeing irregular as house, it is quiteformal. There is a central oneEltinge flanked symmetrically by two two-story wings. story portion Behind this central portionis an rior intepatioin which are planted palms the and which roof. other may The trees, the be seen
treatment

of the

same

tile. In the

centre

is

and in the pool largerectangular pool,also edged with tile, school of goldfish, which have of are a kept a large way the other, end to darting from one lendingan additional note of color and

tops of
of the

some

of its

interest to the
The and

scene.

peering over
entrance

both plaster-work, been

the done

interior

exterior,has
use are

doorway

is effective because of its simplicity

the

of

darby,
are

without floors (those

of

and

plain,stone
the doors

good scale. It is severely the sides of at pilasters above being connected by a

treatment, and
of

which

not

tiled) are
the

made

heavy
iron

plank,the
some

stairs

of brick with

hand-rail, and
of the Much

beamed

of ceilings

simplecornice being accented

out

the whole
arms

by
over

coat

cut

hand-adzed
age.

of the

stone

the
so

centre.

The

have been finished to simulate of the furniture consists of

rooms principal

and

doors
as

themselves
seem

are as some

to

almost

for the
rather size for
out

entry
than
some

of

for
reason

men,

largein scale though intended giant species but their large

not

old paintings antiques, gathered many in Europe,Mexico,and elsewhere adorn the walls,the effect of all these things beingto impart a decided flavor of the past,
which
a

does

here

seem

sort

of

historical the
court.

atmosphere
effect may
or

proportion.They are of dark oak, severelyplain,but relieved and of enriched by a considerable number chased bolt heads and a beautifully Upon entering, huge silver knocker.
of
one comes

accentuates

romantic One

conveyed by
may
not

the

and has

with this idea of ning plana home, but it certainly furnishing

agree
an

into
to

narrow

ing leadhallway,
to

charm. inescapable

ed Seat-

both and view

not

the
one

rightand

the

left,
this into

until the

portionof
of the

passes around hall does one come When and

by
and

in this beautiful court, surrounded the lovelytile-work and fountain the

to
no.

greenery

patio.

however, its novel

compensates

this is seen, beautiful effect roundFountain, George C. Rew Grey, Architect.

Coronado. residence, Elmer

forced will
or

feel this charm

In
not

of the trees, one whether

is
one

its presence
a

California beautiful

for the somewhat

becomes

alone

very

103

104

ARCHITECTURE
our

part of

and history, About distance and in sites and

west

country, but tradition.

one

also redolent

of

romance,

eightmiles
of

north of Los Canada.

and Angeles,

the

same

of similar style, then the passes first the garage, a building for several hundred road winds alongthe edge of a declivity it ends in an irregularly feet,and finally shaped forecourt with

hills Pasadena, lies a beautiful country of footIt is stillalmost wild

sides,walled precipitous
terraces.

in

by

some

of the

above-

called La valleys

mentioned

From

this

forecourt,and

also from

general aspect but is an ideal district for country homebeen opened up for that purpose. has recently builds amidst picturesque ings, surroundand superb distances are obtained. It is from a How often,when man valleys, that the house is seen he selects conspicuous when and particularly to hilltops lower road in one of these valleys of his productseriously there the stone what the best advantage. From for sites, does the newness best mar terraces ! It seems exhibit their friendly im-. is otherwise a beautiful scene roundings. particularly purpose of tyingthe house to its surin conspicuous above another, if to supand in a building positions They pile as up, one portant when port lower down. in design, and it from firmer foundations to have a building The house justright landscape virgin with just the right kind with austere have it tied to its surroundings lines,dull yellow walls, and red-tile to itself, the top of a very conof accessories. In La Canada, on note to surmount them. spicuous seems Behind roof, justthe right there is one loom to furnish the proper background. all the mountains house, the home of Mr. Malcolm hill, in Maxfield Parrish McNaughton, which justthese have might
conditions have
been is so it fulfilled; appropriate
so

side of the house,wonderful the porcheson the opposite views of the surrounding cultivated hills, country of rolling

drawn
scene

such for
some

of his fanciful

in character and has been perfectly tied to its

groupings,
Walter

Sir

Scott

as surroundings

could have used it for fictional

it settings; to mind a brings castle in Spain, though it is but the intelligent utilization of
a a

to

make

one

feel
was

glad that

it

builtthere. The site would have

seemed

sible imposto

for the purpose

owners,
was so

many small level

hilltop
home The
The Malcolm

for

in

fornia. Cali-

the

space available the hilltop on and

so

Spanish
fornia Caliin^

has been criticised by tiful beauthe score possible, however,and exceptionally that it is not sufficiently some homelike when on by the simpledesignof the building, used for residence purposes. It is said that when by the fortunate truest to color of its roof tile and side walls, which blend with those dance too small to furnish the abunare type the window openings of the surrounding and by the many of irhills, regular of light terraces Americans and air which most desire in their shapebuilt around it;terraces buttressed with rough is cited as one in which this homes; and the colonial style walls which follow the contours stone of the site retaining fault is not to be found. It is true that numberless colonial and seem as though they belong there althoughbut already houses do express in a dignified and charming manner ican Amerold. a few months home lifeat its best,but it is also true that there are The roof is of a kind common of to many the successsituations in California (such as the one ful scribed, just-demany houses of this style in California and calls for particular for instance) where a colonial house would look beautiful in color and texture mention, so is it. It is made of place, would in fact be an intrusion upon a out totally to simulate the soft dull grayish-red roofs of Europe, it. It would seem or therefore to landscape utterly foreign of the original (not to go so far away) some tile on that such faults as the Spanishstyle in California may roofing have the old California missions. The separate tile are dull red, that by additional study on the part of should be overcome; dull pink, and even dull blue in color, but they are so judiciously architects it should be made to better conform to American selected and so carefully blended that the result is a home requirements.I think this has alreadybeen accomplished

tous precipi-

McNaughton

La Canada. residence,

vogue
Reginald Johnson, Architect.

its sides.

It has been made

be seen be apto in a considerable number of instances, of and one preciated. also very different from these is the recently completedresidence of Mr. George C. American laid tile roofs in that the tile are of a relmost atively Rew at Coronado. On the south side of the Coronado peninsula, flatter shape than usual and are laid as Father Sierra and his companions m.ust near irregularly to where to courses and alignmentrather than with mathematical have firstlanded (indeed it be the identicalspot), there may This method precision. not teresting inonly givesa much more broad boulevard skirting the Pacific Ocean. runs a Huge texture but, alongwith their color, rocks have been hauled and deposited givesthem the side along its ocean that very old tile roofs have. same As one appearance to protect it from inroads of the its opposite side sea; on writer has said regarding them: "The illusion of age is the green lawns and beautiful tropical-looking are street perfeet.' When trees. the waves break over the rocks and throw The house is approached from a country road at a their spray high in the air, as do, the effect they frequently """"*" j**.*^**.* y uv^HLiy j J. Viv^j i 1111 i higher level,the lower side of the property being too prein contrast with the green trees and lawns opposite is inspirIn enteringthe grounds one cipitous for the purpose. of ing. The Rew residence
must

wonderful

color In

harmony which
they
are

texture

...

"

"

"

u"v"

t*j."

t*!j

LII^,

11

v^vj

bftlV

V,11\^V,

k.

a large occupies piece

property

ARCHITECTURE

105

MAIN

FRONT.

SIDE. THE GEORGE C. REW

Elmer

Grey, Architect.

RESIDENCE,

CORONADO.

io6 this boulevard and the ocean, a lot which facing been used for residence purposes and has many arboreal and other growth upon it. It commands

ARCHITECTURE
had

In the second story is also grilles. guardedby wrought-iron in three directions, the ocean with arcades facing a sun-room tually the arcades beingfitted with steel sash which open and viran usually unof the room make view in an marine porch. The ceiling a second-story arc including comprehensive beams of the hall and also those of an alcove of the livingPoint Loma, the Coronado Islands, a part of the Mexican and finished to simulate age, and the hand-adzed Yet alongwith room are and Table Mountain in Mexico. coast-line, but in interiorplaster and its color are rather old looking, of the sea, so mild is the climate of this close proximity other respects the interior does not imitate old methods as Coronado that,in the garden back of the house (walled in far as do some of the former houses described. The library with a high Spanish-looking wall) are grown tile-capped bookcases running to is finished in walnut, with modern and many avocados, pomegranates, figs, oranges, mangoes, varieties the ceiling is and another largemantel. The dining-room other kinds of warm-country fruits. Roses of many well. in oak, and the floors are the regulation Poinsettias do exceptionally bloom there profusely. panelled type of The effort has apparently hardwood. shade. been A grove of of acacias throws welcome A long row narrow polished of its charmcould be ing to combine tall palms adds a touch of dignity.What more beauty of a Spanishtype and some than such growth combined old atmospherewith a reasonable degreeof modern finement. redesired for a home environment

long
of

years

with

such marine

views ?
utmost

And

the

Rew

house

has

been On the outside of the house the

texture

advantageof both. Its rooms are arrangedaround three sides of a patio, the principal ward however, also having an outlook torooms, but around is paved with tile, The patio the ocean. itssides and centre are beds of ferns, begonias, etc., cycads, plannedto
take the and in
one corner

of the

plaster

is a notablysuccessful feature. Beach pebbles, sifted to a thrown upon the walls when the small and uniform size, were
was plaster

thus producing its own soft,each one little with the proximity to speak. In conformity bullet-hole, so
to

the Mexican border its exterior treatment Mexican this consisting of broad feeling, its third side opens upon the garden. In the second story at plainwall surfaces contrasted with rich ornamentation of the principal is a covered balconyof semi-Moorish designlooking down door and window some openings. The communicates with which the has been of studied for the effect upon it one balcony carefully cipal ornament prinupon it, bedrooms the ocean, thus givingthat room of light and shade, and the result is correspondingly a facing good, such Mexican enrichment when well done havingoften been sheltered outlook upon the patioas well as the ocean posure. exThe owner's bedroom,the guest-room, and an office likened unto lace-work. The roof is covered with the same in a one-story wing adjoining the patio. The main hall, color and texture tileof remarkable are described in connection from a side street, is semicircular in shape with with the McNaughton house. These characteristics taken approached and directly is a all together, occasioned by the the interesting a windingstairway, enters as one opposite texture plaster the richly dashed beach pebbles, ornamented pairof very beautiful wrought-iron doors, a copy of grille entrances, and old pair in Pamplona, Spain. They serve the purpose, the varied and colorfulroof surfaces combine in forming an a in addition to their being highly decorative objectsin and effectiveexterior. Whether a house plannedas striking of with its principal themselves, providing and rooms is, greater privacy for the living- this one facingthe ocean the view of it room itsopposite beyond,without entirely side surrounding is any intercepting a patio a garden, facing from the hall. The living-room is two stories high, vaulted less homelike than one of a differenttype could have been in of Batchelder such a situation may overhead, and at one end is a huge fireplace of opinion; but certainly, be a matter with figures and scenes the earlySpanish tile, the historical associations which cling depicting nado to Coroconsidering life of California modelled upon its robust columns and and its vicinity, the eventful landingswhich have frieze. A gallery in the second story looks taken place strong-looking and the venturesome who spirits upon its shores, the living-room, down the openings into it being could be more have made their homes there, upon none fitting. with the
rooms principal

cating is a tall cypress-tree. Porches communiwhile face it on two sides,

of the house shows

marked

There Is LittleDanger of Loss in Judicious Building Investment

-High
cost not

Rents

Will Make

Up for Increased Cost

Rents of
case

In the determined by supply and demand. are mand housing, during the earlypart of the war, the dehigh only comparisonwith its own war prein commodity curtailed by the rapidadvance was level. Commodity prices will undoubtedlyrecede because which impelled into or get tenants to crowd prices, many food and clothing and many other things affected were with less space than their normal standard of living along for example,scarcity war by special of transconditions, portation, of the young men of military and by the drafting required, which prevented from distant countries shipments But they cannot to the Allies. age. With a year, however,these influenceshad spent their fallto the pre-war level. force. By the end of 1918, according obtained to the replies But, althoughsome in the wages of individual readjustments from a questionnaire real-estate boards in ninetytrades and in the prices to of individual classes of sent materials may take place, building one the cost of construction cities, only four of these cities had a housing demand will not come down such an extent to that was below normal, while in fifty-two to endanger a citiesrents had as investment made to-dayin the erection of a new judicious advanced 10 per cent in some 40 per or instances, more, building.Where the rents offered will show a fair net return to 50 per cent. This rise in rents took placeat a time cent the cost to-dayof a new on after deducting when the population building of houseeconomical at home was as a reasonable sinking-fund should hesitate allowance, no one and while several millions of soldierswere room as possible

of construction is high to-day. It is low THE and commodities in compared with food,clothing, in

general.It is

to

build

or

to

lend money

for

building.

absent in the service.

Scientific Management
By
General Manager in the office of Mann

of the
C.

Drafting-Room
and

Henri
"

Heps
Construction Engineers

MacNeille,Architects

HOW

TO

DETERMINE

THE

VALUE

OF

DRAFTSMAN

subjects many THERE the scientific management

are

of interest in connection with of

an

chart, but accompanying

In
or our

before

touchingupon
are

the chart
signs de-

architectural office,
note popular

itself notes a few importantexplanatory

office
we

but
to

perhapsthose
do In with

which

strike the

most

have

draw

very

necessary. distinct line between

the reduction of overhead

and

the increase of

office efficiency. of careful determination of the is value of individual draftsmen,a low average of efficiency found that

analyzingcost in owing to lack

many

architectural offices it is

working drawings,and it is,in my fatal to try to measure a designer's opinion, ability by the of hours it would number take him to produce a sketch. that requires That is work creative imagination, and our of time they put not are judged by the amount designers

sketches and

/// fc"F"K"MC"

fo
NUMBER,
or

")KAW/M"f3FVTS.
CUBIC
FEET
IN

RESIDENCE

EACH

"UILDIHQ

with maintained, which How and

cents

resultant contribution and that few

to

the office overhead, in dollars

into the solution of the results which

an

but solely architectural problem, by under cost, so that this category.

is unnecessary is this is
a or

unbusinesslike.
man

of irrespective they obtain,

come

much ?

worth

to

me

Here but of

that question
are

like to answer, a method even

very

every architect would successful in determining

this part of the work does not Only after sketches have been turned
over

approximation.

It is for the purpose of demonstrating to the profession a scientific method by which the value of a draftsman can be determined that this article is written,in order that the efficient The
man

approved,and the work is general draftsmen to be developed into can we begin to apply scientific methods working drawings, in accomplishing the different ends.
to

It is found each

advisable

to

prepare
as

separate chart

for

might
of

not
case

be underpaid and
in
so

the

inefficient

such type of building,

residences, schools,office

which overpaid,
means

is the

the determining

architects' offices. many value of the men is the

108

will consider

and for the purpose of this article we factories, buildings, of a draftsman in preparing the efficiency one-

ARCHITECTURE

109
above for residence

quarter-inch working buildings, determined by the accompanyingchart. has been taken of In working out this chart the cost draftsmen's salaries for preparingworking drawings of residence buildings typical twenty-five costing $25,000 and
as

drawings for residence

buildings ranging in

costs

between

$10,000 and $75,000. Our past records show that when the of a residence runs cost over $40,000, the net cost of the

workingdrawingsis reduced
This is shown

of.the total comto 7 per cent mission. in the table referred to above, and
on

under. that for

It

was

found
on

that this

cost

averages

the total income

a

each
on

job.
which

In dollars and

7.8 per cent of it means cents is

recorded is,therefore, automatically standard average curve. It might be of interest of

the

chart

by

the

residence

the architect's commission

$1,200,the completeworkingdrawingswere preparedat a to cost of $93.60 in draftsman's time, and so on, according the size and cost of the building. This is, no doubt, a great deal less than the records will show in some but in offices, the architect should use his this, a chart such as preparing
own

this type the cost smaller while the and this for

know that for buildings to of preparing working drawings becomes of preparing details becomes cost larger, obvious reasons, which will be readily stood. undercurve

average, and improve on After having determined above Next

we

it

as

what

he goes on.* the average

After the standard average the chart is readyfor use.

has been

carefully ted, plotto

All that remains cubic feet the above

come

be done is

is, we

then

take the size of these mentioned cubic feet.

in buildings
must

cubic feet.

The

residence

plot each out figuring

to

new

set

of

working drawingson
how many
comes

this
were

chart,
drawn of the

in each

case

would

represent
determine

approximately35,000
the value of
a

for each

"Standard

Hour"

in represented does
not

cost

ard "Stand-

workingdrawings. If
average and
case,
curve

the mark

Hour," which for purposes of this article has been placed

at
use

the draftsman is
not

the standard age, up to the averwhich

cents. thirty to
measure on

This

"Standard
we size

Hour" have

spent
we are

by. Now that the workingdrawings,

the value of
a

is the gauge we the amounts to be in cubic building at thirty cents, vertical lines
on

his work

In beingdone efficiently.

of the Hour" The

whether to determine management the fault lies with the draftsman himself or with the conditions under which the he is works. If the is mark
comes on

it behooves

the

and feet,

"Standard
our

the if

ready to

prepare

chart.

line the draftsman it

comes

doing what
a

of him, -and expected

the chart represent 1,000 cubic feet each in the size of the and the horizontal lines 10 cubic feet for each buildings, "Standard
cost

below

the draftsman, after a few similar line,

raise in
to

Hour,"
line on

or

each

of

the preparing the

in the cents thirty represented working drawingsof each building.

as the standard average of cubic feet that the draftsman

The

curved

known chart,

curve,

indicates the number

to

should be able
determined

draw

the by dividing

Hour," and this is per "Standard allowed for the working amount

drawingsof a certain size building by a "Standard Hour," the number of "Standard cr thirty cents, and by dividing
Hours" thus

salary. the management furnishing with the information the so eagerly soughtafter, provides force with a wonderful incentive to do good work, drafting and to bringout the best that is in them, since they know is constantly in possession of absolute that the management their accomplishments in the office, records attesting to and that their advancement their depends entirely upon
This

should get performances,

chart,in addition

own

merit. There
are, of course,

obtained,into the total number

the which building, will then of cubic feet per "Standard it is reduced
curve

of cubic feet

other factors which

have

able consider-

in represented number

giveyou

tain cer-

Hour."
or

This in

will

as vary for each building and the standard average

increased

size,

be in

is

plotted accordingly.

of the draftand personnel ing organization of the importantqualities which should force. Some summed are givendue consideration with draftsmen, up the following: VERSATILITY, ACCURATENESS, INITIATIVE,
on bearing

the

In order
on

the

in the column the

the standard average curve plotting that a table be prepared, chart,it is suggested giving first column the cost of the building, in the second
to

assist in

CO-OPERATIVE

SPIRIT,
lacks any

ASSUMING
or

RESPONSIBILITY

"

any

draftsman who

the

amount

of the architectural
amount

commission, in the
time for in the fourth described

third column column The

the

allowed

in draftsman's

of preparation

the

the size of the

and workingdrawings, in cubic feet. building has been worked

out

self finds himqualities his work, and it seriously handicappedin performing for such a man is next to to develop himself impossible through the various stages of the architectural profession factor in an architectural organizaand become an important tion. of our takes considerable organization of, the keeps record as far as possible of draftsmen, designers, of a number and engineers, career facts will clearly illustrate the possibilities and the following if they will only grasp the which lie open to most men opportunity. architectural offices, One of our large up to a few years force which numbered among its personago, had a drafting nel the good,bad, and indifferent. all successful and are As to the "good," they are now As to the "bad," these were, takingcare of themselves. for the most and should have been employed part, hopeless, that in a different vocation, and it is gratifying to note The

all of these

table following

as

management

interest

in, and

some

of them

have

at

last realized this

themselves,and

are

See July, 1917, issue of ARCHITECTURE of working drawings.

for

an

article by Mr. Heps

on

the scientific ration prepa-

successfully employed in a different field. for they are still The "indifferent" are trulyto be pitied, in the same and the discouraging feature is the fact class, of this type are getting that men more numerous every day, while they have it within them to make good and become a if they will only put their real asset to any organization minds to it. This type usually arrivesin the office promptly
at

present

more

no

ARCHITECTURE
nine in the

they are unable to have their work follow the standard average curve. keeps pretty well occupiedduring the day, anil in As further explanation of the chart itself, tion does just about what they are told to do, and no general your attenthe dot, which is called to the number interest in the work have no These men over they are more. represents the letters about the and the the "why" under to job number, dot, which performing;they do not ask nor care in charge of the of things, and "wherefore" they don't live with their work represent the initials of the draftsman cism, but apart from it, working drawings. A condition may easilyexist where they can never givea constructive critiis employed in the preparation than one man do they assume of a set take the initiative, more nor never sibility responvious. of working drawings. In that case small. The result is obhowever the man in charge of in any degree, the working drawings is responsible office for the work who belongto this class drift from one Men of the that assist him in developing increase in salary men to the other,and seek an them, and his initials are every time they those which of are the Their stay in any office is usually placed under the dot designating on change their position. chart the degree of efficiency with which the work entrusted since it does not take the management short duration, long his care has been performed. is very limited, that their capacity and presently to to find out It has been an what to interesting experience see a in general, and they become dissatisfied with everything different spirit be instilled in the drafting can force of an This type of man architecture in particular. has a great architect's office where all men are judged and valued according force. effect on the morale of any drafting disintegrating their own to steel,instead of accordingto their He is forever comparing his salary vancement and his chance for adlooks,their clever talk,or their pedigree. with the more successful men around him, and The work which emanates from an office managed along is loud in expressing his dissatisfaction with the unfairness scientificlines not only proves more in the satisfactory of the management, without realizing that he himself clogs of transacting but is more generalcourse business, nomical ecothe wheels of his own progress. the satisfaction of which is reflectedin the as well, The chart referred to in this article is faces of each member of the organization, from the senior very unpopular with the men that belongto the "indifferent" class, since partner of the firm down to the office boy.
at

morning,leaves

at

noon, five o'clock in the after-

Farm

Improvements
Work Will Aid
a

and in

Rural

Construction

floors. Other

campaigns for

farm

improvements are

on

in

Readjustment

Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, South Dakota, Kentucky, in Texas and Iowa. Ohio, and in localities While many of
these of U.
are

FARM

productshave
than
ever

explain why may under with building and construction work. getting way It is obvious, since building and construction work have such an importantbearing at this time on stimulating eral genthe farmer may business, national interest
on serve

day togreater purchasingpower in the country's history.This rural districts of the country rapidly are

beingconducted
Works and of
out

before

Public

S. Department carried successfully activities

on on

the Division by building interests, Development of the Labor is interested in seeingthem Construction

the farms,are bound conditions.

because the division realizes such to have a beneficial effect should have
If there
must
an

business general The

both

his

own

and

the

farmers of the country

its present

unusual
to
tinue con-

by

at

once

making

needed

in the country, and the vast in stagnation road-building benefits, in the various States are destined to exert urgingroad construction and improvements in his locality. projects a profound It is generally influence in keeping "business as usual,"or "better understood material reduction may no be expected than usual." in building and construction costs in the near future. To be sure, prices materials on some may be slightly reduced in the readjustment, but the best authorities on No Material Reductions Expected in Lumber the subject assert no pronounced reductions are probable. Prices This is explained the foreign by money conditions, demand, and the marked curtailment of production of building terials maF. TAYLOR, of the National Wholesale president Professor Fisher, of Yale University, duringthe war. Lumber Dealers Association, from Buffalo, writing

his property. He can further the himself of immediate and permanent assuring

improvements welfare while general

interestin
on

at this time. road-building

farming is
be

level profitable

no

ness busi-

HORACE
Y.,
to
to

has issued a
new

statement

in which

if at all. Mr. Taylor says: developvery slowly, the war. The farmer who at once avails of the labor "The derive from very clear majorityof opinionwe supply and gets his improvement work under way, in the of the industry in all parts of the country representatives long run, may prove to be the prudent business man, for in effect, that there will be no further reduction in the cost is, there is reason to believethat farmers who of lumber for a longperiod, delayin the hope and that there is no safe ground, of materially reduced construction costs will have been deprived therefore, for postponingbuilding in the hope of a price of the use of these improvements, and in the end reduction in this material. We look upon the present rather be forced to the building pay approximately pricesnow quiet conditions as temporary only and due to industrial prevailing. readjustment, to give place to soon activity. very sound In several States, them The cost of making lumber Missouri, among Oregon, and offers no chance of reduction, Colorado, silo-building campaigns are being carried on by both on of account materials and supplies of and the cost the agriculture In Wisconsin there is a milk-house colleges. which it seems not labor, only necessary but desirable to campaign beingvigorously prosecutedin the dairydistricts, maintain at as nearlyan adequaterate as possible in view while in Illinois farmers are being urged to build feeding of the present cost of living."

level from which price Many farmers have been unable to get materials and labor for barns, silos, and other improvementsdurhouses, ing

he says the country is on a there will be no general recession.

N.

the

Division material

of Public

Works

and of

Construction
not

Development
hesitate

of the U. S.

Department

Labor, does

say

reductions

in lumber

priceswill

The

Building of

"

The
G.

Tamaracks
Colby
for each floor needed the

By Franklin
is every one's IT for themselves.
are

dream That

to

have

or

build

beautiful of such
a

home home

drawn

reinforced information

of

the earlierdreams later dreams of the world

often

in unrecognizable

when

people have
was so

travelled
case,

abroad

and

seen

more

in

our

changing a castellated exterior into a northern Italian exterior as being more suitable and pleasing to the general American landscape. Temptations befall the dreamer in using old houses or sites that have charm and interest, without their consulting if in a hilly dailylife and mode of access, especially country. is that it is much better to measure old stone My experience houses or decrepit buildings, burn or
.

blow

them

up,

and

pasteboard house to put my plans into effect, also the radical changes made during construction. the plumbing experience, practical Having had some were problems and heatingarrangements of hot water easy, although the laborers had a way of knocking the pipesout which showed that of the walls and filling them with refuse, could anticipate. mind difficulties which there were no of a mountain, shoulder The on a general site was and we surrounded hills, or began by five small mountains blastingin November, 1913, and continued in the cellar and surrounding parts of the building until June, 1914.
this model We of used the of
stones

rebuild the much

to

duplicate cheaper than

to model re-

part
and

the

old

attempt
the old. In

fence7rows for the outside adjoining

house
were

in case, my the hillsfar from any it town or village,

was some

16 inches

walls, which thick,

necessary Italian

to

get

ers, labor-

formerly working
in
a

tiles plus3-inch split placed upon cement plaster as an air cold or against space heat.

railroad-congang,

struction out withwalls and the fireproof

ment ce-

Timbered
were

ings ceilin adjacent

experience or knowledge, to erect

the main
the
were

cut

woods, and all

inside 3
or

partitions
4 inch tile the

of partitions

house, with
floors and
as

throughout
house. All
or

roof, photographs. My previousexperiencein of in the streets was noticingmen occasionally masonry into a building, New York or wheeling barrels of concrete down men some laboring subway hole, but these common it conwhat I wanted when I saw and I knew structed. were helpful,
shown in the We

sures had embrawindows, with one two or exceptions, and the splays of 9 inches, to admit more light, made of
coarse

floors

were

shovelfuls
to

of 4-inch generally sand to a bag of roof.

concrete, cement,
or

twenty-five
about

\%

1 mixture.

I took special Regarding a concrete painsto make the feasibility of concrete, at which to as some inquiries shook their heads and were leaden panes, based on the mediaeval,size of glass and the cement 4^ inches doubtful, facturers manuI put in 5-by-6-inch were 7^" by 5 inches, throughout the equally uncertain. square and the diamonds and gorgeous house, instead of the magnificent plate-glass heavy oak timbers throughout the roof, with oak boards earlier desires. The window-sillwindows tion planed on one side, which helped to protect the condensarepresenting my

had

determined

that

our

windows

should

be

of

frame

manufacturers
the the
cement
screens

said that
recesses to set

I would

have

no

trouble the

in
own

feature, but omitted

over

to

make

^-inch
I have

crack

of my roof has

making
and which

which in it if I

would
came

allow within

dows winof
an

done many

every in other

10 feet of the

roof,which

subsequently
The

with perfect buildings success.

inch of'the actual

measurements

instead required,

of 8

inches,

latter margin I considered for my order of a fair one intelligence. of the house began after we had The actual building of the water-supplyfrom ourselves ground underassured some springsor open reservoir of concrete. in suggestions My wife and daughter assisted most effectually and color model the schemes. To make
our

that it is difficult, in cracks, so small and narrow expansion and contraction,to fillin this roof of 100 by 60 feet and locate them, but the cheapestform of asphalt-road tar, the with and and with a little cheap lubricating liquefied oil, repairs damage. The ^2-inch cracks should have been made
a

bevelled

board, with
in between the heat

littlesawdust the cracks cold and is in doors is of

are

at

the bottom,

asphalt run
contract

that

work the

certain,
walls
a

with

and

will expand keep everything and

they
cement

built

pasteboard house, making

cement

color and

roof then I
am

red, with the windows

a

in

absolutely tight. The only wood

The baseboard of walls upper tinted. The
in

in the house of the

rooms

furniture.
and the

their proper
we

location.

We

had

facsimile of the house

to

cement

proposed to build,and
built the house and

free

admit
as

I could

not

which rough plaster, tiled

either

painted or

have

without

this

model,
the

the number

of had

windows

placements between

crude

plans I

floors

are

by

second

which roof-tiles, rejected

112

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

114

ARCHITECTURE
an on us

givesyou
were

idea of
account

mediaeval building
of their low
cost.

at

once,

These

water,

milk-house, cold-storage room,

a

put in
It took
as

about
went

a on

and

the roof

of the largeness but was landscape, I

was

home
too
some

up, year to get the main structure somewhat anxious lest the I was the should be a disfigurement on
to

besides heating, storage rooms, left unremoved. mountain The

Roman
a

fair amount
door
a

vegetable coldof the granite guarded by

two

eastern

or

main

front

is

in cement, lions, for 85 in the

opening on
and

12-foot hall that has

tired and
not

walk

away

to

get the effect.

very

clear view

feet east
are

west

through an 8-foot gentlemen's beingtaken

southern

taken with

over

fields in

October, and found that the

blended the fall

window

living-room.
the ladies' and
to next

eaves wide, overhanging

color scheme

well

Very
lavatories

indeed and with

the country, oak-leaves,but

or

only with

landscape

necessary rooms and coat-rooms,

the main

entrance-door,

the idea The

in winter the the sand the

spring
as a

houses. from English

green, used gave tint warm yellow, outside

cement

to

porchand colonnade pected giveall that was exof bad them and in
a

without

the addition

weather

of any other color. The library decorations

were

comfortable placeto
sit in the The
sun

during

made

the winter.

by

my based on

daughter,
the old bookcases
diaeval me-

were

in

Oxford, Cambridge, and European cities,

and there is also Palace
a

grounds by my wife after carefully studying our possibilities,

laid
out

and executed with of the

remnants

modified

form

of the

rocks debris,

and with

Davanzatti

chimney. The 4-byrations 42-feet mural decoof The Legend

stones, covered cement, from

by nearuse

land, and
cement

of

ornaments.

of Melasine were paintedby her. where we live before the The living-room, constantly 12-foot fireplace, after the more was designedby my wife, of the chimney and the French types, and the adaptation
also decorations
are

The while the

pergola, what somediffering

garden.

from the Italian types, givesa finished appearance to The moulded cross-tiesare in cement. Outside of the immediate garden,all the rest of the

and wildness. to nature surrounding country js given over winters and The building after the recent severe itself, has proved that it is equallyindifferentto heat The throughoutthe lower floors are a close ceilings summers, ing with 12-inch-square or cold or gales, imitation of the Cluny Museum, ceilings without any effort or strain upon the heatfor comfort, the only solid main timbers, taken timber, with 9-by-6-inch cross apparatus, and in the summer, of from the adjacentwoods. is to keep the windows and doors closed most They made a very cheap and necessity the the time. effective floor and ceiling. There is no dampness within the building; The studio covers 25 by 40 feet. The roof two floors, atmosphere within the house is similar to the freshness of the temperature the outside atmosphere,no matter what after photographsof an old French monastery trusses were and similar to those in the banqueting-roomin be. interior, may of simpledesign, Haddon and effect. There was Hall, very earlyand primitive, Everythingdone had a cause terior I was able to follow and execute. which were the only ones false work put in for appearances no anywhere in the inhave a portionfor reserve In the cellar we exterior. cisternor of
a

of period

about

Francis

I, who

hired

Italian decorators.

Louisville's Million-Dollar
the annual AT Foundation,
to

Factory
meeting was
There

Fund
by
a

meeting
the

of

the Louisville Industrial

of Factory Fund ported Tampton Aubuchon, reduring the past two years

The

attended
are

largepercentage of
the

Million-Dollar that

its stockholders.

3,200 stockholders in

the generalmanager, Louisville, the stockholders

foundation,and the vote for the Board of Directors showed The directors that 2,500 shares of stock were voted.
who had

factorieshad been located in Louisville as the result of the foundation's efforts. The factories employ new twenty
new

charge of

the work

for the past

two

years

were

of $2,and have an annual pay-roll 3,000 operatives for 1917, and eight 000,000. Twelve factories were reported
new

re-elected.
The
as

Louisville Industrial Foundation,

known popularly

industries were peace-time

were

reportedfor 1918.

These

the Million-Dollar

Factory Fund,

was

in July, organized

factories of the

acquired by
was

$15,000. It

shown

the foundation at a net expense that for every dollar expended,

and at $1,000,000, 1916, capitalized in the

to

industrial

development of

its purpose is to assist In addition Louisville. also assists in the

city acquiredbusiness transactions dollars profit annually.

bringingthirteen

industries to the cityit new bringing development of established industries.

n6 construction of the building The itself is the usual type of brick walls, floor beams, etc., brick with wooden
cross

ARCHITECTURE
two practically

years in the construction of of the well

to

were
a

consumed very the ate-sized modercitizens school

tract con-

and building, town,

were as as

walls,and

block partitions, gypsum signed the entire building being dewith the idea of providing as would be without practicable
an

the

board,
on

loath

award

the

much fire
as

the spreadof against protection proof fireentirely and

goingto the expense of building. All

corridor floors of
a are

cause belump-sum basis, they feared that they would not have the buildingcompleted so that for the openingof it might be occupied the fallschool The Waterford made
scarce was

the old

classroom

term. amount

double, consisting

great
at

of that

war

work had labor

a layer pine, rough floor of yellow and a finished floor of deadeningfelt, of tongued-and-grooved maple. of wrought iron stairs are The filltreads having a nonwith concrete surface. The exterior of the slipping "Harvard" is of Harrington building

being done

New of

London, which
time construction

at adjoins,

all kinds and

true

of

and the same high-priced, materials. most building

to

This

added

the

doubt

as

to

the

stairthe interior of the ways and Iron Clay is laid in fire-flashed walls The exterior basement brick. brick

of a lump-sum contract. feasibility after receiving and considering Accordingly, several lump-sum bids which town ing meetwere submitted, a special
was

ashlar,using composed of granite from the old building and stone with new Monson (Mass.) out filling trim is granite.The exterior stone but the cornice also of Monson granite, and parapet are of white pine. there is no Inasmuch as public able or sewerage water-supply system availit was at Jordanvillage, necessary attention be paid to that particular
are

called

and

the entire After

to

matter

the

put before the

the
cost

voters.

erable considaward

discussion contract,
on

they voted
the

basis of actual

plus a fixed fee, to the Flynt of New York BuildingOrganization nately, They, fortuCity and Palmer, Mass.
were

able

to

put
with

the work
the

through in
time
-

accordance

nal origi-

schedule, and
hour

it is notable of overtime

these features. In the old school closets had board should

side out-

been used, but

the
-

tULT
ffe-ONT

J.J.LVAT
LM
.

that
-

ION TC.AHCE.

only one-half

decided that modern plumbing be installed in this building; hundred therefore a brick cesspool was built,about one and the sewerage from all the plumbfeet from the building, ing
fixtures is

paid. wages was The final cost

was

as

follows:

of into it. Automatic seat-flushing disposed used throughout. was Water-supplyis provided for by an artesian well sunk is pumped into a under the school,from which the water of an electrically tank by means one-thousand-gallon ated oper"Paul" nected pumping system, which is so conpneumatic

type of closets

that the down

to

motor

is cut

in when
cut out

the

water

pressure
to

is

fifty pounds, and

was

when

it is up
under

sixty

pounds.
*

The heating system specifications: "The

constructed be

ing the follow-

apparatus
the

must

to

warm

to building

70
one

guaranteedby the contractor in zero and weather, degrees

entire school year after

to

be free of all defects for "The

to

pletion. com-

ventilation
to

must

be
amount

adequateto supply fresh air

of 30 cubic feet per ute minoutside and 40 each and degrees, classroom that in
an

each

classroom

the

for each

when pupil,

the difference between

inside temperature is not less than the vitiated air be exhausted from
amount not

85 per cent of the supply, with a velocity ence greater than 400 cubic feet per minute, and a differof not over in the plansof breathing 3 degrees in any

equal to

part of each classroom."

Electric accordance A
were provided in specifications. with feature in connection particularly interesting

electric wiring, bells, etc., the usual

with

The Mr. Louis

work H.

was

at

all times

under

the

of supervision
B.

and Mr. Selden Goddard, architect, of the

Man-

the construction
was

of this school is the form

town

of

contract
some one

which rather instance

waring,chairman
ford School

used.

The

of Waterford

has

had

Board, while

of the WaterCommittee Building Mr. L. H. Bogue, general superintendent, builders

on

construction costly

in experience

the past, in

the represented

the work.

ARCHITECTURE

117

""

e i

it

DO
n n

";
,

j
,

""3"ncnt f-finisheil

'floor.

"

WLST

E.Lt.vA'tioN

t- "iT

t-LLViT

ON

ELEVATIONS,

NEW

JORDAN

SCHOOL,

WATERFORD,

CONN.

Louis

H.

Goddard,

Architect.

n8

ARCHITECTURE
"'
-

'

.'

J/ofe

Je?

Afxment
.

f/"/"

PLANS,

NEW

JORDAN

SCHOOL,

WATERFORD,

CONN.

"

Louis

H.

Goddard,

Architect.

What

New

York

Club
C.

Did
Dean,
an

with
Architect

Its Back

Yards

By Edward
little courtyard that is THE enlarged Cosmopolitan Club back yards of two unsightly A Avenue. high wall the adjacent property forms the back of the arched
now

focal point of the formerly the usual old residences facing on ton Lexingthe north party-line screens on
the
was

occasional dark-wood

beam

or

heavilypanelleddoor masking
The
a

to

give accent.
Panels of old ironwork
were

utilized in

radiator

openings and

elsewhere

for decorative

effect.

rough,
ing strik-

and

whitewashed

walls form

vaulted

loggia whose
face the the
court.
an loggia

openings Adjacent to

background for the old Spanish and Italian furnishings

with and their brocade. bits
A

of

old

velvet floor of

open

corridor with

dark

arches
court

little
rooms

the also giving on to the two to brings one reception and waiting that were formerly the kitchens of the
new

small, hand-made
shades
an

tiles in varying of earth colors forms foil

to

excellent

the

walls

and

basement residences.

old
struction con-

ceiling. The has loggia

marble end

patterned
narrow

All of the is of
common

floor of black white its

slate with

red of
narrow

insets,and

from

brick laid with

band

western

steps lead down

fifth course, tile edge at every but projecting very slightly face beyond the surquiteirregularly of the brick wall. This

into

under

large assembly-room old studio building, formerly a church,whose high,

the walls form the and Gothic tails dewestern

the

austere

gives a
surface

little shadow adds

tion stratificato

side of marble

that

interest

the

the little courtyard. A fountain from

an

of the wall.

All of the

was finally given two pink whitewash stain. laid with Old, irregular flagstones wide jointsin which grass has been planted form the paving of the yard. Flagstoneswere also used as copingsto the parapet the walls, and irregular

brickwork of

in the north

old villa den garof Italyforms

yard. court-

coats

the central feature of the

In this quarter of New

York,-

congestedwith
Grand
I,ounging-room.

the traffic of the it neighborhood, release

Central welcome

is

from

the

noise of the bed of

cement

street

to

step into

slates of the roofs

were

laid in

thick

out withof
an

the seclusion of

this

little club

with

its
to

which the joints, striking gives the appearance old roof vibrating with shadow and color. The of all the courtyard rooms walls and ceilings finished in rough, whitewashed with here and plaster

quiet new yard formerly to

and and
now

its

library giving on
be screened
centre

the

reception-rooms courtyard,a
wherever of the sible posclubhouse.

from

view

are

the

chief

of attraction

there

BIND

YOUR

COPIES

OF

Architect, 414 Rudolph Falkenrath, Jr., Salt Lake City, would be glad to Building, catalogues.
Lawlor 69 Wall

Deseret receive

Bank
facturers' manu-

ARCHITECTURE
The

Title-Pageand

Index

for Volumes

38th

" Haase, Architects,after 17 years' location at No. 15 West Street, New York, have moved to Street,where they shall be pleasedto receive samples

37 and 38,January to of ARCHITECTURE are

December,

will be

mailed
upon

without

1918, now ready and charge to any

for office display.

PRIVATE
Personal

TEACHING
ami

subscriber
Address

by Mail ADVANCED SKETCHING D. P

TI-CTURAL

request.
DEPARTMENT

IN

ELEMENTARY RENDERING

AND AND

DESIGN

CIRCULATION

By

Prof. D. VARON,
IN

L. G. F.
DIiSIC.N
"

ARCHITECTURE
Prospects

Author
on

"INDICATION demand

AKCII1

597

Fifth Avenue

New

York

City
119

309

Broadway.
Tel. Worth

N.

Y.

C.

CONSULTATIONS CU.NSUL
Personal

IA
and

1 IU.XS by mail

2946

120

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

121

LUNCHEON-ROOM,

SECOND

FLOOR.

LIVING-ROOM. COSMOPOLITAN

E. C. Dean, Architect.

CLUB,

133

E. 40ra

STREET,

NEW

YORK.

122

ARCHITECTURE

U-Bar As Now
years

Greenhouses

Sold
been

by Their
U-Bar know best how

Builders

A" general
best be built. In further construction Above Pierson

builders of greenhouses,we

building Pierson
should

have for fourteen Greenhouses.

Logically,we

they should

the former standard of continuing their building, will be vigorously preserved in every detail.
not

all, they will

U-Bar

Greenhouse
you

superiorgreenhouse
Even owner's U-Bar Which
as

cheapened in quality. The bought from us will be the same have so long known it to be.

be

indicate their high class automobiles standing, so does the possession of a Pierson certain be of their responsible for one Royce class." for
us.

Greenhouse.
fact
"
"

may

owners

saying

It is in the Rolls

Send for catalog. Or send

U-BAR

GREENHOUSES

,G" rap
1170 201

any*

Broadway,

New

York Boston

Devonshire

Street,

THE

SECOND

REFORMED
1918.

CHURCH,

BEAVER

STREET

FACADE,

ALBANY,

N.

Y.

PhilipHooker, Architect.

Restored by John L, Dyktman,

ARCHITECTVRE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTURAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XXXIX

MAY,

1919

No.

The

Three
By the
Late

Hooker
John

Churches"

L. Dykeman

years THIRTY-THREE discovery by Hendrik river which bears his name, called thrivingtrading-post

(August 11, 1642), after the of the Hudson magnificent

there arrived
at

of pioneer but all the privations to life, savages, and subject he learned the heavy languageof the Mohawks, and taught them
as

the small the

but

instituted by him well,and this policy, Dutch

Beaverwyck,

Reverend

by
of

the

for the

treatment

of the

and pursued neighboringtribes

mented only operated to prevent disaster,but cefor which the colonywas noted. friendship lasting of worship was The first house crude wooden' a one, the river, built at the expense of thirty-two dollars, near on built in the domine's arrival. The second buildingwas 1656 at the intersection of Jonkers and Handelaars Streets, built under State Street and Broadway. This building, now of the fort, built in the form of a blockhouse, the shadow was three cannon and- loopholed for and fortified with was service attended ancestor muskets, as every worthy Dutch

Indians, not
a

with

musket

at

his

hand,

as

did

the Puritan

of the

New

Englands.
In 1664 Fort

Orange

and

Beaverwyck

surrendered

to

Old Stone

Ckurcli

formerly at foot of

State

Street.

It included the
corner-stone

within of

its walls which

was

the

site of
laid

Church, Rutfjer
Beaver

by
on

Jacobson,
Street.

1656.

Replaced

by

Church

having been Johannes Megapolensis,

the first

sent

from

Holland

by
of Van

(Patroon Kilian) Van

to never

Rensselaer, a merchant
colonists. of
some

Amsterdam,
Rensselaer which bore

minister visited
name

to

the

Although
700,000

this

tract

acres,

the

saw early consequentlyhe

the need of
set

after its owner, he Renselaerwych, for the prosperity of his colony; a church of about the adoption of the religion of Holland. This selection of the wise one, as indorsed by the He not only and his church. in this unknown land amidst

of

the

Reformed

Church

worthy domine proved a most left by both himself history

ministered
*NoTE
"

to The

the

colonists

Mr.

Dykeman's

following article was compiled from notes left among His untimely and much-regretteddeath prevented papers.

We believe the series of drawings, the additions and revisions he had in mind. in the plate section of this number, will be the first of which appear welcomed and

highly valued

by

every

member

of the

profession.
123

The

Second

Reformed

Church, Hudson

Street facade.

124

ARCHITECTURE
and F.nglish, held for about Dutch. The
name

the and the

again
a

in

which

then

numbered

some

1674, after beingrecaptured

year

5,000 souls. The church,too,

had grown to such proportions that a much larger edifice was deemed hundred the old
a

by
and

English

erased

the Dutch

called the

placeAlbany, and

after one necessary and fifty years of

one.

was in July,1686, the town charter under incorporated from Governor Dongan. In

of man young and and ability,

Hooker, Philip prominence just past

lected se-

1715

church around

of the

stone

was one

twenty-one
as

built without

old

years, was architect.

or

The

The
a

service. interrupting sent congregation

to

contractors,
as were

ers," "undertakthen

theywere
man,
name.

called,
other an-

Holland, the for both land of their birth, which were and bell, a pulpit and probably the furnished,
request

Hooker young

himself and
one

F.lisha The
ner-stone cor-

Putnam

by
was

laid on

June 12,
The north

pulpit, moulding and fine lines of the quaint hour-glass type, is a striking example of how little the ated people of Holland appreciweather-cock. with its delicate the which conditions
more

The

1797, and
in site was end
was at

the the

cated dedibuilding
extreme

January,1799.
Pearl

of

which Street, The

under

their

ous adventurin living The

Pulpit of the Second
Reformed Church.

were neighbors

cityat building, 72 x 144, was in rectangular with an imposing dome shape, entrance porch with both
that time.
centre

the limit of the

fact, however, that the pulpitis

this far-off land. stillin for the Both
use

and side

side

entrances.

The

entrances

opened

in the First Reformed

Church, also speaks well

Here of eral Gen1777. the

with vestibules which

was a

or

stair

and then into the church itself, halls,

of the many who followed. appreciation Washington attended service in the autumn used in were Englishand Dutch languages the Dutch
was was as

the service

and side-galleried flat-ceilinged room very plain, of large The galleries three sides were proportions. on ported supsmall columns. The light by obtained from two was tiers of

until 1790 when

discontinued.
the permanent boon meant a

In 1797
seat

windows, the first square,

A
to

and
corner

the
on

second the

roundtended ex-

cityof Albany

selected

for the State.

This

of ernment govfor the town

headed.

small

stair

at

either

front

both

and galleries

bell and

clock

towers.

lookingtoward Hudson Interior,

Street.

Interior, looking toward Beaver Stree THE

SECOND

REFORMED

CHURCH.

ARCHITECTURE

I25

WKAIHER "IMF

OH.k

XH\V UF.M'F THE OK OLD r.F

-1

OX

THK KLHlUMtH urn ii

VKXTlLATIXi; CIIUKC1I.

TliWF.K FORMERLY 01 MARKS STATE

OF

MAI'ISOX

THK CIUKCII IIAY. GRANT.K

VOOKZINGKRS
I'M II.

I.KsK

IX

USE t;SF.]"OX ELDER

IN

Mil-

I'.EAVl-.K

I KM M

ox (1656-1806) STREET. -MAI'I BULLK

cHrkcii,
MARS

tool THE

1 I.X

BRASS;

OF

1835.
AS

LAST WHEN

UI-CKNTESNI.M,
STEPHEN Met.

NI HUM. IS. i.\

jui.v

18, 1886,

OFFICIATED

VOORI.tlEK.

The
west

taken pulpit side

from

the old church

street.

was

placedin
pews

the

entire church

of property, consisting
a

small

block,was
Pearl Street
town.

rounded surwas

end

of the church main

with large,

facingthe doors, and slightly

floor. The selves, them-

The

were

by

highornamented
the the

iron fence.

the north end of the

town

There ancient

raised from

ended, and there lived

of the
an one

like the Dutch interior,

was

aristocrats

plain simplest: walls and ceiling. trim,plastered And surelythe architect must to get have been most persuasive these staid old mynheers to or, adopt his designfor the exteriof the which
to was

burghen. Of
mild weather ancient and

earlyeveningin
could
see

these

in such

contrast

neighbors, with their little sharp cocked hats,or red worsted caps pulled their heads,sitting over tight ing gazin silence toward this imposing
church.
a

venerable

what

the

used to, and they were The church surroundings.

was

The

streets

ed present-

very

foundation

built of of red The

stone,

that known
was an

different aspect from to-day. State Street grassy road, lined by quaint The great bled gachurch

partlyfrom
the walls Flemish
were

Fort

and Frederick, brick laid

IIIE-E F'ool MOVES THE WERE SURFACE Fin-XIl I.F MIIIDI.E THEY WERE IX THE

unpaved and
was

and each side

FEHHL-ARY. rAVEMK.VJ, CHURCH,
I'ART oi INTO OF STATE mi. CONM THK

Bond.

umn porch col-

|SS4. ABOIH
ox ON nil.
l:r \-

little Dutch ends

must
on

MET.OU

with dwellings, made

pediment was
was

of wood,

S.

as

W.'"KM.KO|.
VI KI K M. AMI .IF II u i in.

TIlF.ou.
Mix OLD SIS. I.I-IVH ANI.

I.ITCH A M.OT n

to street.
a

bell and

tower.
on

the upper part of clocks and The roof was slate, the minor
stone as

MATE-

have the

sion impres-

CIH-RCII.
FXTKRI ri.IXI.li

ST.,

I.E. HVC-

MOLISHED
llox DF

1X06
Illi:

WHICH
MEN

Dutchmen, sitting on

end

three

urns,

was placed serving,no

FORMER

IIUILDIXU.

doubt,

chimney

caps.

The

the front door-step their on puffing elled, Remodcontrast. pipes striking 1850. 1820; built again,
"

The

Standard

Documents

of the American
The Portland

Announcement
Cement
as

Institute of Architects
Association district
announces

the

turn re-

The

American

Institute of Architects A.
contract

ing issues the follow-

of Walter the Atlanta 1919.

B. F.lcock

standard C. Standard

documents:

Form
;

conditions of the
D.

B. Bond

of agreement and general of suretyship ;

contractor

office of the

in charge of engineer effective March association, 18,

form of agreement between Letter of acceptance documents its

contractor; and sub-

of

subcontractor's

proposal.The
Institute D.
at

C., and

and for sale by the are published the Octagon, Washington, headquarters, cities. by dealers in all of the large

Mr. Elcock has lately been relieved of his duties as of the 157th Depot Brigade, and adjutant major of Infantry Gordon. in charge of the Atlanta office He was at Camp Association when he entered tary miliservice in

of the Portland Cement

March, 1917.

126

ARCHITECTURE

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

HENRY

C.

PERKINS,

HAMILTON,

MASS.

Lynch Luquer, Architect.

ARCHITECTURE

127

MANTEL.

STAIRCASE.

TORCH.

HALL.

Architect. Lynch Luquer, MASS.

HOUSE,

HENRY

C. PERKINS,

HAMILTON,

Comparative Characteristics
for Walls
By

of Materials

and

Construction

of Small

Houses
Walsh

II. Fandervoort

country of a choice often seem house, the difficulties very great, which facts the client when demands exact a by especially
use a

TO ofthe material

average

architect who which he will

must

determine

the kind

This

table considers

the

materials

as

unit

of
are

struction. considered con-

in the walls of

Many

stronger will be found in the

are

will say, "how is it that woods than brick or terra-cotta?" The codes. building tensile
mortar

answer

Brickwork
at

and

cotta terra-

architect is
some one

governed in

his selection.

He

must

arrive

at

allowed
cement

no

stresses

and with the best all, is allowed

and conclusion,

founded upon
hard is
not to

by an but and experience; longpractice

this is often done

intuition it is very
man

Portland

brickwork

only

250

givereasons
to

apt
These

for such methods, and a younger any intuition in this line at all. intended exterior walls are to primarily have

keep
must

out

the excessive and As

changesof
methods
to

the elements.

In them which

be materials the

of construction the

will offer and

greatest resistance

transmission of heat

per square inch, and hollow tile 100 pounds. On the other hand, the various woods which are used for framing allowed from 600 to 1,200 pounds are per square inch in tension, and from 800 to 1,400 pounds per square inch in compression.It is quitetrue that a brick in sion compreswill sustain a load of 3,000 pounds per square inch,and that the crushing of a cube of terra-cotta is 6,000 strength

pounds

air spaces have been found to be the best insulator for this purpose, it will be necessary to provide The them. face of the wall will have to stand up outer

dampness.

pounds
relation

per square inch; but this is without regard to its the building.In other words, the table scribes, to dein a way, the generalpossibilities of the various in wall construction. and From it will be

of the beating against and the heat

must

rain and
sun.

snow,
means

the

of freezing
some

winter

classes of materials
seen

of the be

This which

that

kind of

that classes C-2 and

B, which

are

so

deficient in durability

material character. be

used

will have

weather-resisting
are

That durable nature. by other materials of more is evident in the use of steel frames in city requirements, this is recognized be recognized. which buildings, are protectedby brick, concrete, and Likewise upon the kind of material which is selected is another terra-cotta coverings.In the case of wood, though, of factor is present which has disturbed this logical determined the kind of foundation walls that will be used. use These must harmonize with the upper walls. For instance, materials,namely its cheapness. We have the result of beautiful cut-stone house would look very out of place wood construction used both inside and out. But as the a of rubble-stone, blocks. increases a decided tendencyis prevalent wood brick,or concrete on a foundation price to use follow To guide him in his selection, the architect can of it with a veneer only as a framing material,and cover be made brick or stucco, which observations which can of more some natures. are very general upon permanent the materials with which he can build. He will notice that This is a logical and ought to be encouraged. development, the earth supplies materials. It is justthe same that makes the architect use stucco justthree kinds of building logic These are the products of vegetable to that are framed with "pressed steel cover growth,like wood and buildings other fibrous plants, of mineral growth, also the products lumber." which are like stones and slates, and then those products Another is observation that can be made very general from sorted earths by heat, like bricks, made that if a material is cheap and its durable qualities are terra-cotta, ness cement and lime,and metals like iron and steel. For clearthen in all probabilities it is cheap only in its deficient, of classification the following will give a fair idea: initial cost, and not in the end. It is quitenecessary to painta wooden house about every four or five years. For of Mineral action A" Products B" Products of Vegetable growth the average ten-room of house this means an expenditure Sandstones Hardwoods about $200 at these regular of' this, periods.Even in spite Limestones Softwoods if the joints of the trimming have not been put together Marbles Building- papers with white lead,repairs all is When will be necessary. Granites Slates taken into consideration, it is not difficultto see the answer. EAHTH and white-pine However, if cypress shingles sidingcould of these but the price be used, the story might be different, is now Products secured from C" high enough to make a house of this material and

hand, the walls must support the loads of the roof and the floors, and if possible they should
On the other above

excellent materials

but so superior in strength, fireproof qualities, for framing, where they can be protected

fireproof. Coupled with all of the and beauty must cheapness, economy,

sorted

earths

by heat.

one

of brick In this have

not

much

of choice either way

from

an

economic

standpoint.
C-l"

nurnt-clays
Bricks Terra-cotta Tiles

c-2-Iron Steel Portland Natural Lime Plasters

ng

materials

same

connection,the architect should

some a

cement
"

himself be deluded into the belief, as

would

let not manufacturers

or

them, that

house
a

with walls of brick house. The

hollow

etc

Now
we can

if we
come to

compare
some

these classes in very

very

general way,

tileis more than fireproof is so slight that if either

do the would A be
to

wooden

difference

conclusions. general

alarm.

the best thingto one got on fire, and ring the get out as quick as possible difference of material on the exterior walls,if the
a

interior remains

same,

will much.

not

change
course,

the when

firea

of resisting qualities wooden house burns

house

Of

down, the walls do not stand to tell the tale, but then what good is a charred wall of brick if
the inside is gone ?
128

It is

true

that it makes

it a safer house

130

ARCHITECTURE

moulding of the side walls on the and then when they were sidewalks,

ground, as

if

they were

omission
An

of

has sheathing-boards, for wood-frame

decided appeal as
of these made from

them hardened, lifting

logical type
materials

construction. the
costs

proved so to by cranes, but the latter operation position of the former, unless the profits that it destroyed expensive houses. scale of fifty more or done on large work was outline of the various types of At this pointa general construction and the materials employed will suggest what be decided upon in any consideration of them. must things They all affect the cost one way or the other.
FRAMING Wood
Kind the

actual and

comparison of
not

different time
to

construction have

been

time, but they do

cannot

prove anythingin detail. Initial cost be the only criterion. There are other factors which

enter

proof firein, like insurance, maintenance, depreciation, of common A certain amount sense character,etc. be exercised durable
concrete

must

claims,and
the
SYSTEMS
most

insist that
as

facturer making the decision. Every manugoing to claim, that his material is in the end. Cement-makers and cheapest is superior to other forms of construction,

in

is

framing material.
? balloon frame ?

the hollow-tile makers and products, is first. All

? With
etc. ?
or

set

up

the

same

of Wood

the lumbermen
are

claim

argument for their house still the wooden

Combination or Covered with:

? Clapboards
"

able that

to

show

facts and
able
to

examples and

cost

wide

data
without

or

narrow

provingtheir
The
so reason

case.

? Shingles
"

Stucco Brick

?
"

metal ?
"

largeor small ? wood, lath,

2"
or
"

they are
be noted

building sheathing,
paper ?

will closely
cost

revealed

by

argue the careful

cost proposition study of the

veneer

Cast
Pressed What

cement
as

slabs ? the

4" way finish and

thickness ?

steel

framing material.
lath ?

kind of metal

that the actual difference in size is not so materially of ordinary effected by the different varieties of materials used in the conditions. the total It will be of
a

house

construction
BLOCK
1.

of its exterior walls.

From
one

to

13 per

cent

of the

SYSTEM
What kind of lintels?

the total other.

cost

is all the increase that

type has

over

Bricks.

Solid or hollow ? Qualityof face brick ? ? 8" or Id" or 12" ? Kind of joints
Kind
2.

of bond

Furred blocks. Stucco

or

Hollow What 8"

or

terra-cotta

make

brick

veneer

What

kind of lintels?

12"?
stone

Furred?

3. Stone. Cut Kind

4.

or

rubble

from Furred

the site ? ? What

Kind

of surface finish ?

with a 12" solid wall a brick house Approximately, in wood frame, higherin cost than the same house of wood a clapboards.This means, costingabout $7,000 would be increased by $810 if the When the depreciation the walls of it were built in brick. on is compared, and paintbills counted up, the final race two is very close. Here is what the insurance companies have is 13 per cent with covered

of

? jointing ?
wet

? kind of lintels

discovered:
FRAME DWELLING LIFE YEARS BRICK AVERAGE IN YEARS DWELLING LIFE AVERAGE IN

Concrete Pattern Poured

block. Finish ?

Furred ?
or

process Waterproofed?

? What Joints dry pressedprocess ?

kind of lintels? Brick

75
2O

POURED
1.

SYSTEM

Outside

Plain concrete. Kind New of aggregate

or

Plastering painting Shingles

Cornice

3" 7 16 40

5 16 40 30 5" 30 3"
20

What ?

kind of lintels?

standard moulds

Finish ?
2.

Waterproofed ?
concrete.

Precast

or

cast

Weather-boarding Sheathing
Doors Windows Hardware Outside Sills and Dimension blinds first-floorjoists. lumber
. .

5" 3" 30
20

Reinforced Kind New Kind

}
? What ? kind of lintels ? moulds ? Finish ?

in

? position

of reinforcement
or

standard

of aggregate

Waterproofed?

16 25 5"
20

16 40 75
20

be settled upon must points in each case, when a comparison is made. It will be noticed that the kind of lintel used is very importantin all. Brick
or

This outline indicates what

Porches.

But class

after lookingat this table how

There
are

stone
or

wood

arches,false brick and steel beams, reinforced

core

stone concrete

arches

braced

with

! exceptions

plenty of

wooden

easy houses

it is

tp

find

in first-

lintels or be used.

tile lintels The first

a containing

of reinforced

concrete

in their air

architect hasn't
to

cells are

the

commonest

types that

can

and if the have stood for centuries, have been sure them, the lumbermen is true of brick houses, The same send him photographs.

condition,which
seen

where wood is used to brace the cheapest, arch a slight savingover the firstmight be made, but where steel is used it is more is used costly.Where much concrete the reinforcedbeams are the next cheapest, but the reinforced tile beams are struction. cheaperwhere tile is used in the main conThe most expensivetype of lintel is the steel where all the weightis carried on it. lintel, In regardto the base which should be selected for a

types

are

the

but

we

the forget

thousands the

which

have

been

torn

down been

and
sumed con-

abandoned, and

cities of them

that

have

by fire. be drawn conclusions can than general Nothing more of costs per square foot for various types of from a comparison
for construction,
to
we

find that it costs

about

1.6 per

cent
we

more

where with shingles than with clapboards, bijild

take

stucco
on

the extensive finish,

tests

which

have

been

carried
concrete

but if we the percentage on the total cost of the building; frame wall, and take a square foot of clapboard-covered it with compare will find that the This and
seems a

by the Bureau of Standards of results. Stucco give the following

brick stands the best,next which has been fastened to lath, and lath on and wood tiles construction on metal is
a

the U.
on

S. Government

square

foot of
costs

wall, we shingle-covered

monolithic

stucco

wooden

appliedto metal frame by crimped

hollow
terra-cotta

like

without shows
to
see one

about 5.3 per cent more. very great difference when considered alone gram reference to the other comparison. The diawall shingle
a

and back-plastered, then furring strips

a

the that
an

two

charts

side could

by
be

side.

It is

not

cult diffi-

wood frame. The type of stucco lath and back-plastered, with the

argument

either

to

prove

started by favorably points quiteopposite.

ARCHITECTURE
COMPARATIVE
PERCENT INCREASE PER

COSTS
SQ.
FT. WALL AREA

line would be
that the
use

out

of the

All question. in

that

can

be said is

Clapboard, frame
frame Shingle,

I*

this any

Stucco,frame
Brick veneer, Stucco Brick
on

leads to economy. general for applyingthe facts stated in Now as a suggestion of should be answered the following article, questions materials under comparison: 1. Cost of material per square at local prices? ? 2. Cost of labor per square at local prices of local materials 3. Relative 4. Relative 5. Relative ? durability

frame

"

no

sheathing

8" hollow frame

tile

veneer,

"

sheathing..
"

10" brick-hollow
Brick
veneer
"

wall hollow

z" air space

blocks
....

? strength values ? fireproof 6. Relative beauty for particular purpose ? should not be This little set of comparativequestions but it is merely an aid looked upon as a hard-and-fast rule, should be answered it,each question to the judgment. To use

12" solid brick wall

MBH^I^I^mfliHHI
10
20 jo

77%
60

on 10

percentage basis for each material under

the material which instance,
cost

parison. com-

-to

So

JO upon

90

For

the less per

Note: conditions

"

The
to

cost

of stone

and

concrete

depends

too

much

local

chart.
CENT INCREASE ON TOTAL COST OF BUILDING

PER

will be rated under question one as square at local prices in 100 per cent, and then the other materials will come order according as they compare to this basis. The same will hold of
true
a

for the second

which quality

Clapboards,frame
frame Shingle,

question. In
is
to

other also

words,
a

cheapnessis
a

be desired in the selection of is setting

material,and

economy

good

Stucco,frame
Brick
veneer,
on

quality.
frame
"

no

sheathing

When set of percentages is to be made a comparative for questions 3, 4, and 5, the facts in this articlewill aid No. 6, taste alone will answer tive material has been given its relabe rank in respect to each question, a grand total can total can be considered made, and the material with the highest the winner. This ought to be conclusive enough for the most fastidiousclient who asks the architect answer to another. why he selects one material in preference be used in conmust nection sense However, a little common the

Stucco
Brick

8" hollow
frame hollow
"

tile

judgment. However,
Now, when
each

to

veneer,

sheathing
"

decide.

Id" Brick" Brick

veneer

wall

2" air space

"

hollow

blocks

12" solid brick wall

O 1O 20

Note

"

The

difference is

comparativelysmall,when

viewed

from

this

angle. Where the real difference of For

cost
occurs

with this method formula. is in the house

ment treat-

of

comparison.

It is not

matical matheout
as

The

whole

result could be thrown

if such

foolish thingas the following were

placeddown

costing the comparativevalues for a brick and a frame wall with characteristics. The house is to $10,000 will cost nearer $15,000 if it is made fireproof respect to their fireproof but it is a question of whether be built of wood throughout, and roof;but if the walls are only floors, walls, throughout of brick or wood. the walls are to be made In answering the cost will be only about made with, say tile, fireproof $10,500. Yet the latter small difference could be used for 5, the brick wall was given 100 per cent, while the question wall was considered 0 per cent. Now wood under an house, which really was actually argument to build a fireproof these conditions, has been stated before in the article, not as fireproof. Another the brick wall is not that full 100 per cent factor which cannot better from a be eliminated in making climate where the building will a choice is the location and fireproof pointof view, because all that it can do is to protect be erected. There the danger from exterior fires. If, where a rubble-stone to are a certain extent places many will cost less than any other type of masonry it is rated at 100 per cent, common would sense building struction. contherefore, On the other hand, there are wall ought to be rated at about 75 per localities where say that the wood but great quantities of sand are present, Of course, if the interioris made is lacking, stone then the cent. fireproof, which would make construction the cheapest brick wall could be rated at 100 per cent, and the wood wall form. concrete The locality also affects durability. Wood houses will decay at 0 per cent. than in In making these comparisons must not one quickerin warm, damp climates like Alabama forget, too, that there are good and bad woods, bricks, and cements, Stucco, which stands well in dry climates like Wisconsin. tiles, climates like California, will disintegrate that there in climates of and and indifferent are badly doing good,bad, ways like New York. the same thing. Any detailed rules on selections alongthis
of the interior.
a frame instance,

Book
THE LAND
AND THE

Reviews

SOLDIER.

By Frederic C.

Howe.

12mo.

$1.35 net.

Charles

Scribner'sSons,Publishers.

be solved only by lookingat them with of Farm Communities Colonies is the or book and he the oughly thorinteresting points to a way practical development of the idea. "There is land enough to support millions of farmers and feed many millions more in the city."
are can

of questions

hard

fact that

direct vision.

The

establishment

topicof Doctor

Howe's

The problem of homes is acute, for our returningsoldiers, well as as for those who And the pressingquestion is stayed at home. just now the finding of occupation, and a future for thousands of men opportunity, who are "Back the returningto civil life from overseas. to slogan that has a charming idealistic connotation; but where land" and is
a

To architects the planning and designing of these Farm Communities for soldiers should offer many opportunities.Doctor Howe's book points the solution of one of our to way greatest present-dayproblems. Our

town

planners

and

architects

everywhere

will

find this

book

worth

how,

while.

132

ARCHITECTURE

HIS

FIRST

PLATE.

IX

XORMAXOV.

a
a

"

p"p
' -

SSeV^ST

VENETIAN'

I.MI'KKSSIOXS.

THK

OLD

CLOCK

TOWKR.

SOME

EXPERIMENTS HE SAYS

IN

ETCHING HIS
"

BY
"

MR.

LESTER

E. VARIAN,

ARCHITECT,
C1X5THES-WRINGER.

OF

DENVER.'COL.

PRESS

WASjTHE

HOUSEHOLD

Editorial and

Other

Comment

Good

Investment

Under Conditions

Present

Building

"The

earning capacity of these thus: summarized are existing

interest and reduce
per

two

units

and

tions obliga-

appreciablylower has been placedpermanently on a higherbasis, is far for both city and country homes while the demand of the supply, in excess justwhy should there be any reason tainly ? Cerfor longerdelay in a generalcampaign of building the architects are not lackingin readiness to proceed in a knowledge of conditions,and the best way to meet nor them, from a practical point of view, in economical methods with capital, the man of construction. It is evidently large
the IF and labor
cost

of materials

is

not

to

be

Mortgage
Maintenance Reserve Rents Stock
to

5%

dividend

mortgages
year

$21,750 24,5?6 SifeH $52,000

'.
,

received

5% Mortgages sK%
Total

$182,000
230.000

obligations "This includes

$412,000 ft. vacant, carrying a plot 216x200 paid $78,000, an expense we On January 6, 1919, each stockholder

assessed of

at

$90,000, for which

or

small, who
There

is hard would

to

convince
to

that be

there and

is

no

use

in

$6,500 per year.

received from

convincing for proving the architect, to at hand, arguments the present opporthe fallacy and the wastefulness of losing tunities while waiting for a problematicalfuture, for a that all authorities unite in saying can never return to prices city in the come again. New York, and practically every waiting.
appear available

ample

interest in stock in cash and 5 per cent 1 per cent the date of his subscription.This increased the stock

issue from

$163,600
course

to

$182,000.
we

"In
our

the

country, is confronted
what against

with

rent

with open strikes,

rebellion

they consider rent boosters,to which the owner of property replies that it is only a questionof supply and demand. Apparently the only antidote to this condition is the immediate buildingof more places where people can
live. As
rents

final development with two units separatedfrom the present pairby a permanent parktiful oppositethe beauplayground 100 feet by 200 feet,directly and air new publicschool. This space willinsure light and provide a much-needed to tenants our space for open of the community. It will call for additional subscriptions issue,we $190,000, upon which, togetherwith the original hope to be able to declare 6 per cent annual dividends, thus: work and Mortgage
Reserve Rents
to

of the year complete the

should

be able

to

resume

have

gone

there soaring, the kind

or

is

no

family of
rent

moderate upon

means,

that

placeleft for usuallypays

as a

the its

interest and
."
. . .

6%

dividend

Maintenance.
reduce received

$45,970 45,926
1

and

looks

the small house

apartment

home.

mortgages
year

2, 104

per

$104,000 $372,000
....

its way with this does not to go on see privatecapital that the matter cryingneed for homes, it is not at all unlikely will become taking. a question of State or municipal underThere is no questionof philanthropyin the matter, for figures available few show that there are to are better investments than the small house or small cityapartment. From recent a by Henry Atterbury report made Smith of the Open Stair DwellingsCompany we quote the following significant figures: "The Open Stair DwellingsCompany has erected two built units at 210 and 211 West 146th and 147th excellently Streets. 21, 1917, They were opened on time, November and February 20, 1918. Two hundred and sixteen families have been

If

Stock 6%

Mortgages $%%
Total

430.000

obligations

)"8o2,ooo

There

Should

Be

More

of Such

Enterprises

is on foot a great building projectfor New York elsewhere promises a beginning of similar enterprises toward insistent and universally solvingthe particularly housing problem. The proposed plans include a huge buildingthat shall include family apartments, club-rooms, studios assembly-halls, cafeterias, restaurants, stores, and

pHERE
that

for artists and

musicians.

The

idea

comes

from

Mr.

Lewis

by
of the

year. 28 stockholders, 20 of whom company. conditions. This result

sheltered

for about

The
are .was

funds

were

stockholders

provided also

accomplished in The war increased the demand spite of war for housing but at the same time absorbed funds for more which pressing ments. might have been invested in tenepurposes The buildings under these trying circumstances only
parent

cost

2l/4 per

cent

more

than 1916.

the Each

cost

submitted
is

to

each

provided with steam heat, hot water, electric light, gas-range, laundry-tub, and kitchen-sink, dish-dupboard, one, two, or three ample closets. All rooms have windows to the fresh air and nearly
all the suites have A kitchen
cross

stockholder

August 12,

home

in his home lawyer,who is well known interest in public affairs. The city for his practical plan has the support of a group of distinguished New Yorkers for their knowledge of housing conditions known the and students, and present needs of hundreds of small families, teachers who are findingthe problem of livingin the city but actual hardship. not one only of difficulty Alfred E. Marling, the President of the New York Chamber of Commerce, has appointed a committee vestigate to inthe problem of financingthis big project. The involved is something over six millions of dollars. amount

Stockton,

Buffalo

There what dreams

are

some

features of the scheme

business
man

that

may

savor

of

that is,two ventilation,

exposures.

the of

hard-headed

largeenough for use as dining-room as well, a for $4.25 a week. and a bath-room living-room, rent Some suites have one additional bedroom, some being two, the rent $5.15 and $6.50 respectively.
133

understood

probably call the but Mr. Stockton it distinctly idealist, an wants that there is no least idea of philanthropyinvolved.
the

will

On

contrary, the

whole

scheme

is based

on

business possibilities. The strictly

cityhousing problem

is

134
one

ARCHITECTURE
that
seems

to

be the

related chiefly

to

the welfare

of the

wage-earner his

and

hope to earn his own not on conditions, living space under present crowded of property, but on the basis of a fair profit to the owner the basis of supply and demand; in other words, he must bidder. compete with the highest
In New built

the man who salaried man, cannot but who must home in the city, buy

authoritative or distinguished as a position as one occupy whose counsel is directly soughtfrom its members according
to

is

qualifications. charged that the architectural profession of having officially the consequences nanced countesuffering of selection that competias a means competition tion
"It has been
"

their known

involves economic
"

waste

and

is

unsound fundamentally

York, where studios and small apartments

were

the demand for artists and professional primarily men, from people who look upon the studio as providing a pleasant their friends "artistic atmosphere" in which to entertain of the from the possible has taken them away occupancy for whom built. tenants they were ostensibly original

comparisonof drawingsproduced without the with the or co-operation interests that are to use the building when built tends to the belief that architects are confirm primarilypicturethat the consultation benefit of personal makers and that the owner's

interestsdo

not

demand

tact con-

with "On

the architect.

Reduced

Wages Not Necessary to Resumption of Building Contented Labor a Great Asset

"

is not an wage-scale in the building resumption of activity cost are fixed by limits of content, the competence of competitors of Morton Chase Tuttle,who has been trades is the opinion established by examination of previous and performance for the United for more than a year production manager technical becomes judgment by a jury guaranteed; a competition States Emergency Fleet Corporation.Mr. Tuttle bases his thesis of a postgraduate sion great value to the profesof largeconstruction investigations judgment on some very recent and no greater economic than any other form of waste located at various pointsfrom New enterprises education." studies carried supplemented England to Florida, by careful Better Housing These unmistakablyindicate under his direction in Boston. out of labor is bringing that increased efficiency down this State," says Governor W. L. Harding,of Iowa, while wages remain at existing altitudes. costs even have said by statute "we that a dollar can be never "It may well be urged that state of mind isoften as pofor more loaned legally than 8 per cent. tent labor costs is the rate as a. factor in ultimate per is entitledto a "We have also said by statute that a man hour. Any one in handlingworkmen has recognized experienced safe place in which to work. in which to work By a safe place the difference in output between a cheerful capable fresh air, and guarded machinery. we mean plentyof light, anxious to hold his place, who is a littledisand one gruntled, man, have been declared constitutional, Both statutes not onlyin and quiteconscious that he can another job get and are upheldby public Iowa, but generally, opinion. the moment he drops the present one. either case Multiply "The family is more sacred than the dollar. The health and I believe that by thousands of individual instances, and comfort of the familyare as vital to the welfare of the there will be found, in shifts of mental attitude, the explanation State that of the "dollar, of the man who as or or woman of much of the variation which occurs in unit cost. toils in a factory.A safe placein which to work is vital, after all, And is the element of labor which directly fects from the afthis, of the laborer, in which and a safe place standpoint the profits of the employer." the family is to live is vital to the State.

THAT

reduced
to

the other hand, it is claimed by friends of competition of a competition architect comes an out a better architect than when he entered it (whether he be winner or of the loser) that where the recommendations indispensable liminary American preInstitute of Architects are observed the limits of
that
"

IN

Most

Important Meeting of the Institute

convention
at

THE
an

annual fifty-second

of the American

stitute In-

of Architects held

opportunityfor much placingof the Institute on record as a progressive and War conditions thoroughlyup-to-the-times organization.
put to the doubt made
rules of
test

this year offered constructive discussion and the

Nashville

of society have announced two we protection the dollar cannot be first, principles: loaned for more than a given amount; second, the legally laborer is entitled to a safe placein which to work. "The third great principle that ought to be announced is that the familyshould have the right to live in a house "For

the

great fundamental

the than

rent
a

of which

shall

not

net

the dollars of the

a

owner

more

many

old methods

and

traditions and

no

improvement interested in the genvitally eration But we believe that such an It can had a better largely shape the moral and agreement never of fibre of the intellectual and the next members of opportunity beingrespected generation generations by among profession, for home and that the influenceof the Institute surroundings.This proper and rightlegislation upon the general welfare of the profession, of the both to tenement-house, as first, regulation recognizing changedconditions, means, may be of inestimable value. Something more conditions surrounding and rent. same mordant, more measurable in fixed terms, less left to the rule of thumb, is the time to act in Iowa on this great question. "Now to be needed, together seems with a frank recognition that in dollars, and motherhood Delay is expensive man-power, architecture has, like so many other things leagues interested of naThe man of the palaceis as vitally tions, efficiency. become more etc. of the hovel. in this problem as the man As the solution comprehensiveand primarily a business proposition. One of the discussionsbefore the and the State pay the of this problem is delayed, society war postcommittee on architecturalpractice The legal that every one bill in broken manhood will and womanhood. tions quesbe especially interestedin is that in regardto competitions. involved and the rightof the State to act are both "It has been said that a profession ship leaderwhose members face efficient the issue and well settled. Courage to are to compete with each other for employment can willing the call of the hour." never are
"The and

evident the necessity of some revision of certain There has been a good deal of more practice. or less captious criticism of the Institute'sold ideals. Some said that they are out of date in a world that have even has ceased to be governedby "a gentleman's agreement."

that is,that there be plentyof light, are air,and a plotof ground. If the first two propositions sound, and they are, then the third is sound.
"

fixed amount, the familyshall live

and

that it be

safe placein which

home

is the foundation of all social State is

betterment. The of to-morrow.

"

"

19
"

"

H
U

w H
I"H

"
B

rt
t" H
U

w
H
HH

w
U

MAY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXVI.

I Hi II

BALL

AND

DINING

ROOM,

FACING

LOBBY.

HOTEL

LOBBY. WHITTLE

Barber

"

McMurry, Architects.

SPRINGS

HOTEL

AND

CLUB-HOUSE,

KNOXVILLE,

TENN.

MAY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXVIT.

CLUB

DINING-ROOM.

HoiEt

CLVB

H-ovjt
.

KNOXVIULE,

MAY,

1910.

ARCHITECTURE:

PLATE

LX1X.

:
r

: i.:

BEAVER

ST ELEVATION

SECOND

HEFOCMED
(MIDDLEDVTCH)
AlJBANY N-Y-

CHVKH

"

fhtioaker
/o/o

4rchtfec/.

FHHHHHHHHHHHHWP

X y.

W "*

5
H

u
w

H
U

ETHHHHHHEHILHHHH

C5

MAY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXXIV.

jgnnn

gig and

'

::ii

i:3,:J:iihi
SECTION LON"SM

FRONT

SIDE

7X7J D"SK

JTOOD

FBONT

OF

PULP/T)
/a

I
I
PH

w H
hH

a
u

c-.

MAY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXXVII.

RECEPTION-ROOM,

RESIDENCE,

HENRY

P.

DAVISON,

690

PARK

AVENUE,

NEW

YORK.

Architects. Walker " Gillette,

MAY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXXVI1I.

LIBRARY,

RESIDENCE,

HENRY

P. DAVISON,

690 PARK

AVENUE,

NEW

YORK.

Walker

"

Architetcs. Gillette,

a
-

H
U

"

MAY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXXXI.

'UPPER

HALL.

SECOND-FLOOR

PLAN.

Walker

"

Architects. Gillette,

RESIDENCE,

HENRY

P.

DAVISON,

690

PARK

AVENUE,

NEW

YORK.

MAY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXXXII.

MAIN

HALL

AND

STAIRWAY.

FIRST-FLOOR

PLAN.

Walker

"

Architects. Gillettej

RESIDENCE,

HENRY

P.

DAVISON,

690

PARK

AVENUE,

NEW

YORK.

ARCHITECTURE

HOUSE

AND

GARAGE.

NJ)

FLOOjJ

t L A "

\-

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

A. CLAYTON

WOODMAN,

MERION,

PA.

Frank Seeburger, Charles F. Rabenold, Architects.

Some

Further

Practical

Suggestions on
By David
B.

the

Writing

of

Specifications

Emerson
whether using,
return,
or a

UNDER
many

the

conditions,and present building

luxuries
now

with

so

of the former architect of

a

regardedas

sities, neces-

far more boiler needs know to-day must iron or generation ago, and with the steady of square feet of radiation. In all sections of the and improvement in the specialties number progress of invention be continually adding must into modern which enter building, country where soft coal is the usual fuel,always specify a ences it gives better combustion down-draft boiler, as that knowledge. All of this adding to the conveniand reto duces of smoke the amount adds much of every sort naturally to the to a minimum. Most all cities in buildings it necessary where have ordinances making it mansoft coal is burned and makes work of writingthe specifications, datory than the much down-draft boilers. Steel boilers should be writer to know to more for the specification use selected hard-burned brick, to be set with construction of the building.He should be able to specified laid up mere in cement walls of furnace, budge walls and back tions specificawrite intelligent, mortar, comprehensive,and workable connections be lined -with fire-brick, and elevators, laid in fire-clay, to for steam-heating, wiring, electric-light of a in small buildings with closely rubbed joints. Smoke in as much pipe should be specified as they may be required if any be of not less than No. 20 gauge sheet iron. Of course Call for all to largebuildingwith a simple character. and water all boilers, gines, enboilers, steam high-pressure on complete power plant,including gauges, and pop safety-valves the than his forebears of

indirect, one pipe, two-pipe, gravity, Specifythe styleand type of be used, very carefully, whether to sectional casttubular steel; give the grate area and the required
or vacuum

direct

system.

generators, pumps, would

not

elevators,etc., is

to

be

built,it

and

full set of fire tools.

tural architecAll pipingshould be specified or an to be black wrought-iron expected that the architect, and in all high-class standard work pipe should fication pipe, writer,would be able to write the speciweight, specification be specified be genuine puddled wrought-iron, for such a complicatedpiece of work, but a consteel sulting to not of should be called in at the first inception ting, pipe. Always call for all pipe to be reamed out after cutengineer with the architect, in conjunction and to be well rattled to the plans and work ing layto give the full size of pipe, all the speciand writing all dirt and scale. All fittings all that part of the work should be specified remove fications out small be standard cast-iron fittings, have to to perfectthreads, coveringit. But in the case of residences, other small apartment-houses, and commercial and pipe to be made perfectly tightwithout the use of redbuildings, be should size the specifications lead, cement, or other compound. Specifythat all steam" buildingsof moderate mains and returns shall be properly written in the architect's office. graded,grade to be not inch in ten feet, less than one-eighth than threeTo begin with, if an architect retains the services of a nor more inch in ten feetj'and that all pipe shall be put up in on consulting engineer eighths every little job which goes through small of our take more with extra the most architects must his office, and many secure heavy iron hangers, manner, of his reduce the profits than large In apartjobs,he will materially properly arrangedfor expansionand contraction. ment-houses tecture in the practice of archiwhere of and at best the profits and other buildings a largeamount practice, be there To hot has be it should be furnished not are ber quitea numwater to are gigantic. always sure, specified will lay of engineers manufacturers who that proper-sized from the connections should be made representing main line to the hot-water out provided they gratis, steam systems and write specifications storage tank, to connect of also a number into the building, with a brass or copper coil in the tank provided by the can get their specialties it stands to wise contractors will do the same thing. Now by the steam-heating plumbing contractor, but connected is that in these highly commercial reason contractor to be in addition to the tank heater),as a days no one (this with that kind of free service be made so doing anythingfor nothing, by heatingthe hot water great saving of fuel can the owner is paying the bill, when the heatingsystem is in only he doesn't see it,and the during the months by steam bad results, which may architect is pretty generally it may getting as seem, use, and surprising many apartments have and omissions been built without that very simpleand inexpensive react againsthim when the errors crop up arrangement. The hot-water to later; for,unlike the doctors,the architect's mistakes are storage tank should be specified above With little the much careful be with of a an ground. study equipped approved pattern very temperature that writer can the subjects he can both for the savingof steam and as a precautionmaster so specification regulator, ary for heating, write clear and concise specifications electricin case of the water measure gettingtoo hot and the the tank. All valves should be described lightwiring,and elevators,from which competitivebids pressure bursting be taken without which is Valves the lines should always in the specification. can a largefactor of guesswork, on which the work may of their conbe gate valves, as globe valves, on too often the case, and from account altogether struction, bid upon. afterward be installed exactlyas it was As I All valves two hold back the returning water. said in an earlier article (February), the specification writer inches and under in size, should be of brass,and all valves have should of necessity inches in size should have iron bodies and brass some experiencesuperintending over two if he has superintended the installing of a metal construction, so should be work, steam mountings. In high-class few heatingsystems and the wiringof a few buildings, Valves in cellars, he and all placeswhere specified. they are will be able to write the specifications liable to rough usage, have iron should be specified as required. In to for the following hardwood handles. writingspecifications steam-heating, wheels; all others should have polished eral geninstructions should, if followed, produce satisfactory Care should be taken to be very explicit in the specifying results if the heatingplans have been carefully drawn of air-valves for radiators, there are of and number as a the radiation has been properly calculated. ably makes and patterns on the market, and they vary considerAlways begin the specification in price and efficiency, by stating exactlythe system you intend siphon air-valves being listed be
"

136

138
at

ARCHITECTURE
two at

around

dollars
around is

valves listed and

a

apiece; good and dollar apiece, one

are

automatic quality the

air-

positive
so

automatic
So

air-valves if one

listed at around
the be

three dollars

dozen.

for looking should

best,it should be

Vent-valves specified.
at

of

all returns on specified of air. relieve the basement piping the boiler, to Where a vacuum system is to be used, an approved type the revacuum-valve should be specified, to be used on turn of each and a vacuum-pump radiator, In all locations where there is installed
a

at

the

boiler.

wide

variation of
to

temperature
in the
rooms

during the
may

winter

months, it is advisable
accommodate

on modulating-valves specify

all radiators, so

that the heat the outside

be

to regulated

temperature.

ing that all pipesshall have floor and ceilAlways specify shall be done in strict accordance with the rules of the platesof an approved pattern, and where pipes run and lath and plaster partitions, National Board of Fire Underwriters,the cityordinances, throughfloors and ceilings, of the local lighting with sheet-metal tubes one inch the regulations and that they shall be provided To company. in determine the method of installation, than the pipe. All radiators should be specified several factors must larger above the sillsof windows, and where be considered if the buildingis to be of fireproof to no case project struction; conit should be spethe wiring must be run in rigid-iron conduit type of radiator is required, cifically any special all radiators and exposedpipingto be so If the building and noted. is of frame must specified. Specify of flat yellow ochre and finished in be paintedone and strict economy be practised in its construction, coat must bronze or enamel as directed;all exposedironwork in cellar erection,and there is no local ordinance forbidding it,the basement of best air-drying be two installed as to be painted coats or concealed-knob-and-tube a wiring may Japan varnish. If the heating is to be done by an indirect system, it the owner formed should be insystem, but before specifying which should the specifications that there is danger of fire from overload, should describe the radiation, short be the pin type or other approved indirect radiation. The or and if he is circuit, groundingwith this system of wiring, radiator boxes should be of galvanized take the risk, it may be specified. If the local iron,No. 20 gauge, to willing where one dimension is thirty inches or over; No. 22 gauge ordinances forbid the installing of the concealed-knob-andwhere one dimension is sixteen inches or over. Boxes should tube system, and a more economical system than the rigidhave dampers and doors,and should be lined be specified to iron conduit is desired, either flexible steel-armored conductors, with asbestos board to prevent the loss of heat. The coldknown B. X. work, or flexible steel as generally air ducts should be of galvanized conduit may be specified, iron,of from No. 20 to the former being the cheaper No. 26 gauge, according In every to the size of the ducts. system while the latter is a little better method, as wires cold-air ducts should be specified case be replacedat any_ time without damage to woodto be so constructed work may to offer the least resistance to the flow of air, and should of installaas the best method tion, or plaster.By all means be properly main The duct should have at least braced. but the most is the rigid-iron conduit. In expensive, sectional area of the combined risers 75 per cent of the cross the rigid-iron conduit, if the highest specifying qualityis the various registers. ducts leading to The main duct or wanted, call for hot dipped galvanized conduit;if a more should be specified to be fitted with a positive call for enamelled conduit,and in tight-closing economical job is desired, All ducts should to the building. enamelled conduit will last as long as the a frame damper at the entrance building be specified with register to be provided faces in the outside building.Whatever system may be used, specify carefully if cost does not have to be conthe manner in which to be of cast or the work walls, be done: the proteciron, sidered must tion bronze. The vertical ducts may of the wires, that the porcelain to be of cast insulators shall separate be of IX brighttin in low-cost work, and No. 26 least inch the wire from the wired surface at one vanized over, the gauge galiron in higher-cost work. In all cases of the porcelain and that wherever wires pass they should quality tubes, be specified to be made with pipe, through floors, studding, up of an inner and an outer etc., they shall be protected with one-half inch air space between. The registers that wires should be supportedevery four should porcelain tubes, be wall registers, be specified with valves,and to be finto ished feet and should have flexible tubes from the nearest support be desired for the rooms in which they are to as wire runs to the inside of the outlet box, and where may through be located. that the boiler and all piping Always specify walls,it should be run in iron conduit,should all masonry in the cellar or basement,and when calling for concealed-knob-and-tube work. be specified any exposed parts of the shall be covered with an approvedsectional coverIn B. X. work and flexible-steel building, that ing. conduit work, specify all runs be secured in placewith pipe straps. In Coveringon pipesto be one and one-quarter inches are to thick, to be properlycemented, strapped and fastened, B. X. work state that no bends shall be made with an inside and covered with heavy cotton duck and paintedtwo good shall radius of less than four inches, and that all armor of lead and oil. coats with an improved armor be stripped that stripper. Specify that the contractor shall guarantee his conduit shall be less than five-eighths Always specify inch inside diameter, no work and make a thorough test of the entire system before and that no conduit shall contain more than four two-wire turningit over to the owner, and, if necessary, the owner three three-wire circuits, contain and must or circuits, never the right retain a certain amount reserve to from the circuits of different systems. In flexible-steelconduit work, may contract that no bends shall be made with an inside radius of priceuntil the system has had a thorough test specify the completion of the contract, In rigid-iron duringthe winter following less than six inches. conduit work, specify and that the contractor shall make any necessary changesin ilar that all bends shall be made with an approvedhickeysimthe system to insure the proper working of the be the "Lakin," or that a conduit bending-machine to system. In the writing of the specifications for the electric-light used, and that no bends shall be made with an inside radius

first find out what kind of current wiringof any building, is supplied direct or alternating, by the local lighting company, the voltage, and specify that the phase,and cycles, shall be wired for that current, voltage, and building phase, cycle. For any system having short runs and usinga small two-wire of current, a but amount system may be specified; of current, specify for longruns and a large amount a threewire system. than 660 watts shall Specifythat not more circuit. In a great be placedon any one it is cases many advisable to specify separate wiringand a separate metre for cooking, or heating, lighting power purposes, as many low rates for this service. companies make special Also, that the average electric cookingrange requires note more than 660 watts, so the one-light circuit specified above will do for this service. Always specify that all wiring not

ARCHITECTURE
of less than shall be reamed
out

three and
cut

a a

half inches.

that all Specify

to

duit con-

of

with

hack-saw, the ends

be square

and

after cutting. lutely jointsin conduit to be leaded and made absoSpecifythat all conduit,either flexible water-tight. shall be fastened to all outlet boxes with lock-nuts or rigid, and bushings. Specifythat all conduit shall be properly service on the street side of the grounded to the water Call for all outlet boxes to be standard metre. pressed steel knock-out type; if a low-cost box is wanted, specify for if is call but the enamelled, highestquality desired, hot dipped galvanized steel. Galvanized steel will stand better in concrete steel. In specifying the than enamelled is desired, call for rubber insulated wire,if the best quality wire with protecting braids,having a rubber compound less than 30 per cent, by weight,of Para not containing All

rubber, otherwise

call for wire

to

be N.
than

E. No.

C.

standard. 14 B. " S.

Specifythat

no

wire shall be smaller

feet or longer hundred gauge, that for all circuits of one No. 12 B. " S. gauge shall be used, and that all conductors of No. 8 B. " S. gauge, or larger, shall be stranded. four

all local switches, electrolier switches, three and Specify closet-door switches,pilot controls, lights, plug way of the several types of enclosed floor receptacles, outlets for cookingapone receptacles, special paratus,better way is to specify the market, as it is impossible for When local switches, on etc. state specifying exactly safetyswitches now if they are used. This applies the type of switch which is required; low-cost work call accidents to occur on larly particuwhere each apartment has its for single-pole to box; on high-cost apartment buildings, snap switches in porcelain service switch, and some with comwork own switches, position specify knowing the double-pole, push-button persons, not touch and accidentally box, which are probablythe most satisfactory danger,try to turn on the current type cities the lightcompanies have of switch on the market. the live parts. In many Wherever there are three or more of a room their own the installation of service switches, controlled by wall switches, rules governing sockets in the ceiling the service switch, the specification call for three wires to be run between the switch-box and the before specifying so outlet boxes, and to be providedwith an approved type of writer should familiarize himself with the regulations of the electrolier switch. the service switch and metre three and four way switches for local company and specify Specify halls and stairways, connections according the different floors. In to be located on to these regulations. all high-class automatic Panel cabinet in knob-and-tube installations shall be door switches should be residences, for all clothes-closets. The use of door switches in be of hardwood, lined with one-eighth-inch to specified specified low-cost houses is not sheet asbestos, fitted with two or three wire branch cut-outs, advisable,as leavingcloset doors of the required duit conpartly ajarleaves the light burningand runs up the bills for voltage. In B. X. work, flexible-steel conduit work, the panelcabinet must current. work, or rigid-iron less than No. 12 gauge steel, to be not reinforced Lightsin the cellar and on porchesshould be specified be specified have switches with pilot-lamp in parallel, the load with angle-iron to riveted in place;in highframes, securely on side of the switch. Call for lock switches in the corridors class work, specify that cabinet shall be not less than No. of apartment-houses, cabinet to be fitted with branch cut-outs where it isdesired 10 gauge steel, or other places hotels, as is the dead front to prevent unauthorized described; on or a safer type of cut-out previously persons from throwinglights off. In hotels, dred than to be enough larger even though they may only have one hunpanel. Cabinet should be specified it is an economical install door to measure rooms, panel to give at least a four-inch wire space around panel; switches which, when the door is locked from the outside, panelshould be surrounded with an ebony asbestos or slate throw off the lights, unlocked throw them and when one-half-inch thick to form wire space. Cabinet on partition, will pay for the switches in a should be providedwith a door and lock;if cabinet is of again;the savingof current In the matter of specifying it should be specified wood wood door to have a panelled plug recepvery few months. tacles, there are lined with three-eighth-inch otherwise a steel door asbestos, quite a varietyof types on the market, is the screw-plug of circuits in a metal should be called for. A directory probablythe simplest type, which is quite and will receive any Edison attachment should be specified front, to be mounted inexpensive plug. frame, with a glass This receptacle is most in all low-cost the inside of the door. on generally specified Specifythe house feeder to run work. of the from the service switch to the panel board, feeder to be one Probably the better type to use is some either a safety with the national code for carrying the disappearing in accordance safety-type receptacles, screw figured plug, door type, or a type in which a two-pole for all circuits beingloaded,feeder should plug is capacity; allowing the two doors only openingwhen both poles serted be of sufficient size to confine the drop in voltage, inwith all inserted, are and closing when the plugiswithdrawn. in circuit, of line voltage. Call for all to 1 per cent automatically lights These plugsare pretty nearly service connections,whether overhead or fool-proof. underground, If a floor receptacle is required in the dining-room, call whether theyshall be made by the contractor or by the lighting for a water-tight floor box, with 25-ampereplugreceptacle, in accordance with local regulations. company, wired with No. 10 B. " S. gauge wire, and furnished with All wiring, bells, buzzers, push buttons, etc., for callof three individually bell systems, should be specified. In frame construction multiple connection-block, consisting fused plug receptacles. The connection call for No. 18 B. " S. gauge, cotton-covered, between the plug paraffined wire, and this block shall be made of ten feet cleated to joists and studs with insulated staples; in firereceptacle by means

S. gauge approved silk-covered portable approved20-amperecord connector, two feet If the building from the multiple block. has been wired for electric cooking apparatus, call for pilot-light board, fuse cut-out, double-pole and receptacle, switch,pilot-light at range outlet,heater outlets to have switch, pilot-light be same for to and receptacle, receptacle type as specified all switches, on Always call for all plates plug receptacles. the hardware of the room in receptacles, etc., to match which they are located in designand finish. In high-class residential work, call for a special there is as burglar light, than light.Specify that the dreads more nothinga burglar shall be wired and switched with two-pole and threelights be turned on by its switches,so that any light may way be turned respective three-wayswitch, and all lights may control switches in bedrooms. on by two-pole service-entrance switch should be carefully The specified in very small houses,a 30in low-cost work, especially switch with porcelain base,with connections for ampere asbestos-covered wood block will mounted on an plug fuses, be sufficient; but in higher-class work it should be mounted for cartridge and set on a slate base,with connections fuses, metal box with a hinged door. in a moisture-proof The No. 10 B. "

cord, with

an

140

ARCHITECTURE
insulted wire
run

in rigid- houses, or hotels, specifyintercommunicating telephone cables may be be supported by conduit may In frame buildings electric-light wiring; system. bells of in for but Call all diameter. small as three-eighth-inch means fireproof buildings pipe-straps, they should as be installed in rigid-iron for electricconduits,as specified and giving the push buttons, and describe annunciator should be call for push be cables to number of stations. In apartment-houses specified lightwiring. All wires one button in each apartment to operate door opener at main pairof No. 22 B. " S. gauge conductors for containing of No. 16 gauge conductors for talkeach station, and a pair ing Where a burglar-alarm specify required, entrance. system, each pair of wires and ringingbattery, be wired as called for under call-bells. System to consist respectively; to each other to eliminate cross-talk door springs, shall be twisted around of the necessary wires, window springs, tion interconnecfor front-door bell, and inductive noises. Wires should be specified be silkto cabinet, cut-out night-latch cuit for a completeopen circoated with beeswax, or varnished,and covered and everything insulated, required strip, with a lead sheet at least one-sixty-fourth interconnection inch in thickness. out stripto have cutSpecify system. be required, sets as may switches for each circuit as well as a double-pole battery Call for all telephone to be either sectional talking, selective or switch. common talking, or nonthe installation is used, specify be desired. In apartmentWhenever as current interfering talking, alternating may vestibule set complete, houses specify either with or without of a bell-ringing transformer for all bell and lasts in basement, letter-boxes, set with annunciator janitor's and burglar-alarm systems, as the transformer practically small is so infinitesimally and the cost of current the room forever, sets in each apartment. ing be measured that it cannot I have endeavored in this brief article to give a fairly by the metre, the primary wirthat of the transformer to be specified to be the same as clear outline of the specifications for steam-heating and three is used, specify outlets. If direct current for light There is much that probablyhas not been electric-wiring. substantial in cells of carbon cabinet, a cylinder battery makes mentioned, and as each building a new problem, both for call-bell system and for burglar-alarm system. is always presenting itself to the specificanew something tion that construction In fireproof a three-eighths specify and new and improvements on the writer, appliances inch or one-half inch rigid-iron conduit shall be run from the old ones are coming out all the time. So the specification of the publictelephone to the telephone pointof entrance writer must be on the alert and keep pretty well up near the the plans, locations as shown conduit to be installed as on front of the procession all of the time if he wishes the best conduit. for electric-lighting specified in apartmentin private results from his work. Where or residences, required

proofconstruction call for rubber

iron similar conduit,
to

Reflections of

an

Architectural
Talbot F.
II

Draughtsman

By

Hamlin

EFFICIENCY

AND

HUMANITY

proof enough -{hat at least outsider realized the draughtsman was human. O. one Henry tells how once a year a certain draughtsman decked himself gayly in his dress suit and sallied forth to spend of his year'ssavingsin one most tantalizing evening of colored luxury, and how once such a nighthe found roon mance amid the garishbrilliance of Broadway. For the
"

HENRY

once

wrote

story about
is

an

architectural

with with

mere

great

sums

of money,

mere

abstract

wealth, but

draughtsman.

That

much insidious, more something much more powerful. He is devotinghis imagination and energy to the task of making expenditurecount, making expenditurebeautiful He is continually and worth while. employed in marrying the ideal of beauty to the power of wealth. His discrimination for his direct becomes In return acute. dailymore services to his employer he receives his salary;in return
to

present purpose

it

matters

not

how

the tale

portant for his indirect services ended, the imunconscious

can

the client he receives It is education

continual
wealth
reacts

is its uncanny into the conditions which thing 'nsight the draughtsman's make the forces which position peculiar; combined in this case him seek this particular to make pression exof his human longings a year of penury for one eveningof happy and carefree extravagance. Such an expression, such an attitude as is revealed by
"

education leisure

in the beautiful
an

thingsthat
that

do

and

enjoy.

on strongly to

all sensitive to beauty,at all susat ceptible any mind tary the amenities of life; either a volunand it requires
or a

blindness
that reaction

wealth

from

in resulting

of strong idealism to prevent vain envy, or materialistic

this story
" "

and

question is the inevitable result of draughtsman,earningat best a humble

contact can two not

the truth of the story few who know the fact that is salary, in

will the

daily
alone
even

with thousand

the amenities and with

a to

beauties that wealth

or

buy. He,
hesitate

his fifteenor

year, works

hundred eighteen for clients indirectly

who

do

spend ten times his annual income on a mere rect job in one way or another to digarage; it is his particular that expenditure.Nor is the draughtsman dealing

in a vague and disillusionedbitterness. or opportunism, The draughtsman's problem,then, resolves itself down the problem of the man with poverty and good taste to sell his soul for with taste can everywhere. The poor man wealth to satisfy his taste, and discover too late that the become bad; he can bargain was terribly arrogant and bitterly proud; or he can seek satisfaction in a. continual for ever and more more completeselfprogress and struggle in his creative work. expression Surelythe last is the best,

ARCHITECTURE

141

142 the

ARCHITECTURE

problem; good of all in their mind, they should assist the to draughtsman toward this ideal so as organize creative taste rather than the of creative self-expression, that merelyenjoys. taste only true
offices have the The this. and cloud the architectural office has many

solution of the

tural surelyif architec-

charges.
clamor. Both
too

Abolish

the

American

Institute ! these that

to

critics

criticisms unite "artistic."

in the claim

architects are

too aloof, unaware

They

are

said

dwell in the dim

past,

Among
purposes the

it must others,
must

clash.

make money. Alas ! that mere

besides purposes Alas !that ideals humdrum ends the

meet

for under modern of modern realities, ditions conit is claimed,is less a matter of proporarchitecture, tion detail than of dollars and
cents.

and

with

the science of be

making

criticisms have These preoccupations should First,they have raised to who architects, both their insistence the
on a

alreadyresulted
new

in

two

things:

esteem

firms of

contractor-

humanity of struggle.For the way to prosper; they at last the offices have discovered have seen the vision, they have found "efficiency." is a much misused word. We Americans "Efficiency" minds play with unhate dictionaries. We love to let our defined love to make ourselves gods of words we terms; whose meaning we to neglect ringthem around state; we of reason. with taboo, we let worshipof them take the place "Efficiency," "System," "Bolshevism," "Democracy," are but a few samples of the vague nouns that flyaround in the rosy confusion of our minds, like bats in a optimistic fogat twilight. for example "efficiency" "Efficiency," gained by "system" is a modern god, to which we kowtow in all our in its true sense works. the power of accomplishment Efficiency is a worthy end to seek. But "efficiency" in of to-day is far from that. its cant sense "Efficiency" in modern lifeit means means one thingin the dictionary; another of quantityproduction.It is attained by means
architect's vision. Alas ! that

employees should

in forgotten

the

design and construct. Secondly,in American ness" "busicatchword typical "businesslike" or they have still further clouded of what, after all, is the architect's alreadydark question
" "

true

function. of the architect old conception

was a man

The

who

designedand
That and
one.

the erection of beautiful buildings. supervised a seems simpleand straightforward definition, it certainly indicates a sufficiently complexjob for any The architect
cannot

be than
a

business adviser

nor

realA

estate

expert any
man

more

broker

can

be

doctor.

sick

docs

his chances of
sent

consult a doctor with regardto usually he has been to which money-making in a place
not
man

"

for his his

health; if he does, it is as
Nor

to

man,

not

fessionally. pro-

"

does the doctor in his very

most

professional capacity
doctors the

"

finance is

patient's trip. The

rid of
are

country

"

tryingto get

those
"

like the critics' ception conuse

of the ideal architect

those who

financial and

"

standardization.
a

Its system

is founded

on

the

fact that

of adding to their clientele. If it means extra-professional is absurd for a patient to go to his doctor for tipson the absurd for the client to expect his architect market, it is equally

because it does not have to think. to be an swiftly produces or a expert adviser on real-estate conditions, Therefore to make an organization make Give the architect his problem, must efficient, one promoter of hotel stock. of him as economical and demand a perfect and beautiful a result every person in it as much cog in an implacable and irresistiblemachine as possible. The interest and cois compatible with the conditions, but no more. operation as of the cog-wheel of It is harder to draw the line between men are sought by means and contracting real The architect-contractor has many bonuses; but such interest and co-operation not are architecting. plausible the lives such of tion standardizaoffers make the pubhc. His client pays but one to a process to thought; by fee system and specialization shall make for both design and construction, as and is assured of close thought unnecessary, or between the designer and the builder. He is co-operation necessary to as few individuals as possible. The efficiency tectural saved time and trouble. To the contractor-architect this system has begun to creep into the archioffices because of a powerful industrial trend that, also seems for, if properly arrangement very attractive, in action for a long time, has lately found frank and open the managed, it should allow him to pocket the profit on and rather arrogant expression in harsh criticism of the entire entire construction cost instead of the mere of an pittance architectural profession, selves. architect's fee. But there is one coming mostlyfrom architects themrooted deep in the fallacy of them should lead to more An examination dear to the universal light entire conception.That is a fallacy itself and its architectural effects. on of human "efficiency" the endless hope of getting nature: gullibility The criticisms are mainly along two lines. One cerns consomethingfor nothing. the services of the architect, the other concerns his For think. cost Designers Draughtsmen cost money. ethics. In brief, the criticism under It does not who system of professional matter Buildingcosts money. money. the first head is the wide-spread the costs are inevitable. If,then, the complaintthat architects pays this money; do not furnish their clients with practical, serviceable adarchitect-contractor aims to give both design vice and construction in the inception of work for a price nor and if he hopes satisfactory at all attractive to the client, competent in its construction. The critics seem his contractor's profit, supervision he must allow in his bid the to conto make ceive that an architect should be business adviser, least possible financial for design. The results are easily amount apparent, if necessary, financial both in design authority, The scheme and in the organization. authorityon agent, an side the side of is often particularly Details studied. every bookish,imperinsufficiently are mercenary sonal, every possible kind of life; and sanitarycivil, is likely mechanical, be the fashionable to electrical, uninspired.The style The engineer;superintendent; architect is contractor. stylerather than the $tylethe conditions require.The suffered to include the ability if he of the office becomes mechanical to design beautifully "efficient"organization wishes,as a quitesecondary feature. It is a beautiful cataits hundreds logue. and turns of drawingson time. out Even its adversaries will allow its inclusiveness. The whole efficiency system has arisen in architectural The criticism under the second heading claims that offices as a result of these criticisms and these tendencies; the architect's professional code allows him it is an attempt to make the profession freedom, no and up to profitable his ability date. The quantity if prevents any businesslikeorganization, of drawingsis profitable; destroys production to sell his services advantageously and make It the profits from heaven, why worry drop down like manna money. is claimed that architects should advertise. There should about values merelyaesthetic and human ness" ? It is good "busibe absolute freedom in competition, with no fixed rates of let us rejoice and be glad that at last we are up to
" " " "

machine

ARCHITECTURE

1
a

w~

U-)

ffi H
W
"

"

^
w Q
t/3

6 g
Q

144

ARCHITECTURE
And results ? the practical
can Efficiency produce equipment,

date !

feels a into

interest personal

perfectplumbing systems, good

economical in
a

mechanical

his brain and he is of

even

his skil and

in the output of the office, and sees his taste gradually beingbuilded

construction. It

may

even

contrive

to

put itself

enduringbeauty,so
some use

long he
between the

financial or secure to givegood financial advice, position client. backingfor the aspiring siasms enthuis all. Design,originality, That personality, these efficiency for lucre except the enthusiasm than plumbing Thank starves. God, architecture is more than good construction. The engineers or heating. It is more
" "

in the world.

to-day the
"

chasm

real work

the and

not building,

cause happy betragedyis that the draughtsman and his drawing is growing continually The
"

will continue

wider, to the detriment

architecture the

of the artistic value of

our

and

mechanical furnish expert services on can construction better than any architect under If that
were

matters

any

all there

were

to

architecture, we

tem. sysarchitects

had best go out of illustrators. or engineers It is because

business, we

draughtsmen become

of the draughtsmen. happiness industrializedoffice is still To be sure, the completely of the best and thoughtfulness an exception.The vitality to witness ful carecontemporary architecture bear convincing in every detail; taste, and lovingwork study,personal without combination the truest a impossible co-operation in the office. But if the present-day and self-expression

and more will industrialization "efficiency critics have their way, more the office will become of architecture as an and more tory, a plan facconceptions creep in, more the efficiency ideal will govern, and and more art business rather than a profession more or an the business manager dominate. And the and more of such vital personal more are importanceto the draughtsman. their Supposefor the sake of argument that architects as designers draughtsmen will lose their greatest compensation, the times, behind of beautiful buildings obsolescent, are opportunityfor creative study and work, for under the forbid ! which Heaven cold and of the earth useless encumberers efficiency system their work will become a mere cier, finanand study mere task,their draughting predetermined pencilSuppose every architect to be business man, builder, themselves mere machines. in odd moments and designer first, only. Suppushing, pose engineer In the the the French of he is permitted nay, encouraged to advertise,to eighteenth greed century almost succeeded the sordid and in making mere to chines maenter nobility build,to boom materials, production pell-mell of the peasants; fire and blood of revolution wiped economic of the contemporary world; competition angry them In our the dollar-sign his mind. It would follow that out. own to sear over day the attempt to develop men into mere for producinghas resulted in a chaos machines the type of architect would change immediately. People in Europe whose choose to result no man would choose to become architects as they now foretell. In our own can of greed has produced an become stationers or butchers or brokers or undertakers, vaunted country the efficiency that troubles every town for the money their pile, and every industry.Must unrest to make to be gainedby astuteness architecture follow the industrial lead ? If so depend upon rather than for a service to be rendered to the world by means of living harvest the inevitable protest it,it too will reap the same Beauty. of men whose is denied. Under such a regime, the office would be a means to individuality birthright of making money; Time architect and but in when the relation between not was primarily perhaps at first, the end inevitably. In some Success could be measured draughtsman was a sort of pleasant partnership. only by but offices that pleasant and any offices which attemptedother kinds of sucarid healthycondition still exists, cess profits, aesthetic success, for instance the profession in generalis developingalong other lines. be starved would soon In the successful office the designer servient The draughtsman is becoming less and less a partner, more would be as subout. the business manager is fast becoming and more to to an as factory-hand employee and his profession any his overseer. The efficiency He is slowlyawaking to this condition. When trade. a system would reap its harvest of gold and machines. of the profession his waking is complete, the whole status Of course of architecture will suffer a revolution; of this gold would find its way -into for once the draughtssome man the draughtsman's realizes his essential slavery under any efficiency pocket. But at what a cost ! Overtime tem, sysand mechanical, spiritless of because work; the continual sacrifice of and sees the office growing prosperous leisure and personality these form a price that the average its use of purely industrial methods, is it to be thought strange draughtsman is loath to make, unless he is compelledby if he himself makes for his -own of industrial weapons use the force of economic circumstance. For the draughtsman defense ? In other words, the draughtsmenwill at last learn loves his work not of the weekly pay-envelope account on from the trades whose work they may helpdesign and supervise; for undue affection) (whose size is no reason account nor on and form they will learn the power of organization of the mere lines he diurnally draws. It is not pencil-pushing their own skill. The effects union; bargainwith their own that makes the draughtsman eager, but the opportunity of such an organization be so far-reaching theydemand he finds for some littleself-expression. may The is not realized, serious consideration. But whatever they are, good or evil, depth of this feeling sufficiently in an its importanceto the artistic success industrialized architectural profession, of a building nor a man's draughtsas well as to the draughtsman's union is inevitable. own happiness.As longas he of their inevitable result in the
new

system" that or a industry

these

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

The

Mayor

of Indianapolis Says: "Be

Willing to Pay
"This peace,
cost
was same a

the Cost
cost

of Peace"
Now that the
we same

in the buildingindustry and in fit benepublicimprovementswill be of immeasurable to every city," says the Hon. Charles J. Jewett. "It will absorb the unemployed and keep the community in an In the war, business concerns felt a active, healthystate. to the nation and the city responsibility to hold their business at a sacrifice. organizations even together,

STIMULATION

part of the

of

war.

have
cellent ex-

the

policycan

be

appliedwith

well be considered as a part of the may fore beof peace. If we hold back and wait for low prices ject we again become active,we shall defeat the very oband results,
we

seek

to

attain.

We

shall lose the money

we

sought

to

save."

146

ARCHITECTURE

FIRST

FLOOR.

PLAN

SECOND

FLOOR.

PLAN

HOUSE

AND

PLANS.

MRS.

FRANK

E.

DODGE,

STONINC.TON,

CONN.

II. H. Little,Architect.

Porto
By

Rican
E. C.

Building

Bartholomew

THE has
mind.

art

of

never an

material is one which with a plastic building appealed very strongly to the American
art

material.

group

of

Nichodema,
All of these

architect,of

buildings designed by Antonio San Juan, Porto Rico, shows the

It is

in itselfand

must

be studied

in its

own

material rights. A plastic used only as a convenient

gives no

satisfaction when

it is

alternative for another

building

of that island. of this material conditions to adaptability built with of reinforced concrete, are buildings smooth wooden to forms, the surface being rubbed down a finish. tells us The architect
tomary cus-

material.
more or

Used less metal the

with forcement, rein-

that it is not with them

plastic
material,
it is
an a as

to

material
into and
a

is transformed

concrete plaster

surfaces.
concrete tone

structural

Instead, the

is

buildingwith
as

given
means

color the the

as

by

science We
so

well of

art.
are

of

America

used, and
rubbed
are

aggregate surface is
the forms A blue

imbued

with

the building wood

we tempt at-

down

traditions of
and
stone to

removed. rock of

that force into

a

trap

excellent

plastic
tional tradithan
own

material

the rather

forms allow it
to

is used with river quality if possible but sand sand usually with sea
" "

find

its

and

individual On the

expression.
other builders

cement, Portland

often
cement

white of The

hand,
of

American rock with from

Architect's residence, Monte Flores, P. R. solid mahogany interior finish. Antonio Reinforced
concrete,

make.
so

Spanish
last
two

the

is broken
a
a

that
runs

centuries, especially
as

thin

wall

it
an

Mexican taken

in exemplified building,have
old Spanish tile roof, mosaic floor

quarter of
to

inch

in size
Nichodema,
Architect.

advantage of this
"

to a quality in cement degree quite unknown and Nevertheless, us. one might add undesired among they have accepted and used it. Americans were beginning to realize the buildinglore of before the disruption and architectural interest in Mexico An architect of prominence had their late internal disorders. ness that a "Prix de Mexico" might be of greater usefulsuggested
"

give a
to

particles. These screenings pleasingtexture

surface.
unlike them and

the tiniest

the finished

From those
seen

of these houses seem the exterior many not in the States,but numerous features make
to
case.

distinctive, owing
necessities of the The tile and Porto leaded

the local artistic temperament love of color finds

to
use

the

Rican

in expression the

faience
leaded

used glass, The the

give relief to
of colored

faces plain sur-

to

America
once

than
we

"Prix
to

de

Rome,"

in its local value.

concrete

of the

cement.

tiles and
and

When

come

realize that

is

truly

glassto

break

up

architectural
with almost in the

al materibuilding untried possibilities

matter

of monotony is both

large concrete
consistent
a

surfaces

giving
Rican

rich

and The

logical, pleasing
Porto

of

form,
as

effect in is
a

design.
contrast

thoroughly when strength;

and

tested
we

to

lover of colors that and liant bril-

accept this
to
use

give strong
and

put

ourselves

it,

and effect,

the

clear-cut

taking advantage, as far as possible, of local materials and conditions, working in tectural archientire sincerity, a new
era

strong
him.

tile make
to are

of faience coloring especialappeal Tile and glass panels

an

inserted
as

in outside for

walls

will be

upon

us.

and and

decoration
the
entrance

piers
of the

As

an

architectural
and
an

bility responsito

about

architectural

house, and
to

also

give

tion distincto

problem
see

it is of interest

the
set

entrance

the

how

other
time

peoples are
to

grounds,
between iron

into

the

piers

meeting it.
From have from the the with its had Porto time
we

glimpses of
Rico which

work has

which swing the great Very effective gates. features are designed lighting in this way, with glass domes leaded panels. Lights are wired
an Flo

Spanish understandingof of cement, quality plastic

A

or

modern

acceptance

of

for electricity through trolled underground feed and confrom the house. Pro-

as a possibilities

structural

148
vision is made tile and when
are

ARCHITECTURE
for the

tions glassinserthe forms

recesses

built,

having been
receive them the
so concrete

made

to

before ispoured,

that it is all done

a

in

very simpleway. The cool cleanliness of tile makes

an

especial appeal in a and tile tropical clime,

floors in
some are

to

be found

parts,at least,
all the house.

if not

It has

longbeen
in home the
to
Residence for Sr. Rafael Carrion, Santurce, P. R

customary
Porto have
Gate, Valdes residence, facing ocean.

Rican well

large living
thrown is of For some used. under a roof freely one-story structures ordinarywood construction a 4-inch reinforced concrete wall has been poured. While such a wall is durable its is rather low; yet builders state that compressive strength it has proven amply strong in the conditions. To eliminate the "honeycombing" rock for wall. is broken

spaces,

and together, high in order to ceilings, obtain a circulation of air. The separation between living is indicated by a grille and diningrooms or by a wide arch, and the windows
are

set

in groups to get plenty of air. Porto Rican buildings have many

to

pouring in
On
account

very fine 4-inch a of this wall is 3 feet entire

are

windows,
are

give the much-needed

Shutters allwindow nearly Mr. openings. tells us of the that,
excess

a 6-inch difficulty

ventilation. installed in Nichodema

on

often used.
is pouredin

The
courses

concrete

high

around

the

outside. The
removed hours

forms

account

of tropical light, opaque is used in the windows, glass usually moss-green brown cathedral glass, or hammered face, to subdue the intense light. The

twenty-four after pouring the

the wall, concrete, and while still "green," is

rubbed
wooden

down float.

with In

this

windows

casements, som openingout, with a tranare

way the rough spots are diseliminated without coloring the surface. The of
cypress

usuallyhinged
the top. In the
matter

at

footings usually
a

consist of of
struction, con-

solid In
l

course some
1

concrete.
r
"

reinforcement

finish." Antonio

Nkhodem", Architect!

Concrete

trimmed

with faience

tile roof, tiles, cases

footingshave

been

Plans, Luchetti residence.JCondada, P. R

ARCHITECTURE

149

Fence for Ramon and Valdes, San Juan, P. R., made in concrete domes and panels for main posts, with inlaid mosaic panels.

mahogany,

leaded glass

Residence

for Mrs.

C. McCormick.

placed in
to

filled

ground

below

the

and sea-level, has

very

close
struction con-

structural channels, vertically, and

attached
to

the

shore, in soft sand.

This

necessitated the

the

wire

rods X-inch round Where mesh, horizontally. support is necessary wall is

a

of a spread of unusual width footing forced, and depth, heavilyreinwhich so-called

acts
as a

solid

crete con-

are

"raft"

tion. founda-

and

poured. Spanish tile such as in Spain stillused tional Italyis the tradiroofingmaterial,
the These what
we

Except
support
interior constructed ribbed wire both

where

tre cen-

laid in
way.
not

continental
tiles know
are as are more are are

is necessary,
are

partitions
of mesh sides.

metal-

but "Spanish tiles," constructed much

tered plasThese 3 laid wood

simply,and
more

perhaps

are partitions

about
are

friable, but

inches

thick

and

directly upon
doubled
under
are

the

the floor joist floor, being them.

at

wonderfullypicturesque. Modern patent roofings used. are largely

There
contrast

is

an

ing interest-

They
the sides

reinforced
and
at

offered Rican
recent

by

corners

the
Residence of Mrs. C. McCormick, Santurce, San Juan, P. R. Concrete and floors,beam ceilings. Antonio Nichodcma, Architect.

these Porto
to some
terra-cotta,

houses work

and

top
with

of door 1
sills of faience

of the

openings

tiles, parquet

in California.

L
Plans, McCormick residence.

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

ftth

I* Z

i
SB

SB
(J

I
s
w

OH"
P

XX

ARCHITECTURE

United States Radiators

heat the
new

Hotel Cleveland

GRAHAM.
PROBST

ANDERSON. to WHITE

W.

G.

CORNELL Vork and

CO. Chicago Contractors

Chicago
Architects Ic Engineers

Hotel Cleveland
Cleveland, Ohio

New Heating "

Ventilating

UNITED

STATES
GENERAL
BRANCH

RADIATOR
OFFICES:
OFFICES

DETROIT.
IN PRINCIPAL CITIES

MICHIGAN

GIVE

HE

MARKET

MUNICIPAL ART SOCIETY

Edwin Eli

Howland Blashfield, Painter Harvey, Sculptor Charles W. Stoughton, Architect

THE

EVANGELINE
BRIDGE

WILBOUR

BLASHFIELD FIFTY-NINTH

MEMORIAL STREET
AND

FOUNTAIN
FIRST

IN

THE NEW

QUEENSBORO
YORK.

MARKET,

AVENUE,

ARCHITECTURE
THE PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECTURAL MONTHLY

VOL.

XXXIX

JUNE,

1919

No.

Architecture
By
the modern else, greenhouse EfCEeverything of evolution. It began in the seventeenth under which the form of
is

and
Harold

the Greenhouse
A.

Caparn
use

uct prodon

century
wall and light of
a

glazedframes
trained
to

set

in front of the sun's the heat

fruit trees
the wall.
a room

were

keep

heat within.
within for the

Also, later,to
Then it became with windows

conserve

flue

of earlyvegetables.Next usuallythe raising for the house. Next growingof decorative plants the raising of specialized crops, perhaps roses, carnations, cyclamens, chrysanthemums, and so on, which require different temperatures and of growth, so that a seasons single greenhouseof,say, 25 feet by 75 feet is often divided
comes

first

is

the

storage of plantsin winter like the orangeries at

Versailles and elsewhere.

into

several

ments compart-

in which

the different be obtained.

conditions may

Graduallythe windows grew but even ginning larger, up to the beof

the nineteenth
was

a Ideally, greenhouse like this is a place in which the daylight of outdoors can

century

roof

considered

believed necessary, as it was that glass overhead would

allow the artificialheat within
to was

escape.

As

soon

as

it

the temperature controlled. It is difficultto exclude the not when this is desirable, light but it is manifestlyimpossible
to

all be

used, but

discovered that the roof

could be

glazedas

well

as

the

the
that

structure

sides without

undue

loss of

than light permit;so anything that impedes

more

let in

will

heat,the modern
came

greenhouse
the minimum

the rays of the

sun

detracts

into

the supports being,

to

diminished

by so much Thus, all the

Conservatory, house, Mrs.
Claude

from

utility.

to support the glass required and, as might be expected, the latest thing in glass

structural ports, supwhile they make the

Meeker, Columbus, Ohio.

greenhouse
somewhat
to

possible, help
lessen
as a

its efficiency.

houses

is

steel frame

with
even

And,
bent
the

matter

of

the lateral supports almost suppressed, and with the old-fashioned eaves. panes of glassreplacing from which it first arose.
seen

when fact,
and this
most

the
means

sun

is low in the

sky and

the shadows

longer,

Thus

in the winter

when

the sun's

and heat light

travelled further from the greenhousehas continually

chitecture are ar-

with needed, the supports do interfereconsiderably

Greenhouses, as
into

by

the

architect, may

be divided the others.

or

the passage of light. The perfect greenhousewould entire crystal, of glass. solid piece one
A

be

an

The

two generalclasses: the conservatory and conservatory, whether a part of the house

placefor the board

to

and

not, is a tive lodgingof exotic plantstoo sensi-

endure

kept in the and or flower, foliage when they fade are replaced by others,
so

of our climate. These rigors plantsare conservatory during their periodof growth of

the

like this, structure though thoroughly practical, yet with almost all expression light, transparent, and glistening, of solidity and massiveness that inheres in even frame a is a violent contrast buildingeliminated, the impeneto trable walls and roof of a house, and the easiest to way it is to keep manage it
out

of the

house

picture by placingit
on so a as

that is

tory conserva-

suppliedwith relays of plants either by the florist, from a greenhouse or

on

lower level, or to be screened

group

by a building or
of
trees.

the property. The greenhouse

a

Although greenhouses
handsome
with
curves

many
are

structures

is

utilitarian of

trivance con-

their and

large
vast

for the raising

plants to
elsewhere.

be
Its
A curvilinear conservatory within
ten

used

feet of the residence, with workroom i

in the

rear.

translucence, yet the greenhouseis a kind

S3

154

ARCHITECTURE

T. T. Watson, St. Davids, Pa.

Jr.,Chestnut John S. Jenlts,

Hill, Pa.

of
came

negationof architecture.
into
as common

Ever

since
come

stone
to

and be

brick

instead When

of

nearer

to

it.

It becomes
as

use,

architecture has and

of

solid and have but

walls impenetrable You dows, win-

roof,with

thought relatively

while the house

an

remains

about
to

massive
a

continually lighter, it always was. as

as

architect has

designa conservatory
the of

part of
as

small windows. may without

not

house, he makes
construction
as

ture architecwithout the

massive

the needs

their equivor walls, alent. this order But of

reverses greenhouse struction. conno

the plants will permit. He hates to

a frozen bubble part of his structure. see as

Thus,
there
are

although
small ing formtegral in-

It has solid walls is So

one or

it roof; window.

many conservatories

huge

fitting and

that

it becomes

parts of houses,
it is difficult to make
a a

difficult to
even

such

classify superb

successful union
modern
a

of

thingas the greatest of glass houses, the Palace at SyCrystal denham, England,
among works the of the varied
A small conservatory with flower supply. constant

with

greenhouse building of
And the

masonry.
surest

a way to make union is to keep fitting

great builders of the world.

curved glass eave,

(reeled for St. Peter's Cathedral, Scranton, Pa., providing for

them
to

far enough apart agreeing. prevent their disbe nor may kinds. The

Though
goes

the greenhouse
on

naturally gets

of design, it in beauty and variety increasing of the house from the feeling further away

This does not mean that, a glasshouse of other successfully grouped with buildings

Side view of conservatory,

residence, Capt. De

Lamar.

Conservatory and greenhouse attached

to

residence. W.

P. Worth, Coatesville, Pa

ARCHITECTURE

155

things
"

greenhouses, gardens,cold"

where

workrooms grouped theywill form the most efficient and manageable apparatus for the productionof flowers and vegetables all the year round, and where theywill

frames, and

look

most

appropriate.
a

as
no

should,as far composition Under be set in foliage. possible,

Such conditions
so

does
as

conservatory
cealed conpartially

look

well

when

Nothing else will by there When its vitreousness. mitigate suitably no are plantations existing They placed,they should be made. that they will not should be placed so
trees.

overshadow

the

greenhouse, yet

be in

after all, there proper relation. And, look is a certain fine and sumptuous
Greenhouse and conservatory in relation
to

residence, Daniel J. Reid, Irvington,N. Y.

conservatories of the
the line of the instances
rare are tories conservanot

Brooklyn Botanic are LaboratoryBuilding

Garden
an

prolonging example. And

and

lends much Such

a

house,properly a handsome glass led up to and set, that is all its own, charm and dignity to a country place.
about is

layoutas

of is, suggested

course,
on an

onlypossible
estate

of

of
on

considerable size,
and the in such
case

the axis

of other but away

buildings, far enough

to

greenhouse
paratively com-

problem is
As the

avoid

easy.

from the grouping usual points of view.

see one

grounds
and

contract

One from

can

the
not same

other, but
both
at so

buildings come closer together, a tion solusatisfactory

becomes
more

the

time,
not

they do
does
an

conflict. Nor it
tractive at-

difficult, though
the
same general obtain. principles

mean

that

and of the

propriate aptransMissouri Botanic Gardens.

And that

itisinevitable many have

to tempts at-

setting
most

been

parent

kind

of
ture structo

made be and dwelling-house it seems as successfully, the the

to

combine very

be designed. As a greenhouse is a cannot greenhouse for the production of exotic plantsand flowers used

plant-house, though never

the writer.

elsewhere,so

there

is

no

more

fitting placefor a cutting garden,that of flowers is,a place for the raising for cutting, than outside of it. And if it is possible to get a background of trees the really ground backindispensable
"

for any kind of structure in the country with a well-designed ground foreof flowers, the whole composition
"

harmonious be entirely and may pleasing. the greenAgain, inasmuch as house is so often used for the raising of of season, its natural out vegetables placeis near the garden where vegetables
are one

raised in

season.

So

that

the and
to

might say that the ideal site for greenhousewith the cold-frames
hotbeds both the Thus

would be in close relation

and vegetable cutting gardens.
we

get all these utilitarian

Grouping of buildingsand greenhouses in architectural design,C. A. Coffin,Locust Valley, L. I.

Howard

Greentey, Architect.

156 Attemptsare
often made
to

ARCHITECTURE

1 may

be
run

fully success-

with

bring the

house greeninto the

almost any tation. orienBut a

ture realm of architec-

that is, lean-to, a

one-sided with roof house greena glass resting against a wall, be placed must so

by designing
that
necessary
u nc

adj
much

the
,

workroom,
care.

with Some have

Greenhouse, Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore, Md.

designers
made little of
stone

that it will
a

ceive re-

attractive
structures
or

brick,but the effect

from the workroom
own

seems

to

the workroom

and greenhouse,
more

frame
reader
can

looks

to separate the less tentious prein character. The

be rather

good share of direct sunlight. into the questionof orientation It is not to go possible deeplyhere,and any one havingunusual conditions to meet is advised to consult a specialist construction. on greenhouse
A be word about the interior of the conservatory may in season. The typed stereo-

form his

ment judg-

from For

the illustrations.

of

uses a

it is considered and
so

the greatest number best

run

that north reach the

should greenhouse south that Some the

or sun

about, theremay

both that

sides alike during

sider conspecialists

day.

of setting the way benches is on plantsin rows from the quite reasonable point of view of practical as posas many raising plants sible in a given space; but of it is the least effective way usual displaying plants of un-

there is merit
little to the

in

it a turning
so

west

that the reach

may but

early morning sun it more directly;

like this
are

size These
on

or

character.

may
or

be

planted,not

refinements

in pots and

tubs, but in soil

probablyof imaginaryvalue. For roses, which requirean

exposure
an

the conservatory

to

the southern
west

sun,

combinations

east

and But

orientation
a fact,

floor, arranged in naturalistic ing strikto produce effects of tropical landscapes,

as

is best.

in

spansuccess Greenhouse

isdone with the

so

much

roofed house, that is, with one both Ways, the roof pitching

at

grouped with cottage and

garage,

Pierre S. Dupont,

Mendenhall, Pa.

Gardens

tanic Missouri Boat St. Louis.

Can

Reims

Be
. .

Rebuilt ?
.

Mr.
men

Robirds takes chargeof

in New York

competent
also
announce

staff of wirethe

era

and

that "erected Notre sleeps.Gone is the enthusiasm Amiens, Beauvais, Rouen ! The sacred fires that breathed lifeinto their art are damped out in a modernism that finds no place (and no money !)for the creation of those

rope ing openThe age of styles is dead the cathedral-building of their Birmingham, Alabama, branch, under the direction is dead. of architecture has closed her wings, The spirit of James A. Boope, Southern manager, 805 American Trust

City. They

Dame,

marvellous fabrics which

which the

the wild

ages

have

left us, and

of war Restoration is only have laid low. engines and desirable to a. certain degree. Can Reims practicable be rebuilt or should it be ? The genius of Robert De be invoked,nor Clovis come Courcy cannot can again to baptism.
"

Building, Birmingham, Alabama. Prompt service is assured by a completestock of wire in all the sizes, and grades, rope, both black and galvanized, constructions, as well as galvanized strand,sash cord, clips, etc. hooks, sockets,couplings, thimbles,
About
A treatise
on

Malleable

Iron

"Malleable Malleable

by

The

American

is issued gratuitously Iron" quarters, CastingsAssociation,head-

From "The Glory of Gothic Beauvais Cathedral," by CaptainRobert Cromi, in The Architectural Review, London.

Cleveland,Ohio.
Phenomenal
This
to

duringthe industry
Macomber
"

Whyte Rope Company's

York Branch

in this particular progress has been made last few years. volume booklet a forerunner for a comprehensive
" "

New

The Macomber " Whyte Rope Company, manufacturers of wire rope and wire, at Kenosha, Wisconsin, the announce opening of their New York branch,at 30 Church Street,
New York of Mr.

with valuable data. be issued later is filled ble It isdivided into three parts: Part I, "What Is MalleaIron?" Part II, "The American Malleable Castings Association." Part III, "The Uses of the Malleable Iron
" "

pletely "Can Casting," Heavy Sections of Malleable Iron Be ComCity,telephone Cortlandt 7436, under the manAnnealed ? The Skin of a Malleable Iron Casting," agement E. E. Robirds, who has been successively "Malleable Iron Castings Resist Rust." of the Pittsburgh and Chicago officesbefore the A copy of the book will be sent to any one manager addressing the association at Cleveland, openingof the New York branch. Ohio.

ARCHITECTURE

FRONT.

REAR.

Edward

Langley, Architect.

RESIDENCE,

J. W. JOHNSON,

CRYSTAL

LAKE,

PA.

ARCHITECTURE

PLANS,

RESIDENCE,

J. W.

JOHNSON,

CRYSTAL

LAKE,

PA.

Edward

Langley,Architect.

Floor

and

Wall
from and

Tile, Their

Mission
above

and

Application
used
out.

tile have been known CLAY and have been made periods of the world. The

the earliest historical in every applied

try coun-

of claytile are: durafirst, qualifications required second, artistic quality; 5 bility; or third, sanitary aseptic erties; propfourth,atmospheric sistance re-

Care should be taken that all tile are of about the same hardness or density, that the wearing of a floor should not so produce a surface. uneven or corrugated
The its proper
ness or

under-burned

should be not specifications tile will rapidly wear

in

floors, as

an

(frostand
To has these

proof). weather-

artisticphase of tilework depends principally upon Where tile of more less ruggedor application. refined finish should be used is a matter for more
to

tions qualifica-

the

architect

decide.

As every

tile has

latelybeen added for demand an ever-increasing surfaces." "non-slip We will try to analyze in these various qualifications
the sequence mentioned. in respect to Durability, tance physicalor mechanical resisof a claytile, is unquestioned, providing the body composing the tileisof a strong and tough character burned to at least partial vitrification.A tile should be hard enough to resist the scratching with a it steel point and hardened should give a decided ring when tapped with a hammer. A tile burned
to

period and
difficult
to

appliedto
select the the

been made in every architectural style, it is not

to

proper

texture

conform

and

monize har-

with of
a

mediaeval

character,etc.
endeavored
as

or buildings spaces to be tiled. Buildings would naturally call for a tileof a rugged style It may be said that tile-makers have lately

to

work

in the direction of that the mechanical

more

artisticmaterial,

they realize

tile, dust-pressed

in a strictly mechanical while admirable lack the sense, of the plastic decorative qualities hand-made article. It has been found that the former anxietyto produce

tile of
much

even perfectly

shape

and

color

was

misplaced

tile showing the actions of the fire effort, as present

more

artistic appearance.
that the

natural-colored claysare
so

coming efforts kaleidoscopic

tile"

a very It may also be said that and more in the foremore ground,

of the former

so-

called

"common

encaustic
are

has

been

discarded.

If

features interesting
and selected with The
textures

decorative desirable,
or

inserts, panels,
lished estab-

in borders
success. a

of the tileare fields wall

cation entire vitrifi-

excellent of

as

is the most far as abrasion

a

durable tile
is concerned,
one

texture

floor

or

depends mostly upon

but
two
Tunisian tile panel in lobby, H New York. Commodore,

tile

having from

to

per cent of water is practically as and tile,

tion absorphard
as

and this again is an artisticprobthe units of tile applied, lem which be solved by the architect. As a rule,the must design of the floor follows the constructive layout of the
so building,

that columns and

and

are connected pilasters usually are

the vitreous of vitreous

on

instead

with

borders

certain parts
manner

treated
can

of the well-known
which tile, the

brittleness
or

etc. panels,

In this

small units

with separate be applied with

edges and

corners,

is apt to cause it is much

break

spalling

the also

best satisfaction. The to be considered

in this

tougherand will give preparationof the material is

as very fine effect, conform with the

largetile for

the largefields, and panelswill borders, of the building. The of proportions use considered a rather queslargefloor is now tionable

tion. concepWe that

tower
a or

know

paragraph. Tile
made of
a

huge
wall is

plastic
will
a

material

builtof the small

units of brick its without losing massive appearance, and very
or an so a

always
cohesive

attain
more

closer and

ture struc-

than
and

tile

of dust, prepared for certain especially lent where vio-

largefloor
extensive

purposes,

wall may be laid in small tileunits

concussion of the surface of

for the
All

same

son. rea-

the floor or where

it is subjected to frost or

moisture,

clay tile aseptic or sanitaryif they

are are

plasticbody is to the preferable dust-pressed product. Tile

which
answer

burned

to

sufficient

ness, hard-

whether

do
tO

not

they are glazed or unglazed. A

Tile radiator grille.

the

hard-burned
160

tile

ARCHITECTURE

161

FLOOR
YORK.

TILE

IN

ST.

BARTHOLOMEW'S
Bertram G.

CHURCH, Goodhue,

NEW Architect.

FLOOR

IN

CLEVELAND

ART

GALLERY.

Touraine Quarry fieldin Travertine color. The ornamental part in Tuscan and Tuscan inlay decoration. Arthur Loomis Harmon, Architect. glazes

FLOOR EVERGLADES

DESIGN,
ROD

IN

TUNISIAN
AND

TILE.

TILE PALM

FOUNTAIN.

GUN

CLUB,

BEACH,

FLA.

162

ARCHITECTURE

tighta joint will

empty
an

sometimes afterward dust

space

and

fall and

bridge overall of}", allowing

microbes
connect can

jointwhere open If this accumulate.

the is hollow space

jointshould
of the such

with

back

tile the spaces

danger
cannot

obvious, especially as
A

be cleaned.

pieceof

tin

or

even

piece of glazed

in itself, but in applying it paper is aseptic the wall it is impossible effect a perfect to to cohesion
may

and

while

in such

case

the wall

surface itselfis

very

the absolutely sanitary, far from being so. Atmospheric conditions in be such

our

country
be taken
use.

are

in

that the greatest care must materials for exterior selecting

an

We

have

in many of the cities filled with sulphuricacid on coal smoke.

atmosphere
of the

account

This acid is responsible for the of marbles, so that colored disintegration

marbles Tile
to
Faience

two
as

walls,Sewage Pumping-Station, Brooklyn.

A. L. Martin, Architect.

lose their freshness of ance. appearbe considered as belonging may classes in this respect: for decorative
soon

use,

on

the exterior of
as

walls; and

for

more

practical use,
is
so

floors

on

exposed porches.

dense
on

that

no

microbes for

or

lichens

can

grow

or

tiply mul-

such sanitaryrooms, strictly in hospitals, bathrooms, etc., the walls as operating-rooms with glazed tile. This presents a posveneered usually are itive be easilycleaned. For aseptic surface which can wall tile has been the white bathrooms broadly adopted, but lately a desire its

surface, but

color is essential, the colored and purposes in any desirable shape which be furnished tile, can extensive and medium of reasonable size, form the most exterior decoration, providing that tegrate they will not disinFor decorative faience harm the tile by frost. Other influences cannot which will change the colors. There is only the frost, tegrate disinpositively the tile

or

for a
more

warmer

and

able comforttreatment

by
of the

sp

ailing off glaze unless

tion precauis taken it.
to

the

privatebath
ifest. man-

every avoid

has become The white bathroom

not
more

ing glarcold does

to
a

It isextremely hazardous
use a

to

appeal

so-called

refined
in its

"dust-pressed
mechanical tile" for this purpose, as even very hard and dense dust-

taste, and

place
brown,

green, and lowish yeltions combinaof color used and

have for walls

been floors with

pressedtile have spalled. The

hard-burned made of
a

tile

good
does with

very artistic success.

plastic
stood with-

materialhas

The
not

color the
Ornamental border of Tuscan

frost under
most

interfere
inlay design.
T!
e

trying

aseptic Italian style,executed in iaience. Field composed of odd sizes, decorations in the style of the Opus Sectile. the or properties of cleaning. ease It is of great importance that tile are the set on securely
arc

the

pincl

and it conditions,

is the gnlyglazed
material
can

which

between wall, so that no hollow spaces occur the tile and wall, and it should be of greatest importance that all joints
are

well filled with

strong
an

cement

mortar.

It may

be said in

this connection than

ample jointis really more aseptic close joint, a very as an ample jointcan be more curely sethan close a joint, the groutingin too too grouted as

that

perfectassurance. The of polychrome gives tile a precedence possibilities that is not oration. over wholly an applieddecany other material the architect is seeking to combine Where rative decoqualitywith permanent construction,he finds in tile structural material capableof a wide range of an imperishable color and adaptable of old work. to original designor to copies

be

recommended

with

Editorial and
Still Room

Other

Comment

for
times
men

the
to

Word

Art
anystructive conare

NOTHING business,
apt
the
to

like hard
or to

reveal the defects of

the country. Great credit is due clutter up our suburbs allover of our industrialwar the architects who have designedsome

set

ways. let well and

In

times

enough

of peace alone and

and thinkingalong new and easy going we

to men

be

content

with
to

old

of towns. They have taken them out of the old-time rows barracks and givenus houses with unseemly and unwholesome and claims to beauty and familyprivacy. individuality Wait
CASS GILBERT Federation

methods

old traditions. find

was

Many

have

had
one

wait for

middle

years to of the war

to

themselves, and
the
out searching

of the
men

products byold

Awhile
in his of
recent
at

of

too

to
new

and fight

in the way During the war opportunities. the Old Institute

ways
must to

put them

of
we

new were

and enterprise hearingmany of

MR.American
Museum of

address the

before the

Arts

Metropolitan
the involving mood of
as

Art, New

ing the need of waitYork, urged strongly with of

war

of the troubles of the architects blamed

on

so-called obsolete

before plungingahead

memorials The

methods, and
criticism. Architecture
"

came

in for its full share Times have

expenditureof large sums

moment, years born of however go, become wholly bad taste

money.

the the of

go.

changed.
It is
a

worthy sentiment, may,

shrine
art.

has ceased the

business,and
from

thought of as an art. who clings to the man professional

be

only
as

another
as

and Let

embodiment
us

ings teach-

well

bad

wait

awhile. deeds

of the past must him as he would

as

put aside all such

the de'il behind his boss and
was a

stuff, put beauty him, and build as a

By waiting we
army, have time
our

shall better

the great appreciate

of

with science builder, his side this

the

partner."There
out

lot of

engineer always as of good sense in some

tion better co-ordinaso-called dreamer

the great sacrifices of those who stayed at home, memorials the mass of proposed war to sift from

those and

that shall be

worthy

of the

cause

our

soldiers fought

talk,and
between

of it, no

doubt, has
and

come

died

for. The Idea Professional convention

address

the

man practical

the

of

mere

dreams.
are

There who would

few architects worthy of the

to willing
we

name,
no

however,

AT

the

annual fifty-second the

of the Institute at
of. the

be Do

admit
us

that

art

has

placein their
Gilbert's great well as a commercial

Nashville, the memorable

to

occasion,according

products.
Woolworth

not

all of
a

find that Mr.

Buildingis
as a mere

success even ugliness

thingof beauty as ? There building

art, and
we are

is

no

reason

for
trial indus-

in commercial

slowlywaking
in
our

up

to

this and

but fact,not only in architecture, appliedarts.

Educating

the Public

MR.
With it up We

well-taken point is worth recently keeping in mind about the education of the public. he rather put reverse a English on the proposition,
MAGONIGLE'S the architect. like his

tects, Institute of ArchiJournalof the American "It swept like a that by Mr. John Bell Keeble. was of orchestration over the whole scale piece great, harmonious scale built up through the of the professional relation, a who and mostly obscure devotion of men silent, patient, in all callings and through all ages, true serhave worked vants of the professional idea." and faithfuldisciples of is to endure," said the president "If professionalism the awake the Institute, "I believe its disciples to must that commercial tidal wave of the all-absorbing menaces
seems to

We Keeble's

be upon us." find pleasurein address:

quoting

this

extract

from

Mr.

to

SuggestionNo. 7: "The study of design architect, as precedethe selection of a career in the crafts, that up to a ceror tain designer painter, sculptor, the painter, of the architect, and point the training should be identical would the sculptor to confirm seem our
as

such

should

view

that

the

architect may
in
our

still be

an

artist and

find

placefor
And

himself

Conviction and the

very modern No. 2: "That

world. if tecture, architects,archi-

they

are

of architecture, are in the mess practice allegedto be, it is because architects are superficial,

know there are certain definite thingsthat we in life by which we judge it. And professional remember that professional that we men must discussing these fundamental lives, to demonstrate ought,not only in their own that are determinative of all classification principles but to stimulate in others the developof professions, ment of those qualities. And of the first thingsis this one that it is generally regardedas necessary for a professional build less general culture. A man to have can or man more

"Now,
the

about

"

railroad without
a man

in the culture,
or

sense a

of

he financier;

can

half-baked,and selfish,
There has seemed
no

far less than

reason

half-educated."
for

finance
'

railroad
can

he

can a

operate

railroad without

cul-

sufficient here

damning
one

the has mix

ture;

establish

in generalbecause profession taken his "half-baked"

a

and

there

some

system without
man

culture.
of

But

great bank or a great financial it is a very difficult thingfor a

with it upon

and art too seriously, of the practical knowledge of some business

success

omitted material

to

to
or

be
a

real

things
under

minister his

which The

in any

is founded. profession

acquiredin

or a real lawyer, a real physician, either without generalculture, religion in his maturity, alone,and youth or acquired

architect, or

public likes to follow a competent leader, and the more good architecture is put before it the wider will be its appreciation. Show him what's what. There is finer field for this campaign of education than in the no for good domestic ture, architecpresent overwhelming demand of homes. the building Thousands are going to be built. May we be saved from the "old vintage"things that
dear

greater obstacles. "I am of those not one

in
as a

men

who

believe that culture is

modern does college like
to
see

only obtained
not turn turn out. out

the college.In fact,

men as

cultured many It has gone most too attention of the

I would

it

far in the showy and

athletics and

in that

of youth in physical indulgence

attract

which pleasures in

the

commonplace

the world.

163

164

ARCHITECTURE
is a factor complementing the two former,for a is alwaysconceived of true architecturalpretensions building in embryonic mass longbefore the problemsof construction
are

but does not, in my judgment, stimulates gifts This,perhaps, ings, calltake pridein our stimulate culture. We sufficiently that you and I and those who in that we recognize
come

after

us

in
we

our

can professions

never

reach

the real

sought without givinga great deal of culture." of general attention to the acquisition be littledanger of the With such ideals there seems to from its high estate, from of architecture falling profession its placein the sun, from becoming merely "a job." losing of it has been,the expression As an art it will be always, as let us say; of personal individualtaste and knowledge, culture, and and by culture we do not mean to express a meticulous
standard that affected

structio
entered in upon. It is now for that accepted the invention
one

of

an

new entirely an

mode

architecture, by any

is individual,

bility; impossi-

to

be

is the languageof many, and expression building conform to rules generally it must acknowledged. understood

achievements and
contrast

In support of this contention we put forward the of those who have paid homage to tradition,

"niceness,"but the full and

founded
on

trained

mind

where

judgmentsare

true

and knowledge. perception

Some

Valuable
to

Facts

WE

call attention Richard

P.

the articlein this number

by

Mr.

to the valuable Wallis,and particularly

garding accompanying charts and diagramsthat give the facts reof situation. He the building takes the question of any mere theoretical discussion, and bases it out building incontrovertible. statisticsthat seem We are pleased to on tions encouraging reports from various secsay that we hear most of watchful waiting of the country, and the period seems for peoto have about passed. The need of homes, of places ple is becoming insistent. A beginning to live, desperately that has been made in the right and b elieve direction, we firmly widening expansion. progress will continue with constantly

them with the productions of those who have The mutineers,forced by the discipline. against submit casual to declare their policy, urgency of the position for a new order of things, which, on investigapropositions tion, invariably prove to be a travesty of the rules they There are others, wished to avoid. and they are the more because their zeal for speedyrecognition leads dangerous, the conventions. them to ignore Architecture is a fascinating to write about; a subject of paper; but the practice facile pen will cover of reams mutinied architecture be
content

is the with
a

most

secret

first impression or

of the arts; one must obscure one's

never sense

of

fitness

by

attractive

sketching.
Review,London.

From

The Architectural

Prizes in the American

The American

Housing Competition
the the Ladies'
two to:

Housing Competition inaugurated by

Journalof the American Institute of Architects and Home Journalhas been judged by the jury,and of five hundred dollars each were awarded prizes
MILO ROBERT In

second

Tradition

Will

Always

Be

Respected in Good

HASTINGS, New
ANDERSON

York

Architecture
architects and the Although to-day both practising critics who interpret the views of the public are engaged in the rightpolicyfor the development of conference anent architecture as a fine art, consensus of opinion favors a reverent

City,
York

POPE, New

City.

the jury was making this award of two second prizes, in governed by the fact that, while the theses submitted, both cases, offer a thoroughanalysis of the causes and cure for the housingproblem as it now exists in the United States, attitude toward the achievements of the .past. This the physical planssubmitted did not fully providefor the in itselfis a victory for those who believe in the continuance of the principles It was set forth in the theses. application of tradition, and it should be borne in mind that the term therefore since the jury decided to award two second prizes, "traditional architecture" is no longerfettered by insular to make was a discrimination between the theses of unwilling prejudices. as To-day such irrelevant questions place of Mr. Hastings and Mr. Pope. Of the other twenty-nine submissions, other purely local characteristics, or origin, period, style, those of merit contained analyses and solutions which are not allowed to influence the quest for correct form. The with those to which the two seccoincided in principle ond largely whole musical scale of architecture belonging to the world's of presentation. were awarded, but failedin quality prizes for comprehensive offers itself history can we measure study; the qualities of of buildings set one against another, The New York Societyof Architects choose the finest models to add to our repertoire, can we and At the last annual convention, held recently, quote examples and authorities in support of our theories. James Our power of conception is of necessity limited to a reconstruction Riely Gordon was again unanimously re-elected president, the various forms of have had experience of New of. for the fourth consecutive term; Louis E. Jallade, we The wheels of architecture move in spiteof bany, Edward W. Loth, of Alslowly, York, was elected vice-president; abortive attempts to accelerate speed. There is only one second vice-president; Henry Holder, of Brooklyn, definite course by which architecture can be advanced, York, secretary; and treasurer; Frederick C. Zobel,of New Walter H. Volkenning,of Brooklyn, financial secretary. namely,a tireless study of composition.Sir Joshua Reynolds in his "Discourses" dwells insistently in so Directors for three years, James Riely Gordon, Henry on this, faf as it relates to the art of painting, and his theories are and Louis E. Jallade, Holder, John Bergeson, Hugh Tallant, to architecture. The equally applicable and for one year, Nicholas Serracino and Frederick C. Zobel. study of composition the one of the artistsof the discussions. was There were The consenabsorbing occupation sus interesting many Renaissance,who, working on material offered by the ruins of opinion that the present prices of labor and material was of Roman achieved fresh groupings, time will remain, and that this is the most subtle splendor, more advantageous and a literal return of the senses to the classicspirit detail, in advance of the great amount of building which to build, and understanding.From an before fall. Many imporintrospective study of history will undoubtedlybe inaugurated tant of the best models such research and a logical fare this year for the future welapplication steps are in contemplation there must result a continuance of tradiof the architectural profession. tion, is heartily affords, The society inevitably extension that is vital. Conception co-operating an with other architectural societies, and with real and, moreover, and composition and building are allied with the profession. estate practically terms; conorganizations synonymous

JUNE, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXXXIII.

THE

CHANCEL,

HUGUENOT

MEMORIAL

CHURCH,

PELHAM

MANOR,

N.

Y.

Francis

A.

Nelson,Architect.

.t*

1919. JI-NE.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXXXV.

AUDITORIUM.

FLOOR

PLAN.

Francis A.

Nelson,Architect.

The Latimers, Landscape Architects.

THE HUGUENOT MEMORI.\L

CHURCH,

PELHAM

MANOR,

N.

Y.

I!
"

en

tfi C 1*1 *3

*I"
Sfl

fi

-e-a^

^
"

"S.S'S
OJ

.ti 3.a

"."s

A-SS
S S'2

jo

SI
o

"

tftf

"

o. O
d

c
ra

^I'a
o'-S

s|5.

"S"s irt^
i/]
.
.

w
u

"o.S

0
0

K H

JUNE,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXXXVII.

MANTEL

IN

THE

DINING-ROOM,

WOMEN'S

CITY

CLUB,

22

PARK

AVENUE,

NEW

YORK.

McKim,

Mead

" White, Architects.

The original the firstfloor also used for the same on dining-room respects. It is nearlycircular and the walls purpose by the club is unusual in many covered with dark brown leather appliedin panels and studded with brass nails. This was are Mr. White's own idea and with the handsome mantel of Istrian stone and Sienna marble imported from Italyforms a wonderfully fixtures here as elsewhere were rich and effective specially apartment. The lighting for their respective designed places.

.S Sj E

ail

il1
3 "
.a

u'O
o o

a-a
w

"

" "-2
"

6 a.

"
-c

2 "

"SbS
" rts

jrgS
^s^

|||i "
Hi NJ
'i
" 5 j" S s I oi O "8 2.

5-0

alE

S u.H

.flja
ill

III
S""2

111
H

" 83

H"
P
pa

sag1 "

w "

S"a?;
S
-*-1

5
H
U
H "
PH

i*V

'"sl.s1

U
qj

i
w

lill
^1 1|

-il
a s
-^

" oj

"O

S-=
a

"_a.a

"-ja
O o
*J

ii
"

a 3
C

G""
w"

111

I
"

rt

5
H
U W

H
h-t

ffi
u

CJ

y.

rt

5
H u w

H
i" (

ffi
U

en OS

w"
JZ b

J
PH

ffi

JUNE, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XCV.

THE

BALLROOM. MUSICAL

MUTUAL

PROTECTIVE

UNION

BUILDING,

EAST

85ra

AND

EAST

86"

Architects. Trowbridge " Livingston, YORK! STREETS, NEW

-__^_

c
CD

H U w

H
"" i

ffi
U

E
U

a
o

s
o
C/3

w
O

5
iz;
""

JUNE,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XCVIII.

w-

GYMNASIUM.

"Vpptl
"

fdlT-Ot

AVDIJOG.IVW

fl"-c wot til J "M"*t

"

LiTtN moCtft

uw

xaaojic
"

"

CCTIOIT

AicHtsI MtCHH

.HCOND

"

FLOOB.

"

PLANVan

Leyen

"

H. J. Keough, Associate. Schilling, Architects;

BALDWIN

HIGH

SCHOOL,

BIRMINGHAM,

MICH.

ARCHITECTURE

165

ai

JS
o "si

;.
...

ia
. .

41

*'
"

j
'

: L

'-'T .^i'::':::i

The

Building
By

Situation
P.

of

To-Day

Richard

Wallis

of this article is attempt purpose THE builder with the economic the prospective
to

to

reconcile
conditions
to come even

the situation is bound if much

to

be bad for resumed

some

time mediate im-

that there

now

confront him.

In

common

with

other

industries

and indecision continues,is easy but not stagnation to contemplate. of buildings of the residence class of it. The late war The present shortage the cause what was people wondered is felt more keenlythan that of industrial buildings, as many enormously enlargedthis increment, but peopleunderstood of it and accepted the cause what was it, unfortunately, of the plantserected for the productionof munitions may some, but it is serious enough of the direct and most serve other, peaceful to take advantage of it. One purposes; even in this class of building. The has left America is the comparative higher of the war war even important heritages its foreign of tremendouslyincreasing of commodities and labor than even trade. during the period the opportunity cost eliminated from The Central Powers world War. A good many the World trade for are people are just preceding and the rest of Europe is at the -present engaged looking forward to the ultimate readjustment of prices, years to come in bindingup its wounds and making ready to begin that peace is imminent, and a return to what might be now bare necessities. The United States, overlook the fact that to provide for its own called the pre-war basis. These people the other hand, has been left comparatively unscathed on change has taken placeand that the basis for a permanent be from the level excellent position and is in an take advantage of this to computing conditions in the future must has

always been
war

Before the

it

was

in cost. the ever-present increment and called the High Cost of Living,

commodat
are operations building

in the

future.

How

worse

it will be if this

of

period ant pleas-

now

existent and

not

from

any

basis established
of condition

at

any

time

unusual

situation.

in the past. The causes

for this

change

are

more

or

The fact that less apparent and numerous. have waged a largepart of the war
from
at

foreign ments governon

finance

rowed bor-

the United of

States,that for

have more must buildings.Why, then, has business prosperedsince the signingof the building for for this: The theorem. There has been abnormal demand armistice? There two are reasons principal many in all but the essenin the mind of the public commodities first is the uncertainty and curtailed production tial to the as of the war. for the prosecution These concontinuance of building-material ditions at their present high prices production have resulted in a highercost for the necessitiesof idea of the exagand the other is the misconceived figure, gerated life as well as luxuries. paid to labor. A comparison of Building wage of our business entered the period Material Costs and The building Labor be obtained from Wages may ticipation parin the war in a none Chart No. 25. too healthycondition. The in 1914, had more fact that the war, beginning has been recognized, The first of these two less upset and or reasons the financial basis of .the country, coupled with certain doin hopes of mestic considerable propaganda has been launched that was for a fixed periodof time so that a created a condition not these prices at uncertainties, stabilizing all favorable to the successful continuance of the building builder may build now, free from the uncertainty prospective trades. On the entry of this country into the war, April, that material prices 1917, drop after he has made his may of private the vast "builders was who drafted for the conand thus give the advantage to the man struction expenditure, army of munition ing housis more cautious and waits. If this condition of uncertainty plants, hospitals, cantonments, for the of initiative and it would the spirit schemes, and all that varied building to prevail were penalize necessary of an This left A failure rapidwelding together organization. army mortgage the industrial future of the country. fatal and in fact in the building leads to a series of well-nigh as a privatebuilding secondaryconsideration, programme it was Without not ventures long before privatebuilding were factoryfloor space, productionis hibited consequences. proevils appear; by government edict. All of these facts have combined limited,unemployment and all its attendant both in .residential the moral fibre to create without a serious shortage housing accommodations ters quarproper and in industrial construction. of the community suffers, and if this paralysis to conwere tinue A studyof Chart No. 24, "Civilian Building in 120 Cities for any appreciable length of time, untold and unin the United decline evils would arise. States," indicates the almost straight thought-of in 1916 and reaching in 1918 the low ratio of oneThe beginning people recognizethis possibility building-supply half of the years 1913-1914. normal interested Under conditions this and are takingsteps to remedy it. All parties would fluctuate above below whatever and value in the rehabilitation of the building business should curve try to terial mamight be chosen as to represent 100 per cent, and thus the get togetherand attempt to fix the priceof building of time. This the present rate for a definite length shortageof the years below the line would be taken care at of by the surplusabove the line. But starting from of the prospective the instil confidence in the mind would pediments imthe hesitancyof those builder and thus remove the first of the two present low point,and considering principal whose business it is to provide floor space and living of the building business. to the success acnot

to Europe must come that there means they are now doing, of gold in circulation in this is an abnormallylarge amount of this condition is that country. The necessary corollary of value but not value itself, loses the gold dollar, standard This is an established economic part of its purchasingpower. most

least

years many this market to make

a

good

its purchases, as indeed

manufacturer has accepted the confar-seeing ditions, higherwages, and higherraw-commodity costs, and is prepared to meet these conditions by increasing his output, but at a smaller unit profit.In order to successfully this end, he, the manufacturer, consummate increase must suitable the floor space of his factories and provide more for his employees. This means living accommodations

The

that
a

before the manufacturer of manufactured surplus

can

attain

this
can

end, and
be

fore be-

commodities

produced

for export, he
the

166

68 Chart
costs

ARCHITECTURE
No. 23 illustrates the with those of other lower of comparison

terial building-ma-

commodities, while subject

sharp rise in the periodfrom 1916 on, it has than any of the other comin proportion modities of men dustry building-trades employed in its various ramifications by the inrepresenting platted.The curve between what of agriculture. show the disproportion Twenty-fiveper cent of the total wages is appended to material. ing Buildand what it is paying for the necessities labor is receiving by the railroads is building tonnage moved affects all of us, either as a business proposition off to-day, of life. This shows that labor is much worse even directly of suspended than it was with its higherwages, or as a domestic problem. If this present state during the periodjust animation Of course continues we will all suffer because of it. The our during the preceding entry into the war. this condition and to insure over need to avert of the emergency the income of labor was 4,000,000 augmented period their livelihood, to insure so we people the opportunityto earn by overtime and bonuses,but that has stopped, may of our the permanency the basis of straight consider the relationship trade opportunities, newly acquired on now wages of us the opportunity of a decent and to insure every one and actual costs. The second and the less-understood impediment is the builder. He placeto live in, is to educate the prospective that he is not at a disadvantage be shown of exorbitant wages paidto labor. There in building must conception popular in but that,on the contrary, he will probably never advanced has sharply is no doubt that the rate of wages be now, able againto build for what he can the last few years. But so have wages in other lines of enbuild now. As soon deavor. as labor disproportionately he realizes this fact and acts, the knot will be cut. The question Is building We shall is, have new shall insure the employment of the bers numwe buildings, high? It is not. A studyof the accompanyingcharts, from the other side, 1-22 inclusive, and every men now slowlyreturning prepared from data obtained by the of us will benefit from the confidence in the future that one SalvageBoard of the Ordnance Department,U. S. A., under will be assured. the directionof CaptainR. W. Yardley and Mr. L. F. Sumlabor as a whole of us are thinking shows that the average of building A good many of economic conditions merall, is only30 per cent higher than it was that existed after the Civil War, and are tryingto fit the duringthe years 1913This should be an 1914. ultimate encouraging discovery.Wages an present periodto that in the attempt to predict in other industries have doubled and trebled in the last few reduction of prices that which to a level somewhere near labor has increased only one-third of existed before. We lose sight of the fact that the Civil War, years, but building itself. The question will be asked,Is this permanent ? The importantas it was to us, was a local incident in the eyes Yes. No one should be asked to givehis services of the world,whereas the present war has been a world-wide answer is, for less than they are worth, and, comparing income affair that has completely and revised the financial basis of the labor is little, if any better world. It is obvious that a comparison between the two living conditions, building general off than in pre-war days. (See Chart No. 23.) If there is is unfair, of and that we must state periods accept the new of in the immediate future affairs as permanent Think and proceed accordingly. it any prospect wage readjustment it will be upward rather than downward. over. Organizedlabor
to

the

same

remained

consent to go back very powerfulforce and will never the old basis in the face of present conditions. Mr. Gomforth. pers himself has set this is huge,surpassed The building industry ber only in num-

is
to

Announcements
architectural firm,with offices at 30 East 42d Street,has been formed in New York, with the following
A
new

Book
Art
G.

Reviews
to

with Principles
With Sons.
a

SpecialReference

Painting. By
30

Ernest Govett.
P. Putnam's

members

tect, archipartners: Edgar I. Williams, registered B. Sc. and M. Sc. in architecture, Massachusetts tute Instias

and Photogravure Frontispiece

Illustrations.

and Technology,winner of the Rome Scholarship Walter R. Academy in Rome' Italy; in architecture of Mahnken, registered a graduate architect, Pratt Institute and of the University of Pennsylvania (both in offices of prominent architects in New havingpractised and Boston,and executed their own York, Pittsburgh, work); and Alfred J. Mahnken, B. Sc. and C.E., RutgersCollege, with ten years'experience as and an civil, architectural, structural engineer, and in general and building engineering construction. All have recently been in active service as commissioned officers with the United States Army. We are advised by Elmer Grey that the JulianEltinge in our March house, published number, should have been attributed to both PierpontDavis and his brother, Walter Fellow of the American S. Davis. Frank that he has J. Forster announces of architecture. Offices: 1730-31 practice and 33 West Norman 42d New Street, Wm. of York. resumed Aeolian the Hall

of

The definitionsof art are manifest and what is beautiful of art The
a

as or

various

as

the forms in which has been since the

it is made

the contrary

questionthat
is an

discussion

must largely by unending,and always an interesting one,

be settled

the individual

beginning pointof view.

when it is

and

based on approached with a sincere purpose to show cause thoughtfully and added find profit of art in digestedprinciples we appreciation may Mr. Govett has included in his u nder the head of discussion, general. Fine Arts,Poetry,Sculpture, as well as Painting, Poetry and Fiction. Of of meeting the ends of utility, the necessity be the keymust subjectto this restriction it is obvious that simplicity note for the highestquality of beauty in his power to produce to his design, is grandeur,and this diminishes with an increase in the complexity of his The combination of simplicity with grandeur is the sign combinations. first form of beauty that would be recognizedby the immature eye, and in respect of the general architecture falls test of art excellence, consequently into line with the Associated Arts,and not with music." It is a pleasure about the arts so free from affectations. to find a book The famous styleis admirably direct and the analysesof many pictures clear and comprehensive. but the architect he says: "The architect is under

Ethics
F. W.

of

Contracting and
i6mo.

of Stabilizing

Profits.

By

Lord. is
a

J. Klein,and S. E. Holmes announce under the name of partnership Their practice will be devoted Hatton, Klein " Holmes. to generalengineering, architecture, machinery layouts, and industrial engineering. Their heatingand ventilating offices are in the Masonic Temple, New York.
the formation
a

Hatton,

Here
upon

idealistic do away

proposed League with principles

with cut-throat

of Nations
a

for the BuildingTrade, founded

definite

plan
in

for

carryingthem
"It shows

out.

It

would

methods

of business.

that it is
to
operate co-

for the best interests of all persons concerned and to treat each other openly and ahead "f
one

operation a building rather than to try to fairly,

and
one

get
so

another We

by

any

of the thousand

ways
to

which

are

common."

commend

the

readingof

this littlebook

all concerned.

ARCHITECTURE

169

The

Huguenot

Memorial
Francis
A.

Church,
Nelson,

Pelham

Manor,

N.

Y.

Architect

THE N.
with

Church Pelham at Manor, Huguenot Memorial surburban church. a Designed Y., is essentially idea is its simplicity this end in view, the dominant appearance. the Boston Post thoroughfare, and construction, Located
as

is door and

in arrangement, it is on a busy
corner

Road,

at

the

of Pelhamdale

Avenue, it presents

pleasing picture

terior
for their decorative The effect
on

trim around has stone and roughly plastered window openings. The roofs of church and which are supported by exposed trusses the structural members

the day-school Sun-

rely
selves. them-

actual

rafters

on directly

the dressed

of and
to

quiet simplicity churchlycharm

the
many farers way-

are exposed and the slate is laid sheathing. This roof work is all of yellow pine stained brown, a deep warm

which

contrasts

who doors. is L
one

pass

its

agreeably with

the

building shaped in plan, wing forming

and the the the and

The

of stonework gray the walls and window trim. used for trim Oak is

the church other for

in the in

building Sundayother
tivities. ac-

church, whereas
the

school

The
tower

belfry

joins the two and serves buildings

as an

it Sunday-school is of yellow pine. Movable partitions in the Sundayschool provideseparate

entrance

to

the

church, Sunday-school,and
contains is the of the church

the

classrooms chancel of the

during
church

the

lesson

hour.

The

wainscoted

pastor's study on
loft above. At

the the it

and ground floor, back

a

the organ-

contains

handsomelycarved

pulpit,

vestibule,

lectern,sedilia and
Above

separatedfrom
entrances

by

carved

and

off from this. Other open the provided for the Sunday-school,

Three glazed screen. are ample entrances assembly-room in the

gift. organ cases, a memorial the chancel is a beautiful fifteenth-century dow winNot actual

Heaton. designed and executed by Clement but also in the only in point of architectural period, manual

basement, kitchen,
boiler-room

the and
vice. ser-

rj

iT"

rL|fj_lzT=

esses to

procincident

the

transfer

of the While the the the

follows building in general acter char-

designto glassand in cutting, firing,

and ing lead-

the lesser

parish churches of England, it is unlike the large

Hjf
'"JO.
.

of the many
,"',";.

component parts,
Heaton
a

I!'I

'Mr. has tained ob-

majorityofthese
in that it has
no

result nizes harmo-

which

side inor clearstory piers, an

with

admirably the English

Gothic Mr. Solon

arrangement
which every have enables sitter
an

setting.
to
IOT MEMC.":".

Leon
has this best
more

V.

structed unobview of

pronounced
work and "the

the pulpit. This

purest

plan is much Englishtype.

The main of local stone, of decorative limestone with slate,

acceptable in
and

America

than

the

walls of the church

tower

are

constructed

laid in varying colors,

The The trim is of roof is of

in effect. in color. copper

joints, approaching and graduated variegated

cast stone

white-mortar

English Gothic in the country." rooms, buildingalso contains primary and infant classwomen's room situated,a pastor's study, pleasantly men's Bible classroom, it, an and, adjoining assembly-room, that commodious kitchen with largeserving pantry, so a
The church with dinners and other social functions may be handled great

piece

of

flashings, gutters, and

leaders.

The

in170

facility.

ARCHITECTURE

171

172

ARCHITECTURE

osi

^H*

z o
u

03

"
u-

s-

PM

ARCHITECTURE

174

ARCHITECTURE

Door-Knockers
E of origin

"

Something About
is almost lost in obor was

Their

Origin and Development

of Bologna and Giovanni dolphinmarked the beginnings, in great part for development in the way responsible of treatment. of size and variety elaborated the and German sculptors French, Italian, of usingfour or five figures, until the extent to even designs, of utility and the all simplicity and suggestion of years. hundreds disappeared many In the eighthat is positively knocker became of knockers The first generaluse teenth merely a pendent statuette. reversion to simplicity, the ancient Greeks, who probablyadopted known a general was century there was among told that the Greeks and utility from the Egyptians. We them again became the foremost consideration. are have been favored in England more house Knockers to to it a breach of good manners enter considered a seem be found in great numthan in any other country, and may without bers warning the inmates, and that the Spartansgave in the most and out-of-the-way while the Athenians remote this notice by shoutingtheir arrival, even places. of designand sculptural tion is due Its introducThe great variety treatment themselves announced by using the knocker. time when the fact that they had their inception at the time when doors superseded to doubtless a at came unknown, and knockers were was design as a profession hangings,for the purpose of insuringgreater safety or of master made smiths, by iron-workers under the supervision privacy. of them houses of the better class a porter was In the Greek being of odd designto fit doors of unusual many in constant to admit visitors. Slaves attendance at the door shape. the sanctuary chained in England are The oldest knockers and were were usually employed in this capacity, the door-posts to to prevent their wandering and shirking knockers on the doors of several of the cathedrals,the one the monotony of the task. They often went at Durham beingone of the finest examples of these of the early bronze to sleep while on duty, and in order to type. Some them short bar of iron was awaken were a merely grotesques, while others bore a The Durham fastened to the door by a chain to be used knocker symbolic significance. dates from the eleventh century and enjoys to the entrance as a rapper by those desiring house. a most interesting history. As earlyas the of Cynewulf, utilitarian It is said that this strictly year 740, in the episcopate door-knockers their and scurity, JJy
ticles ardevelopment from mere to of utility objectsof art has been a turies long,slow process of evolution,coveringcencivilization by and antedatingWestern

rapper,

as

it from

was

first the door

called, was
to

often
as not a

criminals

and

offenders
at

of

all kinds cathedral

were

wrenched
weapon

be

used
were

allowed sanctuary
the church from

Durham

and
cape es-

of offense

by

visitors who the

a

precincts.If in

seekingto

friendly disposed toward A later development was

of this the form of
a

householder. direct
quence conse-

to

his pursuers the criminal was able strike the and reach the church-door
was

type beingin fastened by a strong heavy ring

next

misuse,the
the

knocker, he
he
was

given"sanctuary";that
for

is

taken

in,housed, fed,and kept safe

either

clamp

or

to plate

the door, thus serving and handle.

was

from which

capture
he
was

double purpose
From
to

of knocker the

thirty-seven days, pardoned or taken

the
scene

after
to a

Greece the

custom

mitted trans-

of safety far from place trend of

of his crime.

Romans, and with the Western

to

early
duction intro-

There friars and

was

sanctuary
the old Mint

also in

civilizationto nearly every

of knockers and

country of Europe. The

the

at

Whiteat the minories, at Southwark, the rightbeing

England,where
attained due
to

Germany they have

was no

doubt

with Italy still retained for the precincts of Westminster together Abbey long in 1540. velopment, after the dissolution of the monasteries greatest artistic deof the Roman centuries knockers During the fifteenth and sixteenth conquest
were

western

Europe
Knockers

and

Britain.

used The

on

all classes of

houses, and

for the

most

part

have

been in

constant

use,

from

the earliest and teenth nine-

showed
and

very

times

in the seventeenth except for short periods and centuries,

were

of design. intricate pattern and delicacy instances of individual knockers are very numerous

most

used freely

and

elaborated

during the Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance periods. The material first employed in their construction was iron, later bronze, and lastly brass,which has retained preference
since it first came into
use.

Walton, author
is described
as a

their stories of great interest. One owned of "The Complete Angler,"

by

Isaac

by a contemporaneous writer of buxom gling dan"lobworm proportions hammered from a hook," and was out

By slow degreesin the earlyMiddle Ages the plain, by an admiring smith whose shop stood to the influence of art in beingbevelled between heavy ringsyielded Walton's his favorite home and The plateor support for the ringnext and chased. began fishing-stream. various shapes, to assume and in the age of blacksmithing Knockers the houses of Doctor upon before the developed very fine examples of craftsmanship of interest chiefly Johnson and Carlyle are handle emerged very far from the primitive because of of their association with men ringformation. Next the ring-shaped handle gave way to a slender bar letters in that period. At the time when extreme in hammer. terminating a elaboration was in vogue, many ists artof note Up to and during the fifteenth century the greatest designed knockers of more lavished upon embellishment was the back plateand not simple and dignified type for their own the knocker itself. Then the Renaissance on Gabriel Rossetti and swept Europe, use, those by Dante and the Italian metal-workers first saw the sculptural Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema possibilities being among in the treatment of the hammer. A female figure the finest examples.
176

ARCHITECTURE
Charles Dickens made
was

177 types,
some

considered
one

an

on authority

this in the
own

showing

traces

of

or Byzantine

Saracenic

origin,

subject and
course

mention is

of knockers

many

times upon

of his

The writings. door of its intimate the

that he used the

his

and, greatlyin demand, the Lion's Head, which retained colonies until the revolution, in the American its prominence

noteworthybecause particularly
in description "Christmas

of old

openinglines

Carol," in which

imagines coming home late at night, Scrooge, face gazing that he sees Marley's at him out
of the darkness. mentions knockers too, Shakespeare, and not many frequently, years ago a very rude and ponderous iron knocker was humed exin Moray shire, Scotland,which it is claimed beth
m

England was taboo and the Eagle the Lion, and has over precedence remained ever since, a prominentform due to its national significance.
when took At this time knockers be many

characteristic

colonial
which other
were

may of

of some appeared, traced to old English or

a

while influence,

great number
colonies selves them-

originin
were

the

is the very h's castle. instances many such as

one

that wakened numberless

Mac-

very New in

often than not beautiful. and simple, dignified,

and
more

Like well

are

in Great

them, and

abound especially England towns they are well worthy of

note.

and Britain,
as as

ans antiquarithe
one

museums,

at

For

short time in the knockers, just past dooralong with everythingelse

South

have Kensington,
collections of the used in centuries of the

made massive

and large knockers

able valuthat

century
was

that

were

One rian of
to

past. chief factors in

old

"

no to

matter

how

beautiful
"

were

egated rel-

the

sequent sub-

reduction in size was the pre-Victoin by nocturnal prowlers pastime indulged stealing largeand valuable brass knockers sell for the few pennies theymight bringas

old metal.

Types of knockers findingthe greatest in England in the seventeenth and centuries were the Garland eighteenth type, the Georgian urn, Diana's head, Hammer
favor

waste-heap,and everything into prominence. however ugly, came new, In recent years, however, they have 'come into their own again in greater force than and it is doubtful if ever ever again before, with these charming and useful little objects a historyand art rooted in the antiquity of ages will be allowed to disappearfrom
the
our

doors.

The

Administration

Buildingof Company

the Fisk Rubber

of activities that would This building houses a variety of a great in the most cosmopolitan hardly be equalled city's greatest skyscraper. It had to be constructed to fit, not a merely to hold, perfectly equippedthan many an printing departmentmore independentprintingplant; the purchasingdepartment, which had
to

under GraphiteCompany, incorporated of the York, is a subsidiary Joseph Dixon Crucible Company, and its annual election the same held on was day as that of the Joseph Dixon lowing Crucible Company, and resulted in the election of the folofficers: George T. Smith, President;George E. J.H. Schermerhorn,Treasurer;Harry Long,Vice-President; Koester, Assistant-Secretary Dailey,Secretary;William The American

the laws of the State of New

and Assistant-Treasurer.

be

so

located

as

to

be of easy

access

to

stant con"

of callers; .a traffic stream an engineering department; where everything from train-load freight shipments department, of Pullman tickets is handled; a the securing to of service; sales and advercredit department; tising a department which have been so largely responsible departments, for the
success

Concrete termined Deof Dense as PhysicalProperties by the Relative Quantity of Cement," by Professors Giesecee and Finch
This

bulletin shows
and strengths

how other

the

of this company;

the Fisk Social and

so on

letic Ath-

transverse concrete

and tensile, compressive, of dense properties physical

and Association; an export department,

through
of other

designedoffices specially which activities concerning

Annual

for officialsand there is not

score

used in the preparation vary with the per cent of cement of the concrete, and therebyenables the designer
concrete structures
use to

space

to

mention.

and

the builder of

effect the greatest

possible economy

in the will

of

concrete concrete

the by requiring
to

Meeting of the Joseph Company, 1919

stockholders of the and

Dixon

Crucible

fine and such

coarse

aggregate for the

secure a

be mixed

in

as proportions

dense

mixture,and adding

The

held their annual directors following Directors

"

pany Joseph Dixon Crucible Comregular meetingin April. The elected:

and

officers were T.

to producethe cent of cement as is necessary onlysuch a pe'r desired in the concrete. or other physical properties strength bulletin, is for free distribution on The to application of Texas, Austin,Texas. Publications Committee, University

G. Smith, William Bumsted, George L. Young, J. H. Schermerhorn, George E. Long, Edward Robt. E. Jennings. Harry Dailey, Officers George T. Smith, President;George E. Long, Vice-President; J. H. Schermerhorn,Vice-President; Harry Koester, Treasurer; Albert Dailey,Secretary;William and Assistant-Treasurer. Norris,Assistant-Secretary
"

Personal
C. E. member American stitute InSchermerhorn, architect, 430 Walnut of Architects, Street, Pa., Philadelphia,

announces

services with

having completed his resumptionof practice, tion Section, Plant ProtecMilitaryIntelligence General- Stan0 Corps,United States Army. Division,

i7S

ARCHITECTURE

U.

S. POST-OFFICE

AND

COURT-HOUSE,

AUSTIN,

TEXAS.

"

U.

S. POST-OFFICE

AND

COURT-HOUSE,

AUGUSTA,

GA.

James

A.

Wetmore, Supervising Architect, Treasury Department.

ARCHITECTURE

179

U.

S.

POST-OFFICE,

WESTERLY,

R.

I.

U.

S.

POST-OFFICE,

\VOOSTER,

OHIO.

James

A. Wetmore,

Architect, Supervising Treasury Department.

So

ARCHITECTURE

U.

S. POST-OFFICE,

BEMIDJI,

MINX.

U.

S. POST-OFFICE,

CHERRYVALE,

KAN.

James

A. \Vetmore,

SupervisingArchitect, Treasury Department.

"BfSl

182 colonized districts where the sudden

ARCHITECTURE

openingof
of mineral has

of natural colonization.
The

wealth in the form

resources agricultural undeveloped

ties quantior deposits broughtabout rapid

vast

pointof
future.

is to be the centre of a more this great section, in the but nevertheless extensive expansion

servative connear

cityof

Three

the St. Lawrence

Rivers,located at the confluence of and St. Maurice Rivers,midway between

of approximately havinga population city, and American), has expanded (French,English, the angleof the fillthe terrain located between to The industries rivers and the high land to the north. two six large lumberextensive shipyards, of the city, including of capacity mills,two cotton-mills (one having a spindle 60,000 tons of pulp (producing 75,000),and one pulp-mill located alongboth river-fronts. are and Kraft paper yearly), the St. Maurice. Other industries are located directly across of The business section of the city, a number including and banks, extends for several blocks stores, office buildings, alongthe Rue des Forgesin the centre of the city. Among the large be mentioned the publicbuildings new postmay office, city hall,schools,cathedrals,various community while the remaining and several small hotels, area buildings, section of the city is taken up with residential of the developed of them old buildings, of which properties, many many The

present

25,000 persons

have

outlived

their usefulness.
of the
was

As
at

no

accurate

by rate accugiving lines of transportation, street locations, parks,public information other general and and semi-public buildings, By the use of necessary for a comprehensivecity map. tion data and throughinvestigation, completeinformaexisting
the
town was planners

the time

map this survey

cityof

Three

Rivers existed

undertaken, the first work

a

to

providesuch

map,

map

for this map collected and correlated. The was of copies then preparedand a number were was for the
use

final

nished fur-

of the

and cityengineer, cityofficials,

others interested. A elements

study of the present citymap shows the governing in the growth of this city to have been the topography, the highway from Quebec to Montreal paralleling the
the Co-

St.
teaux

Lawrence, the Canadian Pacific Railroad,and

?E

few back of present city).Except at some (plateau the plan of the existing points cityis good,making natural it. expansion easy rather than limiting The water-front alongthe St. Maurice River has wisely

'HIT

FLOOI

H""

SUOHB

fuoot

Pm

Type of double

s-room

house for development of National

ShipbuildingCo.

Montreal and within the

and

the extensive

the forces

Quebec, is unique in that its recent growth which is undoubtedlyto occur expansion few years is due to the application of all next of developmentwhich have brought about the
Three Rivers is noted for its many ecclesiasticalbuildings. interesting

establishment of the best cities of Canada. During the past ten years the interest of far-sighted business men has been directed to the natural geographical
of this advantages with city, the result that
a

number

of been been made available for industrial purposes

to
a

industries have been established on a largescale and the has doubled in population. city duringthat period In addition to this Three Rivers is the centre of a great,

sufficient

distance

from

the

partially developedsection of Canada, rich in natural resources, which during the past years has been overlooked for the more of central and northwestern glittering promises Canada. Popular interest is now to the eastern returning as a natural distributing part of Canada, and Three Rivers,

of to the city. The experience disposed gainedin this section will influence the authorities to take full advantage of the St. Lawrence River frontage, where even natural advantages insure proportionately greater existing the presto the city. While ent greater returns simlimit this area unnecessarily, streets comparatively

with river-banks, the advantageof

the result that it has

ARCHITECTURE

183
cause built up, it was found that not only benow beyond of its natural advantagesand beautiful location is
those of the old buildings, but in some interest, much of quaintaccompanyingillustrations, of the city reflects the early and the architectural ness origin of France. merit and substantial character of the buildings cities are the of the picturesque French Reminiscent roofs, narrow streets, old houses with their steep-pitched dormers, quaint doorways,and porte-cocheres picturesque of interest of holding more leadingto yards suggestive awaits the traveller at the beyond. A pleasantsurprise the religious Carre Champlain,where are broughttogether for on one side is found the and civic activities of the city, for benevolent beautiful cathedral with its contributory buildings Three
as

pie

modifications

secure

the

desired

depth

of

river-front

property.
Access to the Coteaux, while meeting present needs for the greater city, and the well,is inadequate relatively will be given careful study problem of railroad crossings when

Rivers fullof in the

shown

the location of the

In

new

railroad station is determined. Rivers and the territories

the planof Three analyzing

and

educational

work,

as

well

as

the

home

of the

is the Hotel de Ville, bishopand his coworkers,and opposite the officesof the various departments and of his containing honor The the mayor. main business
streets street

of the

into city,
a

which
more

of the residential with

lead,is developedin

many ern mod-

thoroughly an atmosphereof purpose and activity way, in keepingwith such districts. The office buildings

ments. improveup-to-date here found are spicuous conbuildings financial foundation to the sound examplesattesting guarantees of upon which business is built and offering efficient co-operation to those planning new enterprises. The new cityplan as preparedby Mann " MacNeille is of which is shown on the firstpage of this article) (study divided into three aspects. First, and economical logical conditions in order to providea street changes in existing better flow of traffic; second, a layoutfor the medium-class be expected residentialdevelopmentwhich may ultimately
are

substantial, being equipped with

The various bank

toward

the

west

at

such

time

as

industries take up the land

alongthe
which the

bank

of the St.

indication of the main

a general Lawrence; and, lastly, the Coteaux, at on thoroughfares

pointthe more permanent citymay be expected.

It
must

high-class developmentof
vacant

be understood

that there is stillmuch

An

old architecture example of interesting

at

Three

Rivers.

land within

the

of built-up portion

the

citywhich

is available

for industrial, business,and residential development, of the citiesof Canada, particularly and in the manner those it may be having a high percentage of French population,
that this intensive developmentwill be the first to expected take place, except in such sections where the location of industries may demand industrialhousingprojects and contributory activities near The cityplan givesin at hand. location of main streets detail the recommended and highway the logical for the expansion territory system, covering of the city of at least one hundred thousand. to a population

FLGOI^P

LAN

An

unusual

type of double

6-room

house having all advantages of the individual

dwelling.

84

ARCHITECTURE

be should not be realized that cityplanning It must ful. of the citybeautifrom the view-point approachedentirely difficult to providea plan which affords an It is not but the objectto attractive picture,

plan which

will be

more

than

of the new plan to purpose which the growth of the cityshall be controlled in order

be achieved is a city wall decoration. It is the establish definite lines along

a

Gracefullycurving

street

vistas which

are

characteristic of this old French

Canadian

city.

Four

zones principal

have

been

defined

on

the

new

city

plan as
1 2 3
4
to
" "

follows: The The The The may

business zone,

factory zone,
residential zone,

"

"

citywater-front,

with

'

be added the various parks and playgrounds them and formingone tinuous conparkways connecting park system. While the cityplan and municipalexpansionfeatures was beingcarried on were beingworked out, another project involved the developarchitects. This project ment by the same of land for industrialhousingfor the of a large tract Ltd. (National employees of the Three Rivers Shipyards, Company). This necessitated the layingout Shipbuilding thousand lots and the of a tract of land comprising over one designand location of various classes of houses suitable for the climate and type of workmen employed at the plant. in connection with shown Several of the house designs are this article, and the layout of this section of the land is which the illustrated The
on

page

190." in the development and paving, grading

problemsinvolved engineering
street

of this residential addition include

Many

of the

new

semi-detached

houses

are

to

be of unusual

type.

that the greater cityof Three Rivers may enjoy the many of a well-planned economic and social advantages community. An and

importantfeature

in the

new

cityplan is a zoning

system which

ings of certain classes of buildenforces the placing

stance, in certain districts. For inoccupancies building be placed in the factory must zone; but business buildings, this does not exclude residences, hotels, The domestic architecture bears the ineradicable imprint of the French Renaissance. trict of any nature. in the business disor Similarly, buildings be confined factories be to can as they must no placed, A short sewers. but residences or any type of building water the factory supply,sanitaryand storm-water zone, will give the reader an idea of the dential discussion of this subject except factories may be placedin this district. In the resifactories or business buildings district are prohibited difficultiesto be overcome. This problem was in been allotted for such buildings owing to the interesting particularly as locations have already fact that the terrain upon which the cityis located is low the zoningsystem. rence banks of the St. Lawriver bottom-land, common for exceptions Provision has been made to both to the zoning River in this locality, and presents interesting and method of having cal geologisystem and detailsof such exception features in that the various stages of the river's recession found in the new are property exempted from regulations for the city be traced with ease. oneAt distances varying from code which has been prepared can by Mann building all factories " MacNeille. half
to
one

and

one-half miles from

the river bank

run

ARCHITECTURE
series of The
terraces.

185
main between and lying business section of the present city rence Pacific Railroad and the St. Lawthe track of the Canadian River. The elevation of the land ranges between fifteen low water, having a thousand feet. This
street

firstis approximately

thirty-five feet above mean and seventeen high,with a feet in two toward the river of two plainof about six
feet
to
seven

slope
paratively com-

hundred
to

level surface

is ideal for the

and

water-

feet in width

the

foot of the second

terrace,

which

erages av-

twenty feet
in with height, plain of about
a a a

quarter of

mile

to

the foot of the third

terrace, which

rises

for fifteen
more or

feet, less,and

then
to
some

slopes upward
-foot-hills distance The
terraces

the

away.

soil of is sand
two on

the

gravel and
with about

feet the

of loam

while that surface, land of the river bottomOne of the beautiful churches of Three River

is composedof
a

top strata of loam

and one-half feet deep with an and clayapproximately one five feet deep, strata composed of very fine sand underlying of unknown and a third strata depth of and yellowclay, blue clay and sand. This forms below which
water more

latter
a

strata

water-

table about six feet the surface

retains
or

less

during the

entire

in so year, more the spring than

at any other time. To drain this plain
a

Moderate-cost

homes

for industrial workers

will offer a valuable contribution

to

city

series of

parallel
been

growth

ditches have

dug, each

approximately three feet, six feet about feet

deep by
wide and

five hundred

apart,
from the the the

running
terrace

to

and these river,

ditches also mark

farm-property
The first development in the

engineering supplysystems but creates a definitethough not difficult problemin the installation of sewerage systems, as tain obthe flat street gradesnecessitate deep ditching to so as the sewers. the necessary gradesfor properly draining of the sanitary The design sewer system has been made conditions: the following to meet of all houses on the prop1 Perfect sanitary drainage erty when fully developed. 2 sewers. Separate system from that of storm 3 Separate system from that of the city of Three
" " "

lines. In the

Rivers. have following assumptions well paved and a beingfairly there will be sewer being provided, separate storm-water for drainage water to find its way very little opportunity therefore the sewers have been into the sanitary sewers, of water amount to receive an equal to the total designed average dailyconsumptionof the population.In this case the per-capita consumptionhas been taken at 100 gallons, of the cityof Three consumption equalto the per-capita first condition the been for: The provided
streets

scheme general
\J

of
The city officialswill preserve attractive sections. idential resthese characteristic and

r e a t e r

Rivers

is this

section
for

employeesof the Three Rivers Shipyards, Ltd., of National Shipbuilding Company, a tract of one hundred
acres forty-three

the and

situated about

mile

to

the south of the

86

ARCHITECTURE
and and The rainfall of one based upon the average maximum snow, of Three Rivers. one-half inches per hour in the vicinity
amount

of

water

in the taken the than

ditches crossing the existing into consideration

as

property has also been

been

ing indicat-

the surface flow from

and the designhas foot-hills, latter feature of the would otherwise the

This accordingly. governed

problem

necessitated larger sewers Two schemes were

water, and with the Scheme
sewers,
reasons

be needed.

designedfor
one

the merits for each for

will be

the selecting

of this disposal discussed, together For plan submitted.

A

clearness of discussion we A
was

will call the schemes three main

and

B.

designedwith

intercepting

alongroads H, M, and S (see illustration on page into one and these in turn 190), respectively, discharging trunk sewer alongroad G, which in turn was carried along the continuation of road H, finally into the river. discharging
it was proper drainage necessary to so the flow line of the 42-inch trunk

For that the

gradethe
sewer was

sewers

below
Dame

foundations of the
be

stone

arch of this

culvert
sewer

at

Notre

Street. would add

sewer

In the construction

these foundations

which would disturbed, necessitating underpinning, On the other hand, if this trunk to the cost. materially
was

omitted G
to

from

road
a

the river

great
be the

ditch
formed
stone

would
at

arch culvert in be

which

time
mined undertion ac-

would

by the
of the Scheme

water.

B, on

the other hand, a tour study of the conof the will show the
FIKST Fioo" PLAN
new

land,
carry off in

that it is

to possible water
Ji

two
A six-room house for the residential development.

directions,

east

and west, and has this scheme been cepting Interwill

Rivers. be

As

the
to

total

of population

been estimated

be 6,500,then the

this development has daily consumptionwill charge dis-

finally
adopted.
be located H
sewers sewers

which is equal to the total sewer 650,000 gallons, hours,or 8 gallons per twenty-four per second. The second conditions
were

along
and S. will into

decided upon

because

of

roads These

and combininga sanitary into one storm-water sewer system, owing to the increased size of all mains, and also the necessity of carrying the large cutfall mains (36 inches in diameter) to the river. In the separate onlyone pipe18 inches in diameter system, as designed, is carried which
more

the additional expense

incurred in

discharge existing
be

open which will ditches,

to

the river.

The
two

difference in

cost

between

one

18-inch diameter would than

pipeand
to

pipes36

inches in

diameter,

deepened to grade of the 50 feet south sewer, from points

the of roads H It is also the and S and where intended,
construct
a

The

atmosphere of vesper-bells.

of road
at

on

tion the continuariver.

be necessary

enough

storm water, is carry purchasethe material for the entire to

off the

carried

gradeto the

sanitary systems.

Therefore the

of designing advisability the

citystreets, to
street

open ditches cross section of sewer at the ditch.

existing grade so that

been based

the

the separate systems is obvious. The third condition arising from

may

be carried over

much are so gradesof the proposedsewers to citysewers, it was not practical gradesof the existing the two systems unless a pumping-station connect were vided profor that purpose. As this would be a waste without gaining it was decided to any advantage, from directly of funds

fact that lower than

the the

The upon

designof the water-supply system has the following assumptions: 1 The cityof Three Rivers is to deliver supply of water in sufficient volume
"

a to

constant

10-inch
an age aver-

main

discharge
2
"

the property so static pressure of 50

on

as

to

maintain

pounds per

square

inch

The
was

the property into the St. Lawrence storm-water sewer system for the new
to designed

River.

development
due
to

All

the year. throughout and hydrantshave mains, valves,

to meet

been

designed

then

carry off all surface

water

rain

the above pressure.

ARCHITECTURE

187

"
'

TT

Prn _J

T T in _t
.

t T TT"' T"

'

' tlL-i-4* v

IT.

r^*--t-J--k-J-TT-1 l"^
i

^
"

f7"
i
.

^^

"l::^r L. li ft " O O "

i

"'-Jbc4 -f j-*ft-|

[1.1 J
N

i
"

I.

il

"

"

II

,-

KS

H..

:::

i i jilnnidci iLiniiidiriEiiiLj asnuiii

te^It rrtl
" .

ii.i
P,

I.

I. O

l"

R
IK01S

O
HJVIEHtS

MOTEL
fQ.

Mann
THE

" MacNeille,Architects and Engineers.

OF PLANNING IN THIS

CHARACTERISTICS
DESIGN

OF FOR

LOCAL
A

ARCHITECTURE

ARE

COMBINED HOTEL
AT

WITH THREE

EFFICIENCY

TOURIST-COMMERCIAL

RIVERS,

P.

Q.,

CANADA.

i88 3

ARCHITECTURE

"

Fire-hydrantshave throughout
of 250 with the feet of

so placed any development is within a which the nearest hydrant,

been

that

point
radius
plies com-

the best of

on practice

fire been

protection.

"

The

same

system
the with the

mains
as

has
as

supply
In accordance
It
W

houses

well

for fire

designed to protection.
Rivers,

ing
the Some of the

developments where developer.

main with
concrete.

no

cityplan
streets

was

available

to

guide
are one-

business These
were

of Three
two

Rivers and

paved

laid about

half years ago and in excellent are condition but of

are

new

cityplan of

Three

illbe

seen

that the

street

systems

of the present

cityand

to-day, majority the city streets paved with

the

treated and road be

macadam,
class of will

this

pavement
used the

out throughnew

velopment, deand all

sidewalks,
and of

curbs,

gutters will be
cement.

In view need in this

of the

ly rapidgrowing cityfor
com-

tourist and

mercial
Mann

hotel,

" MacNeille

have

designed a fireproof hotel,to cost approximately

modern

$1,000,000, and
erected
at a to

be

feasible

A historic house architecture.

and

characteristic

bit of French

point
The year and until

in

the

city.
will

type of construction
in which in the work

depend
a

is started.

the season upon If the construction reinforced if the work

concrete

of the work is

begun

earlyspring,then
will

frame started with sign de-

floor slabs late

summer

be used, but
or

is

not

fall

skeleton

of steel This The

zero. or

frame
alternate

terra-cotta

floor
to

slabs the

will be

adopted.
conditions.

is due

weather

temperature

during the
concrete not

winter
were

work

20" F. below averages started in midsummer

If,therefore,
fall it could the ress progfore, thereThe

be finished before this intense cold of the work

to
cost was

set

in, and

would
use

have

to

be
steel

stopped.
as an

It was,

decided difference in
and
one

structural

alternative.
concrete to

between found
cent

reinforced

structure

of steel This

in this instance

be in favor

of

appliesonly to the cost of the framework and not to the cost of the completed building. The architectural design of this hotel, as shown on ture page 187, is in keeping with the better types of local architecThe a modern adaptationof the French Renaissance. floor plans of the hotel provide two hundred and sperooms cial
concrete.
"

10 per

space
FUST Another
type

on

the top floor for the

City Club

of Three

Rivers.

FLOOI,

PLA"T

of six-room

semi-detached

houses.

that of the

proposed development
a manner

for the

in such

that

the

shipyard are connected of effect is one resulting

the
case

Rivers constitute not developments at Three only comprehensive architectural, engineering,and citybut are indicative of the progressive planning projects, spirit of the cityofficials. With commendable foresight they are layinga strong foundation for the rapid industrial expansion

These

harmony

instead

of discord,as is often

in

new

hous-

which

may

be

expected in the

next

few years.

ARCHITECTURE

^
*T

W-

SITfc

tSI

DEN

Tl

L.

PROPOSt

tUlDtirnAL

DEVUOPMINT
"

"

CITE.
COMPASNlt

DM
THRtt

RES S^"R JHR"61 ]VJ^B

RIVERS SHIPYARDS
*

P
LIMITED

"

CITYTHRCL

OT^THEtT -.JUVEftS P-QRIVERS SmPYAROS LIMITtO

PltDS

MANN

AND

MACNE.ILLE,

Editorial and

Other

Comment

Home

Building a Natural

Necessity

than a mere E problem of housing is becoming more question of business expediency,of waiting for an in labor and normal costs building to impossiblereturn national It has become material. necessity,No one a either in 'his own experience has followed conditions, who in our papers, newsthrough the reports publishedconstantly or

toward has alreadybeen made interesting ital capProgress and the further the investigation in present building, and the better the facts are is carried of present conditions, this the sooner and future profits, known regarding

present adjusted.The time for great questionwill be satisfactorily discontent Give us action lest the winter of our debate is over.
find
us

unprepared.
In New
York
a

can more

fail than

to
a

see

that "build

now"

has

become

thing some-

York

sloganto create business. merelyoptimistic of supply and demand, of the law of the jungle, The application to human beings who are seekingplacesto live in, the unlimited privileges seeminglygranted to unscrupulous ness, of all fairregardless landlords,the squeezingfrom tenants of injustice it is believe, by the wide feeling will, we effect in time its own cure. creating, ing and that waitThe prime thingis that time is pressing difficult. Capitalnaturally more only makes the matter
seeks believe for investment, and advantageous opportunities that
we we

THE
New
or

conditions in New
We

City are

by

no

means

ceptional. ex-

to

way,

similar situation everywhere. is not leavingthe solution to chance, however, York builders,who, if they have their merely speculative will only add to the present intolerable conditions. hear of

York

have that

shown

in several and

recent

articles in

in New serious has the housing shortage become edge citizens with expert knowlCity that public-spirited and plans to the surveys are adding their suggestions made by the Mayor's Committee, the State Reconstruction How Committee. Committee, and the joint Legislative So homes be providedfor wagereasonable rentals may idea presented and one goal of these agencies, citizen is that a fund of $10,000,000 be provided prominent
at

ARCHITECTURE found There

both in

right
isn't and
a

now

to be are profit well-directed building investments.

permanency

earners

is the

cityin
urgent

need

there is not an the country where annual Another of homes. this fall who
are

mediate imrent

by

for the insurance

purpose

of

buildingmodel

houses, bankers,

boost
more

menaces

thousands

alreadypaying
of them
so-called
to

and civic organizations co-operating representatives,

than

livingin
There

shelter, they can afford for mere many and out-of-date shabby, ill-arranged,
are

assure

sanitaryconditions,fair rentals,and
of people moderate
means.

general

comfort

for

"apartments."
the finest of ing in buildopportunities presented

largeunit
class of poor

groups of small apartments for the very large and semibut honest folks of the professional The

The space now occupiedby rows of ramshackle tenements some wholeof the dark ages can everywhere be put to both a more of the members There are and profitable use. many the country who have studied the most all over profession and small apartments in the tenement of space and get value out of every foot and yet and air demanded by intelligent providefor the light sanitarybuildinglaws. No one with the least vision can

classes. professional intentions the

to

trouble with

some

of 'these

economical
our

prises enter-

of planning
can

in the past has been that beginningwith 'honorable yieldedto the pressure of they have ultimately law of supply and demand, and long since gone over class. get-rich-quick it
not to

who cities,

fail

to

see

that The
an

the

the Is

problem of buildinghomes
of
a

is

a a

most

possiblefor
be
an

"

an

Own-Your-Own-Home
find many

"

vital based

one. on

assurance

fixed
to

abode, and

of

rental best

campaign
? of
or fifty

be fathered
hundred

in the direction of these easy home-seekers

matter
to

cityapartments
groups
us

return equitable

It would
one

feast born of the humanity, of a sort of brotherly-love five or an enterprise. armies. But from all walks of life in our minglingof men the acter, charif with conducted Such an apartment regard to born of waving flags not what we need is a new patriotism, of would have comfort, peace, and quiet the tenants, of clear thinkingand and jazzingbands, but of the sanest of the excess head overvacancies,no yearlydoing over, none no We need plenty of actual conditions about us. clear seeing order due to irresponsible tenants, who, in the regular ing, but the idealism of sound thinkof idealism to keep us going, annual pilgrimof things, have been accustomed to make an age of passingemotion. not search of six thousand dollars

to

invest,let

of arguments againstmuch of our hear of the breakingdown We

will be the capital, growing social unrest. of old of barriers,

a

mon com-

say,

each, in such

in

new

quarters.

thoughtsto imply here any element of doing good, of uplift. No, let the law philanthropy, of supply and demand apply,but administer it with an idea of the conservation of human beingsas well as the enduring of well-invested capital. profit normal. abfor housing of to-day is, of course, The demand been such congestion There probablyhas never have of the country, for our in the history citypopulations faster than our during the war period. The building grown of many methods are comparable only to property owners of the German the commanders those of legalized or pirates
Far be it from
our

Get Together
"T3ELIEVE
and have
a

of

act

upon

the

-D
does

you
not

.problem that you know that you justify you in assuming

that there is
no

If of co-operation. spirit your experience

can

successfully
aid, and

solve,call in your brother

remember

and practitioner

ask his

problem either in the art, science, solved be successfully business of architecture that cannot or in your own society. by the men as man Don't your regard your brother professional think of him as your friend; ask his aid in solving enemy
"

submarines.
191

your

problemand

he will ask your

assistance with

his own."

The
An

Status
Past

of the Architect
Annual Fifty-Second

Address

by IrvingK. Pond,
Convention

of the A. I.

President of the A. I. A., at the Tennessee A., at Nashville,

state

ments Medary to speak for a few moStatus of the Architect: topic:"The If this is a question it was Business." or Art, Profession, answered decades ago for the Institute by properly many If it is a statement, the form is improper and should itself. be: Art, Profession, and Business; and withal a a "Trinity" the dogmas of "Unity"; a paradoxwhich, in another field, orthodox Christianity have forced many to accept, and many others to contemplate with more less strained acquiesor cence, with no emotion whatsoever. But perhapsin the or but upon analysis architectural field it is not a paradox, will

I AM

asked
on

by

Chairman

the

prove

to

be

clean-cut

statement

of fact.

Under

whatever

it however, I am goingto regard phaseit may be discussed, all in the light of the words of old Polonius, whose advice holds justas good under post-war as it held under pre-war he and it held with firm gripthen. "Above conditions, all," says, "above the as any man." the
to thine all,
own

self be true; and

it

must

low, fol-

nightthe day, thou canst not then be false to If the architect sincerely maintains that attitude him in and publicwill soon enough recognize
confidence in him
as an

of mind, the state of beingalmost, which distinguishes from business? It lies in a dual function of professionalism mind: the one the professional the attitude phase touching of the professional toward his client and the other touching his calling, his attitude toward self and brother including As toward his client the professional ways almust practitioner. hold himself in position frank advice to give full and from the slightest removed of being affected by possibility self-interest. This the professional necessarily prevents architect from engagingin the building trades,or in any for a client a direct contract trade;or from letting building in the architect's name; from operating througha similarly this is liable a "fixed fee," "cost-plus" contract, or even as extremelylikely to bring architects into competition with each other in pointof fees. The architect's disinterested that is from the standpoint of self, has been position, in the past. I hope that the Institute as safeguarded wisely fall from that high estate. a professional body will never
" "

Post-war As should dark

conditions
to

have not made it necessary. the architect's attitude toward his professional

and repose throughit, who man professional the end of thine

a own

and artist,

as

self:it should
not

be

one

of

and self-respect, that dignity so

out

he

with the ordered

instinct of business

co-ordinates
to

his powers and faculties and accomplishments and richer personal service. and public a deeper self be true"
" "

"To and

and

let post-war committees

"

complaining public by Art

"

if it exists
true
to

And
mean

if the architect be ? Is it what

go hang. what himself,

does

he
gineer en-

the narrow-minded

structural

self, waking thoughtof himgladto behold his face in the mirror as he brushes his hair in the morning. A man who considers his creative power valueless, who is willing to let any wished-for or hoped-for client illegitimately mother, and through abortion fail to bring or ignorance, impotence, but
so

when

feel called upon to slink he retires, shunningany that he should

of his clothes in the

be free and

the engineer in general, but the narrow-minded engineer for his own immediate, selfish, cial commeradvancement, says it is though down deep in his own heart he knows better of the inherent a mere ornamenting with pretty, or supposedly structure pretty, decorations ? I shall not deny but,rather, shall insist that architects have too well as the structural frequently as given the public, show of reason for entertaining some engineer, at least such Art means, in architecture, a suspicion. the application not of anything, but the presence of a guidingand directing spirit throughwhose intervention the problem should be so solved that function shall be perfect, .while through and the material mass the spiritual of order, permeating essence and charm shall warmly irradiate. Charm appropriateness, is a rare word, and its essence is all too rarely distilled into architecture. Catch and hold its fleeting ! Art in beauty
not

forth well formed respect, is

not

the

children

of his

brain, has

no

self-

structural

"

"

"

"

by others;has no sense of personal respected charm and could not his to or dignity even impartdignity which are justly looked upon with derision, legitimate offspring* at least with suspicion, by others. The man who offers his advice for nothinggets justexactly what it is worth the equation and finds the sum balanced in the minds of or
" "

his clients and

to

of the
on

If architects, as public.
on

placea

value

their creations and

their

were rule, advice,giving

themselves not in anticipation of favors, but only for the would mainly weal,the vexed problemof competitions public settle itself; Until that code would be needed. a very minor status exists, however, a real code will be required not a vertently which inadcode, by the way, such as has been suggested, without sign of opens the field to competitions restrictions only about a "formal petition" comsupervision, placing
"

architecturemeans
needs of the

that the desires of the soul

as

well

as

the

which

under

such

circumstances

never

would

be

ministered to. In this age it body are fully were perhapsbetter to say the needs of the soul and the desires of the body. So much, and briefly, for the art. Now for the profession.
The architect who is
true
to

himself will be

true

in his

and so cannot be untrue professional capacity, to the profession. (My inadvertent introduction of "and so" just here reminds me of the rather anomalous pleasantly and codes,should in these business matters be of much tion posiI occupy in discoursing in this august in fuller assistance to its members and so, incidentally, to the presence, even to an architectural art and proinvitation, response which depends upon the Institute for leadership upon profession, fessionalism. The Journalof the A. I. A. maintains and and guidance. If the Institute sets the example and is true has promulgated the idea that my aesthetics, and the ethics hesitate to itselfit will make a real studyof the schedule nor involved therein and practised by me throughouta long the public in its mind throughfear of confusing or creating series of years, are a blight "from on the impression architecture, that the architectural mind which, is not a unity "the profession however," it opines, will be secure." In within itself a fact which is fairly apparent to that small of that bar sinister, it were, across spite as which knows my professional section of the public or cares anythingabout I am inclined to proceed.) What is the attitude, shield, the the internal workingof the profession.
" "

will begeta respect for others and Self-respect will be treated with respect by others. As for business, that term be made to cover all, must the necessary financial and executive or administrative and only, side of the profession, include the parand must not ticipation of the professional in contractual relations man ules' throughits schedexcept as with the client. The Institute,

instituted.

192

H
U W

H
i" i

W
u

JULY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

Medicine Sculpture,

and

Painting. Chemistry,

Architecture, Astronomy
MURAL

and

and Geography, IN

Music. THE

PAINTINGS

ROTUNDA,

STATE

EDUCATION

Designed and BUILDING, ALBANY,

executed

by Will

Low

N. Y.

B
CJ

:i ,3

P" w

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Sdl'IIt*^
"a c
tS

"

infill I|
* " "

g2g"-H.Sa~"-S" *'" c c^jS I

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S^S-SS^'O

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is

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IS

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"

=Ss-cslEi2|J

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u

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H

--^s"dtr'2-

ll'ifl-S1!! g
"

OS
"" ( 3

OS
TM

I"

Igjljlpjli
"

IS1-

"

9S

f"-S*"^

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"

"

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U

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u-

JULY, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CIV.

OF

/V\R,TfL"ANJK L.SAMfLL

T.LA

--X-J.

The

architectsendeavored

of this alterationwas would

to do as little to get the house ready for as necessary altering The cost occupancy. house of this size and construction, $8,000; a new approximately built at the present time,

cost almost double this amount.

JOLY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CVI.

ST. JOSEPH'S

ROMAN

CATHOLIC

'CHURCH,

FORT

EDWARD,

N.

Y.

M.

L. " H. G.

Emery, Architects.

H
O H

o
I"!

W
08

Q M
"

^g
W "
S3
o

5
H
U w
x
o

y 3
o

u
a

Jz;

t/3

K
AH w

s
s
5
ft*

H
"" i

hri
HH

JULY, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXI.

" St. John's Hill House," Pembroke; built c. 1690. Especially as showing not interesting only chimney base all the circulation of air available but also buttresses and cruciform plan this was adopted to secure drip-stones,
" "

with

battered

and ball finialat

weathering, gablepeak.

Late and

seventeenth exterior chimney base with battered and stepped weatheringsand century house,showing cruciform plan. ARCHITECTURE OF BERMUDA.

moulded

cap.

Also

stone drip-

JULY,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXII.

"

3 -INCH

"

SCALE

"

DETAIL-

"SECTION

SECTIONFULL ONEHALF
" "

3/8-INCH

"

SCALE

"

ELEVATIO

"ONE "SIZE

"

HALF

FULL-

SIZE

EAKLY

ARCH1TE "OF.MARYLAND

CTURE

-M. ANT
CAKVE
"

E
L
"

L"
L
MD.

HAL
"

EDGAR.
VERNA-

"DKAWN: BYSALOAVONSK-y. COOKSALOMONSKY

"

ANNAPOLI8

JULY,

191!).

ARCHITECTURE

PLATK

CXIV.

CMTEfc-ul7K, ,'HA.LFPLAIT

OF

ILAIL

SE.CTION
AT SOFFIT

"

INCH

SCALE

DETAIL
'/Z
"

INGH

SCALE-

ELEVATION

"AHLY-

ARCHITECTURE
"OFAVARYLAND STATE
"

'

STAIKWAY
"

"

DRAWN
"

CAPITOL
N
A

"

BUILDING
"

"

EDGAX VEK.KA-

"

COOK

BY SALOMONSKY-S SALOAVONSKT

"

AN

I O

L 1 S

M.D

"

Literature.

The

University.
Decoration in corridor, second floor.

Mathematics.

Mural

Paintingsby Will H. Low in the State Education Albany, N. Y.

Florentine artist of the
works adorn of Ste. Maria
versant
our

Building,

the is related of Ghirlandajo, IT fifteenth century, many of whose Novella and other

with

the

art special

of the decorator; but few of

cities would in

churches and
to

museums

Florence,that
who in

he nourished which in his

the ambition the

cover

the surface of the walls

of its sons with larger one perience exproblems than Mr. Low; solvingthese peculiar the work by Mr. Blashfield above quoted,is credited, find
at

hand

enclosed

city

day

with

paintings

mediately imas chronologically, John following La

of his invention. similar desire Some

may Will have H. actuated Mr.

Farge

and

William may

Morris

Hunt, who
school

be called the fathers of

our

Low,

when, in
the

present

of

1912, he

undertook

mural

decoration of the corridor of the State and rotunda

in the Education Building ready city of his birth,for al-

painting. The work by William

Hunt, in the State

Morris

at Albany,though Capitol it has long disappeared

Albany possessed
Paul's Church a large panelof his composition,
in St. in
one

from its walls,marks

the

deed in-

of mural
our

very beginning decoration of

of its

ble nota-

civic

buildings.As
artist in
seems

private residences, that of the late Anthony C. Brady, four lunettes

were

the first decorative work

by

competent

this country, it

due since

to

his

brush,
the

while

then, in the
upon Mr. Building,
a

intervals of work

that thirty-five strange fore years should elapse bethe State of New York

Education
Low which

should

again call
a

has executed decorates

frieze

for the services of

mural

the of

islative Legthe

State

Library Capitol.
In

for in the interval painter, broad throughout our land from Maine
to

fornia Calisown

his authoritative

the seed thus

work

ing," Paintupon "Mural Mr. Edwin H. Blashat some

fielddwells

length

Our Standard.

had borne fruit, to-daythere are few of a monumental public buildings

by

Hunt

until

the danger lurking upon behind the natural impulse of local authorities

character where
not

ted erec-

choosinga of their cityto decorate its publicbuildings, when the son artist thus favored, with every quality though possibly gifted for the task, except that of experience, would necessary the unknown find himself facing of scale,color, quantities
line necessary to harmonize with setting providedfor the mural painter.
mass

the mural
to

and painter the work Low

the decorative of the

was

are sculptor

called in The

enhance
amount to

master

architect.

task allotted to Mr.

not

only from the though it amounts

been

over

major importance, of space to be decorated,which, thousand two square feet, may

of

and

the architectural

have

In such

our

short
are

historyof
familiar
to

mural

instances of painting,
and those
con-

mistakes

all architects

from the subdivision other cases, but than each of this space into more thirtypanels, while almost for an ery evcalling independentcomposition, isof a different panel,though all are of an equalheight,
in equalled

194

ARCHITECTURE width. Again, while each for individual treatment,

most

panel calls

similar in the the

essence

but

anterior in time

to

his own,

and

day to-

theyare

in the

Icarus of the Greek of the

as aeroplane gods, serves of a standpoint

instances
as

walls
seen

to

feature important of a scheme of decoration lies not so much in its subject a single somethingapproaching as from the reHis first duty is to providein the productionsin its treatment. as is evident composition space here shown, from which the allotted to his work an agreeable pattern, in mass, in color, that conforms to its architectural setting; result of the endeavor to "tie together" and in scale, that
most

with

so disposedupon form groups, where theyare littleseparation mand to deas so

legendis as trulythe precursor of fire from the abode Prometheus, bringing

the mural industries of the the painter,
moment.

From

those groups

of separate and

distinct balance the element

of mass and subjects by means thoughof course may be judged,

of which color, has been

equally

studied to aid this treatment

of the subdivided

only be seen in place. As to the subjects can we treated, best indicate the artist's intention by sent to quotingfrom an officialletter, the Trustees of Public Buildings by Mr. Low, under date of February20, 1912, of his task. at the inception
wall, can
"The spaces
to

be decorated

prise com-

thirty-two panelsupon
of the entrance-hall and
'

the walls

rotunda,separated

"

and for by pilasters, the most tached part further divided by decolumns standing about ten inches from and immediatelyin front of the pilasters. Each panel is twelve feetthree inches high, set into the wall about eightfeet above the floor, thus them above the level of the eye lifting in all
cases
.

but well within As

to to

the line of vision.

I judgenecessary subject abstain from those representing tual acor occurrences

theme

in the educational

tory his-

of the
or

State,introducing portraiture

and obvious incidents episodic of keepingwith the style of architecture embodied in the building and with the higher purposes for which it is
as

out

I shall take designed. Therefore, for my general theme far as a title so in words may serve : The or description of Man for Intellectual lightenment EnAspiration
. . .
"

'

and the Results of His Attainment.'

Barely stated, this theme

may appear obscure or remote, but at this stage of my conception it has the

precise advantageof givingthe largest latitude to the imagination. The whole design be orderly must eventually and consecutive, the single ing formpanels parts of a whole rather than relying their individual interest; on in though, this latterrespect,as parts of a chain,
. . .

I shall endeavor series

to

make

each

link

as

strong as possible

Throughout the

will be laid stress upon the fact that sincethe dawn of time certain types of men have possessed damental to funinsight

which truths,

day
of
man our

are own

prone

to

in our later we consider discoveries think

time. Apparently, primeval

had

hardly taughthimself to

before he found the older myths tallized crysinto forms recording activities

ARCHITECTURE
in shall, he may communion in the degree that a word; decorate. After that, he is be endowed with the quality of imagination, the
utmost to
.

character Second: of the which

of their architectural for the

reason

setting.

that the choice of him

a

in usingit to justified

enter
. .

into intellectual For the deliberate

the artistimposes upon

same

continuance

with his fellow citizens.

class of subjects as his past

choice of the subjects I propose to treat, I have a number in subject and style of reasons. First: for their conformity to the purposes of the building and the classicmonumental

rests

thoseupon and his reputation

dertaking present selection. Third, and last: in unthe a task of this importance,

time and

seems

ripe to
in theme all

develop
in

manner

that my past experience has taughtme rather fields.

.
.

than

to

periment exnew

in
.

Which,
the

to beingforeign

temper of my

mind,
tainly cer-

mightbe

less good in

while execution, lack

they would the lasting appeal

with which of
turies cen-

thought
the

have themes the

endowed drawn

from

sources

ously continu-

fed by all that

we

know Six

as

tion." educa-

since elapsed

years have the artist this

outlined

programme,to whose fulfilment he has

since devoted his studio the the his entire Bronx-

time,workingin
at

retired from ville, of interruptions drawn and withcity,

from allother
artistic activities. The
can
-

completeresult best be judged

the walls of Education

within the

where the Building, of panels supplya continuous sequence

pattern of form and

color around walls. the cious spaThe
produced re-

few panelshere
show in the of Low his has

that Mr.

development
theme

disregarded tations, limichronological

and tary volunanachronisms

abound
to

in the effort

depicteducation

in the widest sense, from the early grop-

ings of
Large panel representingWest Point Military Academy. heavilyforged chain which in the days of the Revolution
of enemy vessels.
was

the

human
our

In the foreground is shown a reproduction of three links of the stretched across the Hudson at West Point to bar the progress

intellectto

ent pres-

understanding.

'

Build
E.

Now

'

By

Harold

Paddon, Architect

the world's 25 per cent and 30 per cent tween higherthan the prevailing of 1914. with building prices labor conditions is in The the one playinga large big purpose, disruption to stimulating a view every energy in in the various trades, which considered unpatriotic part in the present wage prices i.e., "to win the war," and it was thus causinga wide that period. are in in construction work during fluctuating, continually to invest any money range ing in different suburban localities. costs all the wheels of necessary progress on buildbuilding Practically The writer recentlycompiled a construction with the result that at present chart standstill, at a were the everof suburbs within a range of twenty-five of dwellings a number to house there is an acute covering shortage miles of New York with the result that rental values City,with a result that an increase was population, increasing material and labor rangingfrom 28 thus making it almost impossible indicated on have increased materially, per cent over to 34 per cent a livable house at a moderate expenditure.Federal to secure pre-war prices. bulletins values the h ave The rental in these conditions, citiesare increasing published authorities, seeing continually the housing condition becomes that it is now as a patriotic more duty to build. acute. constantly stating in suburban urban subLand localities can be procuredto-day at a the relative costs of to-dayon Before comparing with those of 1914, the following work quotation reasonable figure.Banks and loan companiesare now in a attractive loans on substantial properties. to make be a fitting servingas a plea for careful position suggestion, may construction: These facts offer an opportunitythat should not be overlooked suburban developers dividual the inby progressive or who contemplates the construction of a home. In the elder days of art, Builders wrought with greatest care, In giving consideration the prospects of cost to duction, reEach minute and unseen part, it is fair to assume that they will not be reduced For the gods see everywhere." for a long time to warrant a sufficiently plated delay in contemconstruction work, and as the country is on the The houses illustrated in this Number threshold of an unprecedentedbuilding (seepages 197, the most activity, built priorto and duringthe is to successfully reduce costs to 200, 201, 206, 207, 208) were combat the logical way of prices it would conditions this will play existing by building war, and with view to a broad comparison extensively, of the armistice the increase that at the signing an importantpart in re-establishing prices. appear in the trades approximatedTl% per cent during be given to all details, Careful consideration must cluding ingenerally of 1914-1918. the period installation. "Fit to live in" plumbing and heating of the unskilled labor increased many should be the watchwords. In fact, Although some nothingwill be gained times the former wage, it is not logical to include the increase the land in at a wholesale rate by building simply to cover it was order to meet the present demand. as as only for a short duration and only to staple, and demand The initial cost should be the main cost. covering government augment the law of supply Upkeep must needs. be minimized. in demand Good houses are and always

DURING the conflict,

our

in country'sparticipation

government

put

ban

on

"

Since materials

the latter part of 1914 the costs of many of the will be. construction have been increased, To build instances the present-day and in most live in" is the priceis bein suburban required

now

is

duty.

To

make

structures

"fit

to

duty

of architects and

builders.

Announcement

of Awards

in the

Fourth

Annual

White
The

Pine Architectural Competition

Fourth Annual Architectural ducted Competition conby The White Pine Series ofArchitectural Monographs New was York, on May 23 and 24, judged at The Biltmore, architects:Walter H. Kilham, Boston; H. by the following Van Buren York; Dwight H. Perkins, Magonigle,New Saint Louis, and Waddy B. Chicago;Ernest John Russell, Wood, Washington,who composed the jury of award.

Toledo, Ohio;Charles R. Mink N. Y.; Henry Herbert Dean, Wechselberger, Chicago,111.

All of
us are

and O. R. New

New York, Eggers, York, N. Y.; Clarence E.

indebted
Pine
as

to

Mr.

Whitehead
to

for his admirable

are our a invariably

series of White

Monographs. They
valuable addition

charming as
records. No.

well

architectural
a

3 of Vol.

contains V, recently published, of

number of interesting "Historic Houses introduction by C. Matlack an Price.

with Litchfield,"

The
The

First Prize was awarded to Maurice Feather and Niels Larson, Boston, Mass. Prize was Second awarded to William J. Mooney, Mass. Jamaica Plain,

Announcements

The

Third Prize
New Fourth Maurice State Prize E.

was

awarded

to

Leslie W.

Devereux,

York, N. Y.
was

The

awarded

to

and Kressley, Pa. College, MENTIONS

Frederick C. Disque, Albert A. Farnham,

Major George Oakley Totten,Jr., announces architect, reopening of his offices at 808 Seventeenth Street, service with Washington,D. C., closed during his military the Engineers, U. S. A.
the
Mr. William S. Post and Mr.

J. Otis

Post

announce

Paul R.

Auburn,

N.

Los Angeles, Cal.;Carl C. Tallman, Williams, Y.; J. E. Maier, T. E. King, and F. Lang,

that Mr. W. Sydney Wagner and Mr. Robert R. Houston have been admitted to partnership with them, and that the business is to be continued under the of present firm name
Geo. New B. Post and Sons,Architects, 101 at Cleveland. York, and Schofield Building, Park

Avenue,

196

Getting What
By David
of the many articles I told things previous my IN in this in the writingof specifications; necessary
some, one

Is

Specified
the dirt will be dirt with
a

B. Emerson

settle

to

the bottom of sand

and and
a

on

top.

Measuring

the column

I will discuss the what getting you

most

have
one

importantpart specified.
of the old axioms

of the work

"

that

is,
the

of dirt with Broken

stone

reasonable

should

give the percentage degreeof accuracy. be inspected with to see ifit complies
also that it
must

rule will

As,

to

quote
how
or

of the Architectural

and to size, as specifications crusher

it does

not
to

tain conmove re-

League
so no are

of

America, "after

matter

made,

is the thing!" the building all, ings good the designmay be, how well the drawthe specifications how carefully written, are

dust, in which
If

case

be screened

it all them. have

counts

does not follow for very littleif the contractor writer After the draughtsmen and the specification their

gravelis allowed to be used as an aggregate in concrete, it should be carefully if it to see inspected contains a are largepercentage of sand, also if the stones If the gravelis coated with clay or other injurious matter.
the dust.

finished the

work, then
more

the

ultimate
or

question of
the his

found
amount

to

contain of sand

too

much be

sand, it should
determined with

be
a

screened; the
reasonable gree de-

whether

owner

gets what
lax methods
most

is called for than

one

superintendent.And
troubles due Now
to

not, lieswith architect has had

may

of accuracy

of superintending. the stones are should be washed. commonplaces, are overlooked, If high carbon for reinforcing for whom these articles are steel has been specified largely by beginners, especially calls for materials of all bent bars the specification should examine written. Wherever material, the superintendent is comfor cracks or fractures, work makes paratively brands, the superintendent's or as high carbon steel, special very carefully is liable to fracture in bending. livered being very brittle, deeasy, as he merely has to see that they are in the original Cement ful, at the building can only be properlytested in a laboratory, so packages,being careall that can of course, to see that one be done on the job is to check over the mill bag, can, or barrel is not used the is where needed for dozen are or more work, and to a finely ground and contains no lumps, tests, see that cement for adulteration or substitution watch the that none of it has been exposed to dampness, and that no on carefully materials have certain is properly work. But where to are specified Also,see that all cement packages are broken. be and to come stored in a water-tight shed, and well raised above the qualities up to certain standards, he must make able to inspectthe materials and where for plastering should be specior fied ground. Lime for mortars necessary certain simple tests to ascertain if they are burned lump lime. Lime may be tested by as to be freshly specified. in addition it falls to powder, a good lime and watching how Right here I will suggest that the superintendent slaking, rule providehimself with a fairly to the indispensable to powder wjthout any hard core remaining. Freshly falling strong which will come in very handy burned lime is in hard lumps, and not powdered. pocket magnifying-glass, in close examinations of times of Brick be doubtful mashould making terials, hard-burned, color, even many square, and where the naked eye will not be able to detect what well shaped, free from swollen, checked, or refuse brick. the glass The large enough for threesuperintendentcan easilyjudge color, shape, and may show; a pairof calipers inch circles, which will often come in very handy for measuring fully; caregeneralcondition of the brick by looking them over also for determining color. To have a reddish-yellow soft brick generally pipe,bars,etc., alreadyin place, the thicknessof sheet metal, etc. earlier articles As in my brick for hardness,strike two test togetherand note the I will take up the various parts of brick ring when on sound: specification writing, struck, while good, hard-burned the work in the sequence in which the specification soft brick give a dull sound. should When broken, a good-quality be written. brick should show uniform Brick ordinarily structure. a compact, The first materials to be delivered at the job are almost should absorb some imperviousbrick water, as an absolutely the concrete will not lay up successfully invariably in mortar. To test its absorptive aggregates, the sand for mortars, the steel. Sand either for concrete for twenty-fourhours; at the cement, and the reinforcing qualityset a brick in water for mortars should always be specified or absorbed not less than six to consist of clean, end of that time it should have sharp, coarse uniformly graded in size,the largest per cent and not over twelve per cent of its weight in water. grains, grainnot to exceed one-quarter inch in diameter and not to Structural cast iron should be very carefully inspected contain more than five per cent of clay or loam and to be for blow-holes, cold shuts,or honeycomb. The best method free from all other impurities. is to tap carefully with a hammer, especially at all pointsof Sand may be tested at the job,in several and note the sound. Where holes have been filled by bearing, ways: first, rubbing the damp sand in the palm of the hand to see how with foundry will result, sand or loam a dull sound and the much loam can be scrapedoff, by crunchingthe sand in the castingsshould be rejected.The inspectionof lumber hand near the ear, to tell whether it is sharp or not; the use and timber is one of the most tasks which come difficult to the of the magnifying-glass will givea very good idea of the shape in practically all grades a certain number superintendent, as of and grading the grains; is to put a of defects are a second test for loam allowed by the grading rules of the lumber handful of sand on a clean sheet of white he must familiarize himself with those rules paper, place it in associations, so the sun heater to dry, roll the or near a before inspecting lumber and timber. paper back and and notice the amount of fine loam on the edge; the forth, Loose or rotten knots,or injurious shakes,are very easily third,and perhaps the most of testing detected. To test timber for decay, strike with a hammer; accurate, method is to put a sample of the sand in a cylindrical, sand clear good, sound timber ringswhen struck, while a dull heavy fillthe bottle nearlyto the top with water glassbottle, and sound indicates decay. Also, when timber is struck a sound shake allow it to settle. The and sand will thoroughly at one lightly end, it can be heard distinctly at the other end

by sifting samples with a hand-sieve. If coated with clay and the gravelis dirty, it

these, like

198

ARCHITECTURE
of
a

199 and to contain at least seventeen or petroleum products, per of copalgums. A very easy method of determining cent whether a varnish contains rosin is to put equal parts varnish in a vial and shake well together.If strong ammonia the varnish contains a large of rosin, it will set in a quantity solid lump; if it contains a smaller quantity, a few solid and

if the long stick,

ear

is

placedclose

to

the

timber;but

if it is decayed, the sound

last test, of course to have an assistant, so it is not There is probably no

one

will be very faint. To make this it will be necessary for the superintendent

about which

there is

more

than that of lumps will result. superintendent his mercy, The inspection is practically is another item which of window-glass at use except as he may labelled materials taken directly from the original package. also requires very carefuljudgment on the part of the superintendent. and varnishes are all subject As all sheet glass, of the method of to adulteration, account Lead, oils, on and in many cases it can onlybe proven by careful laboratory manufacture, is wavy, no glass be account can on rejected of the more of waves. adulterants can be is specified Sheet glass C common to be either A, B, or tests, but a number the job. detected by simple tests on easily quality,double strength or singlestrength.A grade Pure white lead, if heated on a slip will turn of glass, should be free from cords of any kind, stones, blisters, adulterants of white lead is yellow. One of the commonest except an occasional small blib caused by meltingor very of baryta;this may fine dust blisters, often be detected by simply be wavy and it must tort not sulphate enough to disof the lead between the thumb of the above defects vision. B grade may have some and rubbinga small quantity it produces. A very and noting the gritty but must be free from stone, surface cords, to a minor degree, finger, feeling of white lead is as folthe purity lows: furnace scratches, small broken fragments simplemethod of testing or pipe blisters, Place a small quantity of the white lead to be tested attached to the surface of the glass. C grade admits of Blow the flame from a blowpipe, any and all defects except stones. on a lump of charcoal. either from a gas-jet from a small spirit-lamp, of an inch or to the on Although sheets thinner than one-eighth white lead. The lead will be quickly reduced to metallic double strength, are as acceptable eightsheets of double should pile inch highor thereabouts, way lead,and the barytaor the silex will separate from the lead. an a littleleestrength Red lead is very often adulterated with brick-dust, and alwayshavingto be allowed. sometimes with red oxide of iron; these may be detected by Plate glass should be examined for very carefully the same bubbles and gray spots, and if an excessive number test as is used for white lead,only red lead will are of heat than white lead,as oxide of need a greater amount found,the glass may be rejected. iron has been burned in its preparation. This test will In the inspection of building there is one thing materials, leave a mixture of yellow about which the young superintendent lead oxides and the red adulterants. be very careful, must The method of adulterating linseed-oil is and that is never commonest to condemn tive any materials until he is posithe addition of fish-oil. This may be detected by putting that theyare not according to the specifications, or of the ing shakcalled for, there is nothingwhich has a greater vial, as equalparts of oil and strong nitric acid in a glass quality it to stand for from ten to thirty utes. minand allowing the superintendent's with the conwell, to destroy tractors tendency prestige At that time the mixture will be found to have divided than to be obliged his decisions. to frequently reverse into two strata. If the oil is pure, the upper stratum will be But when he is positive that his decision is right, then which will gradually he should stand his ground and order any materials which a muddy olive-green, change to brown, will be almost colorless. If fish-oil and the lower stratum has do not come from the premises, up to the standard removed been mixed with the linseed-oil, will be the upper stratum and no arguments, threats, entreaties should move or him, will be a that the material should be iswilling a decided deep red-brown, and the lower stratum except where the owner color. varnishes When red will make a proper allowance to the or are not cherry deep specified used, and the contractor for usingsuch materials. to contain no rosin or make, theyshould be specified by name owner

employed on a building the part of the on uncertainty the architect the painter.In fact,

very trade

practical.

in BuildingDeficiency
result of the there is A3 North Central States in the
a war a

the

North
school

Central

States
houses.
There is
a

in the building deficiency

sum

Illinois

need, also, apartment

marked

of

$1,511,200,000, cording acthe Information

in shortage

to

an

estimate

justmade

public by
States

and

Education A
recent

Service of the United

Department of

conditions in the North survey of building Atlantic States, made by the same department, placedthe in deficiency that district
at

Labor.

in all the States, of the and most buildings citiesmentioned report a shortage of store and business quarters. A deficiency in workmen's is reported from dwellings and Chicago,Detroit,Cleveland, Indianapolis, Cincinnati,

Milwaukee.
This
must deficiency current

The North $1',200,000,000. deficiencies in the States

as

be made

Central States survey

indicated below:
Ohio
Indiana. Illinois

shows

the normal

needs in 1919.

up in addition to meeting In view of this fact the

#235,000,000
44,500,000 317,000,000 130,000,000 131,000,000 273,000,000

Michigan
Wisconsin Minnesota
Iowa
....

18,000,000
55,000,000 52,700,000 42,000,000 153,000,000

Missouri
Nebraska North Dakota. South Dakota.

that the current Department of Labor's statement year is of unprecedented to prove one likely seems building activity The latest reports on building to be fully justified. permits and contracts let indicate that building construction work the country over is getting back to pre-war figures. rapidly The new normal,however, will be far ahead of pre-war figures. The rapidity with which building and construction work is reviving indicates very clearly that building interests are convinced there is
costs

Kansas.

60,000,000
$ i,5 1 1,200,000

material reduction in constructo be no tion for several years, if at all. This conclusion is inescapable in view of the studies of market and labor conditions

Total

made recently and

by

economists

in the Information States

and

In each of these States

interests and real-estate building Ohio

boards report

of residential shortage property.

Education Labor.

Service of the United

Department of

2OO

ARCHITECTURE

CQ

X s
o

"!
^

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ARCHITECTURE

201

"

"

t t t1 t 1 t 1 T

B
u

"

"

Rhythm

in Our
By
David

Architecture
Varon works, and applied by persons of talent will produceoriginal nothingelse will do it. We see rhythm in nature wind blows at every step. The less strongly and there are either the flying clouds or more or fro that register its fleetness. the bending branches to and
Then in
a

FOR
was or seen

when any years it has been the custom many desirous to build himself a house, either in the
to

one

in the country, image of some

hunt

up
to

in his memory

the

most

city ing pleasture struc-

Middle
turn

Renaissance -Ages or early

abroad, then

out carrying conception.The result of such of the in the productions especially

friends for the be

his the best architect among of his conception or would"

the way

waves

of the river

or

the

ocean

billows make

each

is to procedure
or

be

seen

last three

four
are

decades,
tricts dis-

to

the

extent

that in

some

of

our

cities there

whole

in the like the "Rue des Nations" lookingmore of 1900 than anything else. All Paris World Exposition rubs The Moorish be seen. the sun under the styles can the and both greet smilingly elbows with the mission style, Romanesque, the great range of French and EnglishGothic of earlyRenaissance, not the score and countingall the Louis.

To-day

we

know

better. Our

peoplehave
on

more

than

only have our schools work, but; and this is doing splendid is remarkable what a more cravingfor music has general of art. begun to tell on all the products
of architecture
been
" "

millions lavished desires. The vague Not been entirely not spent in vain.

education

have

rhythm. Here is a ripple begotten by a in comparisonwith the mountains gentlezephyr so lovely of water Between these two liftedup by the raging storm. conceive a large number of various rhythms extremes we can Can marking joy or sadness, repose or strain,etc. in architecture ? these sensations find place Whether look on nature the law of rhythm or on we man, rules everywhere. It is interesting to find a certain analogy between the craggy peaks and certain types of warriors in action; on the other hand, the gentlesilhouette of a hilly reclining country will find a counterpart in the gracefully natural corollary, bear the same as a girl.Now, edifices, relation to the human beingin regardto "rhythm" as does
.

the idea of

mother

Nature. is that the

The

inference

to

be derived from

the foregoing

All these factors And proprietors.

exert

their great influence

on

tive prospec-

thoughwe mightapprehendsome new of plagiarism similar to that of the eighties, the artistic wave from Europe will be education of the thousands returning an Though they may have been comparatively easy task. old chateaux and manors as strongly impressed by the same their fathers some as were forty ate years ago, they will appreciof an harmonious the importance ize atmosphereand realthat one cannot transplant wonderfully masterpieces off by appropriate set not scenery into a placeoffering a forestof smokingchimneysas a background, a infrequently which does justice neither to America to Europe. nor practice We has only put more knew and this world war before, that our differ from emphasison the fact, ways of thinking those of Europeans. We in many are quicker respects and
likewise our
many
are

attitude of mind of a prevailing person will be strongly house if the architect has impressedon his own into consideration. After all, taken it seriously various expressions various rhythms. Gentle imply various attitudes, are activity repose accompaniedwith a calm, quiet expressed and reading Should we low folby the gentlyreclining person. his general outline we will soon find out that a similar one, at least in its rhythm, will be found in the silhouette of a lovelyyet unsymmetricalmansion. Here life is not devoid of all activity, but strenuous, neither is it altogether what there is to be found is gentle, that makes lifelovable. On the contrary, the stern and frigid person will have his home In look like that
a

barracks.

The

attitudes will be the

same.

views

of life are with in But

not

the

same.

But

we

have
we

severely symmetrical residence with hardly any about things and rhythm at all lives a person very particular whose companionship may be rather a strain. As a contrast of the hostess see a little further the charming welcome we written on the very premises. As the martial gait differs
from the dancer's step so do the elements their various arrangements. The reason
of architecture in

pointsin

common

the Old "World this close

of which

the offshoot.

spiteof

and relation,

inclined to live our lives are we own possibly owing to it, and to givethem an adequateexpression. Those who are eager to know and they are legion by
" "

ought to
does
not
on

draw

so

much

from

depend for its action

why an architect life -is precisely that expression on shapeand color of garments
or

but

what
are

means

we on

can

use

the

same

architectural elements that

muscles

attitudes on the contraction of the face or body.

the relaxation

of the

Looking upon the coming residentialarchitecture in this at world dawning. If, we can ing accordsee once light a new the statement, no of the heart corto certain authors, to each responds throbbing achievement of musical an through the application hearts a special ciples. prinrhythm, the beatingof American In the past many have gone to historic styles not differentfrom peopleabroad,' beingsomewhat owing to the but for patterns, and in it follows, lifeof our citizens, only for inspiration strenuous more they were as day follows instances disappointed, while others who acted with a that our architectural productions, ments many night, though usingelemuch freer mind, huntingonly the principles of real style, by the same expressed vocabularyas the other side, and achieved interesting found it, works. of our differentaspirations account on and the difference will, What the latter's secret ? They have understood of anglefrom which we look was be bound to have that upon life,
yet
our a

used

the other side and

impart to

creations

distinctive American

interested in note, will be curiously to further such doubt,that it is possible

that neither
nor

the

amount

of money

lavished

on

structure

and ornaments borrowed heapingup of sculptures from whatever of architecture could impart period any real theirwork, but the harmonious to tion ordinamerit,a real style, of the various elements of
a

the

subtle touch characteristicof its national soul which shall be called American. With the help of a more wide-spreading
art

education

we or

be able shall, perhaps,

to

read

lines general of mind.

silhouette of

our

home

the American's

in the very trend

"SERVICE, TRUTH, and ^ESTHETICS."

*

programme These
the

with

view

to

well principles
the Institute

The

author

recently gave

lecture

on

subjectbefore

And let us hope that the popularart reading will about the end of the riotous footballhelp in bringing of in many rhythmed house,for a long time too numerous
our

of Arts and Sciences of Columbia

University.
202

cities and

suburban

towns.

The

Domestic
By

Architecture
Donaldson

of Bermuda

Harold

Eberlein

"

Bloomfield," Paget; north front and garden enclosure.

houses have hitherto had but BERMUDA'S from students of architecture. Just why, it would
scant tion atten-

be hard
the

to

say, unless

Bermudian

architecture

be

one

of

environment, both bourgeoned and fruited The parallelisms highly individual manner. sequent originand the modes of subproceedingfrom a common
and under
new new

in

and

variation afford an opportunity for instructive comoverlooked because of its proximity, parison. thingshabitually else because of the prevalentmisconceptionthat it is or but two native building muda There materials in Berare merely a degenerate Spanish derivative without any special the rock coral, of which the island is chiefly significance. formed, As a matter of fact, Bermudian The from the rock coral,when architecture possesses and cedar. sawn freshly marked it is thoroughly and cut into blocks of the desired dimensions, is a very strongly quarries lish Engindividuality; in its provenance, without When of a warm panic Hiscolor that weathers to a silver-gray. cream any alloyof decadent the present situation in first cut it is so soft that one influence; and, considering might almost call it plastic; American domestic it carries a body of be dressed with a hatchet or even carved with a knife. architecture, gestion it can sugbut is from which we may well profit. It hardens somewhat to the weather upon exposure Between the architecture of Colonial America and the exclusion of damp, and the that,for its preservation so porous architecture of Bermuda, there exist certain clearly of stucco washed with walls are usually able traceor given a thin jacket wash. The same which of a cement each difseveral coats rock coral, fered analogies, although in the ultimate outcome is cut into tiles about an inch thick and used is very light, widely from the other. Both were developed almost the productsof pure for the roofs. These stone "slates" as the Bermuor wholly without architects. Both were tiles, of climate dians call them, laid on stringers Englishtradition modified by the local exigencies resting upon cedar rafters, and available building materials. tradition of stone tile roofing. The In both cases the types perpetuate the Cotswold determined roofs are cement-washed them weather- worthy and were to make by architectural conceptionsthat had become essential part of race then whitewashed consciousness. a to insure definitely annuallyby legalprescription, Both showed the result of the artisan working in the light which is dependent upon rainwater purity of the water-supply, of his inherited methods of craftsmanship and in clear recollection conveyed into cisterns. of forms familiar to him in England but, with but so like red of juniper, The cedar is really a species tical praccedar in appearance and qualitythat it has always been common sense, adapting the fashion of his handiwork him by new conditions. be foolish, called cedar. It would to the necessities laid upon therefore,to attempt Both, from time to In the older houses it was time, experiencedand reflected the fresh to change the nomenclature. from floors to rafters. Now, since trees for everything impetus of styleinfluences from England, which were similated used asof largegrowth have become accordingto the needs of the situation. In both comparativelyscarce, other
"

were

the

root transplanted

and

stock

in English;

new

soil
203

lumber

and

millwork

are

commonly imported from

the

204

ARCHITECTURE

"NORWOOD,"
CHAMBER.

PEMBROKE.

MANTEL

DETAIL

IN

BED

"NORWOOD,"
CENTURY

PEMBROKE;
STAIRCASE

BUILT DETAIL.

C. 1680.

SEVENTEENTH

STAIRCASE
HOUSE

DETAIL IN ST.

FROM

GEORGE'S,

LATE SEVENTEENTH NOW OCCUPIED

AS

CENTURY A NEGRO

"

CLERMONT,"

PAGET

; BUILT

C. 1760.

TENEMENT.

206

ARCHITECTURE

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ARCHITECTURE

207

o o

Pi

s O

rt

0050 "

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tto

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XX

ARCHITECTURE

ANCHOR POST FENCES

^.^

AND

Gm

ARCHITECTS
us

entrusting
the

with for

execution
Iron
are

of

their and
that

designs
Entrance the

the

Railings
assured

Gates

finished and
of

work

will

combine

careful

intelligent interpretation
with ical mechan-

their ideas

excellence.
A
n

attractive

and

helpfulcatalog will
request

be forwarded promptly upon

Anchor
167

Post
Broadway,

Iron
New

Works
York

Real Main

Philadelphia, Pa., Boston, Mass., 79 Milk Street; Estate Trust Building; Hartford, Ok, 902 Building; Street; Cleveland. O.. Guardian Building; Chicago,
2247

Atlanta. Ga., Empire Ediion Building.

III.,
G

;"Star"

Ventilators
(Pat.)

Architects and Engineers EADING have ciency recognizedthe "Star" effifor them for many

I
"

ventilation

by specifying importantbuildings.
ventilate economical

"Star" natural

Ventilators

according to
in
to

the
as

law.

They
no

are

upkeep
get
out

they
order. and

contain

mechanical
neat

parts

of

They

are

in

appearance,

storm-proof

adaptable to
The U.

any

type of building.

S. Government
as

adopted

the

"

Star

"

Ventilator

its War

Standard

after rigidcompetitive

tests.

Mark

your

inquiry

for Dept.

52

MERCHANTS-EVANS
NEW

C?
WHEELING CHICAGO ST' LOUIS CITY

YORK
BALTIMORE ATLANTA

PHILADELPHIA ~^\

Send
New

for

our

Calf/
CLEVELAND KANSAS

Ventilator

Booklet

2
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2
H

5?:

ARCHITECTURE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTURAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XL

AUGUST,

1919

No.

The

Moderate-Cost
The Solution

Apartment-House
Lies in

Co-operation
Smith

By Henry

Atterbury

West Open stair dwellings,

New I46th and I47th Streets,

York.

and since the DURING search for better methods effort for better results.

war

there of

has

been

an an

earnest

restrictionas
be upon The but
an

to

the number is very

of families which much

may

properly

and production

honest

area.

Some

of this doubtless is caused

apartment
most

its growth is amazing, liked,

as we as

by
was were

the
never so

decreased
a

purchasingpower
new

of the dollar.
of
are

There

of the

apartments
as

know

them

are

processes considered by^ those who eagerly

to

time when

doing anything making things.

mind and body to crippling and cityor village. street Since the
war

well

to disfigurements

Substitutes for butter

if found

bricks

are

given a fair trial and

given a chance to exist. When there are it comes to buildingand financing of getting little results that we doubtless many new ways time a coma home was at one paratively thoughtof before. Building hut of the simple matter, the straw-thatched the log cabin of the pioneer, the peasant's semicivilized, quiteeasy. No loan was necessary, labor was cottage were ample, material plentiful, requirementssimple. But now good
are a

have been wondering how the and reasonably readily provided. home A single be so easily conceived of and financed can that it is not difficult, althoughthere is always a shortage of these,especially littlehouses. The Building and Loan Association,the nearest proach aphave to European co-operation, has been a splenwe did instrument the single home. toward the apartBut ment-house
many
more

apartment

could be

has
are

no

such

friend. The

borrowers and

loaners

modest

home

wherever

found

if built in the

proximity

both

have peoplewho have touched modern civilization must an water-supply, adequate sewage system at least, and perhaps other requirements, justso that one does not endanger his neighbor. It is a big jump from a little home to an apartment. of
a

broadened mentally, cially and finanmorally, very much unforby the Buildingand Loan Association. The tunate apartment,
"tenement" dweller has no such flat, or mental, moral, and financial growth. He has a He upon

safe

field for

landlord that he usuallyhates. and gets 4 per cent savings-bank

loans it loan

puts his money

it. The

in

savings-bank

But

the

jump
so

is made
we

wherever
see

an

apartment

has

been

tried,and

town dwellingin any spreadsit is incumbent upon those who are instrumental in bringing apartments into existence to exercise the greatest avoid dangers that experience to care surelybringsto the

may little

form of multiple to-day some and village. As this growth

and by means to his landlord for 5 per cent of this is produced that nets the apartment the landlord 8 10 per cent upon his investment. or per cent The little home dweller in a locality where a Building and Loan Association

Besides, he becomes
whole system of
But
a

exists gets 7 per interested and

cent upon his savings. about the inquisitive

surface.
It would is the families. This
seem

that the greatest

danger from apartments

tendencyto overcrowd the land with too many is a danger that has not been adequately met anywhere in the world as far as the writer is aware. In many tation communities, particularly abroad, there is a limito seen overcrowdingof cottages, but I have never that considered at the same time, for the same a regulation
town,
a

clause

to applying

apartments

with

the

identical
209

and owning a home of his own. financing is breaking. In South Brooklyn is an object-lesson in apartment dwellings. lies There,some fortyfamiclubbed and built at 816 Forty-third Street together an apartment-house co-operatively. They did not purchase of the stock after a building stock or some in existence was but they actually had sufficient confidence in the scheme in each other to buy land,build, and particularly and operate a trulyco-operative multiple dwelling.Of course they were dawn

2IO

ARCHITECTURE
all
one

quite homogeneous trade and they had been Of course, too, they were in rent brought this about.
"

nationality nearly all of one schooled in co-operationabroad.

"

courts,

playground

for

little

children, perhaps
the
rent
or

lake;

and
The

all

must

be supported from

dues.

driven

to
now

it.

The

constant

raise of mind tually Actoms cus-

They
same

for about

half

the

rent
save

for the the

live in peace accommodation.

half, for they

as we

awful

waste

in apartment be

the
most

them. They no usually practice which cannot landlord,they are free men,

longer fear
said of

Outlay would be thus: ft. at $2,400 each or 43 acres Land, 50 city lots 20 ft. x too at about $3,000 $120,000 The tects 4 buildings at $190,000, including cairying charges, archiand all other fees, insurance, taxes, etc., grading
roads and
Total cost, at from

planting $2,370
per

760,000 family
at

of
been Now

us.

had

my in existence how
can

To

astonishment

I found

these

buildings
The

$880,000

several years.
this be

Income

432

apartments

$275, average

$119,000

applied more

? generally

This

The

is the result wanted

by

many it can be

of

us

in

any

it is also wanted in the industrial town; be done at once, but city. It cannot
at
once

Expenses might be: Taxes, state, city,income, water, assesments $22,000 Operating expenses, fuel,wages, repairs, insurance, painting, planting 5%
vacancies and
collection of rents about house and

grounds.

23,000 5,000 4,000 S4,ooo

approached
an

and

become finally

much

more

in vogue. At present

Management

apartment
to

will

usually have
a

to

be

built ing; buildscale

Net

income

for capital invested amortized

5O-year

$65,000
bonds

by
you
as

others

than

the occupants.
not

It is the
erect

complicated
the

5% 7%

ist-mortgage

(60%

of

particularly, strange
go. it is It is
one as

say, difficult to

further down
an

apartment

de

luxe
10%

$880,000, or $520,000) ad-mortgage bonds ($300 per 600)

on

$26,400
occupant,

or$!29,9,072 22,240 40 years. 57,712

of small
rooms,

five, or
human
"

six

each

of two, three, four, quarters consisting suite having all the fundamental and ment refine-

remaining equity (stock),$222,400

will amortize the
1st

Surplus which

mortgage

in less than

$7,288

requirements that produce cleanliness that give adequate rest and leisure.
who build interests
owners

These
and upon It eager
to
a

Those owners' ultimate with the

or

should have the ultimate apartments in mind if progress is to be attained. The

some

figures are plan that

based
can

upon
seen

building costs
in ARCHITECTURE

be

to-day ruary, (Febbe if portunity op-

1918), called "Plan

is reasonable
to
more

of 1917." expect
than that

or

of them

should

be in

in close

contact
a

occupants
at

would
cent
an

builders
a

during erection,just as
built,or
must

having
erected.
a

dress The

invest
of

even

$300 each

made,
the

boat

his individual be fair and

house

their
and

is amply safeguarded and capital

7 per if they have

ultimate be
400
a

owner

then which

give

fair is

good building in
a

future maintenance
of

price for going to

house

being representedupon

the Board

of Directors

minimum. Let
us

of having an adequate voice stock would be readilysalable

at to

take

as

an

example
in
a

group of

to buildings

the

or, crowded

to

be

more

accurate, 432
out

families.
an

This

is to be in
town
or

others
This

to latest, knowing

in the Their management. at par after the third year, the dwellers and tradespeople who serve the

property,
to true

the

management,

and

city or

suburb

industrial

board. is about
with the
as

place and condition. these 432 York be families would city like New ft.x 200 sumptuously located if they were a plot 500 upon ft. having a street the long sides but not on necessarily the ends. On the ends their having a street or avenue on other might abut properties similar in height property In the and general outline to themselves. country let us hope that it might be built in a place where an ordinance existed limiting 10 families to an of land. We should acre then In a city like New need 43 acres. York it would be tween to place buildingswith only a 26-foot yard becustomary
any In
a

intermediate

close

co-operationas
and with
a

can

be
pany. com-

expected

present
tenants

conditions

stock

As

becpme
would of

better
mean a

acquainted

with of

operating property
the
colossal expense

which

consciousness

them
rear

in the could
not

rear.

In

the

country

there would

be

no

and

we

This

would

easilyafford a couple of hundred only be enough but probably it would

and shrubs

feet.
make

"redecorating" and attending to thousands of petty repairs caused by ignorance and negligence they could gradually acquire the stock equity if the latter were held by people willingto sell at par to them. Then result a dwelling apcould and probably would proaching the ideal individual home which unfortunately is gradually falling in favor. The great middle class in every city is searching and apparently in vain to find a home within a reasonable rent. The lies in co-operation. The should come beanswer tenant
his
own

the best arrangement.

landlord.

The

occupants
used
to
own

should
their

own

their

Plenty
and To the

of

trees

vine-clad

walls

would

in 200 feet, could be grown further enhance the outlook.

multiplehouses just as
houses.
The

they

individual

place the running

to

buildings still farther apart would increase without the sufficiently increasing expenses
eye, ear,
an or

comfort
The

the

mind.
to rent

designerof
annum

apartment

for

an

average

of

all economies. Each weigh carefully have must steam heat, a complete bathroom, a modern suite, electric lights, gas-stoves, well-equippedkitchen

$275 per

must

etc., and

etc.

The

acreage

could

contain

individual

flower

of professional people, clerks, of whom college graduates,none have been helped by the higher wages of the trained mechanic, could house themselves economically and safely if they would instead invest,as they should, in their home of in all sorts of other thingsthey know Our nothing about. condition of home in this way present shortage may serve valuable purpose and sensible a bring out a more means of buildingand financing a multiple dwelling than we

great

masses

and

salesmen, many

of them

athletic track, tennisvegetablegardens,a baseball field,

dreamed

of before the

war.

212

ARCHITECTURE

!
o

"*.....-\3aK^

qtftfeB ;^^^-"C-v"Spv, .^.tHMQ^i

*--

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.^

en in

I
C

5?
w w

3
si
93
w

O
o

w"
u

Jz;

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ARCHITECTURE

213

PQ CJ

'

^
"

35 **9

vlrnk^P

a"

I
w

s
o 05

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a

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-

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1/1

ARCHITECTURE
214

-* ""
-

".

\\

"

""
-"

*"

"' -ny^
.

i"i
'
:

'

"'''"
i

t
--

-.*
.

r.v' jj^.-"t_;..j

""

r U

T:

L_:_

;vf.:i-;'-] n.,1----!t

WATER

SIDE, HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

COL.

E. H.

R.

GREEN,

SOUTH

DARTMOUTH,

MASS.

Alfred C. Bossom, Architect.

The
InauguralAddress
were

Dawn

of

New

Era
Institute of Architects

of

Henry
a

K. Holsman,

President

Illinois Chapter, American

the exalted statesman,
laid up chief
reason

thought philosophical lives, professional of that of our and typical professional organization typical hitherto unorganized and unconscious age-old professionalism

IF I thought take typicalof

to
as a a

text

great

"

to

will ask

and

receive of the
consciousness

sures trea-

our

individual

in

Class professionalism.

is the

for the existence

of any

tion. organizaprofessional
of the who

of its power, if I
were

but
a

to

use

ness; just now reachingclass consciousof the value of phrase most typical

The
of the

world

is fast

becoming
He

aware man

great value
stands

man. professional

is the

ready

in their other men in their health and happiness, that great creative, cumulative service of the minds of men to serve in all their conceptions and for their fellow man and enterprises, organizations now coming to be known as world fessionalism, prowhat What achievements. I would first shall be last and the or great commercial enterprise say: "The of all." servant mighty utilization of forces would have been achieved by of industryhad it not the so-called masters of this organizabeen for the conceptionof the policy tion who worked lies in that text. and systematically The most ganization, professional man patiently importantgoal of our orfor the joy of achieving it out, practically of our of all professions, is class conit; or what one sciousness. profession, of the great machines of finance or industry what governThe task is one for a class, for an individual. or not ment for in war The President must be conscious of his position or as a servant. peace could survive and develop but the continued devotion of the professional ? His serHe the other individuals and guide man vices help to awaken may them of their duties, not to an are awareness paid for in proportionto their value, and for powers, and responsibilities; be bought. He is born of the people, but whatever is done that is true and good, whatever some thingshe cannot of autocracy. seldom if ever His equipment is inherited is achieved that is beautiful and therefore cumulative from society be done by the members of the organizaand he is the safest and most and lasting, must importanttrustee tion for the preservation the world of the class and riot by their servants, the officers. and development of society or will ever know. The character of a profession depends upon the character We The of a profession of its individuals. The are now awakening to the dawn of a new era. reputation depends of all in its welfare. and the participation day of barons and age of kings and princesis past. The upon its organization is at aristocrats is waning and the day of professionalism banner built upon hand. Professionalism carries but one and written The architect inherits a profession the oldest Service. The law of its instincts of man from the remotest and handed down periods on that banner is but one word of and of history.His profession is the one biased unbeing is freedom restrained by culture,training, great accumulation of its members with the spirit of art, and devotion remuneration and forces imbued to duty. The experiences fee in proportion of preparation is a known of the people and is a development to the cost art as a class for the people the hazard of the undertaking, be created by an individual. No and cannot a coupledwith that distinctive as mass, mental exhilaration known form or color invented by an individual (if such a thing other calling the joy of to no new is conceivable)can worth living. be called art unless it raises to the conlifestill more a problem that makes sciousness solving of the beholder past pleasures of the' mind or last shall be first and

My

present

"

"

familiar
must

instincts of the
his

race. an

He

who

would

be

an

artist

"And

only the
blame;
no

Master

shall

praise us,
for
money,

and

only the Master

shall

shal'

serve

people with

emotional

understandingof
its members

them

and The

their past.

And

one

shall

work

and

no

one

work

for But

of architecture imposesupon profession

with familiarity the achievements
must

fame;
for the

each
star,

the and

same

of structural
in close
operation co-

joy

of the

working,and
sees

each

in his separate

social sciences. and

The

architect

work

Shall

draw

the Are!"

Thing

as

he

It for the

God

of

Things as

deep sympathy with

individual
can

other

his

own.

No

achieve in
not

than professions this profession by the

They

himself.

Architecture upon

does

depend
arts

of

genius but

culture painstaking
the of all

upon and

inspiration
the

talent and

mastery of the
from have

of principles

and sciences accumulated

all the ages, from men worked and thought lines. Architecture

classes who professional and aesstructural, along social, thetic is a social phenomenon, not an individual we the

in order organization By servingwith each other in close contact and can fraternity we develop an of our combined awareness strengthand power. To belong is not enough be the watchword. When to participate must

It is our

chief

duty

to

developour

to

developour

class consciousness.

"

know
to

each

other

as a

individuals class. We

we

can

make

ourselves been
first the
one

phenomenon.
That
our come

known in war,

societyas
we can

may

not

have

is the oldest, the broadest, and profession

to

last
and

to
our

consciousness

is in

at

once

our

opportunity

be first in peace. Let us ideal,to ourselves be true, and professional

but

stand unite

by
in

other

Being responsibility. it becomes our professions

men

help to
when

prepare for that day of of all classes, from

sympathy with so many to wake obligation up and full professional consciousness

the humblest trade-unionist
215

great

one

body and one great purpose, to serve ciety organizedsowith everywhere within the field of our usefulness, organization the American great unselfish professional
"

Institute of Architects.

2l6

ARCHITECTURE

ENTRANCE

FRONT.

KITCHEN

WING.
AND

HOUSE

PLANS,

FRANKLIN

GAYLORD,

WEST

ENGLEWOOD,

N.

J.

W.

Architect. Edgar Baker, Jr.,

ARCHITECTURE

217

218

ARCHITECTURE

220

ARCHITECTURE

150 Medium-sized generalhospital groups, approximately Let us for standardized houses in France. a place 4. Isolation hospitals. 3. Small community general trouble in installing beds. trust, however, that there will be no real in general hospitals, 5. Isolation units large hospitals. modern ideas of sanitation. Any one who has ever travelled 7. Venereal units in 6. Venereal hospitals. small. and will need no billof particulars. in rural France 9. Maternity8. Maternity hospitals. generalhospitals. establish units in

hospitals.10. general
13. Children's units in

Tuberculosis

11. hospitals. pedic Ortho-

How

Libraries Can

Help
War

in the Selection of

12. Children's hospitals. Tuberculosis units in general hospitals. 14. general hospitals. and pitals. hosand units in general reconstruction hospitals be desirable when each

Worthy
game

Memorials
librarians should be ahead Perhaps there Where littleor
cannot

that is occasionally suggested IT demands. and anticipate of the

are no cases

in which

that is not

exactly easy.
the

material has been

a

manufactured

merchant

make

littlehas been When to stimulate purchase. display of coming importancethe librarian on a subject published That intentions. was offer much to guide public cannot
a measure some

in
were was

the condition about calls for information

two
on

when years ago,

war

there There

memorials.

Weaver's offer in answer, except Lawrence issued in That was and Monuments." hope that it London as earlyas 1915 with the expressed memorials who be useful to people are considering
not

much

to

book

"Memorials

"may

all plansare in and the exhibit with the unit of hospital special that the whole the same so general hospitals be discussed in the symposium. of that specialty can subject desirablenot to make a definite programme It is thought the days upon which talks are to the times of day and as be givenon these various architectural and construction to vention problems and that it will be better to wait until the conthen announce when by bulletin precisely opens and the various talks are to be given and by whom. All the architects who are known to have created really work have been invited to participate constructive hospital It may
set

up to group character in

lead them to the artist rather than to the that it may shown That such a move by was necessary was in within certain architectural periodicals designs appearing collection of pictures the following year. This Library's of great help, not of soldiers' and sailors' monuments was and trader." since much of itillustrated what
to

in this the
at

and with the exhibit,

new

classified arrangement

of

in

be present attendants at the convention can hospitals, those meetingsthat are to discuss the particular subjects which they happen to be interested at the time. To
save

time

it is desirable that

architects who

wish

who have of hospitals plans and superintendents that fact. and who comment to pointout plansthat they think will be of interest and profit ticles, arIn the past year or so there have been published in this exhibit will please them be willing would to show and interviews,in increasing communicate with Dr. John A. Hornsby, who has resolutions, lectures, directly Various in memorial-making. number, urging discretion the exhibit in charge, at his own office, Munsey Building, have been made: community houses, flag-pole Washington,D. C. suggestions arches, fountains,trees, buildings, bases, shrines,library TENTATIVE PROGRAMME in and various other forms have been dilated on bridges, "warn Construction: the endeavor to Dr. George O'HanSection on Hospital againststock patterns of metal
to

avoid,but without written

show

and to "save nation from war horrors,"as two headlines put it. This material the Art Division newspaper of the New York Public Libraryhas indexed and collected. The result is not overwhelming as yet a dozen or so titles founders"
"

lon,Chairman.
Fire New When In Hazard Features in

HospitalBuildings Extent
"

and

medial Re-

Measures:

Mr.

W.

D. Crowe. Mr.

of

BuildingEquipment: Hospital
to

in the it is a

The material points it is a guide-post. furnish specific the way, while it does not patterns. The latter hardlyexist; and if they did, the cut-and-dried, so would againhave to be avoided. It is preeasily adopted, cisely

and catalogue, And beginning.

folder of mounted

cuttings but
"

E. F. Stevens.
to

Plan and When

Build:

Mr. Wm.

O. Ludlow.

ture Build with reference to its FuPlanninga Hospital, Development: Mr. Oliver H. Bartine. Discussion: Miss Jean Allison Hunter, Grace Hospital, New Mr. Haven. D. D. of Heat, Lightand Power Kimball, Dr. H. M. Pollack. Costs:

such

vicious circle

out

of which
extreme

we

are

keep,without
of
a

going to

the other And

of

excursion into the odd.

for such
to

collection is offered

purpose those interested.

aiming to tangential this beginning

-F. W.

DepartmentalDivision

For Convention
of the American
at
PLANS FOR

Better

Public

Buildings
and

Association Hospital

Cincinnati
ARCHITECTS'
EXHIBIT

Department THE with State of New Jersey,

character of

of Institutions
a

Agenciesof
to

the

view

the improving

"

results in the erection and getting more practical of prominent have invited a number publicbuildings, for a really instructive and profitable architects and engineers to act an as advisorycommittee splendid, of displayand symposium on hospital plans and principles with the State Architect in the planningand designing for the Cincinnati Convention, are future work. of construction, Those alreadyasked to serve include: Colonel William A. Starrett, N. Y. 8 West 40th Street, now completedand they assure one of the most practically Walter E. Kidde, 140 Cedar Avenue, New have ever had York. and instructive features that we interesting convention. William O. Ludlow, Madison, N. J.; New York Office, at any hospital has been set 101 Park Avenue. room Ample space in the form of a large 44 Park Place,Newark, N. J. aside for this particular and the physical display James O. Betelle, ment arrangebe shown by classes of hospitals. will be such that plans N. J. can Major S. S. Paintor,Short Hills,

PLANS

Otis The the

Post, 101 Park

Avenue, New

York.

arrangement

classes: following

division of plans into contemplates 1. Large general 2. hospital groups.

Haddonfield,N. J., new John Lippincott, superintendent of the Turner Construction Company.

X
u

H
U w

H
" "

HH

OS

o D
"
"

AUGUST,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXVT.

FROM

THE

GREEN.

MAIN

LOUNGE.

Morrell

GARDEN

CITY

Smith, Architect.

COUNTRY

CLUB,

NASSAU

BOULEVARD,

LONG

ISLAND.

g
1
CU

H
U

w H
i" i

ffi
U

R
O

AUGUST, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXIX.

LOCKER-HOUSE.

THE

CLUB-HOUSE. PHILMONT COUNTRY

Magaziner CLUB,

"

Eberhard, Architects
PA.

(formerly Magaziner

"

Potter).

PHILADELPHIA,

AUGUST, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXX.

*"

HALL.

DINING-ROOM. PHILMONT COUNTRY

Magaziner " Eberhard,Architects (formerly Magaziner " Potter). CLUB,

PHILADELPHIA,

PA.

X XI
u

"a
o

W
J a.

I
as

H
U w

H
HH

ffi
U

!z

g
O

g
X
U

z"

2 S
ij

w"
oo

l\

0
v

=3

"

H
U

w
H
i" i

a
u

8
C3 O5

a o

g
"
O

AUGUST,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXIV.

-y"
"t-

HOUSE.

HALL

Barber

"

McMurry, Architects.

HOUSE,

CECIL

H.

BAKER,

KNOXVILLE,

TENN.

u
Id

JJ-

H U w H

"
w

a o

rt

5
H
U W
"

SS
'

H
i" i

"

5
a
en

P O

ED

t*
O o

Q
cs

H U

i-'

"

^
a

AUGUST, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXVIII.

"uTN/HVx,

LEAD
FULL

OLNAMENTJ
J I Z E

EXT ELI OIL

ELEVATION PLATE.

.SHOWN

ON

PLECEJ1NQ

HALF TUHNED IN POTO, APPEALING AR.E NOT A PHOTOGPJkPHlCVIEW, PARJ OF THE OLiqiNAL JDEJIGN

ONE

HALF
i ""

IHTELI01L
i-

ELEVATION
i

jJca-le.ii

Fee-t

MILLEFL

HOUSE
MEA^UILED
AND

AT
DILAWN

LUDLO\WILLE
BY Gx^t C.^JL"^"^^
1918

AUGUST,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXIX.

R. W AT
AND
1318

MILLER
J C A
FEET

HOUSE
-MEAJULED

LUDLOWVILLE
DLAWN
BY

C.JL C-

ARCHITECTURE

221

Reflections

of

an

Architectural
Talbot F. Hamlin

Draughtsman

By

III

THE

POSSIBILITIES

OF

DRAUGHTSMAN'S

UNION

/^CONTEMPORARY

^-^ veals
toward is often shared
most
even

an

innate

in hostility

criticism of many rerecent events mind the middle-class

entail a certain loss of prestige. To them it reeks of shop or the subway ditch,it is an idea begrimed with There is more than snobbishness in this Academies of Medicine, there are the Bar Association, factorysmoke. sure is a very valuable possession, Institute of Architects, the American numerous engineering fear. Professional prestige of it may lead easily function as industrial and the sense but these only rarely societies and the like; to unjustdiscriminations, of a higher unless it is accompaniedby a live and sympathetic Their business is usually tion. imaginaorganizations. This

by

for which labor is working. There industrial organizamere tion. against prejudice is unfortunately organization prejudice against To be of professional number men. surprising of the aims
a

They are afraid of the idea. They objectionable. fear that it will limit individual initiative, smother individual the qualityof individual achievement. and reduce effort, Moreover, some draughtsmen are afraid that unionization
even

may the

fears, however,are not final or conclusive abandoning the idea of a union. The fear of the is not well grounded. In fact,the the expression of this veneration and for the preservation loss of individuality whole purpose of industrial organization hieratic dignity. is the protection of and increase of the profession's the individual workers. This prejudice at has, in the architectural profession Surely one will find at least as much individual colored the thinking not only of the architect employer, initiative, least, ambition, and ability among the pertrades well organized, but often of the employee as well. Until recently as in the Employeesof an unorganized sonal the The whole in office relationships ! of industry element was so sweat-shop to experience seems strong, and is the increase and industrialelement so weak, that the profession thoughtas a pointout that the effect of organization reinforcement and the community of and not the diminution of individual worth. feeling entity. This personal sfngle of outlook it aroused within the prothe fear of the loss of prestige interestand similarity entailed in organiSimilarly fession zation that the American Institute is the result of a misconception.The carbon in facof the main reasons two tory are of the most, if not smoke the most, and pencil the same; of Architects is one dust is much and the old of all professional societies. Its wide-awake and advanced days when a great chasm existed between manual workers the view-point is more of the whole profession, and brain workers have passed. The British Labor Party, view-point than that of a mere in its complete consolidation of the aims of both, led the ing employemployer and employee alike, is often the case; and this breadth of attitude labor parties suit. class, as our own are incipient following way; Labor has a way of vindicating has colored and enlivened all its activities, and kept it senits own sitive dignitythat far but to the entire transcends and shames not ness. snobbishonly to its own responsibilities professional any narrow social and industrial tendencyof the times. Its organ, the Nor are precedents lacking. Even the teachers have has thus become their union of the greatest factors in the one a very Journal, flourishing organization and the prestige of the profession. social education of the members of teaching has not suffered thereby, but increased. Institute has beOther objectors come Indeed, the attitude of the American to the idea of a draughtsman'sunion of all this more and radical than advanced for see by reason nothing for it to accomplish. They see no reason of the individual architects who are its memthat of most such strange new bers. injecting so ideas, pregnant with awful tects archiThe financial and personal interests of many connotations of class consciousness and revolt, into the both directly and indirectly, beatific status "of architecture. are too closely implicated, Alas, the beatific status of with those of the wealth-owning classes for it to be otherwise. architecture is a dying myth, and an American architectural this coloring And of the architect's attitude toward the obsequies. And the strange magazine has been featuring oring ideas grow of new more widely known contemporary life by the attitude of the client class a colcontinually; many conservative and Tory has communicated them the post-war committee of the American Institute inevitably that itselfto its employees for exactlythe same but to welcome ! The profession reasons not only to recognize, seems
reasons

mind is often filled with a sort of sort, for the professional of its own and veneration of the nobility awed profession, for associations offer an unlimited opportunity professional

Both

of these

for

"

"

"

"

have of

made

the Institute

so

advanced.

It is a queer sequence

must

move

as

the times advance.

a

events.

have begun to change. Many however, things Lately, in the ranks of the facts have combined to produce even that same of industrial consciousness professions intensifying that has characterized the rest of the world a development
"

union could great deal that a draughtsman's one-sided benefits accomplish. Its benefits would not be mere extend throughout to the employee,but I believe would the profession. First of all, it would furnish the draughtsmen useful and enjoyable a common more meeting-place than any social club. The fact that
men

There

is

which

is the first step toward

realization of the much-

from

different

This change is producing offices would be working togetherfor the common maligned "class consciousness." good much would questioning professional and comradeshipimmensely employees as to their among produce an enthusiasm Such questioning and their expectations. status i n for could such richness inevitably stimulating itself, nothing produce leads to the consideration of organization, of relationship and the formation Such except the incentive of co-operation. of a draughtsman's union. enthusiastic comradeshipwould result in a continuous and There are many, both architects and draughtsmen, who of ideas between men free interchange from all kinds of that union is not onlyimpractical, feel but a draughtsman's which could not help offices, an big and little; interchange
222

ARCHITECTURE

223

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

S. J.

THOMPSON,

GLENDALE,

O.

G. C. Burroughs,Architect.

224

ARCHITECTURE

the pubof that would do more to educate use lic right of good designthan any other agency I can cost whole the the would t o bar think of. for It profession bring changing exas a place Moreover, the union would serve stroke break down the wall of of public and at one and ideals but economic opinion, not only artistic experiences of the profession aloofness which surrounds large well. This is an exportions change and aspirations as experiences both for salutary experience, that is sorely needed, and it is the direct and special a thingwhich would be a most and for the architect. There is no standard of wages in field of union activity. public opinion And one more even thingthe union might accomplish, the profession at present; they are paid on any and every union would valuable to the profession at large. The evitable. the present system is inmore chaos under basis. Economic inevitably join the great army of labor and work with it, Some offices pay pro rata for overtime,some pay Federation of Labor. This would through the American double-time;some time-and-a-half, or even pay no overtime in the profession that a great body of men would become mean offices pay the draughtsman for time lost at all. Certain of contemporary others pay half time, some in sickness, deeplyimmersed in the economic realities pay nothingat all; learn the principles life. They would of sociology againthe industrialtouch. A few offices are very strict in of vital progress through their own and the tenets of the use of timeof hours,even the matter ences. experito the extent to others leave the matter clocks or timekeepers; They would be brought face to face with stark entirely radicalism and stark reaction. Think what an education the honor of the employee. Some officespay as highsalaries how be ! Think that would and fashions would low. Nor is a man's work the fripperies as some as they can afford; their atmostake their proper subordinate places, and the real nobility of phere, Certain offices capitalize of his wage. measure of architecture the underlyingaims that holiday their pleasant not brought out ! The realizing cordiality, the architecture of the country in a few effects of it upon doles do not go far toward meeting and Christmas parties stick-maker years might be revolutionary; architecture could at least, the bills which the butcher and the baker and the candleof the very best not helpbeingplacedon a surer, saner basis. periodically present. Some how should it function, to offices seem If,then,a union is desirable, reputation brings to consider that their mere which can be reckoned be related ? As I see it,it would and how strive to keep each of their draughtsmena prestige from the salary of lifemerely in itself free from that narrow the amount deducted interpretation at so much a week, and of hours and dollars that has limited the efficiency This is a system particuof real work is worth. terms larly a man's in working the American Federation. While always actingas a proTo be sure, there is a real prestige unsound. tection while alwaysworkingfor their welfor draughtsmen, fare, for certain offices whose high standards make ment employit should also concentrate education as well. But to base the entire wage scale on larger questions all the is only temwhich are to-dayagitatis absurd, for such training of ethics and expediency this assumption porary, questions on ing the profession. It should see architecture in its true and the cost of living, alas,like the brook, goes on the such hieratic and wonderful forever. Moreover, not as a a system puts a premium on proportions, mystery, but unmarried for toward beauty and happiness. It should dedicate as a means student, or the wealthy dilettante, young of the profession in every whom tobacco money. Neither of these itself to the democratization are mere wages to remain with such a firm long, types of employeeare likely way. labor turnover and the result to the office is a constant It should function chiefly at first in a merely advisory which In addition, achievement. and broaden its scope no fashion, carefully, study its position prevents the highest be justto draughtsmen as a class, for such system can ever it would use are various. means gradually.The particular it is bound to lower the wage standard of the entire profesThe system of "shop stewards" might be adapted, or some sion. with the employto work ers system of elected representatives This economic chaos is not only not disapproved for the advancement of the profession. but Above all, the union must work in the closest harmony with the American architect. seeminglyoften cultivated by the present-day still that the wages Each architect employer retainsthe feeling If possible, it should be formed Institute of Architects. he pays and the conditions he makes are, his own at all business, under its protecting aegis.It should be represented into them as unjustifiable and he resents terference. inand work with it meetingsand conventions of the Institute, any inquiry Some time ago the Architectural League of New in every way. close harmony was established between Once a York notion of the average the union and the American Federation of Labor on attempted to arrive at some salaries of draughtsmen. This attempt met such united Institute side,and between the union and the American one of Architects on the other, the danger of the purelyselfish not only from employersbut from draughtsmen opposition, that it came of the union would to nothing. Now, however,the oppobe minimized. as well, Moreover, functioning sition of draughtsmen has died, or at least become much such a harmony would be a stimulus to all its parts, and, less strong; that of the employer stillin large who knows, might be the firststep toward the realizationof measure mains. reThe only way any conclusions with regardto the such a splendid which ideal as that of a national building guild be obtained is through the Mr. Penty so attractively forth in a recent set proper standards of wages can Journalof in an organizathe Institute. draughtsmen themselves, working together tion. if these brighthopes were if Even even disappointed, To cast a ray of light into the darkness of this present the consummation of a draughtsman's union leftstillunsatisfied economic chaos would be no small gain. But the draughtsof the present criticisms of the profession, some man's even union could do much if Utopia were ard such a development as that I more. not By demanding a standattained, of minimum with have would strike of the evils tried to express a compatible draughtsman's wages deep at many it would test at once and position, that thwart the best achievements of the profession skill, experience, training, now. the soundness of present methods of professional It would put architecture in touch with the world, and payment. If the officescould not afford to pay decent facts. And to the draughtsfound it on realitiesand known man wages under the the American it would bringnew Institutecould be welcome relief, self-confidence, present schedule of charges, new forced to prepare new schedules, stimulus toward free and creative selfnew perhapson an entirely hope, and a new basis. The union would inevitably gain a certain publicity, expression.

broadening the of his work. quality

draughtsman'sthinkingand

thereby the

and

the

in the

"

"

ARCHITECTURE

225

GARAGE

WITH

ATTACHED

CONSERVATORY,

PHILADELPHIA,

PA.

C. E. Schermerhorn,Architect.

GARAGE,

ESTATE

W.

V.

LAWRENCE,

BRONXVILLE,

N. Y.

Bates " How, Architects.

Short

Talk
By

on

Building Construction
B. Emerson

David

last article I discussed JN I believed might be which

my

some

pointson
value

construction the young random a few

to
men

within freezing
not

week

of

some

be

wet mortar.

so

much

that

after it is laid up. they will run

But
out

brick should

of been

place when
wet,
or are

superintendent.In
may their work beginning these may of largely be items which

I will take up at be of assistance to the young this

one

laid in coated

In winter ice
or

if the brick have be

who

are

with

snow,

before the same and warmed For the most out manner as as superintendents. part for laying Mortar is made described for sand and broken stone. but successful building up up only trifles, weather should be mixed brick work in freezing with warm is by no means but in itself a trifle. Most trifles, is to mix in a will be discussed, salt;also a good method water which containing scientious of the matter a capable and conslaked lime paste with the cement small quantityof freshly would do without foreman being told,but as all this will keep the mortar until the cement has and some tractors conwarm foremen mortar; not capableand conscientious, are its initial set. Fire brick,when obtained used for lining must not honest, the architect's superintendent are should never boiler flues or furnaces, be wet before laying, times take the initiative and see that certain thingsare at and if they are exposed to heat otherwise be neglected.There are a as wettingswells the brick, which would done before they are thoroughly construction "dos" and "don'ts" in building dry,they are liable to be seriously great many in them. weather The fire clay for laying cidedly injured deare by the straw and some thingswhich are rightin warm up wrong in cold

they should in being laid,

thoroughlydried

weather, and vice

to

versa.

fire brick should be mixed the brick

about

as

soft

as

thick soup,

and

Another

largefactor

be

taken

into consideration in

where the builder and his foreman are building operations is carehonest and thoroughlywell intentioned, lessness, perfectly ing, about poor results in buildwhich very often brings and the vigilance with absolutely intentions, no wrong When will do much of the superintendent to offset that. is beingmixed by machine, it is a good plan for the concrete if the mixer is properly set so that the to see superintendent back of the machine, thereby the cement hopper does not spill of the concrete. valuable ingredient a part of the most losing is mixed When concrete by hand, and righthere let me say that if it is in any way possible to avoid hand mixing,always is quite the equal of mado it,as no hand-mixed concrete chine

should be dipped into the mortar, and then laid in place, and hammered down to so as ble get the thinnest possi-

joint.
In mill construction
or

wherever

heavy
where

wood

girders
of roof the from

have
trusses

to

be built into brick

rest to
on

work,

or

the ends

the walls,brick

must

be laid away

give a circulation of air around it,to prevent dry A very good way rot. to accomplish this is to have the board on either side carpenter tack a pieceof seven-eighths
timber
of the

timber, so fastened that it may

has

brick work

been laid.

Then

be removed after the after the brick work is laid inch

costs

up and set, pullthe- boards out and a space nearlyan wide will be left on either side of the timber. This
next

mixed; be very
with applied such

careful
as

to

see

that
out

the

water

is

not

force

to

wash

lean mixture, mostly sand and a very when in the summer, hot spells concrete should be sheltered from sand and stone piles the
sun

leaving stone. During very the is beingplaced,

the cement, the heat of be
too

of short there is always an abundance to nothing,as piecesof scrap lumber on the job, and this may be used for this purpose. steel beam Where advantageously girders used to are support brick walls, always have the girder shoved
set
cause

up
as

in the

centre

if

and possible,
water

the

stone

should

drenched

with

before using, to prevent

due
to

thoroughly ting rapid setmust

up,

the

extra

load

of the span, until the caused by the wet is no

cause

mortar

is well

deflection in the beams, but

will masonry has set after the mortar

of the cement, be

the heat.

Fresh

concrete

to kept dampened for several days after placing, prevent brick are being laid cracking, by too rapidsetting.When

the masonry arches itself and there of deflection. Very often from one in brick.

longerany danger
or

another, especially
to
re-use

after rebuilding
this is

it is necessary fire,

old

in

cement

only a
about

mortar, in hot small quantityof

to

weather, be very careful

mortar

to

see

that

Where

is mixed
an

up
as

at

time, only
takes
a

on directly

done, and the walls are to be plastered should be the brick work, the superintendent
are case

enough

last about

half

hour,

cement

its initial set When cold

must

in about

littlequicker, and circumstances

minutes,and thirty is of retemperedmortar

render very it necessary often it must
to

in hot weather little or

no

very careful to note if there of the wall. If such is the brick

brick in the face any smoked he must order the smoked

some

value. in
care

painted with
of
a

R.

I. W.

or

of the

various

pounds com-

placeconcrete
done, great
and broken

weather, and
be taken be
to

be

brick done the

similar nature, for if this is not done the smoked will stain through the plaster. If plastering is to be with lime and should hair,the superintendent thoroughlystalled and stacked thoroughlycooled before mixing with
see

prevent freezing.Sand

stone

that

should

thoroughlydried and kept warm by imbedding sheet steel cylinders in the bottom of the sand and stone in and fires them. piles keepingwood burning Special caution pre-

lime has

been

until it the

has -become
as

hair,

ing mixing hot lime with hair burns up the hair,and its bindshould be taken to avoid the use of materials covered is liable to fall lost,and the plaster qualityis entirely with ice crystals frost. The should be time. Where roof trusses or water at containing are exposed, the lower any heated before using,and chords should be cambered; this will offset the bowed-down a quantity of salt added to it. After concrete has been placed, it should be ordered of a perfectly level chord, and will also take up to be appearance from freezing, under loading. Cambering as much as is possible, packingover occur protected any deflection which may walls and piers with stable manure, and around should be done tan footings by cutting the struts a little short, and bark or hay, which will keep out the frost very successfully drawing the chord of the vertical rods. In up by means in most mill or slow burning construction, where cases. heavy plank floors Brick should are be kept a half-inch always be wet before laying,except in used, always insist that all flooring of the work from all walls, because in case of the floors being freezing weather,or when there is a liability away
226

228 drenched do with

water

ARCHITECTURE
any cause, the walls. When from of swelling plank floors are the the laid "bloom"
or

plank might
not

crack

washing very

by "go foggy,"the bloom may be removed with kerosene,and rubbing it gently lightly
never not

allow them and made

is on

plank and cause be put allowing any interior trim to should see be laid the superintendent dried out, otherwise the thoroughly
absorb the moisture
will for and result, When work and like
a

until the roof to be spiked to the beams as a heavy rain might swell the water-tight, serious warping of the floors. Before a up or finished floors to that all plastering has kiln-dried lumber will

with a soft woollen cloth. Varnish should except when it has become heavy and will it should

be thinned

and then flow,

sponge, and warpingand twisting will be in an unfit condition the woodwork is be

of turpentine. Never onlybe done with pure spirits Japan, or liquid dryers. The varnish permitthe use of oil, the same should be as near and turpentine temperature as before mixing,and after being mixed should be possible, allowed to stand for a while,to insure a perfect tion. amalgamaThese which are conare tinually justa few of the many points in building which the superoccurring operations, intendent
must

finishing.
interiorwoodwork
see

to

varnished,before any
out

is done that it is

that the
too

dried is thoroughly building

to

decide.

not

cold;a temperature of from 70

75

If it is too hot when the is the best for varnishing. degrees it may blister. Dampness in the building varnish is applied aftervarnishing bloomingor goingfoggy. Before may cause
a second applying or

third

coat

of varnish In

be

sure

that the

under become

coats

are

thoroughly dry,otherwise
or

crack brittle,

deaden.

case

the varnish may the varnish should

littlepiece of advice which I would giveto out and that is, as superintendents, starting be too proud to take advice and information from the never mechanics the buildings. and workmen on They may not have a great many but some of the ideas which they ideas, have are very good, and the writer has profited not a little from what he has been told by them. There is one

the young

men

The

Aftermath

of the
By William

Housing Dilemma

E. Groben
of certain flexible standards and the adoption planning for both the plan and construction of the houses themselves. is to be established for future What sort of procedure fall behind communities ? Is the federal government to in its duties toward all its reits citizens by relinquishing sponsibilities
town

is become of those WHAT "Industrial Villages"and

to

numerous

"Garden United

the settlements, Cities,"constructed

States

during the

war

by the

Shipping
of Industrial

the Bureau Board, Emergency Fleet Corporation, Labor

and the Department of Housing and Transportation, better planned communities than we ? They are How dreamed of having before the war. ever are we going Are they to be permitted to keep them to revert to so ? the old haphazardstandards of our older cities and towns ? in Congressfor spendAre not the reasons advanced ing millions on housingindustrialworkers justas pertinent ? If more at the time of the war and better housing now as needed labor more increase production, to make both industry and to stabilize efficient, labor, therebyreducingthe labor-turnover and strikes,
to

in
at

of disposing

these ? To

the earliestpossible moment

housing developments from the wit,clipped

daily press:
UNITED STATES SHIPPING FLEET
THE SALE

BOARD

EMERGENCY
ANNOUNCE

CORPORATION
BY BID OF

was

then

contented and is it
same

and

more

ST. HELENA
A HOUSING DEVELOPMENT LOCATED MARYLAND IN BALTIMORE

not

now

needed

more

than

ever

to

accomplishthese

purposes ? If the war

COUNTY,
was

not

the inalienable
contentment

health and

of humanity, is fought for the rights rightto live in a sanitary home, where of the greatest of these ? one prevail,

Upon

it must the foundation of that social structure rest which is to safeguard our democracy for posterity. Is the
war so organization

built carefully

up

during the

for the purpose of erecting homes modern on sanitary scientific to be disbanded, when, with a greater principles
and needed ever-increasing shortageof homes, it is more ? Are we going to tolerate a reversion to former ever conditions ? Are we goingto permitthe antiquated methods to prevail whereby home developmentswere planned and constructed for the profit of the land speculator and the than If
our

financier?
national housingorganization is to be discarded, the necessary homes to be secured to meet their ? scarcity present and ever-increasing Under the most competent direction these government how
are

created during the agencies, in results,

so

stress

of war,

have achieved
far authority,

far

as

was

within

their limited

of the most beyond the expectations by the optimistic, of scientific employmentof the most advanced principles

to lose the dignity of politics plaything aside at the whim of partisan leaders ? With the to be cast of democracy before the world, governnew interpretation ment has been assuming a greater and increased responsibility of its citizens. for the general health and well-being have been include tion, Its duties extended to not only educaof such public utilities as roads, etc., but the providing the removal of domestic ashes and water, sewage disposal, garbage as well as dirt from the streets, postal, telephone, and transportation and is stillgrowing. service, telegraph, of democracy, a more socialistic With a greater sense action has developedfor the good condition of co-operative of of the citizens en masse, as distinguished from a state of the few. government for the selfish protection It is apparent, therefore, that the first duty of our is to providehomes for its industrial workers government centralized authority. This can be national, through some but should be delegated with power State, or municipal, and control the standards of housing, and have to determine their management. over jurisdiction What is needed is a national organization capableof movement

Is this great humanitarian

of its purpose

and

become

the

"

ARCHITECTURE

229

TWO

GARAGES,

THE

ROSE

ESTATE,

PHILADELPHIA.

Simon

"

Architects. Bassett,

230 with dealing the

ARCHITECTURE

problem in accordance

with

and practical
cost

The

of private the scarcity and high capital, scarcity tend materials,

furnish initiative, ideas and expert to scientific principles, loans from a national housingfund supadvice,to dispense ported

of any
out

by
that power. that we must
any

bond

and issues,

to

control

standards

through

home buildto prevent ing the present time. the increase in rental values has advanced Furthermore,
of both labor and

magnitude at

It is to the government, either federal or State, for look for the necessary supply of capital

men;

of all proportion to and yet not

the increase of the wages

to show sufficiently
a

of working the

for profit

builder; so that the introduction of national speculative funds for housingpurposes would be a boon to legitimate in time of war; a necessary be obtained at a sufficiently private Also, any standards determined upon supplyof capital enterprise. sufficiently large of tirre. low rate of interest extended over a longperiod must by the government, for its industrial housing, apply with equal force to housing controlled by privateenterselves themThe federal and State governments will concern prise. of capital These standards require with the furnishing abundance of light or its equivalent, credit, and air, with their and consequent making of standards, together suitable hygienicand sanitaryhomes and surroundings, trative with proper environment beyond the home control or enforcement,through a system of local adminisamenities of life, be found in the community centres. boards. itself to
national

housing programme

in time of peace, just as was because from no other source can

The

actual

construction

may

be

undertaken

either

What

conclusion

do the

we

draw

from this ?
uncertain

The
as

present
it

and loan by municipalities, or, as at present, by building or associations, private housingsocieties, enterprise. The work
a

situation of the

housingmovement,

is,and

of construction
common practice

on

the

part of the federal

tries, European counipality, duty of the munic-

government,
would The which

in certain become the

cease,

and would

would
outcome

be in closer touch of any

with

the local work.

housingpolicy with which it is administered depend upon the intelligence b oards. by these regional of procedurewould avoid interference This method with private and initiative. The federal governenterprise ment could thus avail itself of alreadyexisting agencies the actual construction. Under this sort of a for securing the contracting builder will obtain more housing programme in proportion construction than formerly, to the increased capitalinvested by the federal government throughout
government
will
,

successful

building public, resolves itself down the simple questionof survival. to These numerous industrial villages, which everywhereform the vanguard of the army of munition and ship-building lantic plants throughoutthe industrial sections of our Middle Ateither be retained and operatedby the States,must and communities, or revert as back villages government to privateownership and If some action is exploitation. not soon erected at vast taken, these villages, expense of labor and material, of which are stillunfinished and many deteriorate and only partly occupied,will soon become of all those deplorable nothing but the embodiment ditions, conthe evil effects of which
to avoid democracy is striving

hanging fire before

architectural and

for

the present era social and our

of social
economic

the various States.

future.

Announcements
The of art, of Virginia has established University
a

announce

school

New
are

and music, as the result of a gift of architecture, $155,000 for that purpose from an alumnus, Mr. Paul G. Professional instruction in architecture Mclntire, of New York. will school the

Joseph Delia Valle and Mr. Toby Vece, architects, the openingof their offices at 865 ChapelStreet, Manufacturers' catalogues Haven, Conn. and samples requested.

Mr.

begin this

fall. While

in

one

sense

new,

this

will,however,be the revival of the first school of fine arts in America, which included by Jefferson in was
of the university. The school will original organization the unrivalled background of the old classic group of the lawn, and its harmonious modern on buildings sions extenby Stanford White and others. The Lunken that Mr. manager Window Van

Determining the Strengthof Its Density

Wood

by

have

Company,

of

nounces anCincinnati,

Rensselaer Lansingh,formerly eral genhas been elected

of the their

of president Williams

Holophane Company, organization.

of Edgar Mahnken, architects, consisting R. Mahnken, wish to announce the mathematics. removal of their office to 8 West 33d Street, New York In selecting City timber for any given purpose, in comparing Madison (Telephone, Square 852), and desire catalogues, various species of wood, in estimating the properties of any and prices all materials. samples, on should be found useful. To particular wood, the equations the in supplement equations determiningin what way a C. E. Schermerhorn, member American stitute species Inis exceptional architect, and to what it is best adapted use of Architects, 430 Walnut there is a tabulation showing the variation from the Street, Pa., Philadelphia, average of announces of each property of the various species resumption practice, having completed his equation tested. This services with MilitaryIntelligence tion variation from the average equationis often what Section,Plant Protecmines deterGeneral Staff Corps,United States Army. Division, the usefulness of a species for a special purpose. I. Williams and Walter

and

COMPARATIVELY the simplemethod of estimating of timber from the density, strength properties or cific speis set forth in Bulletin 676 of the Department gravity, of Agriculture, "The Relation of the Shrinkage and Strength of Wood to Its Specific which has just Properties Gravity," been issued. By the analysis of over two hundred thousand of many wood tests the Forest Products Labon oratory species, of the Forest Service has definitely established the relationsbetween the specific of wood and itsstrength gravity properties. Equationsfor these relations have been worked and have been reduced out to such simple form that they be solved by arithmetic and without the use of may higher

ARCHITECTURE
^:
OJ

231
4)

tj

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232

ARCHITECTURE

HOUSE,

E.

H.

MURDOCK,

CINCINNATI,

O.

G. C. Burroughs, Architect.

ARCHITECTURE

233

MAIN

HALL

TOWARD

SUN-ROOM.

DINING-ROOM.

G. C.

HOUSE,

E.

H.

MURDOCK,

Architect. Burroughs,

CINCINNATI,

O.

Ways
Various Cities Have

of

Financing Home-Building
Out
Practical

Worked

Methods

of

Aiding Construction
is made for the

Projects

the Nation-Wide Your Own IN with in co-operation conducted

Own the U.

Home

S. Homes

Service,Department of Labor, the

best
to

campaign, tration Regisproblem of how

Provision and

or bonds, directly

to

the

same

extent

of stocks buying and selling commission or otherwise on indirectly, individual engaging in such an as company
to
can

has been solved somewhat building operations needs. to their special differently by various cities according bia A few weeks before the armistice was signedthe ColumInvestment " Mortgage Co. was organizedin Seattle, finance

business

might

do.

The

loan

money

to

dividuals, in-

and partnerships, assist in the stock of

improvement
are common

of

incorporatedsocieties to real estate. It has a capital

$500,000 divided

Wash.,
proper scope
estate

to

aid the small

investor

and

to

make

the possible

4,000 shares

into 10,000 shares of $50 each; stock, and 6,000 preferred.

to

other kind

engaged in war industries. Its of real and acquiring buying, leasing, and and personal property, the erection of dwellings and the making of improvements of any buildings, its properties. Its objects announced are prehensive, comas on housing of
workers included the and it obtained first or secured

will be able The company scale which will be sufficient to the time. of method
as

stimulate building on

The and

plan was
with

the urgent needs of proposed with a view to simplicity

cover

idea of causingas little interference an with regular whether financial, business, organized possible
estate.

estate

by

real "to loan money on power later mortgages, leaseholds, sale, or

other interests or purchasecontracts, construction contracts other securities, and to negotiate, and buildings, or or buy, sell, hypothecateall such mortgages or evidences of indebtedness ture, whether interest, or by note, bond, debenin land
or

The purpose has been to leave builders of property free, within reasonable limits, in the designof the houses to be erected, the

real construction, or

proposed owners
to

and

and

advise

usual

methods and

of

as as financing largely

sible pos-

through the
that homes be upon real

banks
to

other

institutions. It is stipulated

other

form, and
The

whether

as

whole

or

individual authorized
contracts

fractionalunits."
to

of organization and
was

deal

in second
a

mortgages
no

a company in real estate

where

the lien is

secondarylien
market

intended
estate

to

aid house-

builders who
The
vacant

had

for real
to

contracts. to
owners

is enabled corporation lots the difference between of money that could

advance
cost

of and

the be

of the house

the

amount

loaned

companies or other loaningagencies.The

was

by insurance stock is capital

The
pany com-

1200,000,divided into 2,000 shares of $100 each.

and civic duty, and arpatriotic rangements with the Metropolitan made were BuildingCo. the affairs of the new which is repto manage organization, resented by fifteen trustees. St. Paul, Minn., worked out a plan for the organization of the Own Your Home the Financing Corporation, objectof which is "to assist wage-earners to the ownership
a

organizedas

shall by this company such real by the organization, estate to be purchased at fair values to be accepted at or such value in exchange for common stock in or preferred the company. It is the desire of the organization to build houses in lots of approximately20 and to borrow approximately 50 per cent of the total investment 6-per-cent upon first mortgage loans,such loans desirably for a period to run five with of of reducingat any semiannual privilege years interest-paying period. While the company is prepared to build houses,the will most important function of the proposed organization of independentconstruction be the financing by individual citizens. Inasmuch of vacant there is a largenumber as lots scattered through portionsof South Bend, the committee
estate

be constructed

owned

and to that end to advance to them not to exceed 80 per cent of the value of the property" on which a loan is made, such advances be to repaidin monthly or other

of their homes

improvement. of the Janesville, Wis., decided on the organization Janesville Housing Corporation,its three objects being for the citizens of Janesto provide attractive homes first, ville
"

desires to encourage in the line of immediate

owners

of these lots

to

take

tion ac-

by which tions manufacturing concerns can provide housing accommodafor employees; and, third, to encourage and foster company such sums of money be necessary for the carrying as building improvements of a character that will cause may rapid of business. Provision is made on for a loan committee and substantial growth of the city. of the president, consisting and three memstock were vice-president, made bers to the capital Subscriptions payable of the board of directors, 40 per cent appointedby the president. as follows: Twenty per cent upon organization, This committee must all for of order least than 30 later first applications money, at directors, pass upon days upon ment; payand, upon approvalof an application, the form of security 40 per cent at least 60 days later than first payment. is determined. to be taken Provision is made for the apThe directors are empowered to employ a general pointment manager of a transfer agent and registrar of transfers. and such other employees as may be necessary. The president South Bend, Ind., has outlined another plan through also appoints the executive committee, finance committee, its projected Home and Investment Co. A committee of and various other necessary committees, the personnel of relieffor the serious to suggest a method citizens, of which appointed include men fitted for the tasks specially housingsituation, to be orreportedin favor of a company to them. ganized assigned under the Voluntary Association Act, the object N. Y., found a serious shortage of dwellings Niagara Falls, the "borrowing and loaning being buying and selling at the close of the war. Accordingto estimates,10,000 money, promissorynotes, billsof exchange accounts, choses in achouses will be needed within ten years. To meet tion, present and all other evidence of indebtedness, fees, and buyit empowered its Industrial Housing and future emergencies ing, holding, and selling Committee owning, mortgaging,leasing, conditions real and make recommendations. to study estate and personal The committee's property." adopted,recommended report, which was
to

instalments
contracts

either by mortgages, land and evidences of indebtedness. The or obligations borrow upon notes, bonds, and debentures may
secured

and

be

such upon at moderate

terms

as

will enable them

-create
a

to
means

live comfortably

cost;

second, to

234

236

ARCHITECTURE

c
o

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O
w

Q
(d SI

H H
td
"

S
O u

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..'.'5FM1

P.

ARCHITECTVRE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTURAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XL

SEPTEMBER,

1919

No.

Winchester
By the
Reverend
Canon

Cathedral
John Faughan,
M.A.

Canon

Residentiaryof Winchester

FOR
Hill

some

war,

time,duringthe great of American large numbers

were on

soldiers

stationed the downs

Camp

Winchester. They rested there for ing a few days or weeks, before embarkat
war.

Southampton
It is estimated

for the that

cent.
by Perpendicular
the

at

Morn

above

to that of the style of Wykeham, it is in existence. admitted to be the finest Gothic nave Beyond of Bishop Fox, with its the beautiful east window the nave sheds a mysticand mysterious attractive stained glass, light

As

transformed from

the Norman

geniusof

William

over

the choir and

our

sanctuary.
up

seat not

of

less
men

was

Making always
seven

way

than of

of a three-quarters United States

million

cathedral is
than of

chantry rich specially

be
seen.

the

the first stopping-place the nave, of William of Wykeham. The in mediaeval chantries. No less

army passedthrough Winchester. that love of

the

thus With torical histhe the

may

Winchester, most
national
are

of
as

They are all chantries of bishops them statesmen-bishops, all of them

as

Slab of Bishop Audeman.

visiting placesof
marks

bishopsof

well

diocesan distinction.
nave

Two

of

interest which
alert and made

these chantries

situated

in the

and of

the

rest

in the is of

intelligent mind,
the best
use

retrochoir. The

"boys"

"

as

we

called them"

of the little

through spare time at their disposal.They loved to wander the quaintand narrow of Engof the ancient capital streets land.

chantry of inasmuch importance, special of the bishops of Winchester.

in the affairs of
state

William
as

Wykeham

and

was

Wykeham was the greatest He played an importantpart twice chancellor of the kingdom.

into As an architect he transformed the Norman nave to the mediaeval They would walk down the meadows cence of St. Cross, and perhaps take a crust of bread and the Perpendicular hospital stylewhich we see to-day. His munifiis still visible in a number of parish to the diocese a glassof "small" beer at the porter's lodge. Above all, he is remembered the founder of churches. Above all, with its glorious ture architecas they loved to visit the cathedral, its historyof a thousand Winchester school and College(1393), and therefore of public They would years. in England, and also as the founder of New from the camp down education Hill in "companies" Morn come on sometimes of five or six thousand in a day Oxford. A visit to his splendidshrine or chantry to the number College, in order to wander in will never be forgotten.The great bishop is represented through the aisles and transepts of the old cathedral and to inspect full canonicals as lying his tomb, with three little monks the- chief monon more uments closely of historical interest. often my It was privilege praying at his feet; or, as William Cobbett in his Rural "show to them round," and never shall I forget Rides expresses it,when, in 1812, he brought his son their keen to see I pointed out them the treasures of the to as appreciation cathedral,or told them stories of King Canute and William Rufus, of William of Wykeham and Cardinal Beaufort, of Izaak Walton and Jane Austen, and other celebrities who
" "

lie buried there. It

enter
was

for a and, lingering doscope window, with its kaleiof mediaeval glass,gathered together after the destruction the to survey soldiers, wrought by Cromwell's of the splendidedifice. If from the majesticproportions door few

the

cathedral

mostly our custom by the west

beneath

On

these perambulations to

minutes

the great

west

outside

the appearance

of the cathedral be with

awe

somewhat
amazement.

appointing, dis-

the interior fillsone We

and

with the poet Wordsworth, that felt,

"

They dreamt
Who thus

not

of

perishablehome

could

build."

The

the

prospect, looking up the nave, is overwhelming. With of St. Peter's at Rome, it is the longest in exception nave but the most Europe. And not only the longest, magnifi237

The

Norman

ARCHITECTURE
with it being that of St. Alban's. The competition ones are modern, all the original havingbeen figures The restoration at the time of the Reformation. destroyed carried out, both in conception however has been excellently of the statues and design, beingthose of saints and bishops, with the connected of renown, kingsand queens, and men all in

present

cathedral. of

On

either side of the choir rise the

on

stone

screens

BishopFox,

the top of which of the Saxon and Danish

rest

the coffins or These

ary-chests mortu-

Kings.

painted

six in number, fullof dead men's bones,constitute the chests, in the cathedral. They are unique in Engantiquity land. Nothing like them are to be seen elsewhere;although of fire b efore the similar London, somewhat formerly, great When chests existed in old St. Paul's. John Evelyn, the chief visited the cathedral in the time of Charles I, what diarist, "the Saxon Kings monuments," which struck him most was he said,"I esteemed Incredible as it a worthy antiquity."
may seem,

several of these chests the

soldiers in Parliamentary and the bones flung at sacred relics

were

thrown down were by the days of the Commonwealth, the stained-glass windows. The however and when carefully preserved, the cathedral in

visited Evelynagain
are

1685,he writes: "There

Kings, whose bones had been scattered by the sacrilegious in expectation, I rebels, valuable reliques, and afterwards some suppose, of finding which stand and put into new gather'd chests, up againe,
above that the stallsof the choir." Two of the chests are new," is, datingfrom the time of the Restoration; the other
"

still the coffins of the Saxon

four being the original ones the late Dean present when
The Choir Screen.

of

Kitchin

Bishop Fox. opened

I
one

was

once

of Fox's

said by the inscription contain the bones of King to chests, Kynegilsand of King Ethelwulf, the father of Alfred the Great. skeletons When
we

there liftedthe lid,

were

the bones

of

two

the cathedral:

"Wykeham

lies on

his back

in his Catholic
at
nave

crook, with littlechildren dress, and shepherd's sayingtheir prayers." A little further up the
of BishopEdyndon. chantry

his feet is the

than that It is far less splendid

lyingin the chest. One of the skulls was of fine and of exceptional proportions development; and this,we be taken to be that of King Alfred's concluded, might fairly who died in 859, more than a thousand father, years ago. of interest the onlyobjects But the mortuary-chests not are
in the choir. In the black oak

of Wykeham; but the alabaster of his successor, William of the bishop is the finest in the cathedral. effigy

stalls, we

have, in the

architect, opinion of Sir Thomas Jackson, the eminent the most beautiful stalls and certainly "perhapsthe earliest, Leaving the nave, and making our way to the south in Northern Europe." The finely-carved pre-reformation transept, we find ourselves in the midst of earlyNorman of the best priors the gift of Prior Silkstede, one dows. was pulpit and circular arches and winwork, with its enormous pillars, of St. Swithun's monastery. under Moreover, immediately but appealto the imIts massive grandeurcannot agination; the tower lies the black marble tomb, without inscription, while in this part of the cathedral are several but believed, to be that of William to tradition, of marked of the chapels, the interest. In one according on objects when huntingin the New Forest in Rufus,slain by an arrow east side,lies Izaak Walton, "the princeof fishermen"; the year 1100. His body, "dripping was "honest" loves to go anand many an American, "who gore all the way the flat marble on angling," delight gazed with reverent slab which marks the old man's resting-place. The stained window above his grave, which also commemorates his glass for it is the attracted much naturally attention, memory,
best modern
too are a

window

in the cathedral. fine old oak

In the south transept

black with age, once settles, before used by the mediaeval monks; and also the brazier, which

of couple

theywere wont to warm Ascending the steps from aisle, we presbytery pass at once

themselves. the from

transept

to

the south

the architecture of the

eleventh century to that of the fourteenth. Noticing on our the burial-place of Richard, queror, of William the Conson way who in the New like his brother

Rufus,was

killedwhile

hunting

Forest,and also the spot where, in a silver cup, the heart of Bishop Nicholas de Ely lies buried, enter we the choir,and find ourselves in the midst of enchanting

surroundings. Immediatelyin
stone
screen

front rises the

magnificent
at
The

which

shuts in the

eastern

part of the sanctuary.

Crypt.

It is the finest screen

of its kind in

England,the onlyone

ARCHITECTURE

239

I
o a

240

ARCHITECTURE
cathedral stand the gorgeous shrines or this part of our chantries of Cardinal Beaufort and of Bishop Wayneflete. the second founder of be remembered The cardinal may as St. Cross "one and probablyas Hospital, choir-screen in the cathedral. the builder of the great He liesin his splendid chantry,

of the most elegantin the whole kingdom," and is Beaufort in the red robes of a cardinal. was represented succeeded as Bishop of Winchester by William Wayneflete, the corresponding the whose on position chantryoccupies if possible, north side of the retrochoir. It is, even more than that of his predecessor. Waynefletedeserves splendid is associated, His name well of posterity. not with statecraft, head master but with education and learning.He was of the first provost of Eton, and Winchester the College, founder of St. Mary Magdalen'sCollege, Oxford. In his which is kept in repair that he by the college superbchantry, is represented in full pontificals, and as founded, Wayneflete his hands,doubtless with reference a heart between holding corda of the liturgy. to the sursum the chantries of Beaufort Between and Wayneflete of a knightin the chain armor liesthe recumbent now figure of the time of Edward II. It is specially as being interesting the onlymilitary in the cathedral belonging to mediaeval effigy times and because of its heraldic devices. The effigy represents Sir Arnald of Piers On relative de Gaveston, the father or near II. Gaveston, the unfortunate favorite of Edward

the spot now occupiedby Sir Arnald's tomb formerly the silver shrine of St. Swithun, the patron saint of the cathedral. This spendidshrine, the prideand gloryof stood the

Fffigyof Sir Arnald de Gaveston.

cathedral, was
at

utterly by destroyed
of the Reformation.

VIII

the time

the agents of An account

Henry
of its

and of the destruction, drawn

brought in by a
to

crazy two-wheeled cart of a charcoal burner, mitted comsorry nag," to Winchester,where "it was the ground, within the tower of the cathedral,
a

volume Gasquet's It
two
was

on

taken,may spoils Monasteries. Henry Fill and the English

silveralone would
amount
to near

be read in Cardinal

reckoned

that "the

thousand

marks."

by many of the nobility, though lamented by few." Immediatelybehind the high altar is situated what is called the feretory which we failed to a repository never visit wherein is collected a number of fragments, which of the barbarism of bygone ages. speakonly too eloquently The feretory is thus described by an American lady: "One room," she says, "is a storehouse of fragments headless of them of and heads, some trunks, broken legs, arms, whole destruction is sickening.But great beauty. The nothingtouched us so deeplyas the empty coffin of a baby, with the littlestone pillow hollowed out to receive the little head. It was a hard couch at the best, for which to exchange soft warm bosom. Yet the baby could not keep a mother's even that,and its ashes are scattered to the four winds." Besides the baby'sstone which is perhaps the most coffin, in the feretory be pathetic object in the cathedral, may the painted lid of a reliquary seen dral chest, givento the catheby one William de Lislebone in the time of Edward II; and also close by the chair in which Queen Mary (Bloody Mary) sat on the occasion of her marriagein the cathedral, of Spain, St. James'sDay, in the year 1554. to Philip on bounded on either side by the Leaving the feretory, chantries respectively of Bishop Fox and of BishopStephen
attended
" " "

Before leavingthis part of the cathedral we always visited the Lady Chapel,which both from a historical and
in partly

standpoint is full of interest. It is built of Bishopde Lucy, early English style who lies buried in a long gray marble tomb justoutside the of the fifteenth in the Perpendicular and partly style chapel, century. This eastern part of the Lady Chapel is associated ceremonials ever with one of the most enacted within stately the cathedral walls. On St. Eustachius's Day in the year of Lord 1486,Prince Arthur, the eldest son of King Henry our
architectural the beautiful

horn at Winchester,and was and Elizabeth of York, was The ceremony, afterwards christened in the cathedral. an of which in the cityarchives, is preserved a was account The bishops of Exeter, and Oxford, most one. magnificent took part in it. The cathedral was and Worcester "hangede
VII with Clothes of Arras of "Lordes and and red Sarsanet." Great

companies
attended.

Ladies and dyversGentilwomen"

Gardiner, we find ourselves in the eastern aisles of the is more often called the retrochoir. The cathedral, or what

beauty of this part of the cathedral can hardlybe with exaggerated. It is in the elegant earlyEnglishstyle, its clusters of slender Purbeck marble pillars and its graceful ing vaulting.Indeed the prospect from one pointof view, lookFox's chantry from the north side, over and taking in the Edwardine arcade, is said by an eminent exquisite living in any cathedral in Europe. In to be unequalled authority,

delicate

bare the Prince the Queen's eldest sister, "My Lady Cecill, wrappede in a mantell of Cremsyn Clothe of Gold furred with Ermyn and with a Trayne." The baby was "put into the firmed Fount by the Bishopp of Worcester," and afterward "conby the Bishopp of Excester"; and then presented with "a riche cappe of Golde by Quene Elizabeth his Moder," afterwhich "he was borne home by my Lady Cecill." Out in the Chirche Yerde was sette two Pipesof Wyne, that every the Queen made Moreover a man myght drynke enow." of the monasof money tery to the prior splendid thank-offering the fit. With this money to be expended as he thought half of the Lady Chapel was rebuilt in the Perpeneastern dicular the occasion see we style to-day. To commemorate the royal of arms, several times repeated, coat are displayed
"

in the

new

work, and also those of Prince Arthur, the infant

242

ARCHITECTURE
But
was

inexhaustible.

what

we

had

seen

was

not

to

be

lightly
to

regarded. It
cathedral have about have wandered
awe

we something,

felt, to have
in the

visited the have

to have itself;

stood

glorious nave;
transepts;
to

through the
and

aisles and

gazedin
seen

and wonder

in the dark the

at the great screen; to have groped something to lonely crypt. It was of the Saxon Kings, the chanmortuary-chests

tries
Walton and of

the resting-places of Izaak statesmen-bishops, So at least itseemed to me; and Jane Austen. American friends. were, I think,shared by my my feelings attention was Their keen and unflagging tion a sufficient indicaof their appreciation and interest. Such enthusiasm of daily To me it was occurrence. not was an a experience of fresh inspiration and delight. source of the

Lych-Gate

at

S. Devonshire, England Ilsington,

T. II.

Lyon, Architect
or lych-gates corpse-gates, through which in England, are of considerable churchyards interest. Under the shelter of these lych-gates, the coffin awaits the clergyman's arrival. Here he beginsthe burial service, the way into the church reciting the leading opening versicles. Our photograph shows a rare example of a lych-gate with a room It is a modern over. structure in all but the steps at the side. The original felldown room for many some fifty a years ago, after having been in use whose fees for learning day as a school kept by an old woman,

SOME of
you

the

enter

the

to

read and

write

were

one

penny

week.

The

Lych-Gate, Little Church

Around

the Corner, New

York.

The

Vital

Need

Is the Immediate

of Industrial

Resumption Activity

to

the proper

level, so
be made

that
at

buying,should

once

The effort should be to situation is resumption of industrial unbalanced stimulation that business has had and the inflated to the fullestextent that have resulted, activity and it and to start anew possible, prices upon a should be the aim to find the wisest and most effective way normal level can the law of supply and safely rely

be justified in may by one reduction. whollyeliminate the abnormal,

consumers

THE
to

vital need

of the

upon

this. accomplish

demand and

It is felt that the proper basis of selling for the prices present will be found to be upon a scale considerably higher than those of the pre-war days. However, the level should be established on
to

the lowest planepossible, gard having due reThe announceindustry, labor,and government. ment of such a planeof prices will immediately create fidence conin the buyingpublic. It is believed that the reductions from the high prices

Such a policyadopted when understood believed, by the induce at once sufficient buying to start factories, consumer, fillempty yards and warerooms, and to inaugurate the interrupted and other programmes. building and labor have a mutual interestin remedying Industry
to

govern

future values.

announced

it is will,

but present conditions,

should industry

take

by the reduction of pricesand commodities, of labor as little aid as possible. require

the first step and should

ARCHITECTURE

243

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

B.

W.

LAMSON,

CINCINNATI,

OHIO.

C. G.

Architect. Burroughs,

Address

of Mr.

Thomas

R.

Kimball,

President

of the

American

Institute of Architects
At

the

Twenty-Second

Annual

Meeting

of the Illinois
such

of Society

Architects

at

Chicago

State societies and local organizations engaged in the promotion of the arts and industries allied to architecture." Institute I will interrupt rightthere. The American be more would of the archiof Architects tectural representative if it had twice as many in it. I want men profession That is something I want to to bring that home to you. the resolution, speak about later. The convention approves but the convention's of the institute that I approve of,and I want to say as President sarily absolutely, policyis not necesof the institute's president. terest the policy The institute's satisfaction at the inthat I have had tremendous the policy of the president.I am the chapterhere in Chicago and its able supporter, policyis not necessarily of the institute, have taken in the affairs and the progress of this society, going to ask, before I cease to be president that my make have the rightto stand for After all,we self, the profession. successors some changes in the institute itin two and do I speak here to-night lookingto a future arrangement capacities, whereby the policy progress. of the president of the American Institute will be the policy not forgetthat, because when I make a stupidremark I of the institute itself. Now the institute has approved by that up to the individual who is trying want you to charge I make passingthis resolution. To my mind it might have been to speak in a very intimate, personal way, and when If they have accepted happen to do that by accident, better if it had discussed it more. a brilliant remark, if I may the idea that the State societies are I occupy. credit that to the position to be stepping-stones asked in the invitation that I received to address I was to a greater institute some day, I am for them; if they have State societies, and I am to say something about againstthem, because I do not see not, personally you to-night, wherein we gain anythingby having parallel about the resolution that was particularly put before the powers moving but not as one that subject, and I am convention not at Nashville on going along toward one object, society. A little but I am will helpout on that. In France to-day, and in Engmake to a speech; I cannot, going history land upon my life; and then say some to discuss that resolution, thingsthat they are tryingto undo the mischief that they to-day, in order societies. Now I cannot they help saying. I will read the resolution, got into when they split up into many in those two countries to come to unify to discuss it at least in proper order: are trying together, in several of States the architecture banner in each under movement "Whereas, There are now one organized the object in the Union State Societies of Architects, the of which to avoid country, and they are warning us strenuously of its memof division. is to promote the business interests and efficiency We be sure, if we bers cannot dangers and pitfalls State societies all over the United and generally admittingto membership all honorable "tates,that encourage architects of their respective States, and some practising they are all goingto be like the Illinois Society of|Architects. of whose objects that they won't be, and I .believe we identical with or similar to the objects, We are are pretty sure of the American Institute of Architects and its chapters, ought to consider very carefully, when create a dog with we which societies are worthy of the respect and assistance of that some a tail, day the tail may be bigenough to wag the with the American Institute of Architects; The and co-operation dog. I believe it is well to consider that very carefully. it seems State society, I see it exemplified to me, here, as and, what what stands for exactly stand for. I cannot "Whereas, The work of the several chapterswould be see we effective in local professional, should prevent you from sending on industrial and public I more your applications. affairs if they were in closer reciprocal relations with these lieve cannot see why you hold there is a difference. I do not beState societies and other such organizations; there is any difference. I believe you are for the same and, Institute of Architects would for the lifeof me standards as we are, and I cannot "Whereas, The American see why be more of the architectural profession and I love should go alongseparately.That is my feeling. we representative in closer coinfluential in national affairs if it were the American Institute to the point that I am more operation to willing with such organizedarchitectural bodies outside criticiseit. I love this big crowd to the point that I am of its present membership. to find fault with what willing they do, but it is the greatest That the Illinois Chapter of be it resolved, that counts; it is the greatest Therefore, good to the greatest number the American Institute of Architects recommend the to good to architecture that I have at heart. of the American Convention Institute of Architects, Fifty-second Supposing we encourage this State society movement, that the Board of Directors of the institute be directed and it becomes a great national movement and gets beyond of State architectural societhe organization ties to control ? Shall we be better off than we ? our are encourage to-day be represented and invite such organizations to rectly at the Suppose instead of that we bring these State societies diNational Convention of the American Institute of Architects into the institute by making the institute more like with such status of Directors may the Board termine,the State societies ? What deis there why the as earthlyreason with the secretary and to maintain American Institute should not realize that bread and butter correspondence other officer designated or and business is of the first importance ? Twenty-threeyears and, by these societies; "Be itfurther That the Illinois Chapter recomof that has made this society mends resolved, a very importantbody, which the Fifty-second Annual to has accomplished Convention, that the a great many things. We have not done of Directors be instructed to encourage Board of it. The institute, I believe, should do it. I believe we should chapters the American Institute of Architects best foot foremost. to You archican't produce an co-operate with put our it is with conflicting emotions that I good friends, myselftryingto speak to you to-night.I have somehow, that the Chicago point of view is always felt, in making succeeded point of view, but I have never my realize it. I believe in results. I do not the Chicago men givea figfor the effort if it does not bringthe bacon home. the bacon home here have a way of bringing You men over

MY

find

"

244

ARCHITECTURE
tec t on
an

245

empty stomach.
most

I believe the best

tecture thingfor archireason

is the

and importantthing,

for that

in architecture is the only person believe the young man can't play golfand think about You worth considering. have passed;you have got to think about the the hole
you
one

fundamentally.They are by or or or anythingelse. They precedent past history open-mindedlygo at any problem that comes up, without fear or favor,and as such I believe they are going to prove
not or toms cus-

bound

trammels

in the

and the future,

man.

one

in the future of architecture like

same

of architecture the greatest innovation that the profession has ever mittee inaugurated.I look forward to the Post-War Com-

is the young Institute meet the

not

Now

I would

to

see

the American
one

being the
after the
of you

sensation
war,

of the I

of redevelopment
to
so. see

tecture archi-

body on the of that thing, and importance that are two as organizations
this
as one. not see

other,but
should
cannot

all be members it. I have

a

Is there any of the American

ground,recognizing have them come together, each affiliatedand helping real sound reason why you
Institute ? I

and he
can

beg
to

does what

of you it make

that every

the activities of my rather administration, or is the activities that are planned for my administration, effort to increase our vention an membership. I went to the con-

Among

letter here that will interest you on that I think I should read, as it speaksfor the this subject, policyof the institute. Mr. Waid, our treasurer, writes:

with with which directors

we we

hope that I would be given a sort of club bringthat about, a power on the part of the givenby the convention to decrease the dues since
the
to
we are

"Responding to of the understanding

was

I would say that your question, resolution adopted by the last

my
vention con-

feel that could

able
the

to

do

into the institute at this time you will be therebyestablished a policy if you for us to make instrumental in making it possible of State Societies independent yourself organization stitute. the institute available to a great many therewith by the inof the institute and of co-operation more people." But in its wisdom the convention did not see fit to giveme that in the State such a society We have justorganized condition of membership being of New York, the principal power, and the result is I feel somethinglike Samson when interest he faced the 10,000 Philistines. We have stillgot the job in this State. We have found a lively registration of the animal are all manifested by three or four hundred architects in the State, our hands, and the characteristics on here excepting the jaw-bone,and the job is here and we outside of the membership of the are a large part of whom haven't the club to do it with. We have, however, got some will be a success and that institute. I believe the society material that it will be a help rather than otherwise to the institute." pretty able material and some pretty willing has undertaken to handle that tremendous job of membership. That to a point of consideration; why brings me should When have a hard and rather nasty job,we that any man should we be willing we come a profession as the Amerhave turned ican architecture who is not qualified to Chicago to have it done, and in this case to enter we practise be willing have a regisInstitute ? Why should we to tration to Mr. W. Fred Perkins to take this littlethingon as a kind of side line, who is not honest he has agreed and with his usual complaisance law and grant a certificate to a man God knows You see, I speak and is not capable ? If he is honest and capable, to do it; but I beg of you all to help him. he ought to be in the institute. We don't want fication to you justas if you were all part of the institute. I can't any qualiof the institute. You that keeps an honest,capable all ought out man help it. So far as I am concerned,you are. It is that sort of thingthat has kept the institute to be. back and has kept it from being a great national body as I could not make talk of any kind without saying a it ought to be. I believe I can foresee a time coming when something about my own hobby. You wouldn't want me law that I believe in the professions, first and foremost, of all to. every State in this Union will have a registration the manifestations of the human shall be fundamentally the same in all, The and every certificate race. professional the Ameridea to me is the most ican and most to enter a man inspiriting enthusing. I grantedwill1be taken as entitling with our believe that the fact that a man Institute. Otherwise devotes his life, life of do not stand right a we clientele. We with the public. We do not stand right and to his clients are to the public study and accomplishment, is the biggest with a thingthat is not right.We are sayingthat satisfied thing that we have in connection with our this man, but the only so-and-so is good enough to serve and I believe it is perhaps the only requirement calling; that would justify is the man that is in the real, man a union, a real, simon-pure professional hidebound,hard-headed lieve like to have the architects and institute. I believe all that belongsto a past time. I beand I would trade-union, the profession of architecture to-dayshould be demothe lawyersand the doctors, cratic and everybody who serves the in a big sense. I believe that we afford to take his clients before he does himself, can publicand serves join the attitude that if we absolutely support this registration hands in a union, and the first purpose of it would be to the young professional make able to earn on a uniform basis, one and man a living day we will reach a pointwhere we will have such a law in every State, and where the certificate before he has got to that pointin life a competency acquire be recognized into the American where he is no longerable to make contribution to the can to come as entitling a man a Institute of Architects. art that he happens to be practising. Now, I don't want of the Illinois Society I do not think the success that we haven't yet got a union,but proves any of you to forget that State societies are a good thing. I think it proves, or that we are goingto have it some day,justas sure as a new rather indicates, Institute ought that perhapsthe American day is coming. like the State Society.I believe that is In that connection I was to be a littlemore pleasedto hear to-day that what it indicates, and I believe we have put that probthere has been a stepping-stone toward that started in Chicago, really lem and that is the Art Service League, of which Mr. F. squarely committee, that is,our Postnew up to our War Committee. W. Perkins is secretary. That is a step in the right tion. direcThey are to find out for us what is wrong with us, and tell us straight. If my hopes are carried into It does not go far, however,but if it is rightfor any Committee will become the Post-War it is certainly for four, effect, an and when absolutely two to get together, right of the American Institute. I might say have got up to the limit of those that can come into this we permanent portion of architecture. and practice Art Service League, why stop ? Keep on going and take to the profession a permanent adjunct if you realize what it is supposed to be, I wonder everybody into your leaguethat has a rightto call himself what it is driving It is a committee that plays the game at. a professional man. that the institute favorable
to

go out will come

to

and at large profession

it,and I feltthat with that say, "Now,

the

246
Now have
an a

ARCHITECTURE
criticism of my friends in Chicago. You a know funny way of forgetting your algebra. You
sum

for

and the

ethical education
to

and

simpleproblem. Why you lation what an algebraic is ? You have heard of "cancelsum forget of effort." You the best examples of it that I are of here in Chicago, unless it is in New know York, and unless in Chicago each other. When I line you up against a man makes a great suggestion, somebody in New York rises
a

arithmetical

is

should

nical
rather than institute, lower increase in
never

in subsequentmembership its standards in order

to

membership." gainmerely an Why can't we stop that and all line up in favor of the that are worth while and quitpushingopposite things ways ? York men I do not believe those New understand what they are backing. If they could stand before this crowd they
would
to we

for
come

minute lesson
set.

call it

their standard lowering

am sure

to

the contrary: when worth while, some suggests something up and proposes

some one

one

in New

York

ask you
am sure

into the institute. I

a

I do

not.

I the
tention at-

here in his wisdom Mr.

have

to

as learn,

I said

suggests the contrary. I put that up

he didn't think it was We wanted
a

to
we

Holsman, and

example you
to

have

You

have

shown

from before, that. By us

so, but I believe

canon

to
on

get rid of that

a canon

on

have got the proof. and we advertising,

business you can improvethe architect'schances for beingsomebody in this world, and to me that is the most

and had the good importantthingthere is in any architecturalsociety. late and I have talked enough. I justwant Immediately It is getting advertising. against to make a little confession of faith here before I some Chicago man thought that wasn't quite the stop. If idea,and you have stirred New York up by proposing I can have my way, I would have the American Institute right of Architects a greater institute. I would make that they should make it effective advertising compulsory. Of all the that were done, that was the one thingthat started through a powerfulpresidency.No democracy can be 100 things New York. They immediatelypassed a resolution over per cent effective without an autocratic emergency executive, Four put back in the code. Now which means of the institute there,wanting Canon givingto the next president that the result of the effort of New York and Chicago on the veto I in believe much a more attained power. easily much if it were leftalone. livelihood for the professional to about as amounts as because in no other subject man, have here That is the algebraic Now started sum. a can we claim of hope to make good our professional you way resolution before the institutein regardto State Societies, serving clients and the public with a worth-while service. our that appealedto the institute to the extent that they I believe in big men for bigjobs,and I would have much one attention paid by the American Institute to their dislution: more adoptedit. What does New York do ? They pass this resocovery and use. Modesty is a characteristicof greatness "Be and it is hereby That in the opinion of the that should not be allowed to interferewith the capitalizaresolved, tion of the New York Chapterof the American of our Executive Committee best material. The institute is filledwith big Institute of Architects, the American tects Instituteof ArchiThere are many of them righthere in Chicago that men. the formation of State Associations should discourage hear from unless you yourselves you will never dig them of Architects, whose standards of membership of a lower are their lights up because they are modest and they are keeping of those the the best under a bushel. I believe, institute, as planethan beingagainst as you know, in a leagueof the interest of the Art and Practice Architectural, and it is and I would have the American professions, Institute do further its part toward such a union. I believe creating Finally,

spent

year
to

report. They put it over

fortune

get rid of the

the American Institute of Architects increased influence among non-members of the profession techtheir interestin higher by developing

Resolved,That
to

in
are

justtwo
you.

lend its efforts

in the American

bodies of architects in the country, those who Institute and those who once were.

I thank

Patriotic

Duty

as

Well

as

jGood Business

modified policy sections.

Proposition
We New
to

commend
Sun
to

York

this extract from a long editorial in the the consideration of those who have money
is

to meet the needs and practices of various It is likely that the laws of most of the States as they stand now would protect borrowers and lenders equally; not

if in any State this was could be enacted. The

as

the

invest: "To build houses money

no more

needed, and

the

men

who

or patriotic profitable thing home builders. By furnishing the they would providethe means to employ labor, and money employed labor would seek to invest its surplus in earnings of non-employment more dwellinghouses. The menace would the capital invested in dwelling quicklydisappear, houses would return the owners of those a good profit, houses would contribute by their contented indusdwelling try the further and continuing to and material, political, social prosperity of the nation. "The great machine by which the capital for this tremendous should be distributed can be erected by enterprise the capitalists of the United States in accordance with the sound principles of business. What is required is a corporation, number of corporations, or financed from the great and in centres, money operating accordance with a general

control money do can than to supply it to

liberal as business practice would permit;the element of should not enter the transactions of the corporation, charity but its directorsshould be animated in their conduct by the
terms

the necessary case of loans should be

legislation

sound

ideals highest

and

prudence."
Can

Public Works

Help
years

"There is but little if any doubt in the minds of the business men of this country that the next few leading
will be
a

of period
a

the

case,

and great activity less than normal amount

and until the business of this country has the Congress gotten back to a normal basis, of the United States and the several States and municipalities

during these years would labor and industry would be affairs. But in the meantime

Such being prosperity. of publicworks construction be highlyin order because fully employed with private

should take up the slack in business by providing for

concentrated programmes of works." public

Editorial and

Other

Comment

Pointing

the

Way
in

ascending prices of houses appears, time certain of continuing for some

letter

to therefore,
to

be

fairly

come."

WE
firm of

take from

particularpleasure
Mr.

publishingthe
makes voices
an

Eberhard,
" last

of the

well-known It

Philadelphia
admirable
we

Wanted:

Board

of Censors

for Every

Magaziner
Mr. be the
one

Eberhard.

reply to
to-

Hamlin's

and article,

what

lieve bebe ITifwould might

we

Community
"a have
to

is

only

similar friction

way lines and and it:

ever-increasing tendency of who for any body of men,

for
a common

the times.
are

There

consummation
a

devoutly
of
censors

to

be

wish'd" and and

working along
needless well
presses ex-

board
save us

avoid to purpose, Eberhard Mr. dissatisfaction,and if he

city in
and

our

country
man

from

the

in every town local carpenter

as

builder, the
builder. the

who We

advertises himself back

the with

both and
a

arch-e-tect

look

pain
some

sigh
and
alack upon

"Does the for

man men

the

architect for him that

realize,and
are

act
same

as

did, that
that

jig-saw period,upon

trail of Queen
upon And

Anne late

upon other

working
ambition

of the

it

drafting-room has one to match; that as he finds pleasant and stimulating to have his experience broaden
draftsman, and
stifled when the
one one

every in his

he

has, for

every

clay as he; the aspiration,

mid-Victorian, upon queens, Gothic. of so-called domestic

are

ebullitions !
we

alas ! and

looking
that

too

these frequently,
Dutch and finds and loves

modern

days,
The

near-

colonial, both
houses
one

American. in

old

colonial

out, so also does his the other becomes as

as

that

the is

one

the

same same

day

just the

the

one

before and

after."

The

Housing

Shortage

comments interesting are presented some Ihlder of The housing conditions. report from Mr. and doubt no presses exPhiladelphia is especiallyenlightening, that conditions ently prevail pretty generally. Apparrelief anywhere, much there is not hope of immediate the question of high rents and and competition for eager for a considerable available places to live will continue of National the Council time. From Defense, Washington,

IN

this number

on

wandering through New England, or out on Long Island, have nearly always the redeeming grace of having been built by carpenters who books old of approved their models took directlyfrom of plan and plicity simcharm lies in the directness Their types. of detail. They are restful to look at and restful to and live in, as will, as more can as testify, many many they follow the call these days of city rent-robbers and go
back
to

the

farm.
are

There

towns
a

old elms
of the

and

past, and
to

in New lovely by the England made prevalence of colonial houses, inheritances it is a pity that mere should be money houses among them that
are

permitted
taste

build

in execrable

and suburbs

out
are

of

we

learn "It

that: has million been estimated

at

Our that end the of the United States

was newcomer

keeping with places where a

he his
can

everything surrounding.
house is
a

house, and
the

the

is the bad

no

respecter of traditions.

If he has

price

short
to soon

homes

the

stimulate

and

after the
of the

encourage of the end

increased
war,

and and

A campaign war. begun building was carried on during the

and

taste

neighborhood by
a

destroy the livableness of a whole rooms, expensive big house with eight bathtower, and
a

watchman's

music-room

for

the

first half

present
became

year,

the

national

need

of increased In the

pianola

building
meantime,

thoroughly
industries

advertised. whose

activity is a such, for example, as brick-making, to building, prerequisite and lumber relatively production, remained lime, cement, until late stagnant, or tied up with price and labor disputes, materials in the spring. The production of raw necessary far below normal in building construction throughout was the armistice operating on part period. Many plants were closed down tion time, and some were entirely. Glass producwas reported to be on a 50 per cent basis as late as the recogIn response to the buildingcampaign and May. nition of the general need, and also, no doubt, in anticipation obtainable of handsome rendered the acute by prices was large buildingprogramme shortage of housing, a fairly it is and now experiencing eventually gotten under way, of the shortage of building material handicap by reason which, throughout the winter, was obviously impending. of high and and The period of high and increasingrents
however,
those
247

phonograph. If such people have no taste of their own, why not subject their plans to a board of censors, the way build in keeping with the who could show them to of earlier times! "Colonial" traditions of local good taste is a name to conjure with, and in the hands of architects of fitness it can with a knowledge of the past and sense a with variations be played upon and yet be kept essentially true to the original. has of charming ARCHITECTURE published a number of old houses of alterations during the past year, pictures admirable adaptations of colonial. A helpful showing some architecture is to sign of the times with regard to suburban
or

be found
to meet

in the marked the needs of

our

advance

shown
towns

industrial

in many under

homes

built

the direction

of the United
a

States

successful tolerably is
an

affront

to to

it

to

the architects
manners.

Housing Corporation.An ugly or even ment house out of key with its local environleave the whole community. We must teach both the public and their clients

better

248

ARCHITECTURE

The
ARCHITECTURE,
597 Fifth New

Architect

and

the

Draftsman
to

his office in relation

other

business;he should try

of
a

to

see

Avenue,
York

his office such

as

as

an

integral part
wish
to

business system
one

or

order
on

City.

he would

subscribe to,

that is based

has who went to war To the Editor : The draftsman failed to return to the drafting-board; they say he has found
more

The have

congenial employment and better pay architect is busy again and needs
him, in fact, and
is he
answer: a

elsewhere.

him; he
be it ?
to

must

substitute
to

cannot

developed
There is

overnight. What but one ready

Does this
mean

going
"Get

do

about back

him

the

board."

that he should be looked up and argued is that a The answer hardly practicable. well paid draftsman's job should be as attractive and as similar jobs in any and have just as many as possibilities with ? That's other line. For serious
a

He should question congeniality. whether his office is representative unit of such a as a tem. sysHe should feel his repsonsibility. A million like him far would be to to this seeking right making go country the rightsort of a place. He is one of that million. Does he realize, and if act he did, that the men as working for him are of the same clay as he ; that for every ambition that he has, for every aspiration, the man in his has one to match drafting-room ; that as he finds it pleasant have his experience and stimulating to broaden out, so also does his draftsman, and that the one the same the other as becomes stifled when one the one day is just the same as

honesty and

fairness and

If it is
man to

not

so

now a

it should

be made

so. means a

before and

the

one

after.
of

become

capable draftsman

Now, having thought this

effort, years and years of hard work, often overtime

privateoffice
and tell him

likingfor the business. He edge by using this knowlthan in doing anything else. He will not and ability leave it for something else if it gives him somewhere near the return his brothers in other lines are obtaining.
work, and

generallya
to

real

he might call into his over, his draftsmen who has been diligent he is satisfied with his work, and for him to
one

should

be able

do

better for himself

carry on, that he should not be ambitious to leave and go into business for himself unless he is willing dred to take a hunchances,but that his ambition might better be in the

to

draftsmen have refused to return many the drafting-room after leavingthe army is an indictment their offices, and the methods which architects, against
so

The

fact that

of making himself more useful and necessary to way office and the office would, in turn, stand by him. how about outlining Having said this, just what
office is

the

the

with draftsmen. employed in dealing that the draftsman's job has not been as possible either from a pointof view of pay, pleasant ing workdesirable, for future outlook, as the jobs of men in conditions, or other lines of work ? It is not only possible, it is and has Is it

architects have

going to do for this draftsman ? Sure ! Let him in a while. keep his job and give him a raise once That's not enough. He has a little more coming to him than that. It's not just a case of a job with this sort of man. It's his effort he is giving. He has a right life's to expand this effort
to

his limit.

Mr.

Architect

must act

realize this,if he

wants must

been
of the

fact since the writer

can

recall.

It is

not

the fault

the

best

out

of his man,
as

and

accordingly.He
That's

draftsmen;they have been as good as other workers. It is distinctly the fault of the architects. As they have failed to accomplish anything for themselves as a body, have they failed in the conduct of their individual offices. so the meanThey have lacked vision; they have not known ing value of co-operative effort or of how to obtain indior vidual effort. They have been selfish and short-sighted
and have
not

think

of his draftsmarj

his brother architect.

the

key-note! Some time the one is the better man, some time the other;there's no rule. The boss,as he is known, has, however, the advantage of holding the pocket-book. He should not, however, presume this advantage. His upon draftsman is working with him, not for him. On the one hand, it is a plain business proposition.
The architect allows his draftsman to do his best because it will pay him best. On the other hand, it is the decent thing It is the "esprit to do. de camaraderie" in its best form.
better understandingbetween the a the draftsman; the draftsman to learn 'more of the point of view and the troubles of the architect and architect and the architect
to

allowed themselves

or

their

men

to

extend

to

their fullest. The

result of all this is that work and

they have

wasted

a great percentage of their own The returns for all have been

that of their men.

has been
our

small, and for all the outlook the profession unpromising, abused; and, worse yet,
in which all this discord and
to rights. put things

There

is necessary

better. So long as doing the profession It is to the credit of the draftsman will have a handicap;but if accomplishedit will that he has shown a prove in willingness to do his part to help matters lishment just the same out a real help. proportion by the estabMr. Magaziner and I are working on plans for an office of an association of draftsmen so that these things which we hope will solve for us the problem of be discussed. But the architect can can hardly relinquish organization the business relationship of ourselves with the other workers his position leader in matters as concerningthe profession. in our office. When have gotten this in some we form, I It would be well for him to meet their situation squarely will be very glad to write something about it,if wish. you and work out an honest solution. Otherwise his It is the business of the architect
to

architecture is the mirror failure is reflected.

know

his draftsman worth

either believes this is

not

while

leadership
will
a

might

well be

and questioned;

perhapsthe
so

draftsmen force

I am,

yours

very

truly,
VICTOR
EBERHARD.

decide these

matters
consent.

without his say

and

solution

without his

If the architect is

willing, just what

get
a

can

he

do ?

He and

MAGAZINER
603

AND

EBERHARD, Architects,
Street,Philadelphia.

should first of all try

to

distant view

of himself

Chestnut

SEPTEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXXII.

REAR

OF

BUILDING.

LIVING-ROOM. NURSES'

Wm.

B.

Tubby, Architect.

HOME,

GREENWICH,

CONN.

X X X
tj

BT'TF

H:

W U

w c*

5
H u w
W

3
o
i

H
i"

ffi

So
H
C/2

o
"

X
u

"

P-,

o
o

O
O

H u

W
u

O
PH

O o

u 1/2

SEPTEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXXVI.

GARDEN

VIEW.

BOAT-HOUSE.
COUNTRY

Grosvenor

Atterbury,Architect.

ESTATE,

ALBERT

HERTER,

EAST

HAMPTON,

LONG

ISLAND.

SEPTEMBKR,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXXVII.

PERGOLA.
MOU3C
TOR

ALBERT

HSB L.I

EAST-HAMPTON

Grosvenor COUNTRY

Atterbury,Architect.

ESTATE,

ALBERT

HERTER,

EAST

HAMPTON,

LONG

ISLAND.

SEPTEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXXVIII.

BEDROOM.

MOUSE AUBCKT

rbR

MCETEK.

E6o_. L.I

EA3THAMFTON.

Grosvenor COUNTRY

Atterbury.Architect.

ESTATE,

ALBERT

HERTER,

EAST

HAMPTON,

LONG

ISLAND.

X
o

8
o

Pi

e
u

ffi
O

"

I
w

in

2
o"

"
O

df
C/2

O
w
en

a X

2
"

H
U w H
""
"

HH

Cd

en

SEPTEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXLII.

CHAPEL

ST

ELECTION

2M) PEESmTERIAN
ALBANY N-Y-

CHURCH

SEPTEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXLIV.

u
w

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H
i" i

1
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u

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2;

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o

^
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G2

ca
t/:

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DTIT

TT

JL

JLJULULJ

JLL

25"

ARCHITECTURE

1 \

II
g

ij
^
"

ill i

S S Hi I 4 i jj
a.
on

"

Eg,

si

HI S
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WHW1IIN
ig"wfil"*e"

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ARCHITECTURE
his enthusiasm technician. The had
worn

251 but thing,

at

away in

and

he had

become

mere

with electricity, contact as every at equippedfor electric lighting but as a rule he looks upon it merely as a technical least; which he must refer to an engineer to settlefor him, subject feel for the and the interest which he undoubtedlywould able habitof making his building tremendous more possibilities cause of electricity is lost beand artistic throughthe means mechanical. Certain of his impatience with all things architect comes
modern
must building

be

vellous
heated by the
means

stove, present the electric of

or

the

ovar, sam-

motors

are a place. commonelectricity, In the home find even one inconspicuous may work with which,however,have power to perform was only attributed is that the difficulty

such

lightning speed as
The
a

to

the

of genii has

fairy-story days.

motor

come be-

looked upon as the wonder-worker which it once appearedto be,but if one can he can see that, after all, have gainthe proper perspective we here something which would have been a marvel to our forefathers. also affects the actual artistic of Electricity expression the architect. When he plansa room, this room should appear

commonplace

affair and

is

not

than simply a rectangular to him more space allotted particular purpose on his plan. If he could feel this in its three dimensions, he would see it filled room by the in the daytime and lighted sunlight by the subdued glow from electric lamps at night. Be he ever in deartistic signing so in studying the scale of his moulding or panelling, the proportions of his openings, the entire effect may be if uglylighting fixtures are selected or if the fixtures spoiled are placedunwisely. Lighting changes the entire atmosphere
to
a

of of his
room

room,

and

would
a

not

the architect rather dream

lighted by

warm,

than by a hard concentrated of shadows never dreamed Such consideration should enter into the very fundamental scheme of an architect'splan, and his technique should be such that when the room is actually built the entire effect, will be considered as a whole. including lighting, As the architect schemes out his house, he should see it with all the appliances filled which make lifein it the comfortable but complex existence produced.by modern zation. civiliThere are almost innumerable electrical appliances which may be used for the comfort and convenience in a house. In the living-room .is a most lighting interesting factor to the architect. The the standard lamp on the table, in the wall panels the lamp,and the side-lights or near
are fireplace

subdued,but diffused light which will produceugly glare when he studied his moulding?

fixtures which

are

sure

to

make

his room

more

Night view
New

of choir and York.

sanctuary.

Cathedral, St. John the Divine,

writers for electrical magazines attempt interest

to

obtain

the architect's

through articles showing wiringdiagrams, wiringsymbols,and such technical data as may make the the proper appliance architect's task of selecting and making the proper drawing less difficult. Such methods, however, have failed to arouse interest in the any particular of an is essentially artist. The minds architect who an and devoid wiringdiagram is to him another technical matter
of interest. It
seems a

nightif located and designed properly.There aside from those dealing are, of course, appliances many with lighting which are useful in the living-room. The hostess will find the tea samovar the owner himself or useful, be pleased electric cigar to use an lighter. may Owing to the modern servant problemit is almost essential have m ade for a vacuum-cleaning to provision outfit, is and there about the fact that in most no question modern houses electric fans are almost a necessity in the
at
summer

attractive

time. very

Provision

for all of these fixtures can

be
wall

made
or

simply. One
are

baseboard outlets

floor outlet and possibly two all that will be necessary for

every-

pity,however,
which
matters

that

the architect
look for

cannot

wonders grasp the modern Turn aside from technical

at

electricity accomplishes.
and
a

moment

interesting things accomplished by electricity. it possible Not long onlyin ago one would have imagined such weird tales as those of the Arabian Nightsthat a room could be flooded with light touch of a finger, at the mere with no lighting fixtures of any kind apparent to the eye. Indirect lighting, and presents to be sure, is nothing new little novelty, and yet this mere accomplishmentat one time would have furnished the inspiration for a novel. heat is generated, and a Merely by the turn of the wrist, whole feast can be preparedwithout the sight of a flame. considered a marThis, only a few years ago, was generally
the

Knoedler

Gallery,New

York.

Night.

252

ARCHITECTURE
which lights order that would
outlets special require they should fit into the

thingexcept the side

architectural scheme. The
to
same care

outlets for such

as appliances

brator, vicurling-iron, hair-drier,

properly placedin

boudoir lamp,water
same

heater, etc., are useful and these

type of outlets
of almost

can

be used in the

take

innumerable

dining-room which the appliances

There can be used an finds necessary. electrictoaster, coffee perculator, grill, vegetable egg boiler, dish,entree dish,candlesticks for the table at night. The modern

housewife

be of use in the bathroom. can appliances which the electrician Only a few of the actual appliances has furnished for us have been outlined above,and for these few that which has to be providedby the architect is of In most cases simply two base outlets or great simplicity.
cases, floor outlets

onlydifference
room

culty lamps on tables. It is not the diffithe outlets so much the necessity of providing as which should be emphasized. The mechanical them properly In the kitchen the work becomes and more locating is necessary. The dishwasher is now this type of appliance of satisfaction proper location of any outlet will alwaysbe a source is of tremenof a house whereas, looked upon as a necessity, and a utility motor dous to the owner location an improper assistance. It may be even will always be a source of irritation. necessary to look upon the of a necessity machine in the future as more does not realize that the items refrigerating Often,too, the owner than a luxury. which have been referred to do not play very important the mechanical elements to the one room where Pursuing and he will parts in the architect's scheme for his building, it is perhapsthe most find in the laundry outlets blame an architect more for a poorly located electric outwe useful, let and than for a poorlydesignedmoulding or badly a washing-machine, an ironer, necessary for a flat-iron, tioned proporall the appliances section of connected therewith. In one This is but opening. unjust true, and it is for this
of

in the type of outlet is that under the diningtable there should be what is called a "cluster" type

wall outlets will be all that is necessary in a room. In some in the living-room are where essential, as of

it is desirable to have

receptacle.

the basement

an

outlet should

be* convenient

for ice-cream

reason

that

in this article an

attempt

has

been made

to

freezing appliances. Leaving the mechanical elements and turningto the utilitarian side of electricity, in the nursery appliances mere for the warming of milk, bottles. are now designed sterilizing radiator would be of unquestionable A luminous service on cold days. In the sewing-room is extremely useful a motor the sewing-machine.In the bedroom as power for driving

of electricity emphasize the almost magic-like possibilities and As

not

the interestattached to it in the home. of life, art is a true and expression

many of the

as

modern

lifeis

complete without

appliances ferred alreadyre-

of the home that includes to, is not the conception these devices that givebeauty, and comfort not only utility, but an artistic a practical ? inspiration

Announcements
Save
In of
a

Us
The

from
Times

Like

Fate
draws

P. Tillion "

$ons, architects, announce

the

return

of
to

letter
to

to

attention

having the
on us.

the 34th Engineers, Clement V. Tillion having previously the present danger,which is hardly realized, arrived after service with the 106th Infantry. "sham in cottage building flicted inpicturesque" As he says, the old cottages are dear to us Every architect will find valuable information it is
new

H. Heathcote Statham

PhilipG.

Tillion from

duty

with

the A. E.

F., attached

from

and association,

that the way to make them like the old ones. this form stead. At

people many is to build cottages picturesque He and we have seen the effects of of superstition both at Letchworth and at HampLetchworth
over

rashly supposedby

high-roof was superstition so in going over the first again, houses erected there, there is scarcely headwayup the stairs owing to the "hip" raftersof the roof coming down so low Charles W. Attwood that one has to duck one's head to and Ernest H. Trysell, architects pass them, and the upstairs and engineers, that they have opened low against beg to announce rooms are the walls and higherthan too officesat 603 Temple Building, Mich. The partnerDetroit, of the ceiling necessary in the centre, and the slopes were ship will be conducted into by dormer under the name of Attwood cut " Trysell. windows the most inconvenient form will be of window receive They to however "picturesque" f rom glad manufacturers. internally, catalogues they may look At Hampstead of the windows externally. too are many in this climate small small; windows are not hygienic.In Old House Mottoes of the kitchen living-rooms the fireplace many to be used We in receipt of are an for cookinghas the light attractively printedbooklet the wrong side, on owing to faulty from the Western Brick Co.,Danville, with the above 111., is required planning. A left-hand light for a cooking range, title, containing that have otherwise the operator is always in her own quaint old-time mottoes many light. It is been associated with homes. "The walls of Old- World obvious that in both these "garden cities"the objective was castles, palaces, and cottages afford a wealth manses, than practical, abbeys, more picturesque and that is an essentially of verses."
that prevalent and
over
"

the

practical in a most attractive manner in a volume recently presented from Concealed Sources; on published A Practical "Lighting Treatment of LightingProblems to Obtain Satisfying mination Illuand Individual Effects Without Exposed Light Sources," by the Engineering Department (J. L. Stair, Chief Engineer) of the National X-Ray Reflector Company, New York and Chicago.

basis to start wrong is excellent: "Build and

use right

on. as

Mr.
as

Statham's

advice concluding
ence conveni-

well

in regard to possible

"Hail, Guest!
If

We

ask

not

what thou

of

art ;

and the picturesque material, will create

cannot

itselfin time.

You

force it

artificially."

News, Building

London.

hand and heart greet thee, If stranger, such no longer be; If foe, love shall conquer thee." our

friend, we

ARCHITECTURE

253

GARDEN

SIDE.

LIVING-ROOM.

Wm

B.

Tubby, Architect.

HOUSE,

W.

B.

TUBBY,

JR., GREENWICH,

CONN.

254

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

255

H-l
"

D V

C I F
"

O H-

L.-

1 L "A

B T-

:'

W-B-T

5 " T'J I
C"

PLANOH-MUT-FLOOPU """
8

IUC V

I T

(C

r -V

"

"

i cox

i oo

"_

ILt 1

I V

COK

I-

t I 0 I'J

T-"

PLANS

AND

ELEVATIONS,

HOUSE,

W.

B.

TUBBY,

JR., GREENWICH,

CONN.

Wm.

B.

Tubby, Architect.

Some
Housing
From

Comments
the Armistice

on

Housing

Conditions

in

Since Philadelphia

Philadelphia Housing John Ihlder,Secretary,

Association

During the war housingsituation in

faced Philadelphia
its history.The

the

most

critical

It finally old one. respondedto all this pressure so late that were completedwhen only a fraction of the needed dwellings its activities during the' armistice was signed. Nevertheless, the to do with maintaining the latter half of 1918 had much morale of the workers until the influenza epidemicchecked that and munition in shipyards to an extent plants operation would have been disastrous had the
war

and munitions shipbuilding and increased by leaps industrial population

came

of the est greatdistrict in the country, its

entrance

been

at

critical stage

instead of
never

bounds.

First

of 1917, which swamped the the great negro migration an equally sections inhabited by colored people. Then came ers. of white worka migration though not as spectacular

like

great

overcrowded as Philadelphia, beingalmost over. ican before,had a higherdeath rate than any other Amercity. The story of those weeks in October, 1918,reads death in the Middle Ages. a story of the black houses overcrowded, but unfit houses Not only were
"

the Philadelphia Housing migration posed Committee, coma Negro Migration Association, organized which have to do with the of all the organizations To
meet

the negro

houses

that had
were

stood

vacant

welfare of negroes, either

work.
on

as

the whole
owners

or

as

It also

persuadedhouse
out.

whose

part of their property lay

tenants

when
was

the outskirts of negro moved white tenants little

take colored to districts,

very there was

the pressure In this way and after the first few weeks relieved, considerably

houses single-family
more

families.

work

until well

though many overcrowding, stillare, occupiedby two or its continued The Migration Committee the influx of when along in the summer,
room illegal

were,

and

negroes began to subside. Then began the influx of white had Philadelphia
a

laborers.

At

that time

of vacant houses, except largenumber of in the negro districts, though a considerable proportion these vacant of repair.Steadily and swiftly them were out until by the end of houses were occupiedby new comers, September in those parts of the cityaccessible to the chief

occupied,and because matedown rials to run were permitted and costly, and because landlords and labor were scarce of almost regardless able to get tenants at high rents were partment, the condition of the dwelling. Meanwhile, the Health Deof its best men vices, to federal serhaving lost some standards. in the enforcement of legal let down of peace era therefore, began the new Philadelphia, under a serious housinghandicap. It had, however, three to reasons hope for improvement in the near future: houses 1. The were being completed. government for than half of the government's appropriations More district, were assignedto the Philadelphia house-building of which nearly and as a result some 5,000 to 6,000 dwellings, the would be added within the city limits, to 2,000 were with the signingof the armistice available supply. But
fair repair before work
on

for years because of their condition, houses that had been kept in

these slowed

down;

few

were

abandoned.

siderable con-

to-day are not completed. In all that were fit for human the Sena.te caused December industrial districts, discouragementby ordering occupancy of the U. S. Housing Corporation that work on all dwellings vacant-room even were signsdisappearedfrom occupied; and local located from windows. 75 per cent completedshould stop. National not Cramp's Shipyard was fortunately but suffered least; when this resolution reached the housingpointof view, and apparently secured a hearing organizations delphia PhilaYork The the New tember the House. Shipbuilding Company and others in SepHousing Association represented reversed this hearing, where the resolution was at to the Housing Association for aid in finding appealed after and work permitted to continue. employees. The association, quarters for their new advised the company from the feverish activity of the war the situation, 2. The let down to buy acreage studying its yard and build dwellings.It did buy this land, and near promised a diminution of population. While there was a back built there the town of workers went later the Emergency Fleet Corporation considerable let down, and thousands of the industries continued to of Yorkship. Soon afterward the Hog Island Shipyardwas to their former homes, many of the shipand some scale, yards appealed to to begun, and the Housing Association was large operate on an unexpectedly for the expected it find dwellings increased their forces. During succeeding months, 30,000 employees. When even the facts, the Hog Island management employed however, there has been a considerable diminution of prespresented sure which one force of canvassers, who went throughthe city, of population, due to various causes, among street a large of aliens to their of increasing by street, askinghouseholders as a patriotic duty to take importance is the return in Hog Island lodgers. While native lands. returningsoldiers have, to a great The Housing Association then called the attention of and there is at present a noticeable extent, made up for this, the Council of National Defense at Washington to the situation, of unemployment, the prospect seems to be that amount Then and urged that the government before the year is out. there will be a labor shortage houses, as the erect builders by this time had practically ceased opwill assume speculative eration, the lack of an adequatesupplyof good dwellings and money, almost unmaterials,and labor were obtainable. a new practical importancein the eyes of those who wish At the request of various government to hold labor here. ments, departthe association made mands dethat with the cessation of war 3. The expectation not investigations, only in the but in towns for twenty miles outside, and villages sory and boom. This proved illuwould city, building operations submitted reports. It held conferences of local builders, well advanced, for months, until the building season was and bankers. It sent representatives fore befor several reasons: officials, to appear other industrial districts had that The high price of materials and the apprehension Congress. Meanwhile and national orthis led the would begun to feel the housingshortage ganizations this price keenly, soon Incidentally, go down. like the National Housing Association had taken in their trust companiesto adopt a very conservative policy the matter up. buildingloans, and so prevented an adequate supply of The is an story of the government'sprocrastination capital beingavailable. proportioneven
256

258

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

259

FLOOR.

riOOE.
NORTHEASTERN

PLAH
Architects. " Perrot, Ballinger

HOSPITAL,

PHILADELPHIA,

PA.

260 (Continued from page 257)

ARCHITECTURE
to buy a property in order to have a been compelled to live. place has been formed in the Dayton a committee Recently for the purpose of furthering of Commerce an Chamber Home" mittee Your Own "Own campaign. However, the comtrades supply finds that with the available building will be busy to their capacity of men, almost allcontractors

have

From

Architects Richards, McCarty " Bulford, Columbus, Ohio

in For the last year there has been a marked shortage residences and apartments in Columbus, Ohio, and at the will continue for present rate of construction such shortage
some

There is considerable on building going of labor in the but there is a great shortage in this line, of building materials and of trades,and the price building time
to come.

some

there are for the next few months at least. Furthermore, involved in such a camother interests and questions paign, so that it has been found advisable by the committee of publicity amount to exercise a moderate upon the subject this matter before taking being, fashion.

all the time. labor is goinghigher advice as to what to our continually asking that is, whether to build now or do in regard to building, We are neither prophets, wait for a slump in the market. what is of prophets, refuse to predict and therefore nor sons few months, or even to happen within the next likely years, would be but it looks to us as thoughinvestment building Clients
are

wind up in a whirlof the I should mention that the members of the American Institute of Architects at a local chapter recent meetinghave agreedto contribute at least one set for the benefit of the individual small house owner, of plans for the time which modest contribution may do some good. of houses being erected at this There are hundreds the these allof but and are contractor time, realty companies

of a reduction in the rather slow unless there is somewhat become or at least until the investors thoroughly prices, convinced that

that are so ruinous to the and architecture, type of design sections in all of our American constructed on the present market looks of the newly built-up buildings into competition within a to will not be compelled cities. come built at a much lower price. few years with newer I have been workingvery hard in order to create local structures about investing the Even home builders are hesitating interest for a better class of design and more comprehensive for their own of money homes on this however all that I have accomin cheaper amount plished required houses; planning of several thousand dollars market. to date, is the sinking effort of my own into this question, with and very much From Louis Lott,Dayton,Ohio ings for my trouble excepting to show a stack of drawnothing and sketches.

Before the close of the

were as

war,

conditions housing

in

ton DayFrom Md. Baltimore, Clyde N. Friz,

such,that people workingin Dayton lived as far

small

twenty miles away, which is an unheard of condition for A great many towns. could not bring their men
I have heard of
cases

families here. labor

where

lived people
a

in

bathrooms,etc., all of which,of course, caused

turn-over.

ble considera-

that the local conditions are very I may say, however, bad. effort is being made At present, an to intelligent improve them,and if allowed to developalongsane lines, doubtless will accomplish the resultin a very short period. where, elseto be,as I assume seems effortsof hair-brainedpoliticians, and misguided We overcome incompetent building speculators. hope toj the handicap of both and win out. the Our

Since the

there has been

vacant

materials has ceased, war considerableexodus of employees.However, such that there are practically conditionsare still no of fact a great many people and as a matter houses,
a

of manufacturing

chiefdifficulty here

of This great heritage to America. immigrantbrings needs to be expressed before it actually can hQwever, is perhaps be said to belongto us. therefore, Pageantry, the pageant as a means for carrying the best possible Utilizing out our an truly own, since way to make this gift Americanization programme forms the theme discussed by The spoken word, pantopageantry includes all the arts. mime, Miss Hazel McKaye in an article written especially for and even music,the dance,painting, design, sculpture "Americanization." Miss McKaye is director of the deall are harmonized in this great art of community drama. partment of pageantry and the drama, national board, of interpreting the Apart from its usefulnessas a means offers a most esting interart of the old world,community drama Young Women's Christian Association. It isin the opportunities which itoffersfor bringing of teaching that the English means language.The Army which liesin the past into the vividnessof the discovered this fact early in its efforts to teach English to present,and in interpreting the problemsof to-dayso as to interest of foreign enlisted men birth. And then it furtherdiscovered that in any that the non-English-speaking accustomed great numbers, to was foreigner pageantry takes a foremost place Americanization programme. of the very best drama in the world. The taking part in some The whole of "Americanization" does not by any means for our immediate future, is working-man's theatre, promised liein that which thiscountry gives fact in Europe, to the foreign born. The where both amateur and a long-established richness of the art development of civilizations older than are professional productions trulyof and for and by the is the contribution our own a great abundant gift which people.
as an
"

Art

Educator

the

to Help Make Pageant,

the

Better Americans

art,

"

"

ARCHITECTURE

261

RESIDENCE,

ALEXANDER

BONNYMAN,

KNOXVILLE,

TENN.

Barber

"

McMurry,

Architects.

262

ARCHITECTURE

"

ARCHITECTURE

263

Modern

Building Superintendence
By
David B. Emerson

CHAPTER
INTRODUCTORY

fortyyears NEARLYTheodore M.

have Clark

elapsedsince
wrote

the late Professor instructive hollow

except
first story

where

will conditions exist, special block. The window

cast

be

of

his very

Those work and interesting superintendence. on building new years have been very fruitfulones, producing many that in building materials and methods so construction, Tall Professor Clark's work is now very much out of date. skeleton buildings,
concrete,

steel beams, construction,

Portland
cement,

reinforced
proofing, watervacuum

tions,
terra-cotta street

frames and

sash in

fronts will be of sash

of special design, bronze,

frames and
entrance

kalameined. Main

Roof

in the upper will be covered bronze

stories will be copper with flat tile roofing. doors. revolving

will have

covered

Vestibules and

American open

membrane

corridors in first story will have marble floors wainscot; corridors in upper stories will have mosaic and

and plumbing,electric lighting, have all been invented since that

nascent

cleaning systems
were

time,or
many
new

and marble wainscot. Staircases will be of ornafloors, mental with marble treads. Elevator enclosures cast-iron, will be of ornamental doors glass, and
to

then
new

in

stage.

With

all of these and many

other it is

developments have
of construction suited the intention
on

come naturally

methods
not

articles Clark's had

to

throw

work,

any but rather been

materials. So to the new the part of the author of these Professor discredit whatsoever upon
to

iron glazedwith wired polished platehung on ball-bearing hangers and provided with improved type of operating devices. All doors trim throughout the offices will be of hollow metal, be The Toilet-rooms office floors will be of cement, hardened will have tile floors and structural

enamelled. and colored.

write

as

Clark

might have

written

in 1919 instead of in the early done will glasswainscot and stalls. The banking-rooms of which we with marble, counters and screens will be to follow the be wainscotted building propose office building, of marble and bronze of an ornate construction will be a largemodern to be character. Ceiling of built in a thriving the main thousand beams and cityof two hundred and fifty banking-room will have ornamental who wishes to coffers of plaster.The bank vault and safe-deposit vault will by the local multi-millionaire, population, and fame in the community where he and improved type of fire and burglarbe of the most modern perpetuate his name ment. has amassed Directors' room his wealth, also to have a good paying investand president's room proof construction. will be about one will be elaborately hundred in hard wood, The size of the building and wainscotted panelled and fifty feet by two hundred feet,twenty stories high, and will have marble mantels, oak floors, and ornamental is to be three sides will face upon streets. As the building will be The Turkish bath in the basement plaster ceilings. it will be constructed retained as a permanent fitted up with structural glass wainscot and rubbing slabs. investment, in the best manner The to equal in every particular possible, swimming-tank will be lined with enamelled brick, the best class of office buildings in New York The or Chicago. and be equipped with formed gutters, life-rail, etc. The first floor will providequarters for a bank and trust will be of the best type, plumbing throughoutthe building of which is president and a principal hot-water supply and filtered ice-water supply to all offices. the owner company, stockholder. The remainder of the first floor will be used The Heating will be done by a vacuum building system. will be occupied brokers' offices. Part of the basement will be equipped with a completevacuum-cleaning as system. the of the and the The of will bank, mainder reelevators be the by safe-deposit department gearlesstraction passenger will be fitted up as a high-class barber shop and elevator and sidewalk elevator to sub-basement type; freight Turkish bath establishment, an will also be provided. A more up-to-date equipped with a completeand detailed small swimming-pool. The heating apparatus, all of the materials and construction of the building description pumps and machinery will be located in the sub-basement, which will be given as the work The lot is pracprogresses. tically will be under onlya part of the building.The stories and the old buildings which formerly the level, occupied upper will be devoted entirely will to rented offices. The site have been removed. building Boringshave been taken, and the of the soil and sub-soil have been pretty well deterbe of first-class fireproof construction. mined. The lower three quality It has been found by the tests that about stories will be faced with Indiana threeoolitic limestone, with a will set upon good sound soil, base course of granite.The basement having and sub-basement quarters of the building of from four to six tons per square foot, a bearingcapacity rear walls, wall, and the backing up of all stone-work his work The eighties. up will be of brick, floor, above that will be of backing of all brick,stone, and terra-cotta hollow tile, eightinches thick,with header tile for bonding
to

the level of the second

but it
an

was

also found that

one

corner

would

set

on

the bed and

the

of

old stream, and that the soil was would necessitate piling. The
a

bad particularly

lines and

facing. Walls bell sills, lintels,

to

levels have been

above

third story faced with brick, windowcornice and other trim of

cotta. terra-

courses,

and surveyor as called for in the specifications, is now excavation. ready to commence (To
be

established by properly everything

Floor

slabs will be

of reinforced

concrete.

Parti-

continued.)

264

XX

ARCHITECTURE

Trade

Names

Will

Be Lath

Forgotten During
Week
Metal
Lath

Metal
with

This

test

house wood

is

designed so
and

that

one-half

is built

the usual

construction

the other lath

on

half of firethe inside outside.

resistive frame The members

united
use

construction,using metal
stucco

of the Associated
on a

turers Manufaca

and

metal

lath and

with

roof fire-resisting

have
more

co-operative campaign to promote

lath for fire-resistiveconstruction. be Metal Lath

extensive
The climax 6
to

of metal

of this

campaignwill
the

Week,
vention Pre-

October

11, 1919, which

held under

is coincident with

Fire

of the National Fire auspices Protection Association, U. S. Department of Commerce, of Fire Underwriters, and other national organizaBoards tions interested in fire prevention. of the companies During this week all of the member Week Associated entire lath
to
as

Metal

Lath and

Manufacturers

will instruct

their

sales force
a

metal all agents to concentrate on material. efforts will be made fire-resistive Special metal lath with fire

link up

preventionin the

minds

of

architects,contractors,
Individual brand for
a more names

the general public. dealers, and will be avoided, and all will work

of the fire-resistive generalrecognition qualities

of metal lath. The

Resistive Frame
test

Association has arrangedwith the Societyfor Fire Construction to distribute a design for a
which

Ballroom, South

Shore Country (See article on

Club, Chicago.

Marshal!

"

Fox, Architects.

house
to

is published by that society. Efforts will

"Art and

Electricity," page

249.)

be made
as

have this house

set

reproducedin
on

and possible

fire

to

Fire

localities as many Prevention ber Day, OctoLath Week.

It is believed
to

that

no

more

effective method

of visualizing metal lath

the

public the
than

fire-resistive

of qualities

9, which

will be

Tuesday of

Metal

could

be used

this

demonstration. practical

H11"1

II

I!

I!
AN UNUSUAL AND COLLECTION COLONIAL OF CHOICE IN DESIGNS WOOD OF AND THE EARLY MARBLE ENGLISH PERIODS

ii
!=

ii ii

FIREPLACE
ANDIRONS,

ACCESSORIES
F1REBACKS,
FENDERS

GRATES,

II
I!

from

and reproductions Originals interesting originals

Illustrations
upon

if
H
ii

request

DISTINCTIVE

METAL WEATHERVANES
LANTERNS FOOT SCONCES KNOCKERS BELL PULLS IRONS SCRAPERS

WORK

i!
If
brass Reproduction
an

CHIMNEY In hand

forged iron

and

of
house

fine Queen
near

Anne

Chimneyprece
in

removed carved oak.

from

old

the

Guildhall, London, 101

ARTHUR

TODHUNTER,

showroom

PARK

AVENUE,

NEW

YORK

X w U OS

o
OS

(x,
C/5

P O

ARCHITECTURE
THE PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECTURAL MONTHLY

VOL.

XL

OCTOBER,

1919

No.

Theodore

Roosevelt's
Chairman

Service
By Charles
of the Commission

to
Moore

the National

Capital

of Fine Arts

with the members ROOSEVELT, PRESIDENT view of the Cabinet, attended the preliminary Park
at

of his
Senate

Plans for the improvementof Washington, on Gallery, January 15, 1902. The first objectthat caught his eye was a small model of the proposed of the Washington Monument treatment grounds, be which he, with his usual impetuosity, declared to fussy. Commission the Corcoran

personalknowledge of the work being Root, who Secretary had been one of the advisers of the commission, in hearty was accord with the new plans. Secretary Hay approved both the location and the tentative design of the Lincoln Memorial; in fact, Lincoln with Washington on the main axis placing he regardedas inevitable. Thus fortiof the composition
no

pared,he

had

done

until he visited the exhibition.

UNION

SQUARE.

took him to the large fied by the approval of President Roosevelt and Secretaries ings renderThereupon Senator McMillan in color, and Jules Guerin, showing by Charles Graham Hay and Root, the commission felt that they would have the entire Mall scheme from the Capitol the support of the executive branch of the government. to the Washington of 1902 the Senate passedthe McMillan Monument, and thence to the Lincoln Memorial, explaining During the spring the original which plan of L'Enfant and the continuation of bill, providedfor removing from the Mall the it by Messrs. Railroad tracks and station. This legislation Burnham, McKim, Saint-Gaudens,and Pennsylvania Olmsted. When he realized the full import of the great if the Park Commission to be was imperative plans were the restoration of all those axial reThe died. carried out. In August Senator McMillan lations composition, involving between Capitol, White House, and Monument, that House completedthe railroad legislation; and there the new had been devised under the immediate of Washington concerned. far as Congresswas to supervision a stop in so planscame and Jefferson, he became enthusiastic over the new Senators Wetmore became the defenders of and Newlands the plans, and when Mr. Root entered the Senate the three plans. The commission had begun its labors during the administration both in defense of the general fought some good fights, of President McKinley; and, althoughVicescheme and in favor of particular but the plan as a projects; President Roosevelt was President of the Senate when that whole found no champion to make an aggressive fight.On the contrary, in both Houses assailed body authorized one of its committees to have planspreopponents strongly
267

268

ARCHITECTURE

RESTORATION

OF

THE

STATE

DINING

HALL

OF

THE

WHITE

HOUSE.

McKim,

Mead

"

White, Architects.

the members
as

of the commission this is

well.

But

and individually anticipating.

the

plan

"but
can

is expensive. Pine realize that simplicity you must be sawed but plainsurfaces and' gildedquitecheaply; be The made." thoroughly fact that the the White and House is absolutely rightis knowledge of Charles McKim,
not

McMillan In the springof 1902 Senator secured an for the thoroughreconstruction of the White appropriation President Roosevelt as House, the work to be done entirely should direct.
to

must

Mrs.

Roosevelt

had

sent

for Charles

McKim

advise He

her about told her

pairs. spending$16,000 on White House rethe condition franklythat,considering a not

taste perfect but probablyMr. McKim his ideas would certainly

due

to

would
not

have

been selected

"

have for

found the

realization

"

had

it

not

been
and

complete understandingand
Both of
"

full and

of the Mr. The

on

the sum named would not make even building, would have dropped had beginning.There the matter McKim
same

sympathy
them had
"

of the President been familiar with

Mrs.

Roosevelt.

the best

things

the suitable

told Senator

McMillan
of

of the conversation.
the Senate office Committee

things
The

all their lives. former for the remodelling of the White House, plans preparedunder the direction of an

on day the latter prevailed insert an item to Appropriations a

in 1900, were $100,000 for repairs, presented

and
to

further

sum

for

temporary

Cannon's Representative

insistence that

building.Owing the appropriation

should be sufficient to put the White House in absolute increased to nearly $500,000. The order, the item was
based on estimates made and was by Mr. McKim approvedby President Roosevelt. During the periodfrom both President and Mrs. Roosevelt gave May tillDecember much time and thought to the restoration of the White House. The work was in such a manner as accomplished the necessity to for change; the building stored repreclude was in form to what it was in the days of Thomas son, Jefferamount

Mansion. minded mistress of the Executive aesthetically They were extravagant and destructive of historic values; they would have made the President's House (as the original and an name was) into a cross between a railway-station Institute of Architects exposition building.The American them vigorously.But the real veto came when condemned Mrs. McKinley told Senator Allison (chairman of the Committee that "she didn't propose to on Appropriations) have any hammering in the White while she occuHouse pied it."

Every
mind

architect knows
meets

that his battle is won his mind. That and

was

when what

the

and renewed the "I

worse. am a

the interior
manner.

was

finished and and

furnished in
have

manent per-

of the client in the

case were

pened hapOf

Hangings
time
to

decoration been

to

be
course

of the Roosevelts times when but the

Mr.

McKim.

from

time, but any changeswould

and

be for

there

"Fashion"

"style"have
President

eliminated.
to

up

who againstthe architect, the essence; the way,

to

President came impulsive stood ready to compromise

simple man,"
"and I
want

said

Roosevelt

Mr. I

but anything

that is another

story.

And,

McKim,
don't
want

in the White simplicity was extravagance.""Certainly,"

House. the answer,

by

there was

how little besides astonishing ! compromise on with McKim

was

it

essence

ARCHITECTURE

269

GENERAL

VIEW

OF

WASHINGTON,

LOOKING

NORTH

FROM

THE

WASHINGTON

MONUMENT.

"I

am

said living,"

President

Taft, in 1909, "in

McKim.
any

house

This

statement

is borne

out

by

the McKim

spondence corre-

that has been made

to

beautiful by Mr.
invite any

It is a house

which

you

can

from foreigner

country,

and feel that it is a worthy executive mansion artistic, for a great nation like this,combining dignityand in .allits lines (itdoes to me) the and reflecting simplicity, however of the art of Mr. and simplicity dignity Without to dicta of the subscribing due the good pointsof his house are but giving due mistakes to his architect, of Mr. McKim."

served.
in my possession. service to President Roosevelt's conspicuous the Mall planfrom rendered in preserving was ington Washwreck. The between

plans called for on buildings

south side.

an

hundred feet open space of eight the north side of the Mall and those space
was

on

the

This

calculated, carefully

average client that to his wife and the credit and

to

after studying similar spaces at Versailles, Compiegne, in France, Schoenbrunn Vaux-le-Viconte and Fontainebleau,
in the

the

genius
gent intellivelt Roosepre-

Vienna, and Hatfield House

rows

McKim,

maintain I still
as

that without President would

not

such Mrs.

the four

and the

clients appreciative historic White

House

have

been

in England. Provision for drivewayson either side ot for. The templated carefully plan conprovided tapisvert were of L'Enfant's the carrying out original design

of elms

and

the

The Mall, a garden approach to the Capitol from the White House, planned by Peter Charles L'Enfant (1791) under the direction of President Washington. is the Capitol,flanked on The view is directly from In the center the east the Washington Monument. rightby the Office Building for the House of Representatives,and on the left by the Senate Office Building. Further to the left is the monumental Union Post Office. The Library of Congress appears the Station,and the new on beyond the Capitol. In the foreground, National Museum the new both structures are are right, wings of the AgriculturalDepartment Building,on the left the new Building; located with reference to an axial line beginning at the Capitol,extending through the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial.

270
for the Mall. from the Mall. There commission await the
were

ARCHITECTURE
It
was

for this that the railroads work of break these

were

taken

attempt

to

make

a am

change. Well, that

afraid that
it
so our

influences
An
a

at

to

plan. of digging busy

with

estimate few
more

up the whole influences will

and I beginning, the jigwas up. that when that but

But there

suited

appeareda

good thought the Secretary of Agriculture from an engisuggestion neer

was not a

very

brother

McKim

honored

release of information
was

not

yet available.
and

graves and the velt President Roose-

other matters, Newlands

of all the and, in spite Wetmore,

son's WilSecretary Agricultural Department people located the new President Buildingso as to spoilthe Mall composition. told the story, with memorial meeting, the McKim at Taft, efforts of Senators
a

not $10,000 or $5,000would be sacrificed, possibly might be introduced in another way, the the invitation of the President, the suggestion at or Secretary, it might be worked said that he thoughtpossibly out
an

economy

not

that way, but the President insisted that if we did, we did the criticism that we had to make intend to waive

And

fund of humor "The

that

more

than makes

up

for

some

minor

historical inaccuracies: gress lest Conchief anxiety Mr. McKim's Mall was that important should forget part of the plan for the

of architects by reason the profession of their delay. against so we separated. McKim "The moved. and was Agricultural Building of the War I walked Department. I said: up the steps I congratulate He 'Mr. McKim, on victory.' you your turned and looked
at
me a

tion improvement of Washington. The cellar and the foundafor the Agricultural Department Buildinghad been when it came and some $8,000 or $10,000 expended, begun, if erected Mr. McKim's to knowledge that the building, would be a few feet too high and a to that plan, according few The that much

victory? Another
"President add

such and

and moment, I am dead.'"

said: 'Was

it

Roosevelt," said Elihu

add
to

Root, "needed
of those

to

nothingto the many reasons affection for him, but he did

and

that I have for respect and both

by

the

steadfastness stood

feet too

near

the centre, and

he

came

to

prevent it.

by

McKim

with which he appreciation generous in his strenuous efforts to prevent the park-

of Agriculture not was disposedto regard Secretary and was variation from the plan as substantial, very opposed to the change. "Mr. McKim
came

system plan from

to

me,

after Mr.

Root

left the

and asked and friend, Cabinet,as his only true sympathizer he also regarded whom as a to speak to the President, me friend and him the but sympathizer, So I
went to
see one

and rendered imposbeingoverslaughed sible inconsistent construction." by subsequent One and characteristic act of President picturesque Roosevelt perhapswas also vital to the carrying of the out the PennsylvaniaRailroad retired plan of 1901. When from the

Mall, the old Sixth Street station remained

President Guard Garfield it for
was an

"

the The ous variThe

who

at

times needed and

vincing. con-

station

in which

murdered. armory, and economists.

the President

to explained

District National other

uses

wanted

and he at once agreedthat we ought to situation, said he, 'the trouble is with Uncle Jimmy, changeit. 'But,' who of complaint. He says that these cause delayed too long,and the publicmoney be wasted and expended in this way.' cannot or something "'Well,'said I, 'can't we call a council, sit on the subject, and then finally of that sort, and solemnly conclusion?' reach the right and we did. Mr. "He said,'We can, and we will,' has
a

were

urged by
matter

the small

of the President disposed

real

architects have

the immediate by ordering and speedy demolition of the building.Before official Washington rubbed itseyes open, the bigstick had done its work. No such high-handed had occurred since proceeding Boss Shepherd, havinglured the Districtof Columbia judges
to
a

clam-bake

Market down The

the Potomac, had the North Liberties down (on the site of the present CarnegieLibrary)torn
were injunction-powers beyond reach.

while those which

McKim others.
at

was

of

and Mr. counsel, took Mr. architects who been

Green McKim

and
to

two

or

three
once

The

President

task

at

the

until

of audacity plans have

wait thirty and sixty days, in and and then come completed,

ings, buildand navy factory-office army intrude their huge and ugly bulk up to the very steps of the Lincoln Memorial,await the advent of another constructive destroyer.

"temporary"

VIEW

OF

THE

MALL

FROM

ARLINGTON

(PROPOSED

PLAN).

272

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

273

FROM

HALL

TO

LIVING

ROOM.

F1R3T

vSTORY
"5CALt Xa-l-O"

PLAN

BUNGALOW
AT

FOR,

ALEXANDER,
ISLAND

E5Q
"

"3LtNHE.A.D,LONq

OCTO5EK.

13,1317

U.S.

WMJ.R.IM

CLM5.IS,, ARCHITKT5, 100Lm5T

NYC

Possible

Saving in Building Expense

By
Richard
not

P.

Wallis

building industryof THE resuming operations

at

the
a

country

at

largeis

the deficit caused that

as soon as

by

the War.

pace sufficient to wipe out It was the general opinion be in

an tent ex-

discuss the evils that have sprung up under this system. The method that will purpose of this article is to suggest a building eliminate The
must

immediate
would

there would peace had been declared, of building for all purposes that volume exceed

client. and yet insure a satisfied cost unnecessary is the profit that the owner first point to investigate pay
to

the

contractor general

the average of many that there would be a freely predicted labor

years past. It was of labor,that surplus

other
not

than

his the

own.

The

for the services of izations organdoes generalcontractor

fall and that material prices would would be prices stimulate building cheaper inducements that would inevitably A survey of the past four months does not operations. this earlier prophecy. We are now justify facinga labor in all building labor wages are goingup in an lines, shortage effort to neutralize the higher of ordinary serve cost living.Reof building material have been depleted, and surplus stock because of their reserve no attempt made to replenish the many uncertainties confronting the manufacturer. Now when the demand is beginning materials must be to come,
"

he does not supsub-contractor, ply of its installation. He supervision merely acts as the broker that in a generalway sees that is installed in harmony each component part of the building with every other part. In this service he is paid a profit on This separate the work of other independent organizations. sub-contractor also has to have his profit or organization
the material
or or

supply the

labor of the

he would
the

cease owner

to

be able

to

carry

on

his business. first to the

In

this way
contractor to

and

pays two the second to

the profits,

general

the sub-contractor.

In addition

manufactured
as

on

hand-to-mouth

basis. This

means

certainty un-

these two, the architect must receive his profit for his conceptions of the various ramiand weldingtogether fications of the
arts

and a consequent increase in cost delivery to insure any sort of delivery. These with the great demand facts, together to-day, builder must contribute toward what the prospective face, and that is higherbuilding dering hinThis fact is greatly cost. the resumption in building work on a scale commensurate with its importance and necessity. Every effort
to

and be

sciences necessary

for the

tion comple-

of the
of
a

building.This bringsthe perfect

must
are

total number

should be made that will tend to method to discover a diminish this reluctance of the public to build. In order to see what can be done to accomplish this end, let us investigate the present-day turer theory of the manufacand
to
see

this great floor space.

if the lesson he has learned cannot be applied the manufacturing of manufacturing industry,

The factory modern cost operator to-dayaims to meet his volume of business at a reduced conditions by increasing of production.This is brought about cost through more efficient of training the

operatives, labor-saving devices,

paid by the owner up to three. In but of the three the legitimate profits, with is that of the general most one tractor. coneasily dispensed In other words, his profit those items that comon pose considerable portionof the completed cost of the a is the one earned with least amount of effort and building responsibility. The second pointto consider is the relation existing and his subs. In theory between the generalcontractor the subs reporting the general the system is excellent, to and receiving their payments from him and all contractor in harmony, but in actual practice it does working together work well. The the under not out as generalcontractor form of contract sometimes is forced to present lump sum figure pretty closely.In order to do so he playsone of his subs against the other, concealing from him the estimating
sense

that profits

all three

increased efficiency in plantlayout, actual facts of the case. the use of his Sometimes he does this when the increasing individual product by a campaign of advertising of getting and developingnecessity close figures is not In this necessary. for his product. new he is able to deduct from the legitimate of uses manner profit There is a germ of thought in the experience the subs a littlehere and a little there, so that the sum of the manufacturer that can and should be applied total of these bits of profit to the manufacture amount to a considerable sum. of buildings, whether factories, or publicbuildings Frequentlyit is the sub-contractor that pays the general residences. Any method of building that will eliminate an his profit the entire job. Aside from the contractor on ethical aspect of this policythere is an unfortunate condition unnecessary group of costs reduces the cost of the completed article, therebymaking it possible of the work that militates to increase the volume created in the carrying on of business which is the end we are after. the interestsof the owner. against One very evident A good many reputablesub-contractors refuse to bid way of savinga considerable percentage of the cost of a building would be the elimination of the work at the invitation of the general on contractor, but in unearned made the work the contractor of so doing they must profit on by the general case protect themselves against of his various sub-contractors. The general has contractor of such a line of action. This means possibility a higher in a sense become the clearing-house of building rather than the owner. contractor subThe reluctance of the reputable cost to the builder himself. He rarelycombines within himself bid frequently leads to the employment of to of all the trades and there the trouble begins. In necessary to turn out a completedbuilding. those not so scrupulous Most likely in the past he has been a order to make a legitimate contractor or the sub-contractor masonry marginof profit a who has taken over to himself the carpenter contractor resorts to substitution, skimps his work unless closely of the other trades incidental handlingand the directing watched, and triesin every way to cheapen his share of the Of course to building. it will be said that this work. This condition necessitates a closer inspection of system has certain definite advantages and to a degreeit is true. tralized the work by the architect, Cenleads to a loss of and invariably is one of the responsibility lessons learned in between owner, architect, and friendship many generalcontractor the hard school of practical sub. In cases of this kind it is that sufexperience. the owner fers

Assuming
let
us

certain benefits accruing from

examine

this arrangement, the debit side of this arrangement and

274

the most, the cost and

as

he is the party
the work

most

usually concerned vitally

with
con-

of quality

performed.But

this

ARCHITECTURE
dition
an

275
contractor's his he

and the other parties also on to the contract reacts the parties springs atmosphere of suspicion up between for whose best interests demand co-operation a harmonious the benefit of their The
own

fee,and
value

he would in full

be certain of satisfaction in
in the for what

secure completedbuilding, resting

has

received

measure

knowledge that he has paid

benefited by
that among receive the

fortunes.

solution for a situation of this character is logical for architect or engineer the designing to make responsible the architect Allow of the work. the coherent prosecution exercise those functions of co-ordination to to now delegated and it is The the general contractor. competent architect, is the logical about him that we are speaking, party to see of the building is in construction that the actual physical self, that he, himwith the plans and specifications accordance
has drawn constructed carry the actual the main His is the office that has conceived and up. the buildingon Why should he not paper. this function one for step further and be responsible

conclusion ? not a logical of architecture would profession It is only too an arrangement of this sort. of architecture does laymen the profession The credit that should be its due. that
a

for.

Is this

be
true not

Few realize the complexities architect meets with even in the designot practising The architect a comparativelysimple building enterprise. be a compositedesigner, business man, and must engineer, executive. These functions render him capableof handling the intricate details of his

trade, and

as

soon

as

he is

seen

itself is erection of the building. The building are merely object,the plans and specifications between the architect and the various sub-contractors implements of service. the plans and speciThe general tages contractor sees ficationshould be on the basis of cost plus a fixed fee. The advanrarely of such a system are them. Each sub should until such time as he is invited to .figure numerous. on estimate his share of the work, submittingto the architect with the ideas of the architect or owner, He is not conversant his upset price. If the cost this and he must, in order to intelligently of installation runs over perform his share of should pay it out of his own but the contractor the operation, acquainthimself with all of the preliminary price pocket, if there is a savingeffected the contractor it with the details. On the other hand, the architect has nursed the splits This is a decided incentive for the contractor and is familiar with all its whims and owner. from infancy, to do project his work as economically fancies. is assured as possible.His profit the generalcontractor would this arrangement and there is,therefore, Under that he should attempt reason no The architect would be empowered under install inferior materials in an unworkmanlike be eliminated. to manner. of his contract with the owner His personaland business relations with the architect dethe terms mand to employ the subs be the this he would choose that he In and the able to pick benefits can owner directly. give and very best way the men he has done business with in the past, and thereby. among of fact the owner in whom confidence based upon As a matter faithful and he has implicit benefits from every step of the method of previouswork. In this manner His costs outlined above. reduced and are intelligent performance he is guaranteeda satisfactory the subcontractor, being insured of his legitimate ing increasmargin job. The architect, would into his own, find no incentive for cheapening his share of profit, his functions, and the various concomes tractors of the

by the publicat largein the actual execution of his work, designingthe building, arranging for and carryingon its erection,he will be given credit by the world for what he well as an artist. The agreeis,a business man as actually ment

work, and
to

even

if this incentive

should exist he would

are

insured

square

deal.

It would

seem

that

would everybody connected with the erection of a building advantage of it,due to the fear of jeopardizing his position with the architect. would We The owner be benefited would have by such an arrangement. His under of this sort. benefit directly and the demand of the presmore at a lower cost an buildings arrangement ent would due to the elimination of a general would be met, which is the end we are seeking. cost less, building
hesitate take

Lumber
A wood little goes a Lumberman

Salvage in

France

long way in a French house,writes from France, representative of wood that will be salvagedfrom and the largeamount the devastated cities will probably result in a smaller demand for American lumber for reconstruction than building at first expected. was in ruins in the war are Although cities and towns and in most of them there regions, they are not pulverized, is enough building material fit for salvageto rebuild a fair The steel is nearly always so percentage of the houses. but there is a great badly twisted as to need remelting, of lumber in the form of floor and roof beams, door amount planks,etc., that is still in excellent shape. Some which has been partlysplintered be resawed. may There is also,according to the same a large authority, of trench lumber; in fact, in the Allied and German amount trenches, dugouts,and other militaryworks, "billions of feet of lumber and timbers that will be used again." Practhe American

tically
with and
enormous

dugout has walls and roof and every permanent often floor of thick boards and planks,the whole braced
timbers.
All for miles in the
rear

along the Hindenburg line, are opposing positions, of wood in the dugouts, trenches,and artillery great quantities positions.Most of this wood is in fine condition, be used extensively and all can in rebuilding homes, and
of both

even

cities.
The French vaging careful in salpeasants have been most their forests also,the sound trees and those whose will heal being left standing, the hopelessly broken rest, branches and Even the leaves

wounds
trees

being cut for lumber, and the being neatly piledfor cord-wood. gatheredup for fuel.
American the French

all,
are

lumber

interests should keep in touch

with much

situation, even

though
A

there

is

now

not

for buildinglumber. developlater. demand

demand

will be

sure

to

276

ARCHITECTURE

Editorial and

Other

Comment

Still Marking

Time
from various

little

or

no

consideration,and houses,-many are work, which

which

from

an

economic

talks with architects RECENT that confirm the generalopinion country

reason

parts of the there is still

standpointhas great advantages. Throughout

numbers
more

the

cityare
than

of old
recent

of
too

them

better

built

for
to

marking

time

but The
to

with every

order

pricesare making of
offices

forward. go in evidence
contracts

prospect of an early uncertainties with regard to

an

such

extent

as

to

prevent the

are working but there is building,

any overtime

for

large developments. Many gettingready for prospective

industrial conditions
advance but that in home many be done

become

until present littlereal encouragement There is a marked stable. more

large for the average lend themselves ling. and which would to remodeleasily family, small expenditure, such a house For a comparatively into a modernized, sanitary, attractive be converted can in some into a small three flat building, or cases two or Probably several thousand extra families apartment house.
could
at
an

be accommodated

shows
can

however, and hardly a suburb building, going up. Even with all buildings in this field there will be a dire shortageof
new

outlay of
of "The
new

amount

in this way, in a space of time and less than a corresponding very much would entail. building
money
resources

conservation of present

is

not

nomically only eco-

for peopleto places where the need of in

It is in the great centres, there seems is greatest and where live. demand.
to

the

cities,
be
no

under advisable; it is practically a necessity

the

the least
to

prospect
trouble

meeting the securing money

While

There the

seems

build

expensive high-class
is for those of moderate
ber num-

of assets conditions and liabilities throughout the existing old structures wherever in the world. In utilizing possible of housing facilitiesseveral objectsare attained. increasing The of the old property is increased,and its life prolonged. of available space is doubled and or use more, this still is growing city distinctly tant. imporcompact and value The The

apartment

house, but the greatest need

there has been of old
a

rental.

very considerable

of alterations

of remaking buildings, studio been held

of the old well-

in

type of cityhouse
laid
tenement

into small

service of all publicutilities is increased without

such furnishing is of
so new

apartments, many
up latitude

plans that promised reliefhave

laws. It would in these
seem as

if some

granted architects
has become
so

times, when

the

by local might be ing exigencyof liv-

any added cost for material and labor

service.

The

development
affected.
many
cases

comparativelysmall buildingshould not

upon

that

drain upon the normal in

be seriously
a

The

demands the

sharp. Far be it from us to advocate from fire risks or any reversion any less careful protection of overcrowdingand indifferent consideration to old methods there not be but may of air and light, of the rightamount
revisions made
to

financial institutions would old loans the

on

become

puttingof
with

sound

mercial com-

basis and would be and well

in all cases,

secured, provided the work

ever-growing demand, be done mately legitimore ful care-

meet

new

conditions

that would

necessary take these

requirements. Certainly it
matters

will yet fillall be well to

a

wisely.

under

consideration,with

view

to

"That, of course, is the necessary proviso. Even should receive the than new construction, remodelling
attention and of
an

the problem of using to the best possible advantage solving alteration. capableof satisfactory buildings existing

expert.

There

are

problems, aesthetic

In

California

arise in such work and upon which factory the satispractical, of which depends the real value of the undertaking. solving there is perhaps more real creative triumph And such exist difficulties have been
or on overcome

when

than

when

cles obsta-

FROM

in San Francisco, BuildingReview, published those in the coast learn that conditions on parallel we Their problem seems the East. to be not only to meet the but the ever-growing needs of the native sons migrant population
The
more or

only in

the mind

paper."

As
'

to

Competitions

less

from transient,

the

East, seekers after

climate and a less congestedpopulation. of the new of Nebraska. State capitol Institute apropos It renting departments of real-estate offices are that has one begins with the old questionof competitions, ! throwingup their hands and callingKamerad' figuratively that probably and one though been a discussion of long standing, both sides of San Francisco at Bay. And alpresent, on all concerned. will be decided In to never satisfactorily of new increase in the construction there is some the first placethere seems to be something innately repellent adequate to housing accommodations, it is by no means in the very thought of any competition, and we to continues the demand, which to increase daily. A many satisfy the fact,too often proved, that the dwell upon need not prominent San Franciscan, formerlyconnected with one of In these public disillusioning. the most successful local real-estate firms, who recently results are often powerfully of local dilleaffairs there is always the pullof local talent, from the East after a long periodot Government returned and the personalequation cannot tantism, of local politics, belief that there will be a remarkable service, expresses his firm from any publiceffort. be eliminated growth in populationhere. 'The eyes of the East are he says, 'and all over the country peoplewho for the competition California,' on "Why not have the programme conditions are plandissatisfied with climatic and living confined to architects who known to be able to design ning are are others would their families to this State.' be invited and build it -and surelyno and to move instead of askingfor a set of drawings, ask for a thesis upon construction is prevent"The ing present high cost of new what a capitol should be and how it could be made this situation. from going ahead, to meet much work to serve the great purpose of helping ?" has received which to build a finer state alternative possibility But there is an milder winter "The
'
" "

is some and I ^HERE interesting suggestivecomment A of the Journal of the in the September number

277

278 By
all
to means

ARCHITECTURE
in all such able
to

matters

let

us

confine

the programme

other
to

country
Roman and

of the world all

to-day the United

States

is heir

design and build it, and would of arriving such a choice. infallible way at there were some the impressionthat like to be present and see should We might be made by the readingof a thesis to any local town tects. committee board appointed to make a choice of archior of creation and the gift have the artist's vision, Few often though the and what a pity it is that so imagination, somewhat in the design and plan, them architect "can use bound after all, he is, by a conceptionthat is not his own, than that,he is also bound by the rules of cubage,and, worse of the jury. He cannot to predilections respect the known will he knows of building to the kind design in opposition
those win their "One how
a

all

and styles,

and

cultures,and just as Greek law, and feudalism, and Renaissance

to
our

philosophy
ism, individualhave all

the rationalism of the institutions

eighteenth century
"

contributed
our

our
"

law,
so

our

education,
architecture
all these

our religion,

political economy
on

our

must

needs

be

based

the architecture

that

ferent difF.

peoples have developed." The From Enjoyment of Architecture"

"

by

Talbot

Hamlin.

Art
"Did the
you

for Art's
ever

Sake

vs.

Business

approval."
could write
an

stop
not

to

elaborate thesis
be made
an

on

the

State

should capitol
a

effective
same

subjectof symbol of
time, but
If

great

architecture
"

of

the

think, indulgent reader,that all temples, cathedrals, past

"

publicbuildings was
dividends ?
These
not

built

as

an

investment
at

to
we

earn now

architectural

shrines many

which of

and citizenship he lacks that those The be

great lesson in art at the is that is the function of the architect who

to

designit.
never

worship did

represent

so

shares

stock, the

will then the building conception, but will remain still and cold qualities, will be laid with the dedication.
a

and

possess lifeless.

cornerstone at speeches

and there will ceremony, After that there will be boast-

holders of which demanded a regular yearlydividend. They vestment, representedsomething else. They representednot an inbut an expenditure money thrown if you away, like because those buildings the contributions represented
" "

of

men

who

asked

for

no

but no understanding." pride, of that we refer to this matter It is in no carpingmood competition. We are glad to join in the hope and plea for could believe that finer idealism and only wish that we a the times were right. fulness and
"

lives. their spiritual

On

building represents
Between that the cathedrals
we

an

of except the enrichment all modern contrary, almost investment which has to earn money. the the

dividends

kind of building and

of France lies
a

temples of Greece

or

great chasm.

In that chasm

have

That

men

may

rise

on

stepping-stones

To-day

we

buried the thingwhich once build for investment, we

made architecture real. build for dividends, we

Of their dead selves

to

higherthings."

America

Is the

Architectural

Rightful Heir Styles

and nation. The

to

All

"Beauty is an
that knows neither Hellene

architect's aim
race nor

beauty

is

Cretan

Egypt, the
the architect

Greek, the Renaissance

copied the Cretan, the Roman copied the Roman, the

quality copied copied

modern

build for profits, build for earnings. Even we our great financed, usually,by bond issues, are public buildings so that when is a to building ultimatelypaid for it is likely have been paid for twice. By this process we eventually for a building that should be as spend twice as much money but there is a vast paid for as the cathedrals were paid for, of our difference in the spirit squandering."

Artistic Ideals Observed

CAMPAIGN REVEALS THAT AMERICA OF

in Home
IS AWAKE

Building
TO THE BEST

tecture copies them all. Greatness or badness in archias against depend not on the questionof originality failure ot an architect to or copying,but upon the success mony solve some concrete to build beautifully, problem in harwith conditions,with materials, and with the ideals of contemporary
"

POSSIBILITIES

CONSTRUCTION

the your IN Department of

own

own

home

campaign the

United

States

Labor interest

has received
in the

abundant

assurance

of

widespread

artistic side of
to

building.
stimulate

culture.

Wherever

cities have of

conducted

organizedwork
has been
as

Our

architects must,
our own

therefore, adopt the forms of past

the construction
that of interest in

houses, evidence
as

abundant the work

of Arts

for styles is what

use,

as

long as
as

our

American
must

civilization
on

beauty

it is

to-day.
of the

Our

architecture

be based

the
on

architecture the culture and

of the past

long as
the

our

culture that

is based

providingshelter for While the plan of the

a

utility governs growing populations.

American for the Federation purpose of

well

to

past, and

forms

the

architects
is based.

make the

tour

of the

country

improving

copy those

adopt will inevitablybe people on whose achievements

forms
our

developed by

culture

Just as
years

every of slow

yet

never

great national architecture has arisen through itself to the past, development,never blinding for the past the call of new losingin reverence
new

problems and
architects
are

human

needs

to

be met,
or

so our

must

can Ameri-

architecture
not

it is arising before arise; so

using Roman
inefficient
to

orders

Gothic

Our eyes. arches because

cause design new forms; but bethe forms they adopt are beautiful, and have been so judged for centuries. With our historyand our make-up claim any of the European styles we can rightly as our own,

they are

too

because

we

are

able

to

understand

it.

More

than

any

and statuary publictaste by the exhibition of pictures the application of art to everyday affairs praiseworthy, be made must concrete, it is pointed out, if it is to have a exhibitions of wall paper, speedy effect. For this reason have been providedin connection rugs, curtains,artistic in design, with number of the local campaigns. Models a showing varieties in architecture and grouping of houses, with a view to best generaleffect, also have been shown. Landscape architecture has its part in the plans projected in most cities. The development of the garden as idea is extended its community relationship to part of the home wherever that in the wholesale homepossible so be assured. citiesbeautiful may building is

X
o
a

"

H as O

"

rt
p H
U

H
HH

E
U

."
'

""""

u CU H

"C H

w"
CJ

C/3

OS

'

W M
a

"

O
H

H
U

w
u

H
u

I-H

BH U

O5

OCTOBER,

1910.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLIII.

Pilaster
same
e^s

0141

impost

of

doorway

RESIDENCE
"u lit-in.- 1807-

OCTOBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLIV.

.ft
-

George town
~

Built* in*
drawn

1"O5-

Measured

"s-

^y

"

Louis

Vuo~b.

OCTOBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLVI.

REAR.

DINING-ROOM.
HOMESTEAD FOR

Warren

" Clark,Architects.

CAPTAIN

A.

P.

OSBORN,

U.

S.

A.,

GLEN

HEAD,

I. (ALTERATION).

J u

in

w CX

p
H U w

H
i" i

ffi
U

OCTOBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLVIII.

ST.

PAUL

ATHLETIC

CLUB,

ST.

PAUL,

MINN.

A.

H.

Stem,

Architect.

OCTOBER,

1919

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLX

DINING-ROOM.

LOBBY ST. PAUL ATHLETIC

A. H. Stem, Architect.

CLUB,

ST.

PAUL, MINN.

OCTOBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXI.

MEZZANINE,

WRITING-ROOM.

SWIMMING-POOL.
ST. PAUL

A. H.

Stem, Architect.

ATHLETIC

CLUB,

ST.

PAUL,

MINN.

OCTOBER

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXII.

BILLIARD-ROOM.

GYMNASIUM. ST. PAUL ATHLETIC

A. H.

Stem, Architect.

CLUB,

ST. PAUL,

MINN.

CJGHTM

FLOOR.

10" 11* G-12."1 FLOORS

L-OCKE.R

ROOn

"

"

I
FLOOR.

TLOOR_

Jty

^D,tJ

^^R

K.ooMq'^j"rr
.JIXTH FLOOR.

PLANS.
ST. PAUL

BOWLING ATHLETIC

ALLEYS. A. H.

CLUB,

ST.

PAUL,

MINN.
280

Stem, Architect.

Modern

Building Superintendence
By
David B. Emerson

from September) (Continued

CHAPTER
EXCAVATION, FOUNDATIONS,

II
CONCRETE

two

feet

on

centres,

posts
and

ten

by

braces. Inner

Floors

roof

were

agonal ten, with two by six diof two-inch plank.

of seven-eighths covered with was ceiling sheathing, felt. The contractor's office, with an office for the roofing built on top of the bridge. Office was found was superintendent, we wired for electric lights, made and was and provided weather-tight, making good progress with excavating, with a telephone.During the progress of the excavation, Work the work. was being done with a one-yardsteamand while the preparatory work was shovel, and all excavated material was being carted away goingon, building terials mathe job,and we must excavated. and dumped as rapidlyas it was were on steadily arriving Always be fully carethe same. number of carts are provided A good quantityof sand had arand see that a sufficient inspect sure rived, and was ordered to be piled but if too many used they the material rapidly, where it would not get are to move dirt from cart wheels mixed with it,nor is liable to the job, which be ground will cause around congestion up and friction with the authorities. On further examination make pulverized by street traffic. By crunchingthe sand in the hand the ear, and noting the Sound found to be as the tests showed, a good compact the soil was which near hard was it was found to be good and sharp, and grating, with no and an underlyingsilt or quicksand,except that gravel, examination bad and had to be under a magnifyingglassshowed that it was particularly part where the bottom was but rubbingthe damp sand on the palm of the well graded, piled. hand showed it to be rather dirty and to contain some As the excavation progresses, we should give orders for A sample of the sand was the excavation of all trenches for water and sewer-pipes, loam. taken and put in a clear the street service for electric and the bottle filled with water and for all connections to glassbottle, nearlyto the tractor lowed by the contogetherand the mixture alwiring. This work should be done if possible top and thoroughlyshaken which will avoid complications, for the excavating, to settle; by measuring the column with a rule it

ON

our

arrival

at

the

job to

duties as supertake up our intendent, had that the contractor menced com-

and The

hold

one

contractor

for all

street

obstructions,etc.
make all connections

was

found that the sand

the dirt
on

measured

six and
an

one-half

inches

plumber should
for

be notified and

he should

and

top measured

one-half

inch, showing a

"

ing littleover for water and sewer, and bringthem into the buildThe contractor seven per cent of dirt and loam. later. The material having been delivered agreeing wash the sand, and promisingthat to to thoroughly connecting sheet piling all future shipmentsof sand should be cleaner, the building, ordered to be done at was we agreedto Planks for at found to be a very good to support the sides of all excavations. once accept it. The broken stone was of ordered to be of sound, square-edged able were quality trap rock, but showed on examination a considersheeting spruce. where excavation For that part of the basement was only quantityof crusher dust, and was in consequence dered ortwo-inch The stone about sixteen feet deep,and for all shallow trenches, to be screened. ordered in two was sizes, thick enough, but where the sub-basement that for reinforced work inch to curred, ocplank were grading from one-eighth about twenty-four feet deep, of an inch in its greatest dimension; and the excavation was that for three-quarters three-inch plank were and in one work such as wall footings, under bed of concrete or two floor required, places mass four-inch plank were called for, in basement, etc., graded up to two where deeperexcavation was inches in its greatest A dimension. ordered to be used. carload of cement Sheetingwas cut to an angle on the having arrived, it was of each plank were bottom cut brought to the job, and the reports of the mill tests were edge,and the upper corners of splitting in driving. The off to decrease the liability checked, and the laboratory inspection tags, car initials and of the sheeting numbers all verified and recorded. done by means of a compressed The was were driving contractor air power ordered to put up a weather-proof hammer, a portableair-compressor was having been storage shed, with a installed to supply air for hammers, drills, rivetters, etc. good tightfloor,raised at least twelve inches above the of six by six timber. In the total shipwas providedwith breast pieces Sheeting ground, in which to store the cement. ment the sheeting held in place In the open excavation there were found to be a few broken packages; was these of inclined shores running from the breast pieces were in by means put to one side,for immediate use, more preferably foot piece the ground;foot of the mass to which was or on a heavy plank platform some concrete not subjectto very pieceshould always be of sufficient area to distribute the heavy loading. A sufficient supply of materials being now load over the ground, and should be well wedged up. hand, and the excavation on Wedges practically creting completed,conordered to be of oak, as it is less liable to split and splinbe commenced All of the concrete, acwere can at once. cording than the softer woods. The sheeting in the is to be machine ter in driving to the specifications, mixed, using held in placeby means of short lengths trenches was of batch mixer. The a mixer should make not more rotary plank run from side to side of trench and wedged tight. than ten or twleve revolutions a minute,and not less than The sheeting beingcompleteand the excavation well under twenty-five complete revolutions should be made for each for the protection of the public work batch. A gong attached was to the mixer,fixed so to as way, 'the permanent started. was Up to this time we had depended upon plank ringwhen the fixed number of revolutions had been made. around the excavation,now build sidewalk All materials, the water, must must we be measured; not railings including with plank steps at each end, with plank railings, over six gallons of water bridges, to a bag of cement should be used. and a plank roof heavy enough to protect the passers from Particular care was taken to note the color of each batch material. The it comes from the mixer, as uniformity of color must by any falling as building be any injurycaused be wired for electric light, to and have an inner are The concrete for the beds under the column insistedupon. bridges built with heavy ten by for all wall footings, waterproof ceiling. Bridgeswere and for the under beds of congrillage, crete floor and roof beams three by twelve,spaced floors will all be mass ten stringers, to concrete, and it was specified
281

282
be mixed
one

ARCHITECTURE
part Portland cement, After the stone.
three parts
concrete
was

sand, and
mixed
we

five parts broken

were as

in place that it was in seeing deposited very particular and that at all times there were a quicklyas possible, The drills and explosives. of known the job to take the conof laborers on to crete sufficient number reinforcing sidewalk vault walls will be twelve-inch steel I beams, set and wheel it to the points as fast as it leaves the mixer six feet on and that other laborers are ready to being filled in between. where it is to be placed, centres, the concrete work having been deThe lumber for the forms for concrete livered it into place, ram beingvery careful to see that no concrete found to be as specified, from the mixer over and inspected, was is used that has been discharged a good twentyA careful watch was dressed five minutes. quality long leaf yellowpine,free from knot-holes, kept on all barrows and with the edgesdressed to a slight allowed to bevel to make side, were on one buggiesto see that no lumps of concrete remain in them, and we made it a rule that all receptacles tightjoints.This is better than twingingand grooving. forms should be ot two-inch plank, The bottoms of all beam cleaned at the cessation of work. were thoroughly forms should be of one and the sides of beam and a half and sub-basement, and All pipe trenches in basement inch plank;for all other form work seven-eighths inch lumber will be lined with concrete, and all foundations all sump pits will be sufficient. Care must be taken to see that all of for pumps, and other machinery will be formed filters, forms are properly braced, and that they are tightened the concrete While the work of placing concrete. was up gressing, profor forms should be two by six, with wire ties. Joist of the the piles spaced are being driven in that portion from twelve to twenty-four inches apart, depending found to be necessary on acfoundations where piling was count upon of form work, and thoroughly the height braced. of the poor bearing value of the soil. The system of selected was in which the pile is formed by We were one piling finally very careful to see that beam forms were erly propsteel mandrel, encased in a spirally inforced rea collapsible driving supportedby posts, and that the posts set on bearing sheet steel shell, then withdrawingthe collapsed platformson the earth to prevent settlement, and were had been secured, and mandrel, after sufficient penetration that the work could be set double-wedgedat their feet, so the shells with concrete. The piles driven by were filling the form work was complete the placing up tight. When of a steam turn-table. mounted on means a pile-driver, of the reinforcing steel should be commenced. We kept a of the shells was The concrete the mixture used for filling it very very close watch on this part of the work, checking for reinforced work. The space around the heads specified that it was done exactlyaccording to see carefully to the of piles filledwith concrete to make was a bed for the column and that no deviation was from the engineers' made details, As the beds for the the had soon as grillage. grillage set, as even drawingsunder any circumstance, a slight displacement steel erectors the grillage, commenced about which to set of the rods materially affects the strength of the concrete. will said in The be well our next more chapter. was grillage All rods must be properly held in placeby means grouted under with cement grout, composed of one part of spacers, and securely wired where necessary; all stirrups and two cement parts sand, mixed very wet and poured be accurately must spaced, as shown on the drawings. Dams of damp sand should be laid all under the beams. Before the pouring of the concrete is started we will look the grillage around to hold the grout in placeuntil it has the forms carefully and see that no shavings, over sawdust, Each should be filled with concrete set. layerof grillage left in them, and have them thoroughly or other rubbish are after setting; the concrete should be as called for in reinforced cleaned. More than likely it will be found that the workmen A close watch was concrete. kept to see that the concrete have made for waste them a repository paper, old socks,and well spaded and rammed in between the beams of grilwas lage the refuse from their dinner-pails. All this must be removed. fillall It had to been previously The forms were spaces thoroughly. ordered to be thoroughly down and the wet decided that that portion of the basement walls which were In pouringconcommenced. was pouringof the concrete crete located over that portion of the lot where the bearing ity qualalways start at a time so that beams, slabs,or walls of the soil was affected by the presence of the old stream will be completed monolithically, if possible, if work and beams runningfrom column bed, should rest upon concrete has to be stopped, always stop in the centre of a beam or column to instead of the regular wall footings footing footing, as at that pointthe minimum stresses occur. panel, shearing the earth. This was done resting to upon prevent When pouringconcrete spade back the stones so as' to give settlement of the walls, which might irregular cause cracking, a mortar finish to the face, also puddle concrete to work out and other defects in the walls. These beams, the bulging, the air bubbles. If work has to be stopped for any cause, bottom and side walls of swimming tank, the walls and ceiling which has been previously on resuming work the concrete of bank and safe-deposit vaults,and the sidewalk vault placed shall be roughened and thoroughlycleaned of all walls will be of reinforced concrete. Concrete was specified foreign and slushed with cement mortar matter, drenched in the proportion of one to be mixed to six part cement and two composed of one part Portland cement parts sand. parts aggregate, to be measured separately. Proportions If the weather is warm that the exposed surmust we see faces to be measured by volume, taking one bag containing ninetyof the concrete are kept damp for three or four days four pounds of cement cubic foot. The to equalone portions to prevent checkingby too proof the cement. rapid setting of sand and stone shall be chosen so as to give a The walls of swimming tank and the walls of bank and safeof maximum but in no case, however, concrete shall density, in depositvaults shall have at least two expansionjoints the amount of sand be less than forty of the stone. per cent their length. Expansionjoints should have a key, and be The reinforcement of the beams will be of structural filledin with asphalt. As soon bed of basement as the under the bars will have a positive mechanical bond,and gradesteel, and sub-basement floors and the wall footings in place were the detail drawings to be bent as shown are on where required. and set hard, the waterproofing started in on contractor The reinforcement of the swimming-tank bottom and side his work, waterproofing the basement and sub-basement walls will consist of two of expanded metal, placed layers floors, basement walls,area walls, ming and swimpipetrenches, inch from the inside and outside surface of the concrete. one tank. The called for in the specias waterproofing fications The reinforcement of bank and safe-deposit vault walls, to be done was by the membrane method, usinga

will be composed of fifty floors, pound steel rails, to outside, to outside and head lapped flange with long the top and .bottom, and bolted together over ance steel rods, this reinforcing probablygivingthe best resistroof and
set

alternate

ARCHITECTURE

283
Just
floors
are as soon as

heavy saturated roofingfelt, weighing not less than fifteen pounds to one hundred square feet of singleply, and the best quality of coal-tar pitch. The under bed of all concrete all pitsand trenches,and the tops of all wall footings floors, well mopped on; will be thoroughly coated with hot pitch, of felt, each layerbeing this pitchwill be laid five layers over separatelyand well mopped with pitch. The put down in the felt must be made to joints lap one-fifth the width of with the pitch. the sheets, and be thoroughly cemented The waterproofingof the floors and the trenches will be the walls will be under continuous, and the waterproofing provided with laps for connecting it to the waterproofing of the floors and the walls. Before the waterproofing under the walls, we has laid a stretcher the bricklayer must see of brick along the centre line of the walls to form a course which be laid,otherwise the waterproofing must key, over the walls may surface of the waterslip on the smooth

the

basement

and

sub-basement

proofing.
that waterproofedwe must notifythe contractor he must floors at once, so lay the top portionof concrete that the waterproofingwill not be damaged. ming The swimtank will have five-ply waterproofing on the inside of bottom The and walls. of the basement walls will be done waterproofing by layingup a four-inch brick wall immediately outside the line of walls and covering this wall with five-ply proofing, wateragainst which the walls will be built, and the the walls at the grade will be turned up over waterproofing level. While work the above was a progressing quantity of structural steel was cient being delivered at the job. A suffiamount being on hand the work of erection will be chapter. commenced, about which we will tell in the next

(To be continued.)

THE

HENRY

G.

THOMPSON

"

SON

COMPANY,

NEW

HAVEN, They

CONN.

Lockwood,
hack
the

Greene

"

Co., Engineers.

This

plant

is

for the manufacture

also accommodated are on company the manufacture of their product.

The

hack saw blades. the first floor. The

of

also make
is

power

other space

occupied by

machines. The saw general offices of the tools and machine other equipment used in

feet long,four stories and basement, flat slab type, reinforced concrete construction. Basement feet top to top, the fourth floor 15 feet,others 12 feet. Bays 16 feet square approximately. There are stair towers, one two each on the front and of the building. An left hand rear is provided in the elevator and toilet tower corners middle of the left-hand side of the building. This buildingwas time. completed in the fall of 1917, in almost five months
180

buildingis 67 feet story height is 11

4 inches

wide,

The

of Earle P. Charlton, Esq., at Country Home Westport Harbor, Mass.

shall be used both puzzles house
at one

of architecture problem of what style THK for which often country house is
a

client and the open

architect.

In the the

case

of the Charlton

Westport Harbor, Mass.,

topography and character of this all-important location determined question. An hill meadow tion runningout to a rocky pointin one direcbeach in the other, and gentlysloping down to a broad
the The and
most

seemed
acres.

suitable from
on

location

in

an

estate

of many
most sive exten-

view

this the

is one hill-top north Atlantic

of the
coast.

beautiful

To

take

advantage of this view, and to tie the house in with its field-stone house of many windows and a surroundings, numerous porches and terraces, was designed. A house should which, althoughlargeand containing rooms, many
not

appear
or out

tious pretenof

in green and old rose. and rugs are furnishings palms and ferns in old Chinese jarsgive a touch of this interesting At to sun-room. out-of-door informality hall is the largedining-room, and a the rightof the main which leads to a small corridor with vaulted ceiling panelled locker-room, and the service end of the house. a library, from floor to in Italian walnut is panelled The dining-room conceals the The heavy cornice of the panelling ceiling. which indirect lighting, at night illumines the dull gilded The furniture of this room is in the Italian above. ceiling of old carried out in tones and the decorations are style, The is keynote of this color-scheme gold and brown. Sienna marble beautiful Convent taken from the unusually of which the mantelpiece is made. Three dows largesouth winin this diningThe

Many

in of

seashore

place colony
the

room

look off and

to

over

terraces

sloping
blue
a

simple
this

houses.

lawns expanse
ocean,

the broad of while door

For low

reason were

roof lines and

the

kept plan

fourth

leads

compact. The fieldstones

through a panelled
alcove into
a

of the walls

fast break-

of the
were

house,which
laid
to
a

porch. A
green gray-green walls make and
a

flat
lected se-

graytile floor and

surface, were

painted
on

for color and

lattice-work

shape.

To

relieve

ceiling
suitable

effect any possible all of of formality, the trim and details of this otherwise
were

house fireproof carried

out

settingfor yellow painted furniture, window hangings, and flowering gay

vines.
"JL. L. a ":""

in wood To house
"NOHni-ENTRANCf.
,-KOUyt

This

fast breakas

painted bufF.
make broad the

porchopens,
do all the
.SOUTHENTRANCE.
fOL
"

other
on

the inconspicuous, expanse the low roofs with of

was L
"

rooms principal

"

CHARLTON

E.Sa.

the firstfloor of the

house, upon
stone

broad

covered

heavy
of
out

terrace. onto
a

slate gray-green drive laid

varying widths
on a

and lawn

shades. makes
was a

cular cir-

From

this

terrace

double

steps lead down

formal

level

approachto
in the

the

main

entrance

door, which

fitting semicircular designed hedges. An

and
trance en-

terrace, laid out with box-bordered paths and old Italian well-head makes of interest in a point

of style of inspiration

the

EnglishRenaissance,the forerunner
colonial architecture. This

the of

centre

American

the

doors

into a panelled vestibule, through the glass opens stretches a wide hall. This hall extends of which entire have to house, making it possible
a ment case-

of this terrace, and a low fountain breaks the wall double steps leading up to the main house terrace. A broad Englishstairway leads up around the entrance

through the
doors the
sea.

openingonto

broad

stone

terrace

overlooking
and berry. mul-

In this hall the color-scheme On the leftof this hall

a

is

cream

of the house,to a long hall on the second floor. From this hall open out seven keeper's spaciousbedroom suits, houseand linen rooms, and the servants' quarters in the low-ceiled second floor of the western wing of the house.

bay

spacious occupies living-room

This room, which in sides,is panelled

The

bedrooms
decorated

are

all panelled and of the

paintedand
rooms

decorated
are

in

the entire north end of the firstfloor.

different harmonious and in

one

color-schemes. Four

furnished

windows three has long casement on from floor to ceiling, oak like the main hall, and quartered of the Italian Renaisin a simpleadaptation is decorated sance in shades of blue and gray. On either side of style, in this room, a largeItalian consol mantelpiece panelsof conceal the pipes of an Aeolian At simplegrill-work organ. the east end of this living-room largedoors lead out into of the house, covered porcheson the two corners and into
a sun-room

and English, In service

room

the and

French, two in a simplemodern adaptationof the Chinese style. basement of the house, besides largelaundry, heating accommodations, a panelledbilliardone

in

an

and

have bowling-alley

been

included.

in the

centre.

This gray

sun-room over

is treated

with

lattice-work

paintedwarm

walls. rough plaster

284

modern conveniences of the house Among the many might be mentioned a coal-lift, electrical a clothes-chute, washing and refrigeration machinery, thermostatic regulation of heat, intercommunicating wall and silver telephones, and the latest type of safes, disposal sewerage systems.

ARCHITECTURE

285

ClCfSS

"

.VTrTTON

"_

JUJCHDT

-WINS

"

ELEVATION-

^:

i.T

i LI

":

itir:II

rii_,

in ll_

IITILIIL
I [ 1 L 1

ILU I til
ill

4J

1 UT

SOUTH'
j ciit-

ELEVATION
v-i-i""

J 06

'46-

"t

'5

"

286

ARCHITECTURE

T-f-p.
a i " TTL ^UH^TTHnT,

EXTERIOR^

-FLOOR.
"

"

PLAN

"

"

CIIAJLLTON

"

r..t,v

Costs in England and Building Higher than in the

In France the the houses within ordinary repairs
as measure

France United

Are

tively RelaThe in

tenements

in Great

Britain

are

without

States

and damaged beyond destroyed

be taken the devastated area may of the present shortage. This would proximate apWHEN In Great Britain 450,000 would 410,000 homes. the actual need.
a

men's
and heatingis from open fires, rather small. general, the

yard-space. window-spaces are,

Paris

to

Replace Hovels
OF THE FOR

of "Zoniers"
FRENCH WILL CAPITAL BE BUILT ARE BV

THE

FORTIFICATIONS DWELLINGS

probablyrepresent
Prior France
to

REMOVED

WORKERS

the have

war,
cost

house

which

in Great

Britain

THE or

GOVERNMENT

would

$3,000 in the United

radical advances and

have footed up about result of the war, more in Europe than in America, have taken place

$2,000 would
As
a

States.

the world's building plansafter the IN of the relation of housing morals

to

war as

the well

as

recognition efficiency

the present cost of building in both Great Britain and France is about three times the pre-war cost, while that in America is approximately double. This puts America on
an

approximateparitywith
above mentioned would

these
cost

two

and countries,

the all

house

$6,000 in practically

three countries. In Great Britain alldwelling-houses, wherever practically construction without

"

of solid masonry are situated, in the cities, are and, save There is no for air-space

stone
or

or

brick

"

cellars

basements. and

insulation

against temperature

to reports that have beingwidelyrecognized, according Included in the into the U. S. Department of Labor. plan for the destruction of the fortifications of Paris is a for workers scheme for the erection of modern dwellings will remain in the possession on a part of the ground which of the city. about half a mile beyond the On the tract extending of them small houses, many fortifications more scarcely than huts, have multiplied as a result of a government hibition proof structures the building of any heightor against size lest such should become vantage points for possible

is

come

is placeddirectly the moisture,and the inside plastering on of brick, surface. The flooring is usually The tile, or stone. limited to an outside tap. Even is generally water-supply built by the in the rather attractive Liverpool tenements, in 1885, there are direct water no or sewer municipality connections,both being located in the hallwaysoutside, and for the
use

foes.

While the miserable

some

of the "zoniers" become who

have

erected of many hovels.

neat

tages, cot-

regionhas
persons

the haunt

criminals

and

live in

mere

rows

under consideration, According to the new plan,now of bungailows and attractive houses, as well as community to and a boulevard are buildings, contemplated,

of

two

to

four families.

Most

ot the work-

follow the line of the fortifications will be constructed.

Some
obvious that the IT is in the advance general
a

Reasons

for

High Building
to

Costs
be almost
current

current

natural human

and

manufactured the of

is due to high cost of living of probablyevery price product required by all of the market and
same

cents eighty
as

great
The
not

per hour, and it may when the the first figure

three times

as

strike is settled.

and activities, is most

failure of wages
increase in the
to

income ratio.

of The of
as

laborers, stone-cutters, etc., have wages of bricklayers, increased to as great an extent, but have almost doubled.

numbers large advance

peopleto
noticeable

the

mass

of the
necessary

in population elements Inasmuch

for everything required architects the

the three

most

and existence, viz., food,clothing,

are

shelter. in the

interested particularly remarks

to

I will confine my latter, It does

not seem

this element

of production of living almost

costs. to

of the craftsmen will do as much To-day, when none of work amount as they did at that time, the same is costing almost three times as much. If everybody does not produce as much as they did when lower than they are now, the cost of living were prices will never approach the old level again. Large numbers of people cannot their output without reduce affecting work themselves of shorter and the and all others,and it is obvious that the effect almost universally, hours, which are demanded of work
an

be

that appreciated kind

so

every
cost

article

shelter of requires

some

for its

or production

storage before it is consumed,

the
cost
as

that the increased

must

of in

the reduction
to

performedhas
that the
cost.

reduced has

the total exceeded

factories, elevators, warehouses, stores, etc.,

of such well
as

enter

volume

such

extent

the

demand

products. Rent

or

interest for such

ings build-

supply and increased

In view of reduced

etc., etc., are who We

cost

fuel, taxes, up-keep, light, water, factors. large

are

insurance,

productionand
labor has
same

better taken

which

have

years for examination.

will find these

acquaintedwith the increases in in the past few placein buildings understandable and a fruitful subject

mechanics, also the building materials,which transporting

the ratio, has
cost

cost

of

higher wages of preparingand

a

increased in
cent

similar

of shelter of the

quantityand quality
per in
a

probably increased

upward

of 100

few

years. the most, the laborer, Many peoplewho are suffering mechanic,and other persons of small or moderate income who are raising the loudest objections, generally by striking for higher ing willto appreciate, or are not wages, do not seem if do that these to admit, it, they appreciate very acts
are, to
a

and

that good carpenters fitted Many builders remember hours when hardwood doors in eight hung ten ordinary cents they were receiving thirty-five per hour in the early time they mortised the lock, applied nineties; at the same

bolts and thresholds in one-half hour on each door, and some of the best carpenters would even hang as many as twelve to fourteen ordinary hardwood doors, with three cutts to each

considerable extent, the

cause

of the

constant

rise

door, in
The

day.

that carpenters hung as as many heavy flush veneered hardwood doors in eighthours in a large he designed and supervised in the middle building nineties. At the same time rough lumber obtained at was $15.00 per thousand, the siding for frame buildings. including Maple flooring, was at $22.00 slightly, scraped figured and sand papered, laid, per thousand and oak flooring scraped $30.00 per thousand. fair figures Those were which left the contractor a little gain on each item. It is well within the recollection of builders in this city that it was thousand and to lay two customary for masons sometimes two thousand five hundred brick in a working for cement finishers to finish two thousand day of ten hours; square feet of floor in a day'swork. To-day we find that onlyabout one-third of this amount of work is performedby the journeymen in eighthours. The decrease of work performed for a longtime, was gradual but has in the last ten years. more rapidly grown from thirty-five Carpenters' cents wages have advanced eleven

writer remembers

them as well as all other people. prices, affecting in its generallyaccepted Undoubtedly, profiteering but it is afforded a secure meaning is also a bigfactor, screen by the actual increase in the cost of production. The demands made sive by the state, in the form of excesand ventilation of conveniences,in plumbing,lighting, workshops, largelydue to lobbyinglabor and its biased made representatives, requirements supportedby illogical and other by health officers, ordinances, antiquated building code requirements which were seeminglyworded to protect material dealers or journeymen, a particular set of building also add to the cost of in order that the occupant every building obtain a proper return and obviouslyare also may elements of higher costs. large It
must

in

be remembered
economic
a

that

in addition
war

to

reduced

productionthe
us,
cannot

effects of the that

for perhaps,
and will

long time, and

recede RICHARD until all other forms E.

will stay with the cost of living is restored

as a

not

Europe

producerof food
From
"

and

of wealth.

SCHMIDT, F. A. I. A.

Bulletin

of Architects." of Illinois Society

Announcements
Construction Mr. Joseph Delia Valle and Mr. Toby Vece, architects, Company, of Boston, Mass., N. Y., at recently the openingof their offices at 865 Chapel Street, opened a permanent office in Buffalo, announce 918 Ellicott Square. As the builders of the Turbine Plant New Haven, Conn. Manufacturers' catalogues and samples of the Bethlehem and at Buffalo, Shipbuilding Corporation are requested. other work, the has for some time been represented company in this city and this fact is one of the reasons for the opening William Lyon Somerville, architect, formerly partner in of a permanent office. Mr. H. C. Heddinger, who has been the firm of Murphy " Dana, of New York City,wishes to with the Aberthaw for some organization the opening of his office in the ImperialBank time,will be in announce charge. of Yonge and Bloor streets, Toronto. corner Building,
-

The Aberthaw

have

288

The

Dawn

of the
By

American
David

Renaissance

Varon
for
as a a

THIS age
reasons,

Mankind the

by many, and not without good proclaimed of it. the greatest period of history.Think to success, undertook, and carried its enterprise
the talons of the German safe for

is

rule it is

an

of expression

the

period. But
sense

foresee whole

Renaissance,that is,at least in the

will have into which it

we may that the

of clipping made

the world Vinci

Eagle. It democracy. The same

before
"

has thereby mankind the

undertook and
are

things never
"

dreamed

except

by

illustrious Da
oceans

first to

of continents air ventures, the crossing Our country and England on flying-machines. be covered with the gloryof such feats. it is the greatest of history siast. that is sung by every enthuthem. Everybody should grow of
our

reconquereditself from the keen thrown was by the very doing that is,helping its share in making democracy a reality, the did formerly the many as to at least exist materially the masses few. Now when the time has come are no longer satisfied with merely existing. The soul of a working man which must well as that of the aristocrat has cravings as
nation materialism be attended We to,
a

this age By proclaiming the eulogyof science virtually No enthusiastic

one can

thirst for the the

beautiful that
the and

must

be also let

quenched.
could hasten

about
while

blame these great achievements

the great

coming of

new

era

we

fellow

could retard it. The

latter is the easiest

thing;justto

the minds to consider flying thingsgo as they are, that is,allowing because he across the means to rejoice as the end, and let the bulk of the population is the advent over event some work merely for material pursuits, thereby their limiting of the American Renaissance. life's enjoyment to the material. It is doubtful that such It requires ing it dawn, nor of lastis would do much to see to help the creating a trend of mind very little foresight it necessary to resort, in order to announce its advent, to On the other hand, we can surely works of art. quicken dreams the patriotism miracles. For we read its coming through or the coming of the new can era by stimulating of history. the light It is enough that we believe in the conWe have all reasons of the coming generation. to be proudtinuous of man, ever since he came the planet. of the achievements of our country in the last decade, espeon ascendancy cially The present readjustment take a few years, when most self-denialwith in the latter years. The magnificent may of the horrors will be forgotten be will its recorded and life ural natheroes faced steel and fire ought to resume which our onward. run in memorials worthy of the deeds. Some of people are inclined to believe that on account In this connection,I would say that though many of the horrors of the art will be side-tracked these memorials useful,yet a good great world war ought to be practical, for many devoted Now, it has been demonstrated to one of them should be solely single years to come. pose, purmany the contrary that art, and great art especially, lives on on that of commemorating the idea of self-sacrifice. There of practicality. is a limit to everything, war, or rather,always on to the sense even strong emotional events, such as heroic actions. Far from killing who fell on the battle-field did so without expectit,war The men always nourished ing it. On one hand we find the influence of the art of the invaded joy of havingdone their any reward except the spiritual of these home, country on the conqueror who, upon his return representative duty. Likewise the monuments feels eager to surround himself with more imposingapparel. heroic actions could and should be in many instances erected On the other hand, ments. achieveoccasion for of commemorating their splendid was an in the onlythought every great war the feeling of patriotism. anew kindling Of course, there are examples in several countries (Though it might sometimes be termed hatred. I have no doubt but within such as in which the memorials assume shapes, very pleasing shall see in every nook of Germany a number a few years we in parks, decorative monuments etc., and fountains, public of monuments the aim of which will be the strengthening of there is no reason why we should not imitate the same method the national aspirations, the popular or the evils inherent ifthere is one way of fighting hatred,and here. In fact, feeding for revenge.) What therebypreparing contributed mostly it would be by the scattering it seems to modern Babylons, to give France so many such beautiful and commemorative of our public great works of architecture and most on places if not the great struggles she had to sustain against sculpture if one walks down works of art. So far, Broadway early all the beleaguered nations ? in the morning there is only one thingwhich giveshim a the number of dead in this war as Appalling of art, or rather a warning against sense being too deeply may seem, of the present day yet in comparisonwith the population and that is the littlechime of Trinity merged in materialism, it is probably less than the havoc wrought by plaguesin Church, as well as the several tombstones to be seen in its times gone by. Labor troubles have existed ever since unskilled yard. of clever ones. peopleworked under the leadership birth may This Renaissance whose be traced to the We find them recorded in the history 'of Rome, when the immortal battle of Verdun, is beingnursed at the American rebelled plebeians and during the intimate contact tween beagainstthe patricians, Paris. What more near University justed, readJaqueriein the fifteenth century, etc. Things were is ? There could be imagined sister republics two thanks to the energy of the leaders and also to time, of the American nothingmore touchingthan this picture the great healer. and French youths who fought side by side for the same In the meanwhile,art kept always alive though with the battle-field. their ideas practically on cause, exchanging varyingfortune. Then, the natural inference to be drawn able. The amount of benefit which is to accrue to both is immeasurfrom this would be that if the flourishing of art is in direct in their While French will inject more practicality ratio to the intensity of the forces giving it birth, siasm we America is' to increase her enthusplendid may power for theory, well expect a splendid for new ideals. crop out of these present events. Once ushered into this periodof creative art, we are herself at work even I can see nature at home preparing what shall its tendencybe ? It is hard, and it would be of talents for this great event, when I consider the number posterous, preto foresee it,otherwise art would be itself, not (Continuedon page 292) about publicraves it,he is unable sees practically of equal importance, and that the
289

beings. But

The

Plans

for the
At

Great
Town,

Roosevelt
Oyster Bay,
James

Memorial
N. Y.
Consulting Landscape
to

Park

his Home
Rogers,

Electus

D.

Litchfieki

and

Architects

L. Greenleaf,

Architect

and Roosevelt loved it all,its woods Island Sound, the (towers and the life and he wanted others to He birds. loved the outdoor in fact, love and share and benefit by it. During his lifetime, his outdoor for friends and obtain an he endeavored park to

TN
"*"

his lifetime

Colonel

the shores of Long fields,

nificance will be given creation of this park, as one

his fellow

this cherished

aim

of his.

The

neighborsat Oyster Bay,

and

with

his passing, a

wider

sig-

generalmemorial project, for rest and recreation will give opportunity mind and and of and upbuilding body; will perhaps ultimately of Sagamore Hill, which will be preserved include his estate and Mr. Lincoln's home at Springfield. Vernon like Mount
a

phase of

citizens

On

main approach, standing out in firm silhouette against the background of bay and the distant hills of Centre Island, should be a great flagpolewith a monumental be forever which will reminiscent of the Colonel's intense love for the American base, flag. the

the axis of the

*"
-

"..,

,
"

""

A.

Central plaza. The

B.

Outdoor

auditorium.
G.

C.

Pool.

D.

Railroad

station.

E. Baseball Fountain. ground and H. Boat slipand landings.

tennis

courts.

F.

Flagpole.
may

site for this memorial has an outlook of great beauty. It may be developed in either a naturalistic or of the two. It is important to stress considerably the formal theory of its composition if we a combination are memorial beauty but a distinctly feeling in the design. Other things being equal, the best things in art are plans here shown embody but few main elements.
290

formal manner to obtain not

or

there the

be
the

only

greatest

and the simplest, invariably

ARCHITECTURE

291

Aside

from

the

playgroundand
scheme look
one

amusement

improved
between lawn

and whose

the beautified,
trunks
may

consists
out

of
the

upon

from the rest of the composition by the existing canal, which should be space, which is separated of high-foliaged outdoor auditorium, the walls being formed by a double colonnade elms, an bay and toward Sagamore Hill,and whose foliagewill cast beautiful shadows upon the green

carpet.

growing

architects have calculated on the use of tall trunked elms for much of the formal part of the composition. At the end of the lagoon well be an interesting fountain and beyond it a long approach from the west between thicklyplanted native American shrubs and lowwild and the gravel walks, the ash laurel, to honeysuckle, dogwood, beech, forming a dense dark foliage in brilliant contrast trees, reflection of the sky in the lagoons, and the bright deep blue of the bay itself. The
there
may

292
from (Continued
one to comes across our paye

ARCHITECTURE
of this. Is it merely of
our

Our

poets, our
as we

and sculptors, painters, did the

men

architects

in

our

and highschools. public and both entitled

will fulfiltheir duty What form

may

in the trenches.
to assume

respond to
No

commercialism
are

the demands
to

expect this Renaissance

industry?

doubt

this touch

of

in architecture ?

Shall it be

but these talents might be knows who beauty. Still, ? Youths, stifled through improper guidance unwittingly the guidance often relyon while sometimes self-asserting, fail art should we of their seniors. Oh, what a loss to our
to
use

there,or

of present or shall it have

as

ments merely a changingof the eleing here,distortarchitecture, altering 'past its characteristic features ? At

first thoughtit looks

their potentiality.
way

their erected with in great units, art, conceived natural and artificial. In this respect it
our
no

though to great deeds, imposingby equallyhuge works of ought to correspond hugeness,

materials
seems

both the

that

In what
so as am

should

we

direct the

generation, Brooklyn Bridgeforeran rising

century ?
of
so

to

get the most satisfiedto see

of the
men

promisingtwentieth
our

two

and continents,
one

it is

it were, as epoch by spanning, that to-day it should surprise of the world. But

like

State from

Commissioner France soul.

stillconstitute does
not

of the wonders

ness greatwere

return Education,Dr. John H. Finley,

so

siastic, enthu-

full of admiration for the French he found

his

in the work of find great inspiration faith in French courage, tain. Here is,I think, its main founreconstruction of France. of beauty,rephe found the roots the school. There too resented of the most fertile epochs in art Here the true spirit the and more in every subject by especially very is born again. In all lines it is realized that if reconstruction and designs French compositions of the lovely in a dignified is to take to fitthe need in spite handwriting manner this Renaissance is
to

there investigation

the very roots of endurance, and unshakable

During that splendid

call for hugeness. Great necessarily tive August'striumphs, yet a Triumphal Arch or a commemoracolumn
was

sufficient

to

record

his victories.

"

Rather

of the children.

in sendingbroadcast a pleasure written to the war, referring composition copy of an original full of in her second year in high school, so by a young girl What not we expect simple, may genuine, pure poetry. of this caliber give when men school population from our it its direction. Poetry and talent are here latent in almost awaits the spiritual spark to be kindled. any child. It only He took Here ourselves
we

of the

place, high cost of

of

pressure of

the labor and materials, and considering consist merely in pertime, then beauty must fection in architecture
or

in proportion, be it simpleharmony in mass, is looked be French

in

furniture,
This task
as

shape, line,and

color.

is what the it may

after for the great bulk of the ahead. architectural profession sees

huge

And,

only have

to

look

for

some

great

events
we

to

Is it onlyon record fittingly.

the battle-field that

showed in first be

other about our great. What ? What the realms of science and industry
ocean

achievements of America such

our

the crossing belittled ? in education records

in

? seaplane
reasons to

Should

deeds

We
as

have well We
our

all
as

believe that

leaders

of our citizenswill take advantage expected, many of the French of this opportunity under the guidance to work of course, artists. From these teachings, as a matter dealing, with fundamental principles, we expect great results may concerningpart of our work of reconstruction. Thanks shall have learned of our sister to the endeavors we republic, without the borrowingof a foreign to solve our art problems formula. The

our

statesmen

will find in all these

difference between

the

French

Renaissance

good

material

and letters,
our

arts.

government,
and

American patriotism, and the American will be found in the fact that while France stimulating she from the politically invaded for beingproud of have good reason Italy, got her inspiration will have given ours of her boys siasm constitution. Let us give our enthuthrough the fraternizing for

some gratitude

external form.

Let

art

take

care

with

ours.

The

Perfect
By
Robert

Dwelling
Thomson
fitted with a gas-burner that caused by 7,54, 5, and unless the air
contents

I WISH which
apartment
use

to must

summarize
be
met

some a

of

the

vital order

requirements
to

power,

or

Welsbach 3 adults

mantle

is

in

in dwelling

insure perfect

to equivalent

respectively.
before admission, in cold
an

health conditions

for its occupants:

to

(4) That

(1) That
in
a

in order

maintain which

the

atmosphere of

an

the weather

incoming air be warmed of a sitting-room cannot

is in all respects fit for human it is essential that there be a continuous inflow of

condition

be renewed

oftener than about

to

three times

hour

without discomfort

and a corresponding flow out3,000 cubic feet of pure, fresh air, of vitiated air, per hour for each adult occupant or his

is necessary to 1,000 cubic feet of air space

the occupants, and that,therefore, it of providein such apartments a minimum for each adult occupant
or

his

equivalent.
"

equivalent.
when

either oil or gas is used for lighting poses purof givenoff which vitiate the air contents that it is essential the apartment so seriously to take into of pollution, well as that due to the this source account as the total volume of the air calculating occupants, when in a dwelling. supplyrequired

(2) That
fumes

are

warmed incomingair supplybe suitably of a sitting-room be contents can from five to six times an hour without creating renewed discomfort, and that,therefore, a perfect supply of air would be providedfor a correspondingly of occupants. greater number
before admission the air these scientific facts on that scientific By establishing scientific provided the much-needed (Continuedon
page

(5) That

if the

16

the atmosphere of an apartto which extent ment by either an ordinaryparaffin-oil lamp of of similar lighting a batswinggas-burner candle-power,

(3) That the

is vitiated

basis scientists have

"94)

ARCHITECTURE

293

STANDARD

OIL

CLOTH

CO., BUCHANAN,

N. Y.

H.

LansingQuick, Architect.

Stone

"

Webster, Engineers.

OFFICE

BUILDING,

YOUNGSTOWN

SHEET

"

TUBE

CO., YOUNGSTOVVX,

O.

Designedand built by Stone " Webster.

294
(Continuedfrom standard habitable is desired number each 29%)

ARCHITECTURE

page

by
to

which

to

determine in any

either

(a) the sizes of the

which
a

apartments

proposed dwellingin health conditions for provideperfect

or

it

stated which

of occupants

(b) the number

of occupants

in any dwellingwill accommodate of the apartments and it is obvious that it can be used under similar conditions, with for equal facility any

requiredmodification

of these

conditions.
of our people been constructed in ,thedwellings with the foregoing standard even as as recently number permissible fifty years ago, and had the maximum in been thereafter regulated of occupants in each dwelling therewith,neither the sacrifice of 250,000,or any conformity of the appalling of lives a year, nor other number amount is inevitable with the ill health,sorrow, and misery which in which our atrociously planned type of dwellings existing moting working classes are forced to use their small, disease-prohave been disgracing would kitchen as their living-room the civilization of to-day. That it is economicallypossible to provide healthy in which the air supply in every respect fully forms conhousing, to that scientific standard, is conclusively proved by of the the accompanying series of plans, showing dwellings class in which hitherto unknown health-promoting actively office every requirementin regard to health, house-room, is fully and economy accommodation, comfort, convenience, Had accordance
met.

Look Joint

COLUMNS
Porches,

Used Catalogue
about be
sent to

for

Pergolas

and

Interior
NOTE"

Use

tion useful 'informavery Exterior and Interior Columns; will want those who it for loc in stamps.

1*-40 contains

HARTMAMN-SANDERS 2155-2187 Elston

CO.

From

"The

Building News,"

London.

New

York

Ave.. Chicago Office,6 East 39th Street

We have excelled unfacilities for the manufacture of special porch materials details. to architect's list and Send us your plans for estimates.

The

hollow metal doors and trim

in the

building of

The

St. Paul Athletic Club

were

by supplied Manufacturing

Interior

Metal

Company
Jamestown
New

York

St. Paul

Athletic

Club

St. Paul, Minn.

ARCHITECTURE
THE PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECTURAL MONTHLY

VOL.

XL

NOVEMBER,

1919

No.

The

Butler

Art

Institute, Youngstown, Ohio

"Pro Bono
"

Publico"

McKim,
art

Mead

White, Architects
is intended behind the portico, The central hall, directly and works of art other than paintings, tapestries, sculpture, with some vases. largecanalthough it is hung temporarily The walls
are

beautiful temple of is the gift of Mr. Joseph G. THIS Butler, Jr., the cityof Youngstown, Ohio.
to

for

October of

formally dedicated to the publicon marked by an exhibition opening was can Americollection of modern Mr. Butler's notable private paintings. Italian in the style of the early The buildingis designed
The

building was

16, and

its

of

caen

stone.

The

wooden-beamed

Renaissance, and
exterior is of

the

in color in the Italian style. There is decorated is, a ceiling around is mosaic floor,which black granitetile border a with the colored parts in Hispanic laid in Touraine granite and Tuscan inlay glazes

white of
runs

decoration. From
the
a

Georgiamarble. It is ing placed on an impossite at quite an

elevation
street

the

back hall hall.

central minor

above

the is

Here
to

is the staircase

level, and
with

surrounded

second-story gallery. The rear

door of this hall leads
out

the

and spacious lawns planting. appropriate The its

to

the open
is as

court,

design is restful,
fils fulquietdignity the
purpose

which

to
a

be

veloped de-

formal

of and

Italian garden with

serious
repose
in

thought
the of
plation contem-

fountains,
and
a extreme

terraces,

loggiaat
end.

the The

works

of

The main fafade art. gives the impression of a single story, the high-arched portico ture. being the central feaThis vaulted
terra a

designsfor the original building show wings for future galleries

which the north will flank and south

is portico

sides of this

in

colored
ing presentribs of

-cotta,

sky-blue field
cross Rear of the Butler Art Institute.

garden. The two cipal pringalleries for entered are paintings

from hall. the central
are

with
cream.

At

section the interlateral heads portrait in the of

two

They

tical idenment, treat-

of the vaults of the

are arts

in size and celebrated These of heads the patrons

are produced re-

inserted

feet beingthirty-four four The and black

new

six inches

during the Italian Renaissance.

from medals collection the represent

one-half

inches

long, and

feet wide, forty-three feet high. twenty-eight

to

National

Museum Giuliano of Michael patron vault

in Florence, and Delia Rovers

of Cardinal

marble doorways indicate entrances wings,which are to be connected

the the

posed pro-

with

main

Second), patron (later Pope Dei Medici, Angelo and Raphael, and of Cosmos
Michelozzo. From the central

the Julius

of Brunelleschi and

bronze lantern. hangs an ornamental of Apolloand Minerva, by J.Massey statues Sculptured Rhind, are placedin the niches at either side of the entrance. The writer recalls the strikingbeauty of the building of the portico, the rich the effective lighting in the evening, in contrast with the marble and blue tile of the ceiling

building. The galleries covered with skylights.Between the are and the glassceiling there has been installed skylight lights for day lighting, known a special as system ventilighter. The is filtered through movable silk vanes in such daylight the casting of shadows at any time and manner to avoid as still providethe exact desired. The degree of light system
is controlled and

operated from

pocket

set

flush with, and Butler's keen

bronze, and the dark

copper

roof.
29S

opening from, the baseboard of the room. It is truly gratifying to witness

Mr.

296

ARCHITECTURE
the Institute from time

and his broad-minded interest in every detail of the building with the architects in obtainingnothing less than perpolicy fection in and
a providing

to

given space
Mr.

until after the

time,but no outside exhibits will be completion of the entire building.

to

suitable

art

centre art.

for the In
a

community

Butler's devotion

the interests of

our

American

housing for valuable works

a

of
many

disastrous fire

in his home

few

years

ago

choice

paintingsof his

collection were ing lost,but he has been graduallyaddoriginal in anticipation of the completion of the new purchases with the hope of sharingin the enjoyment of Art Institute, them with his fellow-townsmen. Some
are

of the artists have and the work

foreign names,
was

but the

subjects

American

in this country. that other collections will be brought to It is expected

executed

American of contemporary painters, school,his patronage values without awaiting and his willingness to recognize true the verdict of the dealers, will all help to stimulate higher accomplishment. in Mr. Butler's attitude There is an enormous lifting power American It requires toward modern art. daringand of judgment, but on the whole sometimes is subjectto errors it givesstrengthand impetus to the spread of culture and for higher standards of community life. is an inspiration

BASEMENT

"

P LAN

The
at

is a completelistof following

the

shown paintings

Inaugural Exhibition of the Butler Art Institute: "A Golden "A Forest CatheSunset," W. C. Filler; dral," Pieter Van Veen; "Roadside Meeting," Albert P. Edwin A. Abbey; "Lands Tyder; "Jolly Sailors," EndCornwall," W. T. Richards; "Old Fisherman," Gerritt A. Frank Duveneck; "Bridge Beneker;"Portrait of Mr. Sharp," Cos Cob," Birge Harrison;"Landscape," at Wm. H. Keith; "The Ballel Girl," Louis Kornberg; "An Old Farm," J. Francis "A Path Down the Mountains," Chauncey F. Murphy; Ryder; "Midnight Silence,"H. M. Kitchell;"Moonlit Lake," R. A. Blakelock;"The Sonala," IrvingR. Wiles; "Red and Gold," Frank W. light," Benson; "The Silver MoonJos.H. Boston; Portrait of My Daughter," Wm. M. Chase; "Snap the Whip," Winslow Homer; "Silvan Stream," John F. Carlson; "Devotion," Wm. M. Chase; "Long Pond," Henry W. Ranger; "Portrait," Gilbert Sluart;"Still Life" Fish," Henry R. Rittenberg; "Sylvia," Wm. Paxton; "Breakers at Floodiide," Frederick J. Waugh; "Sidonie,"Edmund Greacen; "Fiesta Day," Victor Hi^gins; "White and Pure Gold," E. Z. Ipson; '"Sicilian Bandit," H. L. Hilderbrandt; "From Hill to Hill," Ben Foster; "Pandora," Mary L. Macomber; "Summer Morning," Leonard Ochtman; "Gold and Old Lace," George Fuller;
"

the

"Turtle Rock," Pieter Van Veen; "Winter Chas. Sunlight," Rosen; "Mountain Stream," Cullen Yates; "Springtime,"
Ivan Michael's Church," Birge Harrison; Wind," Chas. H. Davis; "Emerald Robe," R. H. Nesbit; "Vermont Woods in Winter," H. F. Waltman; "Call of the West "Silence and G. "St. Olinsky;

Evening List,"

Gardner

Symons; "Silvery

Waters," Frank De Haven; "By Drover's Inn," G. Glenn of Newell; "An October Day," Pieter Van Veen; "Monarch All He Surveys," G. Glenn Newell; "The Lady in Blue," Edmund Greacen; "Making Medicine," IrvingE. Couse; "A Vision of the Past," IrvingE. Couse; "Water Shrine," H. Keith; "The IrvingE. Couse; "Evening Glow," Wm. Fortune Teller," F. Luis Mora; "Where Soldiers Sleep and Poppies Grow," Robert Vonnoh; "The Unconquered," G. Glenn R. A. Blakelock; "Autumn Newell; "Twilight,"

Evening," D. W. Tryon; "Landscape-Summer," Elliott "West Daingerfield; Glow," Elliott Daingerfield; "Tragedy at Sea," Geo. Inness;"Portrait of H. H. Stambaugh," Ivan G. Olinsky;"Kwaunon," John La Farge; "Fairy Tales," Ivan G. Olinsky;"Fairy Stories," Ivan G. Olinsky; "Still
Life," Edmund ving Tarbell; "Portrait of Mrs. Gilbert," IrR. Wiles; "San Francisco Harbor," N. Hagerup; "Portrait of a Lady," Frank Duveneck; "Marine," Emil
Carlsen.

ARCHITECTURE

297

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N. J.

Ernest

Architect. Sibley,

2Q8

ARCHITECTURE

AUDITORIUM.

SWIMMING-POOL. HIGH

Ernest

and John J. Ferry,Associated Architects. Sibley

SCHOOL,

ENGLEWOOD,

N. J.

ARCHITECTURE

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7
I

of Interpretation

the

Classic
By David

Orders
Varon

of Architecture

of the artistic part of the architecture is somethingthe average student does

set at

WHY

the

study of
the head

the classic orders

of architecture

is

study of not quite

with his duties understand, and this is why he often complies in this respect rather perfunctorily. Yet this study is not only rightly placedbut
to fascinating standpoint.

orders were evolved they primaryarchitectural expressions, even as yellow, blue,and red are the three primary colors. Like sculpture, devoted which, after a period only to the representations of the gods and all the myths of the time,

When

these
a

three standard
three

constituted in

way

prove

the student

if viewed

from

the

ought to right

took

interest in

man

as

common

mortal,architecture, too,
of minor Thus
a

followed suit in
rather
more

edifices creating in character.

importance or
was

human

scale

created

with the temples at the top, representative of the highest feel their artistic of human thrill ? Certainly needs with the purelyintellectualeye sufnot ficient ideals and the foot the expression not the combinations of in facing but with our excluding beauty. In between figure a good pieceof engineering, both extremes of material man the endeavors toward or deavor very soul, evoking behind each architectural form the enHow should
we

look

at

the orders

to

"

of
ideals.

one

of the finest

races

on

earth

on

behalf of noble
student be made

Thus, and thus only,can

to

the average

take

may and

deep interest in the study of the orders; and we also hope to redeem the art of architectural composition which our forefathers possessed almost as an instinct which was set back strongly by the advent of modern
a

spiritual. Thus the orders,as we still see them interpreted, may on extant some edifices, ought to be appliedonly on such call for their special of greatness, as qualities programmes think of applyingthem etc., and never on any structure
of the
human
commonest

the

character. their

But

like colors and

moods in
a a

combinations, also like the

orders The colonial

industrialism We
can

and

commercialism.

and

their

the expressions,

hardlydo any better than to consider the orders in their foremost applications, /'. temples. In e., the Greek its simplest definition a temple is nothingbut a shrine containing
was

put
may

to use

givesus

or in combination. degree illustrationof the delightful

might be period

resort

to

and lightness idol. But here is where the Greek artist a sacred is a splendid lesson. and a refined sense of Service, truth, as inspired only great poets can be. For the heretofore the beautiful contributed these elegantinterpretations of which ugly representations were given the Greek myths the classicexamples. of Phidias and they substitutedthe immortal masterpieces The French Renaissance his school, produced many a masterpiece which satisfiedthe popularcraving for a concrete in which the architect knew how them to make exquisitely of their gods in a most representation manner. uplifting fit for humans. Phidias's Jupiter and Minerva breathed divinity and all the from the similarity tween But, furthermore, established bevirtues that are fit to inspire youthswith noble deeds. There art and sculpture there springs forth a corollary. our be no doubt but the sight of them did as much can in shaping As the statues of the gods and for that matter the morals and the self-control of Greek youths as does any other famous sculptural work, such as the fighting in modern time Rude's immortal gladiator Marseillaise in instilling show dignity ject) (or any other such quality indomitable courage into modern French youth. proper to the subnot attitude only on their faces but also in the general Such achievements could be sheltered onlyunder shrines of the body, likewise not only the orders which quiteoften as and other structures worthy of them as the Parthenon but the masses are and merely appliedlike ornaments of its kind, breathing the same the sculptural as qualities outline of the whole should structure sponding bespeak the correfar as they could be impartedto brick and as masterpieces, character. Thus a very graceful Ionic composition The Greek stone. artist, and sculptor architect, painter, will require not only the presence of the orders -a mere all one, and working for one were the glorification purpose: it were but that the general label, houette as and silproportions of a god, of an ideal he was gifted by nature with a very of the plan should as well be in harmony with the keen analytical mind which enabled him to crown the efforts idea. principal of preceding in both nature out and generations by finding That ordinances which does not mean necessarily the very principles of beauty in its differentexpressions. man orders sufficient for producingdistinguished are effects is In other words, the Greek artist set down the laws of illustratedby several splendid examples among which many aesthetics which out empowered him to create emotions withresidential compositions of the latter part of the eighteenth did the preceding to symbols, as civilizations. resorting of Louis XVI. The mere trasting concentury, namely, the period It is such considerations that ought to take hold of us of rustications with blank surfaces accordingto while facing Greek a temple. When the artistic emotion certain proportions and a sense of measure fective. is created and there is genuineenjoyment,then it is time proves very ef"

in which one way residential programme. Their the other changeswrought in the classic types them

for

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

to

ask one's self What

are

about the various questions ? they? What do they mean

orders. What What

signify
cover

the words

Doric,Ionic,and Corinthian ? These words

standard

do not strength form, gain from of

as

the the

used in their absolute orders, restriction self-imposed

of

quitea ground,and while it is difficultto put the various in common qualities at least to find some terms, it is possible approaching epithets: DORIC stern, solid, grave, impressive. IONIC grace allied to strength. CORINTHIAN and grace. majesty, stateliness,
" " "

the person
and
towers

taste

Used

much
common

above

apropos, their effect is powerful the surroundings as a god or a

not

A sense of discrimination be defiled by being put to than certain forms use on no more whatever, any programme of speechought to be debased by them, but ought misusing

hero above

the

mortals.

commands

that

theyshould

to

be

seen

on

structures

and sheltering objects

purposes

303

3"4

ARCHITECTURE
of the

of all,in which the idols of strength and high in the esteem humanity, and beauty. beauty gave place to ideals of justice, of archiclaim their share tectural Purely utilitarian edifices may laws of aesthetics splendor by observing the same in his garb gathers from the smith in other forms, even as muscles the character it and the radiant beauty of his own his own and to himself only. to personality proper The in the A conclusion the

see

the columns
bound

temple
of about
to

and the

the other

features marking

the rhythm forcefully

rhythm
control

to surest

bring
way

marching procession,a quiet in the mind and selfsame

(the
to

success). The

monuments

ought
them

be

looked

to

the works
to

with an analytical comparing upon eye of Egyptians who inclined to resort were

always
and

natural the
as

symbols, whether
and the other resultant

of

strength or delicacy,
allied will merge out to assthet-

then

Doric the

columns

to

foregoing may

be

summed

up he is

triumphant
icism. allied

of rationalism

following:
student
to

architect

standing before
to

the
some

orders

supposed
First, how
and

study ought
I look them? enthuse
at

ask
so

himself
as to

should about

them To

admire

enthuse

this about

the

natural

questions: fully reply is: he

them will look
can to see

recognitionof beauty and strength of material gravity. should look Second, the student inquirewhere he can for an inspiration still better the works so to understand as
It is the
to

only
at

will admire

and

the orders

who

of the past, look and be able some

was an

at

the present and

the future with his

own

confidence,
The Greek

day

to

fly on
must nature

wings.
man

their

with applications of the Doric of

the advent his

own

the eyes of a poet who order the revelation of man

in

but artist, he and

he, too,
in

look and

for

Where inspiration.
? He and
saw tains moun-

self, him-

could

find it except

ance expressing. Self-assurthe Doric order, grandeur in simplicity, in full possessionof his self, understood qualities by man conscious of his powers. These temples ought to be seen of whom also with the imagination of artists so many tempted atrestorations not only in architectural drawings but in paintingsshowing those edifices in the centre of popular when the rites of a deity,the return processions celebrating of triumphing soldiers, when or invoking the various powers of nature behalf of some on daring enterprise. There we power is written on

creatingand

valleys,seas
of observation

and

rivers, fauna
him

flora.

His

keen

sense

made

discover

the

principles

of grace alike in the tiny stem the human as on being and he discovered he other
to
use

supporting the flower as well likewise meandering stream; splendidtruths,contrasts, and analogies,
with
nature
a so

which

put

much

success.

Admiration

of

in

all its forms of

poeticthoughts and
to

noble

ambition
were

the

visible world, these

ours

and creations, contributingbeauty artist's guides. the Greek

They should be

to-day.

Pre-War

Prices

and

Pre-War

Wage

Scales

Are

Out

of the

Question

announced dustrial Fisher: "We as by the Inare on the a permanently higherpricelevel and of the country business men Department of Commerce, are take this view sooner and adjust held to be no more tion, important to the general business situathemselves will they save the sooner to'it, themselves in the building and construction especially from the misfortune which will come, industries, and the Nation if we than the Board's that present are statements levels in our persist wage present false hope." be disturbed and should not of the Since the steel industry is one prices are out which most pre-war profited question. from the demands of the war, it probably can afford to make Since January there have been received in the in present prices than be expected ment Departa greater reduction may of Labor thousands of letters from architects, in other industries. building authorities Building and construction from prospective investors in buildings, contractors, and are to believe that subsequent price not, therefore,disposed State and municipal in which it was authorities, negotiationsby the Industrial Board of the Department of represented that uncertainty as to prices and wages, rather than the Commerce will develop reductions marked proportionately as the stubborn for steel. those announced present high level of prices and was as wages, They assert that the- Board's obstacle to be eliminated before a general revival of building "in view of the higher costs developed throughstatement, out and construction work would be had. the world as a result of the war, a return to anything like the Information Recently and Education Service, in pricesis regarded as out of the question,"is a sound pre-war the Department of Labor, has been conclusion putting out the results and timely corroboration of the statements made of investigations by trained economists, in the price and in its campaign to stimulate by the Department of Labor fields. The conclusion has been, and in this conclusion wages work. building and construction eminent so an authority as Professor Irving Fisher, of Two the Department departments of the government Yale University,has concurred, that the popular expectaof Labor the Department of Commerce and dependently, tion working inof a re-establishment of pre-war pricesis not justified. have arrived at the same conviction,namely, It was asserted that wages had not advanced in proportion that the country is on a new pricelevel and to delay business to living costs, and that while minor pricechanges might be projectsin the hope that pre-war pricesaga:n are to prevail the language of Professor expected in some to fields, use is to jeopardize the business structure of the country.
" "

in steel prices, REDUCTIONS Board of the

Editorial

and

Other

Comment

An

Unavoidable
of
our

Delay
readers and for the

so

often with
most

that

of
seems

us

to chasteningeffect, put it mildly, are take seriously. to us

the

ones

WE
of the

ask the

the

indulgence
made

delay
bers num-

in

of publication

the October

November

ARCHITECTURE,

unavoidable

by the

strikes in

them that the magazine will trades, and assure printing with its own hereafter be printed as usual on a presses It will continue promise of the prompt issue of future numbers. which has been established maintain the high standard to in the character the work of its

plates and

and letter-press

in

the

qualityof

presented.
to
art

fine opportunity in the a throughout the country to of the history and development of architecture make more in connection with the study of generalhistory. There are examples on every side that could be pointed out to even excite their interests and the elementary pupilsthat would in daily help spread the gospel of beauty and the converse of paintings all of us own life. We even or cannot a gallery and prints,but Architecture,good, bad, and indifferent, It that there is

teaching of

art

in

our

schools

worse,

is

ever

before

our

eyes.

Making

the Architect Known

who follow

the Man
in
one

on

the Street
or

OF
right

the thousands few

or

form

another

The

Architect's Office as

Post-Graduate

School

are

chosen, few of the

many

achieve

either distinction the

name

fair
to

living wage.
the

There

is

something in
a

artist that
to

uninitiatedconnotes

lot of

romance,

the

the dear little altar whereon a special privileges, have unknowing and too often unsympathetic public may To many the privilege and of burning incense. men young of any real purposeful and out art women an seems easy way from thoroughly organized effort at hard work, a freedom the irksomeness of fixed habits and continued and ordered

interest to the architect and his progressive particular is the questionof usingthe in his profession Of using it thoughtfully, school. office as a continuation that men the principle not on intelligently, systematically,

OF

education

learn

by

contact,

but that

is well

instanced the
meet

by

one

arrangement in regulardiscussion

they learn through interest. This scribed deof the Council, who member all emwhere in his own office, ployees
of all the work in progress;

application.And these are of the many art on highways, take up much space and deny all the traditions exhibitions, world began. The analogy between
architect is
as

the of the

that clutter up the walls of various

good

art

since

the the

painter and
The

need much

not
a

be dwelt
creator

on

in these

pages.

tect archi-

given; where questionsare asked and reasons he is trying to do, and draughtsman explainswhat one another is given the opportunity of sharing his experience. Men do not learn by grindingthrough one job, particular and of feeling but by this very process of sharingexperience,
where
a

common

interest in the whole

work.

The which

architect's office have

never

bound beauty, as much by the rules of composition, lines and form, lightand shade and
mass,
as

of

possesses

for education opportunities

been

the

man

who the

works

with

brushes.

Where

the sands, thou-

painter appeals to
but both
to

few, the

architect the

addresses

criticism to properly mobilized,I would venture say, without it is difficult for most to men blame, simply because or become successful teachers,even though they be so inclined. But if a convenient
"

the

comparatively few

artist is known

method what

and his reputation lives or by his work and his name, falls by the quality of his production. There have been objectionsmade, but if the many
name

and training-school
purpose

?
"

could

little doubt
too

be put of the value

upon

of using the office as a practical ground could be better for the be there can into effect, generally it would the have. Never
can we

get

of the architect
corner a

was

blazoned he

on

or

even

put him is

in

some

much

modest have take hidden

were

of the

structures

builds

it

might possibly
pause,
too

emphasis

salutary effect.
for second and behind

time

might at thought. The

the walls

It

least make architect of his the

often

within

made

more
or

of
some

good

taste

to widely responsible knowledge, maybe we

building. If he publicfor the lack

be saved
in

through aroused interest. schools to dispense with for graduates from architectural the continuation school of practical experience. The task
of the
may,

learn only thought that men Never, also, will it be possible

subcommittee how these

on

education

will be
may

to

discover, if it
be made
most

continuation
means a

schools

should

from

of the back have

all of which helpful,

at

things the architects themselves

with horror and wonder how of them. guilty
our as name

later times

look
ever

largeand

greater good for the profession for the future of the building industry."

upon

been have

instances

upon

their work, invidious

very
to

be

they could few only a comparatively architects impressed their individuality have certain of the painters. It would but one might go about our names,
In he would about
a

The Alien

Element
at a

in Our
difficult

Labor
state

Strikes

WE

have

arrived

of affairs in about of

everything that
of the

concerns

the in

problem

living and
the surface

streets

much

as

gallery of modern

the welfare

community

general. From

without much than a glance make of years more indications we have been for a number a impressed of the outstanding social and pretty fair guess as to the architects of some with the utter .of the favorite political futility those that engage the attention, buildings, by their evidences "America, the Melting-Pot." sloganof the labor profiteers: of sound trainingand good taste. A mere jumble of stylistic We found to the dismay of many optimiststhat when we classic orders piledtogether,"school stuff" to adorn details, needed had beeen foolingourselves with a we great army of business fool the few unthinkingpassers-by, an a tower idea. Our melting-pot hadn't melted, and in a time of may but the judgments of a man's dire stress had to teach thousands the language and the given and peers so generously
we

paintingsand

305

3o6
elements
out
a

ARCHITECTURE
of what

being

an

American

meant.

We

are

ing find-

architect control

to

the

Philippine Government,

in

complete

day that importing labor by the of any of quality,regardless millions, regardless intelligent effort to teach them language and our national ideals, our of bad business. has proved in the last analysis the worst when It worked good, when the country was working was running smoothly and the spectre of the high cost of living not was followinga world war yet in sight. But in time of stress imported Old World theory of protest against every law and order came promptly to the surface, and the oldidea of the dignityof labor, of mutual time American respect between employer and employee, was forgotten. ills the trades is of all At the bottom building in our lack of their willingness the uncertainty of labor, the utter to perform a duty or the least intention of performing it be the bosses,and to honorably. Shoddy and Shirk seem led sheep apparentlyform alien agitatorsand alien blindly
littlelate in the the nucleus that labor the of all
our

ing
He has connection he is in with Walker " Son. of Architects. Mr. Institute of any Greater

of all government buildings, parks, and cityplanning, in the towns, provinces,and insular government. acted recently the
as new

adviser

to

Housing
member

the mayor Ordinances. with

of Boston At C.

in

present

practicefor himself, associated

He is
a

Howard
Institute

of the American

strikes.

The

remnant

of real Americans
to so

strange part of it all is still in the ranks of that ideas,

permit themselves
can

be led

by Old World
of the

they
sense

be

so

blind and

insensible in these times

of of

patriotismor
as
a

realization
to

country's vital

need

working

unit

make

up

for lost time.

productionin every line is the solution of the present highthe question of better wages not canliving costs, and certainly be settled by stoppingproduction, by penalizing capital investments. and jeopardizing

Harry C. Stearns, a student at the Massachusetts of Technology,Department of Architecture, from 1914 to 1917, including two design. He years of advanced of the firm and head designerfor was formerlya member for the D. H. Burnham Willis Polk, also head designer Co. He has studied abroad, working under in San Francisco. Monsieur Chifflot in Paris. he was During the war struction conofficer in the Navy. At present he is engaged in for Cram and as a designer " Ferguson. privatepractice believe all of these men We have unusual qualifications their professional for teaching,and traininghas either the background of the Ecole des Beaux or indirectly directly Arts. They have been selected with the view of organizing a teachingstaff which shall have a common understanding of the aims and methods of school training in architecture, which will insure a spirit of co-operation, will and which in design a degree of homogeneity and give to the courses
never continuity

before realized. associated for

of view discuss
a common

The

five instructors

will guarantee a breadth They will form a way.

obtainable

in

no

purpose other

committee, with
to matters

The

Teaching Programme of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

EDITOR
OF

one

evening each week,

and

regularmeetings struction to inrelating

THE

ARCHITECTURE,
Scribner's Sons.
The

Charles Dear Sir

:

Department
has
to

of

Architecture
announces

of its

the

Massachusetts of instruction

Institute of Technology
in

plan
the

design that
may

been contain

developed for
certain
to

coming
that
are

year.
new

It is believed which

elements of

be of interest

the

members

students. as well as to prospective profession The instruction in design has been placed in charge of instruction of the fourth and advanced Professor Gardner, and the followingspecialinstructors years, and Messrs. Doane and Stearns will deal similarly with the third year. have been appointedto act in association with him: Mr. in this department Professor Gardner will take charge of the second-year work, Stephen Codman, associate professor he has been so successful in the past. from 1916 to 1918, graduate of Harvard versity, in which Uniwith Beaux in Arts the class of

the architectural

to act a as jury to grade and criticisethe for all grades will be problems. All of the programmes written by one of the committee. member This is a new feature, a most important one, which we believe will insure the correct the programmes relations among and produce in designthan is usual in American a more course systematic schools. For work Mr. Codman has been this^ particular selected because of his fitness, and interest. He experience, will in the main confine his services to the writingof the and to attendingthe committee and the jury programmes meetings. Messrs. Dodge and Stearns will alternate in the

lenderMonsieur
has been is
a a

1890, student Blondel, 1889

1894 until

at
to

the 1893.

Ecole
He

des
was

Since of practice

all of the their

new

instructors

will continue

the active

from independentpractice
to

1905, and

quent subse-

1905

member

of the firm of Codman of the American

"

Despradelle.He
Mr. Edwin S.

member

Institute

of Architects.

believe we have met, at least profession, we in part, the oft-occurring criticism that the schools lack contact with actual practice of architecture. The new tors instructheir duties with an enthusiasm which are anticipating to the promisingoutlook presages for the department a return
which We

Dodge, graduate of Harvard, class of Institute of Technology, Architectural Department, class of 1897, student at the Ecole des Beaux He- studied in Italy Arts, 1898 to 1902. from 1904 until 1912, and has since practised in New York
1895,graduateof the Massachusetts
and Boston. He is
a

obtained before the outbreak include in this scheme

the with

of the

war.

hope to

the occasional and the

Joint

Problems
Club and which the It

Harvard

School

Architectural

member

of the American

Institute of

have proved so stimulating both to the students staffs. instructing is to be regretted that owing to exacting professional
feels that
as a

Architects.

interests Professor Cram

with has consented in the Institute

he

must

sever

his

nection con-

Ralph H. Doane, graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Department of Architecture,1912, where he was known of the most brilliant pupils under as one Professor Despradelle.He came the Institute from the to office of McKim, Mead " White, and has had experience in various other leading New York offices. He was consult-

Mr.

member

of the

but faculty,

stillhave and

continue to as a lecturer,and will special in Philosophyof Architecture charge of his courses History of Mediaeval Architecture. Very trulyyours, W. H. LAWRENCE.

NOVEMBER, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXIII.

MAIN

ENTRANCE,

BUTLER

ART

INSTITUTE,

YOUNGSTOWN,

OHIO.

McKim,

Mead

" White, Architects.

-:

I
W H

NOVEMBER, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXVI.

5 ECO

ND-FLOOK,SCALE'

FLAN

/e.'-\'-O'

FIR-5T-

FLOOP^-PLAH

BUTLER

ART

INSTITUTE,

YOUNGSTOWN,

OHIO.

McKim,

Mead

"

White,

Architects.

H
U W

H
HH

ffi
U

i
u

B 2
PH
.

is

o
uJ

H
U

ffi
U
O r

1/3

s
w

I
"

H
U

w
U

OS
O5

I
o

8
3

J?
"
3

H H
i" i

S
OH

H
U W

H
i" i

ffi
U

CJ M

H
U w

H
H^

ffi
U

en

cn

u
H

rt

5
H
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i" i

ffi
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Pi

O5

O!

NOVEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXVn.

"

ENTRANCE-GATE.

ENTRANCE

TO

SERVICE

COURT.
VILLA MARIA

E. P.

Mellon,Architect.

ON

THE

DUNES,

SOUTHAMPTON,

L.

I.,N. Y.

NOVEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXVIII.

"

cxixixixxixixc

SCALt. tOL 5LCT10K PUK i ILLYA110K

"ENTRANCE

DOORWAY

VILLA

MAP^IA
"

"

^njAc"$un"^

SOvO'HAMPTON-LI
ECT
^

"

P -MELLON-

AR.CHIT

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

The

Villa Maria

E. P. Mellon, Architect
of designing THEenvironment is which
an
a

to building

conform
most

with

its natural

about
to

the take

important problem
when the problem designingis presented. Some

architect has

tion into consideration for soluof

of the facts
the head ment environ-

coming under
of natural
are

vation those of elecontour

and the
as

of

property, as well acter, charthe coloring, and

atmosphere
in
rounding sur-

of

property and question This

the

properties. problem of
a

the relation of
to

ing buildroundings sur-

its natural has

been

solved by successfully the architect,E. P. by the result clearly demonstrated obtained in the Villa Maria, at Southampton, Long Island. which this building is erected is a The on property of rough and rugged sand-dunes lyingbetween narrow strip

Mellon, which

is

the This

waters

of the Atlantic
average

Ocean

and

those

of Shinnecock feet. six

Bay, the
acres,

width

of this

particular piece of
has
a

being about 850 strip comprising about property,

The
to a

of 300 feet. frontage on both of these waters dune, which is on the west of this property, rises highest the east and to to height of 52 feet, sloping gradually
to

the south The

the sand

of the beach.

To

the north

there is

MEADOW
a

LANE

gradualslopeto
sand-dunes
any
was

Shinnecock of
a

Bay.

and

this wild, narrow of on strip before had undertaking, as never pioneer of land been used for building of this strip purposes, of access there was means no through the deep sand erection house
a

until after the 50 feet All and and which wild

building was
built
to

started, when

Meadow

Lane,

wide, was
its

and

through the
used while
preserve

means possible erection

were to

property. planning the house natural

contours

during

the

beauty of
sweet

the property as well as the natural growth, is composed mostly of beach plumb, beach grass, and
pea.

In the selection of the site for the location of the house consideration and its
was

taken

of the

location from

of the

high

dune

westerly winds. From the sea side of the house the walls were designed to conform with the natural undulation of the dunes, with the
result that stories in the house
on

protectionof the house

the

height,the service
the

this side appears to and entrance court

be

only two
floor here

being below
north the
or
service

level of the

entrance court

From the top of the dune. side the house shows the full three stories, the level of the from the main
entrance

being on

story.

The
to

driveway running
entrance

entrance,

directly
3OVTHAMPTON-L-I
4i
307

the

of the service court, follows a natural depression in the dune, and swingsaround the dune, of about
to height,

12 feet in

the main

axis of this main

entrance,

from the Directly the main to running straight

entrance.

3o8

ARCHITECTURE

in elevation

from

the

high-water mark,
the floor above
views,
waters. same

this

height as
on

the main this

floor of the

house, which
the

being the gives every

same

dow winof
an

floor and

full command

exceptionally wonderful
outlook On exterior. of old
worn over one

every

window
is followed and

having
as on

of the the of

the

interior

character main
rooms

the

The

floors

the

black-and-white The walls

antique patine.
their delicate
as

hallways are marble, retainingits beautiful are rough-plasteredand vary in

tones,

dull of

those

tintingin the same mother-of-pearl.

and
nor

colors,and
trim
used base.

ations vari-

The is
any
no

plasteris
wooden

returned around The

into the

the

window-frames,
or

there

windows

doors,

is there

window-sills
same

tile The

throughout the house are of dark-red tile,the being used on the floors of the bathrooms. stairway is semicircular, being completely of
to worn

cement,

rubbed white.

and

uneven

edges.

This

cement

is

painted
South

The

simple hand-wrought

iron

railing

Loggia.

on tapis-vertof 30 feet in width, bordered high hedge. This being the only lawn on it gives a strong the property, and pleasing contrast very the otherwise and to ruggedness of the property, helps to the Italian heighten the Italian character of the house itself, suitable and harmonious character being considered the most for this wild natural setting. The unusually intense blue blueness of the Southampton is reflected in the skies,which has exactly the same character and feelingas -the ocean, a

road, there

is

either side by

makes in color with the white of the a complete contrast stairway. The circular walls of the stair-well are penetrated here and there by simple niches. The mantels of the house stone imported from are and wonderful Perugia, and the very rare tury eighteenth-cenis placed on which the wall of the dining-room, frieze, directlyunder the ceiling, was imported from the Palazzo Torlonia.

The
not

planning
with
to

of the idea suit the

different floors of this home

of monumental of the

was was

done

the

effect, but
owner

planned wholly
sake

needs

and

for the

skies and

sea

of the Mediterranean.

While
casts

the

brilliant

of convenience.

light sunto

reflected those found

on

by the
the
on

sea

and

sand of the

similar shadows
of

borders

Bay
Italian

Adriatic

Sea,
color

which

shadows

Naples and buildings are

the
same as

the
so

dependent.
The of the
stucco

used

is about

the

sand, being of a deep cream dark, and has already been

winter
stucco

varying from delightfullystreaked

tone,

light to by the
raised
stone

storms.

Around have the been main the

the

smaller
a

windows brown. has the

the The
worn

frames around

stained
entrance

dark also

work

brown of

soft tone, the

while and

plaster panel back

is colored
as same a as

of the The and main careful

bas-relief walls

Virgin

Child

sky-blue.
the
as

rounding sur-

the property, the maintain cottage, the three buildingsare with old

well

garage

chauffeur's

color in the

the
most

house, and
way

roofed

ble, possian

color-worn

Italian
cement.

tile,which
The

is laid with
on

irregular ridgegrouted by
and
upon

All iron used

exterior taken

interior itself the

is hand-hammered. look

building
block.

has

The
of

of ages. construction is of
so

terra-cotta

The

floors

are

and virtuallyfireproof, absolutely dry, even during the dampest and most foggy weather. The of this dryness is due to the fact that secret the sand-dunes, no portion of the house anywhere touches the architect 10-foot having constructed a rounding surarea-way,
concrete,

that

the

house

is

the
over

entire

house, between
the The

the

house

and

the

dunes,

which

area-way

overlooks

the

sea.

loggia is constructed, which floor of this loggia is about

loggia
40 feet
Interior of

"Loggia..

To

Build
By
V

or

Not
J
"

to

Build

"

Clirehugh

commodities bound to are higher in cost as financial gettingto be a very much go be extended to costs. days of highbuilding arrangements are made, so that credits can will be lower, countries. all hesitate in the hope that prices We foreign material market that costs will In the building have advanced but there is very little ground for believing prices cause bein the last four years from 30 per cent 100 per cent. to return to those of pre-war ever days. It is principally that it is hard to rise in these prices Structural steel which could be contracted for at $55 per of the sudden in 1914 now sold for realize that they have come $90 per ton; brick which was to stay and will in all probability ton costs $8 per 1,000 in 1914 is now bringing$18; framing lumber go higher. of the world for which which sold for $65; cement we paid $35 is now During the periodof hostilities the energies the war from needs of the nations,and in the devoted to supplying $1.80 to $2 now costs cost $3.25; excavation were drawn old days from 30 cents from this end every class of material was and all to on costs to $1 per yard,but now available men devoted their energies and women to the one $2 up. of winning the war. All of the materials into the cost of a which Building for any purpose enter purpose with the was prohibited, buildingare subjectto transportation except for the necessities of war charges,and these result that the entire country is short of housing facilities have increased up to 100 per cent, accordingto locality, for manufacturingand other classes of buildings and many while the cheap labor used of these in the manufacture build TO discussed
or

not

to

build

is

in question

these

uses.

materials The world is still short of commodities of devastated and the rebuilding the present demand, doing to satisfy for the trade of the natural and which of every character Europe, the work we the natural
a petition comon

The

has increased from which was great demand caused

a

50

to per cent felt during the

100
war

per cent. for ing buildto

labor and work

great many
abolished
to

inefficient

men

be

ployed emtime over-

are

paid largewages
is
now

for overtime and the and

work.

This

world, all put

raw

great strain
to prices

of labor efficiency

is

our a

resources

our

material
never

market, creating
reach

better,due getting

business

condition

will

allow

their old level. The the

cause are

high wages throughout the country are primarily of high material costs, and while certain adjustments
bound
to

come,

we

cannot

reductions.

Never

in

the

historyof

look for any substantial the world has the

steadywork. of common At the present time there is a great scarcity due partlyto the fact that so many have labor, foreigners their native shores and largely returned to to the fact that have had no immigrationfor the past five years. we The contractor to-day finds it very hard to secure*
sufficient mechanics
to

hours regular

commodity price been lowered very much, particularly after beingsustained for as long a periodas the present rise The rise in prices has been. during the past five years has been greater than during the previousfifty ditions years and conwill never where Certain to they were. go back

handle

his

work, and
The

as

the

sary neces-

buildinggoes
workman's and encourage wages other

on,

using
not

all the

available labor,the
real-estate terests in-

will

be

reduced.

are capital

and building,

all in their power to there is bound to be sufficient work

doing

FLOOR

PLAH

riooe

pan
310

ARCHITECTURE

311

tXtVRTlOM..

_5oUTH

to

of both labor and keep the prices priceor increase them. for housing alone The demand
to

materials

at

their present
will

COMPARATIVE

ESTIMATES

OF

COST

is

tremendous, and
their

met, and will be able to finish business The and will

have

be

those
or

who

start

at

least get well

now operations along before the big

gets well under

house
cost

way.
was

shown

built in 1914

at

the there

costs

shown,
no

in this
no reason

to-day 60 per cent more, buildingthat will not be

believe it will be reduced

but

is

rial mate-

in great
at

to

demand, and not all, certainly walls,8-inch

for many The hollow-tile Double

years. house is built with

stone

foundation

walls,stuccoed, two to three coats plaster. upper with first qualitycomb-grain pinefloors throughout,
Chestnut trim in and dining and living-room, of house. and
one

finish floors.

basswood

throughout the
has
one

balance

House

is heated

and by steam Shingleroof.

cement

bath-room
cement

toilet in cellar. off

as

Colored

porch, marked

tile and

cellar floor. for electric-

The priceincludes a complete house, except lightfixtures and decorations.

Protection
white SINCE of woodwork
ants
a

Against
are

White
to
once

Ants
from

in moist

concrete.

No

wood

should

be

in

contact

with

the

difficult

eliminate

the

buildingwhen
to

established,every

precautionshould be taken foundations Where possible,

of

prevent their
of

brick, or concrete, stone, in the basement to pillars support

the and floors and walls
on are

gainingentrance. be entirely should buildings columns or including stone

the
or

Complete dryness of the foundation and basement of rendering buildingssafe walls is an important means the from attack; therefore, providefor air spaces between that the basement and see flooring, ground and wooden ground.
floors
are

well-drained.
ants

If

white

gain
and

access

to

examine buildings, in the

the

floor above.

Make

foundation
and

timbers the

other

woodwork

basement,
the

in the
a

basement

cellar of concrete,
stone
or crete con-

determine

point of
the with

entrance.

After
with

removing
or

lay

the

floors

foundations
with coal-tar

gravel base. Where use impracticable,

and
to
come

timber

nated impregconcrete, with the

damaged wood, replacedamaged

work,
or

drench timber
must

ground

kerosene-oil,then
metal with
to

rock, brick, concrete,

creosote.

if timber
creosote.

Lay
and do
not

basement
allow Never

window-sills the woodwork

frames
in in

over

coal-tar

be used, see that it is treated Since ants always require access

source

contact

damp earth, shut

will
not

off this extend

of moisture

and

the insects will

ground.

sink

untreated

timber

the

ground

or

be able

to

their work

and further,

perish.

312

ARCHITECTURE

HOUSE,

AFTER

ALTERATION.

jSKn/jj
,.,

TT

:"""-

.^Hr

V-V
-ii

a
~

l
-

'.t
.

"
-

'

STABLE,

BEFORE

ALTERATION.
FOR

W.

Wiegand,

Architect.

J.

F.

BARRETT,

RICHMOND,

L. I.

ARCHITECTURE

LIVING-ROOM.

CELLAR-PLAN.

TLOOR

CttiUs
4$
"

*
i H"
UAXTZRAIIQJI
E"CE

I "J T.

Ton. Avt
t.

** IW"JT

"*"EtTT
L r
_

C.ICIMOH".

ALTERATION

FOR

J.

F.

BARRETT,

RICHMOND,

L. I.

W.

Wiegand, Architect.

314

ARCHITECTURE

vt=
T SO.IIT-. Ill VATIO)!
/ICE ELEVATION

ALTERATION

'RtAE-'ELrVATJON

ELEVATION

RE-Morncc

ALTERATION

FOR

J.

F.

BARRETT,

RICHMOND,

L. I.

W.

Wiegand,

Architect.

The

O.

Henry
W.

Hotel, Greensboro,
L. Stoddart, Architect

N.

C.

its spacious and inviting WITH features of The Street the principal floor

entrance

on

Bellemeade

banquet.
kitchen

service

0.

Henry ground

below

bly are delightfully emphasized in the large and comfortalobby, and dining-room. The equipped loungingroom,

Dedicated this ballroom

with the directlyconnected pantry affords prompt and efficient service. of its guests, the beauty of the pleasure to will be enhanced

by

its decorated

walls,

vaulted

work. woodartistic hangings, and ivory-finished ceilings, consideration principal of The O. Henry was hotel accommodations there
are

The

in the
to

of modern While wishes

to

struction planning and conprovidethe highesttype in every department. rooms

comfortable

for the

man

who
must

limit his
man

bathe, and shave sleep, there are expenditures,

wants

in

comfort, but who

and
a

rooms

suites for the home.

who The

the comforts

and
one

of furnishings hundred the and

0. each

Henry contains
with
a

privatebath,

rooms, seventy guestothers with built-in

tub

baths.

Every floor has running ice-water. for enforced building is provided with equipment air in all of the public rooms and with purified ventilation, throughout the kitchen and service pantry of the building. by double door Quiet is secured for all guests'bedrooms
The and vestibule enclosures
at

all elevators.

",

lounging-room, circular in form, with its "homey" fireplace and cozy alcoves,located at the corner, is a distinct feature of The O. Henry. The lobby is one of the most attractive of southern hotels. It is an imposing room of pleasingproportions, vaulted and caen wall treatment, stone ceilings, and Circassian walnut wainscoting. The mezzanine, located the office, will provide a comfortable over writing-room.

perfect harmony, carried out in the a pleasingintroduction to the O. Henry. and hospitable spacious The the lobby is a continuation dining-room adjoining of the lobby treatment, and airyin its furnishings, spacious
Adam

With

decorations

all in

period, this lobby is

and

with

an

outlook
to

on

Bellemeade
street;

Street with
a

separate

entrance

direct the
a

the

with

mezzanine

balcony

where which

ladies may enjoy their afternoon tea, and from direct view through the lobby to the lounging-room features delightful
to

ground Henry Hotel. On the second floor perhaps one of the most interesting features is the room dedicated O. Henry, decorated with to and paintphotographs,and a complete O. Henry library ings dear to the heart of O. Henry readers. depicting scenes The ballroom the O. Henry to or assembly hall adjacent with its large reception-room and grand staircase to room, the lobby,form the combined social rooms ideal for ball or
floor. All these

is obtained, viewing all the

of the

give a subtle charm

the O.

in Dining-Room Lighting Fixt ure feasts done scnting ancient and modern the antique work.
,

Hotel Panels repreFarragut, Knoxville, Tenn. in Chinese enamel giving all the br: lliant detail of
,

3IS

316

ARCHITECTURE

DINING-ROOM

LOBBY.
W.

THE

O. HENRY

L.

HOTEL,

GREENSBORO,

Architect. Stoddart,

N. C.

ARCHITECTURE

There maids
to

are

automatic when
rooms

door
are

signals which

will there

enable
are

know

occupied,and

direct in-

and

all other A

lighting fixtures,portable lights for writing-desks, conveniences in the guests'bedrooms. of the important factor in the arrangement very

designed lighting fixtures. It especially hotel must be theory that the modern first of all convenient, well ventilated, comfortable, and that handsome furnishings in keeping with good taste are
rich

hangings and
Stoddart's

is Mr.

equallyas

essential.

This

idea has

been

carried

out

in

two

Lighting Fixture, Ladies'

contains

Lounge, Hotel
enamel

help

to

miniature insertions in Chinese make the lifeof a woman's day.

The medallions Farragut, Knoxville, Tenn. of the many incidents that illustrating some

fruits and

O. Henry Lighting Fixture in Dining-Room, flowers produced in old gold and enamels.

Hotel, Greensboro, N.

C.

Basket

of

rooms

is that which

they
is
a

are

all outside

rooms

and

no

interior of. seventh

other

hotels

designed by
name

Mr.

Stoddart, the
Harris
at

courts,

The

floor of the and

extra

sample have extra building, lighting equipment.

under with outside
entrance

factor very few hotels can which located are rooms, wide

boast
on

Knoxville,Tenn., and the Penn

As for the "The O. O.
saw

Farragut Harrisburg,Pa.
sort

at

the

doors, large windows

a

fitness. stories abound

Henry

Henry," there is a life through the

He of his in

hotel. the

of destined preHis
sient tran-

in characters other is
a

of the cafe.

knew

In the basement
restaurant,
room entrance.

the

dining-room is
connected

room

for

life as
reason,

no

with

the

dining-

there

writingman fitness special

day did. naming this

For hotel

that after

him. At the
a

tonsorial parspaciousbilliard-room and a modern lor, with outside entrance, features comprise the basement of The O.Henry. The service portionof the building has been given particular and careful study in all details of arrangement and equipment, and is regarded by authoritative hotel operators to be the best that can be designed, complete in every detail for economical and rapid service in all departments. Mr. Stoddart purposely kept the architectural details simple,especiallyin the interiors that were planned primarily with a view of affording effective backgrounds for

The

dedication,Doctor
Colonel his debt found which The their O.

quoted
reformer

letter from confessed

of the speakers, Smith, one Roosevelt, in which that great

to

Porter.

The

Rooseveltian the stories

campaigns often of popular needs

about know New how In York. this
man

in inspiration Henry depicted in Smith its consciousness.

sole

his stories
not

world, Doctor
hotel
to

said, does

touched

the dedicating
to

the

growth

and

of prosperity

Greensboro, and
and

the honor

and

Doctor kindly spirit, of their

Smith

of sweet praiseof this man that bade, as a good-night,

people be mindful

heritage.

ARCHITECTURE

'""""""""^T
"

Modern

Building Superintendence
By
David
CHAPTER

B.

Emerson
III

STRUCTURAL

STEEL

AND

FLOOR

ARCHES

A
to

the

structural steel works

the
we building were

were

located only
able
to

few

miles from

make

occasional

the material while visits there for the purpose of inspecting it was were inspected beingfabricated. All beams and plates

will entail great expense until after part of the steel has been erected. All being found to be correct, the erection of the steel was
errors can

which be corrected, easily

if not

detected

commenced, columns
of erection
not

were

drawings, clean-cut and without and that all holes were torn or ragged inspected.Before going to edges. All shop rivets were the shop a one-pound machinist's hammer was purchasedat a shop. Tapping the rivet heads with near-by hardware told whether this hammer they were tight or not, and filled the holes. A few loose rivets whether they completely
see were

that the

punchingwas

done

to according

the

All ready for rivetting.

were set, and girders put in place work was drawn up close by means

bolts,so
were

that the metal

from

the rivets would

flow between Holes

the plates. brought in line and

matched

by

the

use

of

found and

ordered

to

be

cut

out

and

new

rivets put in

to see places. All built up members were inspected that the abutting parts were painted before assembling. Strict orders were given that all steel should be thoroughly all rust and mill scale was cleaned before painting, ordered had before applying the paint,where the rust removed

their

taken that the care to was see particular metal was not injuredin the drivingof the pins. All field of a done rivetingwas by means pneumatic riveter. Rivets were that they were to see inspected long enough to fillthe holes and to form a perfect All column head. splice and all girders umns connected were to colplateswere rivetted, of rivets. Connections of floor beams to by means made were were girders by bolting. Columns plumbed as each
set

drift pins,but

section

was

set.
was

When

eaten

into

the

surface

of

the steel it

was

ordered

to

be

the

contractor

ordered

the third tier of beams had been the entire first to plank over

with wire brushes. The shop coat of paintwas with hand and well brushed to be put on specified brushes, in. No The brushes were be used. to long-handled shop called for in the specifications coat to be of red lead and was Paint linseed oil. to be made up by mixing the pure red lead in a dry state, and the pure linseed oil in a revolving churn, using twenty-two pounds of lead to one gallonof and mixing immediately before using. Not oil, over one hundred and ten pounds of lead was allowed to be mixed used before another at one time,and that had to be entirely cleaned

beams, and each alternate tier was planked over as to the progressed. This was done as a protection who workmen were working underneath, as a hot rivet or a bolt falling ous seriany distance from above is liable to cause fatal injuries and possibly below. As the to the men touched steel was of paint was set the shop coat up where it had been marred in handling, and all rivet heads were paintedone coat to match the shop coat of the steel. All bolts were dipped in paint before putting them in place. The steel was given a field coat of genuinegraphite paint. batch was The allowed to be mixed. first of the steel to All painting with hand brushes to be done was specified arrive on the job was the beams for the grillage under in. and As the brushed erectors carefully generally try to slight columns. The grillage beams were this part of the work, we ing were carefully spaced accordobligedto follow them up the and they were to held togetherby means and insist that the work details, be done according pretty closely of longrods and gas-pipe and filling to specifications, and when meant they learned that we really separators; the grouting with concrete done as described in the previous what we said, was the work went alongsmoothly and well. The ter; chapthe second tier of beams in the grillage then set. of all beams and girders, of bottom flanges and the flanges was Particular care had to be taken to see that the position all free standingcolumns, were fitted with metal caging to of the beams was the plans, exactly as hold the haunching and the column they were figured on casing. The caging the columns in the centre should set exactly as of galvanizedsteel wire, and came of the grilmade the job to lage. was The upper tier of beams was bolted togetherwith and was collapsed, opened out accordionwise and adjusted rods and separators and filledbetween with concrete, as of beams The columns and columns. to the flanges were the lower tier. Before setting, the shop coat of paint was the wet provided with specialwet stiffeners to go over the beams was touched up in all places on where it had been As openings, making a complete cage around the column. in handling, marred then the beams and the erection of the steel progressed iron conwere the ornamental given one tractor of paintwhich had a bituminous base to resist the accoat the stringsand commenced risers for the tion setting of the alkalisin the cement, and also as a proofagainst and iron work and the for the elevator enclosures, staircase, dampness which might come through the concrete. any plumber followed close on the heels of the erectors, installing All bolts and The umns collines and the leaders, the soil and waste painted one coat. that there would separators were so to set on solid slabs of rolled steel, were which were be no delaysin the work. to distribute the loads over the grillage; in this case The of caststairs were and risers of the main they were strings inches square and five inches thick, thirty-two with both moulded and ornamented. As the castings arrived at iron, faces planed. The column bases sat upon these slabs and that they were the buildingthey were looked over to see bolted to them. were We that were with no breaks nor true to line, shoulders,that they had no very careful to see slab was well painted before setting.After the every and that all gates and fins had nor blow-holes, sand-holes, had been set, the engineerwas grillage called to take the wire-brushed been thoroughly were ground ofF. All castings and test all measurements that all was levels, to see all sand. All stair work be put correct to remove to was specified the actual work of erection, before starting for at this time with countersunk wherever concealed together screws, posthe work
320

tier of

ARCHITECTURE

321

INTERIOR,

LOOKING

TOWARD

SANCTUARY.

INTERIOR,

LOOKING

TOWARD

GALLERY.
ST.

Paul

Monaghan, Architect.

LAWRENCE

CHURCH,

HARRISBURG,

PA.

322 sible. The stair the

were strings

ARCHITECTURE
bolted securely bolted
to

to

the steel

down
cement

with and

one

to

one

and

half mixture worked

of Portland

frame, and
stairs sheet of
were

risers

were

the

The strings.
ten

sand, applied dry and

The finishers then of Portland hand mixture

with provided
to

under

treads of number
was

gauge
case

the slab.
one

into the top of floated into this top a

iron,screwed

the

this risers;

done be

in
no

of

to one

the marble fire calcining

treads, there would

the surface. The surface was finished by giving it a it thoroughlyand fanning or burnishing, polishing all trowel marks. Strict orders were completely eliminating forms were installed. The should not walk over slabs was constructed scribed given that laborers or mechanics dethe as in doingit were in the preceding and hung from the floor fresh concrete, and any who persisted ordered chapter, The slab reinforcing in the form be discharged. The beams and girders. to finished floors were covered with was laid the full within twenty-four steel wire mesh, which inch of sawdust of a continuous hours after their was one fastened to the beams at of the building and securely and this sawdust down was wet completion, length twenty-four the upper flanges of the floor beams. hours afterward,and the floors were the walls, and run over kept covered,until the of of the fabric be the The edges ordered to were to the building lappedand completion building.On returning well wired together, which made forcing after an absence of a day at some of the shops inspecting a completesheet of reinthe entire floor. As soon in found that the foreman was piling of over as was material, we reinforcing quantities crete Conmaterial on the floor slabs, which had just about building placethe pouringof the floor slabs was commenced. described in the previouschapter. It was still set and that were fresh. This was ordered stopped was as quite of a specially constructed and the materials removed This sent as rapidlyas possible. up to each floor by means be too heartily cannot hoist, equippedwith a dumping bucket, and spreadon the practice condemned, as the wet concrete forms. All concrete is always considerably was heavier than when dried out, placedthe full depth at one operation. It was found necessary in some and the addingof a superimposed cases to stop placing load considerably greater than the assumed before the entire slab was live load, concrete and very often concentrated completed,in which on instructed the foreman the joints in the has in some to make of case we one or two caused a collapse cases panels, of the panels of vertical bulkheads. These the entire structure. centre by means bulkheads were with triangular which formed Before the floor slabs were forcing provided strips poured and after the reinhad been placed, a two-inch the electrician was stall notified to inby two-inch key in the centre of the slab. The and the space between all conduit and outlet boxes which were set on was strip to be buried top of the steel,
a person who steppedon the tread beinginjured.When a few tiers of steel had been set, the for the floor forms were and the reinforcing put in place,

danger breaking throughand

workingout
up to hard

ener, cement, and a metallic hardall the air bubbles and bringing the water

caulked
not

with

one

to

two

cement

mortar. concrete

Bulkheads

were

in the treated erected of

concrete.

allowed offices

to

be removed

until the be laid

was

had
have

set

hard.

fullyin
and the

The installation of conduit, etc., will be later chapter. The steel frame being
the floor slabs well and the

The

were throughoutthe building were

to
an

cement-

pouringof
was

advanced,
the
cut

finished floors. These the floor slab.

wet

to

as

integral part

the laying up of the brick work

stone

of setting

The

contractor

instructed to screed the

and

the the

terra-cotta

now

and will be the started,

the in

it level with concrete edge,bringing up with a straight gradeof the finished floor. While the concrete was still finishers started floating this a liquid state, the cement

of subject

coming chapter.
"

(To be continued.)

Must Practicality
"There is
no

Supplement Idealism
of

resources,
commensurate

and strength, with

individual

initiativein

measure

the demands

of the

hour, we
most

will put

of the world one of the at the disposal idealism in the United political lack of an able spokesman for our national moforces." nor States, stabilizing rality. with the advantageof perspective, Only posterity, I shall not attempt can them; certainly, properly appraise Stop Knocking dearth
to

efficacious of

do

so.

But

there has

never

been

an

occasion when
at
a

tical, pracIF how

we can as we a

business leadership constructive, was

higherpremium
movement

do profession

not

have confidence in ourselves,

in others ?

in this country than at the present. "If we are to keep pace with the accelerated of the
our new we period, cannot

expect confidence

ideas permitlilliputian that is what national

to

bind
seek

industrial Gulliver.
to

And

those who
are to

to return

pre-war

conditions and restraints

advocating.
the world

"We

may

expound our

idealism

with all the zeal of modern

but unless we supplecrusaders, ment it with practical based upon the fundamental efforts,
that

of helping other peoples to help themselves, principle our idealism will utterly failof its purpose. And I contend the best way such practical to make humanitarianism is have the this
to

HOWAKD
FRANCIS HOWARD.

STVDIOS
Pres

7 WEST Benches Marble

47th Stone
cents

ST., NEW

YOKK

for,if the

free business of its present and pre-war has taughtus anything about economics, we war
to
a

possible obstacles,
dependent, inter-

Fountains

Send 50

Pedestals Statues Lead Terra Cotta for Catalogue

awakened

realization that all nations of prosperity each is

are

of the prosperity

contingent upon does not enproductivity rich but all humanity as well. If one peopleor class alone is permitted to utilizeits industrial country, therefore,
others,that

that the

CATHEDRAL

OF

SOISSONS

(AISNE),

MAY

12,

1919.

324

ARCHITECTURE
rare cloths;

with sculpstandards of the brotherhoods laces; tured of all periods often of and schools, images;paintings amazing merit; "banes d'oeuvre,"or pews for the men .vestryof the with elaborately carved woodwork; panelling
even

and choir,
rococo

of the nave,

in wood

sometimes

with delicious

tures sculppainteddecoration;altars and confessionals; and walls; in reliefoften colored on doorways, capitals, of all epochsand styles, of stone, of wood, of plaster statues (exceptthose made in painted and unpainted,but never enamelled reliquaries; recent times)without artistic interest; won "bouquets" or prizes by the societies Limoges plaques; of archers, offered time out of mind to the and traditionally local church (these"bouquets" are generally images of St. edicule of gingerbread tecture); archiSebastian in an unbelievable models of ships offered by mariners to St. Nicolas; superbfuneral-stones with the engravedor sculptured images of the dead the church is sometimes paved with these and documents; carved wooden roofs with dragons magnificent heads;stained-glass windows, Gothic or Renaissance; peering from the twelfth century; Louis XV frescoes of all periods consoles; superb armchairs of the late eighteenth century; all this Beauvais,Aubusson, and Gobelin tapestries, Gothic, had been the and infinitely lavished on more symphony of of the French rural church by a past incredibly prodigal production,
" "

Moreover, the French

modern
museum

church

is

as

full of lifeas

the

is full of death.

In the

Louvre, for

ple, exam-

I am whether I am exalted by sure never more entirely of the collections or depressed the quality by their quantity. of classified objects belled" "inert and laThose unending rooms have a curious power to destroy the mood of reflection and
Showing piersdrilled for mine by Germans. St.-Quentin (Aisne),April23, 1919. To the rightthe frame of a paintingwhich has been cut out and carried away.

poetry which
circumstances let enjoying,

In such in

it is the sole purpose of art to I find something of the same

us

create.

culty diffias

say, the Baldovinetti I should in readingPlato on the Avenue de

at

madonna,

its moment the foot of the altar,

of vision.

The

exalted

modern

of the past were there gathered a history together, thoughts of the sublimity of man. There is no form of art, no expression of human toward beauty which has not contributed aspiration which is the rural church of France to that synthesis smaller in scale, but not a synthesis always inferior in The collections are to that of the great cathedrals. quality rich whether from the point of view of quality, extraordinarily will find baptismal Romanesque, or quantity. You variety, fonts, altars and Gothic,Flamboyant, and Renaissance; reredoses of the sixteenth, and eighteenth seventeenth, centuries, with statues in polychrome, and reliefs wood stone or or marble;jubes crowded with carvingsand sculptures; Louis XIV lecturns with heraldic eagles theirgorspreading geous colored wood; other lecturns of wings of brightly iron of rococo of the seventeenth wrought design;pulpits carved and bearing the signature of the century incredibly maker, with the date in an out-of-the-way corner, and which, but you has noticed; no one perhaps for long centuries, of which organ-cases of similar workmanship in the caryatids the hand of the same doors of carved artist; you recognize with the original hardware of the wood, superb in design, fourteenth century; beams poutres-de-gloire," running the church between the choir and the nave, across richly carved with statues and reliefs, superbly colored; roodbasins of curious and exquisite workmanship; holy-water screens; of bronze of the sixteenth century; holy-water pails candlesticks of all periods and styles, some Gothic; even and glasschandeliers of the eighteenth century, jingling with Gothic enamelled dangling;processional crosses, crucifixes of wood, of bronze, and of ivory; enamels; ments vestof ancient stuffs,chasubles, copes, albs, altar"

of
we

even are

1'Opera. A has a curious ability to destroythe thrill museum tell us the greatest masterpiece.Our mind may in the presence of a superb work of art, but our stinct, inwhich only matters, is frequently, if not numbed, at
I
even

least blunted.

doubt

whether

the

modern,

more

in this respect vitally are thoughtfully arrangedmuseums for those of the last century. Some to feeling superior of the whole has asharmonious groupingand composition suredly been introduced. But by that very fact the old attic or junk-shopquality, without its own which was not charm, has been lost. There used to be a genuinepleasure in mentallysorting from the chaff' in the the wheat out salon carr'eof the Louvre
or

the tribuna of the Uffizi. In the

"

Cathedral

of Noyon, June I, 1919.

The

temporary

roof is seen

in place.

ARCHITECTURE churches
"

325
were

created
museums,

by

race

of keener

artistic perceptions.
a

These

taken
more,

contain together,

formidable than works the in

of objects, far quantity

Louvre.
one

But

instead

I should suppose, of concentrating all these

with artistic indigestion the delirium cityto complicate of a fever-tossed population, where wiser age left them a small nor removed they belonged. No village was so so that it did church there in best way.
was none

not
were

in each And possess its collection of art. and arrangedin the justenough objects

of the The

They all composed to form one whole. Everything place. There was no crowding. There was from a longseries of similar monotony resulting
like churches,
on

objects.
Italian
museums

the of

French,

are

museums

also,and
not

the whole

equal, though perhaps

in

of greater, wealth; but the arrangement is carried out different spirit. The Italians love to secrete their masterpieces in dark and

where one has every improbable places, walking by without perceiving theyexist. Chapels veiled. This method also are kept locked and altar-pieces has its charm. The effort of the search makes the finding The English, seem sweeter. too, are fond of keepingtheir cathedrals locked up, and allowing the public to enter only conducted on payment of a .substantial fee and in personally But in the French church nothing is hidden away. parties. The door stands open all day long, One year in,year out. how one will. No obtrusive guardians can go when one will, intervene to spoil one's enjoyment. One can study and

chance of

and photograph And the

take
same

notes

and

sketch

to

one's heart's content.

St.-Quentin, April 23,

1919.

German

at work the ruins. prisoners clearing

the arrangement over spirit presides of the objects in the church. They are neither hidden nor unduly obtruded. They are simply there,in their place, an integral part of their environment, speaking without ostentation and without affected modesty to whoever cares
to

museum junk-shop

unknown

masterworks, one
and
a

felt, might
the charmingly

listen.

at

any

time
naive

turn

up in an attributions

unexpected corner,
were

continual

mental

the Germans When, therefore, challenge. found themselves in the presence

rare singularly

of

invaded France they aesthetic delight an

was

Modern

has scholarship in the

cases,
museum

curtailed the chances for exploration in a few exceptional there stillremain the self-conscious the air, of

much

to-day. Yet, save

only among
was

and subtle. The war great cathedrals of which all the

fought out,

'not

the

striking beauty
of

known

to

world, but among

country churches

with works of art of which with its attendant general morgue-like great architectural merit, filled aspect, the quantity of fatigue. the high worth was classification results in placing Scientific the less real because known sense none only hundreds of objects much alike as possible, together as tures, to a few. piclet us say, not only of the same The attitude of the invaders toward this wealth of art but by the school, artist. Any one, taken by itself, A few concrete same singularly vacillating. might give infinite was, as has been said, but en bloc the seriesis disheartening. instances will givean idea of their general behavior. pleasure; The modern The basilica at St.-Quentinwas also has a curious way of making of the museum one certainly works of art inaccessible. Every one of France. It was, knows that all muit is true, seums great Gothic monuments are always closed the particular day one wishes to visit them. Every one knows how the guardsalwaysshoo one to close up justat that precious, fruitful moment away that will never return. Every one knows that the particular has alwaysjustbeen removed for wants to see one picture some reason. mysterious Every one knows that all galleries are always beingrehung and that they will remain closed for an indefinite period. Every one knows that the serious student is who
wants to

sketch, or,

even

worse,

to

photograph,

and that the regardedas littlebetter than a criminal, and authorizations are as complicated necessary permissions and difficult as those surrounding passports in time of war. Every one knows that nothingarouses to so excited a pitch the suspicions and anger of the guards (always, one feels, hostile) to be caught taking silently as a note. Indeed, in of bitterness, I have wondered moments whether the principal

function of
Now

museums as

was

not

to

render works

of

art

as

littleenjoyable and

the French

little as profitable possible. of the past I mean museums

"

the

St.-Quentin. April 23,

1919.

Boche

in foreground. prisoners

326
situated
a

ARCHITECTURE
little
out

of

the

charmed is

region
found.

in

which
art

the

were

purest
those
east

mediaeval

architecture and

The

stops

from their sockets wrenched and similarly achievement showing remarkable Germany, an the

shipped

to

initiative
the jects obwas

abruptly at Laon,
of this

of the Ile-de-France.

not interest,

with correspond closely St.-Quentinis to the north and magic district. Yet the church was of exceeding only as an example of an important period that very few monuments, but
on

its boundaries

on

part

of

some

individual, when
Even the tombstone

one

considers

of transporting these weighty difficulty in time stolen. the Yet of the

war.

and

unwieldy
Tour

of La

has left us

but

its

own

intrinsic

rose-window and

merits.

The

double

transepts

(a feature almost
nave,

unique
wealth

in

Honnecourt,
The
next

interesting antiquity of the church, sketched on stone, possiblyby Villard de mained certainly in the thirteenth century, remost

of the France), the superb unverticality space raised

the

of

untouched.
act

windows, composition, the stained-glass

number
it
to
a

the

ordinary extra-

of these of

lovers the

of

art

was

to

prepare

the

of works

of

art

contained

level attained

by few
in its

building, cathedrals. Grim,

lines, its
into
stern

in the

complete
each about

destruction

church.

eight
out,

inches

broad

Forty-eight holes, by about eighteen inches

the have
never

powerful,almost
masses,
onnant
on nearer

forbidding

main

high, were
been carried

drilled in the piers. Had

the But church the mines would
were

obvious

intention
to
a

approach, dissolved
every held
one

dainty Raytaken Germans

been
the

reduced

detail.

heap
knows,
1918.
was

of debris. church
an

exploded. Why?
bombardment.
decide
save

St.-Quentin, as
Boches
in 1914 and

by
their

the

The Did

until

The

had,
thusiasm en-

had already been economically minded

was

ruined

by
to

commander

the

struction de?

therefore,every
for
art.

opportunityto
notable
were

demonstrate

here
Most

The achievement. of the

to

and sufficient, chance, whatever

conclude

his munitions

perhaps, the most superb than Reims. The has been severely structure possiblyeven had been In is completely destroyed; The vault of the nave irreparablydamaged. damaged. the but another that of the June sky, has view of the battles of which St.-Quentin later became vault, even loftier, thus these superb monuments its place. Nowhere feel so taken does overwhelmed were one centre, there is no doubt with from the dizzy height, the daring of Gothic certain destruction. saved work. The The outlives all but The annihilation. next to art pillagethe church thoroughly. beauty of true step was which the French had not to the dreary ceeded sucNearly everything movable grandeur of St.-Quentinis in stronger contrast of harm's in getting out dulness than before. stolen. These was by which it is surrounded now way much in their setting, less valuable objects,so precious so Repositoriesfor works of art evacuated by the German elsewhere from Government established not only at Maubeuge but also torn (however intrinsically were lovely), were where at they belonged and fell to the tender mercies of any Valenciennes,Brussels, Wiesbaden, and elsewhere. These who collections have been recovered ing in their entirety, and the objects one were destroyed durpicked them up. How many took them ? It is infinitely be retransportation by improper packing ? Who were generallyundamaged. to gretted Where It is extraordinarythat not did they go ? that comparatively so little was thus rescued from pilonly lage. but even be movable those The glassof St.-Quentin was saved. But to the glassof objectswhich might seem which of the building disapformed ment, peared. Parfondru, a church which was never damaged by bombardpart of the structure Thus Roman built into a pillar, with equal care, packed dismounted a inscription, was was up and carried carried and off by some whose love of anoff. Since, at least to the extent of torn out one tiquities my knowledge, it has never risk thus pulling the entire church in led him been recovered; it is probable that it was to appropriated by ruin about The his ears. German for ancient officer with a taste windows. thirteenth-century choir-grilles some They began by a windows stained-glass Maubeuge before they
dismounted and removed
...

it was, has preserved what is, of all the ruins, more dramatic

Laon.

German

Cemetery.

Monument

erected

by Germans.

Firestone Park, Akron,

By John
F.

Ohio

Suppes, Architect

group

of recentlycompleted houses

in Firestone

Park.

T7IRESTONE -T south end

mile away Rubber Co.

PARK is a new community centre in the about of Akron, within the citylimits, a from the main plant of The Firestone Tire " This

unit, as is shown
very the
near

on

the

and plans,

it is

hoped

that in the

future this wing will be built.

development

was

started

three

ago, and since that time there have been about houses erected in the park. At the present time

years six hundred

the

pany com-

a school, completedlast year, which is of latest type. There also temporary church are and in a short time there will be two, with a posbuildings, sible church buildings erected in the park. third, good-sized

The

park has

very

is erecting one

hundred

and

houses, of twenty-five

Firestone

Park

was

planned by

Mr.

Ailing S.

De

differentexteriors, eightdifferent plansand forty-one some of which are how houses and to show nearingcompletion, are we developing, publish a typical group. It is expected from one hundred to two hundred to erect houses every year in this parkby a subsidiary of The company Firestone Tire " Rubber Co., called The Coventry Land " Improvement Co., which and sells these erects company houses to any one who will pay $500 cash,and the balance at nine-tenths of one per cent as monthly payments, covering first and second The publicat largeare also mortgages. permittedto erect houses of individual designsubjectto

The entire scheme Forest, landscape-architect.

is credited to

Mr. H. S. Firestone. So far there has been about $5,000,000 of houses,streetspent in the development of the building

sidewalks, paving, water, sewers, street-lighting,

etc.

approvalby The Coventry Land for erecting is building money

The minimum is
at cost

"

Improvement Co., if the

from
to

loaned

this company.

of houses allowable does

not

park
home

$3,500, which
this time.

be erected in the permit of any kind of a

hundred and twenty-five one from $7,000 to $9,500,which high prices selling are brought about by the excessive cost of building tion, operaand againland value in Akron is quiteinflated. The to as plotsrun from forty-foot high as one-hundred-andtwenty-footfrontage, making sonic of these places very

These last

houses

are

desirable homes. There

is,of
with

course,

the

business

where section,
shows

store

are buildings

being erected,and
apartments
in the

the sketch

the type

that are now over beingplanned earlyspring. They are also preparing plans for a community hall and motion-picture building, which will be in the business section of the park. The post-office branch,dormitory,and cafeteria of a branch of the local Y. W. C. A. was completeda littleover
stores

of

for erection

PLOT

PLAN
PARK. OHIO

in wonderful success a year ago, and both have proven this section. There is a great demand for the erection of
a more

AK.R.ON

dormitoryquarters

on

the other side of the

post-office
327

328

ARCHITECTURE

Y.

W.

C.

A. AND

U.

S. POST-OFFICE

BUILDING.

JtCCWD
BUILDINGS
IN

*a"TniR.D /TOR.Y PLAN. John

F.

FIRESTONE

PARK,

AKRON,

O.

Suppes, Architect.

ARCHITECTURE

329

fc-i

_J

9C
O

z;

"

S r
o

O
" z

"

I
C) o

z:

o~" S
BJ

H^ H

ei

330

ARCHITECTURE

/^fflM^
X"':t::!f%"!S

;??

CT\'

*-^

"

."-.."*." '., W
.,
"

The

Annual Thirty-fifth

Exhibition of The
of New York
THE HELEN

Architectural League

Fine Arts Society, the buildingof the American New York City. Last day for 215 West 57thStreet, 31, 1919. of entry slips, Wednesday, December return Only days for the Receptionof Exhibits,Wednesday and Thursday, January 14 and 15, 1920, 9 A. M. to 5 p. M.

AT

FOSTER

BARNETT

PRIZE

Prize for Sculpture, Foster Barnett Helen The including any work award $50, limited to statuettes, of age only under life size. Artists under 35 years than more and the prize shall not be awarded eligible

Smoker,

artist. "Friday, January 30, 9 P. M. League Reception, once to the same Public Exhibition, Saturday, January 31, 3 to 6 P. M. A SUCCESS EXHIBITION THE MAKE clusive. TO from Sunday, February I to Saturday, February 28, inmitted subbest the for of design A special the attention $300 directs prize The Committee particularly and Mural Painter in which it makes by an Architect, Sculptor, statement of architects to the following Prize of and the Helen Foster Barnett collaboration, in the hope that a clear understanding of its policymay of "50 for Sculpture. Subject for the Henry O. Avery inure to the benefit of exhibitors and to the success and

Collaborative Prizes:
"A WAR

MEMORIAL"

An American city of about twenty-fivethousand permanently the inhabitants wishes to commemorate lost their lives in the of her sons fact that twenty himself of them distinguished and that one Great War bravery worthy to placehis name by an act of personal ary beside those of the heroes of the Civil and RevolutionWars.

the exhibition. The effect of the exhibition as a whole is of the highest importance. The general impression made ual the visitor is stronger than that made by individupon

Space for this purpose has been found at the end of the vestibule or entrance-hall of the contemplated building. municipal
This vestibule is to be twenty-fivefeet long by exceed eighteenfeet in feet wide and cannot height. The memorial is to consist of the decorative It end of this room. of the wall at one treatment hero and should should characterize the distinguished him fame. of the action which won depict the nature who gave their lives are to of all the twenty The names twelve be
may

it is obvious exhibits. To produce this impression should present an orderly that the walls of the galleries Exhibits containing large and harmonious appearance. of white paper or having white or light-colored areas conduce a to mounts spotty and disorderlygeneral advised that such exhibits effect. Exhibitors are therefore to be poorly hung or not at all; and in are likely
case

to

the right such are submitted,the Committee reserves of, any such remount, or modifythe tone of the mounts exhibits at the exhibitor's expense. accepted Exhibitors are urged to give thought and therefore but to its tone, not only to the selection of subject care in groups of views This is especially important when composed of separate units, particularly should of the same subject. Such groups naturally be maintained, but frequentlythe tones, shapes,and sizes as submitted are so unmanageable that be broken up or some either the must part of it
group

framing, and mounting.

inscriptions together with whatever incorporated, and appropriate. be found necessary than more No portion of the work should project
feet from the face of the wall. Models to be submitted y$ full size. The specialprizefor Sculpturewill be awarded element in this collaboration. the sculpture Models
to

two

on

be omitted. but unless they desirable Plans are particularly well presented they may fail of acceptance. are sion The Committee particularly requests the submisof the work of Landscape Architects. Remember that this exhibition should interest the
"

be delivered

at

215

West

5yth Street,

Public

and

that the Public

is

by presstrongly affected entation.

January 15,

1920.

The

Museum Metropolitan
was a

of Art

"

Exhibition of Modern
Instruction French and Fine Services in the United

French

Art

exhibition openedwith THE the and their friends

at

museum

15. It Monday, December until February 1, inclusive. This

will be

to members reception the eveningof on daily open to the public

Arts, and the Director-General of the who has chargeof its States,
Government has

arrangements in this country. In addition to the patrons, the French

named Curator the Paul
as following an

Arts; Leonce Benedite, Brussel,Chief ennale,will consist of contemporary French paintings, tures, of the Service d'Etudes; Maurice Chabas, President of the sculptional and examplesof the decorative arts, Triennale; d'Esteurnelles de Constant, Director of the Nadrawings, prints, sity of the French all selected as representative art of to-day. Museums; Anatole le Braz, Professor at the Univerit of Rennes; Gaston Liebert, Consul-General of France in The interest the French authorities have taken in sending of the French New to America York; Marcel Rouffie, Inspector-General may be judgedfrom the facts that it is forwarded ant here under the Services in the United States; Marcel Knecht, and Lieutenat the government's expense, and that it comes of Fine Arts of the the Ambassador Caesar Michaux, head of the Bureau patronage of the President of the French Republic, Leon, Director
of Fine the of co-operation the artists' association known
as

which has been organized in Paris by the exhibition, of Public Instruction and the Fine Arts,with French Ministry

Honorary Committee

of the exhibition:

the Tri-

of the

Luxembourg Gallery;Robert

of France

at

Washington,the

Minister

of Public
332

French

Services.

Editorial and

Other

Comment

the to pursue be provided for those who might care for business;ample opportunities or study of art, the trades, have we playingfor those who would play and seek recreation;the manifestation laymen, not without acerbityand some felt the need of study and guidance for those who privileges the great questionof a suitable of strong personalfeeling, for a wider service in the world themselves of better fitting which sands thoumemorial. The Arch of Victory,under war at large. of our returningtroops have marched, a temporary Would it not be a good plan to find out from the men built at great cost, is passing into the hands structure themselves idea of what kind of a memorial they think some of the dealers in second-hand materials. The arch building best ? There is little questionthat it should be would seem will become and its admirable a sculptures abstract idea of beauty,a mere memory vague than a mere something more of the street, a dim vision of a passingspectacle, to the man of dollars. The thousands so monument representing many bit civic transient of movie a mere celebrating in that idea of memorials scenery, a Greek to our temples are nearer from To it and immaterial things. an looking at many they expressedin their wonderful art and refinement the its passingwill be welcomed, for angle of mere expediency, Greek do not want national spirit.But we temples. They in many it has proved a serious obstruction to traffic, ways cold and formal in their intent. were of its significance lost by and at best much and dignity was do in whatever be possible Will it not to express we its beingplacedamong so incongruous high buildings. something of the sentiment connoted in the word "buddies," many of the Square and of Fifth Avenue The spirit are intensely something of fraternalism, unselfish, unified, clear-visioned,

What

Shall It Be
been

should

IN

New

York

both discussing,

artists and

modern, and somehow

wherever purposes, We from it is and

we

feel that any permanent

be idea of usefulness.

memorial,
in its

for all things that shoulder-to-shoulder striving

make

our

placed,should planned with an

first of all modern

country

better

"

better of

men,

better

citizens, greater power

that the

againstthe triumph, personal

nation.
war

elements
us are

the ideals of a Roman are a far cry from the celebration of the individual leader, whose
sense us

has shown

and destruction disloyalty menacing us from within ?

pride and
What
to

of power

were

paramount

to

the

the arches of Constantine and Titus ? signify if looked at with even of historical Imperialism, a modicum is the thingthe world has been background,and imperialism for four long years. arches the Roman fighting Artistically, will always have interest; in architecture they will hold the attention of student and practitioner as long as they stand, survives in thousands of photoas long as their memory graphs and drawings. But they are symbols of personal of the the of the pride, subjection ego, conquest for power, world to arbitrary the practical enslavement of subjugated rulers, peoples. If there is one thing that the war has taught above all others it is the great idea of mutual sacrifices for the general

How
"TN

Are

We

Going

to

Build

Them

? of approxi-

the United

States every of the is

year

there is need

J- mately $3,000,000,000worth
to meet

of buildingconstruction
Of this total the

the

needs

country.

$2,000,000,000 worth

required for

perhaps housing of the

amusement

people,the
purposes.

rest

being used
the
United of houses
a

for industrial

and

"To-day
are

in

States for homes made

no our

we

are

short

nearly
We And
struction con-

worth $4,000,000,000

peopleto
behind
a

live in.

something like
reason

million

the need. of the

for that

those who should

have

business

welfare,of the
our

of the forgetting all

as were

individual in the

one

cause,
as a

country, for which

It would
seem

supposed to
idea of
a

be

working

misgivingsabout the beginningof construction,despitethe high prices. Every assistance should be extended enable our people to build to Where there is a community of homes. or buy their own
of houses have home
owners no

unit.

if the

It is written in historysince the beginning of civilization building, a buildingthat embodies of architectural beauty and dignity, houses there the best that where vice, planned for serpeoplereside in their own would if this Conbe in keeping with the times. Such a building gress in government and civilization exists. And so could be made of the army club-house for men do anything at all to relieve the present needs of a magnificent can and navy who of homes, it should do so at once. have served their country, a place where the people in the matter and convenience of the rich man's I have pointedout two private help: first, every comfort ways in which they can club would be at their service. A gymnasium, a ming-pool, by creating this home-loan banking system, therebymaking great swimbilliards and pool,hundreds of for buildavailable at least $2,000,000,000of existing ing assets bowling-alleys, furnished living from taxation the simply and comfortably a restaurant and, second, by relieving rooms, purposes; that could be
run

great memorial tions tradithe best possible

Bolshevists

or

anarchists

can

be

found.

to

meet

the

needs

of the modest
on

purse,

income hands

on

limited

amount

of real-estate mortgages

in the

should be part of it.

other

It could

be conducted

the

plan of

be established and clubs;only at the outset it must hard and fast by rules that would forever keep it for all the men who served, and that would not permit it in time merely a placefor those who could afford to become it. It should be liberally endowed, so that merely nominal dues would make for every man that membership possible would care be well,also, to join. It would to provide a great for study. Classrooms assembly hall and opportunities bound
333

in individuals, thereby encouraging investment securities of this character, in the end making sufficient These funds available for building purposes. measures, I hope in my and helpful, opinion,would be exceedingly them will examine senators and, if they agree with me, assist in securing their enactment." from a speech by Senator William The above extract Calder M. clearlypoints out a condition, and proposes some encouraging ways of solving the buildingproblem. of

334 We
are are

ARCHITECTURE
too

State office buildfor part of the cost of the new propriated ing. Of this amount, $150,000 was made available this year The for beginning the construction of the foundation. have authorized the State archiof public trustees buildings F. Pilcher,to proceed with the plans. It is tect, Lewis that they have understood authorityto prevent further now January, for the poor and the professionalexpenditure pendingthe meetingof the legislature, limit of rents The to decide whether It will then be for the legislature 1920. hear classes has been reached" exceeded, in fact" and we this plot should on the original There increases next plan to erect the building of further of a promise year. already be be carried out, or whether another have plot of land ^shall the country who of families all over thousands are office building." obtained on which to erect the new been suddenlyfaced with the problemof buying the house advanced or hunting price, they have lived in at a greatly often impossible to find. for a new place, and general, housing question.In the citiesit has passedthe "waitingfor better of downrightsuffertimes" stage, and becomes a question be done, and done Something must ing and deprivation.

unmindful

prone to mind our of the intense

own

in business,

seriousness

of this

The

Thumb

Tack
men

Club

of

Detroit
have

Space for Monumental

would IT planning make
seem as

Buildings
architectural THE club called "The
This club is

space hoped that and architecturalbeauty. It is to be sincerely sidered. conPark at Albany will be favorably the idea of a Capitol of If there have been mistakes made in the placing in new Building, Capitol there is every reason Building, the mistakes. We
are

be necessary in if no argument would to addition to a group of State buildings an of sufficient advisable to consider the providing it seem ter charactheir monumental for properly displaying

of Thumb

Michigan
Tack

Club

formed a of Detroit."

the location of the Educational for preventing now any further

offers for that an opportunity to the west, or in the buildings tect of the Capitol, as by the present State archirear suggested It is clearly so and his two obviously predecessors. the thingto do, it is hard to see how there is a chance for debate except on the single ground of cost. in of cost these days is a paramount one The question in the long but there are few things more all things, costly of civic centres, or the submerging than poor planning run gruities. environment of inconin an of dignified State buildings advised the formation of
a

lines of the Boston planned along the general and the T. Square Club of Philadelphia. All persons engaged in or interested in architecture are for membership,so that the club will have every eligible of architecture. of public for advancement appreciation opportunity all It is intended to carry on a campaign against intrusions of the cityand parks with hideous examples of will be a Beaux Arts There and monuments. buildings the young classes for training men atelier and other special

Architectural Club

group

of

and

lectures for the older men;

exhibit,at which

examples of
submitted under

each year an architectural architectural work from all and medals awarded. A

large cities
club.
Some

will be
now

is competition

for the new way of the architects are to start a

a

emblem

of the

in year for the successful entrant of which are not yet arranged.

next scholarship the details competition,

The "The condition

letter will following State where of New

make

the situation clear:

in the ability of There should be a decided advance the architectural students of Detroit due to the activities should prove a benefit of the club, and the organization
to

the

York

is

now

confronted with

community:
clubrooms
are

The

located in

an

ness old house in the busi-

acter than the enduring charsomething more The attic forms of Detroit, at 83 Fort Street. centre about to erect is involved. We of the buildings are the second floor is arrangedfor classrooms, very interesting and are in for State departments, office building a new the clubrooms, and the firstfloor is rented for offices. of an artistic the greater question setting dangerof ignoring of the club is vested in the hands The entire management The character and for future State structures. for existing of an executive committee, which consists of the following from of the buildings to generation generation, men: may change the Mr. Rowland, of Albert Kahn's office, president; wherein may be set but when we establish a groupingplan, other six members Mr. Murphy, of the firm of Esselstyn, are: I think it will forth the beauty and grandeurof the whole, Murphy " Hanford; Mr. Keough, of the firm of Van Leyen, but for for a lifetime, be conceded that we should build, not " " Keough; Mr. Leone, of Smith, Hinchman Schilling centuries. Grylls;Mr. Kapp, of the Wills-Lee Automobile Company, "Unless
two
or

the.State officials act

within quickly ourselves

the
to

next

three

months,

we

may

commit

an

and reparable ir-

Messrs.
are

Sukert open

and
at

French, of Albert
to

Kahn's

office.

blunder. conceal

Not

merely would

this mistake

forever

Clubrooms visitors.

all times

out-of-town

professional

Educational the majestic dimensions of our magnificent Building said to be the most beautiful in the United of the capitol the artistic setting but forever destroy States and the State buildings Why not head off yet to come.
" "

Winter
More than

Home-Building

this great
our own

blunder,the evil effectsof which

and

will be feltduring

before it is too late ? succeeding generations, "I speaknot merely as an Albanian, but as a citizen of the State, when I plead for the creation of a park in the instead of its use, of the capitol, west space immediately for the new State office building.The as now proposed, facts of the situation are simply these: The legislature at the session of 1918 appropriated $700,000 for the purchase where the old buildings of the block of land west of the capitol,
"At

information winter

for home-building 72 per cent of the inquiries from and house plans come prospective and

builders in the winter Southern and in Pine

months, according to
Association.
came

the springmonths, particularly made a recent by the analysis

Of

97,433 helps,

between

of these 97,433,17,070 came

build135,089 requests for ing November 1 and May 31, in November and 17,921

have been razed. the session of 1919

an

additional $450,000 was

ap-

of greatest actual building tivity acFebruary. The season of course, during the open warm-weather months, is, done in the winter and but the planningand deciding are early spring.

DECEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXIX.

":"

ENTRANCE-HALL,

RESIDENCE,

J. R. SHEFFIELD,

45 EAST

67TH

STREET,

NEW

YORK.

Walter B. Chambers, Architect.

DECEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXX.

B
w H
HH

Ul

"

s
2

.0
a

O pa

I
w

U
w

ffi
U
w

DECEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXXIV.

PORCH

OVERLOOKING

TERRACE,

BLIND

BROOK

CLUB, PORTCHESTER,

N. Y.

Frank Ashburton

Moore, Architect.

DECEMBER,

1919

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXXVI.

LOUNGE.

CLUB-ROOM. BLIND BROOK

Frank Ashburton

Moore, Architect.

CLUB,

PORTCHESTER,

N. Y.

u W

H
"" i

ffi
U

Pi

DECEMBER, 1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXXVIII.

ENTRANCE

TO

LOCKER-ROOM.

PLANS.
BLIND BROOK

Frank

Ashburton
"

Moore, Architect.
Architects.

CLUB,

PORTCHESTER,

N.

Y.

Hinchman

Pilot, Landscape

H
U

w H
"

ffi
U

g
Q

X
o "

I
PH

w
u

CJ

X
u
w

U w

DECEMBER,

1919.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXCIV.

W.

S.

Architect. Shull,

RESIDENCE,

MRS.

R.

B.

WORTHINGTON,

BAYOU

BONITA,

ST.

PETERSBURG,

FLA.

The
From
Chairman,
at

Carrere

Memorial
H.
and

the Address
Memorial
at

by Joseph
Ninety-eighthStreet

Freedlander
Riverside Drive
on

the

Unveiling of

the Carrere

Thursday,

October

16, 1919

memorial THE to-daymay,

to

with into

John Merven Carrere which be termed fitness, peculiar

we a

unveil labor of

placedbefore questionscontinually colleagues.

"It his memory "The Thomas is
to

him

for solution

by

his

love, for it
testimonial

came
on

being as

the result of

spontaneous

the

affection in which is due.

the

holds profession

the part of his friends to the admirable of this remarkable and many-sided man. "Taken off in the very had rendered that I
at
can

ties quali-

that

this memorial

prime of
the fine best

his

professional career,
and
to

memorial, designed by Mr. is the only monument, Hastings,

Hunt It

Carrere's with
to

partner,

the

exception

he left a he It is
a

gapingvoid,for to
situation

arts

civic betterment service.

of the Richard

Memorial, erected
for the the

any

architect in

all times

inestimable

this country.
of the

speaks well

describe by saying that,

of belles-lettresand

increasing publicappreciation in one fine arts that a place

been
set

although some
no one

has

years have elapsed since his taken his place.

untimely end,
the

should city's garden-spots

of
a

have

aside

to

petuate per-

his keen conceptionof virility, his architecture, be the standto ard-bearer willingness the
art

"His

dignityof

the memory in this "Here

great artist.
the autumn, in the winter

lovely park,in

of

time, through the

summer

hot, lazy

par
an

excellence him
at

of all

who

the by passertion holds in greatest affecinstant

days,let

idea, made
an

all that is beautiful in life pause shrine

to
one an a

times in the

acknowledgedleader
found
time for

profession.
all,

token of who

"He

lay at this appreciation carried high at

to

the exaction notwithstanding of his busy workaday life. I believe that I correctly terpret inthe sentiment architectural I say that of the when profession not we teemed only eswe

the banner every turn ideal and the true." The committee in

of the

charge

of this memorial

included the

bers memfollowing distinguished

but that
"

loved him
sense

of the architectural

we

loved his high

his

of Electus Buren

Joseph H.

fession: proFreedlander,

honor,
sweetness

the kindliness, and

tact

the

of his nature, consideration and which

maSS

Chairman, Donn Barber, H. Van D. Litchfield,

Magonigle, William
Mead, Benjamin
Morris.

with great

he handled of

the
Section of Terrace Wall with tablet
to

Rutherford
John Merven
Carrere.

professional

Wistar

335

Selectingthe Right Roofing Materials

By
a

H.

Fandervoort
in

Walsh

the architect selects its roofing designing building, IN materials with special point of view, quite different
a

one

and foot,

this information for this

reason

is in
a

the average inch to the foot. Now is one accessible form for the architect, and no

from

that of either the

of this
meet

the builder. or engineer the accessible information is not fact, for most of it is written his requirements,

On in
a

account

device called the "Architect's Roof

tractor" Proto

form

to

has

been

prepared.

It is the

quick guide

the

for the latter

individuals.
to plot the workings of the simple matter architect's mind as he singles the kind of roofing material out but in a general he will use on the building, way it probably in the following runs sequence, or if it does not, it ought to. First he is influenced by the artistic requirements, and makes

It is

not

the pitchis the line effect that the various materials which general used on zontal are slopingroofs displayeither conspicuoushorilines or marked vertical lines running from the eaves to the ridge. Certain types show a half-way effect where vertical lines predominate. In neither horizontal nor any the roof will exhibit. In roofs which show as case, all of the materials used on sloping be classifiedinto two part of the designof a building may

necessary information. with Related very closely

tentative selection

of some

material

which

fitsin best with

his

design.

As

he

he proceedsfurther,

studies the

required

and framing and roof, and

construction

then he

gathersall the
a

necessary to support information on

this type of
the fabrication

types:
of

the scale

or

protection as

Nature's shingle type imitating system in a fish,or the sheet exemplified type

features of the material itselffor

Finallyas specifications.

takes a comparative view and costs. qualities, durability, The very first steps, material almost

in his detail drawings use complete mental check, he of such things as fire-resisting
B"t
mm

'

then, in the selection of a roofing influenced by artistic reasons. entirely Even though the architect may tackle his preliminary sketches with a predetermined conclusion on the kind of material he will use, he nevertheless has arrived at this decision by mentalpicture designing. It often seems as though the cost alone influenced the selection, but in reality it is the artisticreason, for he will build up his designaround the roof selected. little is however, in the firstrough sketches, Usually, thought given to the actual materials that will be eventually used, but the designis studied for composition in line, color, light, with the result that such a thingas the pitch and shade, of the roof is determined by artisticreasons alone. the Whether roof shall be flat or sloping that is worked is a matter in out the designing. If itis flat, then the roofing material requires artistictreatment, since it will not count no in the general effect of the building. On the other hand, if the roof is sloping, it must be handled from a pictorial and sestandpoint, lected accordingly. For example,the design be a country house in the may Italian villa style, and the roof in the preliminary sketches has evolved to a pitchof four inches in one foot. Now the of the styleand the designdemand the very requirements of a clay-tile roof. Thus use the selection of the material is determined and the pitchworked out; but the problem is the two co-operate in giving to make leak. a roof that will not As a matter of fact, in our climate a pitchof four inches in foot is f or one too slight a clay-tile roof,and the chances are that it will leak, which proves that the slope of a roof must be established by both the design and the practical requirements
are

for slopg

5hte

Tla

MM. Slopefor Clai)

Min.

W slopg
dnd

r"d*rShinflk

tln^hmqle

Sldfc 70"- 24'

long

for MID. fabt"fa" Shinyle stope Mlge min. Slopgfer Coir Iron~3 3" "BeaA *Doofmo b"t from 4i'" sl op
Mm.

-far Seam Slnpo Standing

MftalPoof

12"Ron AOCHITC CT.SPoor -pBOTPACTOtt

-

in a poor counterfeiting way Nature's uniform For simplicity the classificationis shown in

skin covering. the following

form:
A. SCALE
OR

SHINGLE

TYPE 5. Metal

1. Wood 2. Slate. 3.

shingles.
tile.

6. Cement 7.

Clay

shingle. shingle. Ready-roofing shingle

4. Asbestos B. SHEET TYPE

shingle.
or

(a) Standing seam

1. Tin 2.

flat seam

roof.
roof. roof.

Copper
seam

3. Lead

(b) Lap
1.

Ready roofing.
deck. iron. Corrugated

2. Canvas 3. 4. 5.
C.

of the material. been made along these lines, here and there concerning published the best pitchfor differentkinds of materials. They are roofing mathematical conclusions, not but merely rules of the thumb based upon the experience of many For instance, men. there has been established the safe minimum gles, pitchfor wood shinclay-tile, and corrugated-iron, standing-seam metal roofs. and tables have been Also it has best with materials are ready-roofing higherpitches, while built-up roofs will run under of the sun if they have a pitch three inches exceeding Certain

observations have

Corrugated asbestos. Corrugatedwire glass.

PLASTIC These

ROOFS

used for flat roofs and do not enter into are the discussion of artisticmerit,and are builtup roofs of tar and felt, patent preparations,
etc.

been observed

that

the kind which exhibits marked Now, of the above roofs, horizontal lines is the square, shingle type of wood, slate,

the heat

Those which effect marked asbestos, etc. vertical lines tile, the standing-seammetal roofs. The mixed are horizontal 336

ARCHITECTURE
and

337
B. ROUGH 1.

verticallines are

etc. tiles, roofs, corrugated

shingle type laid Imitation thatched roofs of wood French bond. or English if curves or givesoft flowing shingles ready-roofing shingles nant domilaid properly.The smooth surface with practically no lines is realizedby the flat-seam roofsof metal, although sheet is plain the interlocking enough to givean uglyappearance
the
within Here
a

clay by Spanishor displayed Diaperpatterns are secured by like the to certain brick pattern bonds,
French

TEXTURE

AND

MOTTLED

COLORS

ous-colored or shingles Hand-split shingles dippedin varistains and applied at random. Imita'tion thatch.

2.

3. 4.

certain radius. has designer probably

againthe

conclusion in his sketches as to what wants it is to emphasizein his roof. In order to produce them by its nature necessary to select the type of roof which
creates

arrived at kinds of lineshe

some

Rough-cutslate laid in the European fashion colors with a skilful blending of different of sizes. and gradation designs, Clay tiles of varied colors or special etc. French, German, Imperial, as with skilful Rough-edged asbestos shingles of varied colored units. blending

them.
to

Next

line effect

comes

texture

and

color.

We

can

materials roughlyinto two divide roofing texture groups: smooth those which display monotone faces, surcomparatively with mottled and those which exhibit rough textures with doubtcolors. However, we can mix these two classes, ful value,and have smooth surfaces with mottled colors. noticeable in slate are Many uglyexamplesof this practice roofs. If it is done, the utmost be used. We taste must also see roofs with can examples of rough-texture many
monotone
more

but generally colors, they would

be

improved by
are

of variety
These
two

tone.

classes of roofs have

that characteristics

tone quite pronounced. The smooth-texture roof with the monocolor is more and better suited to classical or dignified monumental the other hand, the roughOn buildings.

material according to the Having selected the roofing the next thing that the architect design, of his roof framing consider is the correct to must designing consider the weightof the support it in safety.He must load with the pressure of the of the snow the weight material, wind. The wind-pressure varies with the slope, and the snow ing load with the pitch On an average the increasand climate. is load as the pitch flattens, due to the snow weight, load balanced by the loss of weight, due to the decreasing about of wind-pressure, be considered and can to remain to forty thirty pounds per square foot. This must be added material itself, and also to the to the weightof the roofing such as sheathing-boards, weightof the necessary foundation, book tile, To support this total load,the size of etc. felts, It is therefore the roof-framing members be calculated. must artistic needs of the of great
to to to importance

have

tabulated

list of the various

texture

and

mottled-colored

roof is more

suitable to semi-

materials as applied approximate weightsof different roofing

the roof. find. Such tables
are

scattered and
as a

and buildings public

statements taste

However, such general the good have theirlimitations, and, after all,
residential work. the result. monotone-colored the

The

of the

determines designer

is following alongthis line:

TYPES

offered

often difficult are formation collectivebit of in-

All smooth in

roofs

are

not

successful

A.
i
.

SHINGLE Wood

should learn to feel their designer of smooth,plain the asbestos shingle fitness. For instance, teresting is uninred color is very ugly in most cases, for its texture such a roof is and its color thirsty dry. When tating irriits very slicknesscauses a country house, an on placed and application,
sense.

: shingles LENGTH WEATHER-GAUGE WEIGHT LBS. PER

SQ. FT.

Cedar

Pine
2.33
2.22

If;
16" 18" 20"

For that been

reason

the manufacturers make

a

of asbestos

4" 4,%" 5" S#'

6*

2.1
2.0

1.92 i-97
2.0

2.13 2.18
2.22

have shingles asbestos

to obliged

in shingle rough-edged

varieties of colors.

But

it is

to possible

to good advantage on shingle the designer has trimness of finish. In fact,

the smooth with a certain buildings

use

22"

24"
Slate

6.K" 7*

2.03

2.26
2.29

2.06

the
actor

same

shingles :

problemto
in To

select the

texture

of the roof that the

has

thick.

6 $
.

Ibs.per sq. ft.

"

the right kind of a hat selecting smooth silkhat on placea slick,

same

for his characterizations.

a

8.75
3.

in the
on a

man

tramp is incongruous, "lid" appears ridiculous way that a broken straw in dress suit. Buildings have characters and roofs

Clay tile: Plain, ordinaryshingle type

Ludowici type

II

.o

Ibs.per sq. ft.

"

and it is the designer's gether characters, duty to fitthem toproperly.For an accessibleclassificationof materials is suggested: alongthese lines the following have A. SMOOTH TEXTURE
AND

Spanish
ImperialGerman
"

9-5
"

9 2
.

closed

shingle English
mortar.

8.5
10. o

"

"

Add

Ibs. for tile laid in cement

MONOTONE and

COLOR

1. Wood
or

dimension shingles, in painted

monotone.

stained plain,
culled for

4.

Asbestos

shingles :
LIGHT WEIGHT

16"

16"

2.61 Ibs.per sq. ft

"

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Slate,cut
uniform

smooth

and

sharp and

shapeand color. of shingle Clay tiles pattern of uniform color. Asbestos shingle of the smooth variety. of shingle Metal shingles type. Cement shingles. shingles. Ready-roofing All kinds of metal roofing. Ready roofing. Canvas decking. sheets. roofs in large Corrugated

12" x 12" 8" 8"x

HEAVY WEIGHT

2.72
"

3.00

16"

16" 8"

4.16
4-32

Ibs. per sq. ft.

" "

I2"XI2"
8*x

4-8

8"xi6* 6"xi2"

4-16
4-32

"

"

4"x
5.

8"

4-8

"

Metal

: shingles

Tin...

1.2

Ibs.per sq. ft.

Copper...1.75

Ibs.per sq. ft.

(Continuedon page 340.)

338

ARCHITECTURE

u u

-^
*

^
*
_

j.

Q 2;

t/3

"
o

^
H O W

" Q
Z

'

t/3

"
O

340
6.
: Cement-tiltshingles

ARCHITECTURE
include all the details of construction for each type of roof in this short article. After the selection of the roof has been

Factory type 26"

Other

52"

types Hollow type

7.
: shingles Ready-roofing

14.5 Ibs. per sq. 16.0 "

"

ft,

made, much
As
a

of this information
sent out

is

found easily
a

in circular

25

.o

advertisements
the architect

by

the manufacturers.

final check
must

Average
B. SHEET TYPES
flat seam

3 .5 to 4.0 Ibs.per sq. ft.

upon the selection of consider the firehazards

most

roofing material,
which his building

to

roofs standingand Copper Ready roofing: I ply 3-Slbs. Tin

"

I .o

Ibs. inclusive of felt

"

i.S

ply

4.5 Ibs.

ply

5-5'bs.

iron: Corrugated

Gauge No.
" " " "

26 24
22

Gauge
" "

No.
"

20

1.3 1.6

18

1.9 2.6 3.3

"

16

Corrugated asbestos:
3

ply

Ibs.

4 ply Ibs. 1.57 1.72

2.00

ply

Gauge
" "

No.
"

28 26 24

1.29 1.43 1.72

2.OO

Ibs. 1.86
2.00

"

2.30 2.57 2.86

"

"

22
" "

2.30 2.57

20

2.28

C.

PLASTIC

TYPES

BUILT-UP

ROOFS
5 ply Ibs. 4

ply

Ibs.
5.5

3 ply Ibs.

and Tar, gravel,

felt

9.6

tion consideraimportant practical artistic attempts when and may upset all of his previous from a matter-of-fact point of view. considered entirely in large cities are limited more tions by these firecondiBuildings In fact, than in isolated positions. nances cityordimany the subject. have definiteregulations covering material provides that The usual fire test for a roofing the attack of burningfirebrands for five it shall withstand of five miles an hour without minutes with a wind-pressure of a clear dry white-pine ignition deckingbeneath it,and shall not crack and expose the decking, nor nor slip badly, fire badly, nor ing-brand producea serious flyconvey nor communicate hazard when thus exposed. The test is made with a sample at the maximum angleof inclination advocated in of hardened The brand consists of ten strips practice. formed into a maple two inches square and three feet long, inches between gridwith a space of one and three-quarter This brand is ignited them. and burningwhen placedon the sample. Of course this test is very crude, and by no is exposed. This is a
means

indicates

the

most

severe

conditions.

The

writers' Under-

Laboratories have a more and technical time that the framingis beingconsidered, complicated which test runs the kind of foundation for the material to be fastened to must something as follows: Flame-exposure, and heat-radiation tests, each at wind velaid on either shingle be considered. Ordinaryshingles locities burning-brand, are "$' miles per hour. of five and forty Also tests to determine or on sheathinglath, spacedapart to receive the nails, the effect of fire-streams, the rafters. The latteris considered boards tightly physicaland chemical covering of practicability, formity. and unidurability, to stop circulation of air and develop dry rot in the shingles. tests, investigations Results of these tests can be found in the report of Slate is laid on either of the above-mentioned foundations, it is generally that the best is tongued the Underwriters. conceded although that all buildings with tar paper or It has been recommended covered and grooved sheathing-boards except of fireproof frame buildings, and buildings felt. However, in buildings not two or dwellings, exceeding semi-fireproof stories and 2,500 square feet area, not used for factories, character both slate and tile are laid on a foundation of nailed warehouses, or mercantile purposes, should have roofs of sheathing-boards concrete, or on porous book tile, the highest the such a base,or are fastened directly or or over to stripping brick, slate, on concrete, tile, grade of tin asbestos roofing, framework by copper wires. But it is alwaysbest to givea or of asbestos shingles, or of built-up roofing, of like gradewhich would rank as class A or solid continuous base, be fastened by that the tiles can or other roofings so of the National Board of Fire form of tar paper or asphalt E under the test specifications base used and some copper nails, that the roof of the above exceptions And between to prevent wind suction. Practically the same cautions Underwriters. prehold true for asbestos shingles. Ready-roofing be of such a type as to rank in class F of the above tests. of deadening The same board recommends that a layer be nailed to continuous sheathing and sepmust shingles arated that expansion and contraction can be permitted. feltat least one-sixteenth of an inch thick be placed between so laid directly in order to the metal roofing and the supporting woodwork and the purlins are on Large cement shingles of the wooden deckingwhen the roof span between them. prevent quickignition Tin roofs require of white pine is exposedto burningbrands or radiated heat. Under the a good sheathing or spruce in narrow widths laid with tight it is advocated that any roof havinga pitch same conditions, joints.There isa difference of opinion to whether feet in height, should be not as or over over on forty sixty degrees sheathing-paper any building it should be waterproofed, should be constructed of steel and no tar paper used,but if it is, or church spires, except towers framework material or other types containing filled with fireproof less than not any trace of acid should be accepted of theirrust-producing three and one-half inch thick and be covered with an apon account action. Copperroofs are proved laid on the same material. althoughthe kind of type of foundation, roofing is used for not As is for as it conceded that important. paper durability, generally roofs of galvanized iron or asbestos or glass roofs slate and clay tile make Corrugated the best,if of good sloping laid directly are the purlins though alwithout any other and so does tile, generally on quality.However, slate breaks easily foundation. limbs of the latter is somewhat stronger; but falling roofs of coal-tar, and gravel Built-up and stones laid over thrown by children will generally felt, trees are cause wooden of course or concrete, the latter sheathing trouble. the other hand, does not make on a as making the Tile, tight best foundation. roof as slate. Asbestos shingle than slate be laid tighter can With the above factssettled and is very durable in comparison. Cement too are shingles upon, the problem next to consider is the collectionof the necessary data on the conbut are quitedurable in the larger brittlefor small sizes, struction of the roofing material itself. This requirements have not sizes when they are reinforced. Wood shingles information is for detail drawings and specifications much and must merit for durability either in the weather or against be secured with this end in mind. It would be impossible firehazards. to (Continuedon 342.) At the
same

page

ARCHITECTURE

s.

I
o

1
Q

II
o

"

342

ARCHITECTURE

Copper
of the would

roofs

are

the

most

durable been

metallic roofs. compete

It has

type, for our climate, argued that lead roofs

coat

of

considered skill much made

well with

them, but due

Tin
are

this type of roof and also its low in America. become popular very

the creeping of to it has never meltingpoint,

roofs

are

durable, if

the best. Coal-tar is generally because it requires less expert asphalt, to handle, and is cheaper. The kind of felt used has felts on the market to do with the durability.The are Certain felts are of rags, and consist mostly of cotton.
or gravel, slag,

tile are

better than

of a good with asbestos, but these are suited for coal-tar made not originally brand of tin,but the maintenance vantage. problem is a real disadalthough unaffected by hot asphalt.The chief function of but not to protect it, Galvanized iron roofs are the felts is to reinforce the coal-tar pitch, best only for small it ought to be proof tin or galto wear, buildings.As for metal shingles that,where the roof is subject so vanized tected temporary of iron,there is not much to favor them from a point by a coveringof flat tile or brick instead of the usual view of durability materials art. or or Ready roofing generally gravel slag. the old question is As a final conclusion, comes givebetter results on pitchesover three inches to the foot, up, "What after all only temporary of but they are and the most tion next to the foundathing in a building roofs, important types it is the roof, ?" and the best roof is the cheapshould be used only on small inexpensive buildings. Surely est roofs of in the beginning, For flat roofs it has been found that built-up in the end, even though it costs more it was flashed properly. not coal-tar reinforced with felt and covered with a protecting and many a roof leaks because

paintedand they are kept thoroughly

The

First Pan-American
announced Architects architects
to

Congress of Architects
as

has Organizing Committee THE first Pan-American Congress of March Americas and

that will

the
meet

well
to

as

its destination

written

and clearly,
at

must

1, 1920,
are

at

Montevideo.
to

The and

of all the their

invited

attend

exhibit

work,

the presence of the presidents and facultiesof all schools of architecture is especially desired. The chief purposes of the convention long-planned architectural technical
are

hibitor
be delivered the

Organizing Committee
one or more

Montevideo

not

later than There

February 10, 1920.

Medal
for the

will be established Gold

Grand

Prix D'Hon-

neur to

with

best

the

first three with and

of categories

projects corresponding works, Gold Medals, First

Mentions every done
one

the demonstration

of American of of artistic and

Mentions

Silver Merit

Medals, Second

with of

Silver five

advancement,

the discussion
the increase

Medals,
Work under is in

Diplomas
which

for

the

development,and

professional categories.
of students direction has been in the schools and with his approval professor it has been completed within the term eligible, providing which programmed, and is accompaniedby such programme. The of the professor and of the student signature the date One
or

Both architects solidarity. practisingand student are will be awarded and prizes tects, archito as eligible exhibitors, individual in acand students schools, or faculties, cordance with the decisions of rendered

the

of the

by

chosen

tional Interna-

Jury composed
The the work of

of architecture. professors architects for exhibition are comprisedin

and

must
more or

classification: following of publicbuildings and monuments. First,Projects of privatebuildings and monuments. Second, Projects
of decoration. Third, Projects Fourth, Details and motives of architecture.

Gold

also be upon the work. Medals for the best works Silver

presented
course.

by
and

each

school

Merit

and faculty, Diplomas for the

Medals, First Mentions,

of each

best works

Fifth, Works
America. The
must

upon

the

historyof
first
two

architecture

in

Concrete
in the

Aggregates
of fire
tests

mentioned projects

classifications The
hundred

be

presentedwith
may
not

They

or may When

their plans, and sections. frontage, ished. correspondto buildings alreadyfin-

result of
full-size

series

of

more

than'

one

columns building

made

jointly by
the United

the National

of present photographs completehis idea. Details and may The of projects

must

with completedbuildings, the exhibitor dealing interiors to or frontages will be admitted. perspectives decoration

Board Mutual Bureau Fire

of Fire

Underwriters, the Associated

Factory
States

Insurance

Companies,
in the

and

of Standards

resulted

tions: recommendafollowing

mentioned

in

the

third

"1.

composed of all the parts necessary for their clear understanding. Details and tecture motives of archireferred to in the fourth category be presented may in the form considered best,and photographs will be accepted in order to complete subjects. Studies the upon of architecture be presented in accordance history may with the best judgment of the exhibitor.
category
All

be

rock, blast-furnace

construction, limestone, trap and well-burned claybe givena prefslag, erence siliceous gravels. over highly "2. That in cases where gravelaggregate is to be used,
no

That

for fire-resistive

with round

additional

columns "3. That

be

material protective over givena preference

over

the

concrete,

ones. rectangular

exhibits

must
or

deal
to

with

or buildings

monuments

alreadyconstructed
Exhibits
must

be carried the
name

out

in America. address of the

ex-

have

and

where gravel aggregate is used, all columns, columns columns with and round especially rectangular be given the additional of reinforcement, spiral protection inch of Portland cement either on approximately one plaster metal lath or reinforced by light expanded metal." but

The

Blind
A.

Brook
Moore,
the
rooms

Club
Architect

By Frank
has said SOME ONEproduce in
to

that

it is the function

tect of the archi-

second

floor above

blithebreadth, centrality, building this is what the architect

on

at being

the other end

ness,

and

Blind

repose, Brook Club

and and

the

of governors endeavored have

the
to

quarters.
locker-room

The

servants sleepingthe kitchen over building of most golf accepted traditional heritage

for

members, the
of the

producein
The

the club-house

situated

the

highrolling ground
Island
one

of Westchester club

Long County overlooking

is
a

Sound. and

club, with proprietary

hundred

locker-room, has not been adopted,the being placedon the first floor, purposelymade into unusually bright and cheerful, and opening directly the lounge-room through swinging half-doors. steel The
lockers very themselves
are

houses, a basement

members (all more or fifty less favoring the breadth, and centrality, blitheness, repose club
men

idea),and the suggestion

of organizing such with a originated who had enjoyed vantages adElm of the Old

commodious, and are arranged with double doors,beingfitted up with

various compartments for

clubs,shoes,clothes,etc.
in flooring black eight-inch squaresof and pearlgray has been

few and

Rubber-tile

the appreciated
Club

Country

of Fort
a

introduced in the lockerroom

also Sheridan, Illinois, club proprietary found the links

and

lounge,
the

and

of limited it was
never bers mem-

nothinghas given
satisfaction to
floor-finish the

more bers mem-

membership,where
were

than has this resilient that

crowded, and where

arrive

permits

and their guests could

wearing of

hobnailed

day
the

at any hour of any in the week and enjoy

without shoes,ad libitum, the floor becoming marked

or

great game

of

golf

dented,
a

or

presenting
surface
to
as

beingobligedto hours register twenty-four in advance a desire to play

at
a

without

such
to

hard
one an

invite

assume

suddenly unexpected
The
are

certain

set

time, nor
to
at

sitting posture.
marble shower-baths with arranged
on

being further moved a register complaint

the finish of that

small dressing-rooms either

they had

their game been "held

side,
The

and and

are

unusuallyample
own

round," up all the way which is the condition existing

in
so

commodious.

club has its well

artesian-

many

of

our

supply,with
located also its own in

deep
ment; base-

ever-increasing popular
clubs. golf The is club-house

well-pumpand
tanks

storage-

itself
The tenth the both cated lo-

erating refrigand
ice serv-

situated at the ideally highest part of the club property, and

the entire
a

plant. planning
at

overlooks with the first and While

tees

arrangement
end

the

few

golfcourse, yards from

the house.

general design

of the club-house been executed

the building has be said to be Italian, may with freedom from limitations imposedby existing

Italian buildings for modern in so far as the demands conveniences, and present-day terials marequirements, up-to-date obtain of to considered and made use carefully balanced and carefully symmetrical stiffor formal. The exterior elevations, not too rigidly of terra-cotta is substantially constructed blocks, building have
a

all been

the kitchen, pantries, servants' dining-roomsand servants' bedrooms, and for the professionals' of the building at the locker-room end quarters, has been given careful consideration. A generous service yard properly enclosed and tied into the main building by a harmonious wall also combines with the caddy house, unit. making the entire layout a complete and chauffeurs' The Blind Brook Club is the
owner

of the

for building

desired

result with

of
most

most

of one full-length oil-painting

of the

celebrated

interesting golfers

stuccoed

with

warm

enough surface
with laid with and

to

show

finished gray stucco and texture a decided also has

a

with
to

rough
in well

over known, paintedfrom life. It is framed in the panelling which is part of the dining-room mantel, and the inscription,

tone

the

is as setting,

follows: TOM MORRIS

BUNKER HIM ANDREWS KNOWN AND AFAR AS AULD DEVILS GREY KITCHEN CITY OF

the tile roof, which

rough texture

tileof eightor ten different shades similar to that of old givinga pleasant coloring The interior of the club-house is arrangedwith a

appearance, of a dull red, velvet. lockeron STANDING WITH HELL IN FRONT BUNKER

OF

BEHIND SAINT

room

wing of

generous

dimensions, with

ten

bedrooms

343

344

ARCHITECTURE

Comparison

of

the

Various

Types
Block
Atterbury

of

Plan 200
Architect
x

Adapted
800

to

Block

Formation,
By Henry

Size
Smith,

\K~---F

ARCHITECTURE

345

ITIOT

riooc.

PLAN

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

FRED

VON

STEINWEHR,

CINCINNATI,

O.

G. C. Burroughs, Architect.

Modern

Building Superintendence
By David
CHAPTER B. Emerson

IV AND BRICKWORK

CUT

STONE,
the be

ORNAMENTAL

TERRA-COTTA,
all beds be and

base THE fronts

course

around

was

to specified
to

on building from granite

all of the the the

street

at quarries

allowed.

false joints nor no joints; Every alternate course

twelve
was

mitre in

were joints

to
was

the every the

to

ashlar

Concord, N. H.,

be dressed

six

cuts

to

inch

on

all

bonded
course

into the walls bonded

inches, and
into
were

ate intermedi-

exposed surfaces, except the steps at the entrances, which will be eightcuts On delivery at the building to the inch. the granite if it was cut to see was accordingto inspected the dimensions the drawingsand if the face cutting was as on examined fine as called for in the specifications. Also it was
to

eight inches
the Each

walls.
see

All in yond be-

stones

in

courses projecting

examined of projection
stone
was

that

all

cases

the beds

exceeded

the

stones

the face of the wall.

secured

in

place

by
of

means an

of

two
one

anchors galvanized-iron

thirteen-sixteenths

find if there

were

called brown the

knots, seams

any with

any discolored
seams,

black

or

white

lumps
or

inch and

by
one

inch,turned
down into

edges called
would be

shakes
cause

inch

inches in the brickwork up two the stone, and we insisted

stains called sap, any

stone.
or

of which Bed

for
see

upon

of the rejection worked

were they

were joints on

tested of

to

if
if

holes, so
anchors.

proper care that a As the

being taken in the cuttingof all anchorgood grip in the stone was given for all
stone-setters
never

they were
in all cases

hollow
at

slack

the back

bed, and
Seams
were

like

to

do

least three inches wide.

stone

their work

seeming to carefully,
is

think

will anything
to

this part of do so

detected easily

by tappingthe

with
to

hammer.

One

long as
the

the anchor

there,a little insistence

deemed necessary, in with

piecewas suspicious-looking and patched.

found

have

been fractured

is generally superintendent necessary Wherever it

was were

the part of on sults. get proper rethan two more

some cases

of stone the on Patchingwas done by sticking a piece fractured of shellac,and then rubbing piece by means
stone

anchors
stones

to
were

stone

called for, and

down

the

ordered

bolted

rods galvanized-iron

dust

into the

to joints

make

smooth,
and

even

surface.
to

with

This

was patched piece

condemned
as

ordered

be

placed re-

with

sound

stone,

in time

the weather

would

washers the top and bottom. All windowat square sillswere under joints, set with open to be pointed up at the to prevent crackingfrom so as completionof the building, and and
as

the patch to eventually in projecting settlement. All of the top joints courses destroythe shellac and cause drop the broken All cut stone be caulked with stone. oakum, out, leaving to was specified balconies were specified to be set in non-staining the back with As soon cement. on mortar, plastered approved plastic pointed up with an the
same

brick

next

mortar, to the

and

the

first

course

in the

backingup
by
to

the

stone

was

set

the

foreman

was

ordered

to

protect all

stone facing
same

should also be laid up

as

the

in the bricklayers The

cement

mortar
was one

is used Atlas

by the

stone-setters.

selected
two

white

mixed

in the

of proportion cold

part cement,

cement, one-half The

be

part
was

proper boarding, thoroughlysecured to the work, and to keep it protected until the completionof the building. All carved stone was be boasted out to ready for carving. This we inspected that in all cases sufficient material was to see carefully reliefto the carving. Great to give the required provided of the stone with exercised to prevent splashing care was very
mortar

with and angles projections, top surfaces,

lime paste, and first slaked with

parts clean
water
screen

sharpsand.
screened
a

lime

and into for

at

sixteenths-inch mesh putty

mixed
stone.
was

through a The settling-box.

one

threelime then

allowed
sand
to

to

stand and

least

week, and
for

when

it,and setting
the
was

with All
was

the sand
was see

and used cement, screened washed and

was

the setting before using.

a

been splashed on
While the
stone

stone

was

have which may any mortar cleaned off before it had set.
ting, ready for setceive ready to reas rapidly

and being made arriving

was

Care
mortar

taken and that

that all stone

mortar
was

set

in

fullbed of

the brickwork the stone,

set.

started
stone

and
was

the

kept

back

three-quarters
was

and

the

carried up backed as

it

of

an

inch

Joints were
Wooden
to

from the face of the stone to allow for pointing. called for to be one-quarter of an inch thick.
were

All walls and front A

in piers the
rear

wedges

set

in

at joints

the face of all

were

stones

walls,and
number We looked

insure uniform
not

these wedges joints;

was

not

to

be

moved re-

wall in the firststory of loads of brick were delivered them

over as

the basement, the backingup of all of brick. were

at

the building.

until the stonework

stone

cleaned and
to

pointed.All
no a

liftedwere easily
were

ordered
to

Lewis

holes

allowed

be made

be derrick set, and less than two and

to

be of good, even the repeating found

The be
to mortar

color and

they arrived,and found them well shaped. By striking two

a

that they gave and finding together and

were

sound, ringing sharp,

of the

half inches from

the face of the stone, and be entirely covered by the stone above.

where they would

process

with

number

bricks, they
was

be hard-burned.

and three parts composed of one part Portland cement plans; stone was ordered to be set upon planksto keep it good, clean,sharpsand, with the addition of ten pounds of clear of the ground until it was set. entirely lime to each bag of cement. The Before setting, hydrated addition of hyall stone for evenness was of color and for seams, it drated lime, or lime putty, is a very good practice, inspected as cavities filledwith sand, clay, or holes, uncemented renders the mortar or terial. mamore plastic, causingit to spread better, The exposed faces of all stones should be cut true, its permeability On and also decreases to moisture. large and all arrisesshould be full and work in the city than lime lime is more convenient true, and the front edges hydrated of all joints should be cut back one and one-half inches on putty, as it does not have to be slaked ahead, and a large
to

The limestone was delivered at the building properly boxed and numbered accordingto the contractor's setting

for

use

in

laying up

the brick

specified

346

348

ARCHITECTURE

MAIN

BUILDING.

GROUP

Stone

"

Webster, Engineers.

ROESSLER

"

HASSLACHER

CHEMICAL

CO.,

PERTH

AMBOY,

N.

J.

ARCHITECTURE

349

HOLEPROOF The
new

HOSIERY
for building

COMPANY the

OF

CANADA,

LTD., LONDON,

ONTARIO.
gray

Lockwood,

Greene

"

Co.,Engineers.
a

will be constructed of HoleproofHosieryCompany of Canada, Ltd., modern Gothic style. The cut shows a renderingof one-half

brick with limestone of this building.

trimmings in

OVERLAND

SERVICE

BUILDING,

BOSTON,

MASS.

Fred

T.

Ley

"

Co.,Engineers.

35"

ARCHITECTURE
tar

with a lock joint dered; and solthe flashings were put together tinned before soldering, the edgesof all sheets were
so

for

was plastering

composed

of

one

part Portland

ment, ce-

that the solder would

was

hold better. well bedded

The in

tile was
cement

laid

on

three parts sand, with the addition of ten We were hydratedlime to each bag of cement. watch
was

pounds of to obliged

and top of the felt,

mortar.

They

joints,
and

all flashings. The connections up close against of ent leaders were made to rain-water by means patroof connections with cast-brass strainers and expansion the old-time copper scupwhich are far superior to pers
were

butted

this part of the work very closely that the morto see tar mixed and that only a small quantity properly was
at
a

mixed

time, the cement,

a

sand, and

lime

being mixed

together dry and

it reached which be any had

then wet, and the whole turned over until uniform color and consistency. No mortar
over was

spouts.

All of the
were

around stairways, penthouses

terra-cotta
were

been mixed
no

minutes thirty allowed

to

was

allowed

to

and elevators,

built up of hollow blocks in angle-iron framing. The outside walls three coats of waterproofed cement stucco. tanks

used, and
and

mortar

be
now

tered plasmor-

circumstances. the

The

was building

under retempered ready for plastering floors.

The

of laying

the tile and

mosaic

(To

be

continued)

Book
THE

Reviews

Announcements

ARCHITECTURE. CLASSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF By and original Illustratedfrom documents 8vo. Herbert Langford Warren. Co., New York. drawings. Macmillan
from manuscript left at the time This posthumous volume, published and scholarly contribution of his death by Professor Warren, is an inspiring a nd makes us keenly that he could to architecturalhistory, regret the more have lived to carry out his plan of writinga historyon a largescale not zation, which should trace the development of architecture in its relation to civiliand should joinwith the historical narration the stimulating analysis this volume traced forms. In are of fundamental and universal beginnings the yEgean, and Greece. in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, More than half of the book is given to the discussion of the development of architecture in Greece,givinga very complete and comparative analysis The Introduction of the development of the Doric and Ionic orders. of Virginia, contains a by Professor Fiske Kimball, of the University held in the profession, both tribute to the high place Mr. Warren fitting The following words from one architect. of teacher and a practising a ideals of practice, and may well express the author's essays presents his own of the profession: of every member the aspirations "We would, escape the influence of all the art of the cannot, if we doors and, as it were, thrust into our hands. past which is brought to our Our choice lies simply between knowing it and using it wiselyin the really and it fulness of knowledge, or knowing only superficially misusing and We seek to combine must scholarship misapplying it ignorantly.
as
. . .

George
Starrett
serve as

A.

Fuller Co.

announces

that

Colonel

W.

A. will

and joinedthe company's organization and director. vice-president Arden the 599 Gallery, Miniature

has

The
announces

Fifth Avenue, Scribner

exhibition and of Durant

Building,
Faience,

annual twenty-first Painters

of the American

of Society November

24 until December

31, 1919.

architects and engineers, Higgins, CaptainJoseph R. Greenwood, received his discharge from the army, has havingrecently his association with the firm, renewed which was interrupted

The firm of Charles H. that wishes to announce

duringthe
Mr. Mr.

war.

Henry

C.

Millott,of Ohio,announces Sandusky,

that

Harold Parker has become associated with him for the of Millott" of architecture under the name Parker. practice Chester E.
formation
to

Wolfley and

Arthur the

G.

Ehil

announce

the

seek to give that impulse and with artistic impulse and enthusiasm,must tect the sure basis of knowledge. For the support which the archienthusiasm substitute scholarship. of the past received from tradition we must which is concerned with facts merely,with archaeological Not the scholarship concerned with principles, forms; but the scholarship study of outward which studies the art of the great epochs of the past in order to understand which made it great, which peneif possible those fundamental qualities trates for to the meaning of the forms used, which analyzesand compares in order that it may of gaininginspiration, create- by following been followed unconwhich the principles are to have seen sciously consciously in the great art of the past, developing if possible by degrees a tradition of what is best in all past forms, because it understands what to the conditions of the present." take and what to modify in order to meet the purpose

of

for partnership
as

of architecture, practice

architects. Their offices Wolfley" Ehil, 610 Stewart Building, Rockford, Illinois. After December 1 they will be pleased turers' to receive manufacand samples. catalogues known will be located
at

be

Mr. Donald C. Bojlard announces the opening of his for the practice of architecture, 303 McCague at office,

Omaha, Building,
requested.
Keffer "

Nebraska.

Manufacturers'

catalogues

of Jones,

Des

Moines,Iowa, having outgrown

are Building, now

their quarters in the Hubbell 204 Masonic Temple.

located

at

Books
"As Seen." Manufactured From the

and
in

CataloguesReceived
Have at

William 185 Madison

E.

Haugaard

announces

the

of opening

offices

Wrought Steel" and "Buildings You Conn. StanleyWorks, New Britain,

of facts for The

Illustrated. A presentation "Brick, How to Build and Estimate." of brick houses and a manual of construcowners tion prospective for contractors and builders. data on brickwork By William Carver. Manufacturers Common-Brick Association of America. West Ill

for the practice of Avenue, New York City, of Wilmington, architecture. Charles H. Mills, architect, desired. Del., associate. Manufacturers' catalogues
gineers, MacNeille,architects and construction enthe openingof a branch City,announce Mich. office in the Book The Detroit Building, Detroit, office has been opened to facilitate the work of this organization in industrial housing, cityplanning, municipal sion, expanarchitectural design and construction throughgeneral out

Mann

"

New

York

Chicago. Washington Street,

Commission

"Proposed Building Zones on BuildingDistricts

and colors.

for Newark." and

Tentative Restrictions.

report

of the

"American
and-white

Greenhouses and Gardens." American Greenhouse

With drawings in blackYork and A'Ifg. Co., New

Chicago.
"The A of book
costs.

the Middle BuildingBook." Compiled by Charles F. Dingman. and suggestive value based on actual work and figures practical Flynt Buildingand Construction Co., Palmer, Mass.
of the School of Architecture. that there is Industrial

West.

of

Annual The

Columbia

Alfred Bossom wishes to announce that he has his architectural offices to the top floor of Number removed 680 Fifth Avenue, New York City.
Mr. of the artist who sincerely regret that the name drawings accompanying the article on the O. drawn Henry Hotel was omitted. They were especially by made Mr. the Howard E. We

university announces
for 1919-20.

promise
and

of

enrolment in both the School of Architecture

course

the Extension

for 1918. University greatly increased Teaching

San

Latin Tiles, an is an Francisco,

'

illustrated

cataloguefrom Gladding, McBean

taste

"

admirable example of good

in its

cover

Co., design

Watkins, whose
to

skill

as

and designer

and its illustrations.

draftsman is

widelyknown

the

profession.