Circuit Variables Assessment Problems AP 1.1 To solve this problem we use a product of ratios to change units from dollars/year to dollars/millisecond. We begin by expressing $10 billion in scientific notation: $100 billion = $100 x 10° Now we determine the number of milliseconds in one year, again using product of ratios: Lyear_ day | Lhour min _1 sec 365.25 days "24 hours 60 mins 60 secs 1000 ms Lyear 31.5576 x 10° ms Now we can convert from dollars/year to dollars/millisecond, again with a product of ratios: $100 x 10° 1 year 100 Tyear "31.5576 x 10° ms 31.5576 = $3.17/ms AP 1.2. First, we recognize that 1 ns = 10-® s. The question then asks how far a signal will travel in 10-9 s if it is traveling at 80% of the speed of light Remember that the speed of light c = 3 x 10° m/s. Therefore, 80% of (0.8)(3 x 108) = 2.4 x 108 m/s. Now, we use a product of ratios to convert from meters/second to inches/nanosecond: 24x10%m 1s 100cm Lin _ (2.4 x 108)(100) _ 9.45 in 1s TPns’ Im 254em —(10*)(2.54) Ts ‘Thus, a signal traveling at 80% of the speed of light will travel 9.45" in a nanosecond. 141-2 AP 13 AP 14 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables Remember from Eq. (1.2), current is the time rate of change of charge, or i= 4 In this problem, we are given the current and asked to find the total charge. ‘To do this, we must integrate Eq. (1.2) to find an expression for charge in terms of current: ‘ a(t) = [ ile) de We are given the expression for current, i, which can be substituted into the above expression. To find the total charge, we let t + oo in the integral. Thus we have total = Recall from Eq. (1.2) that current is the time rate of change of charge, or i= 4. In this problem we are given an expression for the charge, and asked to find ‘the maximum current. First we will find an expression for the current using Eq. (1.2): =f Gale] ie) Now that we have an expression for the current, we can find the maximum value of the current by setting the first derivative of the current to zero and solving for t: di dy ct dt ale ) at + t(—a)e™ = (1 —at)e“ = Since e~* never equals 0 for a finite value of ¢, the expression equals 0 only when (1 — at) =0. Thus, t= 1/a will cause the current to be maximum. For this value of t, the current is 1 1 aja aAP LS AP 16 Problems 1-3 Remember in the problem statement, a = 0.03679. Using this value for a, 1 210A Tuer Start by drawing a picture of the circuit described in the problem statement: 20v 02 aA Also sketch the four figures from Fig. 1.6: + +1 + +1 22 (@) ©) + z 1 a +2 cc) @ [a] Now we have to match the voltage and current shown in the first figure with the polarities shown in Fig. 1.6. Remember that 4A of current entering Terminal 2 is the same as 4A of current leaving Terminal 1. We get (a)v=-20V, i=-4A; (bt) v=-20V, ()v=20V, i=-4A; (a) v=20V, [b] Using the reference system in Fig. 1.6(a) and the passive sign convention, p= vi = (—20)(~4) = 80W. Since the power is greater than 0, the box is absorbing power. [ec] From the calculation in part (b), the box is absorbing 80 W. =4A 4a Applying the passive sign convention to the power equation using the voltage and current polarities shown in Fig. 1.5, p = vi. From Eq, (1.3), we know that power is the time rate of change of energy, or p . If we know the power, we can find the energy by integrating Eq. (1.3). To begin, find the expression for power: vi = (10,0067) (206%) = 200,000¢~10:0% = 2 x 10%e 10 W1-4 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables Now find the expression for energy by integrating Eq. (1.3): w(t) =f ‘pla) de Substitute the expression for power, p, above. Note that to find the total energy, we let + oo in the integral. Thus we have ~ 10,000 AP 1.7 At the Oregon end of the line the current is leaving the upper terminal, and thus entering the lower terminal where the polarity marking of the voltage is negative. Thus, using the passive sign convention, p = —vi. Substituting the values of voltage and current given in the figure, —(800 x 10°)(1.8 x 10%) = —1440 x 10° = —1440 MW ‘Thus, because the power associated with the Oregon end of the line is negative, power is being generated at the Oregon end of the line and transmitted by the line to be delivered to the California end of the line. Chapter Problems (250 x 10°)(440) Pui 10° = 110 giga-watt hours 5280 ft 2526 1b 1 kg 2 5 poasd te 226 Lee P12 (Aoond.) (845 mi) - Cage aa Ib 1000 songs songs @2)24)(2.1) mm? ~ Tmm* (1000)(2) 32)(24)(2. ).5 x 10° kg P13 = 0.62 3-minnte songs, or about 111.6 seconds of musicProblems 1-5 (4 10°)(0.001) )(24)(2-1) (320)(240) pixels 2 bytes 30 frames 1 frame T sec = 2480 bytes Pla = 4.608 x 10° bytes/sec (4.608 x 10° bytes/sec)(x secs) = 30 x 10° bytes 30x10" ee © = Tape rpe = 6510 see = 108.5 min of video P15 [a] We can set up a ratio to determine how long it takes the bamboo to grow 10pm First, recall that 1 mm = 10m. Let’s also express the rate of growth of bamboo using the units mm/s instead of mm/day. Use a product of ratios to perform this conversion: 250mm 1 day 250 _ 10 aea/s 1 day (24)(60)(60) 3456 Use a ratio to determine the time it takes for the bamboo to grow 10 um: 10/3456 x 10m _ 10x 10m 10x 10-8 ° (0/3456 x 10-3 = 3.456 s Is 7s 1) 34568) Thr © Twook ~ 175000 cells/woek P16 Volume = area x thickness Convert values to millimeters, noting that 10 m? = 10° mm? 10° = (10 x 10°)(thickness) ; 10° = thickness = 75> jog = 010 mm PLT C/m? = 10022107 C ,. 10% electrons ” ~ — Lelectron 1m = 1.6022 x 10! C/m* Cross-sectional area of wire = mr? = 4(1.5 x 10°? m)? = 7.07 x 10° m? C/m = (1.6022 x 10!°C/m*)(7.07 x 10-°m?) = 113.253 x 10°C/m ‘Therefore, i (S) = (113.253 x 108) (2) x avg vel ) ity = i _ 1200 Thus, average velocity = Ty 5e5—ap = TagaEy TOF = 0.0106m/s16 P18 P19 P 110 Pill PLi2 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables 35 x 10- O/s 16022 x 10-¥ G/elec First we use Eq. (1.2) to relate current and charge: dq poe! “at n = 2.18 x 10" elec/s 24 cos 4000¢ Therefore, dq = 24 cos 4000t dt To find the charge, we can integrate both sides of the last equation. Note that we substitute x for q on the left side of the integral, and y for ¢ on the right side of the integral: ny [i ax = 24 [00s 4000y dy 'a(0) 0 We solve the integral and make the substitutions for the limits of the integral, remembering that sin 0 = 0: 24 00 Io 4000 _ 480 4000y |! a(t) — (0) = 24g sin 4000¢ — im sin 4000(0) = 4. sin 4000 4000 But 4(0) value at t 0 by hypothesis, ie., the current passes through its maximum 0, so q(t) = 6 x 10-* sin 4000¢ C = 6sin 4000¢ mC w= qV = (1.6022 x 10-)(6) = 9.61 x 107? = 0.961 aJ. 3600 s Thr p= (9)(100 x 10-) 09W; Shr = 18,000 s ‘ 18,000 w(t) = f pdt w(18,000) = f 0.9 dt = 0.9(18,000) = 16.2 kJ Assume we are standing at box A looking toward box B. Then, using the passive sign convention p = vi, since the current i is flowing into the + terminal of the voltage v. Now we just substitute the values for v and i into the equation for power. Remember that if the power is positive, B is absorbing power, so the power must be flowing from A to B. If the power is negative, B is generating power so the power must be flowing from B to A. fa] p= (120)(5) = 600 W600 W from A to B [b] » = (250)(—8) = -2000 W 2000 W from B to A fe] p= (—150)(16) = -2400 W 2400 W from B to A fa] p = (—480)(—10) = 4800 W 4800 W from A to BP1413 Pu P15 P 116 Problems 1-7 fal] 50s: v=0V; i=0A; Pun w(4) = 4(4)(10) = 203 w(12) = w(4) — 4(4)(10) = 0.7 w(36) = w(50) = (36) ~ 7(4)(3.6) = 0 Problems 1-9 p= 2.5t pW p=0W p= 2.5t—30nW p=0W p=04t—12uW p-0W p=0.9t — 45 nW p=0W [b] Calculate the area under the curve from zero up to the desired time: w(12) + 4(4)(10) — 3(10)(4) + 5(6)(2.4) = 7.2 4d1-10 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables P 1.20 [a] p= vi = (0.05e7"™) (75 — 75e720™) = (3.75e710 — 3.75e-7) W _ 375 Q¢- 1 + 7500e-7" = 0 soe BNE g tonne so In2=1000¢ = thus_-—p is maximum at ¢ = 693.15 us Prax = p(693.15 pss) = 937.5 mW re 3.75, 3.75 = [p3:756-10 — 9.756200" sooo _ 8:75 __ a0 [b] w= f [3.75 3.15¢- at = [Toe ras" i] 3.75 3.75 = 000 ~ 2000 = 87° ™ P 121 [a] p= vi =900sin(200zt) cos(2007#) = 450sin(400rt) W ‘Therefore, Pax = 450 W 1b] Psa(extrating) = 450 W [el Pe = 200 [”*" "450 sin(400nt) dt cos 400mt 1" _ 225, = 9 x 10 [=e [1 — e082] [d] Pave = aan — 0082.51] = 182 f 57.3 W 7 P122 [a] g = area under i vs. t plot = [ROE + (0)(4) + HBA) + (8) + 3(8)(6)] 10" = [10+ 40+ 16 + 48 + 9]10° = 123,000 C [b] w = [oie= [ria v = 02x10%+9 O3s p = vi=t(3—#)(6—4t) = 18t-18+4 mW =0 Pac # )>Pabe and the subordinate engineer is correct. [b] The difference between the power delivered to the circuit and the power absorbed by the cirenit is —4700 + 3500 = 1200 W One-half of this difference is 600 W, so it is likely that p. is in error. Either the voltage or the current probably has the wrong sign. (In Chapter 2, we will discover that using KCL at the top node, the current ve should be —3.0 kV, not 3.0 kV!) If the sign of p- is changed from negative to positive, we can recalculate the power delivered and the power absorbed as follows: Pe = —UnlgP 1.28 P 1.29 Problems YPsa = 2000+ 2100 = 4100 W SPaiw = 750+ 500 + 600 + 50 + 1400 + 800 = 4100 W Now the power delivered equals the power absorbed and the power balances for the circuit. Pn = Vain = —(36)(250 x 10~) Po = ruin = (44)(-250 x 10-8 Po = Ueie = (28)(~250 x 10~ pa = sig = (~108)(100 x 10-*) = -10.8 mW Pe = Voip = (—32)(150 x 10%) = ~4.8 mW Pe = —urie = —(60)(—350 x 10-) = 21 mW Pg = Ugig = (—48)(—200 x 10-*) = 9.6 mW Py = vyin = (80)(—150 x 10-*) = -12 mW Dy) = —vyi; = —(80)(—300 x 10-°) = 24 mW ‘Therefore, SoPais = 21+ 9.6 + 24 = 54.6 mW YP = 9+ 114-7 + 108448 +12 = 54.6 W Pave = Pat ‘Thus, the interconnection satisfies the power check Pa = —Usig = —(1.6)(0.080) = -128 mW. Pe = —tiy = —(2.6)(0.060) = —156 mw De ‘Ucie = (—4.2)(—0.050) = 210 mW Pa = —vaiq = —(1.2)(0.020) = —24 mw Pe = Voie = (1.8)(0.030) = 54 mW —1.8)(—0.040) = —72 mw Pg = Ugig = (—3.6)(—0.030) = 108 mW Px = tin = (3.2)(-0.020) = —64 mW B —yi; = —(—2.4)(0.030) = 72 mW DY Paat = 128 + 156 + 24 + 72 + 64 = 444 mW SY Pain = 210 + 54 + 108 + 72 = 444 mW 115146 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables ‘Therefore, >Pict = S>Pate = 444 mW ‘Thns, the interconnection satisfies the power check P 1.30. [a] From an examination of reference polarities, elements a, b, e, and f absorb power, (b] pe = pm = Po = P= Po = while elements ¢, d, g, and h supply power. gig = (0.300)(25 x 10-*) = 7.5 pW ~vyiy = —(—0.100)(10 x 10-%) = 1 .W Ueig = (—0.200)(15 x 10-6) = -3 «W —vaia = —(—0.200)(~35 x 10-®) = —7 4W gig = —(0.350)(—25 x 10-6) = 8.75 xW ‘ugig = (0.200)(10 x 10-8) = 2 .W vgig = (~0.250)(35 x 10-*) = -8.75 pW yin = (0.050)(—10 x 10-6) = —0.5 nW So Pats = 7.5 + 148.75 + 2 = 19.25 pW DP ant =3474875+0: 19.25 pW ‘Thus, 19.25 pW of power is delivered and 19.25 nW of power is absorbed, and the power balances2 Circuit Elements Assessment Problems AP 2.1 fa] Note that the current fy is in the same circuit branch as the 8 A current source; however, iy is defined in the opposite direction of the current source. Therefore, iy = 8A Next, note that the dependent current source and the independent current source are in parallel with the same polarity. ‘Therefore, their voltages are equal, and iy _ -8 ager [b] To find the power associated with the 8 A source, we need to find the voltage drop across the source, v;. Note that the two independent sources are in parallel, and that the voltages vz and v have the same polarities, so these voltages are equal: 2Vv 1 = ty = Using the passive sign convention, Pa = (8A)(ux) = (8A)(-2V) = -16W ‘Thus the current source generated 16 W of power. 222 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements AP 22 ay, 15A QO Vy 23v [a] Note from the circuit that v, = —25 V. To find « note that the two current sources are in the same branch of the circuit but their currents flow in opposite directions. Therefore av, = 158 Solve the above equation for a and substitute for v., -15A_ -15A an ToS = ey 706 AV [b] To find the power associated with the voltage source we need to know the current, i. Note that this current is in the same branch of the cirenit. as the dependent current source and these two currents flow in the same rection. Therefore, the current, i, is the same as the current of the dependent source: iy = avy = (0.6)(—25) = -15A, Using the passive sign convention, (in)(25V) = -(—15.A)(25 V) ‘Thus the voltage source dissipates 375 W. Pe AP 2.3 ig [a] The resistor and the voltage source are in parallel and the resistor voltage and the voltage source have the same polarities. Therefore these two voltages are the same: Up = Uy = 1kVProblems 2-3 Note from the circuit that the current through the resistor is ig = 5 mA. Use Ohm’s law to calculate the value of the resistor: yee ig SmA Using the passive sign convention to calculate the power in the resistor, Pr = (vr)(ig) = (1KV)(5mA) ‘The resistor is dissipating 5 W of powe [b] Note from part (a) the vg = vy and source is thus R = 200kQ. ‘The power delivered by the Ww Prowse = —Uglg 80 Uy =40V iy 75mA Since we now have the value of both the voltage and the current for the resistor, we can use Ohms law to calculate the resistor value: ee Ra Bm eg = 5IBO ‘The power absorbed by the resistor must equal the power generated by the source. Thus, Pk = —Prousce = —(~3W) = 3W [cl Again, note the ig = i,. The power dissipated by the resistor can be determined from the resistor’s current: Pr = Riz)? = Ri)? Solving for é, a Pr _ 480mW oR 3008 Then, since vg = vy p= Rin = Ri, = (3009)(40mA)=12V soy =12V = 0.0016 so i, = V0.0016 = 0.04A = 40mA2-4 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements AP 24 + ¥, 2G [a] Note from the circuit that the current through the conductance G is ig, flowing from top to bottom, because the current source and the conductance are in the same branch of the circuit so must have the same current, The voltage drop across the current source is vg, positive at the top, because the current source and the conductance are also in parallel so must have the same voltage. From a version of Ohm’s law, , 05a "= G > 50mS Now that we know the voltage drop across the current source, we can find the power delivered by this source: Peouco = ~Vgiy = ~(10)(0.5) = ~5 W ‘Thus the current: source delivers 5 W to the circuit, {b] We can find the value of the conductance using the power, and the value of the current using Ohm’s law and the conductance value: 9 [pz = 0.048 = 40s =10V Py = Guz 80. ig = Gy = (40mS)(15 V) = 0.6A [e] We can find the voltage from the power and the conductance, and then use the voltage value in Ohm's law to find the current: Py=Gu so w= Thus vy = \/40,000 = 200V ig = Guy = (200 8)(200 V) = 0.04A = 40mAProblems 2-5 AP 2.5. [a] Redraw the circuit with all of the voltages and currents labeled for every circuit element. 3Q 52 tar Ny a 2av@ %270 4) sae 20h Write a KVL equation clockwise around the circuit, starting below the voltage source: -24V + vp $05 0 = Next, use Ohm’s law to calculate the three unknown voltages from the three currents: U2 = Big; 5 = Tis; 1 = 2iy A KCL equation at the upper right node gives iy = is; a KCL equation at the bottom right node gives is = —iy; a KCL equation at the upper left node gives i, = —iz. Now replace the currents i and iy in the Ohm’s law equations with is: 9 = Big = Bis; 5 = Tis; v1 = Diy = -2is Now substitute these expressions for the three voltages into the first equation 24 = wp + U5 — 1 = Big + Tis — (—Zis) = 12is ‘Therefore is = 24/12 =2 A {b] 0) = —2i5 [el] w= 3%, [4] 05 = 7s = [e] A KCL equation at the lower left: node gives i, = is. Since i; = ~is, i, =—2A. We can now compute the power associated with the voltage sourc Pas = (24)ig = (24)(-2) = ~48 W ‘Therefore 24 V source is delivering 48 W.2-6 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements AP 2.6 Redraw the circuit labeling all voltages and currents: es av)” ev : ls We can find the value of the unknown resistor if we can find the value of its voltage and its current, To start, write a KVL equation clockwise around the right loop, starting below the 240 resistor: —120V +03 =0 Use Ohm’s law to calculate the voltage across the 82 resistor in terms of its current: us = Bis, Substitute the expression for v3 into the first equation: -120V+8i3=0 so ay *” =15A Also use Ohm’s law to calculate the value of the current through the 240 resistor: 120V _ 240 in BA Now write a KCL equation at the top middle node, summing the currents leaving: mi titi 80 ty Sig big =54+15=20A Write a KVL equation clockwise around the left loop, starting below the voltage source: -200V+1+120V=0 so m= 200-120=80V Now that we know the values of both the voltage and the current for the unknown resistor, we can use Ohm’s law to calculate the resistance: vu _ 80 = =40 i, ~ 29 ~ “8Problems 2-7 AP 2.7 [a] Plotting a graph of 1 versus i; gives, ho 2. 204] \ ye 25-1004 16 iw or 02 03 0, 1 = 25 V; therefore the voltage source must be 25 V. Since the plot is a straight line, its slope can be used to calculate the value of resistance: Av_ %-0 2% ~ 025-0 0.25 A circuit model having the same v ~ i characteristic is a 25 V source in series with a 1009 resistor, as shown below: m0 ri = 1002 [b] Draw the circuit model from part (a) and attach a 259 resistor: toa av) * asa To find the power delivered to the 259 resistor we must caleulate the current through the 259 resistor. Do this by first using KCL to recognize ‘that the current in each of the components is i, flowing in a clockwise direction, Write a KVL equation in the clockwise direction, starting below the voltage sonree, and using Ohm’s law to express the voltage drop across the resistors in the direction of the current i, flowing through. the resistors: -25V +100 +25%=0 so 125%, =25 so ‘Thus, the power delivered to the 259 resistor is Pas = (25)? = (25)(0.2)? = 1 W. AP 28 [a] From the graph in Assessment Problem 2.7(a), we sce that when vy = 0, iy = 0.25. Therefore the current source must be 0.25 A. Since the plot28 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements is a straight line, its slope can be used to calculate the value of resistance: Av 5-0 2 = 1002 025-0 ~ 025 ~ 1 A circuit model having the same v — i characteristic is a 0.25 A current source in parallel with a 1000 resistor, as shown below: ah nooo * ozs (t “ {b] Draw the circuit model from part (a) and attach a 259 resistor: hoa * a Gg “ Note that by writing a KVL equation around the right loop we see that the voltage drop across both resistors is ve. Write a KCL equation at the top center node, summing the currents leaving the node. Use Ohms law to specify the currents through the resistors in terms of the voltage drop across the resistors and the value of the resistors. MM = = “0254+ T+ =0, 80 Sy = 25, thus y= " =“ =1w. 25 Pos AP 2.9 First note that we know the current through all elements in the circuit except the 6 k® resistor (the current in the three elements to the left of the 6 k® resistor is iy; the current, in the three elements to the right of the 6 kQ resistor is 30i). To find the current in the 6 k® resistor, write a KCL equation at the top node: iy + 30! = fey = 31% We can then use Ohm’s law to find the voltages across each resistor in termsProblems 2-9 of i). The results are shown in the figure below: + 34,0005, — +y— ~54,000i, + 54kQ 18k Fi, [BOR 30 vO; 186,000, = 6kQ it LU3ti 30if | [a] To find i, write a KVL equation around the left-hand loop, summing voltages in a clockwise direction starting below the 5V source: —5V + 54,000i; — 1V + 186,000, = 0 Solving for i 54,000; + 186,000i,=6V so 240,000 = 6V ‘Thus, __6 ~ 240,000 [b] Now that we have the value of i:, we can calculate the voltage for each component except the dependent source. Then we can write a KVL equation for the right-hand loop to find the voltage v of the dependent source. Sum the voltages in the clockwise direction, starting to the left of the dependent source: +v — 54,0008, + 8 V — 186,000; = Thus, v = 240,000: — 8 V = 240,000(25 x 10-*) -8V =6V—8V a = 25 pA 2Vv We now know the values of voltage and current for every cireuit element,2-10 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements Let’s construct a power table: Element | Current | Voltage | Power | Power (A) | (V)_| Baquation | (Ww) 5v 25 5] p=—vi | 125 54kQ 25 1.35| p= Ri? 33.75, 1v 25 1 -25 6kQ 71 4.65 3603.75 Dep. source 750 -2 vi | 1500 1.8k2 750 1.35 1012.5 8Vv 750 8 6000 [c] The total power generated in the circuit is the sum of the negative power values in the power table: 125 wW + —25 pW + —6000 pW = —6150 hW nuit is 6150 pW. [d] The total power absorbed in the circuit is the sum of the positive power values in the power table: 33.75 xW + 3603.75 pW + 1500 xW + 1012.5 x.W = 6150 pW ‘Thus, the total power absorbed in the cirenit is 6150 hW. ‘Thus, the total power generated in the AP 2.10 Given that ig = 2A, we know the current in the dependent source is 2ig = 4A. We can write a KCL equation at the left node to find the current in the 100 resistor. Summing the currents leaving the node, 1A —5A42A44A+ing=0 50 itn =5A-2A—4A= Thus, the current in the 10 resistor is 1A, flowing right to left, as seen in the circuit below.Problems 2-11 [a] ‘To find v,, write a KVL equation, summing the voltages counter-clockwise around the lower right loop. Start below the voltage source. vy + (LA)(10) + (2A)(302)=0 so vy =10V+60V.=70V [b] ‘The current in the voltage source can be found by writing a KCL equation at the right-hand node. Snm the currents leaving the node —4A+1A+i,=0 80 iy=4A-1A=3A ‘The current in the voltage source is 3.A, flowing top to bottom. The power associated with this source is p=vi = (70V)(3A) = 210W Thus, 210 W are absorbed by the voltage source. [ce] The voltage drop across the independent current source can be found by writing a KVL equation around the left loop in a clockwise direction: =v5q + (2A)(302)=0 50 54 = 60V The power associated with this source is p= (60,V)(5.A) = -300W This source thus delivers 300 W of power to the circuit, Usai = [d] The voltage across the controlled current source can be found by writing a KVL equation around the upper right loop in a clockwise direction: +044 + (100)(1A) = ‘The power associated with this soure p= ai = (-10V)(4A) = —40W. This source thus delivers 40 W of power to the circuit. 80 t%44=-10V [e] The total power dissipated by the resistors is given by (éso0)?(30) + (A100)? (10) = (2)°(309) + (1)°(102) = 120+ 10 = 130 W2-12 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements Problems P21 — [a] Yes, independent voltage sources can carry the 8 A current required by the connection; independent current source can support any voltage required by the connection, in this case 20 V, positive at the top. {b] 30 V source: absorbing 10 V source: delivering 8A source: delivering [ec] Psov = (30)(8) = 240 W (abs) Pry = —(10)(8)=—80W (del) Poa = —(20)(8)=-160 W (del) DPave = > Paet = 240 W [d] The interconnection is valid, but in this circuit the voltage drop across the 8 A current source is 40 V, positive at the top; 30 V source is absorbing, the 10 V source is absorbing, and the 8 A source is delivering Pry = (30)(8) = 240 W (abs) Pov (10)(8) = 80 W (abs) Pan —(40)(8) = -320 W (del) YPaw = Y2Paet = 320 W P22 The interconnection is valid. The 10 A current source has a voltage drop of 100 V, positive at the top, becanse the 100 V source supplies its voltage drop across a pair of terminals shared by the 10 A current source. The right hand branch of the circuit must also have a voltage drop of 100 V from the left terminal of the 40 V source to the bottom terminal of the 5 A current source, because this branch shares the same terminals as the 100 V source. This means that the voltage drop across the 5 A current source is 140 V, positive at the top. Also, the two voltage sonrees can carry the current required of the interconnection. This is summarized in the figure below:P23 P24 Problems 2-13 4ov +) + + 10a 1100V 100V sa(D)uov From the values of voltage and current in the figure, the power supplied by the currents sources is calculated as follows: Pox = —(100)(10) = -1000 W (dev) Psa = —(140)(5) = —700 W (dev) YD Pee = 1700 W ‘The interconnection is not valid. Note that both current sources in the right hand branch supply current through the 100 V source. If the interconnection was valid, these two current sources would supply the same current in the same direction, which they do not. ‘The interconnect is valid since the voltage sources can all carry 5 A of current, supplied by the current source, and the current source can carry the voltage drop required by the interconnection. Note that the branch containing the 10 V, 40 V, and 5 A sources must have the same voltage drop as the branch containing the 50 V source, so the 5 A current source must have a voltage drop of 20 V, positive at the right. The voltages and currents are summarize in the circuit below: 10V sov(* £ sa (tov ~ 200 + Pay = (50)(5) = 250 W (abs) Prov = (10)(5)= 50 W (abs) Poy = ~(40)(5)=—200 W (dev) Ps, = —(20)(5)=—100 W (dev)2-14 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements LC Pier = 300 W P25 The interconnection is valid, since the voltage sources can carry the 10 A current supplied by the current source, and the current sources ean carry whatever voltage drop is required by the interconnection. In particular, note the the voltage drop across the three sources in the right hand branch must be the same as the voltage drop across the 20 A current source in the middle branch, since the middle and right hand branch are connected between the same two terminals. In particular, this means that 14(the voltage drop across the middle branch) = 100V — 50V — (the voltage drop across the right hand branch) Hence any combination of v and v2 such that v + v% = 50 V is a valid solution, P26 12V The interconnection is invalid. The voltage drop between the top terminal and the bottom terminal on the left hand side is due to the 6 V and 8 V sources, giving a total voltage drop between these terminals of 14 V. But the voltage drop between the top terminal and the bottom terminal on the right hand side is due to the 4 V and 12 V sources, giving a total voltage drop between these ‘two terminals of 16 V. The voltage drop between any two terminals in a valid circuit must be the same, so the interconnection is invalid. P27 [a] Yes, each of the voltage sources can carry the current required by the interconnection, and each of the current sources can carry the voltage drop required by the interconnection. (Note that iq = 5 A.) [b] No, because the voltage drop between the top terminal and the bottom. terminal cannot be determined. For example, define vj, vp, and vy as.P28 P29 Problems 2-15 shown: The voltage drop across the left branch, the center branch, and the right branch must be the same, since these branches are connected at the same two terminals. This requires that 20 + 1 = vy + 100 = 03, But this equation has three unknown voltages, so the individual voltages cannot be determined, and thus the power of the sources cannot be determined. The interconnection is invalid. In the middle branch, the value of the current ‘iy must be —25 A, since the 25 A current source supplies current in this branch in the direction opposite the direction of the current. i. Therefore, the voltage supplied by the dependent voltage source in the left hand branch is 6(—25) = —150 V. This gives a voltage drop from the top terminal to the bottom terminal in the left hand branch of 50 — (—150) = 200 V. But the voltage drop between these same terminals in the right hand branch is 250 V, due to the voltage source in that branch. Therefore, the interconnection is invalid. ‘The middle branch has a 4 A current source, so the current ia in that branch must also be 4 A, since the two currents are in the same direction. This means that the current. supplied by the dependent sonrce is 2(4) = 8 A. Next, v= 100 V, and this must. be the voltage drop across all three branches in the circuit, since all three branches connect at the same two terminals. Therefore, the voltage drop across the current source in the left hand branch must be 160 V, positive at the top and the voltage drop across the current source in the middle branch must be 180 V, positive at the top. The voltages and currents2-16 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements for all sources are summarized in the figure below: From the values of voltage and current in the figure, the power supplied by the currents sources is calculated as follows: Prox = (160)(12) = 1920 W (abs) Pov = ~(60)(12)=—720W (dev) Paoy = (80)(4) = 320W (abs) Py = —(180)(4) = -720W (dev) Paeprource = —(100)(8) = -800 W (dev) DW Paev = 720 + 720 + 800 = 2240 W P 2.10 Since we know the device is a resistor, we can use Ohm’s law to calculate the resistance. From Fig. P2.10(a), v=Ri so R= v i Using the values in the table of Fig. P2.10(b), -1 = i 24 pa —160.__=80 _ 80 _ 160 _ 240 =0.02 ~ =0.01 ~ 0.01 = 0.02 ~ 0.03 ~ SK P 2.11 Since we know the device is a resistor, we can use the power equation, From Fig. P2.11(a), 50 Using the values in the table of Fig. P2.11(b) (=10) (5)? (5)? (10)? 25 x 10-8 6.25 x 10 6.25 x 10-3 25 x 10° (15)? _ (20)? = 56.25 x 10-8 = 100 x 19-3 ~ 4K?P2412 The Problems 2-17 resistor value is the ratio of the power to the square of the current: Using the values for power and current in Fig. P2.12(b), eC a0 0 LO 200 Pa BR P 213 nf PPRPPRPS = no-load voltage of battery = internal resistance of battery = resistance of wire between battery and switch resistance of wire between switch and lamp A = resistance of lamp A = resistance of lamp B = resistance of wire between lamp A and lamp B = resistance of frame between battery and lamp A = resistance of frame between lamp A and lamp B = switch P 214 [a] Plot the v—i characteristic: a 3 2 6 aw From the plot: Av _ (420 = 100) ai (16 —0) When é; = 0, 1% = 100 V; therefore the ideal current source must have a current of 100/20 =5 A R= =22218 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements at “0 {b] We attach a 5 resistor to the device model developed in part (a) at ti al) mS Se Write a KCL equation at the top node: Ste =i Write a KVL equation for the right loop, in the direction of the two currents, using Ohm’s law: 20in + 5i = 0 Combining the two equations and solving, 20(5 + in) +5i%=0 so 25% =-100; thus =, =-4 A Now calculate the power dissipated by the resistor: Psa = Sig = 5(—4) = 80W P215 [a] Plot the w —é characteristic Ye (a9 From the plot: _ Av _ (00-50) _ Raa (10 — 0) on When #; = 0, 1 = 50 V; therefore the ideal voltage source has a voltage of 50 V.P 2.16 sov( {b] Problems 2-19 When v= 0, = 12.58 Note that this result can also be obtained by extrapolating the v — characteristic to 1 = fa] Is (may ] in = Big, 0. 3 ka +2-20 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements [4] »,(open circuit) = (40 x 10-8)(2 x 108) = 80 V [e] The open circuit voltage can be found in the table of values (or from the plot) as the value of the voltage v, when the current é, = 0. Thus, v,(open cireuit) = 55 V (from the table) [f] Linear model cannot predict the nonlinear behavior of the practical current source. P217 [a] Begin Ye) ig(ma) {b] Since the plot is linear for 0 < i, < 225 mA amd since R= Av/Ai, we can calculate R from the plotted values as follows: Av 75 — 30 45 0.235 —0 ~ 0225 We can determine the value of the ideal voltage source by considering the value of vy when i, = 0. When there is no current, there is no voltage drop across the resistor, so all of the voltage drop at the output is due to the voltage source. Thus the value of the voltage source must be 75 V. ‘The model, valid for 0 < i, < 225 mA, is shown below: 200Q = 2002 asv(* [e] The circuit is shown below: 2000. asv(t 4000 L__] Write a KVL equation in the clockwise direction, starting below the voltage source. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltage drop across the resistors in terms of the current i: —T5V + 200i + 400i = so 600i = 75VProblems 2-21 75V Thus, i= Gyyq = 125mA [4] The circuit is shown below: 2000. asv(t Write a KVL equation in the clockwise direction, starting below the voltage source. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltage drop across the resistors in terms of the current i —75V + 200i = 0 so, 200i = 75V _ BV 2009 [e] The short circuit current. can be found in the table of values (or from the plot) as the value of the current i, when the voltage v, = 0. Thus, ig =500mA (from table) Thus, i =375mA {f] ‘The plot of voltage versus current constructed in part (a) is not linear (it is piecewise linear, but not linear for all values of i,). Since the proposed Girenit model is a linear model, it. cannot be used to predict the nonlinear behavior exhibited by the plotted data. P218 [a] sov( * Wi, = Bi, ig =i, ti, = Sin in = dip 50 = Aig + 80%, = 20i, + 80%, = 100%, fy = OSA, therefore, i,=2A and i,=25A {b] i, =0.5 A [e] vo = 80%, = 40 V [4] pan = 32(4) = 6.25(4) = 25 W Pron = i2(20) = (4)(20) = 80 W son = if(80) = 0.25(80) = 20 W2-22 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements {e] Psov (delivered) = 50i, = 125 W Check: DY Pais = 25 + 80+ 20 = 125W YS Pie = 125W P 219 Write a KCL equation at the top node: —4¢iti=0 9 +4 Write a KVL equation around the right loop: vag + Ua0 + Uo = 0 From Ohms law, a0 = 80i1, 50 = Bin, va = Diz Substituting, 805} +30i2+90i2=0 so — 80i; + 120% = 0 Solving the two equations for i and ig simultaneously, i) =24A and = 1L6A [b] Write a KVL equation clockwise around the left loop: =p + 0% =0 — but gq = 804, = 80(2.4) = 192A So Uo = Ugo = 192V {c] Calculate power using p = vi for the source and p = Ré? for the resistors: Peouroo = —Vo(4) = —(192)(4) = —768W Paon = 2.4?(80) = 460.8 W Pson = 1.6(30) = 76.8 W Poon = 1.6°(90) = 230.4W D Piev =768W Paras = 460.8 + 76.8 + 230.4 = 768 WProblems 2-23 P 2.20 [a] Use KVL for the right loop to calculate the voltage drop across the right-hand branch v,. This is also the voltage drop across the middle branch, so once v, is known, use Ohm’s law to calculate ig: % = 1000%, + 4000i, + 300i, = 8000i, = 8000(0.002) = 16 V 16 = 20004, 16 fo = 5999 = 8 mA [b] KCL at the top node: i, = i, + = 0.002 + 0.008 = 0.010 A = 10 mA. [ec] The voltage drop across the source is up, seen by writing a KVL equation for the left loop. Thus, Pg = —Voig = —(16)(0.01) = —0.160 W = —160 mW. ‘Thus the source delivers 160 mW. P 221 v2 = 180 — 100 = 80V v% 10A ist 4=i, i3=10-4=6A U4 = is + 8iz = 10(6) + 8(10) = 140V eet ‘70 70 Note also that ig= ij tig =24+6=8A =2A ig tig =84+4=12A fb] pa = 8%(5)=320W (4)?(25) = 400 W Pron = 2(70) = 280 W Pon = 67(10) = 360 W Ps = 10°(8) = 800 W [e] 30 Pais = 320 + 400 + 280 + 360 + 800 = 2160W Pacey = 180ig = 180(12) = 2160W2-24 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements P 2.22 60 100 vm = (9 + 6)(3) =125+e+%=0 80 %=125—v4 = 125-45 = 80V ig = vp/(10 +6) = 80/16 = 5A i,-3=5-3=2A ia + Up = 5(2) + 80 = 90V v,/30 = 90/30 = 3 A vq = 125 — 1, = 125 - 90 = 35V +3=5A 35/5=72 (b] ip = ig +3=543=8A Pp (supplied) = (125)(8) = 1000 W P2238 ig = 60/12=5A; therefore, vea = 60 + 18(5) 240 + dye + ed =05 — therefore, ry, = 240 — 150 = 90V iy = Uye/45 = 90/45 =2A; therefore, ic = ig — i, =5-2=3A Ua = Iie + Yea = 10(3) + 150 = 180V; therefore, i, = 04/180 = 180/180 = 1A. =i tic =4A =240-+ vay + ta =0 therefore, vy = 240 — 180 = 60V R= vap/ic = 60/4 = 150Problems — 2-25 CHECK: i, =i) +i,=2+4=6A Paey = (240)(6) = 1440 W SPs = 1(180) + 42(15) + 3°(10) + 5°(12) + 52(18) + 2°(45) = 1440 W (CHECKS) P224 [a] ‘igi = 500/15,000 = 33.33 mA. ing + fea =01 80 yg = 0.1 — 0.033 = 66.67mA 1000ing + 500 ~ 7500ing =0 $0 ine = (500 ~ 500)/4000 = 0 fine = ied — fing = 33.33 — 0 = 33.33mA OL =i tte 80 igh = 0.1 — 33.33 = 66.67 mA Calculate the power dissipated by the resistors using the equation Pr = Riki Palcq, = (5000) (0.0667)? = 22.22W Py skeq = (7500)(0.0667)? = 33.33 W Pyoka = (10,000)(0.03333)? = 11.11W Py = (15,000)(0.0333)? = 16.67 W Paka = (4000)(0)? = OW {b] Calculate the voltage drop across the current source: vad = 5000ia1, + 7500i,q = 5000(0.0667) + 7500(0.0667) = 833.33 V Now that we have both the voltage and the current for the source, we can calculate the power supplied by the source: Pq = —833.33(0.1) = -83.33W thus —_p, (supplied) = 83.33 W [e] 0 Pais = 22.22 + 33.33 + 11.11 + 16.67 + 0 = 83.33 W ‘Therefore, DX Pare = Pai2-26 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements P 2.25 12Q 2A, 8Q: 4Q 4Q in is, 240 + + lye + NW sove % wOis y i) lan =]. 12Q 10Q v= 804 4(12) = 128V; my = 128— (8 +12-+4)(2) = 80V — 1 _ 80 =i oes oe Seg 78M | HH -2=5-2=3A vy + 24is = 80 + 24(3) = 152V a ig =24+4=6A ag the formula p= Ri?: Poo = (8)(2)? = 32W; Pia = (12)(2)? = 48 W pan = (4)(2)? = 16 W; Pan = (4)(6)" = 14 W Puan = (24)(3)? = 216 W; Psa = (6)(5)? = 150W Pion = (10)(5)? = 250 W; Pia = (12)(4)? = 192 W [ec] vy = 152V {d] Sum the power dissipated by the resistors: DY Pais = 32 + 48 + 16 +144 + 216 + 150 + 250+ 192 = 1048 W ‘The power associated with the sources is Pvott—source = (80)(4) = 320W Peure—source = —Ugiy = —(152)(9) = —1368 W ‘Thus the total power dissipated is 1048 + 320 = 1368 W and the total power developed is 1368 W, so the power balances. P 2.26 [a] Start by calculating the voltage drops due to the currents é, and ig. Then use KVL to calculate the voltage drop across and 1002 resistor, and Ohm’s law to find the current in the 100 resistor. Finally, KCL at each of the middle three nodes yields the currents in the two sources and theP 227 Problems — 2-27 current in the middle 109 resistor. These calculations are summarized in the figure below: Piso = —(130)(15) = —1950 W Pas) = —(460)(30) = —13,800 W {b] " DP aie (15)?(2) + (15)?(10) + (30)(2) + (10)*(25) + (25)2(10) + (5)?(100) 450 + 2250 + 1800 + 2500 + 6250 + 2500 = 15,750 W Pup = 1950+ 13,800 = 15,750 W ‘Therefore, )> Pais = )>Prup = 15,750 W ip—ig—ic=0 ic = Bip therefore ig = (1+ B)ip =-iptiy Vo+ ipRe~ (i ~ ip)R =0 . Veo +ipRs —iR, + Veo = (i: = ip)Rp=0 or 1 Voc + ipa p _ 4 Vo tiple + inks — “Fa Now replace ig by (1 + §)ig and solve for ip. Thus ip = —[WecRa/(Ri + Ba)] - Vo °° (+ BR + RiRa/(Ri + Pa)2-28 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements P 2.28 First note that we know the current through all elements in the circuit except the 200.0 resistor (the current in the three elements to the left of the 200 resistor is ig; the current in the three elements to the right of the 200° resistor is 29ig). To find the current in the 2000 resistor, write a KCL equation at the top node: ig + ia = izcon = Big We can then use Ohmn’s law to find the voltages across each resistor in terms of ig. The results are shown in the figure below: + 10,000i,— . — 14,500 ig + 000i g 500 ig 10kQ ig 5002 ig No aE 15.2V @; 2002 Ov ‘6 . i [130s 2si, [a] To find i, write a KVL equation around the left-hand loop, summing voltages in a clockwise direction starting below the 15.2V source: ~15.2V + 10,000! — 0.8V + 6000is = 0 Solving for ig 10,000i5 + 6000is=16V so 16,000ig = 16V Thus, _ 16 ~~ 16,000 Now that we have the value of i, we can calculate the voltage for each component except the dependent source. Then we can write a KVL equation for the right-hand loop to find the voltage v, of the dependent, source, Sum the voltages in the clockwise direction, starting to the left of the dependent. source: vy — 14,500ig + 25 V — 6000ig = 0 Thus, vy = 25 V — 20,500is = 25 V — 20,500(10-* ig =1mA 25V—20.5V=4.5VProblems 2-29 {[b] We now know the values of voltage and current for every circuit element. Let’s construct a power table: Element | Current | Voltage | Power | Power (mA) | (V)_| Equation | (mw) 15.2V 1 15.2 -15.2 10k 1 10| p=Re 10 0sv 1 08 ~0.8 2000 30 6 180 Dep. source 29 45 130.5 | 5002 29 M5 420.5, 25V. 29 25 =v —725 ‘The total power generated in the circuit is the sum of the negative power values in the power table: —15.2mW + —0.8mW + —725mW = —741 mW ‘Thus, the total power generated in the circuit is 741 mW. The total power absorbed in the circuit is the sum of the positive power values in the power table: 10mW + 180 mW + 130.5 mW + 420.5mW = 741 mW. ‘Thus, the total power absorbed in the circuit is 741 mW and the power in the circuit balances. P 2.29 [a] io =0 because no current: can exist in a single conductor connecting two parts of a circuit. {b] 1ka ANY ~ Leto 2ko [soo ns ci ) Z i = 2 x10, — 60 = 6000i, 10 mA va = 5000ig = 50V 6 x 10-*vq = 300 mA 2000! = 500i2, so i; + 4i; = —300 mA; therefore, [c] 300 ~ 60+ iz = 0, so ip = —240 mA.2-30 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements P 2.30 50%, + 2200 , 0.250 3 tgp 7% = —05 mA vu = 100i, = -50 mV (-0.050) 201 + SE + (—0.0005) iy = 125 A Ug = 10ix + 40%, = 50%, ‘Therefore, vy = 6.25 mV. P 231 [a] —50—20i, + 18i, = 0 =18i4 + 5i + Mig =0 80 18ig = A5ig ‘Therefore, —50—2in+45i,=0, so ig =2A 18ig = 45ig = 90; 80 ig = 5A Vo = Mig = 80V [b] i, = current out of the positive terminal of the 50 V source v4 = voltage drop across the 81g source tig = ta + tg + Big = ig tig =ATA v4 = 80 — 20 = 60V ST Pren = 50ig + 2igiy = 50(47) + 20(2)(47) = 4230 W WPaies = 182% + Big(ig — ig) + 40:2 + Bigvs + 8ia(20) = (18)(25) + 10(47 — 5) + 4(40) + 40(60) + 40(20) = 4230 W; Therefore, Pee = YPaias = 4230 We P 2.32 Here is Equation 2.25: ig = —_(eoa)/(Ri + Ra) ~ Vo ® (RiRa)/(Ri + Ra) + (1+ BR VeoRs _ (15)(80) _ Rit Re 100 12 RiRo (20)(80) Ri + Re 100 =16kQP 2.33 P 2.34 Problems 2-31 ‘= 16+ 400.1) ~ 20° = Big = (39)(0.59) = 23.01 mA ip = ic +ig = 23 + 0.59 = 23.6 mA Usa = (23.6)(0.1) = 2.36V Und = Vo + Ug4 = 2.56V in Be = BR 0-8 = 32nd iy Sip + ip = 32 +590 = 622A vay = 20(0.622) = 12.44V ice = te + iy = 23.01 + 0.622 = 23.632 mA. vis + 23.01(0.5) + 2.36 = 15 3 = L138V fa] {b] From the simplified circuit model, using Ohm’s law and KVL: 400i + 501 + 200)-250=0 so i = 250/650 = 385 mA. This current is nearly enough to stop the heart, according to Table 2.1, so a warning sign should be posted at the 250 V source.2-32 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements P 2.35 2 ) (400) = 59.17 7 (200) = 29.59 W 250)? ron (B) (50) = 7.40W = by (4) 200 ta = 35.36 x 10-4° C/s t 5x 10! = 1414.23 s or 23.57 min om 35.36 ~ ° aT) _ 2.39 x 10~* = (3), = Pe = 7.07 x 10" C/s lee " Pao a = 7,071.13 s or 117.85 min pone J) = 280 04) =0.71 x 10° G/s = 70,422.54 s or 1,173.71 min [ec] They are all much greater than a few minutes. P 237 [a] Reema = 400 + 400 = 8002 ficego = 50 mA (minimum) ‘min = (800)(50) x 10- = 40VProblems — 2-33 {b] No, 12/800 = 15 mA. Note this current is sufficient to give a perceptible shock. P 2.38 Repace = 1 MQ ‘apace = 3 mA 0 = tgpaceRepace = 3000V.3 Simple Resistive Circuits Assessment Problems AP 3.1 720 bo sa(Pyv & Start from the right hand side of the circuit and make series and parallel combinations of the resistors until one equivalent resistor remains. Begin by combining the 62 resistor and the 10 resistor in series: 62+4+102=162 Now combine this 16 resistor in parallel with the 64 resistor: (16)(64) _ 1024 _ Te+64 7 39 7 28° ‘This equivalent 12.80 resistor is in series with the 7.20 resistor: 16.0||649 = 12.80 + 7.20 = 202 Finally, this equivalent 20 resistor is in parallel with the 30 resistor: (20)(30) 800 _ 20 200/300 = Soy = 50 ‘Thus, the simplified cireuit is as shown: 313-2 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits [a] With the simplified circuit we can use Ohm’s law to find the voltage across both the current source and the 120 equivalent resistor: v= (120)(5 A) = 60V [b] Now that we know the value of the voltage drop across the current source, we can use the formula p = —vi to find the power associated with the source: p= —(60 V)(5 A) = -300 W Thus, the source delivers 300 W of power to the cireuit. [ec] We now can return to the original circuit, shown in the first figure. In this circuit, v = 60 V, as calculated in part (a). This is also the voltage drop across the 300 resistor, so we can use Ohm's law to calculate the current through this resistor: 5, — OV 4 302 Now write a KCL equation at the upper left node to find the current ip: =2A —BA+iatin=0 0 ip=5A-ig=5A-2A=3A Next, write a KVL equation around the outer loop of the circuit, using Ohm's law to express the voltage drop across the resistors in terms of the current through the resistors: -v + Tig + bic + Wic =0 So Gig = v~7.2ip = 60 V —(7.2)(3) = 38.4 V ‘Thus 240 Now that we have the current through the 102 resistor we can use the formula p = Ri? to find the power: Pron = (10)(2.4)? = 57.6 W AP 3.2 25kQ 15kQ Vo RyProblems 3-3 [a] We can use voltage division to calculate the voltage up across the 75 k resistor: ‘v9(no load) = 75,000 3,000 + 25,000 a (200 V) = 150 V [b] When we have a load resistance of 150 k® then the voltage vis across the parallel combination of the 75 k® resistor and the 150 kQ resistor. First, calculate the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination: __ (75,000)(150,000) _ _ 75 O150 KO = 69 150,000, — 50900000 = 50 kA Now use voltage division to find v, across this equivalent resistance: 50,000 _ %— = sapo0 + 25005 2 V) = 138.3 V [c] If the load terminals are short-circuited, the 75 kQ resistor is effectively removed from the circuit, leaving only the voltage source and the 25 k resistor. We can calculate the current in the resistor using Ohm’s law: 200 V 25 kD Now we can use the formula p = Ri? to find the power dissipated in the 25 kQ resistor: ‘Pose = (25,000) (0.008)? = 1.6 W [d] The power dissipated in the 75 k resistor will be maximum at no load since v. is maximum, In part (a) we determined that the no-load voltage is 150 V, so be can use the formula p = v®/R to calculate the power: (150)? _ 75,000” =8mA Prsk (max) = 3W AP 3.3 60a + 402 20AQDv LR ~ 8002 44 [a] We will write a current division equation for the current throught the 809 resistor and use this equation to solve for R: R inn = REqa TSG AAA 8 R= A(R + 120) Thus 16R=480 and3-4 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits [b] With R= 302 we can calculate the current through R using current division, and then use this current to find the power dissipated by R, using the formula p= Ri?: . 40 +80 k= 0 +80+30 [c] Write a KVL equation around the outer loop to solve for the voltage v, and then use the formula p = —vi to calculate the power delivered by the current: source: —v + (609)(20 A) +(302)(16A)=0 so v = 1200 + 480 = 1680 V Thus, Proure = ~(1680 V)(20 A) = —33,600 W Thus, the current source generates 33,600 W of power. (20A)=16A so pr =(30)(16)? = 7680 W Bree 40Q 502 [a] First we need to determine the equivalent resistance to the right of the 400 and 70.2 resistors: 1 1 1 1 1 Req = 20.2]302)[(502+ 102) 80 Ra 30a * WA* GA TOA Thus, — Req = 102 Now we can use voltage division to find the voltage v,: 40 = DEFT O V=V [b] ‘The current through the 40 resistor can be found using Ohm’s law: » _20V_., 4400 = 79 = 20 =05A This curt flows from left to right through the 40 resistor. To use current division, we need to find the equivalent resistance of the two parallel branches containing the 202 resistor and the 500 and 109 resistors: 20502 + 109) = (20)(60) _ 20+60 ~ °° it division to find the current: in the 302 branch: (0.5 A) = 0.16667 A = 166.67 mA Now we use curre 15 15 +30Problems 3-5 [e] We can find the power dissipated by the 50 resistor if we can find the current in this resistor. We can use current division to find this current, from the current in the 40 resistor, but first we need to calculate the equivalent resistance of the 200 branch and the 30 branch: (20)(30) 20.0309 = Fo Gy = 122 Current division gives: 12 12-+50+10 Thus, son = (50)(0.08333)? = 0.34722 W = 347.22 mW isoa = (0.5 A) = 0.08333 A AP 3.5 w® 1002 We can find the current é using Ohm's law: 1v oon = 9% A=10mA [b] PR 500 5.5552 | ‘ w@ 1000 Ry, = 5OQ||5.555.0 = 50 ‘We can use the meter resistance to find the current using Ohm’s law: 1v 5 inns = HUET = 0000624 = 9.524 mA AP 3.6 [al Dee3-6 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits Use voltage division to find the voltage »: 75,000 75,000 + 15,000 °° V) = 50 V [b} 15kQ . 1499540 ove) v 275k - 502 ‘The meter resistance is a series combination of resistances: Ry = 149,950 + 50 = 150,0009 We can use voltage division to find v, but first we must calculate the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination of the 75 kQ resistor and the voltmet - __ (75,000)(150,000) _ 75,000 150,000. = > Seq + 150,000. = 9° 2 50,000 Thus, Umeas = (60 V) = 46.15 V 50,000 + 15,000) AP 37 [a] Using the condition for a balanced bridge, the produets of the opposite resistors must be equal. Therefore, LO¢ 100R = (1000)(150) so Re= a) = 15002 = 1.5 k@ [b] When the bridge is balanced, there is no current flowing through the ‘meter, so the meter acts like an open circuit. This places the following branches in parallel: ‘The branch with the voltage source, the branch with the series combination Ry and Ry and the branch with the series combination of Ry and R,. We can find the current in the latter two branches using Ohms law: . BV BV mate TOa+ 15a 79 “‘taRe = 900+ 1500 — We can calculate the power dissipated by each resistor using the formula p= Rit: Proon = (1002)(0.02 A)? = 40 mW 2mA ison = (1502)(0.02 A)? = 60 mW Prooon = (100022)(0.002 A)? = 4 mW Prsoon = (15002)(0.002 A)? = 6 mWProblems 3-7 Since none of the power dissipation values exceeds 250 mW, the bridge can be left in the balanced state without: exceeding the power-dissipating capacity of the resistors. AP 3.8 Convert the three Y-connected resistors, 20, 109, and 5 to three A-connected resistors Ra, Ry, and Re. To assist you the figure below has both the Y-connected resistors and the A-connected resistors rx 100+) + U2) 759 __ (B)(40) + (5)(20) + (10)(20) 10 n= O00 +0120 + 00129) _ 99 Ry = 352 ‘The circuit with these new A-connected resistors is shown below 105 a From this circuit we see that the 702 resistor is parallel to the 28 © resistor: — (70)(28) _ — +38 = 70% Also, the 17.59 resistor is parallel to the 1059 resistor: (17.5)(105) 17.5 + 105 70/282 17.5 9|1059 = = 1593-8 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits Once the parallel combinations are made, we can see that the equivalent 200 resistor is in series with the equivalent 152 resistor, giving an equivalent, resistance of 200 + 152 = 359. Finally, this equivalent 350 resistor is in parallel with the other 359 resistor: (35)(35) 350/350 =1752 35+ 35 ‘Thus, the resistance seen by the 2 A source is 17.5, and the voltage can be calculated using Ohm’s law: v= (1759)(2 A) =35 VProblems 3-9 Problems P31 [a] The 3 kQ@ and 8 k@ resistors are in series, as are the 5 kQ and 7 kQ resistors. The simplified circuit is shown below: 11kQ 2mAM) 10k: OkKQE 12kQ. [b] The 1800 and 3002 resistors are in series, as are the 1409 and 2000 resistors. The simplified circuit is shown below: 2402, 4802. 10v 3402 [ec] The 40, 500, and 602 resistors are in series, as are the 450 and 300 resistors. The simplified circuit is shown below: 1502 Sov 75Q P32 [a] The 120 and 202 resistors are in parallel, as are the 28 and 219 resistors. The simplified circuit is shown below: 120 is 200mA@) 7.52: 18Q3-10 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits {b] The 300 and 50 resistors are in parallel, as are the 992 and 180 resistors. ‘The simplified circuit is shown below: 402 ev 40 202 4.28570: 6Q: {e] The 100 kQ and 300 kQ resistors are in parallel, as are the 75 kQ, 50 k, and 150 kQ resistors. The simplified circuit is shown below: 75kQ osv@ 25kQ: 25kQ P33 [a] pa = 24=(12)?4=576W pig = (4)*18 = 288 W po = (8)°3=192 W Pon = (8)°6 = 384 W [b] pizov(delivered) = 120i, = 120(12) = 1440 W [ec] Paine = 576 + 288 + 192 + 384 = 1440 W P34 [a] FromEx. 34: =4A, 2=8A, i= 12A atnodeb: -12+4+8=0, atnoded: 12-4-8=0 fb] 1 = 4i,=48V 3 = Big = 24V Gig = 48 V wm = BA=72V loop abda: —120 + 48 +72 loop bedb: —72-+24+48 = 0, loop abeda: —120 +48 +24+48=0 P3.5 Always work from the side of the circuit furthest from the source. Remember that the current in all series-connected circuits is the same, and that theP36 P37 P38 Problems 3-11 voltage drop across all parallel-connected resistors is the same. fa} Rey = {6 k+7 K)I|6 K] +3 k-+8 k}l|10 k = [(12 6 k) + 11 k]|[10 k = (4k +11 W)If10 k = 15 kl]10 k= 6 k2 {b] Req = [240}](180 + 300)] + 140 + 200 = (240)|480) + 340 = 160 + 340 = 5000 fe] Req = (40 +50 + 60)]|(30 + 45) = 150)|75 = 500 Always work from the side of the circuit furthest from the source. Remember that the current in all series-connected circuits is the same, and that the voltage drop across all parallel-connected resistors is the same. [a] Ray = 12|20)(18 + (281|21)] = 12/20|(18 + 12) = 12)]20]30 = 62 [b] Req = 4+ (918) + [51130] (20 + 40)] = 4+ 6 + (51}30]]60) = 4+6+4 = 140 fe} ay = (100 k|[300 k) + (75 kl}50 K|]150 k) + 25 k = 75 k-+25 k+25 k = 125 kA [a] 120)240=82 — Therefore, Ry =8+2+6= 160 Lo 1 1 Bb 1) Rg = aan * 30K + BK ~ BORD ~ BKQ Reg =8 KO; Reg +7 = 15 KO 11, 1,1 Ry 15K * 30K” 15K Ray = 6 kD [a] 60|}20 = 1200/80 = 15 12/24 = 288/36 = 82 15+8+7=302 30||120 = 3600/150 = 249 Ray = 15 +24 +25 = 642 [b] 354+40=752 —— 75|\50 = 3750/125 = 300 30-+20 = 500 50||75 = 3750/125 = 300 30+10=402 40/60 + 9]]18 = 24+ 6 = 300 30||30 = 150 Ry, = 10+ 15 +5 = 302 fe] 504+30=802 — 80|j20= 160 16+ 14= 300 30+ 24= 540 54||27 = 180 18+ 12=302 30/130 = 150 Ry =34+15+2= 200312 P39 P3.10 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resisti fa] For circuit (a) Ray = 15|(18 + 48]]16) = 100 For circuit (b) 5||10|}15)|10])(12 + 18) = 20 16||(14 +2) =82 Ray =44+8+12 = 240 For circuit (c) 144)(4 +12) = 1442 14.4456 = 200 20/12 = 7.52 75425 = 100 10|]15 = 62 14+6+10=309 Ras, = 301/60 = 200 Req = 6)[30]20 = 49 yon = van = (30 A)(49) = 120 V ‘Therefore, since the three original resistors are in parallel with the current source: 90 = 120 VProblems 3-13 Pant (a ua 20 “ a) ‘ 000 200 Req = (10+ 40 + 20)||[12 + (20]|180)] = 701/30 = 21.0 via = 12(21) = 252 V 40 9 = van = a) (252) = 14 9 = on = T5549 4 99 252) = HAV _ __20))180 _ 8 p55) Yom = Fy (aR) 22) = gq 22) = 191.2 V 151.2 7.56 A ip= 20 [b] pin = (252/30)?(12) = 846.72 W [fe] pza = —(252)(12) = —3024 W ‘Thus the power developed by the current source is 3024 W. 2 P 3.12 [a] Rq=RIIR= 5 g [b] Req = RIRIR|---1R (mn Rs) R = RI Rin Re ea nm nk [ec] One solut 7002 = 2000+5000 = 1000/5 + 1000/2 = LkAM||L OID OIL KOI KO +1 KIL KD TREES ka3-14 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits [d] One solution: 55KQ = 5kN+0.5K0 = 2RNFQKNFLENF 0.5 KO = aun +2Ko+ 2KO , 20 = VLE LDA 4 2 KMI2 kM +2 kA}2 KOI? k/2 kD 160(3300) (700 + 3300) ~ °° Y [b] 4 = 160/8000 = 20 mA P 3.13 [a] v= Pp, = (400 x 107°)(4.7 x 10°) = 1.88 W Phy = (400 x 1076)(3.3 x 10°) = 1.32 W [ec] Since R; and Ry carry the same current and Ry > Ry to satisfy the voltage requirement, first pick Ry to meet the 0.5 W specification _ 160 - 66 in = |, Therefore, (S)'n 17,672 Now use the voltage specification: Ro Far irra 16) = 6 Thus, Rp = 12,4082 _ 20R - P 3.14 4= 40 so R,=102 20R. Der © 120 10R, ‘Thus, so Fy, = 240 Tr” 10+,Problems — 3-15 100. P35 fo} vo = OR = 20 so Ry =4Rp _ RoR Let Re = Rolly = ik 100R. t= = = 5.25 = RR 9 R= 525R, ‘Then, 4Ry = 5.25R. = Thus, Rp=15 kQ and Ry = 4(15 k) = 60 k2 [b] ‘The resistor that must dissipate the most power is Ry, as it has the largest resistance and carries the same current as the parallel combination of Ry and the load resistor. The power dissipated in R; will be maximum when the voltage across Ry is maximum, This will occur when the voltage divider has a resistive load. Thus, vg, = 100-16 = 84 V 8a? Pm = ey = 176 mW ‘Thus the minimum power rating for all resistors should be 1/8 W. P.3.16 Refer to the solution to Problem 3.15. The voltage divider will reach the ‘maximum power it can safely dissipate when the power dissipated in Ry equals 0.15 W. Thus, why = Te MAO 9 va = 9487 V v= 100 — 94.87 = 13 -V 100R, So. ep TONS and R= 3.25 kD (U5 K)RL _ Thus, 754 R, 73200 and Ry = 4.14 kQ. ‘The minimum value for Ry, is thus 4.14 kQ,3-16 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits ay 20k2 60ka 180 k + 60 kO = 240 k 80 KAI} 240 KO = 60 kK 60,000 _4 01 = “ap,po0-+ 60,0005 180) = 360 V 180,000 = 280,000 |.) = 270 V = Gap.gooy et) = 270 [b] oka. 180,000 x =288V 240,000 984) = 288 Y= [c] It removes loading effect of second voltage divider on the first voltage divider, Observe that the open circuit voltage of the first divider is (480) = 384 V Now note this is the input voltage to the second voltage divider when the current controlled voltage source is used. 2 P 3.18 (24y BiB 78% — Therefore, + a+ Ry = 7.20 (i+ R)24 yy (Rit Re + Rs) ‘Therefore, 2(Ry + Re) = Ri + Ro + RsP3.19 Problems 3-17 Ry = 3.62 ‘Thus, Ri +Ro= Ry; 2R3 = Re(24) Ri + Rot Re 48Ry = Ri + Ro+3.6=7.2 =5 Thus, Ry=1.50; Ry =7.2—Ro—Ry=2.10 fa] At no load: = ky, At full load: ‘Therefore k a Also, Ri = 0.05 5 fb] R= (Gap) Ro = 2.5 0 Ro = (28) Ro = 14.167 kQ Maximum dissipation in Rz occurs at no load, therefore, — [(60)(0.85))? _ Pratoes) = Tq ag7 ~~ 188.6 mW Maximum dissipation in R; occurs at full load. a : Peyoun, = = SSO?3-18 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits fa] shot (60)? _ = Pa = 559 = 44 W = M440 mw _ 0 Pre ig? ~° P 3.20 a] Let v, be the voltage across the parallel branches, positive at the upper terminal, then ig = 1G + 10G2 + +++ +UGN = Vo(Gi + G2 +++ + Gn) i It fe ys that vu, = ———_~—*—__— follows that v= (GG, 4+ Gx) ‘The current in the k*® branch is te = UoGx; Thus, = ee 6S (Git G. 4-4 Gn} 1142(0.16) ae P 3.21 Begin by using the relationships among the branch currents to express all branch currents in terms of iy iy = dig = 4(8ig) = 5(3244) ig = Bis = 5(Bia) Now use KCL at the top node to relate the branch currents to the current supplied by the source. iy tigtigtig=5 mA ‘Express the branch currents in terms of ig and solve for ix: 0.005 5 mA = 160i + 40:4 + 5ig + ig = 206%, 80 ia = OS™P 3.22 Problems 3-19 Since the resistors are in parallel, the same voltage, 1 V appears across each of them. We know the current and the voltage for Ry so we can use Ohm’s law to calculate Re: X% 1v ig ~ (5/206) mA Calculate is from i, and use Ohm’s law as above to find Ra: iv Ry = 41.2kQ 25 is = Bis = 95 Tj0e ma ~ 82408 Calculate i from iy and use Ohm’s law as above to find Ry: 02 lv a= Wie TA = Goupmey an ~ 10802 Calculate i, from ig and use Ohm’s law as above to find Ry: =1604-28 4 2 R= TV __as750 206 1 iy (800/206) mA ‘The resulting circuit is shown bel sma(t)iv - e240 "| 41,2000 [a] The equivalent resistance to the right of the 10 k® resistor is 3k+8k-+[6 kIl(5 k+7 k)] = 15 kO. Therefore, 15 k{[10 k, 6k _ fgg = yg (0-002) = 55 5 (0.002) = 1.2 mA [b] ‘The voltage drop across the 10 k® resistor can be found using Ohm’s law: Viox = (10, 000)i 1 = (10, 000)(0.0012) = 12 V {c] The voltage via: drops across the 3 kQ resistor, the 8 k® resistor and the equivalent resistance of the 6 k® and the parallel branch containing the 5 kQ and 7 k® resistors. Thus, using voltage division, _ 6 KIS k+ 76) Y= FEFBR+ KEK FTI [d] The voltage vax drops across the branch containing the 5 k and 7 kQ resistors. Thus, using voltage division, 5k Bk+7k 4 7502) = 32. v; (3.2) = 1.33 V3-20 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits P 3.23 [al The voltage drop across the 2400 resistor is the same as the voltage drop across the parallel combination of the branch containing the 2402 resistor and the branch containing the 180 and 300, Q resistors. Thus by voltage division, 240)|(180 + 300) 160 __240))(180 + 300) _ (yg) 160 yoy 3, BAOTASO + 300)] + 140-4 200") ~ G91) = 82-V [b] The current in the 2400 resistor can be found from its voltage using v2u0 ‘Ohm's law: = 0 "80 = 940 ~ [ec] The current in the 1409 resistor divides between two branches ~ one containing the 1809 and 300 resistors and the other containing the 2400 resistor. Using current division, _ 240))(180 + 300) 240(0. 333) ino (ino) = 0.01333 $0 tay = =20 mA 240 160 P324 [a] ome= ge =5 v 15, nse = Te GG(H0) = 6 V Ue = Visk — Vik = 6 Uz = (4/5) — (v6/6) = ¥4/30 P 3.25 60/30 = 202 _ (25)(75) 1a OA ison v2 = (15)(20) = 300 V v2 + 30ig9 = 750 V vy — 12(25) = 750 vy = 1050 VProblems 3-21 (18)(15 ) 40k vy = — (6.75 m)(15 k) = -101.25 V P 3.26 ioe = = 6.75 mA ge = 18 m—6.75 m= 11.25 mA viak = —(12 k)(11.25 m) = -135 V 101.25 — (—135) = 33.75 V ve = P327 SAMIZ7A=180; 18A+4+2N=2L; — 20/|(10+15 + 35) = 159} ‘Therefore, ig = _ 20/160 _ 24 ing = Sy (15) = 1.25 AS t= SE (11.25) = 7.5 A P3.28 [a] 40/|10=82 in20v = 10 16 78 _ 8+2=102 faa = Fy gli6) = 12 A 6 15||10 = 62 ton = 5p gll2) = 72 A 6+4=102 iy Sra) = 44a 30|]10 = 7.59 [b] its = isn — fon = 12-7.2=4.8 A Pasa = (4.8)2(15) = 345.6 W P 3.29 [a] The voltage across the 90 resistor is 1(12 + 6) = 18 V. ‘The current in the 90 resistor is 18/9 = 2 A. The current in the 20 resistor is 1+2=3 A. Therefore, the voltage across the 240 resistor is (2)(3) + 18 = 24 V. ‘The current in the 240 resistor is 1A. The current in the 30 resistor is 142+1=4 A. Therefore, the voltage across the 72 resistor is 24 + 3(4) = 36 V. ‘The current in the 720 resistor is 36/72 = 0.5 A. The 20.20||5 @ resistors are equivalent to a 40 resistor. The current in this equivalent resistor is 0.5 + 1-+3 = 4.5 A. Therefore the voltage across the 108 resistor is 36 + 4.5(4) = 54 V. ‘The current in the 1089 resistor is 54/108 = 0.5 A. The current in the 1.20 resistor is 4.5 +0.5 = 5 A. Therefore, vy = (1.2)(5) + 54 = 60 V3-22 P 3.30 P 3.31 P 3.32 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits [b] The current in the 200 resistor is _ (45)(4) 20 Thus, the power dissipated by the 20 resistor is pao = (0.9)?(20) = 16.2 W 8 39 = O9A [a] The model of the ammeter is an ideal ammeter in parallel with a resistor whose resistance is given by Bn = Momy = 502. ‘We can calculate the current through the real meter using current division: __ (25/12) 25 = Be a5 me) a {b] At full scale, imma = 5 A and ig =2 mA so 5 ~ 0.002 = 4998 mA flows throught the resistor Ra: Ry = 100. mV__ 100 ‘4998 m A 4998 _ (10/4998) 1 im = 3 + (10/4998) ‘imens) = 3596 (teas) {[e] Yes ‘The measured value is 60|[30.5 = 20.2.2. 180 = Game ray 796 4s =3.95 A The tne value is 60/30 = 200. 180, (+10) ore Seertor = eS x 100 = —1.28% Begin by using current division to find the actual value of the current 4: 24 24455 ine = —— 2 mene 24455 +05 (20 mA) = 16.27 mA tere (20 mA) = 16 mAP 3.33 P 3.34 P 3.35 Problems 3-23 For all full-scale readings the total resistance is full-scale reading Ry + Revoverent = Ty *. Ry = 1000 (full-scale reading) — 50 [a] Ry = 1000(100) — 50 = 99, 9500 [b] Ry = 1000(5) — 50 = 49502 [e] Rv = 100-50 = 509 fal vmeas = (20 x 10%) (24]]5.5|}4950) = 0.089411 V [b] tiroe = (20 x 109) (245.5) = 0.089492 V 0.089411 _ 089492 % error 1) x 100 = -0.08008% + mv -3 Original meter: Re = Dae = 0.0059 Modified meter: Ry = {0.0153(0.05) = 0.003759 (Tis)(0.00375) = 50 x 10-* Tg = 13.33 A ‘At full scale the voltage across the shunt resistor will be 50 mV; therefore the power dissipated will be _ (60 x 10-8)? pe 32 ‘Therefore Ra > ower =5 m2 Otherwise the power dissipated in Ra will exceed its power rating of 0.5 W3-24 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits When Ra = 5 mQ, the shunt current will be a= =10A ‘The measured current. will be igeas = 10+ 0.001 = 10.001 A Full-scale reading is for practical purposes is 10 A P 3.37. The current in the shunt resistor at full-scale deflection is in = inateate = 2X 10-® A. The voltage across Ra at full-scale deflection is always 100 mV; therefore, P 3.38 Dake 20 x 10%, + 80 x 10%(é1 — ip) = 7.5 80 x 10°(é1 — in) = 0.6 + 40ip (0.2 x 10°) 100%, — 80ip = 7.5 x 10-8 80%, — 88ip = 0.6 x 10° Calculator solution yields ig = 225 uAP 3.39 P 3.40 Problems 3-25 [b] With the insertion of the ammeter the equations become 100i; — 80ig = 7.5 x 10-* (no change) 80 x 10°(i; — in) = 10%ip + 0.6 + 40ig (200) 80: — 89ip = 0.6 x 10-* Calculator solution yields ég = 216 pA (2 = 1) 100 = -4% [a] emever = 180 V [b] Riscter = (100)(200) = 20 ke 20))70 = 15.56 kX 180 ower ~ 35.56 [c] 20/120 = 10 ko [e] % error = x 15.56 = 78.76 V Vmeter = a0) =22.5V [d] meter « = 180 V Vnuter b + Uineter ¢ = 101.26 V No, because of the loading effect. [a] Since the unknown voltage is greater than either voltmeter’s maximum reading, the only possible way to use the voltmeters would be to connect them in series =e bb] yur = (400)(1000) = 400 k= Renz Ron + Rna = 800 2 i ax = 20 x 10-8 =1 mA =i me “imax = 1 mA since meters are in series Umax = 10-*(400 + 400)10* = 800 V ‘Thus the meters can be used to measure the voltage3-26 P3.41 P 3.42 P 3.43 P 344 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits 504 800 x 10° Um = (0.63)(400) = 252 V = Uma 0.63 mA [e] tm ‘The current in the series-connected voltmeters is 328 im = op = 0.82 mA 5g ke = (0.82)(50) = 41 V Voower supply = 328 + 328 + 41 = 697 V 300 V Rayer = Pm + Ranovement = Tq = 800 k2 mean = (300 KO|}600 kO|}800 k)(3.5 mA) = (160 kO)(3.5 mA) = 560 V Veewe = (300 kS2]600 kO)(3.5 mA) = (200 kM) (3.5 mA) = 700 V ) 100 = —20% fa] Raster = 300 K+ 600 kA|200 k2 = 450 k2 450/360 = 200 k0 200 foeter = 5345(600) = 500 V [b] What is the percent error in the measured voltage? ‘True value = (ooo) = 540 V 500 % exor = (HO — 1) 100 = ~7.41% fal Ri (50)10° = 50 ka Ry = (20)108 = 20 kQ Ry = (2)10?=2kProblems 3-27 [b] Let i, = actual current in the movement iy = design current in the movement, ‘Then % error For the 50 V scale: i 5080 = == 50,000 100 ~ 50,100’ + “*~ 50,000 i, _ 50,000 T= Forzg9 = 0.9980 % error = (0.9080 — 1)100 = ~0.20% For the 20 V scale: ig _ 20,000 _ _ _ ear E = gpg [0995 % error = (0.995 —1.0)100 = ~0.4975% For the 2 V scale: ix _ 2000 4.76% E> Frog — 0.9824 % error = (0.9524 — 1.0)100 P 3.45 [a] Rmovemen = 52 Bi + Rinovement = 9579 Ry = 24,9952 Rot Ry + Rovement = 5549-5 = Ry = 25k ax Rat Ro+ Ri + Rmovere 100 kQ “Ra = 50k2 fb] 1.88 mA,3-28 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits vy = (1.88)(50) = 94 V 94 1 = Fog = 0.188 mA 88 + 0.188 = 2.068 mA ig = imove + i = Ummeas = Ur = 94+ 50ig = 197.4 V my = 100V ig = 24 0.20 = 2.20 mA i; = 100/500 =0.20 mA Vaeas = Vz = 100 + 50(2.20) = 210 V P 3.46 From the problem statement we have “ wee ° V, in mV; R, in MO 5+Rs fa] From Eq (1) 10+ R, = 0.125V, R, = 0.125V, — 10 Substituting into Eq (2) yields R= as or V,=90mV [b] From Bq (1) S we or 80R, = 100 So Ry = 1250 k2 P 3.47 Since the bridge is balanced, we can remove the detector without disturbing the voltages and currents in the circuit. It follows that i, = —_in(Ra+ Pe) io( Re + Re) SRit+R+Re+R: ORP 3.48 Problems 3-29 _ a(R + Rs) ig( ts + Ra) Rt+h+R+R SR ig 3 = Roi = v2 = Re Reig(Ra + Re) _ Reig Ri + Ro) LR oR Rs(Ro + Rs) = Re(Ri + Ra) From which R, = “2 Ry fa] — ova, apa av’ son. Re The condition for a balanced bridge is that the product of the opposite resistors must be equal: 1200) (600) (800)( 7) = (1200)(600) so Ry = C2H0)(600) {b] The source current is the sum of the two branch currents. Each branch current can be determined using Ohm’s law, since the resistors in each branch are in series and the voltage drop across each branch is 21 V: 2Vv 21V = S902 + 600A * 12000 + 900. [el] We can use current division to find the current in each branch: 1200 + 900 7200+ 900+ 800 + 600 igs = 25 mA — 15 mA = 10 mA = 9002 = 25 mA fine. = (25 mA) = 15 mA Now we can use the formula p = Ri? to find the power dissipated by each. resistor: soo = (800)(0.015)? = 180 mW poo = (600) (0.015)? = 135 mW. ize = (1200)(0.010)? = 120 mW po = (900)(0.010)? = 90 mW ‘Thus, the 8009 resistor absorbs the most power; it absorbs 180 mW of power.3-30 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits [d] From the analysis in part (¢), the 9002 resistor absorbs the least power; it absorbs 90 mW of power. P 3.49 Redraw the circuit, replacing the detector branch with a short circuit. 3 ko Ska 15 KAI k= 2.5 kO 9 kMI45 KO = 7.5 kO i= 2 =5mA vy = 8(2.5) = 12.5 V vy = 5(7.5) = 37.5 V Note the bridge structure is balanced, that is 10 x 18 = 30 x 6, hence there is no current in the 500 resistor. It follows that the equivalent resistance of the cireuit is Req = 3+ (10 + 6)||(30 + 18) =3 +12 = 150 ‘The source current is 300/15 = 20 A. ‘The current down through the branch containing the 30 and 18 resistors is 2 is = 304182) =5A pis = 18(5)? = 450 WProblems 3-31 P 3.51 In order that all four decades (1, 10, 100, 1000) that are used to set Ry contribute to the balance of the bridge, the ratio Ro/R should be set to 0.001. P 3.52 Begin by transforming the A-connected resistors (10 2,30, 6022) to Y-connected resistors. Both the Y-connected and A-connected resistors are shown below to assist in using Eqs. 3.44 ~ 3.46: 2a 160 oo o LES Now use Eqs. 3.44 ~ 3.46 to calculate the values of the Y-connected resistors: py = 60160) (30)(10) ~ 10+ 30 + 60 sa =89, mW =D w 10 +30 + 60 ‘The transformed circuit is shown below: wv 160 180 6a ‘The equivalent resistance seen by the 80 V source can be calculated by making series and parallel combinations of the resistors to the right of the 24 V source: Reg = (28+ 6)||(16 + 18) +3 = 34][34 +3 = 17 +3 = 200 ‘Therefore, the current i in the 80 V source is given by 80V =a a4a ‘= a=! Use current division to calculate the currents i; and i. Note that the current i, flows in the branch containing the 28Q and 6 series connected resistors,3-32 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits while the current éz flows in the parallel branch that contains the series connection of the 169 and 18 resistors: 16 +18 34, = prio = gt =2A and =A A-2A=2A @ a Now use KVL and Ohm’s law to calculate vy. Note that 0 is the sum of the voltage drop across the 18 resistor, 18iz, and the voltage drop across the 39 resistor, 3i: vy = 18ig + Bi = 18(2 A) +3(4 A) = 36412 =48V Finally, use KVL and Ohm’s law to calculate v2. Note that vz is the sum of the voltage drop across the 62 resistor, 6i1, and the voltage drop across the 30 resistor, 3i: v2 = Gi; +31 = 6(2 A) +3(4 A) =12412= 24V P 3.53 [a] Calculate the values of the Y-connected resistors that are equivalent, to the 10,302, and 602 A-connected resistors: (10)(30)_ _ 30. — —(30)(60)_ _ igo. Re= e340 78% P= TOF aH ~ 8 _ _(10)(60)__ Ra y+ OP Replacing the R2—R3—R, delta with its equivalent Y gives aa Now calculate the equivalent resistance Ra, by making series and parallel combinations of the resistors: Ray = 20-43 + [(30 + 6)]|(18 + 18)] +9 = 502Problems 3-33 [b] Calculate the values of the A-connected resistors that are equivalent to the 102,30, and 602 Y-connected resistors: (48) + (20)(60) + (1060) "2700 _ gy 30 30 py = (10)(80)+ soo) + (10)(60) na eon (10)(30) + (30)(60) + (10)(60) _ 2700 _ 45 Re 60 ~ 60 Replacing the Ro, Ra, Rs wye with its equivalent A gives ma Make series and parallel combinations of the r equivalent resistance Rav: 99.QI}302 = 22.50; —-270|180 = 16.8752 . 45||(22.5 + 16.875) = 21 Pay = 20+ 21+9 = 500 {[c] Convert the delta connection Ra—Rs~-Re to its equivalent wye. Convert the wye connection Rs—R4—Re to its equivalent delta. P 3.54 Replace the upper and lower deltas with the equivalent wyes: (205) _ 750 Rav = C309) = 59%; Ray = 2909) = 50; Rey = Ru. ae) = 12.50; Rat, = oe 10; Rat = s25}(100) ‘The resulting circuit is shown below:3-34 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits 17a Now make series and parallel combinations of the resistors: (7.5 + 12.5)||(3 + 17 + 80 + 10) = 20]|60 = 150 Ruy = 154+5+15+50+14= 992 P 3.55 250 6250 cat » so ‘600. aoa) 25|/6.25 = 50 60/30 = 20 . _ (6)(45) _ : ee f= “Gay ~ 25 Ai 0, = 200i = 45 V Up = Bi, = 56.25 VP 3.56 P 3.57 Problems 9.25 = Uy — Ve = 11.25 V 11.25? | 45? | 56,25? Paoiea = Rag + By tag = 298-6875 W 84+12=200 20/160 = 152 15 +20= 350 35|[140 = 280 28 +22 = 500 50/75 = 300 30 +10 = 402 ig = 240/40 = 6 A ‘ig = (6)(50)/125 = 2.4 A igo = (6 — 2.4)(35)/175 = 0.72 A Pron = (0.72)?(140) = 72.576 W ‘The top of the pyramid can be replaced by a resistor equal to (3.6)(1.8) _ R= S47 12k2 3-35 ‘The lower left and right deltas can be replaced by wyes. Each resistance in the wye equals 6000. Thus our circuit can be reduced to Now the 2400 in parallel with 12002 reduces to 800.2. Ray = 600 + 800 + 600 = 2000 = 2 k23-36 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits P 3.58 [a] Convert the upper delta to a wye. 1 = 2) so R= cord) = 240 Ry= (anyon) =602 Convert the lower delta to a wye. R= (onto) =189 = COV059) as Now redraw the circuit using the wye equivalents. 15.0 Pay = 2440+ SOU) 5 99 = 42-4 48-+-30 = 1200 [b] When v,», = 600 V 600 ig = Tyg 5A (5) (80) n= O24 Piso = (4)(15) = 60 WProblems 3-37 P 3.59 [a] After the 202—100Q—502 wye is replaced by its equivalent delta, the cireuit reduces to 00 m8 x) ‘00 sma ‘a Now the circuit can be reduced to B40 0D) gp 2400 (1000) = 240 mA 400 fg = 79g (240) = 96 mA [b] i = 2 emo) =48 mA {c] Now that i, and é are known return to the original circuit ‘va = (50)(0.048) + (600)(0.096) = 60 V ve _ 60 Tao = 199 = 000A [d] vy = v2 + 20(0.6 + 0.048) = 60 + 12.96 = 72.96 V Pg = ~(0)(1) = 72.96 W ‘Thus the current source delivers 72.96 W.3-38 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits P 3.60 [a] Replace the 3060100 delta with a wye equivalent to get 12.0 a anv C) a0 Using series/parallel reductions the circuit reduces to ma 0 ee Sno 200 (5) 5 4A [b] é = 33/30=1.1 A Returning to the original circuit, we have ig =1L1-10=01A fc] v= 60i,=6V [d] Pespptiea = (500)(5.0) = 2500 W P 3.61 Subtracting Eq. 3.42 from Eq. 3.43 gives Bi — Ra = (ReRy — ReRa)/(Ra+ Ry + Re) Adding this expression to Eq. 3.41 and solving for Ry gives Ry = ReRb/(Ra+ Ry + Re).P 3.62 P 3.63 Problems 3-39 To find Ry, subtract Eq. 3.43 from Eq. 3.41 and add this result to Eq, 3.42. To find Rg, subtract Bq. 3.41 from Eq. 3.42 and add this result to Eq Using the hint, Eq. 3.43 becomes Ro[(Ro/ Rs) Ry + (Ra/Ra)Ro} Ry(Ri + Rs) Ro M+ Rs = ha /Ry)R, + Ry + (Ra/Re)Ry (Ra + Ra + PoP) Solving for Ry gives Ry = (Ri Ro+ RoRs + RsRi)/Ro. To find Ry: First use Eqs. 3.44-3.46 to obtain the ratios (F1/Rs) = (Re/Rq) or Re = (Ri/Rs) Ra and (Ry/R) = (Rb/ Ra) or Ry = (Ry/Ra)Rq. Now use these relationships to climinate R, and R, from Eq. 3.42. To find R,, use Eqs. 3.44~3.46 to obtain the ratios Ry = (Ry/R2)Re and Ry = (Rs/R1)Re. Now use the relationships to eliminate R, and R, from Eq. 3.41. 1 Ry Ri Ro + Roks + Roky WG (7G) 07/62) + (1/G2) (1/3) + (1/Gs)(1/G1) (U/Gi)(GiGrGs) ___—G2Gs Gi+G,+Gs — Gy+G,+Gs Similar manipulations generate the expressions for Gy, and Ge. Ge _ Ro(2Ri+ Rr) _ [a] Pa = 28+ oR ry 7 Re Po(2Ri +R) _ QR — = Therefore 2s — Rt oR ee Thus RE = 4R} +4, Rp = 4Ra(Ri + Ro) When R,, = Rt, the current into terminal a of the attenuator will be w/R, ‘Using current division, the current in the Ry, branch will be uw Ro Ry WR +R+ Rh. mR qv —— herefore te = FoR RR {b] (600)? = 4(R; + Ro)Ri 9x 104 = R24 RiRp % _oge Ro 8 FR, Re + 6003-40 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits 1.2R1 + 0.6R2 + 360 = Ro .2Rs + 360 Ro = 3Ry +900 . 9x 104 = RF + Ri(3Ri + 900) = 4RF + 900R 0.4R2 = RY + 225R, — 22,500 = 0 R= 5)? + 22,500 = —112.5 + 187.5 3(75) + 900 = 11252 P 3.64 [a] After making the Y-to-A transformation, the circuit reduces to ar ae b 4 Combining the parallel resistors reduces the circuit to o75R 4 BRR, _ 2.25R? +3.75RR, BR+R, BR+R, 3R 2.25R? + 3.75RRi, 3R+ Ri, _ 3R(3R+5Rt) 2.25R2+3.75RR,\ 15R+9R, an ( SR Re Now note: 0.75R+ ‘Therefore Ra, When Rap = Ry, we have 15RR, + 9R? = 9R? + 15RR, ‘Therefore R2=R? or R,=RProblems 3-41 [b] When R= Ry, the circuit reduces to ove, —#GR)_ 1, tw 1 = = 1% = O.75Riio = 50, = 45k, 15° 15R, * Oy ‘Therefore P 3.65 [a] 3(3R-R,) 9R — 1800 6R=2400, R= 4002 _ _2(400)(600)? R= 3(a00)? — (6007 ~ 24002 fb] i 2000 i = 300 — 50 = 250 mA 3 = 100 — 50 = 50 mA ‘ig = 250 — 50 = 200 mA3-42 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits P2100 top = (50 x 10°*)?(2400) = 6 W Paco tot. = (250 x 10~%)?(400) = 25 W P00 right = (50 x 107*)?(400) = 1 W 6 W P40 vertical = (200 10~$)?(400) P00 toad = (100 x 10~$)?(600) = 6 W ‘The 400 resistor carrying iz [el Pico ter. = 25 W [d] The 400 © resistor carrying és fe] Paoo right = 1 W P3.66 [a] Rvs Rot Ret AR R+Ry When the bridge is balanced, Ra Ro+ Re U_ = Ua — Uy Ray Radin Rot Rat AR Rot Ry = Ravin 1 1 lm ++ AR” Ro+ al Ravin(—AR) (Ro + Rat AR)(Re + Ra) =(AR)Ravin (Ro + Ra’ since AR << RyProblems 3-43 (b] AR =0.03R, __ Rag _ (1000)(5000) _ Ra = pt = ag = 10,0002 AR = (0.03)(10*) = 3002 = 300(5000)(6) 1. Up RE (5,000) =—40 mV (AR)Ravin fd». = —— oe (Ro + Ra + AR)(R. + Ra) __=300(5000)(6) ~ (15,300)(15,000) = -39.2157 mV —(AR)Ravin P 3.67 [a] approx value = ee - =(AR)Ratin true value = RET ARMS E R) approx value _ (Ro + Ra +AR) true value (eo + Ra) % error = [Ret Pat AR _ a Rot Ra put my = ks % error = —P2AR_ - Ra(Ra + Rs) = (500)(300) - Ub] % error = “e5gay¢i500) * 100 2% AR(Rs)(100) _ P3808 Ce Ray °° AR(500)(100) =05 (71500)(5000) ~ AR=72 % change = —°__ x 100 = 0.75% 10,0003-44 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits P 3.69 [a] From Eq 3.64 we have (2) - mater in) ~ FR(L +20)? Substituting into Eq 3.63 yields ___ % > RAG + 20)? Solving for Ry yields Ro =(1+20)PRy {b] From Eq 3.67 we have Re Ry a Ro Ri + Ro+2Ry But Ry = (1+ 20)?R; and R, = oR, therefore ae (1420)?Ri (1420)? iy RUF (OF 20PR, +20R, (+20) + (1+ 20)? _ 1420 30 Fe) Tt follows that (2) _ (+20)? ip. A+)? Substituting into Eq 3.66 gives ry = C420)" _ (4 20)PoRy a +o 4+ of P3.70 From Eq 3.69 iy _ RoR 5 D But D = (Ry + 2Rq)(Rz + 2Ry) + 2RnRe where Ry = of; Rp = (1+20)?R; and Ry = qt oy ‘Therefore D can be written asP371 Problems 3-45 AL+20)?oRy 4 +o)? D= (my +2ory [0-+20)R+ a seers) a+ 0) = (14+20)R? [ + meee + ee) (14-2082 te (a+ off ++ (1+ 20)o} 1+ 20) RE CPR il + 80-4203} 21 + 20)°Ry [ (1420)*R} G¥o) | RaRe(L+o) ig 0+ 20)4RF (1+20)*RiRa(1 +0) (+ 20) RF (1+o0)Rs (420 PR, When this result is substituted into Eq 3.69 we get (1+ 0) RRs Ra Ty 26)? Solving for Rs gives _ (1+ 20)4Ri R= To From the dimensional specifications, calculate ¢ and Rs: y _ 0.025 _ . Va _ 1? eo 7 0085; Re= = 10 = 1.29 Calculate Ry from Ry and o: _ (+e)? i= (420) Ry = 1.03720 Calculate Ra, Rs, and Ry: (L+20)PoRi “Faso 7 0.00880 Ra = oR, = 0.02599 R=346 P 3.72 P 3.73 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits Ry = (1+ 20)?Ry = 1.14352 Using symmetry, Ry = Rp = 1.14350 Rs = Ry = 1.08720 Re = Ry = 0.00682 Ra = Ry = 0.02590 ‘Test the calculations by checking the power dissipated, which should be 120 W/m. Calculate D, then use Eqs. (3.58)-(3.60) to calculate iy, i1, and é2: D = (Ri + 2Rq)(Ro + 2Rp) + 2RaRy = 1.2758 Vac(Ra + Re+2Ra) _ oy D Val D Vac(Ri + 2Ra) D a = 10.7561 A a= = 10.2439 A It follows that i?, = 3 W and the power dissipation per meter is 3/0.025 = 120 W/m. The value of i?R; = 120 W/m. The value of «3Rz = 120 W/m. Finally, 7R, = 3 W/m. From the solution to Problem 3.71 we have i, = 21 A and ig = 10 A. By symmetry ig = 21 A thus the total current supplied by the 12 V source is 21-+21 +10 or 52 A. Therefore the total power delivered by the source is Pi2y (del) = (12)(52) = 624 W. We also have from the solution that Ps = Dy = Pe = Pa = 3 W. Therefore the total power delivered to the vertical resistors is py = (8)(3) = 24 W. The total power delivered to the five horizontal resistors is pq = 5(120) = 600 W. <. Spain = Pa + py = 624 W = Yopaa [a] ¢ = 0.05/1.25 = 0.04 Since the power dissipation is 150 W/m the power dissipated in Ry must be 150(1.25) or 187.5 W. Therefore 12? R= E75 ).768 2 From Table 3.1 we have = +o) _ 9 6106, R= "Tp 2a)e ~ 0.61062 Ry = oR; = 0.02440Problems 3-47 Ry = (1+ 20)?R, = 0.71220 (1+ 20)?oRy Po= “Ta + oF = 0.00662 ‘Therefore Ry = Ry = 0.71229 Re = Ry = 0.00662 Ra = Ra = 0.02449 [b] D = 0.4877 _ VaR ~ dD #2Ry = 187.5 W or 150 W/m 17.52 A a Ri +2. Butoh Vac = 16.23 A é8Ry = 187.5 W or 150 W/m ®R, = 7.5 W or 150 W/m R 2Ra nt Rot Rey Di = 33.75 A iy i2Ry = 7.5 W or 150 W/m 2 Ggouree = 33.75 + 33,75 + 83.125 A 0 aa = 12(83.125) = 997.50 W py = 5(187.5) = 937.5 W py = 8(7.5) = 60 W Yet = Spin = 997.50 W4 Techniques of Circuit Analysis Assessment Problems AP 4.1 [a] Redraw the circuit, labeling the reference node and the two node voltages: “39 i 15a 602 #150 22. 5A Vv ‘The two node voltage equations are eM MN 18+ 6 + a5 = 0 = 0 Place these equations in standard form: 1 1 . n(St+ets) + (-3) = 15 1 11 (+2) + u(§+3) = -5 Solving, 0 = 60 V and 2 = 10 V; Therefore, iy = (v —v2)/5= 10 A [] Pisa = ~(15 A)vi = —(15 A)(60 V) = 900 W = 900 W(detivered) [el pon = (6 Aen = (5 A)(10 V) = 50 W= ~50 W(delivered) 444-2 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis AP 4,2 Redraw the circuit, choosing the node voltages and reference node as shown: “69 1 20% 40 45a 19 9 12Q 30V v ‘The two node voltage equations are: 4548 BOO =0 = 0 Place these equations in standard form: 1 1 1 == = 45 " ( * 3) * va a) 45 1 1 1.1 n(-3) + a(gteta) = 75 Solving, 1 =6V — m=18V To find the voltage », first find the current é throngh the series-connected 60 and 20 resistors: y1—% _ 6-18 642 8 SA Using a KVL equation, calculate »: v= B+ my = 2-15) +18=15 V AP 43 [a] Redraw the circuit, choosing the node voltages and reference node as shown: ey so |, 20 Iv, Si, 5ov! 82 40 5A ¥ The node voltage equations are: m-50 Mom a tet mH = 0 mM gL b+ 7+ S yo +3 = 0- Problems 4-3 ‘The dependent source requires the following constraint equation: 50-0 6 Place these equations in standard form: w(en) tas) s aca = aC) old) +0 = n() + v2(0) tag = 2 Solving, 1, =32V; =16V; i =3A Using these values to caleulate the power associated with each source: Psov = ~50i, = —150W —5(v2) = -80W -44W Pai, = Bir(v2 —"1) [b] All three sources are delivering power to the circuit because the power computed in (a) for each of the sources is negative, AP 4.4 Redraw the circuit and label the reference node and the node at which the node voltage equation will be written: 209 102 vo 200 tv, 3402-20), + Y% 40 ‘The constraint equation required by the dependent source is _ . Wve 10+ 2ia ig = hoa + i300 = 9 + 3H Place these equations in standard form:44 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis v(K+ptm) + ia(l) =1 v0(s5) + (1-2) = 148 Solving, ig =-3.2A and v=24V AP 4.5 Redraw the circuit identifying the three node voltages and the reference node: M4250 y x 2 IQ sang [27a fa © g2sa OV Note that the dependent voltage source and the node voltages v and vp form a supernode. The v1 node voltage equation is ‘The constraint equation due to the supernode is Utig = 02 Place this set of equations in standard form: n(getgs) + v(-z) + HO + 420) = 48 m (-) + (+H) + (+) + 4,02) = 12 a(-#) + + v2(0) + il) = 0 vi(0) + (1) + v(-1) + ie(1) 0 Solving this set of equations gives vj = 15 V, v2 = 10 V, ie =2 A, and v=8V.Problems 4-5 AP 4.6 Redraw the circuit identifying the reference node and the two unknown node voltages. Note that the right-most node voltage is the sum of the 60 V source and the dependent source voltage. big 3 29 4 30 " we 60+8y cov 249 320 ‘The node voltage equation at vy is = 60, mm — (604 Gis) 2 | 3 ‘The constraint equation due to the dependent source is 60+ big — v1 oe 0 Place these two equations in standard for an(Z+ gts) + to(-2) = 30420 » (5) + is(1-2) = 20 Solving, ig=—-4A and 1 =48V AP 47 [a] Redraw the circuit identifying the three mesh currents: 300 5: -) 900 tu Ag ‘The mesh current equations are: —80 + 5(i1 — i2) + 26(41 — is) 30i2 + 90(i2 — is) + 5(i2 th) = Big + 26(és — a) + 90(is ~ é2)46 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Place these equations in standard form: 3li, — Sig — 261g = 80 Bi, + 125% 90i, = 0 —26i1 — Wiz + 124ig = 0 Solving, HSA; =2A; = 25A Paov = —(80)ix = —(80)(5) ‘Therefore the 80 V souree is delivering 400 W to the ci [b] pan = (8)43 = 8(2.5)? = 50 W, so the 8 resistor dissipates 50 W. —400 W mit. AP 48 [a] b= 8, n=6, b-n+1=3 [b] Redraw the circuit identifying the three mesh currents: Ne 4Q ‘The three mesh-current equations are 25 + Air — in) + 5( ig) +10 = 0 —(—Bug) + 14ig + 3(2 — ts) +AU —h) = 0 lig — 10 + 5(i3 — i1) + 33-2) = 0 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is 4 = 3(is — ia) Place these four equations in standard form: Tiy — ig — Big + Ove = 15 -2i, + 19i2 — Bis +34 = 0 Si: — Bi + 9ig + 00g = 10 Oig + Biz — Big + 1v6 = 0 Solving =4 A; =-1A; ig=3A; y=LRVProblems 4-7 Pas = —(—809)i2 = 3(12)(—1) = -36 W ‘Thus, the dependent source is delivering 36 W, or absorbing ~36 W. AP 4.9 Redraw the circuit identifying the three mesh currents: 22 ole vt + wid ,)agea OS ‘The mesh current equations are: 25 + Gig — i) + Blin — fc) Bip + Bin — ic) + 6-1.) = 0 Big + 8(éc — ta) + 8(ie— ty) = 0 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is ig = i,. We can substitute this simple expression for i into the third mesh equation and place the equations in standard form: Mi, — Gi, Bie = 25 —6i, + 164, —8i, = 0 Si, — Bin + 16%, = 0 Solving, q ° =4A; = 25A; HDA ‘Thus, te = Blin 8(4—-2) =16V AP 4.10 Redraw the circuit identifying the mesh currents: . SR wo >) fo) 452) due Ag48 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Since there is a current source on the perimeter of the i mesh, we know that i = —16 A. The remaining two mesh equations are ~30-+ 3i +2 in) +6 = 0 Siz + 5(ig + 16) + 4in + Ain) = 0 Place these equations in standard form: 1li) —2ig = 30 2, +192 = —80 Solving: i; =2 A, —4A, is =-16A ‘The current in the 2Q resistor is #)—ig=6A-. poo = (6)°(2)=72W ‘Thus, the 2 resistors dissipates 72 W. AP 4.11 Redraw the circuit and identify the mesh currents: 3 TD) Yo DO ‘There are current sources on the perimeters of both the #, mesh and the ig mesh, so we know that 2ug =A; == 5 ‘The remaining mesh current equation is ~T5 + 2ig + 10) + 5(ig — 0.44) = 0 ‘The dependent source requires the following constraint equation: U4 = Blin — ic) = 5(ig — 0.409) Place the mesh current equation and the dependent source equation is standard form: Tix 2p = 55 Sig — 30g = 0 Solving: 15 A; 1A; i=10A; 1 =25V ‘Thus, i, = 15 A.Problems 4-9 AP 4.12 Redraw the circuit and identify the mesh currents: 101 ‘The 2 A current source is shared by the meshes é, and ip. Thus we combine these meshes to form a supermesh and write the following equation: 10+ 2i, + 20H, ig) + (in — te) = 0 ‘The other mesh current equation is 64+ Lic + Bic — in) + 2(ie— i») = 0 ‘The supermesh constraint equation is 2 igi Place these three equations in standard form: ig + diy — dig = 10 ~2i,— iy +5ie = 6 igi +0, = 2 Solving, i%=7A; i=5A; i= GA Thus, pin = #2(1) = (6)°(1) = 36 W AP 4.13 Redraw the circuit and identify the reference node and the node voltage v1: 162 190 20 28, Cya5v ‘The node voltage equation is 4-20 m= 25 - =0 5 10410 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis ‘Rearranging and solving, 101 20% n(gt+i)=2+ipt io 2 =35V Poa = —35(2) = -70 W ‘Thus the 2 A current source delivers 70 W. AP 4.14 Redraw the circuit and identify the mesh currents: - vy + 20 52 ‘There is a current source on the perimeter of the is mesh, so ig = 4 A. The other two mesh current equations are =128-+ 4(i — 4) + 6-2) +2 = 0 Win + Sig + 6(i2— tn) +3(2—4) = 0 ‘The constraint equation due to the dependent source is i, =) ig = -4 Substitute the constraint equation into the second mesh equation and place the resulting two mesh equations in standard form: 12i, — Gig = 144 245; + lig 132 Solving, i=9A; =-GA; tp=4A; =9-4=5A 44 = 3(is — a) — diz = 10 V Psa = —%4a(4) = —(10)(4) = —40 W ‘Thus, the 2 A current source delivers 40 W.Problems 4-11 AP 4.15 [a] Redraw the circuit with a helpful voltage and current labeled: 60 209 jeov . sea) BNE, 80: 1z0ve 50 ‘Transform the 120 V source in series with the 200 resistor into a 6 A source in parallel with the 20@ resistor. Also transform the —60 V source in series with the 5@ resistor into a —12 A source in parallel with the 50 resistor. The result: is the following circuit: 20NF 12; 50: sea) BNE, 80: Combine the three current, sources into a single current source, using KCL, and combine the 202, 5, and 6 resistors in parallel. The resulting circuit is shown on the left. To simplify the circuit further, transform the resulting 30 A source in parallel with the 2.40 resistor into a 72 V source in series with the 2.492 resistor. Combine the 2.4 resistor in series with the 1.62 resisor to get. a very simple circuit that still maintains the voltage v. The resulting cireuit is on the right. 169 4 =i soa) v.24 8 IC 80 Use voltage division in the circuit on the right to calculate v as follows: 8 = 2 (72) = 48 v= 73(72) =48V [b] Calculate i in the circuit on the right using Ohm’s law: v 4 aug 7OA412 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Now use i to calculate 1, in the circuit on the left: vy = 6(1.6 +8) = 57.6 V Retnrning back to the original circuit, note that the voltage v, is also the ‘voltage drop across the series combination of the 120 V source and 200 resistor. Use this fact to calculate the current in the 120 V source, ig: _ 120 120 ~~ 0 Prov = —(120)i, = —(120)(3.12) = —374.40 W Thus, the 120 V source delivers 374.4 W. =312A ie AP 4.16 To find Rr, replace the 72 V source with a short cireuit: 129 50. 89. 209 Ry Note that the 59 and 20 resistors are in parallel, with an equivalent resistance of 5||20 = 40. The equivalent 4 resistance is in series with the 80 resistor for an equivalent resistance of 4 +8 = 120. Finally, the 120 equivalent: resistance is in parallel with the 12 resistor, so Roy = 12/12 = 6. Use node voltage analysis to find vr, Begin by redrawing the circuit and labeling the node voltages: 129 Ee} 8Q "th we 209 ¥ ‘The node voltage equations are uy-72AP 4.17 AP 4.18 Problems 4-13 Place these equations in standard form: (ied "AS 20 1 1 a + m(t+d) = 6 Solving, v; = 60 V and v7 64.8 V. Therefore, the Thévenin equivalent: circuit is a 64.8 V source in series with a 6 Q resistor. We begin by performing a source transformation, turning the parallel combination of the 15 A source and 82 resistor into a series combination of a 120 V source and an 89 resistor, as shown in the figure on the left. Next, combine the 20, 8 and 102 resistors in series to give an equivalent 200 resistance. Then transform the series combination of the 120 V source and the 200 equivalent resistance into a parallel combination of a 6 A source and a 200 resistor, as shown in the figure on the right. 80 20 1200) 20 20n F120 109 Finally, combine the 209 and 129 parallel resistors to give Ry = 20/12 = 7.52. Thus, the Norton equivalent circuit is the parallel combination of a 6 A source and a 7.59 resistor. Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to A, B using source transformations. ‘To begin, convert the series combination of the —36 V source and 12 kQ resistor into a parallel combination of a —3 mA source and 12 k® resistor. The resulting circuit: is shown below: 15k Dam 212kQ DiemA 260kQ Now combine the two parallel current sources and the two parallel resistors to give a —3 +18 = 15 mA source in parallel with a 12 k{j60 k= 10 k® resistor. ‘Then transform the 15 mA source in parallel with the 10 k resistor into a 150 V source in series with a 10 kQ resistor, and combine this 10 k® resistor in series with the 15 kQ resistor. The Thévenin equivalent is thus a 150 V414 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis left of the terminals A,B source in series with a 25 k@ resistor, as seen to the in the circuit below. 25kQ_ A @1s0v Yas 3100kQ 5 Now attach the voltmeter, modeled as a 100 kO resistor, to the Thévenin equivalent and use voltage division to calculate the meter reading vag: 100,000 125,000 np (150) = 120 V AP 4.19 Begin by calculating the open circuit voltage, which is also vry, from the ‘uit. below: 34, Ym 20 I wave aA® Pal v Summing the currents away from the node labeled vr» We have Oth . , Urn — 24 SB 443i, + 0 ‘Also, using Ohm's law for the 82 resistor, om 8 iz Substituting the second equation into the first. and solving for urn yields vom =8 V. Now calculate Rp. To do this, we use the test source method. Replace the voltage source with a short circuit, the current source with an open circuit,Problems 4-15 and apply the test voltage vr, as shown in the circuit below: ai, 30 Write a KCL equation at the middle node: in + Big + vr/2 = diz + v1/2 iy Use Ohm’s law to determine i, as a function of vp: ig = vr/8 Substitute the second equation into the first equation: ig = (4/8) + v4/2 = vr ‘The Thévenin equivalent is an 8 V source in series with a 10 resistor. AP 4.20 Begin by calculating the open circuit voltage, which is also vrp, using the node voltage method in the cireuit below: 160i, v Mth 4 200 7 60 4a 800 400: Es ¥ ‘The node voltage equations are v pun (vrn + 160in) a io 6 20 % vm , Um, Urn +160i4—0 40 * 80 20 =o ‘The dependent source constraint equation is om a= 3416 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Substitute the constraint equation into the node voltage equations and put the two equations in standard form: »(jo+a5) + = (-an) o(-t) + om (Gt atm) Solving, v = 172.5 V and wry = 30 V. Now use the test source method to calculate the test current and thus Fry. Replace the current source with a short circuit and apply the test source to get the following circuit: 600% (Ur Ur, rt 1604 ir = 39 t 20 30 ‘The dependent: source constraint equation is . or ise 40 Substitute the constraint equation into the KCL equation and simplify the right-hand side or =H ‘Therefore, Rm = 22 = 100 ip ‘Thus, the Thévenin equivalent is a 30 V source in series with a 102 resistor. AP 4.21 First find the Thévenin equivalent circuit. To find vm, create an open circuit between nodes a and b and use the node voltage method with the cireuitProblems 4-17 below: ‘The node voltage equations are: enn — (100-404) , om = ty 4 4 1100, 4-20, 10m qt a tg ‘The dependent source constraint equation is = 0 = 0 1g = 11-20 Place these three equations in standard form: om($+4) + (-4) + 4(-7) = % om (~3) + ui (f+3+3) + (0) = 30 vm (0) + (I) + %(-1) = 2 Solving, vr, = 120 V, vu; = 80 V, and vg = 60 V. Now create a short circuit, between nodes a and b and use the mesh current method with the circuit below: 4 ‘The mesh current equations are ~100 + A(t — ig) Fug+20 = tg + din + Ain — ine) + 4(2 2) = -20 — 0g + Aine iz) = 04-18 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis ‘The dependent source constraint equation is 06 = Alin — tne) Place these four equations in standard form: iy — Sin + Vie +¥% = 80 —4i; + 12ig — dig 6 = 0 Oi) — din + ig U6 = 20 fi: + Oi2 Aig vg = 0 Solving, iy = 45 A, #2 = 30 A, te = 40 A, and vp = 20 V. Thus, mm _ 120 Rm = T= Fy = 30 [a] For maximum power transfer, R= Rm = 39 [b] The Thévenin voltage, vm = 120 V, splits equally between the Thévenin resistance and the load resistance, 80 mai = 2 = 60-V Therefore, Sot — 60° _ 1999 w Pow Road 3 AP 4.22 Sustituting the value R = 3 into the circuit and identifying three mesh currents we have the it below: ‘The mesh current equations are: ~100 + 4(i; in) +p +20 = 0 mug + dip + (in — is) + 4-1) = =20 — 04 + Ais ~ ia) +33 =Problems 4-19 ‘The dependent: source constraint equation is Up = Ah — 6s) Place these four equations in standard form: fi —4in + 0is toy = 80 —4iy + 122 —4is— ry = 0 Oi) — 4ig + Tig— 0g = 20 4i, +0i2 — digg = 0 Solving, ix = 30 A, ig = 20 A, ig = 20 A, and vy = 40 V. fa] prov = —(100)ix = —(100)(30) = —3000 W. Thus, the 100 V source is delivering 3000 W. {B] Parprorce = —Usia = delivering 800 W. [c] From Assessment Problem 4.21(b), the power delivered to the load resistor is 1200 W, so the load power is (1200/3800)100 = 31.58% of the combined power generated by the 100 V source and the dependent source (40)(20) = -800 W. Thus, the dependent source is4-20 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Problems PA. [al (b) (el (d] ‘There are six circuit components, five resistors and the current source. Since the current is known only in the current source, it is unknown in the five resistors. Therefore there are five unknown currents. ‘There are four essential nodes in this circuit, identified by the dark black dots in Fig, P4.4, At three of these nodes you can write KCL equations ‘that will be independent of one another. A KCL equation at the fourth node would be dependent on the first three. Therefore there are three independent KCL equations Sum the currents at any three of the four essential nodes a, b, c, and d. Using nodes a, b, and ¢ we get ig tip tin=0 htitis=0 is — ig — ig =0 ‘There are three meshes in this circuit: one on the left with the components ip, Ri, and Ry; one on the top right with components Ry, Ro, and Rg; and one on the bottom right with components Rs, Ry, and Rg, We cannot write a KVL equation for the left mesh because we don’t know the voltage drop across the current source. Therefore, we can write KVL equations for the two meshes on the right, giving a total of two independent KVL equations. Sum the voltages around two independent closed paths, avoiding a path that contains the independent current source since the voltage across the current source is not known. Using the upper and lower meshes formed by the five resistors gives Ryiy + Rgis — Rata =0 Rais + Reis — Rais = 0P42 Problems 4-21 Ry ——————w Rp 2 ae Rs Ry Rs + 25, 1ev@ Rez, 4) 5mA, [a] 11 branches, 7 branches with resistors, 2 branches with independent P43 sources, 2 branches with dependent sources [b] ‘The current is unknown in every branch except the one containing the 5 ‘mA current source, so the current is unknown in 10 branches. [c] 11 essential branches each containing a single element. [a] ‘The current is known only in the essential branch containing the current source, and is unknown in the remaining 10 essential branches |] From the figure there are 5 nodes ~ four identified by rectangular boxes and one identified by a triangle. {f] There are 5 essential nodes, four identified with rectangular boxes and one identified with a triangle fg] A mesh is like a window pane, and as can be seen from the figure there are 7 window panes or meshes. Ry Bi Re Rs [a] As can be seen from the figure, the circuit has 2 separate parts. [b] There are 5 nodes ~ the four black dots and the node betweem the voltage source and the resistor Ry. [e] There are 7 branches, each containing one of the seven circuit components422 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis [a] When a conductor joins the lower nodes of the two separate parts, there is now only a single part in the cirenit. There would now be 4 nodes, because the two lower nodes are now joined as a single node. The number of branches remains at 7, where each branch contains one of the seven individual cireuit components. P 4.4 [a] From Problem 4.2(d) there are 10 essential branches were the current is unknown, so we need 10 simultaneous equations to describe the circuit. {b] From Problem 4.2(£), there are 5 essential nodes, so we can apply KCL at (5-1) =4 of these essential nodes. There would also be two dependent source constraint equations. (c] The remaining 4 equations needed to describe the circuit will be derived from KVL equations. [a] We must avoid using the meshes containing current sources, as we have no way of determining the voltage drop across a current source. P45 4 Fo 2 Sin 4@ Ry R: R: hf? a]? 3 Atnodel: ig +i; +iz=0 Atnode 2: —ig tis tin =0 At node 3: iy — i) — is tg =0 [b] There are many possible solutions. For example, solve the equation at node I for iy: ig=iitin Substitute this expression for é, into the equation at node 3: 80 ip—ig— ig = 0 (a+b) hh ist = Multiply this last equation by -1 to get the equation at node 2: —(ig—ig—is)=-0 50 ig tig +i =0 P 4.6 Use the lower terminal of the 5 © resistor as the reference node. v9 — 60 Yo ote ts=e Solving, — % =10VProblems 4-23 P 47 [a] From the solution to Problem 4.5 we know v, = 10 V, therefore Psa = 3. = 30 W . psa (developed) = —30 W [b] ‘The current into the negative terminal of the 60 V source is j, — 0-10 a 10 Peoy = —60(5) = —300 W =5A . peov (developed) = 300 W [e] Pion = (5)°(10) = 250 W Ps = (10)?/5 = 20 W Vee = 300 W pais = 250 + 20 + 30 = 300 W PAs fa) MT 430, v= IV [b] me e = voltage drop across 3 A source Ug = Up — (10)(3) = -20V Pax (developed) = (3)(20) = 60 W [c] Let iy = be the current into the positive terminal of the 60 V source i, = (10 — 60)/10 = 5 A aov (developed) = (5)(60) = 300 W 4] Spas = (6)2(10) + (3)2(20) + (10)?/5 = 360 W Ypais = 300 + 60 = 360 W [e] v» is independent, of any finite resistance connected in series with the 3 A. current source mM Uw 9 24420 49" P49 244+ 52+ 55 wy Solving, 1 =25V; = 90V424 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis CHECK: = 25? Passa = “os = 5 W (90-25)? Pasa = a5 169 W _ (907 Poon = “F59 — 32.4 W (90)? Pars = “apg = 21.6 W Paan = (25)(2.4) = 60 W Spam = 5 + 169 + 32.4 + 21.6 + 60 = 288 W Ypaew = (90)(3.2) = 288 W (CHECKS) P 4.10 [a] 80 180) in + + reevG vga vd200 2) 10v ¥ my 128 om 3 tat ° i is +207 10 =0 In standard form, u(i+h+e)+m(-z) — a7" 18 i8 8 _ 7 ~ 70 Solving, ) =96 Vi v2 = 60V 28 inProblems 4-25 60 ja= a3 A 60-70 10 [b] pao = 128(4) + 70(1) = 582 W -1A P 4.11 [a] 2 7s a wt mot a In np for 1 rata ts) ) +0 (= a) = 125 n(den(tes a +p)ts(-a) = ° ag) te (yg Brats +atn) = 125 Solving, v1 = 101.24 V; v2 = 10.66 V; v3 = 106.57 V 125-1 ww Thus, = = 23.768 y= =15A B= 5.33.4 =977A i +125 un owks T= BBA ie = Nyt = 8.06.4 [b] S>Piey = 125%, + 125i3 = 5273.09 W YPais = (1) + (2) + 131) + 19(6) + 4312) + HG (24) = 5273.09 W4.26 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P4i2 ao] 0, Mave veton vu," 5a + w= M4 ae _ 7. +p w 0 80 200, — vy = 2880 ath y = = 3+ 2B =0 80 uy + 17 = 240 Solving, =100V; %=20V PAI3 + 20 ay Fan Dssv Od 30 t | % 24% tats 1% =20V pon = (20)(2) = 40 W (absorbing) P 4.14 [a] 20 250 7 80 31v, ~ 20v2 + Ov = 6400 80 ~20, +802 — v5 = ~64 +4 —128=0 50 Ov — vy + 305 = 64 Solving,vy = 380 V; vm =260.V; v= 111 V, {b) i, = = 380 _ 524 5 q(del) = (640)(52) = 33,280 WPAIS Problems 4-27 4a 2 Sa 350) 306 31.250 son DIA 2 3 350 (v2 +30) | » u pea! M_4=0 i 7 3125 * 35 =(m+30)] wm m= 4 15 50) 3125 v9 te 3 BO” Solving, 1 =76V; w%2=46V; v3=-2V; taov=0A Av, = —4(76) Pa —304 W (del) Pia = (1)(—2) = -2 W (del) Psoy = (30)(0) = 0 W Pisa = (0)°(15) = 0 W 2 762 =u _» Pan = 5b = Ge = 231.04 W (ui—t)? _ 30 Psi.2s0 = = 28.8 W 3125 us? 48? son (lower) = ae) = 46.08 W cignt) = = 4 —o08w Pron(tight) = 55 = 55 = 0. Spi = 0 + 231.04 + 28.8 + 46.08 + 0.08 = 306 W Space = 304+2=306 W (CHECKS)428 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Lg = Vy Hy bg Ho +n 1 . Yo = [er tue ttt +9] [b] v= (150 + 200 — 50) = 100 V te, Wt5ia , vy —80 1. — 80 7 3422 ae PAIT 3+ 599 + 10 20 D0 {a} Solving, v. 50 V + Sig [big = 4S in = (50 — 80)/20= 1.5. A je =425A; Sig =—75V: pln (—Bia)(ias) = 31.875 W [e] psa = —30, = —3(50) = -150 W (del) Paov = 80ig = 80(—1.5) = -120 W pact = 150 + 120 = 270 W CHECK: (del) Paoon = 2500/200 = 12.5 W Pron = (80 — 50)?/20 = 900/20 = 45 W Pron = (4.25)*(10) = 180.625 W Ypaiss = 31.875 + 180.625 + 12.5 + 45 = 270 W P 4.18 [a] > 250 son 200 + + 50 2iI> “Ff ro0n %2 F 2000 1. e.sv - 5iS vasProblems 4-29 ty mn —2ig t+ 00 + 3 v2 — U1 v2 | U2— Us oe 7 = 403 = ee so —80y + 13u — 405 = 0 Uy— 0 , Uy — big , vy ~ 38.5 50 5 20 =0 so 5v; — 802 +403 =0 80 Ov; — dup + 29u3 = 192.5 Solving, 01 = —50V;_ v2 =—30V; my =2.5V Desa = Law Calculate J paev because we don’t know if the dependent sources are developing or absorbing power. Likewise for the independent source. —2ignn = -2(-0.65)(—50) = -65 W(dev) 3.7375 W(dev) Px Poie = Sigs = 5(—0.65)(1.15) 10.30 W(dev) Py = -38.5(1.8) = SY Pacy = 69.3 + 65 + 3.7375 = 138.0375 W a HECK 9500 , 900 , 400 pas = cre 300 t ae + (0-65)%(50) + (1 15)?5 + (1.8)?(20) = 138.0375 W 2. Spaev = Lpais = 138.0375 W P 419 y. i, 50. 100 aove Lisa Ori. v 150) 9-80 Ye | Yot Thi Ue 3 tat me 9 50 Solving, v=50V; ig =1A430 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis 50 — (~75)(1) _ 5 25 A Piste = Tigo = —375 W ‘The dependent voltage source delivers 375 W to the circuit. P 4.20 [a] 5424+ 4E%=0 so 4v; — 302 +0ig = 75 mom mt et Big 10* 30 =0 so —6u +1 +5ia=0 ua <2 90 Big 45 Solving, 4) =30V; w%=15V; in =3A; = Ege 1A Poig = (—15)(1) = -15 W(del) Poa = —5(30) = —150 W(del) “Pao = 165 W 1b) Sop = OOF 4 GOP 4 U8) 5 (16) + (70) = 105 W + Spay = Save = 165 W P 421 3000 2000 The two node voltage equations are: m= ue 30 50” 40 m= ao 87+ 599 + S00 Place these equations in standard form: n(Stars) + »(-@) - 2 *\s0 "50" 40. 40, ~ 80 u(-3) + «(5+ 55+ aa) ors +P 4.22 Problems 4-31 ‘Thus, vp = 02 — 50 = 53.2 — 50 = 3.2 V. POWER CHECK: ig = (50 ~34)/80 + (50 — 53.2)/800 = 196 m A Pav = —(50)(0.196) = -9.8 W pan = (50 —34)?/80 = 3.2 W Peon = (50—53.2)?/800 = 12.8 m W pun = (53.2 —34)?/40 = 9.216 W Poon = = 347/50 = 23.12 W Pron == 53.22/20 = 14.1512 W Porsa = —(63.2)(0.75) = -39.9 W Spans = 3.2 + 0128 + 9.216 + 23.12 + 14.1512 = 49.7 W = Spas = 98 + 39.9 = 49.7 sov wm uae 1-80 et ES 0 80 2 — Toy = 1120 wm, 80 _ nt =0 so Guy + 23m = 960 Solving, 1. =70V; = 60V wat ‘Thus, ig = =1A4-32 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.23 [al S00 13v2 ~ 4vg — 6g + O05 = 1500 —2ve + Gus + 04 — 305 = 0 22 + Ovg + 37u4 — Lvs = 2000 2 Ue — 0 Us, UU 2 4 4 Solving, v2 =300V; v3=180V; 1% =280V; vs = 160 V 500 ~ v4 _ 500 ~ 280 0 80 Oty — 2u5— v4 + 405 = 0 isn =] a 20A Poa = (20)?(5) = 2000 W B) toy = BEBE = wom 280 _50420=70A 4 Psoov = 35,000 W itProblems — 4-33 Check: 2n Lice HL, 30a 4ons— 102 TPais = (50)?(4) + (40)%(3) + (80)?(6) + (20)?(11) + (10)°(2) +(30)?(4) + (10)?(2) + (40)2(4) = 35,000 W P 4.24 [al 20v0) lov m=, 25 x 10% * 0.25 x 108 igtig— tis =0 *. ig =U ig ig = 11410410 = 31 mA4-34 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis [b] pov = 20i; = 20(1 x 107%) 20 mW Prov = 10is = 10(31 x 10°%) = 310 mW 10+5= Oma +1 = 10, tma = -5V Puma = —Hvnima = —55 mW (del) Speev = 20 + 310 = 330 mW Pose = 25 x 10°} = 25 mW Po2sk = 0.25 x 10573 = 100 mW Posk = 0.5 x 10% = 50 mW Pix = 1x 10° = 100 mW Spain = 25 + 100 + 50 + 100 + 55 = 330 mW SL Paie = LPiev = 330 mW P 4.25 ‘The two node voltage equations are: my | We 10+ eS + 2 = 0 Da Mem, uM _ g 3 2 7 7 ‘The constraint equation for the dependent source is: vy =o Place these equations in standard form: aie) + ach + nO web + ae) + Q) - 3 w(1) + v-(0) + vm(-l) = 0 4" Ss Solving, % = 18 V, ve = 4 V, vq = 18 V, and v, = 24—v. = 20 VProblems 4-35 P 4.26 y AY om exo Se a soma@) BK” F20K 24K) This circuit has a supernode inchides the nodes v1, v2 and the 40 V source. ‘The supernode equation is 54 Ly tw 005+ S090 + 30,000 + 70,000 The supernode constraint equation is we +—0 = 40 Place these two equations in standard form: (gg) + «(set Gee *\ 8000, * \ 20,000 * 10,000 w(-l) + (1) = 40 Solving, v; = 160 V and v2 = 200 V, so vy = v2 = 200 V. on 3000 = 30. mA igg = 0.05 — Prov = —(40)iao = —(40)(0.03) = —1.2 W ‘The 40 V source delivers 1.2 W. P 4.27 Place va/5 inside a supernode and use the lower node as a reference. Then va/5 _ 78 ° 1341 — 6g = 3900; vg = 50-4 Solving, 11 =30V; va =20V; v= 30~v/5=30-4=26 V 235 — 222 a 4 P 428 ig= =3.25 A 30(3.25) = 97.5 V4-36 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis v1 + Big = 04 vy = U4 — Big = 222 — 97.5 = 124.5 V vy +04 = 250 “ug = 250-235 = 15 V 3.2 = (3.2)(15) = 48 A j, = 201245, 250 — 235 a 2 1 Pasoy = ~250i, = —250(77.75) = —19,437.5 W(del) =TLTB A ani, — ig + 14/40 + 48 = 0 50.3 A figoig = ig — 222/40 — 48 = 3.25 — 5.55 — 48 = soi, = (30ig)iso, = (97-5)(—50.3) = —4904.25 W(dev) Pa2vg = (3.20a)(va) = (48)(222) = 10,656 W(abs) Spiny = 19,437.5 + 4904.25 = 24,341.75 W 2 2 _ uf _ (124.5) Pron = 19 = 10 1550.025 W _ (250= 124.5)? Pan 875.125 W Pin = = 225 W _ (235)? _ = Gp = 2761.25 W Pag = (3.25)?(4) = 42.25 W — (222)? _ aon = “Gy ~ = 1232.10 W pais = 10,656 + 1550.025 + 7875.125 + 225+ 2761.250 + 42.25 + 1232.1 = 24,341.75 W Thus, )“Paev = 7Paisss Agree with analystP 4.29 P 4.30 Problems 4-37 supernode 3.1250, Y ¥ Node equations: my 120 20 2 M2, teats 7 4 Constraint equations: va =20-% vy — 35ig = Uy ig = 02/40 Solving, v1 = 20.25 V; m=10V; w= -29V Let i, be the current delivered by the 20 V source, then . (20.25) | 20-10 i= —, T = 30.125 A Pp (delivered) = 20(30.125) = 602.5 W From Eq. 4.16, ig =v./(1+6)Re From Eq. 4.17, ip = (v»—Vo)/(1+ 8) Re From Bq. 4.19, — 1 Voo(1 + 8)ReR2 + VoRi Ro ° (1+ B)Re [Rie + (1+ B)Re(R + Re) VooR2 — Vol Ri + Ro) [VeoRa/(Ri + Re)] — Vo RR + (14 B)Re(Rs + Ra) [RiRo/ (Ri + Pa)) + + B)Re4-38 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis i 4, P 4.31 [al pas 7 a av \ F480 YY Qeav AS 20 1.50 40 = 50%; — 45in 64 = —45i1 + 50.5i2 Solving, i) =9.8 A; i2=10A O.2A; ic=—ip=-10A = =98A; p= —ie [b] If the polarity of the 64 V source is reversed, we have 40 = 50i; ~ 45% AB; + 505i W=-L72A and i i=t=—-LIQA; tp =t)— p= 108A; i= ig =28A P 4.32 [a] 40 110 + 12 = 17é1 — 10% — Sig 0 = -10i1 + 282 — 12% =12 — 70 = 34; — 12i2 + 1Tis Solving, 4) =8A; i2=2A; ig=-2A Pio = —110%, = —880 W(del) Piz = —12(in — ig) = —120 W(del) Pro = Tis = —140 W(del) *. SPaev = 1140 WProblems 4-39 [b] pan = (8)°(4) = 256 W Pron = (6)°(10) = 360 W pin = (—4)?(12) = 192 W pan = (-2)°(2)=8 W Poo = (2)°(6) = 24 W pan = (10)?(3) = 300 W Spas = 1140 W P 4.33 30 en 460 azev “Q wan yd zon 3,2 O70 ¥ ‘The three mesh current equations are: 128 + 8i, + 48(i,- i.) = 0 18ig + 20(ic — ig) + 48(Ke — 10 + 20(i4 — ic) + Wie 0 Place these equations in standard form: ig(8 + 48) + ic(—48) + i6(0) = 128 ig(—48) + ic(18 + 20 + 48) + i.(-20) = 0 ig(0) + t(—20) + ,(20 + 10) Solving, i,=4A; ip = 2A; Now calculate the remaining branch currents: fy = = DA ig = -%& =3A [b] Peources = Prasv + Prov = —(128)ia + (70)ée = —(128)(4) + (70)(-1) = -512 - 70 = -582 W ‘Thus, the power developed in the cirenit is 582 W. Note that the resistors cannot develop power!440 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.34 [a] The three mesh current equations are: 125 + li; + 6(é1 — 6) + 21 is) = 0 Aig + 12(ig — is) + Gig -—t1) = 0 125 + 2(is — i) + 12(ig — te) + lig = 0 Place these equations in standard form: iy(1+6+2)+%3(-2)+io(—6) 9 = 125 iy(—6) + ég(—12) + i9(244124+6) = 0 i,(—2) + ig(2+1241)+%e(-12) = 125 Solving, i, = 23.76 A; ig = 18.43 A; ig = 8.66 A Now calculate the remaining branch currents: ia ty ig = 5.33 A ig iy — ig = 15.10 A is = ig—ig=9.77A [b] Prources = Prop + Poottom = —(125)(23.76) — (125)(18.43) = —2970 — 2304 = —5274 W Thus, the power developed in the circuit is 5274 W. Now calculate the power absorbed by the resistors: Prtop = (23.76)"(1) = 564.54 W py = (5.33)"(2) = 56.82 W Pivot = (18.43)?(1) = 339.66 W Pe = (15.10)*(6) = 1368.06 WP 4.35 Problems 4-41 Pro = (9.77)?(12) = 1145.43 W Pos = (8.66)?(24) = 1799.89 W ‘The power absorbed by the resistors is 564.54 + 56.82 + 339.66 + 1368.06 + 1145.43 + 1799.89 = 5274 W so the power balances. ‘The three mesh current equations are: —80 + 5(i — ig) +70( - is) = 0 Big + 10(é2 — i) +5(2—41) = 0 12is + 70(i3 — 1) + 10(é3 — 2) = 0 Place these equations in standard form: in (5 + 70) + in(~5) + ig(-70) = 80 in(—5) + i(5 +1045) +is(-10) = 0 in(—70) + in(-10) + ig(12-+ 70410) = 0 Solving, )=6A; ig=4 A; ig =5A ‘Thus, ig = is — ig = 1A.4-42 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.36 [a] 50 ao ih en 20 500) id Fan p 40 20 en Ty 30 10 ‘The four mesh current equations are: —500 + 4(i1 ~ 2) + 3( is) + 6( -i4) = 0 Bin + 6i2 + 2(é2 — is) + 4(-i1) = 0 Ais + (is — 4) + 3(é3 — 1) + (ise) = 0 Big + lig + 6(ig — th) + 2(i4 és) = 0 Place these equations in standard form: a\(4 +3 +6) + in(—4) + ig(-3) +4a(-6) = 500 (4) + (5464244) +is(-2)+i4(0) = 0 in(—3) + io(-2) + 4g(2 444243) +44(-2) = 0 #1(—6) + in(0) + f3(-2) +4(24+3+14+6) = 0 Solving, 1 =70A; =20A; ig =30A; i =40A The power absorbed by the 52 resistor is Ps = 13(5) = (20)?(5) = 2000 W {b] pso0 = —(500)i1 = —(500)(70) = -35 k WP 4.37 P 4.38 Problems 4-43 —80 + 31i; ~ 16i2 ~ Tis = 0 ~16i; + 2Tiz — dig =0 —Tiy — di + Blig + Min = 0 Solving, 4 = 3.5 A Pao = (3.5)?(8) = 98 W 660vG 250 660 = 30; — 10%, — 15i Wig = —10iy + 60iz — 5ig 0 = -1bi; — 50i2 + 90s ig = in is Solving, i) =42 A; ig = 27 A; 20ig = 100 V iy = 22 A; ig=5 A4-44 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Pai, = —100in = —100(27) = -2700 W mi, (developed) = 2700 W CHECK: Pesoy = —660(42) = —27,720 W (dev) ©. YPaev = 27,720 +2700 = 30,420 W SOPs = (42)2(5) + (22)2(25) + (20)?(15) + (5)2(50)-+ (15)°(10) = 30,420 W P 4.39 Pace 12, 290 wad TY eb geg Y Ouesv h 2 350) 350 Mesh equations: 2.650q + A0iy — 15in — 25%y = 0 154, + 150i2 — 100i = 125 25%, — 100i2 + 210% = 125 Constraint equations: vg = 100(i2 — is) Solving, is =7 A; =1L2A; ig 2A vg = 100(in — és) = 100(1.2 — 2) -80V Pring = 2.650qi = —1484 WP 4.40 Problems 4-45 ‘Therefore, the dependent source is developing 1484 W. CHECK: Pussy = 125i2 = 150 W (left source) Prssy = —125i3 = —250 W (right source) Space = 1484 + 250 = 1734 W Psso = (1.2)?(35) = 50.4 W Paso. = (2)*(85) = 340 W piso = (7 = 1.2)°(15) = 504.6 W asa = (7 — 2)?(25) = 625 W Poon = (1.2 — 2)?(100) = 64 W Ypaies = 50.4 + 340 + 504.6 + 625 + 64 + 150 = 1734 W y 88 wa 6 + ; fia wo Vv», a: Say _ 10 = 18%, — 16% 0 = —16i; + 28% + dig 4=8ig Solving, j=1A; 2=0.5A; ig =05 A ‘uy = 16(é1 — iz) = 16(0.5) = 8 V [b] psig = iain = (4)(0.5)(0.5) = 1 W (abs) + Paig (deliver) =—1 W4-46 P4Al P 442 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis aQ 20 -™, 120 L__g-—__] Yaa 600 = 64i — 40in — 14ig —400 = —40i + 502 — iy -12=is Solving, 1 =2.9A; ig =-6.16 A; ig =-12A [a] vi2q = 2(12 - 6.16) + 14(12 + 2.9) = 220.28 V ign = —120:24 = —12(220.28) = -2643.36 W ‘Therefore, the 12 A source delivers 2643.36 W. [b] psooy = 400(—6.16) = -2464 W Pooov = —600i, = —600(2.9) = —1740 W Therefore, the total power delivered is 2643.36 +2464 +1740 = 6847.36 W fe] Y pressor = (2.9)?(10) + (6.16)?(8) + (9.06)?(40) + (14.9)?(14) + (5.84)?(2) YPain = 6847.36 W = Soper (CHECKS) fal The mesh current equation for the right mesh is: 3300(é1 — 0.008) + 650i; + 200(é, — 0.008) = 0 Solving, 10,000; =28 9”. i =2.8mA Then, — ig = i) — 0.008 = —5.2 mAP 4.43 Problems 4-47 [b] v= (0.008)(980) — (—-0.0052)(3300) = 25 V Pama = ~(25)(0.008) = -200 mW Thus, the 8 mA source delivers 200 mW fe] 200i = 200(—0.0052) = -1.04 V Paep souren = 200.4% = (—1.04)(0.0028) = -2.912 mW ‘The dependent source delivers 2.912 mW. 12 30 osu + we ~ Y N Dy 2 esv ts - Mesh equations: Ti + 1(iy — ig) + 2(d; — ta) 90 + 2in — in) +3(é2~ is) +165 = 0 Constraint equations: is = 0.50; vg = Ain — i) Place these equations in standard form: (74142) + in(-2) +ig(-1) +ra(0) = 0 is(—2) + in(2 +3) + #g(—3) + va (0) = -% i,(0) + ig(0) + is(1) + va (—0.5) = 0 in(—2) + n(2) + is (0) + va(-1) 0 Solving, i) =-9 A; iz = —33 Ay Solve the outer loop KVL equatis =0+ Ti+ =0; Ug = 90—7(-9) = 153 V Calculate the power for the sources: Pao = ~(90)(—33) = 2970 W Psy = (165)(—33 + 24) = —1485 W Pap source = (153)[0.5(—48)] = -3672 W Thus, the total power developed is 1485 + 3672 = 5157 W.4-48, PAS CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis CHECK: Pa (9)°(7) = 567 W Poa (24)?(2) = 1152 W psn = (9)°(3) = 243 W pra = (15)°(1) = 225 W o. Dpana = 567 + 1152 + 243 + 225 + 2970 = 5157 W (checks!) in Mesh equations: 50i1 — Wig — 25i, = 0 —20i1 + 120i2 — 30: — 100i, = 0 Constraint equations: in =i Solving ii =4A; 9 ig =5A inn = 4-4) = 0A ip=1A é200 = tg ion = 4-2 =-1A isn = =4A v4, = 100(4 — in) = -100 V Pan = —Uanig = —(—100)(4) = 400 W (abs)Problems ao = 30a = 30 = 120 V Po0ig = ~30iaé2 = —120(5) = -600 W ‘Therefore, the dependent source is developing 600 W, all other elements are absorbing power, and the total power developed is thus 600 W. CHECK: Psa = 16(5) = 80 W Paso = 0 W pana = 1(20) = 20 W roo = 1(100) = 100 W Pax = 400 W Spas = 80 +0 + 20+ 100 + 400 = 600 W (CHECKS) P 4.45 [a] e Ni 2n 10 5 av ~ Y “eon, Quov 2 30 4a ‘Mesh equations: 15 = 30! — 25% — ig 10 = ~25i; + 30in ~ és Constraint equations: fg = 120g; 0g = 25(é1 — in) Solving, i)=10A; 2=9A; ip =30A; tg = 25 V ing =) — ig = 9-30 = —-20 A Pan = (—20)?(2) = 800 W4-50 (b] P 4.46 [a] [b] CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Pisy = —15(10) = —150 W(dev) Prov = 10iz = 10(9) = 90 W (abs) (i — ig)2 + (ig — is)1 = —40 - 21 = -61 V Pi.tea = isto = (30)(—61) = —1830 W (dev) YPaev = 1830 + 150 = 1980 W 800 » % delivered to 20 = +955 % 100 = 40.4% 20 52 + ym 4Q * 1.7, + POY 200 Ds Mesh equations: —50 + 6i; — 4ig + Sin = 0 Yin — Ais + 29i2 — 2ig = 0 Constraint equations: igs ign ig =—LTvay ta = 2h Solving, i) =-5 A; i=16A; ig=17A; vg =-10V Gig = 9(16) = 144 V ig =i2-i, =21A ip =tg— ig =-1 A 20V Up = 20%, = Psov = —50%; = 250 W (absorbing) Poi = —ia(9ia) = —(21)(144) = —3024 W (delivering) Pury = —1.Tvqvy = ist» = (17)(—20) = —340 W (delivering) YS Paev = 3024 + 340 = 3364 W SPs = 250 + (—5)?(2) + (21)°(4) + (16)°(5) + (—1)"(20) = 3364 WP 447 P 4.48 Problems 4-51 -18-+ 34; + 9i2 — 15+ 6i2 +24 =0; -H = 3 Solving, 4) =—0.6 A; i2=24 A Pray = ~18i; = 10.8 W (diss) so = (—0.6)°(3) = 1.08 W Poo = (—0.6)?(2) = 0.72 W pon = (2.4)°(9) = 51.84 W Poo = (2.4)?(6) = 34.56 W Spain = 99 W 15 Psa = —30, = —63 W (dev) Pisy = ~15iz = -36 W (dev) Pie = 99 W= Spine 100 ~100 + 54, + 15! — 15 =0 Bi; + 15i2 = 1154-52 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis igi =3; igi +3; — 15ig = 15H +45 20%, = 70 =35A; 2=65A L5ig ~ 15 = 97.5 — 15 = 82.5 V Prov = —100%, = —350 W(dev) Pan = ~80, = ~247.5 W(dev) Pisy = —15ig = —97.5 W(dev) Lacy = Lpais = 695 W Check: “pais = (3.5)(5) + (6.5)?(15) = 695 W P 4.49 [a] Summing around the supermesh used in the solution to Problem 3.27 gives —(—10) + 5; + 15ig -15=0 =i4+3 . hy =-2A; = 1A Prov = 10(—2) = —20 W (del) v= 15ig 15 =0V Pan = 3 = 0 W pisy = —15in = —15 W (del) Sprains = (=2)"(5) + (1)?(15) = 35 W Space = 35 W = LPs [b] With 3 A current source replaced with a short circuit, f=-2A, @=1A © SPaisa = (-2)?(5) + (1715) = 35 W [c] ABA source with zero terminal voltage is equivalent to a short circuit carrying 3 A.Problems 4-53 P 4.50 [a] 100 200 200 = 85%; — 25i — 50is 0 = —75i, + 35i2 + 150is _(supermesh) is — in = A.3(41 — in) Solving, i =46A; 2 =5.7A; iy =0.97A ig=i=5.7 A; p= =46A 097A; ig=t—=-11A i= 3.63 A ip = -% [b] 10i +0, + 25(%2 in) =0 . Uy = BT — 27.5 = 84.5 V Pasig = —Vo(4.3ia) = —(—84.5)(4.3)(—1.1) = —399.685 W(dev) Pav = ~200(4.6) = -920 W(dev) Pie = 1319.685 W SPs = (5.7)?10 + (1.1)?(25) + (0.97)?100 + (4.6)?(10)+ (3.63)2(50) = 1319.685 W *. SPaey = 37 Pais = 1319-685 W4-54 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 451 [a] ign ye 100 350 + | te! + i ; Meg Ty Gusev . v 40(is — i) + 10(és ~ iz) + 35(és — iz) + 150 = 0 35 (ig — i) + 10(é2 ~ fg) + 15ig = 0 Big = ig ty; ge =H tg ja=ig 4 =30A Solving, i: =30A; i2=8A; is=24A; ig =6A ig =90-24=6A; i =8-2=-16A; i =8-6=2A; ig=6A; ie ic tig=64+2=8A [b] v= 40i,= 240; m, = 150-354, = 80 V aoa = —30vq = —30(240) = —7200 W (gen) Pisia = Iii, = 15(6)(8) = 720 W (diss) (6) (80) = 1440 W (diss) Paig = Bars Pisov = 150ig = 150(6) = 900 W (diss) aoc = (6)°(40) = 1440 W (diss) Pion = (—16)?(10) = 2560 W (diss) san = (2)(35) = 140 W (diss) Peon = 7200 W Pains = 720 + 1440 + 900 + 1440 + 2560 + 140 = 7200 WProblems 4-55 P 4.52 [a] Both the mesh-current method and the node-voltage method require three equations. The mesh-current method is a bit more intuitive due to the presence of the voltage sources. We choose the mesh-current method, although technically it is a toss-up. fb} 110) 110 = 18.3: — 0.22 — 18% 110 = 0.2; + 110.8%, ~ 110.5% 0 = ~18i, — 110.5% + 183.125i5 Solving, #;=10A; i =5A; gp =4A vy = 18(é is) = 108 V vy = 110.5(é2 — is) = 110.5 V vy = 54.625%y = 218.5 V [el pm = (in ia)?(18) = 648 W Pra = (in—‘s)*(110.5) = 110.5 W Prs = 13(54.625) = 874 W [d] Spiny = 110(é1 + in) = 1650 W DProad = 1632.5 W 1632.5 Tenn" * 100 = 98.94% % delivered =4-56 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis fe] 0-10 4 nig uden A | TN Fecso ai0v YS 110.50 0.10 BTLA; ig=4.01A LTA m= (1.7)(18) = 306 V vm = (1.7)(110.5) = 187.85 V Note v1 is low and vy is high. Therefore, loads designed for 110 V would not function properly, and could be damaged. P 4.53 54.6250 110 = (R+0.3)ig ~ 0.2%, — Rig 110 = -0.2i, + (R+0.3)i, — Rie (R+0.3)i, ~ 0.2%, — Ric = —O.2i, + (R+0.8)in ~ Ric (R+0.3)ig — 0.28, = —0.2i, + (R + 0.3)in S. (R40.5)ig = (R+ 0.5)i, Thus, i,=% 80 ip =ip—iy =OProblems — 4-57 P 4.54 [a] There are three unknown node voltages and only two unknown mesh currents. Use the mesh current method to minimize the number of simultaneous equations. ‘The mesh current equations: 2500(i1 — 0.01) + 200i; + 1000(1 ~ é2) 5000(i2 — 0.01) + 1000(iz — is) + 10002, = 0 Place the equations in standard form: (2500 + 2000 + 1000) + 2(—1000) (—1000) + in(5000 + 1000 + 1000) = 50 Solving, i, =6mA; ig =8mA Find the power in the 1 kQ resistor iyi ig=—2mA Pix = (—0.002)?(1000) = 4 mW [c] No, the voltage across the 10 A current source is readily available from the mesh currents, and solving two simultaneous mesh-current equations is less work than solving three node voltage equations. [d] 1 = 200% + 100i = 12 +8 = 20 V Proma = —(20)(0.01) = —200 m W ‘Thus the 10 mA source develops 200 mW. P 4.55 [a] There are three unknown node voltages and three unknown mesh currents, so the number of simultaneous equations required is the same for both methods. The node voltage method has the advantage of having to solve the three simultaneous equations for one unknown voltage provided the connection at either the top or bottom of the circuit is used as the reference node, Therefore recommend the node voltage method. [b] 2k roan (>) 3 1a4-58 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis ‘The node voltage equations are: tte, Us 2 = 0 5000 * 2500 * 1000 vw wet te 0.01 + 7909 * “3500 * 2000 = 9 we ee = 000 * 2000 * 1000 Put the equations in standard form: wi (wg agg) +2 (-gig) + (yin) = 8 Cain) + (aig) ** Ca) = 08 w (adm) *+™ (ata) (ahs ss) = ° Solving, 6.67 V; m=1333V; 15 =5.33V Piom = ~(13.33)(0.01) = —133.33 m W ‘Therefore, the 10 mA source is developing 133.33 mW P 4.56 [a] The node voltage method requires summing the currents at two supernodes in terms of four node voltages and using two constraint equations to reduce the system of equations to two unknowns. If the connection at the bottom of the circuit is used as the reference node, then the voltages controlling the dependent sources are node voltages. ‘This makes it easy to formulate the constraint equations. The current in the 10 V source is obtained by summing the currents at either terminal of the source. ‘The mesh current method requires summing the voltages around the two meshes not containing current sources in terms of four mesh currents. In addition the voltages controlling the dependent sources must be expressed in terms of the mesh currents. Thus the constraint equations are more complicated, and the reduction to two equations and two unknowns involves more algebraic manipulation. The current in the 10 V source is found by subtracting two mesh currents, Because the constraint equations are easier to formulate in the node voltage method, it is the preferred approach.Problems — 4-59 fb} My Ue, aH 10=0 ma t5 tl Uy Me, Ue w+ ete tz=0 Constraints: =%3 w= 10 02 = Ue} Solving, w4=50V; w=40V; m=-20V; %=-10V; i=5A. 180 W ‘Thus, the 10 V source absorbs 180 W. is identical to the voltage P 4.57 Choose the reference node so that a node voltag across the 15 A source; thus: 15a azove Since the 15 A source is developing 3750 W, v; must be 250 V. Since v; is known, we can sum the currents away from node 1 to find vg; thus: 250 2 is = 154-60 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis “= —50V Now that we know ug we sum the currents away from node 2 to find v3; thus: 2 +420 ~ 250 | v — 250 72 20 v% vy = 50/3 V ‘Now that we know v3 we sum the currents away from node 3 to find tge; thus: ug) vs +50 50° 40 ig = 2A P 4.58 [al If i, = 0 then vy = 1s; therefore, vy v2 , v1 — 230 5 7° v Z 1 ° Solving, v1 =170V = 05; m= 155 V 170—155 , 170 + 15 Solving, vac = 195 V 230-170 {by ig = aa 115 — 155 peak j- = 1g 25Problems 4-61 155-170 _ 1A Prony = —230i, = —690 W (dev) Pusy = —115ig = 460 W (abs) Pose = ~Uacie = —195 W (dev) Poon = #2(20) = 180 W Poo = i4(5) = 45 W Pron = #(10) = 160 W Piso = #2(15) = 15 W i2(25) = 25 W Pan Spain = 460 + 180 + 45 + 160 + 15 + 25 = 885 W Spacy = 690 + 195 = 885 W (CHECKS) P 4.59 [a] Apply source transformations to both current sources to get 13.8VG, <— pe 188442 ~ 2700 + 2300 + 1000 [b] ot 2 27k aa) 2.3k0. xq Q4-2ma, 3mA io < v ‘The node voltage equations: ne a ek 6 x 10 + 35 + a0 0 yw 2700 42x 10-3 00 4.2 x 104-62 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Place these equations in standard form: 1 = -3 "1 (Zp a0) + (azo) = ~8x19 1 1) _ 3 (soon mm) = 42x10 -69V; w=12V P 4.60 [a] 20K | 3K 5k. aoovG 80K Dapaa 2600 I 10k 0 ty ‘aK? 5KO) San 16K @rama Zook I nara 20kQ 5kO aovG 12mA 60k Lok y 8kQ. ama 15k l 10k0 20k az0vG I ann i 121 0 amA t= 30.000Problems 4-63 pb] so 10K vq = (15,000)(0.004) = 60 V Um = agi mA ip 9 = 12-1-4=7mA YW 60 — (0.007)(4000) = 32 V 32 fg = 0007 = Br G5 = 86 mA Prov = —(100)(6.6 x 10~ 660 mW Check: Pima = —(60)(12 x 10-8) = —720 mw SPiey = 660+ 720 = 1380 mW DPiin = (20,000)(6.6 x 107%)? + (80,000)(0.4 x 10-8)? + (4000)(7 10-8)? +(60,000)(1 x 10-%)? + (15,000)(4 x 10-8)? = 1380 mW P 4.61 [a] First remove the 8 and 802 resistors: 340v ° so + on 200 asnév, 100 ~ ° Next use a source transformation to conver 20.0 resistor: 200 340v sa a aoov 4502 ¥, 1004-64 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis which simplifies to zaovG@ Ve Fas 45, =135 + Ma = Gy(-240) = 135 V5 = ER 3A {b] Return to the original circuit with vy = ~135 V and i IS 3aov | soo |e + an | eats sQ + sa@y, *#200 Vo 2450 199 =e ar) Puov = ~(340)(7.25) = —2465 W ‘Therefore, the 340 V source is developing 2465 W. [c] 1 = 340 + 60%, = 340 — 180 = 160 V Uy = v1 +5(8) = 160 + 40 = 200 V —(8)(200) = —1000 W (-3)=7.25 A Psa ‘Therefore the 5 A source is developing 1000 W. [4] Spacey = 2465 + 1000 = 3465 W Lais = (5)°(8) + (8)°(20) + (4.25)°(80) + (3)°(60) = 3 oe Lpaie = Paev P 4.62 [a] Applying a source transformation to each current source yields So a aC 400 20vG) an 10%Problems — 4-65 ‘Now combine the 20 V and 10 V sources into a single voltage source and the 5 Q. 4 Q and 1 @ resistors into a single resistor to get 100 400 tov Pm 10 Now use a source transformation on each voltage source, thus an 102 @orsaz40n $20 which can be reduced to 1254 ® an 20 (1.25)(8) _ ip eta pb) 10a 42. Ae 40Q ag 50 20 >rov 50i, — 40, = 20-10-10 =0 —40i, + 42, = 10 . M Solving, iy = 2 =1A =i, 3 wy = 22 (40) = P 4.63 on, = 79 (20) =48V Rm =8+ 2209 _ 604-66 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis —4——a 162 aav@) ____ep P 4.64 8A + + 120 20 + eS “F60 ¥ e -8=0 1 =36V a vm = 04 + (2)(8) = 52 V 60 52 Roy = 2+ (aye) =62 |_____ep P 4.65 After making a source transformation the circuit becomes 450v 3 yy 500 - 450 160 ae 2000) an a - eb 300 = 48%; — 40i2P 4.66 Problems 450 = —40i; + 200i. *. iy = 5.25 Aand ig =-12 A rh = 8i1 + 102 = 30 V Rey = (40|)8 + 10)][150 a0) First we make the observation that the 8: mA current source and the 20 k resistor will have no influence on the behavior of the circuit with respect to the terminals a,b. This follows because they are in parallel with an ideal voltage source. Hence our circuit can be simplified to a 19k) 30v OMA a.9) or aan ask DMA F s0K0 ‘Therefore the Norton equivalent is ea Dor F s0K0 o> P 4.67 [a] First, find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to a,b using a succession of source transformations.4-68 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis ee ka 3k ama@) 8k: ema) 10k —ep 3K ea roma) 12k: 10KQ: eb -——s@ ——e. a 48 |______ep Om =48V Rey = 6 kD 6 + save Veeng P00KO 100 5 Yen = 79g (48) = 45.28 V 45.28 — 48 [b] %error = s ) 100 = 5.67%Problems 4-69 P 4.68 [a] Open circuit: Short circuit: 200 i, yaa ly 52 we 250 60 L ing “ vy 100 8 “vg =15 V 9-165 OSA fgg =18-03=15 A 30 Row 2024-70 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis fb) 200 250 602 Ry 100 Raw = (20 + 10|[60 = 209 (CHECKS) P 4.69 Rey a - * Ven! 12.sv 36.250 12.5 = vm —2Rm Ren 18, * + ll. 0.659 7 = 0m ~ 18Rm Solving the above equations for Vix and Rim yields vm = 12.60, Rm =50 m2 *. Iv=252 A, Ry = 50 mO P 4.70 First, find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to Ro.Problems 4-71 60 3a 600 Fe 2N ave Ro| iol] Ro] %| 2% 0 16} 0] 20) 0.96 | 19.2 2 15} 3] 30 08 24 6| 133] 8] 50 06 30 10} 1.2] 12] 60] 0.533} 32 15 | 1.067 | 16 |} 70} 0.48 | 33.6 P47i 9809 oa 7m + sana < a 1000 sso" 0 te Fann o> OPEN CIRCUIT v2 = —40iy 40 x 108 = —16 x 10%, 5 x 107>v2 = —80ip 980%, + 5 x 10-2 = 980i, — 80%, = 900%,72 P 4.72 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis So 900i, is the voltage across the 1000 resistor. From KCL at the top left node, 540 uA = aa + iy = 10i, . 540 x 10-6 y= 5 = BA ‘um = —16 x 10°(54 x 10~°) = -86.40 V SHORT CIRCUIT 2 =0; ig = —40iy 5Ax 10-9 5 ig = BO 10-6 = 50nd 1080 1.08 ing = —40(50) = ~2000 pA = —2 mA —86.4 Rm x 108 = 43.2 kK aovG ‘The node voltage equations are:Problems 4-73 5000 * 50,000 ww, 10,000 * 0,000 In standard form: Solving, Vin = 03 = 280 V 30ig Di 3kO roe |) ov ) 20x) so) tee | ice iy The mesh current equations are: —40 + 200i; + 20,000(i — 2) =0 5000i2 + 50,000(é2 — ine) + 20,000(i2 1) = 0 50,000 (éxc — iz) + 10,000 (ye ~ 30a) =0 ‘The constraint equation is: igs Put these equations in standard form:4-74 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis (22,000) + i2(—20,000) + ine(0) + t(0) = 40 4x(—20,000) + i2(75,000) + ine(—50,000) +ia(0) = 0 4,(0) + #9(—50,000) + i,-(60,000) + i4(-300,000) = 0 ay(-1) + i2(1) + tne(0) + ta) = 0 Solving, A= 1G mA = 1296 mA f= 1d mA; in = 640} A Row = poavg = 20k 20K . 2e0v [ep P 4.73 [a] Use source transformations to simplify the left side of the circuit. 2.5kQ Oy 15k ise = 2.5 + Bizcy Ron = 302 4 2ave i . . 2Q y "10% “¢ 4 Reo = 55 404-76 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Rater = 2.4 = 2 = 0.402 [b] Actual current: 2Q P A475 iy = 45/15,000 = 3 mA 45. = vm —0.003Rrp, Urn = 45 + 0.0032, in = 25/5000 = 5 mA 25=vm—0.005Rm, vr = 25 + 0.005Rrn 45+0.003Rm =25+0.005Rr, 80 Ry = 10k vm = 45 +30 =75 VProblems 4-77 -—"\ 0 10kQ 15 L________ep P 476 9000 12080 120ve S Pon + um + + v, 26002 v, #8002 600 01 = F5pg (120) = 48-V 800 appa (120) = 47.9042 V rn = 01 — U2 = 48 — 47.9042 = 95.8 mV (900)(600) , (1204)(300) _ 2,105,800 Rory = LOONGOO) (1208) (800). 2,105,800 = 840.6492 1500 2004 2505 ~ 40.04 840.640 a —* 95.anv 302 b 95.8 x 10° fea = SDSS 7 110-08 HA4-78 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.77 Vin = 0, since circuit contains no independent sources. 60 10 A es 10i, + * v, 32.59 vy, @ia 5 ma Wis mer 4 10 25 2 vr—u , vr—10ia mp +6 ° erat "2 Tn standard form: n(prdgrd) mh) n(-h)em Ge oa n(1) + on(—1) + fa(2) =0 Solving, m=2V; wr=B8V; ig=O5A + Rm = =80Problems 4-79 P 4.78 Vix, = 0 since there are no independent sources in the circuit. To find Rr, we first find Row. LS fy? 100 120 + + 52 250. se desi, vy ay = oS MAGI = 080 1601 + 65g = Sur vr in= Fp O8ig = 2.6or 16yy + 2.60 = Sup vy = 0.15vp _ or, ur O15ur _ 6.25 = 95+ 10 50 7 T = 50/6.25 = 82 = Raw in Ry = 12+8=2004-80 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.79 We begin by finding the Thévenin equivalent with respect to Rp. After making a couple of source transformations the circuit simplifies to i, — 804 O0ie, = 140? ig=1A Vin = 40ig — 60iz = —20i, = —20 V Using the test-source method to find the Thévenin resistance gives y x son | 800 rs aon * sui, OW 2000 a 2 Use the node voltage method: wno 200 ov vnor 50 60 r=v | ort is _ 60 40 iz 60 Solving, vr = 50 V. eas Rm = Tq = 502 ‘Thus our problem is reduced to analyzing the circuit shown below.Problems 4-81 s0Q 2ovG 2 _9 0 (arm) B15 400R. 72+ 100R, +2500” 1.5R3 — 250R, + 3750 = 0 *. Ro = 16.679; Ry = 1500 P 4.80 [a] Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of Rr. Open circnit, voltage: son ~ \ 40 20 & ‘The mesh current equations are: 480 + G(i1 — 2) + 40(41 is) +41 = 0 4g + B(i — is) + 6% — i) =0 Wig + is + 40(is — in) +8(és- ie) = 0 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is: ig=t—in Place these equations in standard form: #1(6 + 40 + 4) + io(—6) + is(—40) +i9(0) = + —-480 iy(—6) + i2(4 +8 +6) + i5(—8) + ig(0) =0 in(~40) + in(—8) + ig(8 +24 40) +%9(-20) = ix(-1) + in(1) + %9(0) + ip) SD4-82 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Solving, é =-99.6 A; i2=-78A; is=—1008A; ig =-21.6A Ven = 40(i; — is) = 48 V Short-circuit current 4p , 9» *% 62 8 _ aon) fa 4n 20 ‘The mesh current equations are: 480 + 6 (i, — iz) + 41 =0 4in + Blin — is) + Oli —) = 0 Wig +2is+8(is—2) = 0 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is: igi in Place these equations in standard form: (6 + 4) + 22(—-6) + %9(0) + ig(0) = —480 iy(—6) + in(4+8+ 6) +is(-8) +i9(0) = 0 (0) + i(-8) + is(8 +2) +ip(-20) = 0 in(-1) + i2(1) + #9(0) + tp(d) = 0 Solving, i) =-92A; i2=—73.33A; is =—96A; ig = -18.67 A Vow 48 _ feth—h=4A; Ry= P= >= 120 sev zav 2120 Ry, = Ry = 120 oe 1] Prax = Ty = 48 WP 481 [a] " 6k 1.25k0 10kQ Qsov vb 6000 10,000 Solving, vm =30V Rey = 1250 + 10,000]| (2000 + 4000) = 5 kO Ro = Rry = 5k2 o-= 73m 5kO sev 5kQ: Paaax = (3 x 107%)?(5000) = 45 m W Problems 4-834-84 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.82 Write KCL equations at each of the labeled nodes, place them in standard form, and solve: 4 4kQ 2 1.25k0 10k@ oma@ 22 i) 5k Qsov Ato: 9x tot Mg MM 2000 * 4000 ea es Ate: “A900. * 0,000 * 6250 Standard form: waa) *( 1 1 50 1 a (-z00) ee (aan * 70,000 > aa) 70,000 vy = 18.25 V vy = 18.75 V Calculate currents: Caleulate power delivered by the sources Poma = (9 x 104)oy = (9 x 10-9)(18.25) = 164.25 mW Psov = i2(50) = (3.125 x 10~*)(50) = 156.25 mWProblems 4-85 Peeliverod = 164.25 + 156.25 = 320.5 mW From Problem 4.81, Pe = 45 mW 45 320.5 % delivered to Ro: (100) = 14.04% P 4.83 [a] From the solution of Problem 4.72 we have Ry, = 20 k® and Vin = 280 V. Therefore Ro = Rem = 20 2 = (140) _ 1b] P= S999 = 980 fel Oe _ 2000 * 20,000 * “5000 =? mat, tat 5000 a 50,000, a 10,000 MoM, Magi. 4 +309 = 0 Us 10,000 * 20,000 20,000 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is or “4 * 90,000 Place these equations in standard form 1 1 1 1 40 a (aa + 35,000 * wm) +0 (-sm ) +09(0) + ia(0) = 3595 1 1 1 1 1 a (-zaa0) eee (aa * 50,000 + mim) ee (- sa000) IED (0) + —* \in(4 4-1 4 0 (0) +% | ~Z9,900) + (0,000 * 40,000 3) +ia(-30) = 04-86 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis a (saan) + v9(0) + v3(0) + ia(1) =0 Solving, v1 =184V; m=-31V; vs=140V; ig =920pA Calculate the power: 10 — 18.4 = 108 mA Paoy = —(40)(10.8 x 10-9) 432 mW 4719.6 mW 5151.6 mW x 100 = 19.02% P 4.84 [a] From the solution to Problem 4.70 we have fb) 25 20 10 Po 0 Ro(O) | Po(W) || Ro() | Po(W) 0 0 20 | 18.432 2] 45 30} 19.2 6| 10.67 50 18 lo] 144 60 | 17.067 15 | 17.067 70 | 16.128 (a) 10 20 30 40 50 6a 70 [ce] Ro= 302, — P, (max) = 19.2 WProblems 4-87 P 4.85 Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect: to the terminals of Re Open cirenit voltage: 46.8 (46.8 — 42.4) = 3ig ~ ip — ic 0= ~2ig + 10is ~ Bie fe = 250g; Va = ia — tn) Solving, iy = 74.8 A Bis = 374.V om Short circuit current: 46.8 — 42.4 = Big — ise — tc488 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis 0 = ~2ig + Sine — Bie ig =2.5va; 04 = 2lin~ te) Solving, ie =6.8A; ig =8 A; ip =6 A; vg =24V Ren = vy/ise = 374/6.8 = 55Q Ro = 552 With R, equal to 552 the circuit becomes 550 a gw ob + 187 - 46.8 — 42.4 = Big — Bin — 2.5(2)(ia ~ ts) fie 2.5ua; va = eq én) 187 + Bip — 3(2.5)(2)(ia — tp) + Qin — Dig = 0 Solving, ig =59A; i, = 40.8. A va = 2(59 — 40.80) = 36.4 V i= 91 AProblems 4-89 ‘Thus we have 550 a gn gp + 187 - 37.40 50 20 30 —> 18.20 350.28 46.8v 32a a * gia wn New Y t - v_ = 42.4 — 32 — 150.6 = —140.20 V YPiy = 46.8(59) + 42.4(32) + 140.20(91) = 16,876.20 W CHECK: Pais = (18.2)?(2) + (50.2)(3) + (82)?(1) 4187(3.4) + 187(37.4) = 16,876.20 W (55)(3.4)?(100) % delivered 16; 3.77% P 4.86 [a] We begin by finding the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of Re. Open circuit voltage a, 10 20 : ‘ ; 40 30 <. —200 = 254 — Lig — 20i34-90 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis 0 = iy + Bin — Dig + 14ig 100 = —20% — ig + 25i3 ig=ih-ig Solving, )=-25A; in = 37.5 4 ig = 5. vm = 20(é ~ fg) = 20(-7.5) = -150 V Now find the short-circuit eurrent. ig =-T5A 200 Note with the short circuit from a to b that ia is zero, hence 141, is also zero. 200 = Bi — lin + Oig 0 = —Lin + Biz — ig 100 = Oi; — ig + Big Solving, i:=—40A; 2 =0A; ig =20A isovG) 1sV 2250 For maximum power transfer Ry = Rry = 2.Problems 4-91 P 4.87 From the solution of Problem 4.86 we know that when Ry is 2.59, the voltage across R, is 75 V, positive at the lower terminal. ‘Therefore our problem reduces to the analysis of the following circuit. In constructing the cireuit we have used the fact that ia is -3.75 A, and hence Ii, is 52.5 V, s2.sv i. 200 1 + 52.5 = 0 Solving, =-115V; w= -62.5 V.It follows that =115 +200 4 i, = 625+ 100 ne 3 f= OSE oa = 21.25 A = 125A fgg = ~6.25 — 12.5 18.75 A Proov = —200i, = —4250 W(dev) Prov = —100ig, = —1250 W(dev) Pas = 52.5igg = 984.375 W(dev) Spier = 4250 + 1250 + 984.375 = 6484.375 W 2250 6484.375 . 34.7% of developed power is delivered to load . % delivered (100) = 34.7%4-92 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.88 [a] Open circuit voltage Node voltage equation: = 100, vy — 13%, ey 4a 2 5 Constraint equations 100 — 1 Solving, 1) =80V= va; ig =10 A fae = "Eq = 20+ 80 = 100 A vr _ 90 Rm =“ = = 0: im =F 100 O° Ro = Ray = 0.92[b] Problems 4-93 ° asa sove asy 30.90 Lyd aC) a Prone = “pag = 2250 W ha 2. ad 50a > + ts 50 Yo 200%) wt, 45 top + = 100 | m= 1Bis , m—45 9 2 5 a jg = = nr) Solving, 01 =85V; ig =7.5 A; va =r — 1 = 85-45 =40V TSA thoy = i Prov (dev) = 100(7.5) = 750 W ing = vg /4 = 40/4 = 10 A iy =i ig -10-7.5=25 A Prsig (dev) = (97.5)(2.5) = 243.75 W Pog (dev) = (45)(40) = 1800 W Vopaee = 750 + 243.75 + 1800 = 2793.75 W 2250 Bron7s * 100 = 80.54% % delivered =4-94 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.89 [a] First find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to Ro, Open circuit voltage: is = 0; 50ig = 0 “OL, = 280 | v1 ~ 280 i 16 +5 +0.5125uq = 0 (280 — v w= Goo) = 56 — 0.20 = 210.V5 uv Vin = 280 — ug = 280 — 14 = 266 V Short circuit current M1280 we 5 Toot aot a0 + apg * 05125(280) = va = 280V ve + 50ig = 01 280m _ . 7 ig = Ft 3p = 56+ 0.0502Problems 4-95 v= —968 VV; 0 = —588 V fig = te = 56 + 0.05(—968) = 7.6 A Re = Va ine = 266/7.6 = 35 Ro = 352 [b] ° 360 26evC asav F350 Prax = (133)?/35 = 505.4 W v1 1 — 280 wm— 133 we _ foot Sat aot agp + 0:5125(280 — 183) = 0 v2 + Vig = 01; ig = 133/35 = 3.8 A Therefore, ») = —189 V and » = j, — 280.= 188, 280+ 189 a 10 Pav (dev) = (280)(76.3) = 21,364 W 379 V; thus, = 76.30 A P 4.90 [a] Since 0 < R, < co maximum power will be delivered to the 6 © resistor when R, = 0. wy) P= <190w4-96 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 491 [a] 75 V source acting alone: fo 50 + vt F200 20 ¥ R, = 20||20 = 100 75 5+10 (5)(10) = 50 V 6 A source acting alone an 200 120 5|)20 = 49 44+8= 129 12/112 =62 Hence our cirenit. reduces to: 6A 60 It follows that of = 6(6) = 36 V andProblems 4 = -4.(-36) =-12V Ta) vou +0" =50—12=38V ¥ Low [b] p= 55 = 72 P 4.92 70-V source acting alone: hai lu, v = att yp 735 u v 13, 70 i= +5 4= By = Gy 2H) +5 oa b= 50-5 1610 “ar V = 34255 V 50-V source acting alone: 4974-98 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis an 4n 2%, = 300 4 5 » + @sov a Spe =j|- 490 + rf vf! = —4if vl auf +2 vl" = —50-+ 1085 Uy of +50 20" * 0 y = By 5 100 Op" ap Hence,P 4.93 45 V source acting alone: so 100 asv) 400 15Q 30Q ‘ign = 45/40 = 1.125 A 10 V source acting alone: 52 102 Soa 400 ov 15 300 10 30 i, 40+ 40/3 160 8 A current source acting alone: Problems 4-99 sa 102 5Q 7 5Q os a3 3.150 40g 152 302 > 150 [356 8A 8a © oa = te) =6A ign + toa + gg = 1.125 — 0.125 +6 =7 A4100 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.94 Voltage source acting alone: Sig 5kQ ie + 35vG) 20K2 ve, Yor Bawa) 20 5 ( 5 ° V1 = 33.6 V Current: source acting alone: Sig SS 5kQ 7 Nog 20K2 ton 7, Yan Brees Yq = 5.6 V Up = Voi + Yoo = 33.6 — 5.6 = 28 VProblems 4-101 P 4.95 Voltage source acting alone: 180) ing - 180, __180 90 * 40+ 100])25 =243=5A ver = (3)(20) (3) =48V Current source acting alone: 402 Lae ap a 72 me s + 4 ong vB 000 250 + % &- a +75 0 39 F784 30 tu, mg %* 20” 40 Solving, vp = -184 V = in = ig = SOA a) Up = Uo + 09g = 48 — 184 = -136 V fo = tot + ig =5-3=2A4-102 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.96 4.5 A source: 1.82 4.5) 12 14Q $100 $150 i 14 Q|j109)150 = 420 1.89 120 20a 4.29 ar 4.2(20) yt = 4220) _a67 A 48 50 V source: 1.82 102 1.82 120 14Q 215Q 50vQ) — >> F120 4.20 an in ig =i, +i) +09 = -1.5 + 4.67 — 1.167 =2AProblems 4-103 P 4.97 [a] By hypothesis #, + if = 1.5 mA. Loma 2kQ . 10k 182 ? an? i a10 8 o1mA; + ig = 1541=25mA (20) [b] With all three sources in the circuit write a single node voltage equation. Uy Uy — 20 to uy =45 V -5-10=0 ame = Tg 2.5 mA P 4.98 [a] 2004-104 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 499 fa] »Q (Lora ya URE + 2R(v ~ v1) “RL + Or Lax = 2a? [b] Let D = RL + 2rLa — 2ra* = 0 when numerator is zero. ‘The numerator simplifies to Q—v RL (vv) — rel? _ (@an)” am) Solving for the roots of the quadratie yields {-» # yee te -»} L R . {- tym En wt wm =1200V, =1000V, L=16km 0 5x 10° Q/m, R=3.92 16,000 _ pom = 001009 8% = 12 x 108 Rey ye 39-200)? 5 Bek —*)” = Tos Toy AG x 1H) ~ 9-975 * 10 80{—1000 + VID x 10" — 0.0975 x 107} = 80{—1000 + 1050} = 80(50) = 4000 mProblems 4-105 (d) RL + Rv ~ v1 RL + WL — 9: (1000)(3.9)(16 x 10%) + 3.9(200)(4000) (9) (46,000) + 10 x 10-F(16,000)(4000) — 10 x 10-5(76 x 10) = 97V P 4.100 [a] In studying the circuit in Fig. P4.100 we note it contains six meshes and six essential nodes, Further study shows that by replacing the parallel resistors with their equivalent values the circuit reduces to four meshes and four essential nodes as shown in the following diagram. The node Voltage approach will require solving three node Voltage equations along with equations involving vq and i. ‘The mesh-current approach will require writing one supermesh equation plus three constraint equations involving the three current sources. Thus at the outset we know the supermesh equation can be reduced to a single unknown current. Since we are interested in the power developed by the 16 V source, we will retain the mesh current jy and climinate the mesh currents ig, ic And ig. ‘The supermesh is denoted by the dashed line in the following figure. po---x--- 7 {b] Summing the voltages around the supermesh yields 2 M80 Fig Fi 162i, + ie ig) + ie = 0 Note that vy by 12: 2i,/3; make that substitution and multiply the equation -96 (3s) + ig + Bi, — 192 + 24iy + 24(i, — ig) + 121. = 0 ot 9i, — 32iy + 36K, 24ig = 1924-106 P 4.101 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Now note: ig=2igs and ip =i Hy so tg = (fe — ia) + Big = Die Now use the following constraints and In standard form: Gig — Bi + 36%, — 2diy = 192 Oi, + Oy + Bie ~ Bia = 0 lig + diy, ~ die + Oia = 0 lig + Oly — lie + Oig = 2 Solving, i, = 33.6 V; i= 232 V; i =31.6 V; 1Gi, = —16(23.2) = -371.2 W = 21.067 V Prev = ‘Therefore, the 16 V source deliveres 371.2 W of power. 2g a on 20 e Ngee Me Aw : aN 2 ‘is 20 603 @sa 20 a é Atu: Be es 0P 4.102 Problems 4-107 Mmm 2 At vs Also, v2 = 5vq = 5(v2 — %) Solving, 1 =—-20V; ww =-15V; 4 =-12V +20. Atos: 2-544 59 Also, uz = v2 — 01 = 5 V Solving, v5 "pan = 2(v5 — v4) = 40 W O,g2 go nm 7) ay 0.32 110 >) by 0.20 0.2Q 110 = 27.5ig — 0.3% — 27ie 110 = —0.3ig + 36.5%5 — 36%4 0 = —27ig + 54.5%, — 0.3% — 2Tie 0 = —36iy — 0.3%, + 72.5ia — 3616 0 = —27i, ~ 36ig + 8lie Solving, 17.36 A; ic = 15.275 A; So, vy = 18(11.49) = 206.8 V,4108 CHAPTER 4. Tochniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.103 10 10: eat lig — lig — lig — Lig — lie Lig + Big — Lic + Oia + Oie Vig — lig + Bic — Lig + Oie Vig + Diy — Lig + 5ig — lig Vig + Oi + Die — lig + Sie A calculator solution yields ig = 77.5 A; ig = 22.5 A; p= 12.5 A; i, = 12.5 A; i, = 22.5 A ie ig = 0A Spas = 1(77.5 — 12.5)? + 1(77.5 — 22.5)? + 1(77.5 — 22.5)? + 1(7.5 — 12.5)? +1(12.5)? + 5(12.5)? + 1(12.5 — 22.5)? + 2(22.5)? + 1(22.5 — 22.5)? +2(22.5)? + 1(22.5 — 12.5)? + 5(12.5)? + 1(12.5)* = 4225 + 3025 + 3025 + 4225 + 156.25 + 781.25 +100 + 1012.5 + 1012.5 + 100 + 781.25 + 156.25 = 18,000 W Pen = 240iq = 240(77.5) = 18,000 W (CHECKS)P 4.104 P 4.105, Problems 4-109 do doy [Ro(Ra + Ra) + RRa} yy ~ (Ri + Re)(Rg + Ra) + RoR ay Ryo dIgz (Ri + Ro)(Rs + Ra) + RoRa dey ~FaRaRs diy, (Ra + Re)(R3 + Ra) + Ro Ry doz Rg Rq(Ri + Ra) ga (Ri + Ra)(Ro + Ry) + RoR From the solution to Problem 4.104 we have dv, _ —25(5(125) +3750] 175g di, 30(125) +3750. V/A = ~14.5833 V/A and =(25)(50)(75) dig, 30(125) + 3750 ~ 12.5 V/A By hypothesis, A/j) =11—12=-1A 105 a2 = 14.5833 V 0 5833 Thus, v1 = 25 + 14.5833 = 39.5833 V Also, Av, = (-12.5)(-1) = 12.5 V Thus, v = 90+ 12.5 = 102.5 V ‘The PSpice solution is vy = 39.5830 V and vy = 102.5000 V ‘These values are in agreement with our predicted values.4-110 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.106 From the solution to Problem 4.104 we have dey __(25)(60)(75) Gy, 30(125) + 3750 — ENTE and fee _ 6TH) _ as via Ty 30(125) + 3750 By hypothesis, Aja =17~16=1A Av; = (12.5)(1) = 12.5 V ‘Thus, vy = 25 + 12.5 = 37.5 V Also, Avy = (15)(1) = 15 V ‘Thus, vo = 90 + 15 = 105 V ‘The PSpice solution is vy =37.5V and v= 105 V ‘These values are in agreement with our predicted values. P 4.107 From the solutions to Problems 4.104 — 4.106 we have dy 175 doy dig az WAS aig 7 BS VIA dv, dey aig RS V/A aig BIA By hypothesis, Al =17-16=1A ‘Therefore, Au = am 412.5 = 27.0833 VP 4.108 Problems 4-111 Avy = 12.5415 = 27.5 V Hence vy = 25 + 27.0833 = 52.0833 V vy = 90427.5 = 17.5 V ‘The PSpice solution is vy = 52.0830 V and m= 117.5 V These values are in agreement with our predicted values. By hypothesis, AR, = 275-25 = 2.50 AR, = 45-5 = 052 AR, = 55-50 =59 AR, = 675-75 = -7.50 So Av; = 0.5833(2.5) ~ 5.417(—0.5) + 0.45(5) + 0.2(-7.5) = 4.9168 V +. vy = 25 + 4.9168 = 29.9168 V Avy = 0.5(2.5) + 6.5(—0.5) + 0.54(5) + 0.24(—7.5) = -1.1V ty = 90-11 = 889 V The PSpice solution is vy = 29.6710 V and uy = 88.5260 V Note our predicted values are within a fraction of a volt of the actual values.5 The Operational Amplifier Assessment Problems AP 5.1 [a] This is an inverting amp! = (—Ry/Ri)vg = (-80/16),, 80 ty = —5vy v(V) 04 20 35 06 -16 ~24 vo V) 2.0 -10.0 15.0 3.0 80 10.0 ‘Two of the values, 3.5 V and —2.4 V, cause the op amp to saturate, + 80 [b] Use the negative power supply value to determine the largest input voltage: -15=—5u,, 1% =3 V Use the positive power supply value to determine the smallest input voltage: 10= Us, = DV ‘Therefore —2<0,<3 V AP 5.2 From Assessment Problem 5.1 Uo = (—Ry/Ri)vs = (—Rz/16,000)v, = (—R,/16,000)(—0.640) = 0.642, /16,000 = 4 x 10°°R, Use the negative power supply value to determine one limit on the value of Re: 4x10°R,=-15 so Ry 515-2 CHAPTER 5. The Operational Amplifier Since we cannot have negative resistor values, the lower limit for R, is 0. Now use the positive power supply value to determine the upper limit on the value of Re: 4x10°R,=10 so Ry = 10/4 x 10- = 250kQ Therefore, O< Ry < 250k AP 5.3 [a] This is an inverting summing amplifier so Ue = (—Ry/Ra)Ua + (—Ry/ Ry)v» = —(250/5) Substituting the values for v, and vy: = —50(0.1) ~ 10(0.25) = [b] Substitute the value for %, into the equation for v, from part (a) and use the negative power supply value: v9 = 500, — 10(0.25) = —500, — 2.5 = -10 V — (250/25)u, = —50v, — 1005 Therefore 50v,=7.5, 80 v,=0.15 V [c] Substitute the value for 1, into the equation for vp from part (a) and use the negative power supply value: Uv = ~50(0.10) — 10% = —5 ~ 10% = -10 V; Therefore 10%=5, so %=0.5 V {d] The effect of reversing polarity is to change the sign on the », term in each equation from negative to positive. Repeat part (a): Uo = —50v4 + 10, = —5 + 2. Repeat: part (b): % = BO +25=-10 V; 50%, = 12.5, 44 = 0.25 V =-25V Repeat part (c), using the value of the positive power supply: vy =-5+10y=15 V; 10% =20; %=20V AP 5.4 [a] Write a node voltage equation at v,; remember that for an ideal op amp, the current into the op amp at the inputs is ny Me 4500 ” 63,000Problems 5-3 Solve for v» in terms of vn by multiplying both sides by 63,000 and collecting terms: 14 p+ Un = Ve 50 t= 15th, Now nse voltage division to calculate vp. We can use voltage division because the op amp is ideal, so no current flows into the non-inverting input terminal and the 400 mV divides between the 15 kO resistor and the Re resistor: Ry % = T50004 Fe, O40) Now substitute the value Re = 60 k®: 60,000 ~~ 15,000 + 60,000 o (0.400) = 0.32 V Finally, remember that for an ideal op amp, ty = vp, 80 substitute the value of vp into the equation for vp Up = 150 = 15vy = 15(0.32) = 4.8 V [b] Substitute the expression for vp into the equation for v, and set the resulting equation equal to the positive power supply value: ,-13(—04Re _) _5 v=" \i5,000+ R,) ~° 15(0.4Rz) = 5(15,000+ Rz) so Rz = 75kQ AP 5.5 Since this is a difference amplifier, we can use the expression for the output voltage in terms of the input voltages and the resistor values given in Eq. 5.2 oy, = 20160), 50, = To(24)""~ i0"* Simplify this expression and subsitute in the value for 1; U = 5(Uy — Yq) = 20 — 50, Set this expression for vp to the positive power supply value: 20-5y,.=10V 90 4 =2V Now set the expression for 1, to the negative power supply value: 20-5%=-10 V so u=6V Therefore 2 =1mA ig = 0.6 -15-1=—-3.1mAP55 P56 PBT Problems 5-7 Since the current into the inverting input terminal of an ideal op-amp is zero, the voltage across the 3.3 MO resistor is (3.3 x 10°)(2.5 x 10-8) or 8.25 V. ‘Therefore the voltmeter reads 8.25 V. ” x 10-6 = 20H 3000 >= 3000+ 6000) = 1 V =» t= 5 tate 10,000 5000 ~ (1-5) +2(1—v) =0 1=-10V — te 1 a 6 = W090 =~ Toop = ~250* 10 iy = —250 pA [a] First, note that o, = vp =3 V Let v1 equal the voltage output of the op-amp. Then Bau, 3 _ ees Toot t Tapog TO Ma = 12— 30, Also note that 1-3 =U, 0) =9— Buy5-8 CHAPTER 5. The Operational Amplifier [b] Yes, the circuit designer is correct! P58 [a] The circuit shown is a non-inverting amplifier. [b] We assume the op amp to be ideal, so v= vy = 750 mV. Write a KCL equation at vn: 0.75, 0.75 —v. 20,000 * 100,000 Solving, 45 Vv. U P59 [a] The gain of an inverting amplifier is the ratio of the feedback resistor to the input resistor. If the gain of the inverting amplifier is to be 4, the feedback resistor must be 4 times as large as the input resistor. There are many possible designs that use only 10 k® resistors. We present two here. Use a single 10 k® resistor as the input resistor, and use four 10 kQ resistors in series as the feedback resistor to give a total of 40 k®. 10kQ_ 19k. 10k Alternately, Use a single 10 kQ resistor as the feedback resistor and use four 10 k@ resistors in parallel as the input: resistor to give a total of 2.5 kQ. 10kQ 19k0 19 19k ‘Noe f 7) 19kQ l. sy % Moc 7 ’ + [b] To amplify a 2.5 V signal without saturating the op amp, the power supply voltages must be greater than or eqnal to the product of the input voltage and the amplifier gain. Thus, the power supplies should have a magnitude of (2.5)(4) = 10 V. P 5.10 [a] Let va be the voltage from the potentiometer contact to ground. Then Yy , O— 09 0 4000. * 30,000 ~ 0 —5ry — v9 =0,Problems 5-9 U% I-a 1 1 va (5 +64 725) = a l-a, Uy = 0.2 [i+oa-a+ When @=0.25, v9 =—0.2(1+45+3)=-17 V When a= 0.8, Vv» = —0.2(1 + 1.2 + 0.25) = -0.49 V -17 V0 32R; = 6600 — 660(-12) so Ry = 453.75k2 wProblems 5-11 P.5.15 We want the following expression for the output voltage: Uo = —(30q + 5vy + Ave + Qua) This is an inverting summing amplifier, so each input voltage is amplified by a gain that is the ratio of the feedback resistance to the resistance in the forward path for the input voltage: Oe, Ok, nt pe tot pve ta Solve for each input resistance value to yield the desired gain: Ra = 60,000/3 = 20k R, = 60,000/4 = 15k Ry = 60,000/5 = 12k2 Ry = 60,000/2 = 30k ‘The final circuit is shown here: y= — ee ene fe te P516 v= [iiig02 + A015 + gE o9 01x10 Rs; = Rp =G0KO; OS Re < 60K P.5.17 [a] This circuit is an example of the non-inverting amplifier [b] Use voltage division to calculate 75,000 3 » ~ 95,000 + 75,000" 4 Write a KCL equation at vj, = vp = 3u6/4: 30/4 '30005-12 CHAPTER 5. The Operational Amplifier Solving, Uy = 1204/4 + 304/4 = 3.7505 {e] 3.75u,=15 0 y=4V 3.750,=-9 so v,=-24 V Thus, -2.4 V 0, -. Ry = 13k 95(100 + 5) + 100(5 +95) _ 5.32 [a] Adm = FE\E+ 98) = 19.975 (5)(95) — 5(100) Db] Aem = 5+ 95) 0.05 19.975} tg] omRR = |" | = 399.5 (47) Re P533 Acm = 35(4T + Re) 47(33 + 47) +.47(47 + Re) Adm 2(83)(47-+ Re) Adm _ Re +127 Aan 2(83— Re)P 5.34 Problems 5-21 om = +750 for the limits on the value of Ry. If we use +750 Ry = 32.89kQ If we use —750 Ry = 33.11kQ 82.89k2 < Ry < 33.11kO fal w[e+2]- = “IR RI ROR 16 (24+2) um =v, Un = Uy = V+ vy + Qy — Vy = dg + 2g — Ve = Vat Qvy re) an ty(2) -u-mam ea(14 2) w= (2)5-22 CHAPTER 5. The Operational Amplifier Now combining equations (1) and (2) yields ~ MR = ty Ra or oy = 3uy Hence i, =~ QED. [b] At saturation Vy = + Veo ty =+Veo— 2, (3) and (4) 35 [a] Assume the op-amp is operating within its linear range, then 3 == A in= pg 2m For R,=25k2 v= (2.54+1.5)(2)=8 V Now since v <9 V our assumption of linear operation is correct, therefore ip =2mA [b] 9= 211.54 Ry); Rp = 3k [c] As long as the op-amp is operating in its linear region i, is independent of Ry. From (b) we found the op-amp is operating in its linear region as long as Ry, < 3k. Therefore when Ry = 6.5K the op-amp is saturated. ‘We can estimate the value of i, by assuming ip = i, << iz, Then iz, = 9/(1.5 +6.5) = 1.125mA. To justify neglecting the current: into the op-amp assume the drop across the 47 k® resistor is negligible, and the input resistance to the op-amp is at least 500k. Then ip = in = (3 — 1.5)/500 x 10-* = 3 vA. But 3 uA < 1.125 mA, hence our assumption is reasonable.P 5.37 Problems 5-23 sL0ciny [a] Let vor = output voltage of the amplifier on the left. Let ve = output, voltage of the amplifier on the right. Then Vor =3V; 0 a= aa 200.4) = -1.6 V Moe Mot = Stoo 4.6mA, [b] i, =0 when vo: = vp. 80 from (a) v2 =3 V Thus =120 7 90 = 79g = ~750 mV (320 x 10-8)? f@] Preko = “Tex 10) 108) 1B] 6ko = (&) (320) = 80mV (80 x 10-8)? (16 108) 6.4W a [d] Yes, the o © First, it enables the source to control 16 times as much power delivered to the load resistor. When a small amount: of power controls a larger amount of power, we refer to it as power amplification. ‘* Second, it allows the full source voltage to appear across the load resistor, no matter what the source resistance, This is the voltage follower function of the operational amplifier. ‘© Third, it allows the load resistor voltage (and thus its current) to be set without drawing any current from the input voltage source. This is the current amplification function of the circuit.5-24 CHAPTER 5. The Operational Amplifier P5.38 [al y=%, t= ts a n+ Re Therefore vy = (22 fa) o (1 + ?) us a 1 [b] 1 = 0. [c] Becanse vy, = v4, thus the output voltage follows the signal voltage. P 5.39 920v 14.1ve——f> 3k . -20v ig oma, Lye _ 147-10 _ imA 4700 a iat +0=5mA; ip=4mA ve = 10+ (1500)(0.004) = 16 V ig = ig +) =0.9mA vot = 14.7 + 3000(0.0009) = 17.4 VProblems 5-25 Un = Up U9 = 2Bsin(5r/3)t V O -—__——e [b] Ry = Rr» = 02 [c] Ry =G0K2 since, =0Problems 5-31 P 546 [a] ae 25kQ + Av, vy) Un = Uy 25,000 Un =U 50,000 1. Ug = Ton — 609 Also ve = A(vp— On: —Avy Un rr Ue (1+4) = 60, 6A vom Beagt 6(150)(0.5) (7+150) ee 6(0.5) = -3 V =6(0.5)A 7+A A= 343 [b] % [ce] v= [a] -2.94= P 5.47 From Eq. 5.57, wt 4 (1, 1 , 1) % R+OR "\R+AR* R-AR’ R;) Ry Substituting Eq. 5.59 for vp = Un’ R+AR~ (R—AR) (gent ate) Br5-32 CHAPTER 5. The Operational Amplifier Rearrenging, Ye 1 1 Fa ) Thus, 24R vo= wt (sa age) BY [a] Use Eq. 5.61 to solve for Ry; note that since we are using 1% strain gages, A=0.01: wR (6)(120) I= DR > @(O.0I)(IB) > 2 [b] Now solve for A given v = 50 mV: oR _ (0.05)(120) _ A= = 100 x 10% 2Ryvrer 2(2000)(15) ‘The change in strain gage resistance that corresponds to a 50 mV change in output voltage is thns AR = AR = (100 x 10°9)(120) = 12 ma oy RRytin °— RR FRR + RR Un = Yin Un = Yo mR °Problems 5-33 Vo (ar [ RRyvin | Bin Ry RR, | |[RRi+R-Ri + RR] R Be R+2Ry 1), Ry |RR+RR+RR R)™ yy = URE ARR, — Ri(R+ Ry) ~ RRylRy ° RUR(R+ Ry) + RR] ‘ Now substitute Ry = R+AR and get » ~AR(R+ Rp)Retin RU(R+ AR)(R+ R;) + RRj] WAR Bron = RUR+2R;) _ -AR(R+ Ry) ~ R(R+ 2Ry) R(R+ Ry) Y = TAR(R+ Ry) . error = eee apy * 100 [ce] R-AR=98109 AR = 10,000 — 9810 = 1909 (48 x 104) (47 x 10°)(190)(15) as 108(95 x 104) =190(48 x 104)(100) 10%(95 x 104) 6.768 V [a] % error = 0.96%6 Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance Assessment Problems AP 6.1 [a] ig = Se~9 — e124 Bo - 9.6e- 4 38.460, EO v v(0*) = 9.6 + 38.4 = 28.8V [b] v=0 when 38.4e~%% = 9.6e8% or t= (In4)/900 = 1.54ms [e] p= vi = 384e71™ — 76,8e- 6 — 307.2e~240% We dy Id] fs =0 when ¢® _ 19.529 4 1g—9 Let x and solve the quadratic x? — 12.5¢ +16 =0 44766, = 11.0523, pis maximum at t Le] Pina = 384e~1-50041905) _ 7, 86-06(0-41108) _ 397 2¢-24(041108) _ 39 79. W [f] W is max when é is max, i is max when di/dt is zero. When di/dt = 0, v = 0, therefore t = 1.54ms. [el imax = Be" _ 120.50) _ 3.78.0 Wmax = (1/2)(4 x 10-5) (3.78)? = 28.6 mJ 16-2 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance dv d P =o. 6 4 1,00" sin 39, AP 6.2 [a] 1= OF = 24x 10S sin 30,0004] = (0.72.cos 30,000t — 0.36 sin 30,000#]e~ "°° A, [b] i(Zms) =-31.66mA, 0 (& ) = 20.505 V, P = vi = ~649.23mW [b] p(t) = vi = [300 cos 50,0004] sin 50,0008 = 150sin 100,000 W, —P¢maxy = 160W Won) = (3) C2... = 0.30(100)? = 3000 pul = 3 mJ AP 64 [a] Lag = Jog = 48m [b] i(0+) =3+-5=-2A [et ey 2 [i 0.03e-**) dar — 2 = 0.125e-™ — 2.125 A [a] i; Phe 0.03e**) de +3 = O.1e™ $2.9. = [* (o.036-%) de — 5 = 0.0256 =F 2 fe 0.03e-™) dar — 5 = 0.025e-** — 5.025 A atinsi AP 6.5 m1 = 0.5 x 10° [240 x 10-%e-1" dr — 10 = ~120"* 4.2 m= 0125 x 108 [" 240 x 10~%e-"* dr — 5 = —3e" —2V t4(00) =2V, (00) = -2V w= 20 ed [FOO + ZO] x20"Problems 6-3 AP 6.6 [a] Summing the voltages around mesh 1 yields ra din +i) + 82a! + 2041 — in) + 54 + ig) = or dix ye oi di AG th 8G — M00 = — (5548 » Summing the voltages around mesh 2 yields ea+io) , ats a se + 20 (i ~ i) + 780i = or diy diy 8a = 2011 + 1692 + 8002 = 0 {b] From the solutions given in part (b) (0) =-04~-116+12=0; (0) =-0.01-099+1=0 ‘These values agree with zero initial energy in the circuit, At infinity, i(00) = -0.4A; (00) = 0.014 When t = oo the circuit reduces to sa 20a 1.9694 7.8 27809 + a 78 78 + ix(00) = — (Gr 5S) = 04a; anf From the solutions for i, and i we have diy at Bt aun = 46.40e™* — 60e dig tt _ gen a = 3.96e* — Se Also, dig =7.84e"* > dt . Thus di, 4G = 185.600" — 24006-4 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance 25i; = —10 — 290e~** + 300 di: 4 8 8p = 81.68e — 406 202 = —0.20 — 19.80e~#* + 20e-** Biy = 9.8 — 9.8e~# dig dt Test 185.60e~" — 240 — 10 — 290e~** + 300 + 31.68 — 40e~* +0.20 + 19.80e~* — 20e~* 4 — [9.8 — 9.8e~** + 62.72e~*"] —9.8 + (300 — 240 — 40 ~ 20)e~* 8 62.72" +(185.60 — 290 + 31.68 + 19.80)e~" 2 — (9,8 + 52.92e~**) —9.8 + 0c" + (237.08 — 290)e~ 2 9.8 — 52.926 —9.8 — 52.92e~" = 9.8 — 52.92e~" (OK) Also, = 371.20e~* — 4800" 20:1 = —8 — 232e~* + 2400 di; 16— = 63.36e~ — 80" 63.36¢~* — 80e 800i2 = —8 — 792 + 8006 125.44" Test 371.20e~ — 480e~* + 8 + 232e~* — 2406 + 63.36e~"* — soe —8— 792 + 8000 2 —195.44e~* (88) + (800 — 480 — 240 ~ 80)e-** +(371.20 + 232 + 63.36 — 792)e~" 2 195.440 (800 — 800)e"* + (666.56 — 792)e~* 4 —125.44e~# * (OK) 125.446 = —125.44e"Problems 6-5 Problems P61 i=o0 t<0 a 16tA O 10 4 ol 0 oF ou a8 a 7 @) 5 4 24 = 4 1 ol OOO OS OT OE aS OT OT aT 16)P64 P65 Problems 6-7 [a] v= a = 20)e-* — ster = 200-(1 — 5) dt v = (100 x 10-®)(20)e"*(1 — 5t) =2e"™(1—5t)mV, t>0 [b] p= vi = 0.04te™"(1 — 5¢) ‘p(100 ms) = 0.04(0.1)e""(1 — 0.5) = 735.76 .W [e] absorbing [d] «(100 ms) = 20(0.1)e°* = 267° fue = 3(100 x 10~*)(2e°5)? = 73.58 ud [e] The energy is a maximum where the current is a maximum: diy 0 when 1-5t=0 or t=0.2s8 ‘imax = 20(0.2)e"! = de? A. tee = $(100 x 10-8)(4e7)? = 108.27 pI [a] 0 12s, v= 40. v=0 when v=0 when ¢ v=0 when t=“30 -40 60 P66 w= as = [56 cos 140# + 92 sin 140¢]e" mV = [11,760 cos 140t — 9680 sin 140#]e- mV/s TE 0 when tan 140¢ = ae 12 = 6.30ms Also 140t = 0.8821 + 7 ete. Because of the decaying exponential v,, will be maximum the first time the derivative is zero. [b] vz(max) = [56 cos 0.8821 + 92 sin 0.8821]e~012602 997 mV pmax = 94mV 0.8821 + © Note: When ¢=——T5—"; up =—60mV 1000 jt, soon, P67 fa] i = Fop-_| 250s 10002 a 5 A = 5000 / sin 10002 air — 5 = 5(1~cos 10008) — 5 —5 cos 1000¢ A6-10 | CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance [b]_ p = vi = (250sin 1000t)(—5.cos 1000t) = —1250sin 1000 cos 1000¢ p = ~625sin.2000¢W w= fie 2 = 3(60 X 10~)25 cos? 10008 = 625 cos? 10004 mJ w = [812.5 +312.5cos2000¢] mJ. tims) osm me om ™ wong Ls) oan in ng aP68 P69 Problems 6-11 Absorbing power: Delivering power: 0.57 v= —60e™" + 120 8MV, EDO) [b] p= vi = 300e710 — 1206-4000 — 1996 16,0008 p=0 when 300% — 120¢! _ 199 = 0 Let x =; then 300x — 1202? — 120 =0 Thus 2? —2.5r+1=0 so 2=0.5andr=2 If. x = 6% — 0.5, ¢ will be negative. Hence, the solution for ¢ > 0 must be x= 2: "= 2 so G000E = n2 ‘Thus, t = ne = 115.52 ys [a] From Problem 6.8 we have B= Aye" +. Age 80 A 3042-70 — 120 Ane $00" i(0) = A+ Ap =1 (0) Solving, Ay = -2; ‘Thus, Es De 4 Ze“ HOME EDO) v= 60e-77™ — 360 £>0 —30A) — 120A,6-12 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance 20004 =0 when 3¢00 = ef — 1.5 so t= (In 1.5)/6000 = 67.58 us Thus, i>0 for O0 for 298.63 ys < t < 00 ‘Therefore, p<0 for 0<¢t< 67.58 ys and 298.63 ps < t < 00 (inductor delivers energy) P>O for 67.58 ys 0 v = (100cos 5t — 280 sin 5t)e™* V, t>0 4(0.5)= 670A; 0(0.5) = 150.23 ‘P(0.5) = (~6.70)(—150.23) = 1007.00 W absorbing For 00 [e] no, v(0~616 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance [e] v(00) = 10V (0.5 x 10-®)(10)? = 25 J , _ 30x 10-8 P 6.17 lal ¢= ipso =5x 10% 00 1 1, 1 w(0) = 5(8)(100) + 5 (82)(25) + 5 (8.6)(25) = 845 {f] waa = 2(10)(25) = 1253 [e] Wieapped = 845 — 125 = 720 vy, = 12506 ip =5e A p= 6250e% W So it . = 125(1 — e") W lo w= [62506~% ax = 6250! fb Wyotal = 125 J 80%wroeat = 1005 ‘Thus, 125 — 125" = 100; 6Problems — 6-21 P 6.25 Coq = 12 uF -10V—5V=-15V 24+ 12 = 36 pF infu | ! I. + 24uEs I5v +12, 15 + | > whine HET SV TIDUE > s6ury I5v Sv 7 2que “| + cr a set ag 73g Cm = 18 HF -15V+2V=-13V 12420 = 32yF S wv i 18414 = 32nF “| be » + {> rue Ty &V 720 > “ + i. 36ue: 1 aos “Coq = 16 pF FAeeals #s sl BV Fur > aq 7 13V Fil D> wai 8V-13V que $1 1B 732uE * “|6-22 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance pose 2-144 5 Goan GQ 8°” agne - asv + Cy =5.6 + 6.4 = 12nF at 40v 7 120F 1 1 ark C3 =720F . Cy = 128 47.2 = 20nF al 25v ao _4E - 30v+ | 25v 7 20nF Cs = 5nF - be ta 40nF Equivalent, capacitance is 5nF with an initial voltage drop of —10 V. P 627 [a] 006"? yy + + 30vT12nF 6 = =F5 [900 x 10-%e- 0" der + 30 o bb] uu = = Be 497V, £>0 10° ger (1m = ~ 35 (900 x 10-9) = 12% _o7v, t>0P 6.28 Problems 6-23 [] p= vi = (800%) (990 x 10-8)e- 280" = 27x 10-%e-s000 = [27 x 10-%¢-s000" w f X 10“%e 8000" gp BOD! joo -3e 27 x 109 |, = -54x 10°°(0-1) = 5.4 pd fe] w = 3(20 x 10°*)(45)? + 4(30 x 10°®)(15)? = 20.25 x 10-6 + 3.375 x 10-6 = 23.625 uJ [E] Werapped = Winitial ~ Waetivered = 23.625 — 5.4 = 18.225 uJ [e] Weeapped = 3(20 x 107°)(27)? + $(30 x 10-9)(27)? = (10+15)(27)? x 10- = 18.225 yt CHECK: 18.225 + 5.4 = 23.625 uJ Cy =1415=250F 1 1 1 ‘Gama eee 6 aco a Z 125 2 Cy =2nF vq(0) + v4(0) = ve(0) = 40+ 15 + 45 = 100V [a] + + Black oovy2nr sv, | ae w= =O [50 10-4e- 2a +100 2to 2500 jt = 25,0005 |, +100 = 100(e- — 1) +100 = 100e-y6-24 fb] le] ffl CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance i in a 12.5. [50% 10-62 de +15 16(e-7 — 1) +15 16" —1V_ 10° [50 x 10-62 dr — 45 ao 1000350 |“ —4(e-280¢ — 1) — 45 —4e~ 250" _ 41 V 9 = f'50 x 10- o e250 char + 40 2500 ~ 20,0005 +40 lo 80(e77" — 1) +40 80e~20" — 40V CHECK: % = mg +t,—0% = 80-75 — 40 + 16e-7" — 1 + de-P50 + 41 = 100e-*V (checks) d [80e-2°" — 40] —10-(—20,000e~25*) 200-5" pA -15 x 0 [80e-5% — 40} ~1.5 x 10-%(—20,000e-20") 300-280 pA, CHECK: i; + ig = 50€-" WA = i,P 6.29 P 6.30 P631 Problems — 6-25 = [5(2.5)(40)? + 3(12.5)(15)? + 4(50)(45)?] x 10-® 54,031.25 nJ {b] va(oo) = -1V uo) = -41V va(oo) = —40V w(oo) = [3(2.5)(40)* + $(12.5)(1)? + $(50)(41)] x 10-9 = 44,031.25nJ [ce] w= [ * (1007259) (50e"25) x 10-8 dt = 10,000 nJ ,031.25 — 44,031.25 = 10,000 10,000 CHECK: [d] % delivered = x 100 = 18.51% From Figure 6.17(a) we have 1 ft 1 ft »=of ino+e f ide + v4(0) ++ too] fide +m) +0) + Neq(0) = 04(0) + 02(0) +--+ From Fig. 6.18(a) dv du I=O G+ GG tI +t. Therefore Cx = C, + C2 +++. Because the capacitors are in parallel, the initial voltage on every capacitor must be the same. This initial voltage would appear on Cag.6-26 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance P 6.32 4 = y-3 Ho v(t) = 20x 10 a = (20 x 10-%)(50 x 10%) {e-899"{_6000 sin 6000t + 12,000 cos 60004] +(—8000e-*°*) [eos 6000t + 2.sin 60004]} = € 804 cos 6000 — 22 sin 60001} V ~ 1(0) =4V ig(0) = 50mA vp(0) = 320(50 x 10-%) = 16 V v4(0) =16+4=20V —10° ft P633 ve = pf je t*sin6oxde — 300 % 5e~**(80 sin 60t + 60 cos 604] + 300 — 300 400e~* sin 6OF + 300 cos 60t_V 5[—80e** sin 60t + 60e~® cos 604) —400e"* sin 60¢ + 300e~®* cos 60t V. ve 0, (300e~*° cos 60t — 300e-®% cos 60t + 400e~* sin 601+ 400e~** sin 604) 800¢~* sin 60t V diy dig = 6.34 [a] SSP +4052 + 90in = 06-28 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance le] Paov = Ugig = 960 + 92,480e~" — 94,400e-™ — 92,4806. 93,440e"!"W [4] Pace 960 W [el] i1(00) = 4A; ia(00) = 1A; ,(00) = 16 A; Psa = (16 — 4)*(5) = 720W Poon = 3°(20) = 180W Peon = 17(60) = 60W Y Pabs = 720+ 180 +60 = 960W DX Pacer = D2 Pate = 960 W P 6.37 [a] Rearrange by organizing the equations by diy /dt, i, dig/dt, iz and transfer the i, terms to the right hand side of the equations. We get dir | 95, gia = 5%, - atta 1G + Bir — 8GP — Win = Big ~ 858 i diz sedi, y ~ 20in + 16-7 + 80:2 = ee {[b] From the given solutions we have dix _ 3000-5 te Tp = 8206" + 2720 dia 60-8 ae din _ — 204e dt 2606 04e° ‘Thus, diy = aa 4F* = 12806 + 1088e dt 254 = 100 + 1600e~™ — 1700e~* dig 8 1639¢-4t 8 a 20806¢° 1632e 20i2 = 20 — 1040e“* + 1020e~* Sig = 80 — 80e-** di, 82 = 6400"Problems 6-29 ‘Thus, —1280e + 1088e~ + 100 + 1600e—* — 1700e~* — 2080e-* +1632e~ — 20 + 1040e-** — 1020e~** = 80 — 80e~* — 6400 80 + (1088 — 1700 + 1632 — 1020)e~* +(1600 — 1280 — 2080 + 1040)e~* 4 80 — 720¢-* 80 + (2720 ~ 2720)e~ + (2640 — 3360)e~™ = 80 — 720e-* (OK) oat = - 25600" + 21760 Oi; = 80 + 1280 — 13600 di 16—* = 4160e~ — 3264e~* 80i2 = 80 ~ 4160e~™ + 4080e~ di, i642 — 19806" 6p = 1280 2560e~* — 2176e"* — 80 — 1280e~% + 1360¢~* + 4160e~* — 3264e~* +80 — 4160e-™ + 4080e~** = 12806 (—80 + 80) + (2560 — 1280 + 4160 ~ 4160)e~** +(1360 — 2176 — 3264 + 4080)e~* = 12806" 0+ 1280e-™ + 0e~** = 1280e* (OK) P 6.38 Dot terminal 2; with current entering terminal 2, the flux is right-to-left coil 1-2. Assign the current into terminal 4; the flux is left-to-right in coil 3-4, The flux is in the same direction, due to the topology of the core, so dot terminal 4. Hence, 2 and 4 or 1 and 3 [b] Dot terminal 1; with current entering terminal 1 the flux is down in coil 1-2. Assign the current into terminal 4; the flux is right-to-left in coil 3-4. ‘Therefore the flux is in the same direction, due to the topology of the core, so dot terminal 4. Hence, 1 and 4 or 2 and 3. {c] Dot terminal 1; with current entering terminal 1 the flux is up in coil 1-2. Assign the current into terminal 4; the flux is left-to-right in coil 3-4. ‘Therefore the flux is in the same direction, due to the topology of the core, so dot terminal 4. Hence, 1 and 4 or 2 and 3.6-30 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance {d] Dot terminal 2; with current entering terminal 2, the flux is down in coil 1-2. Assign the current into terminal 4; the flux is down in coil 3-4. Therefore, the flux is in the same direction, so dot. terminal 4. Hence, 2 and 4 or 1 and 3. P 6.39 When the switch is closed, the induced voltage in the coil connected to the source is negative at the dotted terminal. Since the de voltmeter kicks up-scale, the induced voltage in the coil connected to the voltmeter is positive at the lower terminal. Therefore, dot the upper terminal of the coil connected to the voltmeter. di, di di P 6.40 A Lae ME A ME (Ly + In + 2M) =e fe It follows that Lg, = (Li + Lg + 2M) li di di (b] tan = Lig — MG + log — MG = (La + La — ome ‘Therefore La, = (Li + Lp — 2M) P641 [a] uy =i" ain — fa) _ gy tia gp ltn =i) ai Maa Collecting coefficients of [di /d#] and (dis/di], the two mesh-current eae become 0 dig thee vay = 1S +(M— 1)" and =(M— iy + (Lit la om Solving for [dis/dt] gives diy _ Lita dt Lyle from which we have Ink, ~ M? \ (di we itt) ae, {b] If the magnetic polarity of coil 2 is reversed, the sign of M reverses, therefore Lal, — M? Tab = TE Ly + 2MProblems 6-31 P642 [a] Lo= ( a) BL M_ [ly a et ene M~ VZy~ Vi60 = *?° _ fr _ 0250 9 ng U1 Pi = 2 = (Hogg? = 0.25 x 10-° Wh/A .25 x 10° Wh/A. Ly _ 400 x 10-* P GAS Pym Fy = SO = 6.4 nWb/A -Bb Pam 5e _ 450 x 10-% = Gamay — 20 BWO/A Pus = Pi — Pan = 6.4 ~ 3.6 = 2.8 nWb/A M 19.5 P644 [a] k= = 2 = 075 fl k= Ton yore = 97% [b] Mmex = V676 = 26 mH NPP: _ (Mi? 6) = Nam 7 (me) (t'-8 No) 13 M wn Va=2 7 288 x 10-* P645 [a] L:=N2P; P= Sree 288 nWb/A. Pu py 05 Pa =2Pu 288 x 10° = Py + Pa = BP Pu =96 nWb/A; Py, = 192 nWb/A M = ky/DyLp = (1/3) y/(0.288)(0.162) = 72 mH M 72 x 10-9 Ma MP (1000)(192 x 10-) 375 turns6-32 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance Ly _ 62x 10-8 NB” (375)? [e] Pu = 96 nWb/A [see part (a)] fa) 92 = 22 _Pa=Po _ Pe o2 Piz Piz Pra Pay = Pay = 192 nWb/A; Py = 1152 nWb/A {b] Pz = 152 nWb/A -1 Pu Poa Pu Pra 14+") (14) = (142 a (1+ 52) (+ 52) = (14 Re) (148) ‘Therefore Be PrPar Pat Pu)(Pi + Pea) Now note that br = but Gar = PMs + Pa Nita = Min(Pur + Par) and similarly b2 = Noin(Po2 + Pia) It follows that (Put Pa) = ca and = (2 Pa+Pu)= (52) ‘Therefore pe — Gr2/Naia)(Ga1/Nits) _ drab (G1/ Nits) ($2/ Nota) dbo or | (dar) (dra k=} (2) (2 (8) [b] The fractions (21/41) and (412/é2) are by definition less than 1.0, therefore k < 1. P 6.47 [a] W = (0.5)Lyi7 + (0.5) Loi} + Miri M = 0.8y/(0.025)(0.1) = 40mH W = (0.5)(0.025)(10)? + (0.5)(0.1)(15)? + (0.04)(10)(15) = 18.54P 6.48 P 649 Problems 6-33 [b] W = (0.5)(0.025)(—10)? + (0.5)(0.1)(—15)? + (0.04)(—10)(—15) = 18.5 fe] W = (0.5)(0.025)(—10)? + (0.5)(0.1)(15)? + (0.04)(—10)(15) = 6.55 [4] W = (0.5)(0.025)(10)? + (0.5)(0.1)(—15)? + (0.04)(10)(—15) = 6.53 [fa] M = 1.0,/(0.025)(0.1) = 50mH, i, = 10A V Therefore 503 +5002 +1250=0, 3 + 10%» +25 =0 mot ye) -% =-54 V0 ‘Therefore iz = 5A Therefore i =~ ( {b] No, setting W equal to a negative value will make the quantity under the square root sign negative. When the button is not pressed we have ° + Cy Fixed vjt)-v(t) {9 . cgeutton *«) ——— dv d OF = OF (-0) or dy (C+ Ca) = Cr de G,__ dy dt (Cy +C2) dt v = 0.5u,(t) + v(0) When the button is pressed we have6-34 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance cs vi - +}—4+—— + ce, we * dv dw, duu Agr ogt aa du __ Gade di OF Q+G dt Assuming C; = C,=C;=C du, 3 dt g(t) + 0(0) Therefore interchanging the fixed capacitor and the button has no effect on the change in v(t). P 6.50 With no finger touching and equal 10 pF capacitors 10 5 v(t) = 55 valt)) +0 = 0.5»,(0) With a finger touching Let, = equivalent capacitance of person touching lamp __ (10)(100) “110 = 9.091 pFProblems 6-35 P 6.51 With no finger on the button the circuit is we caFixed Sto mH +e ¥C cy Button d d Cele — ve) + Cog lv tv») =0 when = C)=@=C eo) 0 With a finger on the button AC op Fixed cs Sy SF + oan vC cy Button outle= dv+v.) , 5.40 z ee FOS =0 OE a dv | diy (dy _ (Cr+ On + Os) Ge + Crap OE =0 when C)=G@=C;-C oye 0 there is no change in the output. voltage of this circuit.7 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits Assessment Problems AP 7.1 [a] The cireuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the inductor behaves like a short circuit, effectively eliminating the 202 resistor from the circuit. 30 6 szove v $300 1 40) First combine the 309 and 692 resistors in parallel: 30/6 = 59 Use voltage division to find the voltage drop across the parallel resistors: Fi Ss 3 (120) =75V Now find the current using Ohm's law: io) =-2 a =125A [b] w(0) = 520) = (8 x 10°)(12.5)? = 625m v= [c] To find the time constant, we need to find the equivalent resistance seen by the inductor for t > 0. When the switch opens, only the 292 resistor remains connected to the inductor. Thus, L_ 8x10 Ro 2 [d] s(t) = i(0> et" = —12.5e1/9 _ 19. 5e°7 At > fe] i(5ms) = —12.5e-749.05) — _12.5e71 = —3.58A =4ms TA7-2 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits So w(5ms) = $1i(5ms) = 4(8) x 10-9(3.58)? = 51.3mJ w (dis) = 625 — 51.3 = 573.7 % dissipated = (=-") 100 = 91.8% AP 7.2 [a] First, use the circuit for ¢ < 0 to find the initial current in the inductor: 60 + 6.40 wpe 100 VJ ir) Using current division, 10 50>) = ppg) = 4A Now use the circuit for t > 0 to find the equivalent resistance seen by the inductor, and use this value to find the time constant: 60 + Req =4I\(6+10)=3.29, 2. r= rm Use the initial inductor current and the time constant to find the current in the inductor: A(t) =i(0-)et/” = de = de“ A, t>0 Use current division to find the current in the 102 resistor: 4 4 ge-108 108 + o(t) = ——=—(-i) = S(- =-04 » t> i) = Teo GA) = gol 47) = —O8E“MA, FBO Finally, use Ohm’s law to find the voltage drop across the 100 resistor: volt) in = 10(—0.8e") = —8e"™ WV, t > 0+ [b] ‘The initial energy stored in the inductor is 1 w(0) = 50) = 5(0.82)(4)? = 2.56) Find the energy dissipated in the 49 resistor by integrating the power over all time: v4a(t) = a = 0.32(—10)(4e-"™) = -12.8e ™V, = t>0*Problems 7-3 2 pan(t) = Fa = 40.96e"W, t>0* want) = [ * 40.96" dt = 2.048 J Find the percentage of the initial energy in the inductor dissipated in the AQ. resistor: oe 2.048 % dissipated = (2) 100 = 80% AP 7.3 [a] The circuit for t <0 is shown below. Note that the capacitor behaves like ‘an open circuit. 20K VU 7.500 sok song SO Find the voltage drop across the open circuit by finding the voltage drop across the 50k{? resistor. First use current division to find the current. through the 502 resistor: _ 80 x 10° ‘50k = 3x 108 + 20 x 10° + 50 x ‘Use Ohm’s law to find the voltage drop: u(0-) = (50 x 10% ison = (50 x 10°)(0.004) = 200V [b] To find the time constant, we need to find the equivalent resistance seen by the capacitor for t > 0. When the switch opens, only the 50k® resistor remains connected to the capacitor. Thus, RC = (50 x 103)(0.4 x 10) = 20ms (0-)e/* = 200e-*/°? — 200 V, t>0 (7.5 x 10") =4mA Ie] v(t) {d] w(0) = joe" = 504 x 10~*)(200)? = 8mJ le] w(e The 8x 10% =2x 10%, el = 4, t= (In 4)/100 = 13.86 ms Ler joa x 10°)(200e-#)? = Be! my ial energy is 8 mJ, so when 75% is dissipated, 2 mJ remains: AP 7.4 [a] This circuit is actually two RC circuits in series, and the requested voltage, v¥, is the sum of the voltage drops for the two RC circuits. The cirenit for t <0 is shown below:7-4 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits i yO") - 15k0 20kQ + isv@ 40k v0") Find the current in the loop and use it to find the initial voltage drops across the two RC circuits: _ 15 ~~ 75,000 ‘There are two time constants in the cirenit, one for each RC subcircuit. 7s is the time constant for the 5 uF ~ 20k subcireuit, and 7; is the time constant for the 1 uF ~ 409 subcircuit: 15 = (20x 10°)(5x 10) = 100ms; 7 = (40x 108)(1 x 10% i =0.2mA, — v9(0")=4V, 4 (0-) = 8V ‘Therefore, s(t) = vs(O~)et/™ = 4et/01 wey, £20 v(t) = vi(O~ Je“? = Be/9 = Be“™"-V, E> 0. Finally, volt) = vi(t) + vs(t) = [Be + 4e™]V, £0 [b] Find the value of the voltage at. 60 ms for each subci voltage to find the energy at 60 ms: 11(60ms) = 8e72-9) = 1.79V, —v5(60:ms) = 4e“190.) = 9.29-V wy(60ms) = 4Cv3(60ms) = 1(1 x 10-®)(1.79)? & 1.59 J 1ws(60:ms) = £Cv8(60ms) = £(5 x 10-)(2.20)? © 12.05 pd w(60ms) = 1.59 + 12.05 = 13.64 J Find the initial energy from the initial voltage: w(0) = wy (0) + wa(0) = 4(1 x 10-*)(8)? + 2(5 x 10-°)(4)? = 72 nT Now calculate the energy dissipated at 60 ms and compare it to the initial energy: ‘Win = w(0) — (60 ms) = 72 — 13.64 = 58.36 % dissipated = (58.36 x 10-°/72 x 10~*)(100) = 81.05% cuit and use the AP 7.5 [a] Use the circuit at t < 0, shown below, to calculate the initial current in the inductor: 20 am | iyProblems 7-5 i(0-) = 24/2 = 12A = 4(0*) Note that i(0~) = i(0*) because the current in an inductor is contimuous. [b] Use the circuit at t = 0*, shown below, to calculate the voltage drop across the inductor at 0+. Note that this is the same as the voltage drop across the 10 resistor, which has current from two sources — 8 A from the current source and 12 A from the initial current through the inductor. + wor) g102 Dea yal} — 200mH v(0*) = -10(8 + 12) = -200V [c] To calculate the time constant we need the equivalent resistance seen by the inductor for t > 0. Only the 102 resistor is connected to the induetor for t > 0. Thus, 7 = L/R = (200 x 10-9/10) = 20ms [d] ‘To find i(t), we need to find the final value of the current: in the inductor. When the switch has been in position a for a long time, the circuit reduces to the one below: ied] 10 ea Note that the inductor behaves as a short cirenit and all of the current from the 8 A source flows through the short circuit. Thus, ip =—8A Now, I(t) = iy + FO) = err =-8420e-™A, £>0 {e] To find v(t), use the relationship between voltage and current for an inductor: a(t) “dt 8+ [12 — (—8)}e-W0o2 200eV, — t> OF u(t) =L 100 x 10-*)(—50)(20e-™)7-6 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits AP 76 [a] +axd+| — 40K0 O-25MF ty vt i6n GEV From Example 7.6, volt) = —60 + 9027 1% -V Write a KVL equation at the top node and use it to find the relationship between v, and v4: vA—%o | vA 4 Ato 3000 * 160,000 * “40,000 200.4 — 200, + v4 +404 + 300 = 0 250, = 20v, ~ 300 U4 = 0.80, — 12 Use the above equation for v4 in terms of v, to find the expression for v4: ‘ua(t) = 0.8(—60 + 90e1) — 12 = 60+ 72e-1™V, t> Ot t > 0*, since there is no requirement that the voltage be continuous in a AP 7.7 [a] Use the circuit shown below, for ¢ <0, to calculate the initial voltage drop across the capacitor: 60kQ oma) 40k vg0-) 25kQ (5 i) (10 x 10° ve(0™) = (3.2 x 1078)(25 x 108) =80V so v,(0*) = 80V. Now use the next circuit, valid for 0 < ¢ < 10ms, to calculate v¢(t) for that interval: 60kQ 25kQ: aneProblems 7-7 For 0<¢<100ms: 7 = RC = (25 x 105)(1 x 10°) v(t) = ve(O- Je” = Be" V_ OS t < 10ms [b] Calculate the starting capacitor voltage in the interval ¢ > 10 ms, using the capacitor voltage from the previous interval: v_(0.01) = 80e~4%0) = 53.63,V Now use the next circuit, valid for t > 10ms, to calculate v,(t) for that, interval: 25kQ3 53.63 “| v, £100kQ For t>10ms Rag = 25KO|100KR = 20k 7 = Reg’ = (20 x 10%)(1 x 10~) ‘Therefore ve(t) = ve(0.01*)e“ #0" = 53,63e 9 Vt > 0.015 .02s [ec] To calculate the energy dissipated in the 25 k0 resistor, integrate the power absorbed by the resistor over all time. Use the expression p=v/R to caleulate the power absorbed by the resistor. 001 (g0e~4"]2 pow “ask = Jo Sian f+ foo {d] Repeat the process in part (c), but recognize that the voltage across this resistor is non-zero only for the second interval: co [53.636-50¢-000)72 “rooke = foor 100,000 ‘We can check our answers by calculating the initial energy stored in the capacitor. All of this energy must eventually be dissipated by the 25k resistor and the 100k9 resistor. Check: wetored = (1/2)(1 x 10~)(80)? = 3.2mJ Wain = 2.91 + 0.29 = 3.2mI = 0.29md7-8 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits AP 78 [a] Prior to switch a closing at t = 0, there are no sources connected to the inductor; thus, i(0) = 0. At the instant, A is closed, i(0*) = 0. For01s mn 90 NU $30 i Use current division to find the final value of the current: 9 f= apg = 488Problems 7-9 ‘The equivalent resistance seen by the inductor is used to calculate the time constant: 2 25 3(9+6)=252 + - 8s ‘Therefore, i= ip +t [i(1*) — ipl = 4845.98 HY Ap >1s AP 7.9 0 @-15v Yo v + ee -- oy = ls 3 8 RG; Dosg-s0 V+ 8= 9G |, gs TS —Aa_Blt~ 32 x10) +8 RC = (250 x 10°)(0.2 x 10-6) = 50 x 10°° so _1 =»710 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits v= -20(5)(t — 32 x 10-*) + 8 = —100t + 11.2 ‘The output will saturate at the negative power supply value: -15= 100¢+11.2 2. t= 262ms AP 7.10 [a] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the non-inverting input: Up = Vy + [Vo — Velo"? = -2+ (0+ 2)e/” r= (160 x 105)(10 x 10°) = 10°; 1/r = 625 Up = —2 + Be 'V; Write a KVL equation at the inverting input, and use it to determine 1: Um, Wn—Yo 70,000 * 40,000 Uo = 5Un = 5p = —10 + 100" V ‘The output will saturate at the negative power supply value: 10 + 10" = 5; = 1/2; t= In 2/625 = 1.1 ms [b] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the non-inverting input: Up = Vy + [Vo— Vem!” = -2 + (1+ 2)eO = 2 + 30 V ‘The analysis for vp is the same as in part (a): Uo = tly = —10 + 15e" PV The outpnt will saturate at the negative power supply value: 10+ 15e"" = 5; ee = 1/3; t= 103/625 =Problems 7-11 Problems P71 [al e(0) = 125/25=5A 4 [b] + 59 = m8 [ce] i= 5e* A, #20 1 = 801 = —400e* Vt > 0 m= LE = 4(-1256-*) = 5006 **V E> oF [4] Paine = i7(20) = 25e7°*(20) = 5000" W “ S02 ‘Wate = f 5000" der = 500 10 — 106 J fh 50 ‘Waise(12ms) = 10 — 10e~° = 4.515 w(0) = 3(4)(25) =50J = 9.02% 15k 15k0. P72 [alt<0 Pig > igoy wv Lem EMIS = 7.542 9 WO) = Gaetayx ie ~ AMA (07) = 4(0-) = (04) x 10°49) —o2mA [b] i1(0*) = 1:07 i,(0*) = -i,(0*)=—0.2mA —_ (when switch is open) L_ 30x T= RO pox 1g 1% 1 a(t) =i (0* ew" x(t) =0.2e" mA, +207-12 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [d] &(¢)=—a(t) when #2 0* . i9(t) = [e] The current in a resistor can change instantaneously. The switching operation forces i2(0-) to equal 0.2mA and i2(0*) = —0.2mA. 0.2e7%"' mA, — t>0F P73 [a] i(0-)=0 since the switch is open for t <0. [b] For t= 0" the cireuit is: ty 500 1002 ° 2000 ve 3000 - vO") Ye BO Rory . - 3002/3002 = 1500 25 fo = spy ago = 25mA —\ _ (300 . in(0-) = (R) iy = 62.5mA {e] For t = 0+ the cireuit is: is OE 500 1009 2000 + av 3000 v(0*)@62.5ma agoey 3002/1002 = 750 25, io = ayy 7g = 200A 300) i= (i) 200 = 150mA_ . ig(0*) = 150 — 62.5 = 87.5mA {4} iz (0+) = éz(0-) = 62.5mA [el o(00) = ig = 150mAPTA P75 Problems — 7-13 {f] iz(c0) =0, since the switch short circuits the branch containing the 2000 resistor and the 50 mH inductor. *. in = 04+ (62.5 — 0)e™ = 62.5% mA, tt 0 [h] »,(0-)=0 since for t < 0 the current in the inductor is constant, [i] Refer to the circuit at t= 0* and note: 200(0.0625) + v,(0*)=0; . v,(0*) = -12.5V [i] vz(cc) =0, since the current: in the inductor is a constant at t = oo. [k] vz(t) = 0+ (—12.5 — 0)e~° = -12.5e-™V, E> OF ( i =i, — ig = 150-62.5e- "mA, = t > 0* v 100--" fo) f= R= = 250 b) r= 4 = 12.5ms 0 fe) r= 4 =125 x 107 L = (12.5)(25) x 10-9 = 312.5 mH [d] w(0) = SHOP = $(0.3125)(16) = 255 fe vam = ff 400071 daz = 2.5 — 2,5¢716" 0.8w(0) = (0.8)(2.5) = 23 2.5 — 2.5e 10% = 2 Solving, t = 10.06 ms. w(0) = $20 x 10-*)(10?) = 15 0.5w(0) = 0.55 in = We Paiss = 3K = 100Re~/7 oes f R(100)e-2°/" dx7-14 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits ePlr Ito ies = 100 1) = SOL(1—e/7) 50L = (50)(20) x 10- te = 10 ps5 Lael 205 Lin2 _ 20x 10-*In2 Se a 2 30x 19-6 ~ OSS P76 w(0) = 5LB lr wae = [TRE dt = BR, o° (2/7) lo 1 1 = gaRr( etl) = zeL. eit) Wiss = ow(0) Lp shiq Loe tel = te 1]. #-leal: Linft/(1—o)) R 2t, __ (20 x 10-5) Inf11/0.5) bb] R= 20 x 10-8 R= 693.159 80 PTT in(0) = =2A 80 y+) = 80 gig oe i,(0*) = 55-2 = 4-2 = 2A 80 =HttAProblems — 7-15 L_ 2% {b] i, =2e-“"; T=F-* 10-3 = 1ms iy = 2c A ig = 4 = ip = 4 — 2 1O™ A, t>0r fe] 4-2671™ = 3.8 0.2 = 2-100" tom" — 10) P78 [a] For t<0 150 500 30 > + % o J 500 J _ 600 202 igo) igo} 20 80 ig = 724 _ 2(50) _ _ ye i,(0") = (100) =1A=i,(0*) For t>0 3a . 602 F200 OHI (0) 2Q in()=i,0%)e A, 20 L 0.20 1 R~ 5415 ~ 100" 0" iz(0t) = 1A in(t)=e™A, 40 v(t) = —15in(t) volt) =—1beV, tt D OF7-16 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 2 PTO Pron = 5, = 11.256-°W oot Wana =/ 11.25¢-2 at o 125 p00 [ = =300° Io = 56.25 x 10-°(1 —e"*) = 48.64 mJ Liyayay? (0.2)(1)? = 100mJ. 48.64 % diss = Typ x 100 = 48.64% P7.10 [al <0 Wat 2.5ma 160 igo") ° mA + + foe vg 1k2 {60H —S> 40mH v, $1k0 “oma “2m 40 x 10-8 6 z or = 40x 108; 1/7 = 25,000 Vg = —1000(—2 x 1078 )e~7.00 — De-25,00 yt > OF r Db] waa = 3040 x 10-9)(4 x 10-8) = 8003 [e} 0.9543 = 7603 to de B0,000¢ “000 - 76x 10-°Problems 7-17 76 x 107° = 80 x 10-%e 0.0 80 x 10-9(1 — e500) 900006 — 0.05 50,0008 =In20 sot, = 59.9 ps fe 909 1498 50 ty Lr ; PTAL t<0: ua eu a "108 160V, 50 2m ix(0*) =2A t>0: 50 200 . vz 150 7 -— Re= 296) +20 = 240 L_% 5 1 Raw X= Ams = 250 - i = 2 ig = iy = O.4e 2 A 5 Up = —15ig = —6e-™V, > 0F P 7.12 pron = 20i% = 20(4)(e?): woo = [fF s00- at = w(0) = $(96)(10-9)(4) = 192m) 160 of % diss = 555 (100) = 83.33%7-18 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits P 7.13 [a] v,(t) =v.(0*)e/™ . va(O* eS */* = 0.25ue(0*) SX ag L_5x10-% THs Rina __ 250 x 10-8 “Ind [b] i,(0-) = 60 (3) = 10mA = iz(0*) L = 180.34 mH a 5bilO*P = HlRr)(100 x 10°¢ = 25007 J. z(t) = 10e/7 mA Poon = i7 (50) = 5000 x 10-%e-"/" sx10-# wae = [5000 x 10-8 dt sooo x woe ei pe eS CF lo = 2500. 10°6r [1 — et m4 = 0.0625 ‘Weiss = 2500 x 10-7 (0.9375) % diss = 100 Wien = 93.75% P74 t<0 250) 100 | 25H in (07) = i, (0*) = 254 t>0Problems — 7-19 7 Yo) f S0mH Find Thévenin resistance seen by inductor 0.203 t>or P715 [al t<0: 4450 > 9m sav) 90 ion One) =39; ix(0)= one =6A7-20 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits t>0: i Aa, 5 . sbZ100n Z2000 ig = 17200) _ 2, as 300 3°7 ._ (100)(200) 2 200 vp = 50ig + ro) = Wing + ir 100 , 200 oF = Ry = — + = 1000 ip 3° 3 v,, § 200mH ae [b] vz = 200 x 10-3(—3000e-™) = —600~-™ V, (e] Sig 1009 Ur = 50ig + 100i = 150%, uw ia= Sh = ~4e-8008 = Tp = tel t>0r P716 w(0) = 3200 x 10°5)(36) = 3.63 —50(—4e 5) (Ge 90" t>or 2000PTT Problems 7-21 fal t<0 540") eG 40K $20KC Z60KC2 230K 40 kO||20k = 13.33k2 60KA|}30KN = 20k (120 x 107%)(13.33 x 10°) = 1600 V iyo * 133K re00vG 20kQ - gy 1600 '00) = 33,333.33 ~ “84 ce 200m —>49na 20k oxo L Se => woo 725 7 = 400,000 iz (t) = 48e™" mA, E> 0 ‘Poor = (0.048e~ 4%)? (60,000) = 138.2427. Wy Waiea = [ 138.24e~20000 dp = 172.8 x 10°°[1 — 0.25w(0) = 57.6 uJ 172.8(1 — e- 8.) = 57.6; 600000 1.5 InL.5 0.507 pas 300,0007-22. CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [b] waiss (total) = 230.4(1 — e800) ‘Weise (0.507 jos) = 76.82 pod % = (76.82/230.4)(100) = 33.3% P718 [a] t<0 19 é — 200, 220vC (80/3)A 2120 (10/3) $600 2 t=0r io ig —z20n 220vG) IY «sora (20/3) be 220 = iy, + (50/3) + (10/3), 200A, [b] At 19 — 20a 220v~ 120 602 inh = 20/1 = 220A, 120 J 600 fame 6mH {6} (0) =50/3, = x 10-* =o.167ms fa i2(0) = 10/3, m= x 10-* = 0.25ms 60 ix(#) = (60/3)e"™ A, 420Problems 7-23 in(t) = (10/3)e™ A, t>0 ‘igs = 220 — (50/3)e°™ — (10/3)e™ A, t>0 220 — (50/3)e-™ — (10/3)e-4™ = 210 30 = 500%" + 196-4000" 3 = Be 6000" 5 ¢-A0oor By trial and error fa] t<0: $= 123.1 ps Lome Sma saa) 1KO mH ‘SmH {Bone sma 25k feo mH San oma t>0: i bom 4 25k Sma ip=5e/"mA; or zg = 20x 10-6 ig = Se mA7-24 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits up = (2.5 x 10°)(5 x 10) e090 = 12. 5e 0 v1 = 20 x 10-[5 x 10-5(—50,000)e 0] = —5e 80.00" Up = —1 — UR = —7.5e 80.000 y 10% ft [b] i. = aaa 7.5 e000 dar +) = 3.125e7.0 — 3,125 mA P 7.20. [a] From the solution to Problem 7.19, tp =5 x 10-%e 00 A Dr = (25 x 107 %e- 10. )(2.5 x 10°) = 62.5 x 10~%e~ 1001000 Wy aia = f° 62.5 x 10% 180M a sean (0) = 3060 x 107°)(5 x 107)? = 625nJ w(0) = 3(20)(25 x 10-%) x 10-* + $(80)(25 x 10-*) x 10-# = 1250nF *. w(0) = Was + Wrapped 04(0-) = 4(0*) = 75V w(0") =0 Coq = 2 8/10 = 1.6 uF kN 1. 6ue F 75V 7 = (5)(1.6) x 107% = 8ms; 2 = 125Problems — 7-25 x 10e“ 1" = 15e 1 mA, tt > OF 5k + —i + BET vy ¥2 TOE t>0 = W [1x0 125 de + 0= —1be 4 15V, £20 8 Jo [b] w(0) = 5@ x 107°)(5625) = 5625 uJ [e] erapped = ke x 107®)(225) + =| a8 107°)225 = 1125 J. Was = 56 x 10~*)(5625) = 4500 J. Check: wtrapped + Waias = 1125 + 4500 = 5625 uJ; w(0) = 5625 pu. P 7.22 [a] R= = 20k 1 1 1 WL = Re = 100; C= Goag cap = 05HF fe] r= qa ims [a] w(0) = $0.05 > 10-4) (108) = 25043 lel eh (10%)e-20 “20x 105)" 004) 200 = 250(1 — e200) e200 = 0.2; MMe = 5 to= aw ty © 804.72 ps7-26 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits P7.23 [a] t<0: 2v-20kKQ_ Sk 10k ‘ijo-) ig0-) tov a 4 5kQ 8 i(0-) = (07) = & x 10" [b] #>0: 9.4ue —_ +2 - 5kQ 10kQ afo-) igo-) ‘ f aa (0+) = z x10 = 0.2mA [c] Capacitor voltage cannot change i 4(0") = 4,0") = 0.2mA [4] Switching can cause an instantaneous change in the current in a resistive branch. In this circuit i(0")=0.2mA and ig(0*) = -0.2mA fe] uw =2e"7V, #0 = R.C = 5000(0.4) x 107° = 2 x 10° Ue = eV, t>0 \stantaneously, therefore, 0.2e°%mA, t>0 =-( ,500t. >ot Dong = 02 mA, FBO P7224 [a] v(0)= eens) = 118.80V (36) y= ekaProblems 7-27 7 = RC = (2000)(0.25) x 107 = 500 ps; = 2000 v=118.80e™V £30 {b] w(0) = 50 25)(118.80)? = 1764.18 pI _ 118.8072" ~ 6 Pax = [(19.8)e-7"]?(4000) x 107° = 1568.16 x 10-%e~40% e800 250%10~ =4000 lo os = 19.827 mA ‘war = 1568.16 x 10-* = 392.04(1 —e) pd 392.04 % (1 —e7?) x 100 = 14.05% P7.25 [a] t<0: 2 i, + + 2ama@) v{0-}$ 8k vg07 8 100. i(0-) = (238) _ 40) = “Goy = 10mA vo(0-) = (10)(10) = 100V (07) = 25-10 = 15mA v2(07) = 15(8) = 120V t>0 Qi, + + 120V70.15uF 1007 0.30uF 1 T= RC=02ms= 200s; = =7-28 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits Ny, aay + 20v - a Oe 20 ty 8000 7 >ot alt) = ape We™ mA, £20 fb] HQ —i, + + + 120v7F0.15e 1ooV7FO.30QuF v, 10? 9-500 gg iO Worse" ae + 100 19° 1000" 6 “3 =5000 i a = —(20/3)e7°0 + (20/3) + 100 Ve = [—(20/3)e°™ + (320/3)]V, #20 Y= Werapped = (1/2)(0.15) x 10-*(320/3)? + (1/2)(0.3) x 107°(320/3)? Werapped = 2560 1. Check by combining the capacitors into a single equivalent capacitance of 0.1 uF with a 20 V initial voltage: Waies = 3 Cao = F(041 x 10-®)(20)? = 20 uJ w(0) = 300. 15) x 10°°(120)? + 300 3 x 10)(100)? = 2580 J. Werapped + Wass = w(0) 2560+ 20 = 2580 OK.Problems 7-29 18k P 7.26 [a] ¢<0: sov) —vf0) 34K 68K (60)(10.2) v0(0) = G5 = 51V t>0: SIV] (Q/6quF ve 12k a q02) x 10" = 2ms; v= Sle ™V, £20 2 p= FB x 10% = 216.75 x 10-81% W ax10-* Weiss = f 216.75 x 10-%e- 1 dt = 216.75 x 10-°(1 — e~*) = 187.42 J = (2) (2) 1? x 10° = 216.75 [b] w(0) = G) (3) (51)? x 10-* = 216.75 pd 0.95w(0) = 205.9125 pS f 916.75 x 10-86-10" dr = 205.9125 x 10-° Jf ete" de = 0.95 10-8 4 e-10one 0.95; le 20; so tp =3ms7-30 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits x10" i, 3.3k0 3 2svC vgo-)=25v P727 t<0 t>0 60k2 vy 2x 104i, + 60,000ir = 20,000(—ir) + 60,000ir = 40,0007 § oF _ Ry = 40k ir 40kNZ vz 25V725nF 7 = RC =1ms; + = 1000 ; U9 = 25e MV, t>0 d ig = 25x 107° 7 25e1"] = —625e 1" A, E> OFProblems 7-31 ° Brn = ae =5kQ P 7.28 [a] 7 = RC = Rrx(0.2) x 10° = 10°; ZOO (iO) vg ¥ 10K vp = 20 x 10%(ip — ava) + 10 x 10%i7 ug = 10x 10°i¢ vp = 30 x 10°ip — 20 x 10%al0 x 10% = 30 x 10° — 200 x 10°a = 5 x 10° = 125 x 10-6 A/V 30 — 200,000 = [b] v,(0) = (0.018)(5000) =90V t<0 t>0: 2K0 + ay + 0.2 v4 3 10K0 Mm Ma 8, 10x 108 * 30,000 ~ 129 * 10%va = 0 2va + 0a — Vo — 2500 x 10-0, = 0 Ug = 2, = 18061 V7-32 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits P 7.29 [a] 2gkO 22.56 S ; + ae My 0.28 906" rove My £1040 Pas = (—90e71) (22.5 x 10-Fe~ 10 —2025 x 10-220 W ti = Jf pwd = 1012.5 J. *, dependent source is delivering 1012.5 uJ (180)%e~2000" {] Pioe = 9 sags Wroe =f rok dt = 1620 J woe = f Page dt = 202.5 pd ‘we(0) = 3(02) x 10-6(90)? = 810 pI DY wacy = 810 + 1012.5 = 1822.5 pd DY wane = 202.5 + 1620 = 1822.5 J. P 7.30 [a] At t = 0° the voltage on each capacitor will be 25 x 10™* x 200 =5 V, positive at the upper terminal. Hence at ¢ > 0* we have 5.5 2 ja(0") = 0.025 + 2 + 2 = 1.65Problems 7-33 At t= co, both capacitors will have completely discharged. *. igg(00) = 25 mA [b] ina(t) = 0.025 + in (t) + éa(t) m1 = (5)(2) x 10° = 10 pss 2 = (8)(50 x 10-%) = 400 us. a(t wa g>or ig(t) = 0.625e "A, = >0 25 + 1000¢~ 10 +. 625-2 mA, t>0r 1 147 = 125 0.8nF; — v9(0) = 60-10 = 50V (0.8)(25) x 10-* 20 ms; Ue = 50e™ V, b> OF [b] wo = 30. x 107°)(3600) + 34 x 10-8)(100) = 2mJ (0.8 x 10~°)(2500) = 1mJ Waine = % dss = 5 x 100 = 50% [el in = oe x 1073 = 26" mA pe 2 X 107%" der — 10 = 500 fe ae -10 pie —50 = —500' 10 = 1e™ —20V #20 lo [a] n+m=0 U2 = Vo — V1 = BOE — 102 4 20 = A0e™ + 20V #207-34 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [el ticagped = 54 x 107)(400) + 5a x 10°)(400) = 1mJ Wale + Wrapped = 210 (check) P 7.32 [a] The equivalent circuit for t > 0: c,paonF R,p10K0 r= 04: 1/r = 2500 Up = eV, t>0 ip =2e™mA, > OF 15 2500 (15) _ 9 75¢-2s000 io 08 () = 0.757% mA, D0 Posie = (0.5625 x 10~%e-°) (25,000) = 14,062.5 x 10-%e 5" We 2.8125 x 10-°(0 — 1) = 2.8125 J ‘asa = wasn = tf 14,062.5 x 10-2800 dp = A w(0) = 502 x 10°®)(100) + 5(0.05 x 107®)(900) = 32.5 uJ 2.8125 32.5 % diss (25kQ) = ‘wees = f Peas dt = 0.50 3 % diss (625) = ee x 100 = 1.54% 25 tna = 2e- & Prise = (1.25 x 10-%e~*)?(15,000) = 23.4375 x 10-%e-%% W_ ) = 1.25e-7 mA, t>0+ wrsen = ff *° 93,4375 x 10-2 dt = 4.6875 J % diss (15k) = 14.42% fe] 3 tine = 2.8125 + 0.50 + 4.6875 = 8 J Wyrapped = w(0) — S) Weise = 32.5 — 8 = 24.5 eT 24.5 % trapped = “2 x 100 = 75.38% 32.5 Check: 8.65 + 1.54 + 14.42 + 75.38 = 99.99 ~ 100%Problems 7-35 P7383 After making a Thévenin equivalent: we have t0 ify 15kQ 5kQ rove vgt) §250mH I, = 180/15 = 12mA 7 = (0.25/20) x 10% = 0.125 x 104; + = 80,000 pa 1, R- 0 9mA ig = 9 + (12 — 9)e7 80.00 = 9 4 Ze 80.000 rn 4 ‘Up = [180 — 12(20]e89™ = —60¢7 89.000 PT34 t<0 igo) 80 }6R ix(0-) =6A t>07-36 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits L_ 5x10 R 20 250 pass + < 4000 7 in =44 (6-4) = 442A, D0 Uo = —Siz, + 48 = —8(4 + 2c) + 48 = 16-162 V, st > OF [b) m= 5 x 10°84 <5 x 10-5f-s0006~100 — 4640008 . a 40, £0 v,(0+) = -40V v9(0*) = 0V Check: at # = 0+ the cirenit is: 120 6A aa - vyar) + * 32vG vo) @4ev v,(0*) =32-7240=-40V, — v,(0+) = 48-48 =0V P735 [al t<0 52 soa 402 w0-)E 200 igo-) KVL equation at the top node: v0") , v0") , vo(07) ar er Multiply by 20 and solve: —800 = (54+ 1+ 4)uo; v= —80V —40 = U i= = -80/5=—16AP 7.36 {b] Problems 7-37 too 00 52 240VE vg 202 10mH Use voltage division to find the Thévenin voltage: 20 ~ 20460 Remove the voltage source and make series and parallel combinations of resistors to find the equivalent resistance: Roy = 5 + 20//60 = 5+ 15 = 202 Vin = % (240) = 60V ‘The simplified circuit. is: 202 ove 10m + fo = to(00) + [io(0*) — ta(oo)]e””™ =3+(-16—3)e- 7" = 3-19e At >0 nce cone 15 — 95e~0) + 0.01(38,000) (e-20%) = 15 — 9577 + 3800-2000 Vm = 15+ 285e-V, — t > OF [a] For t <0, calculate the Thévenin equivalent for the circuit to the left: and right of the 75 mH inductor. We get7-38 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 8kQ — T5mH 15kQ i 120v0 sv _ 5-120 ~ 15k +8k i(0-) = i(0*) [b] For t > 0, the cirenit reduces to 75mH 15kQ i(0-) 5mA i )5V Therefore i(00) = 5/15,000 = 0.333 mA _ Lb _ tx 10% f= R= T5000 [d] i(t) = i(00) + [(0*) — i(o0)Je”” = 0.333 + [—5 — 0.333]e-25 = 0,333 — 5.33327 mA, = t > 0 =5yus P7.37 [a] From Eqs. (7.35) and (7.42) v= (V,—ToR)eProblems 7-39 100 — 200" + 1006-10 [b] i= 10-102; — e720 4 Qe 10008 (0.04)[100 — 2002 + 100¢~ 10% Ww w(o0) = 25 (ty) = 2 — eM 4. Ye 1000te = 0.95 (2) 1-2e+27=0.25 andthus 2? -22+0.75=0 Solving, 2 =1.5 andr=0.5 but only the second solution is possible ee = 1.386 ms P38 [al w(0')=—Ihe, 7 = Re v9(00) = 0 walt) = —IyPaeBARABEY, E> OF {b] 2(0*) ++ 00, and the duration of v4(t) + zero tw = Roto; Id» A Di saor Ri Ly °Ri+ Ry ig(0* Therefore g(t) = AEA; + [ly — eg] etme [Rat Ra)/Lt ay Pauly Ral ¢-lUht Therefore w= Gente + TERRE I, = tt OF [4] [vve(0*)| + 00; duration + 0 P 7.39 Opening the inductive circuit causes a very large voltage to be induced across the inductor L. This voltage also appears across the switch (part [e] of Problem 7.38) causing the switch to are over. At the same time, the large voltage across L damages the meter movement.7-40 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits y P 7.40 [a] ¥@ L % if _ “RtRITL tat lo=0 Differentiating both sides, u(t) = Ver PO" = (VY, — RI, eR! P741 Fort<0 102 402 i g0-) 200¢ vy, @esovProblems 7-41 i.(0~) = 200/20 = 104 t>0 87.2mH 102 40 + YH ° 10 esov 200: 2 ivy 237.8v 87.208 102 80 Fy jaov 200: y 0 .9¥9, Find Thévenin equivalent with respect to a, b 102 8a ae + a Daov 0.9% be vp = (ér — 0.904)18 [r-09(5)]7-42 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits ur = 18ir — Sur “. vp = 18ir 2 = Roy = 1.82 ir 87.2nH 1.80 200: aov + ig(00) = 80/21.8 = 3.67 A. x10%=4ms; — 1/r = 250 17 + (10 — 3.67)e-? = 3.67 + 6.33e-"'A, = t>0 P742 t<0; 10 aso 2a so ig] i,(0-) = (0.002) = 0.5mA ee BIB i,(0*) =i,(07) = 0.5mA t>0; 10 sola * * Ain 2m) v,25Q — vgo+)@05ma 240 tm 0.002 + 2* fe Yo = Ue 15 +5 104+ % — dig ~ 0.001 = 0Problems 7-43 ig= “ —4ig — 0.001 Solving, v9(0*) = 2mV We also know that v9(00) = 0 Find the Thévenin resistance seen by the 2 mH inductor: 102 dig sis Rr = 100 _ 2x 10-8 ~ 10 r =0.2ms; — 1/r = 5000 U6 = 0+ (2 — De = Qe my, gD OF7-44 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits P 7.43. [a] Let v be the voltage drop across the parallel branches, positive at the top node, then vi if -L+24+—f[ var tet h [vat 1 [ivte=o 2 Therefore v=I,Re!"; 7 = Le/Ry Thus 1 LR, i= — | T,Rye "de = 2. 1 Ty fy TaRae de = “TE — ole —ectlr = a= pete) and a= [b] n( iA(00) P744 t>0 to + + 12H v, 3802 —> fan v, $809 SAL ~ SA ~ 4 1 80 20 ig=—5e-™A, £0 Y= 80i, = —400e- V, t>or(4)(25) = 50] P7A5 [a] waies = (b] gh (0) = i ait 20 2H = zp] "dr +5 ion wal i 400) ft «one jar = 5 [ (Ae ae +0 _ = 2007 JF 10 a4 10 “3 =20 lb roped = $(08)(100/9) = 100 (e] w(0) = $(12)(25) = 1503 P746 [a] t<0 20a) 150: 2H fon a Fey t>0 . ye vg4eQ @100 20 - in (0-) = i1(0*) = 204; O.1s; iz(00) = 10A iz, = 10+ [20 — 10je™™ = 10 + 10e°™ A, 9 = 4.8[-100e™ —480e"V, tt > OF 7 b) roy 480071 dar + 8 = de + 4A, 12 Jo [el e= if 480e-" dir + 12 = Ge +6, lo Problems 7-45 + =10 5 120 t20 t207-46 P TAT CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits For t <0, igomu (0) = 75/5 = 15 A For t > 0, after making a Thévenin equivalent we have ic 40 e Vo} 40mH - {usa 2) 100 v 60 mH Me (1,2) ur inte (n- Be 1 a 777 <=” Vv, _100_ =A; Bap =A i= 25+ (15 —25)e™ = 25~-10e A, tt >0 t>ot 200K02 = RC = 200 x 10° x 10 x 10 = 2ms; vp = 2de MV, — t> OFProblems 7-47 -_! 8 f* 68000 = 16 — 166-20 = Tepes * 120 10 fe dr+0=16-16e°™y, #>0 P7.49 [a] The energy delivered to the 200k resistor is equal to the energy stored in the equivalent capcitor. From the solution to Problem 7.48 we have w= Saud = 3(10 x 10°) (24)? = 2.88 nd {[b] From the solution to Problem 7.48 we know the voltage on the 15 nF capacitor at t = oo is 16 V. THerefore, the voltage across the 30 nF capacitor at # = oo is —16 V. It follows that the total energy trapped is 1 Werapped w(0) = 7180 x 10-9)(24) = 8.64 J ‘Check: Wrrapped + Waies = 5.76 + 2.88 = 8.64 = w(0) P7.50 [a] t>0 30 x 10-®)(—16)? + (a5 x 10 16)? = 5.76 pJ 2 iy 4K ko roar SK F20K yr 2snr > Oaov ve zn v9(0-) = vo(0*) = OV te(oo) = 40V (8 x 10°)(25) x 10-°=0.2ms —1/r = 5000 vo = (40—40e-™)V, tt 0 de 5 x 19-94% [b] i. = 25 x 10 i, = 25 x 10-9(200,000e-50) = 5e-™ mA uy = 4(5e ™) + 40 — 402 = 40 — 20605 ee =2—e ome to 20x 108 2-e€ mA fe] tn(t) = to + ig = 2 + 40-5 mATAB, 1g gy soe (a) i2(0) = Sy = 8 de mA le] (0*) =2+4=6mA Cheeks: iy + ig = 10mA 10 (4 i(0*) @) 7 +t 10(%5 iO") = 7 (a) (+a i(0*) =541=6m P751 Fort<0 20mA\ 4kQ QO 10ma a + 30mMAY) 3kN CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits E le mA S 2k 12k t>0 ° KO san) 4k0 OMA £12kN 0.05 ° ° kD) e Saat HO, Fg oseProblems 7-49 15VC. spew ve(o0) =15V; r= RC = (5k)(0.05 p:) = 0.25ms; 2 4000 Up = Vo(00) + [v9(0*) — v9(00)Je~/” = 15 + [-90 — 15]e~40% 5 105e Vt > 0 P 7.52 [a] I, =i(0+) =50mA; Ve =0V I,R = v(00) = 80 80 R= ppg = LOK RC= c=) _ oso oF = 3500° 2500(1600) [b] w(t) = 31200 X 10-*)[80 — 80e~280]2 = 125 x 10-9(6400)[1 — e242 = 8O0[1 — 2e725 4 90} J 250m; then 800f1 — 2x + 24] = 0.64(800) . ao = In + 0.36 =0 Let ¢ ‘The two solutions are 7=18, 2=0.2 Only the second solution is valid et 2500 _ 5 2500t=In5 so 400 In 5 is = 643.787 ps P 7.53 [a] ve(0*) = 120V [b] Use voltage division to find the final value of voltage: 150 ve(0°) = T5045 (—200) = -150V7-50 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [ec] Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor: Vin = —150V, Rr = 12.5k + 150k||50k = 50kO, Therefore 7 = Req = (50,000)(40 x 10 ‘The simplified circuit for t > 0 is: (a) oy) = U¢ = ve(00) + [ve(0") — ve(oo)]e”” = —150 + [120 — (—150)Je/" = -150+ 270e°™'V, 42> 0 dy, [f] i= ce = (40 x 10-®)(—500)(270e) = 5.4e-% mA, t > 0F P 7.54 [a] Use voltage division to find the initial value of the voltage: s(0*) = tion = — OK (~75) = — v.(0") = 108 = FH R(T) = OV [b] Use Ohm's law to find the final value of voltage: ‘u_(00) = Usz = (5 x 10°%)(5000) = 25V. {c] Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor: Van =25V, Ry = 5k +20k = 25k 7 = RC = 2.5ms [4] ve = ve(00) + [ve(0*) — ve(o0)]e“”” = 254 (30 — 25)e~#% = 25 —55e-™V, £>0 ‘We want v, = 25 — 55e~*0% = _ n(55/25) _ Therefore t= Fog = 1-97 msProblems 7-51 P 7.55 [a] 3.2kQ 6.8kQ ° age) eove vgt) o.2ue * 0 ga to x 10% =6mA {b] i,(00) =0 [e] tr = RC = (10 x 10°)(0.2 x 10-*) = 2ms [d] & = 0+ (6—0)e" = Ge mA, t > 0F [e] vo = 60 — 3.2 x 10%, = 60 —19.2e°™™V, E> OF P 7.56 [a] v9(07) = v(0*) = 48V i, 2.5k0 75k p.0e + av v(00)=-12V; +r =0.8ms; 4 21950 Up = —12 + (48 — (—12))e" 1" Up = —12 + 60e7 1 V, t>0 [b] & = 0.08 x 10~®|—75,000e~ 12°" ig = 6e-7™ mA, t> OF [e] vy =v — 2.5 x 10%in Ug = 12 + 45e 1 V [d] v,(0*) = Checks 12-445 = 33V v9(0*) = ig(0*)7.5 x 108 — 12 = 45 — 12 = 33V iggy = oa = 1244.5 mA,7-52 P57 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits a 30k wig + ito + igo + 1 ogi = i=0 t<0; (15) 32 — = 6mA; 50-8" i(0- = 0.441.527 mA (ok) us(07) = (6)(10) = 60V ie) L 20kQ to * roan 1 * 1OKQE vor) 20k - —4mA; 20° ~0(5) Rry = 10kM|40kO = 8k; = (8)(0.125) = 1ms; 7 = Uo(t) = —40-+ 10061 V, 10m V9(00) ig(00)(10) = —40V C= 1250F += 1000 t20* 125nF a = 22 0 0 4+ 10e71 mA, tg + iyo = —(4 + 2.50710) tor ‘mA, b> 0*Problems 7-53 P 758 Fort>0 Van = (—15)(30)i, = —450 x 10%i, 400(12) a mee) = 100A Van = —450 x 10°(100 x 10~°) = —45 V. Ray = 15k ska + asvG oUF vy, v9(00)=—45V; v,(0*) =0 1 = (15,000)(8)10~° = 120ms;1/r = 833 Uy = —45+45e SV, £0 w(t) = 38 % 10-®)u2 = 8100(1 — 2eF* + e167) w(oo) = 8100 J +. 8100(1 — eA 4. 168% 0.90(8100) -388te 1-22 +27 = 0.90; “a? — 2 +0.10=0 ti = 1.9487, 0.0513 eRe 1.0513; (25/3)tp = n 19.4868; ty = 356.4ms7-54 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits P7.59 Fort<0, — ,(0)=80V t>0: . > Fig 20kQ + soni * vim 80ka 2) 100V orm = 80 x 10° + 0.8(100) = 30 x 10° ( ey )) +80 = 50 THO x 108 i —0 40kQ 80V4 Ene % 2) 50V Uy = 50 + (80 — 50)e*/7 = RC = (40 x 10°)(5 x 10 = 200 x 107%; 2 = 5000 Up = 50 + 300" V P 7.60 v,(0)=50V; — va(00) = 80V Roy = 16k2 = (16)(5 x 10) = 80 x 10-°; + = 12,500 vv = 80+ (50 — 80)e"12™ = 80 — 306° 10"Problems — 7-55 P76 [a] f° dy hor) in tt) "Fo A) =e"; s(t) = oe (.-4) P. 7.62. [a] Let i be the current in the clockwise direction around the circuit. Then %= iRyt fides Gf sae = nyt (+ +&) [iee=ine Now differentiate the equation di. i 0= REE7-56 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits = 20v t>0 5k0. ++ | 0.2ur 7 YY 2y.00v n4(0") = 24(0" ug(00) = 100 7 = (0.2)(5) x 10-$=1ms; —1/r = 1000 Ve =100—40e1™ V,_ tt = 66.67 — 26.6761 vy, t>0 108 fd] e=35 = 33.33—13.33e IV, t>0 [8 10-%e-19 ae + 20Problems 7-57 300 3)10-*(66.67)? + 5(0-6)10(93.98) Werapped = 666.67 + 333.33 = 1000 p23. P 7.64 v,(0) = p80) =s80V ‘v,(00) = —6(25) = —150V 7 = (25 x 10)(40 x 10 Up = —150 + (80 + 150)e71% = 150+ 2306 Vv, t>0 P 7.65 [a] From Example 7.10, (8m)(20 8m+ 20m =7.5mH [b] 1 = 15 — T5i, = 15 — 75(0.2 — 0.26e710.) = 152-9 Vt > OF diy din [el %9 = 0.00857 + 0.0177 tg =i tig diy , din at dt diy diy 190m _ dit to _ dia _ so qq¢-s000% _ th a dt a 157 10.0008 08 +0.01 (2000.90 = diy _ ,—10,000t Gp = 2500 diy = 250071 dt 1207-58 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits fd) & = ia = 0.2 — 0.27100 _ 9.95 + 0.25¢~ 10.00 = 50+ 50e% mA, £20 dig |) diy 5 = Lg + MS v leq tM a = 0.02(—500e~19°F) + 0,01(2500e-10.0%) eOmy, £>0+ (checks) 4x (0) = 0.25 — 0.25 = 0; agrees with initial conditions; in(0) = -0.05 + 0.05 = 0; agrees with initial conditions; ‘The final values of ig, i, and iz can be checked via the conservation of Wb-turns: 4'o(00)Leq = 0.2 x (7.5m) = 1.5 mWb-turns #1(00)L; + i2(00)M = 0.25(8 m) — 0.05(10m) = 15 mWb-turns in(00) Ly + iy(00)M = 0.05 (0.02) + 0.25(0.01) = 15 mWb-turns ‘Thus our solutions make sense in terms of known circuit behavior. OCS) osu io(0) “ig =16-16e* A, t>0 io(o0) Up = 120 — 7.51, = 120e*V, tt > 0% 1 fio, ae 40 40 = eee t> a gf, 2 d= P-Fema, 120 fasimn=3 Sema, #20 [b] 4.(0) = (0) = é2(0) = 0, consistent with initial conditions. v9(0*) = 120 V, consistent with i.(0) = 0.Problems 7-59 ‘The voltage solution is consistent with the current, solutions. Di = Bi = 40 — 406“ Wo-turns do = 15i2 = 40 — 400“ Wh-turns d= Ap as it must, since Dy, _ do w= ae Da(00) = A2(co) = 40 Wh-turns Ax(00) = 3i1(00) = 3(40/3) = 40 Wb-turns Aa(oo) = 15i2(00) = 15(8/3) = 40 Wh-turns *. i,(00) and ip(00) are consistent with Xs(00) and Ax(00) P 7.67 [a] From Example 7.10, Inky —M?__ 0.125 ~ 0.0625 _ tea Tt Ig43M ~~ 075405 ~ mH L 1 1 T=3- ae 75000 = ig(t) = 40-402 mA, £0 [b] vo = 10 ~ 250, = 10 — 250(0.04 + 0.04e-™ = 10e™V, t> OF = 0.581 _ 9.2542 — jp ¢-s000 [elu = 0.59) — 0.2552 = 10e- V ig =n tin di, diy dig _ 5000 en apt ge = 200 A/s dia _ so qe-same _ din at 7000 dt di. di soot — 5441 _ 5e,-s000¢ in 106" = 0.57 — B0e~ + 0.2578 % ors = 60650; diy = 800 at fr do = [806% dy 80 =5000 ty em 16 —16e-" mA, t>0 ©7-60 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits = iy = 40 — 4060 — 16 + 160° (d) =24-24e°%mA, tt >0 {e] 4.(0) = #(0) = #2(0) = 0, consistent with zero initial stored energy. = bgt = (0.05)(200)e°™ = 10e-™ V, -t > OF (checks) Also, oo = 058 =e oy, t > 0* (checks) din sediy 5 = 0.257 — 0.257 eV, — > OF (checks) v9(0*) = 10V, which agrees with i,(0+) = 0A ig(oo) =40mA; ——_ig(00)Leq = (0.04)(04 i, (00)L1 + ig(00)M = (16m)(500) + (24m)(—250) = 2 mWb-turns (ok) =2 mWb+turns in(00)La + iy(00)M = (24m) (250) + (16m)(—250) = 2 mWb-turns (ok) ‘Therefore, the final values of ig, i, and iz are consistent with conservation of flux linkage. Hence, the answers make sense in terms of known cirenit behavior. P7683 [a] Leg=4+8—25)=2H bLo2 i 2 T= RAST at i=4—4e A, t>0 di it) —! [b] v(t) = 45 55, =~; = —(100e"%) = —100e"™'V, +> OF didi di one nose . =H 5% = 3% = = > le] n(t) = 85 — 5G; = 35 = 31000") = 300e-™V, > 0 [d] «(0) =4—4=0, which agrees with initial conditions. 200 = 50: + vy + v2 = 50(4 — 4e™*) — 100077 + 300e-** = 200 V. ‘Therefore, Kirchhoff’s voltage law is satisfied for all values of t > 0. ‘Thus, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior. P 7.69 {a} Lq=4+8+2(5) = 22H 2.273P 7.70 Problems 7-61 di = 2.2730 Si = 919.096 di di di 2.978 2.2738 ye =8S 45% = 13% = 13/0. = 118: = le] v(t) = 85 +55; = 185 = 13(0.096-22) = 118.18 Vv, +> 0 [4] i(0) =0, which agrees with initial conditions. 200 = 50%; + 0 + v2 = 50(4 — 4e“#2*) +. 81.8162 4 118. 18¢-227" — 200 Therefore, Kirchhoff’s voltage law is satisfied for all values of t > 0. ‘Thus, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior. [b] n(t) = af + sf = =818leV, t>0t t<0: igor) 4Q sv) 29 iz (0") = 5/4 = 1.25 =iz(0*) O = 6omA (©) = 359 OSt Ss 250ps: 500 Vf smi ‘A i= 602-7" mA (250 ps) = 60e™°* = 36.39 mA 250 pis < t < 650 ps: 502 2san 7752 (50)(75) _ Rea Tas 308 1_R_30 7 EB 10° = 1200 4 = 36.306~1200(~250%10") ry 650 ps < t < 00: (650s) = 36.39e~* = 22.52mA764 P 7.73 PTT CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 4 = 22,526° 20000-65010) A di v= LG L=%mH ¢ = 22.52(—2000) x 10~%¢~ 2000-88010") _ _ 45, Qde~2000(4—090%10°) (25 x 10-$)(—45.04)¢ 200014 #50%10-°) = —1,13¢e720001t-65010") yt > 6504 us v(1ms) = —1.13¢~200680)*10-° _ 559.12 mV From the solution to Problem 7.72, the initial energy is w(0) = 5(25 mi)(60 mA)? = 45 pd For 650 ps < t < 00: w(t) = 525 mm (22.52e-29-8*10-9 AY? = (0.08)(45 13) Solving, $= 964.72 us O io)7-66 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [b] 0<¢< 100ps: der 1_ R_ 120+ 96|/480 7 0 x 10-8 i = de 10000 i(25ps) = 4e710*28)*10°° — ge-95 — 3.1928 [e] i(100ps) = 4e-! = 147A, 100 ps < t < co: >i 1209 20mH 1 3 5 = EA Gp * 1° = 6000 = 14Te80001t-100%20-%) (200s) = 1.47¢~80000100)10-* _ 1 47e~98 — 807.59mA. [d] 00, v» = (35/40)v., where », is the voltage across the 50 nF capacitor. Thus we will find v first. t<0 35kKQ — 5kQ * + 2e0vG, v, £10kQ ve(0) = 0) =56V OO ve(400 ys) = 56e~! = 20.60. 400 ps < t < 14ms: 5k 25kOS — SOnFT y, 7 = (40 x 10")(50 x 10 2ms, Ue = 20.60e 0%t-400%10°8)P78 Problems 7-69 1.4ms < t < oo: 5kQ 35kQS SOnFT vy, 10kQ 1 400 ps, = = 2500 7 r u_(1.4ms) = 20.60¢~ 50400-40010" — 90 60e" Ye = 12.50¢~250MI— 1410-9) y ve(1.6ms) = 12.50¢~ 25006-14010"? _ 19. 59¢-95 — 7.58V v9 = (35/40)(7.58) = 6.63 V s0(0) = §(60 x 10-9) (56)? = 78.43 O GmsProblems 7-73 {b] vv) P782 [al t<0; = 0 = 8.03 mA. Problems 7-75 (0* 0: 75 x 10%ig + 20 x 10%i7 100 jpgit = 08ir ig = “up = —60 x 10% + 20 x 10%Rm =< = 40k Za RC = —40 x 10°(0.025) x 10- = —10-* = 25e™V; — 25e1* = 50,000 10004 = In 2000 t=7.6ms P 786 [ 2k (ytBio) . ie Bis + ea ON v. ° vp = 2000i, ip= Sr + Bie) = 0.75i7 + 0.75Big ig(1 — 0.758) = 0.75ir O.75ix 1500 ig= 5; 20001, = —— = 0.758 (0758) (b] Find Va; 2kQ ie 2ie 120v xa (NS Vow =120 , Ven _ (Vin = 120) _ 4 2000 6000 200000 Vin = 180V Problems cd7-78 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits ~3kQ rove 300mH 180 = so001 0.34 30001 + 0.35, 4 = 600 + 10,000: = 10,000(é + 0.06) di 10,000 dt 7+ 0.06 f ae = [10,0004 +006 = —60 + 60e10 mA. é = (60 x 10-*)(10,000)e1%° = 600e100% v= ost = 180e'™ — 36,000; — 200 1n 200 10,000 = 529.83 ps P 7.87 Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor. Rr calculation: 11.54, PS) kag vy, | SasKa 25002P 7.88 Problems 7-79 Open circuit voltage calculation: aK [$282 vy Oren 16ne L 12 .av ve(0)=0; — ve(00) = -12.4V RC= —2500)(16 x 10-°) = —40 x 10-%; a = —25,000 Uc = —12.4 + 12.4¢0 = 930 50% — 76; 25,000¢ = In 76; = 173.23 ys {al QueTeov =v, $25kQ 7 = (25)(2) x 10"? = 50ms; —1/r = 207-80 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits ue(0*) = 80V; ve(00) = 0 0, = 806% V 80e- = 5; eM = 16; 18 = 198.63ms {b] 0* <¢ < 138.63ms: = (2 x 107*)(—1600e-*) = —3.2e-? mA. t > 138.63* ms a2 + + og Sv wT ve aov = (2)(4) x 10°? = 8ms; Afr = 125 v,(138.63+ ms) =5V; — v.(00) = 80V Ue = 80 — 75e~P-019869) Vt > 138.63 ms i = 2 x 107°(9375)e125¢-0.13863) = 18,75e7250-018863) mA, > 138.63 ms [ce] 80 — 75e7154* — 0,85(80) = 68 80 — 68 = 75e7 194 = 12 rae _n6.25 ee ermal — 6.95; At = SEZ 14.66 0-15 ode P 7.89 zz 60 x 10 ab 0 a 250 x 10° ° R Z 2 R RO ALE 10°) _ 50 x 108 = 50KProblems 7-81 -15 250 x 10° Ret + 20) —e 8 3 pw 250.X10°(8 « 19°9) _ soggy 20 a RC dey therefore FP 4 Y= RG dv, _ din | Un Ue ‘dt dt ~ RC” RO But %=4 a on Therefore RG ~ dt * RO~ RO 1 1 ft, ‘Therefore Romi w= BE [ (vp — v4) dy [b] ‘The output is the integral of the difference between 1, and v, and then scaled by a factor of 1/RC. [6] = G5 [adder RC = (40) x 10°(25) x 10-° = 1ms 50teat = 12; teat = 240ms yy = 1820) _ 0) P 7.92 6+4 od soon + CaO dup __10x 10° dt ~ 50,000(0.5) du. = 400dt; vp = 4008 + v9(0) = 400 v9(0) =6 — 16 = -10V Up = 400t — 10V 0 = 400t, ~ 10 10 to = Jog = 25ms7-82 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits Lp P1983 w= FG f (uy — v4) dy + v6(0) RC = (40 x 10*)(12.5 x 10-*) = 500 x 10-6 = 0.5ms 1 RE = 200; 0, 10—(—5) = 15 mV v9(0) = 15 — 45 = -30mV vo = (2000)(15) x 107% — 30 x 10-§ = (30,000¢ ~ 30) mV v2 = 10 + (15 — 10)e-? mV = [10 + Se] mV Uf = Vo — Up = (30,0008 — 40 — 5e-?™*) mV P7.94 [a] RC = 40(50) x 10-* = 2ms; ye = 500; [b] 0 — —2.45V. Yq = 0+ (—2.45 — Oe HO) = —2.45e-H-V Y, 100s < t < 067-84 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits P 7.96 [a] RC = (200 x 10°)(25 x 10-% ra = 200 O is governed by the following cirenit: R \——*+ co Nee bee: 5 It follows that Upe2 = Veo — 2Vece™/ 2, {b] While 7 is OFF and 7; is ON, the output voltage vi.2 is the same as the voltage across C, thus7-86 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits Vee ——e, oy Mees a It follows that vas = Veo — Vooet/0, [c] Zp will be OFF until o.2 reaches zero. As soon a8 Upea is zero, ing will become positive and turn Tz ON. vpe2 = 0 when Voc — 2Vece™t/C = 0, or when # = RoC In 2. [d] When t= RC; In2, we have ean = Veo — Voce (20 2) (RLO0) = Yogy — Voce 2 © Vag [e] Before 7; turns ON, iy is zero. At the instant T; turns ON, we have tos Vee , Veo, unc, Rh TR, [f] At the instant 7) turns back ON, t = RoC» In2; therefore iy = YOO 4 Voc y-t0me Ro Rk When 7; turns OFF, ip; drops to zero instantaneously. tn le] ete. 1,08 T,0N ORF tP 7.98 P 7.99 P 7.100 Problems 7-87 th] * etc. TOF TON 1,oFF [a] torre = RoC2 n2 = 18 x 105(2 x 10-*) In2 ¥ 25 ps [b] tone = RC) In2 © 25 ps [e] torr: = RiCi In2 © 25 ps [d] tor = RoC2 In2 & 25 pus 9,9 lel i = 3 + yg = 3-5mA 3 [f] tn = 2 + gen 0.5465 mA [eg] v2 = 9 -96°/6 = 8.86.V [a] torre = RoC> In2 = (18 x 10°)(2.8 x 10-°) In2 35 ys [b] tons = RiC; In2 & 37.4ps [e] torr = RiC; In2 ¥ 37.4 ps {d] toni = RoC2 In2 = 35 ps [el i =3.5mA If] t= 3 + 3e~9/9 & 0.561 mA {e] vee2 = 9 — 9e-/ & BS1V Note in this circuit 7 is OFF 35 pus and ON 37.4 ys of every cycle, whereas T; is ON 35 1s and OFF 37.4 1s every cycle. Tf Ry = Ro =50R, = 100k, then 48 x 10-6 36 x 10-8 C1 Fo rong = O8249PFs C= FE prgy = 519-97 PF If Ry = Ry=6R,= 12k, then 48 x 10-6 36 x 10-6 C= Dieting TOTP = Toa ng = 4 330F Therefore 692.49 pF OF ye v(t) = Ar + As, eu ) — 10,000, — 40,0042 Therefore Ay+A2=0, —Ay— 442 = 40,000; Ay = 40,000/3V [e] Az = —40,000/3V [f] v = [40,000/3][e10" —e-™) V, -t>0 1 AP 844 [a] =r = 8000, therefore R= 6252 10V y+) = = [b) in(0*) = Gey = 160mA , ic(0*) = —(z(0) + in(0")) = 80 — 160 = -240mA = oat ) Hy) Therefore at ) ae 240 kV /s . fe] B, =v(0*) = OV, deel ) = syBy — aBy Therefore 600082 — 8000B, = —240,000, By = (~80/3) V di [d) .=-Gin tics in=W/R ie = OF -8000t; 80 v = e-*™10 cos 60001 — © sin 60001] V cooe 1280 | Therefore in = e-*[160 cos 6000¢ ~ “sin 6000] mA ic = [240 cos6000 + 9 sin 6000] mA ‘iy, = 10 *™™[8 cos 60008 + & sin 0004] mA, t>0 L)?_ 1 _ 108 1. _ AP 85 [a] (saz) = TBR P therefore 5575 = 500, R= 1002 [b] 0.5CV2 = 12.5 10-5, therefore Vo = 50V [ce] 0.5022 =12.5x 10, Ig = 250mA.Problems 8-3 + [a] D, = u(0*) = 50, “ ) = D,-aD, 50 +) = in(0*) = Gop = 500mA ‘Therefore ic(0*) = —(500 + 250) = —750mA. dv(0*) _ 10° Therefore UP = —750 x “G- = ~75,000V/s Therefore D, — aD = —75,000; Dy = —50,000 V/s v = [502% — 50,000te-°] V in =~ = [0.52 — 500%e""™] A, t > 0* AP 8.6 [a] in") =F Mo y= 0.08.4 [b] ic(Ot) = Pit) ~ i, (0*) = -1 0.08 - 0.5 = -1.58 dig(0*) _Vo_ 40 _ . te) “Se = T= ogg = ROAM 1 1 (d] a= Fp = 1000; Fe = 1,562,500; 1,2 = ~1000 + 5750 rad/s lel in = iy + Bie cosuyt + Bye sinwat, iy = =—1A ip(0*)=05=i;+ Bi, therefore BL =15A ‘(OF ae = 62.5 =—aBi+waBy, — therefore By = (25/12) A Therefore iz,(t) = —1 + e~1[1.5 cos 750¢ + (25/12) sin 750] A, t > 0 di “dt AP 8.7 [a] i(0*) =0, since there is no source connected to L for t <0. 1b] (0°) =ne(0-) = (545g) 60) = 90 “2 — 40e~![cos 750t — (154/3) sin 7504]V t > 0. 15K +9, . [ec] 50+ 80:(0*) ep 100, a0") = 10,000 A/s [d] o = 8000; # = 100 10°; 81,2 = —8000 + 76000 rad/s [e] i= tp +e“ [BY coswat + Bysinwat]; iy =0, i(0*)=0 ‘Therefore BY = 0; — “) ~ 10,000 = -aBy + waB z Therefore B,=1.67A; i= 1.67e*™ sin60008A, t > 0.8-4 CHAPTER 8, Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits AP 88 ue(t) = vy +e [Bi cosuat + Bysinwat], vy = 100V vel) = 50V5 therefore 50 = 100+ By By 50V; ‘Therefore Bi, = * wa 50) = -66.67V Therefore v(t) = 100 — 800050 cos 60008 + 66.67 sin 60004] V, #20 Problems Pal == _ = 12,500 " °= SRG ~ (i0,000)(8) 1 10° “= Te> Gaye Sig = —12,500 + \/(1.5625 — 1)10 = —12,500 + 7500, 31 = —5000 rad/s 82 = —20,000 rad/s {b] overdamped [e] wa = ho? a = 2 — w3 = 108 — 36 x 10° = 0.64 x 10° a =08 x 10* = 8000 1 — s000; R 1 _ gis are ~ 80 B= Ge ogoy(@) = 1" {d] s, = —8000 + j6000 rad/s; 82 = —8000 — 76000 rad/s 1 L =10'= : Wl a=W=sa R= seqqy = 02800Problems 8-5 P82 ~a- a? a2 —2a = —25,000 a= 12,500rad/s WW 2RC ~~ 2R(0.05) R=8002 12,500 2y/a2 — w2 = 15,000 A(a? — w2) = 225 x 10° + Wy = 10,000 rad/s 1 2 = 19° = w= 10° = i 1 L= apg = 200mHt {b] in = ao = 6.2575 4 25e-70M mA, E> OF 1.25¢ 5" — 206-70" mA, tt > OF ip, = —(in + ic) = Se 5 — 5e- 2 mA, +20 P83 w? = w3 + a? = 9 x 10° + 16 x 10° = 25 x 10° Tenn? 1 = Gero XITy ~ OSH S00 a “= ORG 1 10° - R= 35> Goon 728 [e] Vo = (0) = 125V86 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits [d] Lo = 1,(0) = ~in(0) — éc(0) Ye _ 135 R 25 in(0) x 10% =50mA de ic(0) = CFO 2 = 125{e~4[—3000 sin 3000t — 6000 cos 30004] — 4000e-4 [cos 3000¢ — 2 sin 30004] “0 = 125{1(—6000) — 4000} = —125 x 10* dv dt C2 (0) = —125 x 104(50 x 10°) = 6250 x 10-° = —62.5mA I, = —50 + 62.5 = 12.5mA = 125e~4"(5000 sin 3000t — 10,000 cos 30004) = 625 x 10%e~#(sin 3000¢ — 2.cos 30001] 31,250 x 10-4 (sin 3000t — 2 cos 30001) tot 31,25e~° (sin 3000¢ — 2.cos 3000t) mA in(t) = 50e~4 (cos 3000t — 2sin 3000t) mA ix(t) = —in(¥) — ic(t) »~ 4000 (12.5 cos 3000¢ + 68.75 sin 30002) mA, +20 CHECK: | ay {—4000e~4'[12.5 cos 3000¢ + 68.75 sin 30004] +e 40 [_-37.5 x 10 sin 30008 +206.25 x 108 cos 30001] x 10-* = ¢~4000H[156.25 cos 3000t — 312.5 sin 3000] e~ 400011125 cos 3000t — 250 sin 30004] = 125e~4%P*{cos 300% ~ 2sin 30004] VProblems 8-7 1_ 2 7g = (4000) . 1 “ C= Gea) 1 ape 7 1000 = 12.50F 10° (s000)(12: v(0) = Dy = 25V ig(0) = & =2.5mA, R 10kQ 5 — ic (0) -7.5mA dv Fp(O) = Dr — 400002 = 5 x 10 12.5 x 10-9 6 x 10° Dy = 6 x 10° + 4000(25) = —5 x 10° V/s 5 x 105te tM 4 254000 [b] v= © = [20x 10% ~6 x 10%Je™ ic= of 12.5 x 107°[20 x 10% — 6 x 10°}e*™ = (25,0001 — 7.5)e“™ mA, £>0 P85 [a] 2a=200; a = 100rad/s 2a? a2 = 120; w, = 80rad/s 1 1 C= Fa = 300200) ~ °°" L Z nee =6.25H ~ G36 ~ (80)7(25) ig(0*) = Ai + Ag = 15mA. dic , diz. | din 9 dt" dt * dt dic(0) __dir.(0) _ din(0) dt dt dt8-8 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits dix,(0) dt diz(0) 15 x 10-3 Boies x 10-5 = SAV 160A; + 4042 = 3 4A, + Apt =75x 10%; 9 1. Ay =20mA; Ap =—5mA “ig =e —5eM™ mA, £20. [b] By hypothesis v= Age + Age, t>0 0(0) = As + Aa =0 3 du(Q) _ 15 x1 de 2x 10% -160A3—40Ay= 600; AZ=-5V; Ag =5V = 600V/s v= be 4 be MV, tO [el in(t) = mm 25e 10 4 5c mA, = t> OF [d) i, = —in —ic a, = Se" — ae mA, £20 90 P86 [a] in(0) =45mA (0) = —30mA ic (0) = —i1,(0) — in (0) = 30 — 45 = —15mA 1 10° bl @ = Sra = Goo) (10) — 2 _ (108)(10°) _ “= Te = Gaon) = 4% 1° = 25,000 $12 = —25,000 + \/6.25 x 108 — 108(4) 25,000 + 15,000 $1 = 10,000 rad/s; sy = —40,000 rad/s y= Aye 29.0008 4. A yeA0.000P87 Problems 8-9 (0) = Ar + 42 = 90 dv “15 «10 Gy (0) = —10*Ay ~ 4a x 108 = lane 1.5 x 10°V/s A, ~ 4Ag = -150 —3Ay 60; A,=20; Ai =70 B= 70e 100 + WeAY, > O de Ie] ic = CF 10 x 10-°[—-70 x 10%e-10.00 — 80 x 10e~40.0004] = —Te10,00 _ 940.000 rn A ip = B5e~10 4 106-40 mA iy, = ic — in = —28e7100 — Je. mA, t>0 1 10° 2RG ~ (a0ny(iny ~?* 1" oF =4x 10; 2. a =u? Critical damping: v= Dyte™ + Doe in(0*) = 520, = 36mA ic(0*) = —lix(0") + in(0*)) = -[-30 + 36] = -6mA u(0) = Dz = 90 & = Dylt(-ae*") + | - adie dy ic(0) G0) = Di — ads = Cc D, = aD, — 6 x 10° = (2 x 10*)(90) — 6 x 10° = 120 x 10* v = (120 x 104+ 90)e-™™ V, tO8-10 P88 P89 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 1 3 x 10° 3RG ~ (35,000)(10) ~ 2 1 ie = 4x10 812 = —12,000 + j16,000rad/s response is underdamped u(t) = Bye? cos 16,000¢ + Bye“! sin 16,000¢ 90 (a50078) ~ 74 v(0t) = 90V = By; in(0*) = ic(0*) = [-a1.(0*) + in(0*)] = —[-30 + 21.6] = 8.4mA. dy(0*) _ 8.4.x 10-* = 840,000 V/s dt 10 x 10 ea) = ~12,000B; + 16,000B, = 840,000 or — 3B, +4B,=210; *. By=120V v(t) = 902712 cos 16,000¢ + 120e~2 sin 16,000fV, t= 0 a = 2000/2 = 1000 1 10° P= 946 ~ (B000)(18) = 27.782 v(0t) =-24V 7g = ~864mA & = 2400e-2 +. 21,6000 18% dv(0*) dt = 2400 + 21,600 = 24,000 V/s ic(0*) = 18 x 10~°(24,000) = 432 mA. x (0*) = —fin(0*) + ic (0*)] = [-864 + 432] = 432mAProblems 8-11 — 10,0000 = 5000; RK 10° 5 = gyi = 125K [b] v(t) = Dite™ + Dye v(0) = -25V = Ds a = (Dit — 25)(—5000e~ 5") +. D,e~8000 a GO = 125 x 10° + Dy = ie(0) = in (0) — (0) *. 1.25 x 10° + Dy = 3.75 x 10° Dy =2.5 x 10° = 25 x 10°V/s u(t) = (25 x 10% — 25)e"O™V, tO [e] to(t) = 0 when 2H =0 # = (25 x 10*t — 25)(—5000)e-°% + (25 x 104) = (375,000 — 125 x 107t}e~#0 ¢ = 0 when 125 x 10"; = 375,000; “ty, = 300 ps 0(300p8) We = 11.16 V812 le] [d] CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 16 jog 7 089mA wo(300us) = 4 x 10-°(11.16)? = 497.87 nd [d] 1,(800p18) = —#n (300s) = co. (300 p08) = (2.5)(0.89)? x 10-® = 1991.48 nJ (300p8) = we + wy = 2489.35nI w(0) = 4 x 10-9(625) + 2.5(10°° 2489.35, S000 (100) = 49.79% 5000 nJ % remaining = in(0*) A; ig(0*) = 3A; 12 = —aB, + waBa = —1(0) + 3By B= =4e*sin3tV, 420 7 4 Beos st — sin 3t) a GAO When 3eos3t=s or tan3#=3 *. 34 = 125, ty = 416.35 ms Bly = 125+, te = 1463.55 ms Bty = 1.25420, ty = 2510.74ms ty —t) =2004.40ms; Ty = 2% = 2% = 2094.40ms oa 3 Ta E tot = 1047.20ms, t= me 4° — 1047.20msProblems 8-13 v(t) = 46741899) sin 3(0.41635) = 2.50 V u(t) = 4e~ 49959) sin 3 (1.46355) = —0.88 V ‘u(ts) = 4e~ P52 sin 3(2.51074) = 0.31 V (fl 25 20 15 10) os 0) 05 aol 10) P812 [ala=0; wa=w.= V10=3.16rad/s v= By coswet + Bysinwot; v0) = B= v= Bysinwot d co =-i,(0) =3 12 = —aBy + waBy = —0 + VI0By . By = 12/V10 =3.79V v=3.79sin3.16V, t>0 [b] anf {c] 3.79V 3.16; ae P 8.13 From the form of the solution we have v(0) = Ar + Aa dv(0r) _ oe) = (Ay + Ap) + jal Ar — Aa) ‘We know both v(0) and dv(0*)/dt will be real numbers. To facilitate the algebra we let these numbers be Ky and K3, respectively. Then our two simultaneous equations are Ky=Ai+Ae8-14 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits Ka = (—a+ jwa)Ai + (a — jwa) Aa ‘The characteristic determinate is Tt follows that Ay = a = N (aK; + Ki; and Ayn Me ee tHe 2) We see from these expressions that Ay = AS P.8.14 By definition, B, = A, + 4a. From the solution to Problem 8.13 we bave walk At Ars oe =k But K; is v(0), therefore, By = v(0), which is identical to Ea. (8.30). By definition, By = j(Ay — Az). From Problem 8.13 we have 2H oKs + Kel) _ a+ Ke Ba = (Ar Aa) ae Ee It follows that dv(0*) Ky=-aK,+waBs, but Ky= SF? and Ki = Bh Thus we have dt Fo") —aB, + waBo, which is identical to Eq. (8.31).Problems 8-15 1 @= FRG = 1000V2, w= 10°, therefore overdamped 6) =—414.21, 5) = 2414.21 therefore v= Aye~*#2! 4 Aye 2H42it dv(0t)] _ ic(0*) a | oC v(0" = 98,000 V/s = Ai + Aas [ ‘Therefore — 414.214 — 2414.21 = 98,000 Ay=49, Aa=—49 oft) =4gfeeae emmy, — ps9 bl wey) 30 25 20 15 10 > tms) * Example 8.4: Uma 74.1V_ at 14 ms Example 8.5: Umax © 36.1V at 1.0 ms Problem 8.15: tmee¥28.2V at 0.9 ms P 8.16 iy a0"i, ¥, 150k J 60k. dy = pair (150 x 10%) | (150)(60)10° er= 10510 x10" 20x 108 vr _ 1500 x 10%, 9000 x 10% _ 10,500 ie yt 319 21g * 1 = SOK816 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits a «vy. Vo = 79 (6) = 45V; =0 i¢(0) = ~in(0) ~ a0) = ab =-0.9mA x 10° = —720 x 10° g-1 1? igs, = 10* rad/s = TO = (as) 0 we 10 BARI a= = 5000 ra = FRC = BOLI) x 10s ~ 8000 rad/s wa = \/(100 — 64) x 10 = 6000 rad/s 0. = Bie*™ cos 60008 + Bae sin 60008 v9(0) = Bi = 45V Hero) = 6000B, — 8000B, = —720 x 10° . 6000B, = 8000(45) — 720 x 10°; 7. By = —60V Up = 45e-%°™ cos 6000t — 60e* sin 6000tV, tS 0 P8i7 i a0" ig 60k pw otit(t50% 108) (150) (60)10° ne 210 x 108 210 x 10° vr _ 1500 x 10° 9000 x 10% _ 10,500 ip 20 S20 Bi * 1 = SOKO % BV: pO=8V; beProblems 8-17 ic(0) = —in(0) — a.(0) 45 5,000 = —0.9mA, ic(®) _ 900 x 108 a © = TE ~ (10)(10-%) wh 10°; we = 10,000 rad/s 1 1 ane = Demy ~ 12 rad/s a= w2 so the response is critically damped Up = Dyten 100% + Dye 10 v9(0) = Dz = 45V se = Dy — Dz = -900 x 10° Dy = 900 x 10° + (10,000)(45);. Dy = —450,000V/s —450,000te7 290 4 45e™'V, £20 P88 saa ir(150 x 10°) oe (150)(60)10° 210 x 10° 210 x 10% vp _ 1500 x 10° 9000 x 10% _ 10,500 a0 +S x 10° = 50k2 7 Vo= 756) =45Vi Lo=0 (0) = —én(0) — ix (0) = —8-18 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits iclo) __-09 C7 Box io ~~ 15x 10° 2.t_ 1 igs, = “o = TG = (12.5)(800 x 10-2) ~ 10%; He = 10,000 rad/a he = pe = 12,500 rad/s °= SRG ~ (2)(50,000)(800 x 10-7) ~ *** . a? >u? so the response is overdamped vp = Are + Age 812 = —a@ + Va? — w2 = —12,500 + y/(12,500)? ~ 108 = —12,500 + 7500 51,2 = —5000 r/s, -20,000 r/s Ai+A,=Vo=45 and —5000A; — 20,0004, = —1125 x 10° Ay =—-15, A= 60 Vp = 152" + GE MMV, t BO P8&19 t<0: =60V, [,=45mA + 60V 7 62.5nF 1H _ | 45m t>0: 625nF — Z16KN vy Fay in(0) = a =37.5mA; (0) =45mAP 8.20 Problems 8-19 ic(0) = -37.5 — 45 = —82.5mA. 10° 7 = samen ~ 2000 rad/s eC Y= TG = gag = XI 1,2 = 5000 + V25 x 108 — 16 x 10% = —5000 + 3000 51 = —2000 rad/s; s2 = —8000 rad/s S. Uy = Aye 70% + Age Ay + Az = v9(0) = 60 &o) = —2000A; — 800042 Solving, A; =—140V, Ap = 200V 1. Up = —140e7™ + 2002 'V, 4 > 0. »_ 1 _ 16x 108 =2 e naa 5 x 10 wa = /(25 — 16) x 10° = 3000 rad/s S12 = ~4000 + j3000rad/s vo(t) = Bye“ cos 3000¢ + Bye“ sin 30008 v9(0) = By = 60V in(0) aa =30mA ix(0) = 45mA ic(0) = —in(0) — i, (0) = —75mA8-20 P 8.21 P 8.22 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC' Circuits io(0) (—75 x 10-9)(16 x 10°) = —12 x 10° 0 = —4000B, + 3000B, = —12 x 10° 3B, = 4B, — 1200 = 240 — 1200 = -960; -. By = —320V vo(t) = 60e~4™ cos 3000t — 320e~4™ sin 3000V, > 0. 16 x 108 1 er 10°; w= 10* wes 16 x 10° ~ 2RC~ 1600 10% 2 (critical damping) u(t) = Dito!" 4. Dye10.00" v9(0) = Dz = 60V 60 in(0) = oq = TMA ix (0) = 45mA io(0) = —120mA oe = —10,000D, + D (-120 x 107*)(16 x 10°) = 1920 x 108 Dy — 10,000D2 = —1920 x 10°; Dy = —1320 x 10°V/s volt) = (60 — 132 x 10%t)e“™ V, tt > 0 emoniy, £20 [a] v=L (#) = 16[e-70.0008 [b] ir = z = A0fe-2000 _ 680000} mA, > OF [e] ic =I — tt, — in = [-Be-™ + 32-9" mA, E> OFP 8.23 P 8.24 P 8.25 P 8.26 Problems 8-21 L (#) = 40e82. sin 24,0008V, t>0 [bj iclt) = T= in i, = 24x 108 = i, t20F 1 10° —_—10* = aRG = Tay = By 7 tds Sig = —125 + \/(125)? — 10! = -125 +75 8) =—50 rad/s; 82 = —200 rad/s Ip=15mA i, = 15 + Aye ™ + Ae 2" -30=15+ A, +A; AL + Ay =—45 x 10% a «soa, — 20044 = Solving, A,=—40mA; Ap =—5mA i = 15 400° — 5e-?™ mA, t>0 1 10° = sR = Goa 78 = 6400 uh = 104; wa = VIO 6400 = 60 rad/s $12 = —a-+ jug = 80 + 760 rad/s iy, = 15 + Bie™™ cos 60t + Bye sin 6Ot -30=15+ Bi. BL =—45mA tix (0) — 808% + 608) = 3 dt Bi = -10mA i, = 15 — 45e-™ cos 60¢ — l0e™ sin 60¢mA, # > 08-22 P 8.27 P 8.28 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 1 10° *= are = Boone ~ 1 a? =10'=u2 critical damping iy = Ty + Dite 1 + Dye = 15 + Di te! + DyeW1* ix(0)=-30=154+D,; 9. Dy =—45mA 0) = —100D, + Di, = 3000 x 10-* Di, = 3000 x 10-* + 100(—45 x 107%) = —1500 x 10-* iy, = 15 — 1500te 1% — 45e1™ mA, £20 1 10° -1 ___ 1 ___ gg, =108 = are ~ (i60/(6.25) ~ 1 oa) a ae 10° “Te ~ G65) 1 S12 = —100 + V10" = 6400 = 100 + 60 81 =—40 rad/s; 52 = 160 rad/s v4(00) = 0 = Vy 2. ty = Aye + Aye608 v9(0) = 30 = Ay + Ab Note: ic(0*) =0 Heo = 0=—40A; — 16045, Solving, 4,=40V, A,=~—10V hb vo(t) = 40e-4* — 10eV, > OFProblems — 8-23 P 8.29 [al ip = Ip + Aye + Age 1™ 30 , Tr iq = 37.5mA;—io(0) = 0 0=375x 10+ A, 44%, 1. AL + A= 37.5 x 107% dig 30 7 , Fe (0) = 55 = ~404; — 1604 Solving, A,=—40mA; A, = 2.5mA. ig = 37.5 — Me™ 4 2.5e "mA, t>0 [b] te = [16006 — 4002-1 x 10° ue = 25(1.6)e4 — 25(0.4)e71% Uv» = 40e** — 10e™'V, > 0 P830 For t>0 37.509) a9 6.25, ost Yo 1 1 = spo = 1: Zq = 6400 « 812 = —100 + 60 51 =—40rad/s; 8) = —160rad/s Uy = Vy+ Aye + Aye 1 Vp=0; uf") =O; fe(0*) A, +A, =0 av(0") __ic(0*) dt 6.25 x 10-* = 6000V/s8-24 P 831 P 8.32 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 7 aa ) 4041, — 1604% —404, — 160A} = 6000 A + 44h = -150 A+ A= A,=50V; Ah =-50V Vo = 50e™ — 50e™V, tO [a] From the solution to Prob. 8.30 s; = ~40rad/s and s2 = ~160rad/s, therefore ig = Ty + Aye + Age 1 ai,(0* Ty =37.5mA; — i,(0*) =0; #0) <9 . O=375+ A, + Ay; —40Ai — 16044 = It follows that A,=—50mA; A, = 12.5mA ig = 37.5 — 50e™ + 12.5e™ mA, = t 0 [b] & = eH — ger 1008 U9 = L=2 = 25[2e~M — 2e~1"] U5 = 500% — 50e IV, tB0 ix(0-) = &,(0*) = 30mA Fort >0 + 3oma@) goon 1.25HE 125M v, )-) = 4,(0*) = 30mAP 8.33 Problems — 8-25 = 1000rad/s; 1 => = 64x 108 Te ~ 4% 42 = —1600rad/s Up = Aye + Age 10 ic(0*) = 30+ 30+0=0 doy dv. a 400A‘, — 160045, A, +400A,=0; AL +A} + Uy =0 for t>0 Note: vo(0) = 0; a Hence the 30 mA current circulates between the current source and the ideal inductor in the equivalent circuit, In the original circuit the 12 V source sustains a current of 30mA in the inductor. This is an example of a circuit going directly into steady state when the switch is closed. There is no transient period, or interval. t<0: 1000 (95) = 20 =) = a4 2007) = v6(0*) = F359 i507) = 4,0") = 08-26 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits t>0 1008) 999 “ye ‘oe —100 + 2 + ic(0*) +0=0; J. ic(0t) =0 1 10° IRC ~ (Aooy(aoy ~ Or4/s 2 1 _ 10° = Te = Toe = 02000 a? =u critically damped fa] v0 = Vy + Dite-™ + Dye Vy=0 dvo(0) ‘ a = —250D), + Di, =0 v9(0*) = 20 = Di, Di, = 250D), = 5000 V/s Uy = 5000te 25% + 20e-"'V, tt > Ot [b] a, = Ip + Dyte-? + Dye? diy(0*) _ 20 dt 16 0=100+Di; — Dy=~-100mA; -250D,+ Dy=12.5; Dy = -12.5A/s *. iz = 100 ~ 12,500te-™™ — 1002" mA t > 0 w= [pat = [viva U» = 5000te-7% + 200-7" V ix(0*) 0; I, =100mA; 12.5 A/s P 8.34 a, = 0.1 — 12.5667 — 0.167" AProblems 827 p= 2c + 500te- 2" — 750te" — 62,5001 — 20 W Bem [Mem at +250 Mem at — 375 [ wre 31,250/"Pewar— [eo ae e il 250 =250|, * (250)? 375 z (500)? aes ~800" (5002? + 1000¢ + 2)| lo lo All the upper limits evaluate to zero hence 31,250)(2) 1 io" ~ 500 w, =8+8—3-1-4=8m) Note this value corresponds to the final energy stored in the inductor, i.e. ‘wy (00) = 3(.6)(01) =8m. [b] v = 5000te- 7 + 206-"'-V v in= 399 = 25te~ 25 4 0.1e-7" A PR = vin = 2e-"(62,5000? + 500t + 1] = [peat wR f PR 2 — 62,500 f"Pe-9m at +500 fteromea + fe at 2 ° ° 62,5007 ay2 ie = RS x 104 + 10000 +2] f + 5006-000 co get Jeo 25 x 198 (600" — 1) [ we) [ Since all the upper limits evaluate to zero we have wr _ 62,5002), 500. 1 2 ~ 125x108 * 25x 108 * 5008-28 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits wp =24+44+4=10md [c] 100 =in+ic+é, (mA) ‘in + iy, = 25,000te-2 + 1006"? + 100 — 12,500te™ 2" — 100e-7" mA = 100 + 12,500te-%% mA “ic = 100 ~ (in + ix) = — 12,5007" mA rig = [5000te~?°% + 20e~25%"|[—12.5te 294] 250[2501%~ 5% + te) =12.5te" 2 A 250 [Pert ar + [* tert at 250-900" Tab x 10" Since all upper limits evaluate to zero we have (250)(2) 25001) _ 125 x 10" 25x 108 Note this 2mJ corresponds to the initial energy stored in the capacitor, ie, r (5008 — [25 x 10%? + 1000¢ + 2} |, Bagi (—500e 1) we = =1000 x 10-° — 10 x 10-* = —2mJ 1 ‘we(0) = 3010 x 107®)(20)? = 2mJ ‘Thus wo(oo) = 0mJ which agrees with the final value of v = 0. {d] «, = 100mA pa(del) = 1000 mW = 0.1[5000te~2" + 206-25") e280 + 500te-2" W Wa [e250 os 0te~250¢ oe = [remmrar+ ["260t6- at 208 oo 956-250" P [ eas (2D |, —250 eee © 250" 250 22) _ 4 250 250 [e] w.=8mJ (absorbed) ‘wp = 10mJ (absorbed) mJProblems 8-29 ‘we =2mJ (delivered) ws =16mJ (delivered) DY wae = Wabs = 18 mJ. P835 £<0: i,=3/150=20mA t>0: 1200) soon 125m OF 1500 bo 300||150 = 1009 100mny soon 4.25mH —] OSE iy 0) =20mA, ix( =100mA wel 10° re ; = ad/s 5 = 567 Baaeasy 84% 10 vo = 8000 rad _ 1 _ 10 ~2RG ~ (200)(0.5) a =105 = 100 x 10° a? — w? = (100 — 64)10° = 36 x 10° $1,2 = —10,000 + 6000 51 = —4000 rad/s; = -16,000 rad/s ay, = Tp + Aye 0% + Aye 160% i (co) = Ty = -100mA. in (0) = Ay + Ay + Ty = 20mA8-30 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits A, +A—100=20 so Ay + Ab = 120mA. di, EO= Solving, A, =160mA, A, =—40mA 40004; — 16,0004, 100 + 160-4 — 40-5" mA, t > 0 i= P 8.36 vo(0* 4210) =120V (0+) =60mA; (00) = ” x 107? = 48mA 1 10° = RG = e505) ~ *° a_1 1 _o, 8 = 5 = agg 7 2500 = 1600; a%0 P8.37 [a] 2a= 5000; a = 2500rad/s yo? —w2 = 1500, we = 410°; wp = 2000 rad/sProblems 8-31 [b] #0) = 140 = ve(0); 3(60) x 107v2(0) = 90 x 10-® v2@) = 3600; v-(0) = 60V di(0) _ 60_ r= FAs [el H(t) = Ape! + Agee" i(0) = A, + 42 =0 4i(0) _ dt Solving, Ay=4mA;— Ay=—4mA = —1000A; — 40004, = 12 a(t) = 4e 10 — ge mA £20 di(t) ae ¢ =0 when 16¢~#™ = 4-000 ore 10008 4 4 Get000e 000 _ 4 t= aes = 462.10 ps fe] ima = 4e-04%" — de“ — 1.89mA di [fm = 55 P 8.38 a=800rad/s; wy = 600rad/s [202-1 +. 80e~*™"]} VV, t > OF = 36x10; w2=100x 104; w, = 1000rad/s R a= 5, = 800; R= 16001 1_ 4 _ 10° _ TE = 10010 = appro (GOO) = PMH R=329 i(0t)=B,=0A; at t= 07832 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 12+0+%(0*) u(0*) =-12V di(0*) 12 Te 7 D002 = ~S00A/s ao) = 600B, — 800B; = —6000 600B, = 800B; ~ 6000; *. By=—10A —l0e*™ sin600tA, t>0 P 8.39 From Prob. 8.38 we know v, will be of the form Ve = Bye cos 6008 + Bye*™ sin 600t From Prob. 8.38 we have (0) = 12V = Bs and dve(0) _ tc(0) a Co due(0) _ ax) = 600B, — 800Bs 600B; = 800B, +0; By =16V ve(t) = 12e"* cos 600t + 16e"™ sin 600EV ¢ > 0Problems 8-33 P840 [a] t<0: ig = = 15mA; vo = (5000)(0.015) = $>0: R _ 5000 @ = 35 = aay 7 2500/8 1 10° a = y¢ = 16 ~ Waa 74% 1 = 400% 10 w? = 625 x 10 — 400 x 10¢ = 225 x 10* S12 = —2500 + 1500 41 =—1000 rad/s 2 = —4000 rad/s +. g(t) = Aye 1" + Age 40 ig(0) = Ai + Ag = 15 x 107% tee = -1000A; — 400042 = 0 Solving, A1=20mA; 9 A) =—5mA g(t) = 2071 — Fe" mA, t > OF [b] vo(t) = Are 1 + Age 100 116(0) = Ar + Ap = 75 dug 15 x 10-* FE(0) = ~10001 — 400042 = ae Solving, A, =80V; Ag=-5V vo(t) = 80271 — 5e~*V, > OF Check: 5 000i, + i =U (checks)8-34 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits P8Al <. R= (5000)(2)L = 25000 [b] i(0) = i, (0) = 24mA v,(0) = 90 ~ (0.024)(2500) = 30V di 30 GO = gag = 20-AVs [e] v0 = Dite™ 4+ Dye v¢(0) = Dz = 90V S200) = Dy — 5000D, = 22) = =) Cc Cc 24 x 10% Dy — 450,000 = —F55Go-a = ~ 150,000 Dy = 300,000 V/s ug = 300,000 4. 90e-™™V, > OF P 842 [a] Fort> 0: o_o s00v720uE oe Since i(0-) = i(0*) = 0 va(0*) = 300V i [b] vq = 2008 +5 x 10 [ ide +300 lo te — oof io eT Mg th x 1 ae = 2000) +5 x 104i(0*) = 200 di(O*) _ dt di(0*) dt 300P 8.43 Problems 8-35 oe = -0.2(300) = —60A/s aval") _ _19,000V/s fe] a= = — sored /s 110° \ Te” wen" S12 = —80 + 6400 — 10* ‘Underdamped; Uq = Bye~* cos 60t + Bye*™ sin 60t 80 + j60 rad/s va(0) = Bi = 300V —80B; + G0Bz = —12,000; *. By = 200V ‘Ug = 300e* cos 60t + 200e** sin 60¢V, t > OF 70 50") = 2.0") = F900 = 280mA ‘u-(0) = ve(0*) = 200(0.280) = 56 V 1 1 LC ~ (0.100)(200 x 10-9) = 50x 10° R__ 200 = 55 = 50.100) = 100% 10° a? OF8-36 P 844 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits t<0: 300 Li. : 100 109 4n 8 ig) v§o) “y1o0v . 100 100 Tyee a 7A (0) = 100 ~ 5(4) ~ 10(8) (9) = 70 t>0: 2H 120 80: tome F Yo wu? >a? underdamped Up = Bye coswat + Boe sinwat; wy = V50— 25 = 5 v9 = Bye cos St + Bye sin 5t v9(0) = By = 70V dis) CEO=-5, Heo) = —5B, + 5B, = —500 5By = —500 + 5B, = —500+ 350; By = ~150/5 = —30V. Up = T0e~™ cos 5t — 30e~' sin 5tV, = E> 0.Problems 8-37 P845 a= 57 = 5000rad/s QL Y ocox i 512 = —5000 + V25 x 10° — 50 x 10% = —5000 + j5000rad/s U9 = Vz + Bie cos 5000t + Bye sin 5000E v9(0) = = Vy + By =40V; +. BL=-40V dv(0) dt = 0 = 5000B%, — 50008, Bh = Bi =-40V Up = 40 — 40€™™ cos 5000t — 40e°™ sin 50008V, 20 R P8465 a= 57 = 5000rad/s a LG ~ (@.4)(100 x 10) 25 x 10° *. We = 5000 rad/s ‘The response is therefore critically damped tip = Vj + Dite-!% 4. Dye 0m v4(0) =0 =V; + Ds 40V; +. D,=-40V dv(0) _ dt =D ads Dy, = (5000)(—40) = —200,000 V/s U» = 40 — 200,000te™ — 40e-°™ V, 4 >08-38 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits P847 a= Zz = 5000 rad/s 1 1 oe we 16 = WH UsER x TO-H ~ 1 1° + We = 4000 rad/s ‘The response is therefore overdamped 51,2 = —5000 + V/5000? — 4000? = —5000 + 3000 = —2000 rad/s, — 8000rad/s, 1, = Vz + Aye 2 + Aten 8000" v9(0) =0=V;+ A, + Ab veloc) =40V; . AL + Ap = —40V dvg(0) dt si Al + S24’, = -20004;, — 800044, =53.33V, A) = 13.33V Uy = 40 — 53.3327 4 13.33 HV, £20 P 8.48 [a] Let é be the current in the direction of the voltage drop ¥,(t). Then by hypothesis i= ig + Ble coswat + Ble sinuyt ig=i(oo)=0, (= B= Bi Therefore i= Bie“ coswat + Bye sin wat 1) 0, therefore HO dt di . . " ; at By = [(weBh — @B)) coswat — (0B4 + wb) sinwat] € Therefore waB}—aBi =Problems 8-39 eV, , way) nat = -{0( 2 + 28) ana V; (2 =-\=2 +00) sinvat} eo Vy « 2 {wa coswat — asinwyt}e™ waRC do Gro when tanwyt = ‘Therefore wyt =tan~'(wa/a) (smallest t) t= + tan (2) a @ P8.49 [a] From Problem 8.48 we have aVo gat gi Y= Fee sina R_ 120 = 57 = por = 200rad/s 1 _ 10” “= Te = 3600 = 400 x 10° wa = ie — a = 16krad/s —Vy _ _ =(-600)107 RCwa — (120)(500)(16) x 105 +. Uy = 6257120 sin 16,000t V 6258-40 P 8.50 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits [b] From Problem 8.48 Lan (4) = t= Zytn (4)- ta = 57.96 ps [e] max = 625e~°1767) sin{(0.016)(57.96)] = 249.42V fa] R= 129; = 1200rad/s wq = 19,963.97 rad/s g Vo = 5009.02e~ 1 sin 19,963.97tV, t>0 tg = 75.67 ps nae = 4565.96 V ic(0)=0; — v9(0) = 200V R 4 = OL ~ 20.04) =50rad/s 1 _ 10 a8 = 7G = 5g = 2500 -. a =u; critical damping vo(t) = Vy + Dite + Dye V; = 100V v9(0) = 100+ D = 200; Dy = 100V dv, 7 Fe (0) = -50D; + Di = 0 Di, = 50D4, = 5000 V/s Vo = 100 + 5000te + 100e"V, #20Problems 8-41 P8sl [a] t<0: 4K 120 igo) * + * 2ev) vo") vgo") ov - . . 48 607) = sR p99 = 3A ue (07) = 20 — (12,000) (0.003) = —16 V t=0+: KO wt pte + KO 4 gm TaA 4 vy, 16v7 8nF + Deov e vga") 12k|24k2 = 8k2 va(0*) = (0.003)(8000) — 16 = 24 — 16 = 8V and wz (0*) =20-8=12V [b} v(t) = 8000%, + ve to) = sooo + Se Ser) = ws Heer) wy(0*) = 820% Feo m0") _ 12 = 00 Als of (0+) = ilo") S207) = 975,000 8000(60) + 375,000 = 855,000 V/s842 P 8.52 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits Ea 625 x 10°; wp = 25,000 rad/s R _ 8000 e= str = 20,000 rad/s; a? = 400 x 10° a? 0: 6000 ‘4600 100mH en 400nF Fv, R _ 1000 35 = 300 x 10% = 5000 rad/s 1 _ (20°)(105) IC ~ (100)(400)Problems 843 w, = 5000 rad/s". critical damping volt) = Vp + Djte 0 + Dye vo(0)=-100V; Vy = -60V Di =-40V “. Di, = 5000(—40) — 250,000 = —450,000 ‘vo (t) = —60 — 450,000te- — 40e~™"'V, £20 P 8.53 [a] v= Vp + [Bjcoswat + Bysinwyt] e-* = = [(waBh, — 0B!) coswut — (By + waB!) sinwatle- Since the initial stored energy is zero, : ve0*)=0 and a) 0 Iefollows that B= —V; and Bj = 24 a When these values are substituted into the expression for (dv./d#], we get fet & = (z +a) Vje-** sinwat But Vj=V and Stuy du. a . Therefore SY = (2) Ve“ sinwat dt wa, te) 0 when sinwat where n=1,2,3,... ne ‘Therefore t= wa844 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits and ‘Therefore ve(tn) = V[1 — (—1)"e~o""/*4] [4] It follows from (¢] that utr) =V + Vere") and u¢(ts) = V + VeMor/a) vel) = Ve _oanie) Therefore Tis) —V eCard 1 But === =T, thus o= et a Ty P84 a yn {ST} y= - 2a ~ Ta” \velts)—V “2 R-R™ 12,000 | 713.505) _ 2m a= en gg | = 5900 a= 7, = 12 000rad/s 2 = wi + a? = 144 x 10° + 25 x 10° = 169 x 10° 1 => = 29 ; = = 295.862 L= Gage = 20m R= Dal = 206.86 P85 At #=0 the voltage across each capacitor is zero. It follows that since the operational amplifiers are ideal, the current in the 500KS is zero. Therefore there cannot be an instantaneous change in the current in the 1 jiF capacitor. Since the capacitor current equals C(dv,/dt), the derivative must be zero. P 8.56 [a] From Example 8.13 oa dg(t) = Wo therefore “T= 2, lt) =F du, g(t) —9(0) = 24; g(t) =2t +90); 90) = ane 7P 8.57 Problems 8-45 dvo(0) _ —10 x 10-6 dt Tes = 10900) dv _ Gi = 4-10 dv, = 2tdt ~ 10dt Vo —v(0)=#—10t; — v0(0) =8V P—10t+8, O 0 we know gp will be maximum when t has its smallest positive value. Hence _ tan“ '(w4/a) -ae. trax P 8.64 0, = Vaell — e7** coswat + Ke sin wat] due d a « z = Vac Gl + e-et(K sinwat ~ cost) = Vael(—ae~)(K sinwat — coswat)+ fa coswat + wa sinwat]} = Vuce [(wa — 0K) sinwyt + (a + wa) coswat] de Te = 0 when (oy ~ ak) sinuyt = —(a + Wak) costProblems 8-55 at wake OK — wa. tot {tan (22) + nn} ou aK — wn +. wba = tan | io V s — (666.67)? = 28,859.81 rad/s = z (ze ~a) = 21.63 wa 1 —{-1.55 + nn} wa 1 ~ Cie {tan“'(—43.29) +na} ‘The smallest positive value of t occurs when n = 1, therefore temae = 55-23 4s [] ve(temax) = 12[1 — e~*tem™ coswatemax + Ke-ee=™ sin watemax) = 262.42V [c] From the text example the voltage across the spark plug reaches its maximum value in 53.63 ys. If the spark plug does not fire the capacitor voltage peaks in 55.23 ys. When vp is maximum the voltage across the capacitor is 262.15 V. If the spark plug does not fire the capacitor voltage reaches 262.42 V. P865 [a] w= SL16(0? = 5(0)(16) x 10-8 = 403 pp] a= a 3x = 300rad/s aL 10 tnac =~ tan 55.16 ws wa Uap (tmax) = 12 — 12(60)(4% 10°) tan sin wat man = —27,808.04V 3 (28,282.68)8-56 CHAPTER 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits el te (tmaax) = 12[1 — e° t= coswatinae + Keo sin wate] K i lee- ] =4713 = 568.15V Ve (tax!9 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis Assessment Problems AP 9.1 [a] V=170/-40°V [b] 10sin(1000¢ + 20°) = 10 cos(1000¢ ~ 70°) T= 10/=70° A [e] 1 = 5/36.87° + 10, = 44934658 = 10~ 75 = 11.18/-26.57° A [a] sin(20,000rt + 30°) = cos(20,000nt — 60°) Thus, ‘V = 300/45° — 100/—60° = 212.13 + 7212.13 ~ (50 — 786.60) = 162.13 + 5298.73 = 339.90/61.51° mV AP 9.2 [a] v = 18.6 cos(wt — 54°) V [b] 1 = 20/45° — 50/— 30° = 14.14 + j14.14 — 43.3 + 525 = ~20.16 + 539.14 = 48.81/126.68° ‘Therefore i = 48.81 cos(wt + 126.68?) mA. [fe] V = 20 + j80 — 30/15° = 20 + j80 — 28.98 — 57.76 = -8.98 + 472.24 = 72.79/97.08° v= 72.79 cos(wt + 97.08°) V AP 9.3 [a] wh = (10*)(20 x 10~) = 2002 [b] 21 = jwL = 72000 o49-2 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis [e] Vi =1Z, = (10/30°)(200/90°) x 10-* = 2/120° V fd] vz = 2cos(10,000¢ + 120°) V -1 -1 AP 94 [a] Xo = 55 = apex ew = 508 [b] 2c = iXe 0.6/1152 A [d] i = 0.6 cos(4000# + 115°) A AP 9.5 Ty = 100/25° = 90.63 + 742.26 Ty = 100/145° = -81.92 + 757.36 Ty = 100/—95° = -8.71 — 399.62 =-(h+k+Is)=(0+ 50)A, therefore ig =0A 125/60? _ 125 ‘AP 9.6 [a] 1= PEO _ © 60 — 04) fal zie, = ai“ iz) But —60-6z=-105° 67 = 45° Z = + j160+5Xe . Xe=-702; Xe 1 C= maaan = 288 HF [b] 1= % 1.982/—105°A; *, |] = 0.982 A AP 9.7 [a] od ° 30 osu ‘5mH w = 2000rad/s wh=102, —=~-209 ot ~ = = 2010) 5 2oy = 20510 + 5 + 520 = GoTo) +8 520 = 44 j8+5—j20= (9-712)Problems 9-3 {b] wl = 409, -52 wl Foy 5-95 -+20])j40 = 5 — 95+ [a 20+ 740 =5-j5 +16 +58 = (21+53)9 20(jwl) | (5, 10° 204 jwL| * \?~ 25a 2k? Z? J4002t jlo? © 400-4 wl? * 400+ wD? Bw The impedance will be purely resistive when the j terms cancel, i.e., 400i __ 10° 400 + wT? ~ 2 Solving for w yields w = 4000 rad/s. 20u2L? 400 + w?L? AP 9.8 The frequency 4000 rad/s was found to give Zxy = 159 in Assessment Problem 9.7. Thus, {e] Zry Ld] Zey = +5=10+5=159 Vv _ 150/02 V = 1500, 7 = 100° A Using current division, 20 . = yy jap (10) = 5-95 = 707 LAAs A L iz = 7.07 cos(4000t— 45°) A, Im = 7.07 A AP 9.9 After replacing the delta made up of the 500, 40, and 100 resistors with its equivalent: wye, the circuit becomes % 19 3400 -115Q 36ve 202 5Q 409-4 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis ‘The circuit is further simplified by combining the parallel branches, (20 + j40)||(5 — 715) = (12 — j16) 0 136° ppg ‘Therefore I= as i2—jiee4 = 428.07 A AP 9.10 ‘Vi = 240/53.13° = 144 + j192V V2 = 96/—90° = —j96V jul = 5(4000)(15 x 10) = j602 1, 6x 10° jue ~7 (4000)(25) ~ —j602 Perform a source transformation: Vi _ 144 + j192 a =3.2-j24A 760 760 3.2 — 372, V2 __ 96 ey 39 = 948A 3.2-j2. 600 $200 (* 209 @-i4.8a Combine the parallel impedances: 3.2442. v, 2120 Vo = 12(3.2 + j2.4) = 38.4 + 28.8 V = 48/36.87° V Up = 48.cos(4000¢ + 36.87°) VProblems 9-5 AP 9.11 Use the lower node as the reference node. Let V; = node voltage across the 200 resistor and Vin, = node voltage across the capacitor. Writing the node voltage equations gives us Solving these equations for Vir, gives Vy = 10/45°V. To find the Thévenin impedance, we remove the independent current source and apply a test voltage source at the terminals a, b. Thus i100 109 Re Le 200 1+ “i100 107, It follows from the circuit that 101, = (20+ j10)I, ‘Therefore AP 0.12 The phasor domain circuit is as shown in the following diagram: 200 a afar — sazv F209) F609-6 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis ‘The node voltage equation is Vv Vv Vv. V—100/—90° “O45 + Sea) + 55 * 30 Therefore V = 10 — 30 = 31.62/—71.57° ‘Therefore v = 31.62c0s(50,000t — 71.57°) V AP 9.13 Let I,, Iy, and I, be the three clockwise mesh currents going from left to right. Summing the voltages around meshes a and b gives 33.8 = (1+ j2)L, + (3 — 95)(1, — lh) and 0= (3—95)(I, — 1.) + 20, - L.). But Vz = —J5(In— Ih), therefore I, = -0.75[-5(L, — I,)]. Solving for I= I, = 29 + j2 = 29.07/3.95° A. AP 9.14 [a] M = 0.4V0.0625=0.1H, wM =809 Zaq = 40 + j800(0.125) + 360 + j800(0.25) = (400 + 7300) 2 Therefore |Zo|= 5009, — Zjy = (400 — 5300) 2 80)? P be (=) (400 — 3300) = (10.24 — 47.68) 0 245.20 {b] 184+ 100+ j400+Z, i, = 0.5 c08(800t — 53.13) A eae (08/= 53.13°) = 0.08/02 A ig = 80. cos 800¢mA 50/ = 53.13° AProblems 9-7 Zi +25*Zy ~ 1500+ 76000 + (25)*(4— j14.d) = 4453 = 5/3687 A Vi = Vs — Zhi = 25,000/0° — (4 + 73)(1500 + j6000) = 37,000 — 728,500 1 Va=-V: 3g V1 = ~1480 + 71140 = 1868.15 /142.39° V V2 _ 1868.15/142.39° Lo a = > = FF = 128/21 bez, 4 fla 1252168798 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis Problems P91 [a] w= 2nf =240mrad/s, {b] T= 1/f =8.33ms [e] Vn = 100V [4] ¥(0) = 100c08(45°) = 70.71V le] 6=45% = oe) ; = 0.7854 rad [f] V =0 when 240n¢ + 45° = 90°. Now resolve the units: (240m rad/s)t = Ham ; rad, .042 ms (e] (du/dt) = (—100)240m sin(240m¢ + 45°) (dv/dt)=0 when 240mt + 45° = 180° 135° 3 57.3°/rad — Therefore t = 3.125ms or =. 240m = rad P92 eon ecos(ve+90) costo) cost 30) Ocos(w-60) [a] Left as ¢ becomes more positive [b] RightProblems 9-9 [b] v= Va sin(wt + 0) w = Inf = 400m rad/s 4000 (=? x 10-4) +.0-=0; 5 =F rad = 30° v= Vusin[40007¢ + 30°] 75 =Vmsin 30°; Va = 150V v = 150sin[4000x¢ + 30°] = 150 cos[40007¢ — 60°] V P94 — [a] By hypothesis i= 1cos(wt +4) di G = ~Mwsin(ut +6) 10 = 20,0007; 20007 rad/s # 1 [b] f= 5 = 1000 He; T= 7 = 1 ms = 1000 p05 150 _ 3 3 . i000 7 30° = —90 — 55 (360) = —144" - i= 10cos(20007¢ — 144°) A P95 [a] 170V [b] 2xf = 1207; f= GHz [ec] w = 1207 = 376.99 rad/s =r, [4] O(rad) = 555 (60) [e] 6= -60" 1 1 I) T= 5 = GG = 16-67 ms x . LL [g] 120rt—F=0; t= 3 = 2.78ms [h] v = 170cos [1202 (t+ ) - 3 = 110 cos[120xt + (15/18) — (x/3)] = 170 cos[120nt + (m/2)] = -170sin 1200¢V910 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis fi] 120n(¢ ~ t,) — (7/3) = 120mt ~ (x /2) 1207. P96 u- f V2 cost + 4) dt [or an Fj cos( ut + 26) dt {i trans cos(2ut + 29) di =Va ve ? . “2 {r+ gi fimtaut +20) f°"]} z Blr+ 2 + gy Bin(Quto + d+ 26) — sin(2urty +-26)}} ~”a(G) +35 -¥2(5) P97 Vin = Vine = V2(120) = 169.71 V 1 P98 Vins == TP Va in? yay Vr mp T 1/2 v2 pre Vii Vasin? (71) ar = Ye ff (1- cos Ze) ata nt A Therefore Vine = yi zi—t = P99 [a] The numerical values of the terms in Eq. 9.8 are Vin = 100, R/L = 533.33, wh = 30 VRP aL? = 50 o=60°, O=tan30/40, 0 = 36.87" ~ 1.84955 + 2¢05(4001 + 23.13°)] A, t>0 [b] Transient component = —1.84e-53%" 4 Steady-state component = 2cos(400t + 23.13°) A [ec] By direct substitution into Eq 9.9, (1.875 ms) = 133.61 mA.Problems 9-11 fd] 2A, 400rad/s, 23.13" {e] The current lags the voltage by 36.87°. P-9.10 [a] From Eq, 9.9 we have di _ VnReos( 8) cryne_ 7 Vin sin(wt + — 8) a VRE VEE + alt Ri = —VnRoos(d = Oe (RIDE 5 Vink cos(wt + — 6) VRE VP +e di py, [Reoswt +4 - 0) —wLsinut + 9-0) Lat Ri=Vn [Hemet te otal 26-8) a2 But R wh = 0088 and agm—ary = sind ‘Therefore the right-hand side reduces to Vin Cos(wt + 6) At t=0, Eq. 9.9 reduces to 1b] fos = Topps comlut + 6 y,, [ Reos(wt + 6 0) —whsin(ut + 4-0) ™ VRE AE? = Vm cos(wt + 4) P911 [a] Y = 100/45° + 500/— 60° = 483.86/— 48.48" Y = 483.86 cos(300t — 48.48°) {b] ¥ = 250/30° — 150/50° = 120.51/4.8° y = 120.51 cos(377# + 4.8°)912 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis fe] ¥ = 60/60" — 120/— 215° + 100/90° = 152.88/32.94° y = 152.88 cos(100t + 32.94°) [d] Y = 100/40° + 100/160° + 100/— 80° = y=0 P9.12 [a] 50Hz [b] 0, = 0° 340/0° — 340 _ jwL = SL! —90° = 8.5/- 90°; 6; = —90° [e] “ 85; wb =400 40 400 (A) b= oye = me = 127.321 le] 2, = jwk = 5400 P 9.13 [a] w = 2a f = 80n x 10° = 251.33 krad/s = 251,327.41 rad/s 2.5 x 10-8/0° Tjwe 90° {b] 1= JwC(2.5 x 107) /0° = 2.5 x 10-%wo 90" [e] 125.66 x 10° = 2.5 x 10 wo *. Xo =-19.890 Wd) c= 19.89(w) (19.89)(80x x 10°) C= 0.2 10 =0.2uF el 2=i(5 S) = -iss9a P914 [a] V,=15020; 1, =30/ [b] i, lags uy by 72°: 2nf = 80007; eee T=1/f =250ps ig lags vy by 2 (250) = 50sProblems 9-13 P9.15 [a] jw = 5(5 x 104)(40 x 10-8) = 520 -j200; 1, = 20/-20°A a2. wl 200 a 520 [b] V, = 20/-20°2, 1 doa yi Y= 39 a0 + Te Y, = 0.05 + 30.05 + 0.20 — 0.40 = 0.25 — 70.358 = 0.35 — 70.35 Vo = (20/—20° )(2.32/54.46° ) = 46.4/34.46 V [e] v= 46.4c0s(5 x 10% + 34.46°) V P 9.16 [a] Zea L= = 2.32/54.46° 2 aon = 57000 Sr = 500/60" = 1/23.13° 1) t= 55 700 yang = 2A [e] 1 = 1e0s(8000t + 23.13°) A _ T3G Ra/ ju: Ro _ Ra ~ jwR3On Ro+(i/jwC2)~ 1+ juR,C,~ 1+u? RCP fe _ 1+ w?R3CP L+u?RICP PRC, P9.17 [a] Z= Ri — aa =2Z, when Ry= and 1 wR3C2 _ aG, Tewari A=9-14 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis 500 TA TOS x TOD TO) = _ 2 ~ GAS x VEX 10 fb] Ry = a = 500F P98 fa] Y= 4 ju Re =) Hs ___ RCP + fw Ry + (/jwCh) ~ 1+ jwRiC, ~~ 1+ a RGF Therefore Y%=¥2 when 14+?RIC, Qn wR CP T+ w? RIC? 1+ (4 x 10°)(4 x 10°)(2500 x 10-'8) (4x 10)(2 x 10°) (2500 x 10-18) Yi Ry and C)= [b] Re = = 2500 = 2.5k2. 5 9 y= X10 10nF P919 [a] A= Ry + jul, Ay=% when Ry= (4 x 108)(6.25)(5 x 104) =o 10* {) Ri = oF TO* + (4 x 10)(6.25) ~ 25 10" +. Ry = 25K _ (25x 108)2.5 _ t= ge = 5 1 i P920 [al w= po _ 1 1" Rit july Therefore — Y2 = Y, fy = Bibel25 x 10° + 10°(0.25) Problems 9-15 = 2 [b] Re = oxi = 10x 10" "Re = 10k 50 x 10° = Toa = 18 1 1 Poa Bl Y= —"Stigsa@ = 0.16 + 70.12 + 0.04 — 70.03 + j0.01 0.2 + 70.1 = 223.6/2 S {b] G = 200ms [ce] B= 100ms [a] 1=50/0°A, = 293.61/=26.57°V Io= z ~ B86L2657 2.24/63.43° A fo ic = 2.24.cos(wt + 63.43°)A, In = 2.248 _ (4000) (10° /jw625) 922 [al Zan = 15 + 090+ (109/7625.) 4x 102 = P+ 0} #10 = joo 4 A108 =I OF Rw = joe 4X10" 100 x 10% TPO TOF 625? FTO + 625.2 5= 10° ~ 108+ 6250? 5x 108 + 31250 = 10° w=4x 10? = 400rad/s _ (4000)(—74000) _ Ub] Zun(400) = 52000 + “on5 —sagg9 = 282 P 9.23 Z=10-j402 - (= 510/10 + 380) _ 19 _ jpg 15 + 7209-16 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis 20(520) F Zy = 202) _ 19 + 100 *= 20+ 520 ~ 10+ 710 Zen = 21 + Za + Ly = 30 ~ 5400 = 50/— 53.13° 0 P 9.24 First find the admittance of the parallel branches 1 Loita . Y= Gaya t Tp pa tg + jay = 087 — 30.1258 1 0375 — joss ~ 24+ I080 Zu = — 128+ 24+ J0.8 + 13.6 = 16 ~ j120 = 0.04 + 70.038 = 40 + j30mS = 50/36.87° mS 1000 PO25 Z = 400+ H6NA0) — Fey = H00L=SEATA 0/02 x10 Foo maga = 15/3687 mA ig(t) = 1.5.00s(5000t + 36.87°) mA P9.26 V,=50/—45°V; I, = 100/— 8.13" mA Mo Zz yy = 500/— 36.87" = 400 — 73000 6 7 = 400+ j (004 — 28% ag ) o ody — 2310" = -300 w+ 7500w — 62.5 x 10° = 0 — “w= —3750 + y/(3750)? + 62.5 x 10° = —3750 + 8750 w>0, *. w=5000rad/sProblems 9-17 P9.27 Z, = j(5000)(48 x 10~ Zo= Goo ja5 x 10-*) Construct the phasor domain equivalent. Vo 2400 800 o2/o%¢ 5 800 j2400 Using current division: (80+ 240) T= 2p 380+ 8 + jou 0-2) = 0-1 + JOA Ve, = 2401 = 24 + 52 94/45° Vp = 38.94 cos(5000¢ + 45°) V _ 10° ~~ (31.25)(8000) P 9.28 —j40002 jw = j8000(500)10~* = 40002 V, = 64/0°V 340009 (2000)(j4000) _ Ze = j8002 = "5000 -+ 54000 ~ 1600 + 3800 Zr = 1600 + j800 — 74000 = 1600 ~ 5320009-18 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis Z1g = (1600 + j800)(0.008 + 50.016) = 32 = 32/90° V Yo = 32.cos(8000t + 90°) V P 9.29 25n q + 1200 1600 % ‘a (40+/80)mA, {800 Honk soaema J (120 + 440)(0.04/0°) = 4.8 + j1.6V I. = 40/0° + (20 + 520) + (40 + j80) mA = 100+ j100mA. V, = 251. +V, 25(0.100 + 0.100) + 4.8 + j1.6 = 7.3 + j4.1V [b] i, = 28.28 c0s(800 + 45°) mA ig = 141.42c0s(800t + 45°) mA 37 cos(800t + 29.32") V a jwC ~ 78x 10°(125) — =j102 jw = j8 x 10°(25 x 10-) Ty = 5/0" Vy = TpZe = 5(4 — j8) = 20 ~ j40VP 9.31 10 /o'nn 15kQ FT 30kQ [b] w=2nf=8x10; fF Problems 9-19 (20 = 540)(520) yy ag ay ye o= Teej) 7 4-38 = 44.72/—10.30°V Uq = 44.72.c08(8 x 10° — 10.30°) V 4x 10° 1 7 Tor = 25 us 10.30 “360 (2-57) = 224.82ns + Up lags iy by 224.82 ns 5/0° mA a jwC ~ 70.05(8000) — jul = j8000(1.25) = 10,0000 I, —J25002 After two source transformations we have b32.5k0 j10k2 15KQI}30KO = 10k 10-8 1 1 mH Yor sgt 52500 * jigt = 1° (1+ 93) 10 ; =Tt KO Vo = 1,Z. = (10)(1 ~ 73) = 10 — j30 = 31.62/— 71.57°V 1 = 31.62.c0s(8000t — 71.57°) V9-20 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis P 9.32 + ie + vp 380 “i j20 — | — isa V3 Ve 60 fove + ae y- “le v2 Nv. 482 Si 60 V. = 21 = 52(—J5) = 100° V V. = 60/0 — V, = 50/0? V Ve 500° cee yg = 78 > iol 53s 5/53.138° = 34 j4A + §4—(-J8) =3+ 9A =9.49/71.57 8 I,=I- Vb = 1,(95) = (3 + 9)(95) = -45 + j15V Vi = Vet Ve = 45 + j15 + 50+ j0=54+515V VatV,= 60%; 2. Va=60~—5—j15 =55—j15V P 9.33 (40 + 330) — (100 ~ j50) | 40+. 530 {40+ 580) — (100 — 760) , 40+ 330 20, aiP 9.34 Problems 9-21 V2 = 40 + 30+ (3-94) Vo=Vi, Vi V2-V, Zz t07*+ oan = (40 + 730) Z Ne j10 Vo = (100 — 550) 34+j1 ~ (20 + 730) + Substituting the expression for V2 found at the start and simplifying yields Z=12+j162 Simplify the top triangle using series and parallel combinations: (1+ 91) =f) =19 Convert the lower left delta to a wye: 19, j1Q F- -310 GQ) 5 aT e _ ma) PS T+jl—jl -31Q 2a j1Q9-22 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis ‘The resulting circuit is shown below: 19 519) al efi 319] _, a > Simplify the middle portion of the circuit by making series and parallel combinations (1+ (1-0 +1) = 12 = 2/39 Zu, = —j1+ 2/34 j1 = 2/39 1 ~ 104 720 10 ~ jw 100 + 4? 10 jew = 10 _ _ we 10-8 100+ 407 Too + a2 174 * 10 Cw Y, is real when P935 [a] ¥p + 54x 10-%y + 54x 10% dw 3) = 410% = 004 aa or w= 100; w= 10rad/s; ff = 5/4 = 1.50Ha [b] ¥;(10rad/s) = a =20mS %,(10 rad/s) = = 500 ™ ~ 20 ~ Z(1Orad/s) = 50 + 150 = 2002 = Veg 0M? _ sype To = 9954 = “gop: = 50d mA ig = 50cos 10¢mA.Problems 9-23 2 x 104jw(104 — j2u) 108 + 4? 10° | 4x 104? 452% 10.w + du? 70 a? w = 10,000rad/s [b] When w = 10,000 rad/s Zz 4x 10*(104)? 4000 + Toacagns ~ 120000 45/0" o 12,000 ~ 742m Vo=V,- 121 10° 2 = 4000 ~ 5-7 = 4000 ~ 340009 Vo = 45/0° — (3.75 x 10°$)(4000 — 74000) = 45 — (15 — j15) = 30+ 15 = 33.54/26.57°V Uo = 33.54 .cos(10,000t + 26.57°) V 1 P937 [a] % 00 = 2 10s 1 Y= DoF J0.20 1200 0.2 ~ Tad 10° + 0.0407 Ys = jw50 x 10-° 44 x 10 + 0.0442 Yr=N+Ye+¥s For ig and v, to be in phase the j component of ¥; must be zero; thus, 0.20 50 x 10-2 = 050% 108 = TO + Oda?9-24 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis or 0.04? + 1.44 x 10° a2 a 10 =4x10° *. 0.04u* = 2.56 x 10° *. w = 8000rad/s = Skrad/s 1200 b] Yr = 0.2 x 10-8 =0.5x 107% [b] ¥r= 0.2% 10° + Tae 0G x 1m = 05% 10S . Zp = 20002 V. = (2.5 x 10-8/0°)(2000) = 5/0° v_ = 5cos 80001 V ae __ jG _ RR P9388 al 2>= REG) ~ 14 IoRO 12,500 12,500 ~~ 1+ 9(1000)(12,500)C ~ 1+ 712.5 x 106° _ 12,500(1 j12.5 x 10°C) 5 x 102°C? _ 12,500 156.25 x 10°C ~ TH 156.25 x 1070 — TF 156.25 x 1070? jwL = j1000(5) = 45000 1+ 156, 156.25 x 10°C + 5000 = 5756.35 x 108CF 781.25 x 10°C? — 156.25 x 10°C + 5000 = 0 C? — 20 x 10°80 + 64 x 107 = 0 Chg = 10x 10-8 + VI00 x 10 — GE 1 C, = 10 x 108 +6 x 1078 = 16 x 10°* = 0.16 uF C2 = 10 x 10% —6 x 10-8 = 4 x 10% = 0.04 pF 12,500 (0) Re = T5605 x 10 When C=160nF — Re = 25002; 250/0° a I,= 3500 0.1/0" A; ‘ig = 100.cos 1000 mA When @=40nF — R, = 10,0009; 250/0° wa = Fp,009 7 025002 As ig = 2500s 1000¢mAProblems 9-25 10° P99 [a] Z1 = 1600 — jsa(po a5 = 1600 — j16009 z, — 1000(G104L) _ 4 x 10°L? + 16 x 10L "4000+ F108L 16 + 10017 4x 1051? 16 x 10D, Yap = T+ Ba = 1600 + oars — 1600 + J 75 Topps Zr is resistive when 16 x 104L 16+ 10072 ~ 1600 or -L+0.16=0 Solving, Ly = 0.8 H and Ly = 0.2 H. [b] When L =0.8 4x 10°(0.64) 16461 ~ 8008 = 1600+ I, pe x 10° = 20/0° mA i= fae mA When L = 0.2 H: 4 x 10°(0.04) 16+4 40cos 10,000¢ mA. = 1600+ = 24002 P 9.40 Step 1 to Step 2: BM =~ 54.167 = 4.167/—90°A 718 Step 2 to Step 3: 8)(24) 24+ 18 (j18)||24 = = 8.64 + j11.529 Step 3 to Step 4: (4.167/ = 90°) (8.64 + 11.52) = 60/ — 36.87°V9-26 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis Step 1 _3220 4400 step 2 a I oa 4220 asfev 240 4.16720a@® l 240 j40n a Step 3 step 4 g.6a 311.520 a Re nee, 8.640 4.167/-90'a@) 60/-36.87° V0 411.520 b L___., P 9.41 Step 1 to Step 2: (16/02)(25) = 400/0° V Step 2 to Step 3: 25+ 15 + j30 = (40 + 730) 2 Step 3 to Step 4: 400/0° aoe = 8/— 36.8 Go ja) = S= 888". Step 4 to Step 5: (350) (40 + 330) ' - = = 50 — 7252 (40+ 380 = 380 = Fag seg = 50-35 step 1 step 2 * * 3300) a } 2st) 4300) . 16H2® nol Lisson sandy “se00 180 as eb #b step 3 . step 4 a0 33002 . ea av0frv © 4500 ° 3302 a 8£-36.87 A® ~js0Q 40 *b te, step 5 ea 8/-36.87A Sod 7 -3250Problems 9-27 P9.42 [a] jw = 9(5000)(50) x 10-* = 72500 1 ., (OO)(400 x 10-9) = ~75002 42502 -35000 Using voltage division, (250 + 250) |](—7500) 5250 + (250+ 5250)||(—j500) Vin = Vaw = 20/0°V (23. 36/26.565° 20/0" [b] Remove the voltage source and combine impedances in parallel to find Zam = Zev: 1 1 1 fy = et 1 nj ms Yo = 3950 * 350-+ j250 + —j500 ~?~ 4 mS Zryy, = Zay = 2 = 100 + 52000 You [el] 190Q_ 42000 a 20/0°v ©9-28 P 9.43 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis oa 4120 120 “™ 120 at 7/0 v 12 120 TX psn eb (27 + j12)I, — 3h, = -87/0° 31, + (27 — 12)h, = 87/0° Solving, 1, =-2.4167+j1.21; Ty = 2.41674 j1.21 Vo = 121, + (12 — j12), = 14.5/0°V Short Circuit Test: ja20 2a 120 r 3n s7/o°v 129 zn “» ~j120 (27 + j12)I, — 3h, — 12. = -87 31, + (27 — j12)Iy — (12 ~ f12)ne = 87 121, — (12 — j12)Iy + (24 ~ 712). = 0 Solving,Problems 9-29 =Vm_ Im == 14.52 Alternate calculation for Zrn: oa ji2zn 120 120 30 FL UF bazn 0 F-31202 OZ = 12434 12- j12=27 - j12 36 12 7-72 9-74 _ 36-936 _ 12-12 ~ 77a a 12(12— 512) _ 48 ~ 748 wf 4129 120 za a CT 3, a Lg 12 _ 12(14 +95) 1249124 p= yaaa 12—j12 _ 12(10 9-54 9-54 Zp = 1249-30 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis _ 165 ~ 520 lly = "B=? 48 - 25+ 2, = Ba IB 4, 105-79 _ aso 9-54 * 18-38 P9A4 Vag 1; Zy 100/120 41000 av) 0.1/120° Ty = 22420" 410° mA, Zy in KO 2 A20° an ty By aoo/-60o” 42000 Iv= ae +(-3/210°) mA, Zy ink N 0.1/120' + 1/30" OBE (A —3/210°) 0.3L= 60" — 0.1/120° _ 1 igo 4. 3/210° _ 0.3/ = 60° = 0.1/120° 1/308 + 3/210" 0.2/90° = j0.2k2 Za + 1/30° = 1.5/30° mA r.s/a0ty szo0n obProblems 9-31 P 945 jwL = j1.6 x 10°(25 x 10-*) = j400 1 10-8 x 10° . jo ~ jibes) ~ I 5400 151, + £5 7. + I, Vv, -j250 250 P 9.46 Ver = j40lp + 1514 + 2515, Tr(= 325) _ = JI 40 + 20(—3)(1 + 7) = 20 + 7202 = 28.28/45° 2 1 _ (0-9)(20°) _ 3G 7 50/3) = 12 1 _ (0-*)(10°) wz —-25(5/3) x, uKQ 193, ~ 524K = 24kQ ame 5 — j12kO9-32 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis P 9.47 Short circuit current 20: 10 = j20 ay b= —j2lg=Ay Ip =0 ec = 20A = In ‘The Norton impedance is the same as the Thévenin impedance. Find it using a test source in 7-520 7 P 9.48 600m 31500 41509 v.07, %5 400 > eb Vi=75 _ 0.02V;(40) _ 150(4+ 71) 40-7150 * 40-7150 ~P 9.49 Problems 9-33 _ 75(4— 715) Mg Von 2mm 120/36.87° = 96 + 7720 60 3720 a 215/36.87°v > Le *=e 10000 -42500 oe —, + a ~ son v, av, V2 4V2 =4V2 _ 9 50 *~ i000 +7350 ~ Solving, V2 = -1—j0.75V = 1.25/216.87 V 1.25/216.87° 12521687 _ 56 156 87° 0 = 40 +5302 SB 103 pp ~ DOLBOSTE A = 40-+ 580 m= Iy = Lye = —25/0° mA9-34 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis Zn = Zn \/36.87° = 40 + j302 400 25/0°maQ) P9.50. [a] Vr-aVr/10 j10 Tr _ 1, (1=a/10) _ (0~a)+j10 Vr 10 jlo F100 ‘Vr _ 1000 + 100(10 ~ @) ~~ (10 =a)? + 100 1000 (10 =a)? + 100 W-a=410; a=10710 (10 — a)? = 100 a=0; a=20 But the j term can only equal the real term with a = 0. Thus, a = 0. [d] Zr, will be inductive when a < 10.P 951 P 9.52 Problems 9-35 =100 Vi, Vi ASA =0 20 * 60+ 720 Solving for V1 yields V, =30—j40V = Vi = J Ve= a+ 5200) ~ (4)» V, = 15 + g5V = 15.81/18.43° V jw = j(5000)(0.4 x 10-8) = 720 1 10° Gad ~ 75000) (50) Voi = 10/53.13° = 6 + j8V -j42 Via = 8/=90° = -38V 320 Vo -440 (6438) VC 6Q =) -i8V v V.—6—38 | Vo, Vot(~i8) _ Rp +6. i =o Solving, Vv, = 1210 vo(t) = 12.cos 5000t'V9-36 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis P 9.53 jwL = j104(1.2 x 10-*) = j120 1 10° Jad ~ Fxg ~ ~I702 V, = 100/ —j100V Vi, = 500/0° = 500V -1200 42a 200 5 -j100ve v, 2802 @)s00v z. | x vi 500 , Vi +100 80 20 ji2 Solving, V) = 160/53.13° V = 96 + j128V 00 5128 100 — 500 0 = —14— j17 = 22.02/— 12947. A 4, = 22.02.cos(10,000¢ — 129.47") A fy = 300 = 96 = F128, 500+ 5100 = 20 — 720 = 15.24 718.6 = 24.02/50.74° A iy = 24.02 c0s(10,000t + 50.74°) AP 9.54 P 9.55 Problems 9-37 “3 ~38v -isv 5/OA Vo, Vets | Ve-Vi a4 ee 3 5 js (5+ j6)V.+ 10V; = 30 5, Mi- Vo, Wits 54 ta Vo=f10; Vi =9-J5 Vg = Vi — Vo =9- j5 — j10 = 9 — 15 = 17.49/ — 59.04 V jaon 3, + Y 32, + am@ v, 2200 Sec? D> v, 3280 F-3500 35 + Tygp t= 0 (2+ j)V_ = —16001,, Vo = (—640 + 320)1, - Vi = (-160 + 7120)1,,9-38 P 9.56 P 9.57 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis Vi wes (8+ 561, +1, = (-7 + j6)lo “Ty t= 1.4 f1.2 A = 1.84/ = 139.40 A | Le ppg AS . V, = (—640 + j320)I, = 1280 + 5320 = 1319.39, 14.04° V -150+ V+ Vo. ~ =710 Solving, V, = 72 + 96 = 120/53.13° V V,=60/0V; Vy =90/90°V jul = j(4 x 104)(125 x 10°) = jn =j108 aun.) ~ 9° 200 5200 = “Yy ss” i90v, 60 = (20 + j5)la — 55 (j90 = —951, — f15L, Solving, 1, =2.25—j2.25A; Ty=—6.75 + j0.75A IT, =9—J3 = 9.49/— 18.43" A ig(t) = 9.49 cos(40,000t ~ 18.43") AP 9.58 P 9.59 Problems 9-39 From the solution to Problem 9.52 the phasor-domain circuit is 420 10/53.13°v © a ) 9/-90°v 10/53.13° = (6 + j2)l — 61, 8/=90? = ~6h + (6 - 4) Vo = (hh -1)6 Solving, V, = 12/0°V. v(t) = 12cos5000¢V 5/OA aa aaa 2) -48V 5/0" a 331, + 5(L, — 1) — 73, — 5) = 0 J2(y —5) +5(h, - 1.) - 75 =0 73 = 3/— 90° A9-40 P 9.60 P961 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis 2 f'n 100/0° = (5 + 6) — 5h; — 75s 50/0° = 81; + (5 — j5)I2 + 55Ts —10/0° = —5l, + j5I + SIs Solving, T=58-j20A; =58+jl0A; 15 = 28+ j0A I,=Ip+2=304j0A T, =I, ~ Is = 58 — 20 — 28 = 30— 720A I= 1p - Jy = 58 + j10 ~ 28 = 304 j10A Ig = 1; — 1; = 58 — 720-58 — j10 = - 730A jwL = j5000(14 x 10-%) = j700 4000 Ty ~j4002 502 + nieve Ly 098%, 5901, - 72/0° = (50 + j70)I, — 501, + 590(—I,)P 9.62 P 9.63 P 9.64 Problems 9-41 0 = —501, — 590(—I,) + (210 — j400)h, Solving, Ty = (50 — 50) mA V,. = 160K, = 8 — j8 = 11.31/— 45° U_ = 11.31 cos(5000¢ — 45°) V _ 10° Zo = 000 — Ieeapycpiggy = 600 — 38000 Zr = 300 + 52000 + 600 — j800 = 900 + 12000 = 1500/53.13° 2 Vo= Vee = 50/= 106.26°V a Ve = 50.cos(5000t — 106.26°) V ue = it = 71002 jwL = j(500)(1) = 75002 Let Z, =50—j1009; — Zy = 250+ 5000 I, = 125/0° mA LZ, _ 125/0%(50 — 100) °"T+%Z, ~ (300+ j400) = -12.5 — j25mA = 27.95/ = 116.57? mA i, = 27.95.cos(500t — 116.57°) mA 1 _ 10° Vo=120Vs 5G = Fagg = ~s0KR Let V, = voltage across 1 F capacitor, positive at upper terminal ‘Then: V. Va ey Va = (0.48 — 50. 0 + xi 0; ra = (0.48 — 0.24) V 0-V. 0-Ve_ 10 * 200 , WV. Vo = -9.6 + 74.8 = 10.73/153.43° V U9 = 10.73c0s(100¢ + 153.43°) V9-42 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis P 9.65 200kQ Vv 10kQ 10k wannd 1 I —_ joe J 4m%Q -10v v v. 10,000 ~ Va — 1.2/0" p00 tIeCoVa + 12 2+ jl0wC,, Vo =—20V, (see solution to Prob. 9.73) v, 424/180" 0 24 j108C, ~ 2+ 7105C, Vv, . denominator angle = 60° tan 60° = v3 10°C, _ 7 =v3 or Cy = M3 <3 pr = 3.46 uF 0" 24/180° b] Vo = A = 6 yiz0ev bl 2+ j2Vv3 oe Vo = 6 cos(100t + 120°) V P9.66 [a] V,=2/0°V 80 7 Dane V, = Tope = 60% Va = Vp = 1.6/0°V 16 | 16-V, Ten (200)(1/jwC) | 200+ (1/jwC) 1 10° Fie = ~710" = —j100KProblems 9-43 = 40 — j80ko. V,=1.6+ z = 2—j0.8 = 2.15/—21.80° Uo = 2.15 cos(10°t — 21.80°) V [b] V, =0.8Vjn/0°; Va = Vp = 0.8/0" 0.8Vn | 0.8Vin — Vo 160 * 40-730 40 — 160 *. |0.8Vjn(1.25 — 70.5)| <5 “Vg = 0.8Vin + /m(0.8) = 0.8Vpn(1.25 — 0.5) Vin < 4.64V 1 102 — = —___. = -j10k! P 9.67 Fok = FGF (oD = ~71OKD 1 10 — = = 200k Fol, ~ 7(40°)(50) ~~? 40kQ ~jioka 20kQ: 10kQ ¥ 7 —} 20/0 a fap ~320KQ 4 V3 25kQ - “ov9-44 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis a = 08+ j5.6 = 5.657/81.87° V Pees te] Sa GOGH 0 Vn, Va=Vo 200 * 7400 Vo _ Ve, Va =ja00 = 200 * = F400 Vo = Va ~J2Vn = (1=32)Ve Yo Sn fine ~ TE TCONORTIN V, = 10/0°V , (1 — 52)10/0° [Vol Vir 0c Solving, Cy = 200F [b) v, = 220 = 32) — 1/— 196.87° 1452 Up = 10cos(2 x 10°t — 126.87°) V P9.69 [a]P 9.70 Problems 9-45 Because the op-amps are ideal Ti, = Ip, thus iy = Vor = Vani Vo= Va I, Zz . Zz + 26 TE Wa? = 04K) 1 1 . _ [b] 2= 768 joC + Ky + Cy = C(1+ K) [a] Superposition must be used because the frequencies of the two sources are different. [b] For w = 80,000 rad/s: 200 -3100) aM + We sieve. vrf 4100 Vo=5 , Vo 20 jlo j10 1 1 1 5 v: (+ 710+ 0) = 3 * Vh=5/0V Ve _ a = 59 = I0-5 = 500/ = 0 mA For w = 320,000 rad/s: 200 -42.50 + Pe vet 5400 D2siev 20||j40 = 16 + j82946 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis WHI peo pyar ego Tey 7-705" 5/0°) = 2.643/7.59° V t= < 66.08/—99.4°ma we 740 a Thns, ‘éo(t) = (500 sin 80,000¢ + 66.08 cos(320,000t — 82.4) mA, > 0 P.9.71 [a] Superposition must be used because the frequencies of the two sources are different. {b] For w = 2000 rad/s: 420 ~350 + 20h36.aTVC Vay $102 1 -7=2- 49 | Va=5?—!4 —20/ — 36.87" = 31.62/—55.3°V jA+ ja For w = 5000 rad/s 352 -320 + Vag #100 )10h6.26°V 95|)10 = 24 542 Va = Toe pias 26°) = 15.81/34.69° V Thus, ve(t) = [31.62 cos(2000t — 55.3°) + 15.81 cos(5000t + 34.69°)| V, £>0 P 9.72 [a] july = jwLa = j(10,000)(1 x 10-) = 100 =j52 jwM = 5(10,000)(0.5 x 10~*Problems 9-47 20h oy s10a 1sQ 200 = (5 + j10)Iy + 551, 0 = fly + (15 + j10)Iz, Solving, I,=10-j15A; ,=-5A 18.03 cos(10,000¢ — 56.31°) A iz, = 5.cos(10,000t — 180°) A M 05 bp] k= AL = 95 95 Blk Tre vio fc] When t = 50n ps, 10,000¢ = (10,000)(50n) x 10-® = 0.5% = x/2rad = 90° ig(50mps) = 18.03 cos(90 — 56.31°) = 15 A ix(50xp8) = 5 cos(90 + 180°) = 0A w phat plat + Minis = ka x 10°)(15)? +0 +0 = 112.5mJ When t = 100r ys, 10,000t = rad = 180° i,(100nps) -10A i, (100mus) = 5A = 3a x 107°)(10)? + 50 x 10°*)(5)? +.0.5 x 10-8(—10)(5) w P 9.73 [a] jwLs = 5(50)(5) = 72502 jwLy = j(50)(20) = 7100029-48 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis - Zaz = 75 + 300 + 51000 — 7500 = 375 + 55002 . Zig = 875 — 75002 M = ky L,L2 = 10k x 10% wM = (50)(10k) = 500k _ [se 2 oe (375 — 7500) = k*(240 — 320) Zin = 120 + 5250 + 240k? — 5320K? [Zin| = (120 + 240K)? + (250 — 320k?) (120 + 240K)? + (250 — 320K2)2}-4 x [2(120 + 240K?)480k + 2(250 — 320k?)(—640k)] Zo _ Ge = 0 when 960k(120 + 240K”) — 1280k(250 — 320k”) = 0 =032; 2. k= V032 = 0.5657 {b] Zin (min) = 120 + 240(0.32) + [250 — 0.32(320)] = 196.8 + 7147.6 = 246/36.87° 0 etm 21 5/— 3687 A iy (peak) =1.5A Note — You can test that the k value obtained from setting d|Za|/dt = 0 leads to a minimum by noting 0 |Zinle yore 1k =0, Ziq = 120 + 250 = 277.31/64.36° O Thus, [Zinlemo > |Zinle-vo3sP 9.74 P 9.75 P 9.76 Problems 9-49 Zon = 30 + 5200 + (50/25)?(15 — j20) = 90 + 71200 225 /0° © 15+ 920 (50) = 450/36.87° V 90Q 4120Q a aso Ae. v (ms) ju, = j(25 x 10°)(3.2 x 107%) = j802 jwLy = j(25 x 10°)(12.8 x 10-%) = 73200 1 10° Ju ~ FQ x 103)(250) ~ ~71602 JjwM = j(25 x 10°)ky/(3.2)(12.8) x 10-9 = j160k.2 Zoq = 40 + 5320 — j160 = 40+ j1600 Ziq = 40 — 1609 160k]? A 7 Z, baal (40 ~ j160) = 37.6474? — 7150.588K Zar = 10 + 580 + 37.647k? — j150.588k? = (10 + 37.647K2) + 7(80 — 150.588K?) Zny is resistive when 80 — 150.588k7=0 or k® = 0.53125 Za, = 10+ (37.647) (0.53125) = 30 [a] jwL2 = 7(500)10°(500)10-° = 52502 a uC ~ F(500 x 105)(20) Zaz = 150 + 50 + 3250 — 7100 = 200 + j1500 Zin = 200 — j1500 wM = (500 x 108)(100 x 10-® = 71000 = 502 -j629-50 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis [b] Zun = Ri + jw +8 -56 jw = (500 x 10°)(80 x 10-*) = 5400 Zap = 20+ 7340 P97 50h =-Ib V2 250052 Vo _ Vs _ 7 7B I, = 2513 Fay = 2500 2/25. _ 2500.Vo 251, 625 Ty = 42, = 4(200 + 7150) = (800 + 600) 0 P 9.78 In Eq. 9.69 replace w*M? with kw*L,L» and then write Xu as Bu? Ly La(wla + wLr) See T+ (ula tolas _ Pulo(wls + why) wel For Xq, to be negative requires Boy + (wha + wht)? < Pwh(whe + wr) or Roy + (why + whr)? — Pwlawle + wy) <0P 9.79 Problems 9-51 which reduces to By + w°L3(1 — k*) + how (2— k*) +w*L2 <0 But k < 1 hence it is impossible to satisfy the inequality, Therefore Xq can never be negative if X,, is an inductive reactance. [a] Eat Zn = LZ, (MM + 0+ MN Z ‘ Zy = E.D. “TWP & {b] Assume dot on the Np coil is moved to the lower terminal. Then =My, , =—™, Vis -3,V2 and b= Fh As before Lu = v2 ana Vi+Vo= Zh +h 2uy = 2 (1 N/M), (Ni /N2) Py Lu Zn QED. “T= /N)P9-52 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis P9.80 [al + HE %1 az) Vo= Ny Oh +12)Z, =1, (+3) cA M VitVam (R41) Vem (14 Zh (L+.Ni/No)? Zh, + Lay = ns a Zu (+ 8)'z Qep. [b] Assume dot on NV; is moved to the lower terminal, then ‘As in part [a] Vi+V: Ven (le+)Zp ad Zyy = Vit V (1 = M/N2)V2 M1/No)(1 = Ni/Na)Zih, Fe Za = [1—(Mi/Na)P Z, QED.Problems 9-53 240 240 . Post [al T= 37+ 35 = (00— 375) A V, = 240/0° + (0.1 + 50.8)(10 — 97.5) = 247 + 77.25 = 247.11/1.68° V [b] Use the capacitor to eliminate the j component of I, therefore 240 ji ‘V. = 240 + (0.1 + j0.8)10 = 241 + 78 = 241.13/1.90° V I=j75A, Z j322 [c] Let 1. denote the magnitude of the current in the capacitor branch. Then T= (10 ~j7.5+ jl) = 10+ j(I.—7.5)A V, = 240/a = 240+ (0.1 + j0.8)[10-+ 3 — 7.5)] = (247 ~ 0.81.) + (7.25 + 0.11) It follows that 240cosa = (247 0.8%.) and 240sina = (7.25 + 0.1.) Now square each term and then add to generate the quadratic equation 12 — 605.771, + 5325.48 =0; I, = 302.88 + 293.96 ‘Therefore T.=8.92A (smallest value) and Z, = 240/38.92 = —j26.909. P 9.82 The phasor domain equivalent circuit is Ings + 1 nye 4] ~ IR; As Re varies from 0 to 00, the amplitude of v, remains constant and its phase ‘angle increases from 0° to -180°, as shown in the following phasor diagram:9-54 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis P 9.83 4220 Vi = (0.2 + j1.6)(20 — j20) = 36 + 28 = 45.61/37.87° V(rms) Ve, = 440/02 + Ve = 476 + 528 = 476.82/3.37° V b] ‘Vi = (0.2 + j1.6)(20 + j0) = 4+ 532 2.25 /82.87° V, = 440+ Vp = 444 + 532 = 445.15/4.12°Problems 9-55 P 9.84 [a] = 23.29 — j13.71 = 27.02/—30.5° A 844563 120, 240 gro T= 59 + gag jog ~ 2829 J1B-71 = 31.44/25, 87° A 120 120 Y= = 50° A; pa = DUA: Fp 7 0A 240 = gaa jeg 7 18-29 — 713.71 = 22.86/-36.87° A To = 575 jog 7 1829 ~ 113-71 = 22.86/-26. [b] When fuse A is interrupted, h=0 Iy=15A T5=10A h=10+5=15A W=-5A &=5A {c] The clock and television set were fed from the uninterrupted side of the circuit, that is, the 120 load includes the clock and the TV set. {d] No, the motor current drops to 5 A, well below its normal running value of 22.86.A. {e] After fuse A opens, the current in fuse B is only 15 A. P 9.85 [al The circuit is redrawn, with mesh currents identified: Tp 1a . je + + 120°v z ”) 10 120h°v 409 ‘The mesh current equations are: 120/0° = 231, — 21, — 201, 120/0° = —21, + 431, — 401, 0 = ~201, — 401, + 701. Solving, 1, =24/0°A I, = 21.96/0° A T. = 19.40/0° A9-56 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis The branch currents are: T=1, = 24/0 A bh=1,-1,= 204A Ty =I, = 21.96/0°A W=1. = 19.40/0° A Ty=T,-Te = 4.6/0 A Ig =1,—1, = 2.55/0° A [b] Let Nj, be the number of turns on the primary winding; because the secondary winding is center-tapped, let 2N> be the total turns on the secondary. From Fig. 9.58, 13,200 240 No 1 “™ 2% OM 0 ‘The ampere turn balance requires Nilp = Nol + Nols Therefore, = Bay +h) = 4 (24+ 21.96) = 0.42/0°A roe 10 Un P 9.86 od ° . 13.2/0° xv! 102 The three mesh current equations are 120/0° = 231, — 2h, — 201, 120/0° = —21, + 23h, — 201. 0 = —201, — 20h, + 501. Solving, a= 24/0°A; y= 24/0PA; I, = 19.2/0° A h=1,-1,=0AProblems 9-57 1 = 77g 24 + 24) = 0.4368 {c] When the two loads are equal, more current is drawn from the primary. P 9.87 [al 0.022 30.020 ) 9.0371" 30.030 ) : 0.02072" 50.02 128, 128, 125 = (R+0.05 + 70.05); — (0.03 + j0. 125 = —(0.03 + j0.03)I, + (R+0.05 + j0.05)Ig — RIy Subtracting the above two equations gives so I,=h-h=0A (b] Vi=RGL-L); Ve= Ry —Is) Since Iy = Iz (from part fal) Vi = Ve 0.022 50.020 YP) dao X, 4 6002 0.022 50.020 128, 250 = (660.04 + 30.04)I, ~ 660h, 0 = -6601, + 670,9-58 CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis Solving, I, = 25.275945/ — 0.231714" = 25.275738 — j0.10222. A T, = 24.898692/ — 0.231713° = 24.898488 — j0.100694 A iL — I, = 0.37725 — j0.001526 A ‘Vi = 601, = 22.635 — j0.09156 = 22.635185/ — 0.231764° V V2 = 6001, = 226.35 — 70.9156 = 226.35185/— 0.231764° V ta) 0.020 — j0.022 128/0°vE 60g ze. 0.03"! 50.030 aac 6009 125, 0.0207," 50.020 125 = (60.05 + j0.05)I; — (0.03 + j0.03)Iz — 6013 125 = —(0.03 + 0.03)I; + (600.05 + 30.05), — 6001, 0 ~60L; — 6001, + 67015 Solving, Ty = 26.97/ = 0.24° = 26.97 — j0.113A Tp = 25.10/ = 0.24" = 25.10 — 70.104. Ts = 24.90/ — 0.24° = 24.90 — j0.104A = 124.4/- 027° V ‘V2 = 600(Ip ~ Ig) = 124.6/—0.20°-V [e] Because an open neutral can result in severely unbalanced voltages across the 125 V loads. Vi = 60(1 — Is P 9.88 [a] Let Nj = primary winding turns and 2Ny = secondary winding turns. ‘ThenProblems 9-59 In part d), IM; = 1.Np +122 = Ta 97 — j0.11 + 25.10 — 0.10) Li. 4 = 77g (62.07 — 70.22) I, = 464.9 —j1.9mA [b] Yes, because the neutral conductor carries non-zero current; whenever the load is not: balanced.10 Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations Assessment Problems AP 10.1 [a] V=100/—45°V, T= 20/15°A Therefore P= 3(100)(20) cos[-45 —(15)] = 500W, A+B Q = 1000 sin ~60° = -866.03VAR, BA (b] V=100/—45°, 1 = 20/165° P = 1000cos(—210°) = —866.03W, BA Q = 1000sin(—210°) = 500VAR, = AB [e] V=100/—45°, 1 = 20/—105° P = 1000cos(60°) = 500W, A+B Q = 1000sin(60°) = 866.03VAR, AB [a] V = 100/0%, 1 = 20/120° P = 1000 cos(—120°) = —500 W, BoA Q = 1000sin(—120°) = —866.03 VAR, BoA AP 10.2 pf = cos(8, ~ 6,) = cos{15 — (75)] = cos(—60°) = 0.5 leading rf =sin(6, — 6;) = sin(—60°) = —0.86610-2 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations AP 10.3 From Ex. 9.4 Ju P=2,R= (2) (5000) = 54W AP 104 [a] Z = (39 + 26)||(—752) = 48 — j20 = 52/— 22.620 ‘Therefore I, = 4.85/18.08° A(rms) 48—j20+14 94 Vi = Ze = (52/ = 22.62°)(4.85/18.08°) = 252.20/ — 4.54° V(rms) Miu F 98.29° 34 jae ~ © 38/= 88.28" A(ems) I= {b] $1, = Vili, = (252.20/ — 4.54°)(5.38/+ 38.23°) = 1357/33.69° = (1129.09 + 3752.73) VA P,=1129.09W; — Q, = 752.73 VAR, [ce] Pe = [Le]?1 = (4.85)? 3.52W; Qe = [L|?4 = 94.09 VAR [d] S,(delivering) = 2501; = (1152.62 — 376.36) VA ‘Therefore the source is delivering 1152.62 W and absorbing 376.36 magnetizing VAR. 2 2 le] Qeap = Mr = a 1223.18 VAR ‘Therefore the capacitor is delivering 1223.18 magnetizing VAR. Check: 94.09 + 752.73 + 376.36 = 1223.18 VAR and 1129.09 + 23.52 = 1152.62 W AP 10.5 Series circuit derivation: ‘S = 250I" = (40,000 — 730,000) Therefore I* = 160 — j120 = 200/— 36.87° A(rms) I 100/36.87° A(rms) v 250 See 2 = 7 = spp = 125/= 3687 = (1 - 70.75) 0 Therefore R=19, Xo =-0.750Problems 10-3 Parallel circuit derivation 2 2 iS ae therefore R= oe = 1.56252 2 2 Q ae 3 therefore Xo = ue 2.083. AP 10.6 ‘1 = 15,000(0.6) + 15,000(0.8) = 9000 + 712,000 VA. ‘Sz = 6000(0.8) — j6000(0.6) = 4800 — j3600 VA Sp = Sy + Sz = 13,800 + j8400 VA Sp = 2001; therefore I =69+j42 1=69~—j42A ‘Vz = 200 + j1 = 200 + j69 + 42 = 242 + 69 = 251.64/15.91° V(rms) AP 10.7 [a] The phasor domain equivalent circuit, and the Thévenin equivalent: are shown below: Phasor domain equivalent circuit: 318 3fo' 2008 -j4007 42 eb ‘Thévenin equivalent: 209 3109 wn eo C47 .43/-18.43°v = 48 — j24 = 53.67/- 26.57 V —j800 20 = 740 = 20+ j10 = 22.36 /26.57° 2 For maximum power transfer, Z, = (20 — j10) 210-4 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations 67/ = 26.5% [b] I= Sar = 1.34/ = 26.57° A ‘Therefore P= ( [e] Ru = [Zn] = 22.360 53.67/— 26.57° no (a) = ea jig 7 L28L= 90.85" A ‘Therefore P= ( (22.36) = 17 Ww AP 108 2425800 Mesh current equations: 660 = (34 + j50)K, + j100(L, — In) + 401, + 7400; — 12) 0 = 100(Kp ~ 11) ~ 7401, + 1001 Solving, h=350°A; -. P= 5(8.5)*(100) = 612.50W AP 10.9 [al 38000 jao0a ¥ Y j10000 oT awh DY tsa) boa 9 248 = 54001, — j500I2 + 375(I; — In) 0 = 375(Iz — 11) + 100%: — 75001, + 4001, Solving, T, = 0.80~ j0.62A; Ty = 0.4 ~ 70.3 = 0.5/— 36.87° ES (0.25)(400) =50WProblems 10-5 (b] h-hh =0.4~0.32A 1 P75 = git ~ L/°(875) = 49.20W P= 5(248)(0.8) = 99.20W DY Pam = 50 + 49.2 = 99.20W (checks) AP 10.10 [a] Vin =210V;_—_V; Short circuit: equations: 840 = 801, — 20, + Vi 4 i 0 = 20( — Ih) — V2 = 14; Rm = 2? = 50 [b] Pax = (20/15 = tasw AP 10.11 [a] Vin = —4(146/0°) = —584/0° V(rms) V2=4Vi; Lh =—4hy Short circuit equations: 146/0° = 801, — 2012 + Vi 0 = 20(2 ~h) — Ve . I, =-146/365=-040A; Ry = S 14602 [b] P= (Sat) 0 - 58.40W10-6 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations Problems P101 p= P+ Pcos2ut — Qsin ut; = —auPsin2ut ~ 240 cos 2st Boo when —2uPsinQut = 2uQcos2ut or tan ut = 2 2 i “2 +Q costut=——P sin dwt = VP FQ? Let 6 = tan-}(— oP, then p is maximum when Qut = @ and p is minimum. when 2ut = (0 +7). P Q(-@) Pte VPreai =P +N VPP+@ P Therefore Pax = P +P and Pinjn =P — P- P102 [a] P= $(340)(20) c0(60 — 15) = 3400.cos.45° = 2404.16 W (abs) Q = 3400sin 45° = 2404.16 VAR (abs) [b] P= $(16)(75)cos(—15, ~ 60) = 600cos(—75°) = 155.29W (abs) Q = 600sin(—75°) = —579.56 VAR (del) [el P= 3(625)(4) cos(40 — 150) = 1250 cos(—110°) = —427.53W (del) Q = 1250 sin(—110°) = -1174.62 VAR (del) [a] P= #(a80)(10) cos(130 — 20) = 900 cos(110°) = —307.82W (del) Q = 900sin(110°) = 845.72 VAR. (abs)Problems 10-7 P 10.3 [a] coffee maker = 1200W radio = 71 W television = 145 W portable heater = 1322 W DP =2738w 2738 Therefore Ig = 20 = 22.82A Yes, the breaker will trip. {b] > P= 2738-1200 = 1538W; Ia = od =12.82A ‘Yes, the breaker will not trip if the current is reduced to 12.82. 10° (25 x 105)(40) P 104 I, =30/0°mA; =j10 jwL = (25 x 10°)(40) x 10-6 = j10 2n sa 30/0 mad -419 50 Z = —fil(+ 71) =0.2-j10 Zug = 2+ Ly =2.2-j10 2 Py = [Fnnal?Re{ Zag} (% x10" ) (2.2) = 990 nw 1 10° «@ ~ (5000)(60) P 10.5 = 25002 = 750 — 722509 15002 2 _ 750 — j2250 >= = 05-915 Zi i500 O5410-8 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations Vo = (-0.5 + 1.5)(4) = -2 + 76 = 6.32/108.43° V = 20x 10% = 20mW vy, |f-saoa * 200 - 3 x, ¥ 20+ 710 1450.25) . ae] ae Vo = 300 — j100V Vo l= 4 540 =254575A Ty = 15/02 — 1g = 15 — 2.5 — 7.5 = 12.5 — 7.5 = 14.58/— 30.9" A Lip. Poon = 5lTol*20 = 2125 W P 10.7 [a] line loss = 50,000 — 40,000 = 10kW line loss = |f,/20 .°. [I,l? = 500 202 -3x,9 => °, 70 2500/f0°C a, virms)| {o| = v500 A IIR = 40,000. Ry, = 800Problems 10-9 IE[’X. = 30,000. XL = 600 Thus, 202 -3x,Q 809 ° Ty 2s00/0°C 3602 viens) . 2) = VG00F + OX)? [hI 20 10,000 + (60 — X;)? 625 x 104 500, Solving, (60 — X) = £50. Thus, X;=100 or X,= 1100 10,000 + (60 ~ Xz)? = = 12,500 [b] If X, = 100: 2500 = Top + jp = 20 HOA Sy = ~ 250015 = —50 — j25kVA ‘Thus, the voltage source is delivering 50 KW and 25 magnetizing Kvars. Qo = [Ty]? Xe = 500(—10) = —5000 VAR ‘Therefore the line reactance is generating 5 magnetizing kvars. Qjeo = lp!’ Xi, = 500(60) = 30,000 VAR ‘Therefore the load reactance is absorbing 30 magnetizing kvars. DX Qeen = 25,000KVAR = Y> Quis If X= 1100: 2500 Ty = 39 — gap = 20+ HOA Sy = —25001} = 50 + j25kVA ‘Thus, the voltage source is delivering 50 kW and absorbing 25 magnetizing kvars. Q-s110 = [Ip|?(—110) = 500(—110) = —55kVAR Therefore the line reactance is generating 55 magnetizing kvars. The load continues to absorb 30 magnetizing kvars. DY Qeen = SSKVAR = > Qate10-10 P 108 P109 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations — 1(90)? lal P= 57959 = 3 1_ (00? _ 2 2 (1012.5) cee Pmax = P+ y/P? + Q? = 3+ \/(3)? + (4)? = 8 W(del) [b] Pmin = 3-5 = —2W(abs) [e] P=4W_ from (a) [d] Q=4VAR from (a) [e] absorb, because Q > 0 [f] pf = cos(0, — 6) 1. 90 ~ 1350 " 710125 . pf = cos(0+ 53.13") = 0.6 lagging = 0.0667 — j0.08889 = 111.11/~ 53.13° mA [eg] rf =sin(53.13°) = 0.8 [a] From the solution to Problem 9.56 we have: JL ty 2 £450 1 F-j102 A2.sr, vg8Q 1s/0°R Vo = 72+ 396 = 120/53.13° V $,=-5 Volt 3(72-+ j96)(15) = —540 — j720VA 2 Therefore, the independent current source is delivering 540 W and 720 magnetizing vars. T= f= 15/5318 A Pag = 45%) =900W ‘Therefore, the 8Q resistor is absorbing 900 W. 9.6 + 97.2 = 12/143.13° AProblems 10-11 Qeap = 502)*(-10) = —720VAR, ‘Therefore, the —j10@ capacitor is delivering 720 magnetizing vars. 251g = 24+ j18V Vo- 2.514 _ 72+ j96-+24 Ip= 2s BEE HB a B = 15.6 — j19.2A = 24.72/— 50.91° A 1 Qe = pP) = 1530 VAR ‘Therefore, the j5 inductor is absorbing 1530 magnetizing vars. Sys, = 2(2-5Ta)E = 3(—24 + j18)(15.6 + 719.2) = ~360 — j90VA ‘Thus the dependent source is delivering 360 W and 90 magnetizing vars. [b] > Pon = 360 + 540 = 900 W = > Pate fe] 35 Qeen = 720 + 90 +720 = 1530 VAR = 7 Quts P 10.10 [a] From the solution to Problem 9.57 we have 209 3209 60/0°VG 350 i90v tT, i 1, = 2.25 -j2.25A; Ty 75+ j0.75A; 1,=9-j3A Seov = = F(60), = ~80(2.25 + j2.25) = ~67.5 — j67.5VA ‘Thus, the 60 V source is developing 67.5 W and 67.5 magnetizing vars. Soov = —}(590)If, = —j45(—6.75 — 50.75) = ~88.75 + 5303.75 VA ‘Thus, the 90 V source is delivering 33.75 W and absorbing 303.75 magnetizing vars. Paar = }itl*(20) = 101.25 W10-12 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations Thus the 200 resistor is absorbing 101.25 W. san = 51TsP(-20) = ~461.25 VAR Thus the —j202 capacitor is developing 461.25 magnetizing vars. Qjsa = 5 HoP(5) = 225 VAR Thus the j50 inductor is absorbing 225 magnetizing vars. [b] 0 Piey = 67.5 + 33.75 = 101.25 W = > Pyro fe] 0 Qace = 67.5 + 461.25 = 528.75 VAR LY Qane = 225 + 303,75 = 528.75 VAR = > Quy 2 tot? y2 P1011 Woe = “er, Ww, -[ ya he P 10.12 [a] Tog = 60/110 0.545; [b] Jeg = (60 + 80)/110 © 1.273. P 10.13 [a] Area under one cycle of A (400)(4)(20 x 10-8) + 10,000(2)(20 x 10-%) = 21,600(20 x 10-*) Mean value of v2: A MV. = D708 =Problems — 10-13 P 10.14 a(t) = 3 x I =750t O0 PreyProblems 10-15 15 1 5+75 2 fe] Ys = (3.24 j24)(1 - jl) =2.8-j04A 1 Q5sa = 5IsI?(5) = 20 VAR (abs) Q-j100 = 3laP(-10) = —80 VAR(dev) DX Qats = 20 + 60 = 80 VAR = > Qaev P 10.18 [a] aaa soa « 7, 4 oR 340/0Q -j1000 1 7 j600 Vrms) L ° ry _s + Ve 7100 V, = 238 — j34V 340 — 238 + 734 fa = 2.04 + j0.68A Sy = VoIj = (340)(2.04 — 70.68) = 693.6 — j231.2VA {b] Source is delivering 693.6 W. {e] Source is absorbing 231.2 magnetizing VAR. Vo 100 fa] = = 034+ 72.38A, Sy = Vol = (238 — j34)(0.34 — 72.38) =0-j578VA L7-jL7A Sp = Vols = (238 — j34)(1.7 + j1.7) = 462.4 + 7346.8 VA. ‘Suoa = [Tp|?(50) + 90 = (2.15)(50) = 231.2W10-16 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations le] > Pia = 693.6 W © Phias = 462.4 + 231.2 = 693.6 W ~ Yo Pat = Pain = 693.6 W {f] 32 Qun = 231.2 + 346.8 = 578 VAR DY Qeev = 578 VAR . 3D mag VAR dev = > mag VAR abs = 578 P 10.19 [a] Let Vi = Vin/0°: = 250(0.6 + j0.8) = 150+ j200VA a 200 150 200 Va Fm TIT 00 Te) 1+) 240V (0 = V2 + (150 — j200)(1 + 98) = V2 + 1750 + 71000 240Vn cos @ = Vin +1750; 240V, sin = 1000 (240)?V;2 = (V2 + 1750)? + 10007 57,600V2 = V,4 + 3500V;2 + (3.0625 + 1) x 10° 2240/0 = Vin + +(2 or — 54,100V;2 + 4,062,500 = 0 Solving, Vea = 27,050 + 26,974.8; Vy = 232.43 V and Vin = 8.67V If Voy = 232.43 V: 1000 . sind = a5 aay(Gimy =O-0T 03° If Vy = 8.67 V: sing = 1000 _ oso; +. @ = 28:72° (867)(240)Problems 10-17 [b] 240/1.03°v 232.43/0°v 240/28.72°v 8.67/0°v (R=19) (x=00) 20.84/-53.13" P 10.20 Sp = 52,800 — j 2°00, 6) = 52,800 ~ 739,600 VA 51 = 40,000(0.96 + 70.28) = 38,400 + 711,200 VA, Sq = Sp — Sy = 14,400 — 750,800 = 52,801.52/—74.17° VA rf =sin(—74.17°) = —0.9621 pf = cos(—74.17°) = 0.2727 leading P 10.21 [a] 2 = 12 + j(2n)(60)(15 x 10-5) pf = cos(25.23°) = 0.9 lagging 43 13.27 /25.23° 0 rf = sin(25.23°) aS i ~ 64.24 = 80 Fr (IS Qube 7 20/0 v(rms) X, 3400 1z0/0°O) v(m) z 1201; = 1800+ j600; Ty = 15 ~ j5A(rms) 1201} = 1200-5900, ly = 10+. j7.5 (rms) 240240 Ty = Tp + Fig = 20 55ACrms) Tn =H +15 =35-jl0A Sox = 120(35 + j10) = 4200 + j1200 VA ‘Thus the V,1 source is delivering 4200 W and 1200 magnetizing vars. Tyo = Ip + Tg = 30 + 72.5 A(rms) Sg2 = 120(30 — 32.5) = 3600 — j300VA ‘Thus the V2 source is delivering 3600 W and absorbing 300 magnetizing vars. [b] }> Peen = 4200 + 3600 = 7800 W 2 ¥ Pane = 1800-+ 1200 + 240" 7800 W = Y> Pron YX Qée = 1200 + 900 = 2100 VAR 2 Yare = 300+ 600-4 49 _ pr00VAR = 33 Osa 4810-22 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations P 10.28 5, = 1200 + 1196 + 516 + j0 = 2912+ j0VA . 2912 + = Sop +90 = 24.27 +508 Sz = 600 + 279 + 88+ 512 + j0 = 1479 + jOVA M479 F + a= 5g +40 = 1233-450 Sq = 4474 + 12,200 + j0 = 16,6744 j0VA 16,674 EO + 50 = 69.48 + 5 ap + 50= 09.48-+ JOA In = 1; +15 = 93.75 + j0A, Typ =n +15 = 81.814 j0A Breakers will not trip since both feeder currents are less than 100 A. P 10.29 1 58Q +7 x 2s00/0°v | 250Kva 4 0.96 lag -5x, 240,000 — 370,000 500 = 96 — 728 A(rms) 2500 —jXe Xe =ile Te = 96 — 28 + jc = 96 + j(To — 28) 2500 + (1 + 78)[96 + j(c — 28)] = (2820 — 81) + 5(740 + Io) |V.|? = (2820 — 81c)? + (740 + Ic)? = (2500)? + 6513 ~ 43,6401c + 2,250,000 = 0Problems 10-23 _ 43,640 + \/(43,640)? — 4(65)(2,250,000) ~ 2(65) = 335.69 + 279.42 = 56.27 A(rms)* le *Select the smaller value of Ic to minimize the magnitude of Ie. 2500 » Xe 56.27 ~ 44.43 a = 59.7 HF (44.43)(120n) ~ °°" _ 7200/0) a P 10.30 fa] = S55 iggy = MAL T8.4 A(rms) P= (14.4)°(2) = 414.72W 1 138 — j460 1). = s355 ja60 ~ ~aa0,644 460 —jwC 330,644 = -501.402 fe] %, = 720:44 _ seri 330 138 7200 ° (4) t= Toppa p jap = 430/— 0.68" A P = (4.30)%(2) = 37.02W 37.02 . % = 1479100) = 93% ‘Thus the power loss after the capacitor is added is 8.93% of the power loss before the capacitor is added. P1031 fa] S,=24+j7KVA 1251, = (24457) x 10°; Tf, = 192 + 56 A(rms) ~ I, = 192 — 756 A(rms) Ve 25 + (192 — 356) (0.006 + j0.048) = 128.84 + 78.88 = 129.15 /3.94° V(rms) [V.| = 129.15 V(rms) [b] Pe = |Ie|?(0.006) = (200)?(0.006) = 240 W10-24 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations —2.239 = 1188.36 uF © @23)(120n) [d] Ip = 192 + j0 A(rms) ‘V, = 125 + 192(0.006 + 0.048) = 126.152 + 9.216 = 126.49/4.18° V(rms) IV.| = 126.49 V(rms) {e] Ps = (192)?(0.006) = 221.184 W P 10.32 [a] S,= original load = 1800+ 772% (0.8) = 1800+ j2400kVA Sy = final load = 2400 + 70 0.28) = 2400 + j700kVA. ++ Quatded = 700 — 2400 = -1700kVAR {b] deliver [ce] 5, = added load = 600 — 71700 = 1802.78/— 70.56° kVA. pf = cos(—70.56) = 0.3328 leading (1800 + 52400) x 10* (d] = = 375+ 500A Ty, = 375 — 500 = 625/53.13° A(rms) {I.| = 625 A(rms) fo} 15 = C400 +9700) «10° _ so 4 5145.83 4800 Ty, = 500 — 7145.83 = 520.83/— 16.26° A(rms) {.| = 520.83 A(rms) P 10.33 [a] Pretore = (625)?(0.02) = 7812.50 W Pager = (520.83)?(0.02) = 5425.35 WProblems 10-25 [b] V, (before) = 4800 + (375 — 7500)(0.02 + j0.16) = 4887.5 + 750 = 4887.5 /0.59° V(rms) [V.(before)| = 4887.76 V (rms) V,,(after) = 4800 + (500 — 145.83)(0.02 + 0.16) = 4833.33 + 77.08 = 4833.95/0.91° V(rms) V,(after)] = 4833.95 V(rms) 12500 125 204784454 j16 25+ 750 joM, 580 Ro 20 a= = 390-4 fo 7) = 0.44 ~ 0.08 = 0.45/ = 10.30° A P 10.34 [a] hy fla ‘Vi = (150 — j100)(0.44 — j0.08) = 58 — 556 = 80.62/= 43.99° V [Vi] = 80.62V (b] P, (ideal) 125(1) = 125 W Pa(practical) = 125 ~ |I,|?(5) = 125 — 25 = 100W P, = |I[*(150) = 30 W % delivered = (100) = 30% P 10.35 [a] 19 20fi vrs) 20 = j2(; — Ib) + f(z ~ Is) — 71h — Is) 0 = 11, + jl(e ~ Is) + fh — Ip) + 72(2 — hh) — f(b - bs)10-26 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations 1=20+j0A(ems); Ty = 0A(rms) I, = I, = 20 — j20A I,=L-k=—j20A L=bh=20A ly =I,- l= -20A L. = 1-13 = 20—j20A Tp=1;=0A [b] ty, - 1Q © erty - Bs +¥ aa 388 pon PP, tl. 20 AC vy-i10 zy, vey ps a Vi, = 20+ j0V Vp = j2h, — fly = 40 + j20V. Ve = 1k = 20+ j0V Va = jlla — jl, = -20 — j20V V. = ill, = -20~j20V Vy= 1 =0V Sq = —201; = —400 — j400VA Sp = Vol, = —400 + 7800 VA. So = Vel} = 400+ j0VA Sa = Val = 400 + 7400 VA. Se V.I; = 0 - j800VA Se = Velj = 0+ j0VA [e] 3° Paev = 400 W D Pate = —400 + 400 + 400 = 400 W Note that the total power absorbed by the coupled coils is zero: 400 + 400 = 0 = P, + PiProblems 10-27 [4] > Qaev = 400 + 800 = 1200 VAR Both the source and the capacitor are developing magnetizing vars. YX Qats = 400 + 800 = 1200 VAR ¥.@ absorbed by the coupled coils is Qy + Qa P 10.36 [a] on 100 4500 4200 . . | 40/0 j100MF , 4409 soe V(rms) x) 4709 340/0° = 101, + 7501, + §70(I, ~ Ia) — 530Ty +701, ~ j40T, + j100(1, ~ In) 0 = j100(Ep — I,) — 701, + j40I2 + j20L2 +540(Iz — I) — 7301, + 4012 Solving, J,=5-jlA(ems); Ty = 6/0" A(rms) Paoa = (6)?(40) = 1440 W [b] P,(developed) = (340)(5) = 1700 W [el Zan = Ve_19 i — 10 = 55.38 + 713.08 = 56.91/13.28° 2 TL E (4) Pion = [Zp/*(10) = 260 DY Poise = 1440 + 260 = 1700 W = > Pacey P 10.37 [a] ao 2kQ 30 = 30001, + Vi + 1000(, — Ip)10-28 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations 0 = 1000(12 — 1) ~ Vo + 20001, Vi; b=3h Solving, V,=288V(rms); V2 = 9.6 V(rms) I 1=12mA(tms); I, = 3.6mA(rms) Vioma = Vi + 1000(Iy ~ Ip) = 26.4.V(rms) “P= ~(26.4)(10 x 10-8) = —264mW ‘Thus 264 mW is delivered by the current source to the circuit. [b] Te = — bp = -2.4mA(rms) Pye = (—0.0024)*(1000) = 5.76 mW 1 P 10.38 [a] Zay= (14%) (4—j8) = 36 —j720 h 250/02 © 4+ j42 + 36 — 772 Paget) = [Li P(4) = (5)°(4) = 100W A (36.879 A Ty = 10/36.87° A “. I, = 15/36.87° A(rms) Patsght) = (225)(4) = 900 W [b] P, = (250)(5) cos(36.87°) = 1000 W(developed) & Pate = (5)?(4) + 900 = 1000 W = > Prey P 10.39 [al ie 136kQ I 3200 Mdeal 680g" V (ems) x00 Ideal aI,=1; aly=Ie; 0Problems 10-29 Paao = [Li!?(320); Peo = |21°(80); Pao = 16Ps20 [/°(80) = 16[]1;/2(820)) thus 3 ee ‘The load impedances are matched to the source impedance: a}(820) + 43(80) = 136,000 so a¥(320) + (8a,)?(80) = 136,000 aj=25 so a=5 and a,=8a,=40 680/00 (bl Te = G64 136108 b= ee 100mA (rms) = (0.1)*(80) = 800mW [e] Lh = SI, = 12.5/0° mA(rms) ‘Vs20 = (12.5 x 10°) (320) = 4 V(rms) P 10.40 Z1, = |Z|/° = |Z] cos + j|Zp| sino? = 2.5/0° mA(rms) Thos ft] =—————__ Vl V (Ron + |Z cos 0)? + (Xin, + |Z, sin 8)? _ SIV uz, le0s8 Therefore P= Rh [oos0)? + (Xen + [eilsin Let D = demoninator in the expression for P, then dP _ (0.5[Vin|?0088)(D = 1 — |Z |dD/alZ)) az) D = 2(Rrm + |Z1|c08 8) cos + 2(Xen + [Zp] sin 8) sin 8 ace az aD =0 when D= \2((100) = 10% ‘Thus, 10% of the developed power is delivered to the load. Checks: Pron = (5V2)*10 = 500 W Pog = 312.5W Psa = (V256.25)?5 = 1281.25 W ~ L Pay =X Pats = 500 + 312.5 + 1281.25 + 1031.25 = 3125 W VAR Check: ‘The 250 V source is absorbing 2500 vars; the dependent current source is absorbing 125 vars; the j50 inductor is absorbing [37.5 + 25|?/5 = 406.25 vars. Thus, DX Qube = 2625 + 406.25 = 3031.25 VAR X Quer = (12.5)°(3) + 256.25(10) = 3031.25 VAR = Y Qate 102 4402 . 360 /0°C 4400 702 V(rms) wy json 2») 360/0° = 101; + 5401; + 30(I2 — 1h) — 7301, + j40(1, — 2)j40(Iz —1;) + 530, + 701, Solving, T, = 2/0° A(rms); “. Vo = (2/0°)(70) = 140/0° V( [b] P = 70{I,{? = 70(4) = 280 W {e] 360/0° = (10 + j20)I, — j10(2 + 30); Py = (360)(8) = 2880 W . h=8-7. 280 % delivered = 109 (100) = 9.72% 4400 $ Q x) (wo P 10.45 [a] 360 /0°C V(rcms) 4400 Problems 10-33 (rms) 4A, . Rt 360 = 101, + 7401; — j30K + 7401, — 3301; 1, =7.2-j144A(rms) Vin = (401; — 7301, = j10K, = 144+ 772V. 100 3400 . 360/0°C V(rms) a) j30a 10 + 520), — j10Ise 0 = ~j10K, + 40%. Solving, Tue = 2.215 — 3.877 A Jy = VTE MAtIT2 a sag Te 2.215 — 53.87710-34 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations 22 4360 20 —_t. 1444+4572C 7 -736Q , | L meme 364+j18A; +. [hy] =18V5A P, = (18)"(5)(2) = 3240 W [b] 360 = (10+ 201; ~ j10(36 + j18); = 180A P, = (360)(18) = 6480 W P 10.46 [a] From Problem 9.74, Zr = 90+ j1200 and Vir, = 450/36.87° V. Thus, for maximum power transfer, Zi, = Zi, = 90 — 71200: 902 41200 _ 90 450 46.077 * ‘V(rms) et) b= 450/36.87° 2" ~~ 180 = 2.5/36.87 =2+4j1.5A 15 ; 2ho Dy xm F-31200 225/0° = (15 + j20)I, — j50(2 + j1.5) 150 + j100 prj OS s24A ‘5S, (del) = 225(6.8 + 72.4) = 1530+ 7540VA P, = 1530WProblems 10-35 [b] Fras = [Hi[?(15) + [To|?(30) = 780 + 187.5 = 967.5 W 967.50, % tos = F559, (100) = 63.24% P1047 [al 2 =8-+ j15-+ CPVUS+IO) _ 94 4 57 o516.98°0 18 —ji8 = [Zrul = 252 = —i24 °) = 420 — 3420 = — 45° [b] Vx B46 Fag (630002) = 420 7420 = 420V2/— 45° V(rms) 24aQ 472 ee azn V(rms) a) 1 = £20v2 (0% y= S0¥2 49+ 97° ~ V50 P C8002) (95) = 3600 W = 3.6kW P 10.48 [a] Pa 205% * we +] -j202 0 + coo/a' : : vcems) § *§ 5100 ‘mn « Vo~ Vv. a oe + M4 a05v4=0 10 “Vg = 240 + j480 V(rms) Vin = Vo + 0.05V6(~J20) = Vo(1 — j1) = 720 + 5240 V(rms) Short circuit current:10-36 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations LOY. -j200 4100 Toe Vo _ P Le = 005V 5 + 55 = (0.05 + J0.05)V, Vs— 600, Ve Vo _ To +510 * =j29 =? Voy = 480 + 5240 V(rms) Tac = (0.05 + 0.05)(480 + 3240) = 12+ j36 A(rms) Vim _ 720+ 5240 Zim, = SE = 12~ j16 = 20/— 53.1390 Zn 1. 12+ 736 12 — j16 = 20/ . Ro = 200 ([b] $< 12Q -316Q 720452404 200 vers) eee 15 + 15 = 15¥2/45° A(rms) 32 716 P = (15¥2)?(20) = 9000 W = 9kW {el x — WO -j162 a 72044240 Virms) ‘y 3160 * 720+ 9240 _ 59 4. 510 A(rms) 24 P = (V1000)?(12) = 12kWProblems 10-37 [a] + - aa -20q | 32045108 (ems) oo of m +] +2 00/0" ‘V(rms) Ye 4102 20043600 j16Q x Vicms) «|p - ° Vo — 600 | Vy iT jlo o Vos = 200+ j200V 0.05V, = 10+ j10A 10+jl0+Io=30+ 510, To=204j0A = x =20-j20A Tr=Io +I, = 40—j20A I, = In +.0.05Vy = 50 — 710 A(rms) Sq = ~600%; = —30,000 — 76000 VA 600 = Veg +200 + 600; Vax = 400 ~ j600V 2000 — 10,000 VA. ‘Sex = (400 — j600)(10 — j10) = D Paev = 30,000 + 2000 = 32,000 W = 32kW % delivered to Zp = 2100) = 37.50% Check: DX Pate = 12,000 + 13 (10) = 32kW = > Pew DY Qaev = 6000 + 10,000 + |To|?(20) = 24kVAR DX Qatm = [i |?(10) + [Lol?(16) = 24KVAR = > Qace P 10.49 [a] First find the Thévenin equivalent: 1 10° FoG * jigt = ~7100010-388 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations 150(— 3100) _ 15 j45 V(rms) jwL = j10*(6 x 107%) = j602 302 ~j902 10 (15-545) V(rms) i602 _ 1-745 154 4 T= a0 = 3513-19) Arms) = J 250 A(rms) 2.25 oe =9W Ga (250)(10) = 9 (b] Set L,=8mH; — Set R, as close as possible to Ro = V/(30)? + (10)? = V1000 = 31.620 . Ro= 200 _ 15-745 3-59 = 50-10 ~ 10-72 A™) [el I ‘90, Mh Toe (90)(20) 104 ‘Yes; 17.31W >9W ja! 1-j P = |1P(20) = =1731W 2 a (2) 30 = 18.75W le] Ro= 302; Ly =9mH [f] Yes; 18.75 W > 17.31WProblems 10-39 P 10.50 [a] L,=8mH; RR, = V30? + 10? = 31.622 15V10 ° Fi0 = gaas = 235 A(ems) 13 (my (31.62) = 18.26 W {b] Yes; 18.26 W > 17.31W [e] Yes; 18.26 W < 18.75 W 1 P 10.51 [a] +4 = 0M; C= Ha aGay = OME 4800, 4800 1B] Tow = Fey + Fogg = 30 320A (rms) Vows = 4800 + (30 — j20)(1 + 78) = 4990 + 7220 = 4994.85 /2.52° V(rms) 43800 = 30+ j0A(rms) “7240 = 4800 + 30(1 + j8) = 4830 + 5240 = 4835.96/2.84° V(rms) 4994.85 % increase = ¢ - 1) (100) = 3.29% 4835.96 {e] Pewo = [30 — j20)21 = 1300 W Pew = 30°(1) = 900 W . _ (1300 % increase = (TO — 1) (100) = 44.44% P 10.52 [a] 202 41600 . . * 2an he | 600 v, £1400 HAO TY seoop 2 ° 240 = 201 + j40(h, — 12) — j601 0 = j40(Io — Ly) + j601z + 716012 + 760(Iy ~ 1) + 1401, Solving, T, = 6.4 — j2.8 A(rms); T, = 2/0° A(rms) V. = 1401; = 280/0° V(rms)10-40 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations [b] P= {I?(140) = 560w [ec] P, = (240)(6.4) = 1536 W ; 560 % delivered = 55 (100) = 36.46% . _ 240 /0° 240/0° _ P 10.58 [a] Van = 354g 140) + ap gag 90) = 480-+ 5240 Vrms) 209 31602 . ° 206° sane vey v(rms) Ms From the solution to Problem 10.49 we can write 240 = (20 + j40)I, — j100L. 0 = —j1001, + 73201. Solving, Tye = 3.15 - j1.377 = Vim _ 480+ 5240 199 + 5120 = 156.20/50.19° 0 am = 3.15 —jL.377 *. Ry, = 156.209 [b} 100Q j120Q - > 480+j}240C 156.20Q Virms) * 536.66/26.57° 282.92/25.10° P = |I/°(156.20) = 562.05 W 90/L.47°Problems 10-41 P 10.54 [a] 209 41609 ° solos 2006 1409 v(rms) 240 = 20K, + 740(Ls ~ Ia) + j80KI 0 = j40(Ip — 11) — j80KTy + j160%y + j80K(T, — Is) + 1401) or 12 = (14 j2)h + j(4k—2)n 0 = j(4k — 2) + [7 + 5(10 — 8k)]I No = —j(4k —2)(12); Ty = 0 when Np =0 V, = 0 when Ty =0 k=05 [b] When I, =0 l= 4 — j4.8.A(rms) = (240)(2.4) = 576 W Check: = [11 )?(20) = 576W P 10.55 [a] Vin = ok) = 380/16.26° V 50 = 31+ 51004 (Fe 0 (a5 — 96) = 38 + j760 Z = 38-5762 4.8 + j1-4 = 5/16.26° A(rms) = [I./?(38) = 950 W1042 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations 4800 8Q 456Q 200 vy 310 38Q ° e if A 1, *>(4.4j1.4)0 760° 4 4 veg) 34023 § 31000 -376Q — 760/0° = 1,(28 + 596) — 750(4.8 + j1.4) _ 690 + 7240 ~~ 100/73.74° S,(delivered) = 760(4.24 + j8.95) = 3219.36 + 74523.52VA Pos = [Li ?(8) = 426.96 W Pia(transformer) = 3219.36 — 426.96 = 2792.40 W : _ 960 _ % delivered to Z1,= sre5 5 (100) = 34.02% i 7.31/ = 54.56° = 4,24 — 75.95 A P 10.56 [a] july = 5(5000)(2 x 10%) = j100 july = j(5000)(8 x 10-*) = j400 5100 we yy . of yy 5100 4409 v(rms) 302 70 = (10+ j10)I, + j10h, 0 = j10K, + (30+ j40)h, Solving, I,=4-j3A; | y=-1A Thus, i, = 5.cos(5000t — 36.87°) A ix, = 1.c08(5000¢ — 180°) A M 2 Dl k= Tite Vie °°Problems 10-43 {c] When ¢ = 100n ps: 5000t = (5000)(100n) x 10° = 0.5m rad = 90° ig(100m p1s) = 5 cos(53.15°) = 3A (100 p1s) = 1e0s(—90°) = 0A oo flit + jl + Min = 30 x 10)(9) +0+0=9ms When t = 2007 js: 5000 = x rad = 180° 4ig(2007 ps) = 5.cos(180 — 36.87°) 4A (200 ps) = 1c08(180 — 180°) = 1 a 30 x 109)(16) + 36 x 10-)(1) +2 x 10-*(—4)(1) = 12mJ {d] From (a), Im =1 A, P 5080) =15W 70 5°. le] Vim = 355 Gag i10) = 35v2/45°V 2 Zen = 40+ me (10 ~ 10) = 5 + 735 = V'1250/81.78° 2 1ov2, Ry = 25V22 (f] a 5Q 3352 => x a5 BAS ve 25F0 352/452 T= = 093/407. A 5 + 25V2) + 735 aor P $(0.98)"(25v3) =15.18W10-44 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations P 10.57 (j20) = 128 + 364 V(rms) 80 80 Ve = a5 7009) * To 70 109 4409 nd ao J y 80 = 10h, + 720(L, — Lee) — j20Te 0 = 520K — Th) + j20.e + 540lac ~ 520(Iy Solving, aA: _ 128+ j64 Tye = 2.76 — j1.10 A; tn = 376-5 70 32+ 7362 128+ j64 Ba tata 100 jug 320 -3362 80 = 10h, + 720(h, — b) — 52012Problems 10-45 I=2+51A Solving, h=4/0°A Z, = 80/4 = 20+ j02 P 10.58 100 _.3, 7 x, arzs aa ° = - aoov (ens) by ¥, vy, Fak =} itor [@ = | saeer] ~ 41, therefore 2502 Ve _ 250 _ T,=—251; therefore ™ = 555 = 400 Therefore I, = (100/(10 + 40)] = 2A (rms); since the ideal transformers are lossless, Pen = Pion, and the power delivered to the 4k resistor is 22(40) or 160 W. P 10.59 [a] 102 4125 la +b J + thy ee 100/0°, ego 2 val 9, I> fly Belly to ideal ideal 10I+Vi=100; ,=-25I; 9 Vy =-V2/25 10(—2.51,) — V2/2.5 = 100 Ty=al,=0; — Va=Voc/a; —10[-2.5(0)] — Voc/2.5a = 100 Voe = —250010-46 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations 102 1:25 La tt + thy ee 10/0" viens 1 ¥ | wy, | wy ideal ideal 10,+Vi=100; T,=-25h; Vi =-V2/2.5 10(—2.51,) ~ V2/2.5 = 100 V2=Va/a=0; Ty=ale; — 10[-2.5(al,.)] — 0 = 100 Ta, = 100/(—2.5a) = —4/a For maximum power to the 4 k9 load, 4000 = Zm = 62.507; so a =8 [b] The circuit, with everything to the left of the 4 k® load resistor replaced by its Thevenin equivalent: 4kQ -2000/0° 4 ene Vig4kQ. Vi _ (-1000)? 4000 ~ 4909 = 50W A 2 P 10.60 [a] 2m = 92+ j1a+ (2) (3 — j4) = 80+ j60 = 100/36.87° 0 Ze = 1002 _ a © (1+ ™i/Na)? (1+ .1/Na)? = 3600/10 = 36 “ M/N2=5 or Np =Ni/5 ". Ny = 300 turns ZuProblems 10-47 = 24000" (90) = 960 /36.87° V [b] Vin = Dl Vn 35 802 3600 5 S, 960/46.87 vV(ems) \ a 960/36.87° oa 6: 18.43° 780+ 760 1.6V10/18.43° A(rms) P 10.61 [a] [| = 1.6V10 A(rms) P= |1/°(100) = 2560 W 4.8+51.6)A 3200320 ao a . 2a0, 1009 "OQ 349 veas)] x, 240/0° = (3+ 74) — 520(4.8 + j1.6) Ty = 40.32 — 521.76 A(rms) Peon = (240)(40.32) = 9676.80 W Pris = 9676.80 — 2560 = 7116.80 W 7116.80, 9676.80 % dissipated = (100) = 73.54% 24 —10-48 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations 20k 2 Poon = Poois = es x 10 = 720mW Vi- 5+ =120; Vi = 126V . Va=-6V Check the power calculation: Prag = 3 = 0.72W = 720mW {d) 5kQ Ath Gok + ward y, 15kQ 1Z0V $20kQ ° ‘Vex = 120+ (6)(5) = 150V.P 10.62 [al Problems 10-49 Pes(del) = (150)(16) = 2400mW % delivered = an (000) = 30% 19 4aQ 4 0.25Q ahd willf nde veh h= 25 =5+Vi 0 = -V2+1.25I2 h=1A; b=4A 23=(Y)b+Vm+(Yki Von =20V tae 1a 42 gy 0.250 r? + e+ ar, % | x | hie a 25 = (Te +h)(1) +4 + Vi 25 = (lee + )(1) + (ee + 4h)(1) 4 (0.25) + (Tse + 411)(1) Solving, Tac = 20A Rn = Y= 19 Te 2010-50 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations 19 10a 20 © lov 210 viens) P = (10)*(1) = 100W [b] tb 20 ton iw 19 4Q an 0.25Q. Goa) Holy Jor ashid a ‘ fa V(cms) 25 = (10+1)()+4h + Vi 4 = 41, (0.25) + (41, + 10)(1) Solving, =-1A Paource = (25)(10 ~ 1) = 225 W % delivered = 2100) = 44.44% {e] Paey = 25(10 — 1) = 225W Pia = (9)°(1) = 81W; Py = (-1)°(4) = 4W Pia = (10)°(1) = 100W; Phase = (~4)?(0.25) = 4W Pig = (10 — 4)°(1) = 36W D Pate = 8144+ 10044 + 36 = 225 W = D> PreyProblems 10-51 P 10.63 [a] Open circuit voltage: 20kQ ats 5kQ BO ys mo | or pet G,+2,) q 006°C ow Fw, ves) = = . 100/02 = 5000(1; + Is) + 20,0001 + Vin 1, =-5Is 100 = 5000(—5Is + Is) + 20,000K3 + Vin Solving, Vin = 100/0°V Short circuit current: 20kQ 7 5kQ uQ 4, 10k 1, +0 or @,z,) 2 & a0 h°¢ y, sy > ia v (ems) 100/0° = 50001, + 5000Is + 10001, + Vi BV = 25,000(/5); *. Vi = 10001 100/0° = 7000; + 500% Also, 100/0° = 5000(L; + Is) + 20,0013 Solving, 1=1333mA; =133mA; L. = hh/5+1;=4mA10-52 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations _Vm_ 100. Fem = T= Dod ~ 2K 25kQ —t 100° ‘V(rms) \ coe 1 = 100 _ 50° mA(rms) ~ 50,000 ~ P = (0.002)?(25,000) = 100mW (b] za SkQ 1kQ us 10kQ 1, +0 e+ Es for a sy, © sovg2sK0 Vrms) - 100 = 5000(K + Is) + 20,0001 + 50 5V; = 10,000 (2) +50 100 = 5000(I; + Is) + 1000K, + Vi = 1482mA; ly =-0.963mA; 1, + Ty = 13.857/0°mA Pry (developed) = 100(13.857 m) = 1386 mW i = 1 (109) = 7.299 % delivered = [355(100) = 7.22% {e] Pe, =100mW; Pigkg, = (2.96 m)*(10k) = 87.9mW Paoke: = (0.963m)*(20k) = 18.6mW; Peg = (13.857 m)*(5000) = 960.1 mW Pkg = (14.82m)?(1000) = 219.6 mw 386 mW = Y> Poy DX Paws = 100 + 87.9 + 18.6 + 960.1 + 219.6Problems 10-53 P 10.64 [a] Replace the circuit to the left of the primary winding with a Thévenin equivalent: 2250/0" (eo) Vir = 35 559 950) = 200+ j100mV = 20 + 25)(550) j Zin = 0-4 Fey = 40+ f102 ‘Transfer the secondary impedance to the primary side: Za liso — 5Xc) =10— wea 402 4102 109 (iw > 200451000 l, (%,/16)2 virms) Now maximize I by setting (Xc/16) = 109: 10-3 = 7 = 125nF (160)(50) by] T= 200+ 1100 = oma 50 [I] = V20mA = (20 x 10-)(10) = 200 pW [dl & =400; +. R, = 6402 fa) T= 200+ 5100 = 9 5 i1.95mA 30 P= |I}?(40) = 312.50 0W Ni P 10.65 [a] Za, = 30,000 — 710,000 = (Q. = my wy, h (30,000 — 10,000) = 7500 — j2500010-54 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations [b] 30kKQ j10kKQ 30k ne en fo Sn «oof 410k Mh =—Nob y= -3h = ~24/0° mA I, =h +k = ~16/0°mA v, = (7500 ~ 72500), = —120 + j40 = 126.49/161.57° V(rms) P 10.66 [a] Begin with the MEDIUM setting, as shown in Fig. 10.31, as it involves only the resistor Ry. Then, Vv? 120? Pred = 500W = 5 = mae Ro Re Thus, 120? Pa og = 2880 {b] Now move to the LOW setting, as shown in Fig. 10.30, which involves the resistors Ry and Re connected in series: va Pow = BER Thus, 2 R= ats — 28.8 = 28.82 ~ 350Problems 10-55 [e] Note that the HIGH setting has R; and Ry in parallel: vt Phos = Re = If the HIGH setting has required power other than 1000 W, this problem could not have been solved. In other words, the HIGH power setting was chosen in such a way that it would be satisfied once the two resistor values were calculated to satisfy the LOW and MEDIUM power settings. 2 2 P 1067 [a] P, = eR Rt Rae v v2 “Ri BR _ VR. + Ra) Pes RR, va yoy Rtas Bape VV? /P., Pu PoP @-8) AeA) For the specified values of P, and Pir Pax = 500 + 1000025 — 0.24 = 500 + 10010-56 CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady State Power Calculations Par = 600W; Para = 400W Note in this case we design for two medium power ratings Tf Pura = 600 W _ (120)? so = 242 Ro (120)? 240 Ry = 60-24 = 360 (120)?(60) (36)(24) Ry + Ro= 602 CHECK: Py = = 1000W If Pye = 400W = (20) _ 2 00 Ri + Ry = 602 (as before) 360. R= U2 CHECK: Ps = 1000 W 120)? 600 P 10.69 Ry + Ro+ Ry = = 240 (120)? 900 . Ry =M-16=80 : Rot Rill = LO" _ 199 Ro+ Ry = 162 8Rz + R3—8Rp = 324 4R, RE 4Ry — 32=0 Ry = 2+ VA+32 =246 R=89; +. Ry=80P 10.70 Ry = Problems (220) Sp = 9682 = (220)? Ry + R= SAY ~ 360 R= 96.89 CHECK: Ry|Rp = 48.49 (220) 484 Pa = 1000W 10-5711 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Assessment Problems . Zz AP 11.1 Make a sketch: + Vn - Be Zz +N + Mic ce Zz We know Vw and wish to find Vgc. To do this, write a KVL equation to find Vp, and use the known phase angle relationship between Van and Vac to find Vio. Vas = Van + Vue = Van — Ven Since Van, Vpn, and Ven form a balanced set, and Vay the phase sequence is positive, Vow = |Van|//Van — 120° = 240/ Then, Vas = Van — Vex = (240/— 30°) — (240/— 150°) = 415.46/0° V Since Vas, Vac, and Vcq form a balanced set with a positive phase sequence, we can find Vgc from Vap: Vac = [Vanl/( 10°) = 415.69/0° — 120° = 415.69/ — 120° V. ‘Thus, Vac = 415.69/, ut11-2 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Zz AP 11.2 Make a sketch: + New Be Zz aN + ew ce Zz We know Vey and wish to find Vap. To do this, write a KVL equation to find Vac, and nse the known phase angle relationship between Van and Vac to find Van. Vac = Ven + Vic = Vw — Ven Since Van, Van, and Von form a balanced set, and Vo = 450/— 25° V, and the phase sequence is negative, Vow = [Von|//Vow — 120° Then, Vac = Van — Ve = (450/= 145°) — (450/— 25°) 50/ — 23° — 120° = 450/—145°V 79.42/ — 175° V Since Van, Vac, and Voa form a balanced set with a negative phase sequence, we can find Vag from Vic Vas = |Vacl//Vac — 120° = 779.42/ = 295° V But we normally want phase angle values between +180° and —180°. We add 360° to the phase angle computed above. Thus, Vap = 779.42/65° V AP 11.3 Sketch the a-phase circuit: # a A {00240160} —e—} 0.14080 | —» a Vu 2ao0kdy] 164312. * a NProblems 11-3 {a] We can find the line current using Ohm’s law, since the a-phase line current is the current in the a-phase load. Then we can use the fact that 1,a, Iup, and Ic form a balanced set to find the remaining line currents. Note that since we were not given any phase angles in the problem statement, we can assume that the phase voltage given, Vay, has a phase angle of 0°. 2400/0° = Tyq(16 + j12) 80. 2400/0" = 00) MA = ig 4 jig ~ 90 ~ 372 = 120, 36.87° A With an acb phase sequence, Mus = Max + 120° and floc = faa — 120° 80 Tas = 120/=36.87° A Typ = 120/83.13" A Tec = 120/ = 156.87° A [b] The line voltages at the source are Vi, Vic, and Vex. They form a balanced set. To find Vy, use the a-phase circuit to find Vax, and use the relationship between phase voltages and line voltages for a y-connection (see Fig. 11.9[b]). From the a-phase circuit, use KVL: Van = Vea + Van = (0.1 + 0.8)Iaa + 2400/0" = (0.1 + j0.8)(96 — 772) + 2400/0° = 2467.2 + j69.6 2468.18/1.62° V From Fig. 11.9(b), Vav = Van(V3/-= 30°) = 4275.02/— 28.38° V With an acb phase sequence, Noe = [Vay + 120° and Vea = [Van — 120° £0 Vay = 4275.02/ — 28.38° V Vie = 4275.02/91.62° V ea = 4275.02/— 148.38° V11-4 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [c] Using KVL on the a-phase circuit Vein = Vata + Vian = (0.2 + 0.16)Ian + Ven. = (0.02 + j0.16)(96 — 472) + (2467.2 + 769.9) = 2480.64 + 583.52 = 2482.05/1.93° V With an acb phase sequence, Nin = Nun + 120° and Von = Vary — 120° 50 Vern = 2482.05/1.93° V Von = 2482.05 /121.93° V Vern = 2482.05/= 118.07 V AP 11.4 Tec = (V3/_= 30°Mca = (V3/= 30°) - 8/— 15° = 13.86/— 45° A AP 115 Tas = 12/(65° — 120°) = 12/ — 55° ae = 6.93/— 85° A AP 116 [a] Ian = [( | [69.28/— 10°] = 40/20° A 4160/02 Therefore 24 = Fyppe = 104L = 20° [b] Tas = [( \u 30°} [69.28/ ~ 10°] = 40/—40° A Therefore Zs = 104/40°2 AP LT _ 110 | 110 = 3.967 + ja.7g 7 30 ~ 140 = 90L= 53.1 Therefore [Ix] = V3I4 ¥3(50) = 86.60 A AP 118 [a] |S] = V3(208)(73.8) = 26,587.67 VA Q = \/ (26,587.67)? — (22,659)? = 13,909.50 VARProblems 11-5 22,659 i 1B] PE = op gaz g7 7 08922 lagging AP 119 [a] Van = (4) WV; VanT i, = Sig = 384+ 7288kVA Therefore = __ (984+ j288)1000 Tey = C844 3288)1000 _ 59, 9. en Tia0/v8 (159.88 + 119.91) A Iya = 159.88 — j119.91 = 199.85/—36.87° A [Taal = 199.85 A __ (4160)? __ (4160)? _ by) P= OO, therefore = Ea = 40.0702 (4160)? __ (4160)? = PN; therefore X= FG = 6000902 Van _ __4160/V3__ 19 oo 36.97° = (9.61447 2a iy = Wan. __4160/ V3 (el 26 > T0085] 36.8 R=9619, X=721911-6 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Problems P1L1 [a] First, convert the cosine waveforms to phasors V, = 120/54; V,=120/=66°; V. = 120/174" Subtract the phase angle of the a-phase from all phase angles: N= 54 54 =0° (Ni, = -66° — 54° = 120° (NL = 174? — 54° = 120° Compare the result to Eqs. 11.1 and 11.2: Therefore abe [b] First, convert the cosine waveforms to phasors: Vi, = 3240/=26°; V,=3240/04°; V. = 3240/— 146" Subtract the phase angle of the a-phase from all phase angles: (Ni, = 26° +26" = 0° (Ni, = 94° + 26° = 120° [Ni = 146° + 26° = -120° Compare the result to Eqs. 11.1 and 11.2: ‘Therefore ach P12 [a] V.=3300°V Vy = 339/= 120° V V. = 339/120° V Balanced, positive phase sequence [b]_V, = 622/0°V ‘Vp = 622/— 240° V = 622/120° V V, = 622/240° V = 622/~ 120°V Balanced, negative phase sequence [e] _V. = 933/—90°V ‘Vi, = 933/150°V V. = 933/302 V Balanced, positive phase sequenceP13 Pid Pus P16 Problems 11-7 [a] V. = 170/=30°V Vi = 170/90°V V. = 170/ = 150° V Balanced, negative phase sequence [e] Unbalanced, due to unequal amplitudes [f] Unbalanced, due to unequal phase angle separation Va = Vind Vo = Vind = 120° = Vo = Vin120° = Vin(—-0.5 + 70.866) =Vin +50 (0-5 + 0.866) Vat Vit Ve = (Vin)(1 + j0 — 0.5 — 70.866 — 0.5 + 70.866) = Vn(0) =0 _ Vat Vet Ve _ © 3(Rw + jXw) [a] The circuit is unbalanced, because the impedance in each phase of the load is not the same. 1 [b] Tea = BS =24-j72A Tan = 5p jag 722 + I82A Tec 4S 2.96 — j4.48.A 1, = Tan + Top + Tec = 7.55 — j3.48 = 8.32/, [a] Loa = ona = 2.4/— 36.87 A Le ae 2.4/ = 156.877 A L=Ta+Iet+Lec=0 [b] Van = (79 + 755)Iaa = (79 + 555)(2.4/ — 36.87°) = 231.0/ = 2.02° V11-8 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [ce] Van = (79 + 752)Inn = 226.99/116.48° V Van = Van — Van = 393.6/ = 32.5° V [d] Unbalanced PLT Zya+ Zia + Zia = 80+ 7602 2 qs + Zi + Ziv = 40 + 5302 Zye+ Bie + Zre = 160 + j1202 Vy — 480 | Vv ~ 480/— 120° | Vy ~ 480/120° 80+ 760 40+ 530 160 + 7120 Solving for Vy yields Vw = 78.61/ = 122.69" V L= ye = 3.93/— 122.69" A P1L8 Vay = 7967/02 V Vow = 7967/+ 120° V Ven = 7967/= 120° V Vow = Van — Van = 13,799.25/— 30° V Voc = Vx ~ Ve = 13,799.25/90° V Vea = Ven — Van = 13,799.25/— 150° V 3,799.25 cos(wt — 30°) V Uap = ‘pd = 13,799.25 cos(wt + 90°) V eA = 13,799.25 cos(wt — 150°) VProblems 11-9 P19 fa] j630 12,800, la=>—= 32.84/ — 16.26° A(rms) sh = Faaig ejay ~ 9284 = 10.202 Arms) [Lea] = [I = 32.84 A(rms) 2, [b] Van = Se + (32.84/ — 16.26°)(0.25 + j2) = 7416.61/0.47° [Van] = V3(7416.61) = 12,845.94 V(rms) 4800/0° so P 11.20 [al Tea = sop 5 5g 7 2AL= 1.200 Typ = 24/120 ~ 16.26? = 24/103.74° A Tec = 24/ = 136.26? A [b] Van = 4800/0°V Vin = 4800/120° V Ven = 4800/— 120° V Van = V3/ = 30°Vy = 8313.84/ — 30° V Vie = 8313.84/90° V Vea = 8313.84/— 150° V [e] Van = (24/ = 16.26°)(190 + 740) = 4650.96/— 4.37° V 96 /115.63° V Von = 4659.96/ — 124.37° V [d] Van = V3/=30°V qn = 8071.28/ = 34.37° V ‘Vac = 8071.28/85.63° V Vea = 8071.28/ = 154.37° V Von = 46:11-10 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits PLM [a] Van = 1/V3/=30°V.a, = 120/— 30° V(rms) ‘The a-phase cirenit is 24330 Taw . . galas aT 120, a jae [b] Tea = +40 2.4/ ~ 83.13° A(rms) [e] Van = (28+ 737)Iaa = 111.36/— 30.25° V(rms) Vap = V3/30°V an = 192.88/—0.25° A(rms) P1112 [a] Ian = = 88/=16.26° A Tyo = 88/ = 136.26° A Toa = 88/103.74° A [b] Tq = V3/= 30°T an = 152.42/— 46.26" A Tap = 152.42/— 166.26° A Tec = 152.42/73.74° A {el a 019 na A 1200 3350 Van = 19,052.56/— 30° + (0.1 + 71.0)(152.42/ — 46.26°) = 19,110.40/ — 29.57° V Van = V3/30°Van = 33,100.18/0.43° V Vie = 33,100.18/— 119.57" V Vex = 33,100.18/120.43° VProblems 11-11 P 11.13 [a] 31.50 ane + 962 490 Ty 4200 jaa - * 7500 7500 yoy) weno Tea = 96-598 Beja 7 — 5.55° A Heal = 217.024 7500V/3/30° aa Ub] Tan = Tap jag” = 86.00/13.74" A [Tan] = 86.60. 7500/0" 75/16.26° A (el ta = eo [Tan] = 75A [4] Van = (216 — j21)(j1.5) + 7500/0° = 7538.47/2.46° V [Van] = V3(7538.47) = 13,057.01 V P 11.14 [a] Ven = Vin ~ /120° = 20/— 210° = 20/150° V(rms) Ly = Za/3 = 39 — 5332 The a-phase circuit: is fray Tan 20st E v(ems) 29-5330) Yar Boren = 20M _ 9 4/ — 173.13" A(rms) 40 — 730 Van = (39 + 533)Iaa = 20.44/146.63° V(rms) Van = V3/= 30° Van = 35.39/116.63° A(rms)11-12 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [b] Tan, = 30°T,, = 0.23/156.87° A(rms) [e] Van = (117 — 799)Ian = 35.3/116.63° V(rms) PLAS Van = 1/V3/—30°V.u, ae Veems) 2y = Zy/3= 1-532 ‘The a-phase circuit is Lariat Tol + Blow (P5503) Yu (22330 'V (rms) eS Zug = (4+ 43)|\(1 — 93) = 2.6 — j1.82 — 2.6 — j18 208) an (144 j08) + (2.6 — 71.8) (V3 ) (20° = 92.1/ — 0.66° V(rms) Van = V3/30°V an = 159.5/29.34° V(rms) P1116 Z, = Za/3=4+ 530 The a-phase circuit is Eid, azo La 5 Vrms) 4 44530) 120/80° 8.74/41.34° A(rms) a= Gyp4 4408) 1 (30°T.y = 10.82/71.34° A (rms) TapProblems 11-13 P 11.17 [a] Since the phase sequence is acb (negative) we have: Von = 7200/30" V Von = 7200/150° V Ven = 7200/— 90° V Zy= 72a = 18+ j9.09/0 3921.80 aie 0a bravo fry r00As0°v 392 1.80 t ——#> Dr200 498 v j9Q 1.80 Lp [b] Va, = 7200/30° — 7200/150° = 7200V3/0° V Since the phase sequence is negative, it follows that, Vee = 7200V3/120° V 1c i279 12008 ZL120°v 7200V3 = YS = 452.91/— 78.69" Bap joy 7 5291 18.6 A Tea1-14 {q] P1118 [a] CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 7200 /3/— 120° 0 ae Tee 344737 }1/ — 198.69° A. Tas = Toa — Tue = 784.46/ = 48.69° A Since we have a balanced three-phase circuit and a negative phase sequence we have: Top = 784.46/71.31° A Too = 784.46/ = 1.82 &e Be Sta 492 1200/30°v T200/150°V y7200/-98 v 490 1.80 o oe 7200/30" ° La = T8479 784.46 / — 48.69° A 1.00, 1.22 412, 9570 a nob Fh 592 y, ° “ 42590 Sy7200/30°v *Problems 11-15 7200/30° Ub] Toa = 560 5280 Van = (957 + §259)(7.2/13.74°) = [Van] = V3(7138.28) = 12,363.87 V 2 fel Hal = 22 = 416A v3 [d] Van = (958.2 + 271)(7.20/13.74°) = 7169.65 /29.54° V [Van] = V3(7169.65) = 12,418.20 2/13.74° A 38.28 /28.88° V 0.20, 0.82 46.40 , 9590 P 11.19 [a] ne ee) Fh 1.69 Yaw 42882 * * a N 34,500 fb] La = = = 19.92/16.26° A {] Tan Y3(960 — 7280) a aa] = 19.924 [e] Van = (959 — 288)(19.92/16.26°) = 19,944.71/ — 0.46° V [Van] = V3]Van| = 34,545.25 V [d] Van = (959.8 — 5281.6)(19.92/16.26°) = 19,923.71/— 0.09° V [Van] = V3|Voul = 34,508.88 V [Taal IL SS = 1150A le] Masl = “7 50, (£] [ool = [Han] = 11.50 69,0000" yy) ag gro P 11.20 [8] Tan = G59 ja50 7 92/=36874 Ipc = 92/= 156.877 A Toa = 92/83.13° A {b] Tia = V3 = 30°Tap = 159.35/— 66.87" A Typ = 159.35/— 186.87" A Teg = 159.35 /53.13° A11-16 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits {e] Toa = Ian = 92, Tey = Inc = 92/— 156.87 A Tac = Toa = 92/83.13° A 720/0° PAL2L [al np = gepeg = Ml= 10.20 A Ing = 20L=120" _ 36/— 3.9 A 16 — j12 720/120" 95 a6 joo Toa = 954 905 = 20.36/75" A [b] Tan = Ian — Tea = 138.24 — j40.32 — 5.27 — j19.67 132.97 — 759.99 = 145.88/— 24.28° A nc — Tap 31 — 735.74 — 138.24 + 540.32 = —133.93 + 74.58 = 134.01/178.042 A Lec = Ica — Inc = 5.27 + j19.67 — 4.31 + 735.74 = 0.96 + 555.41 = 55.42/89.01° A Ths = P 11.22 The complex power of the source per phase is 'S, = 30,000/( cos* 0.8) = 30,000/36.87° = 24,000 + 518,000 KVA. This complex power per phase must equal the sum of the per-phase impedances of the two loads: S,= $1 + Sy so 24,000 + 718,000 = 20,000 + S2 Sp = 4000 + 718,000 VA Also, Weel? (240) Thus, 23 = (240) _ 968 — 73.050 ‘Sp ~ 4000+ 718,000 ~ 98 ~ 35-05) = Zy = 0.68 + j3.052Problems 11-17 Z, = 12/2529 Za = 32, = 3622 = 32.63 + j15.210/6 P 11.24 The a-phase of the circuit is shown below: > iF yr solar B36] fooke al viens) § 12/—16.87°A(rms) 100/36? go So/0% = SAGA(ems) T= 1, + p= 12/=16.87° + 5/—16° = 17/— 16.61" A(rms) Sq = VI" = (120/20°)(17/16.61°) = 2040/36.61° VA ‘Sp = 35, = 6120/36.61° VA P 11.25 [a] Sra = 14,000/41.41° — 9000/53.13° = 5.5/22 kVA Sa = Sra/3 = 1833.46 /22° VA _ |3000/53.13° {b) [Veal = [Vine] = [Vib] = V3|V an] = 300V3 = 519.62 V(rms) P 11.26 From the solution to Problem 11.21 we have: = 300 V(rms) Saw = (720/0°)(144/16.26°) = 9,532.9 + 729,030.04 VA. Sgo = (720/ = 120°)(36/83.13°) = 20,735.97 — 715,552.04 VA Soa = (720/120°)(20.36/ — 75°) = 10,365.62 + j10,365.62VA11-18 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 19 4100 x. P 11.27 [a] 7200/0" = Bor ji 7 2E8 IZA 7200/0°, 1800 — 7900 37,440 + 31,680 ~ 7200 Ty =5.2-j44A q L= =3.2+ 716A G = 52+ j44 Tas = Lh + by + Ig = 30 — j10A = V1000/ = 18.43" A Van = 7200 + j0 + (30 — j10)(1 + 510) = 7330 + j290V Se = Veolia = (7330 + 3290)(30 + 510) = 217,000 + j82,000VA. Sp = 354 = 651 + j246kVA [b] Sij6 = 7200(21.6 + 77.2) = 155.52 + j51.84kVA. Seg = 7200(3.2 — 51.6) = 23.04 — j11.52kVA S3g = 37.44 + j31.68kVA So(load) = 216 + j72kVA (2) (100) = 99.54% P 11.28 [al jeQ 30 jan, 16770 Jn 14, 000 °vG 4609 % delivered 14,000/02 ° MA = T6804 j400 ~ © = 16.26°A Toa = ped = 4.62/133.74? AProblems 11-19 [b] S,6 = —14,00012, = —107,520 — 731,360VA Piovetoped/phase = 107.52 kW Parworded/phave = [Txa|?1677 = 107.328 kW 107.328 % delivered. = Tyr35 (100) = 99.82% P 11.29 Let pa, py, and p. represent the instantaneous power of phases a, b, and c, respectively. Then assuming a positive phase sequence, we have Pa = Vanna = [Vn 608: ln c08(ut ~ 84)] Py = Vaisn = [Vm cos(wt ~ 120°)][ In cos(wt ~ 05 — 120°)] Pe = Ves = Vou 005(wt + 120°)] [I 05 (wt ~ Oy + 120)] ‘The total instantaneous power is pr = p, + Py + Pe, $0 Pr = Vinlm{cos wt cos(wt — 04) + cos(wt + 120°) cos(wt — A — 120°) + cos(wt — 120°) cos(wt — 05 + 120°)] Now simplify using trigonometric identities. In simplifying, collect. the coefficients of cos(it — 8g) and sin(wt — 0). We get Pr = Vinlm{coswt(1 + 200s? 120°) cos(wt — 43) +2sin wt sin? 120° sin(wt — ,)] = 1.5VinFm{cos wt cos(wt — 84) + sin wt sin(wt — 84)) = L.BVinln C0805 P1130 [a] S$; =72—j21kVA Sy = 120+ j90KVA $5 = 168 + j36kVA Sp = Si + Sp + Sp = 360+ j105KVA Sp/b = 120+ 735KVA11-20 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Single phase equivalent cireuit 19 jsQ AR + ot 4 y, 2s00/0°v 1204435 kVA ne + —_] N 120,000 + 535,000 2500 Tha = 48 — 14 A, Ty =484j14 (= 16.26 A Van = 2500 + (1 + 95)(48 — j14) = 2618 + 5226 = 2627.74/4.93° V [Van] = V3(2627.74) = 4551.4V [b] Pr/o = 120kW Ps/@ = 120,000 + [Laa|*(2) = 122,600 W = 122.5 kW 120 ft (es) 100 = 97.96% P 11.31 [a] S; = (5.742 + 74.008) kVA. Sp = 18.566(0.93) + j18.566(0.37) = (17.266 + 6.824) kVA 11,623 in 03 = 8 _ _ 9, sins = Fropmyeie) 7 93% V3ViU, sin 8s = 11,623; Therefore cos 3 = 0.919 ‘Therefore 11,623 _ Py= Dapp * 0.919 = 27,041.67 W Sy = 27.042 + j11.623 kVA Sp = Sy + Sp + Sy = 50.05 + 722.455 kVA, Snip = iSr = 16.68 + j7-49kVA ina = (16.68 + 77.49) 10°; Ty, = 138.92 + 562.33 A 138.92 — 762.33 = 152.26/—24.16°A (rms)Problems 11-21 [b] pf = cos(—24.16°) = 0.912 leading P 11.32 asa HO —_rh 5 aon | 7 -67 2kvar|72006°v 72001; = (230.4 — j67.2)10°* 3279.33 1, =32459.33A 1 2y = 52a = 207.36 + j60.482 72000, 33 T= do736-+ j6048 ~ °2~ 39334 Ia =h +h = 64450A Van = 7200 + 70+ 64(0.5 + 74) = 7236.53/2.03° V [Van] = V3|Ven] = 12,534.04.V P 11.33 [a] Pour = 746 x 200 = 149,200 W Pix = 149,200/(0.96) = 155,416.67 W V3V;11, cos 0 = 155,416.67 = 468.91 A [b} Q = V3Vz1, sing = V'3(208)(468.91)(0.39) = 66,207.79 VAR11-22 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits (48 + 736)10* 480 P14 y= = 100 +375 Taq = 100 975A Van = 480 + j0 + (100 ~ 775)(0.2 + 50.4) = 530+ 725V ‘na 0.2Q 40.42 TF 4ekw U 450 aaofov | ake 530 + 525 =98 =-5+j106A Ina = Taq + Io = 95 + 931 = 99.93/18.07° A {b] Sig = (830 + 25)(95 — j81) = 51,125 — 714,055 VA Sor = 8Sqjg = 153,375 — j42,165VA Therefore, the source is delivering 153,375 W and absorbing 42,165 vars. [e] Prey = 153,375 W Paig = 3(48,000) + 3]f,a|2(0.2) = 144,000 + 9375 = 153,375 W = Paw (4) Quai = 3lfc}*(5) = 168,915 VAR Que = 3(36,000) + 42,165 + 3IT,,[2(0.4) = 168,915 VAR = QuaProblems 11-23 P 11.35 [a] —7 te a caooforv | s, 8, ne] S= 5 (1800)(0.96 ~ 70.28) = 576 — j168kVA 1 Sp = 5(192 + j1464) = 64+ j488KVA Sy + So = 640 + 7320kVA 6a00/0°v 325-62 (6400)? 640x108 _ (6400)? ~ 320 x 108 [b] R= = 649 Xt = 1282 s4an0/o'v 2640 4128Q11-24 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits P 11.36 Assume a A-connect load (series): S3= yao. x 10°)(0.8 — 0.6) = 50,784 — 738,088 VA ; {13.800/ : Ze 50,784 — 338,088 = 3000/36.87° 2 Zag = 3000/ — 36.87° = 2400 — 718002 4 oR 24002 13, 800V re" B Now assume a Y-connected load (series): a0 = 800 — 0000 _ 113,800)? “Xs QsProblems — 11-25 37500 13,800v F-35000 4 Now assume a Y-connected load (parallel): 1 Rye = pas = 12500 Xyve= 5Xae = —1666.672 1250: -31666.672 P1137 Sy = 57800. 8 — j0.6) x 10° = 20,800 ~ j15,600VA 1 __ 20,800 ~ 715,600 _ a cy aoa = 100 - j75A Toa = 100+ 75 A a 004 — 0.20 eng + — nn + v, a a a N Van = 208 — (100 + 375)(0.04 + 70.20) = 219 — 723 = 220.20/-6V11-26 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Throe-Phase Circuits [Van V3(220.20) = 381.41 V [b] Szyp = (219 — 523)(100 — 775) = 20,175 — 718,725 VA Si = 887g = 60,525 ~ 556,175 VA Check: Sz = 3(20,800 — 715,600) = 62,400 — 746,800 VA. Pe = 3L.al?(0.04) = 1875 W P, = P, + Pz = 60,525 + 1875 = 62,400W (checks) Qe = 3{L.a|°(0.20) = 9375 VAR. Qs = Qi + Qr = —56,175 + 9375 = —46,800 VAR (checks) P 11.38 [a] oso MOA 1188 0.6 Te, = 326,000 + 7528,000 “eS 6600 Tx = 60 ~ j80A Sue = ; [se +35 (oa)} 10* = 396,000 + 5528,000 VA = 60+ j80A Vi = 6600 + (60 — j80)(0.5 + 44) = 6950 + 200 = 6952.88/1.65° V [Vin] = V3(6952.88) = 12,042.74,V.+ Teg Na Problems 11-27 N 1, =60~j80A (from part [a)) o- 55(0920) x 10° = —j640,000 VAR +. Ip = j96.97A Toa = 60 — j80 + 596.97 = 60 + 716.97 A Vaan = 6600 + (60 + §16.97)(0.5 + 44) = 6562.12 + j248.485 = 6566.82/2.17° V [Vin] = V3(6566.82) = 11,374.07 V fe] Maal =100A Prose = (100)?(0.5) = 5000 W Paye = 396,000 + 5000 = 401 kW n= P* 100) = 98.75% fd] laa) = 62.3544 Pug = (3887.98) (0.5) = 1943.99 W 396,000 n= 397 944 (100) = 99.51% 1 1 ae = 204187; C= (204.187)(1207) ~ 12.99 pF11-28 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits P 11.39 [a] From Assessment Problem 11.9, Iya = (159.88 — j119.91) A ‘Therefore Top = j119.91A A160/V3 _ . jiig.g1 ~ 220.089 1 (20.08)(2%)(60) Zea = (—§20.03)(3) = ~760.090 Therefore Cy = 243 — sara ue 3 {b] Cy = 132.43 pF [ec] Mla} = 159.88 ‘Therefore Zoy ‘Therefore Cy = = 132.43 pF Van Ta = Wax — Aas 91 = Wap ~ Maa For a positive phase sequence, (Nap = [Van + 30° Thus, 1 = (Van +30" — fay = 8+ 30° Similarly, P1ld0 Z,= (2/0 Vex 2p =|2\ = —— = |2\la= Fe 0 = Von — [Le % = Von — Moe For a positive phase sequence, (Now = (Vea ~ 120° = /Vap + 60° Mec = Hag + 120° Thus, 2 = [Van + 60° — /Iy + 120° = 6; — 60° = 0+30° — 60° = 0 — 30°Problems 11-29 P1141 Wr = [Van||Taa| cos(/Van — /Ina) = (199.58)(2.4) cos(65.68°) = 197.26 W Wma = [Venllcc| cos(/Ven — /Lec) = (199.58) (2.4) cos(5.68°) = 476.64 W CHECK: W, + W2 = 673.9 = (2.4)?(39)(3) = 673.9W P 11.42 [a] We — Wy = Vie [c0s(6 — 30°) — cos(# + 30°)] = Vil1[c0s 8 cos 30° + sin @sin 30° — 050 cos 30° + sin Osin 30°] = 2V, J, sin @ sin 30° = V;,I, sin 0, therefore V/3(W2 —W;) = V3Vi I, sind = Qr [b] Zs = (8 + 56) Qr = V'3[2476.25 — 979.75] = 2592 VAR, Qr = 3(12)°(6) = 2592 VAR; Z4 = (8~ 56) Qr = V3[979.75 — 2476.25] = -2592 VAR, Qr = 3(12)?(—6) = —2592 VAR; 2g =5(1+jv3)2 Qr = V3[2160 — 0] = 3741.23 VAR, Qr = 3(12)?(5V3) = 3741.23 VAR; Zy = (782.0 Qr = V3[-645.53 — 1763.63] = —4172.79 VAR, Qr = 3(12)°[-10sin 75°] = —4172.79 VAR Van P1143 La = 2 = [Tn|/-O4 A, Zs=|2\lBo, — Vac = (Vil 90°V, Wen = [Vl [iz e03{-90° ~ (—05)] = [Vi] [zl 60s(0e ~ 90°) = [Vil lal sind, therefore V3Wn = V3|Vi| [el sin% = Qtotal11-30 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits P 11.44 [a] Z=96 + j72 = 120/36.87°.0 Van = 720/0° V; ©. Taga = 6/ = 36.879 A Vac = Van — Von = 720V3/— 90° V Wy = (720V3)(6) cos(—90 + 36.87°) = 4489.48 W V3Wm = 7776 VAR {b] Qg = (36)(72) = 2592 VAR Qr = 3Q4 = 7776 VAR = V3Win P 11.45 [a] Zs = 600 + j450 = 750/36.87° 0 (69x10)? 54= spay = 5:078,400 + 53,808,800 VA Sp = 38g = 15,235,200 + 711,426,400 VA [b] Wier = (69,000) V3(92) cos(0 + 66.87°) = 4,318,082.44 W Wma = (69,000) V3(92) cos(60 — 53.13°) = 10,916,117.56 W Check: Pp = 15,235,200 W = Win + Wina- __ (192 + j56)10° ~ 4800 Ta = 41.67/—16.26° A Ing = 41.67/— 136.26° A Van = 4800V3/30° V Vac = 4800V3/—90° V W1 = (4800V3)(41.67) cos 46.26° = 239,502.58 W P 1146 [a] Izy = 41.67 /16.26° A {b] Current coil in line aA, measure Taq. Voltage coil across AC, measure Vac {el Jaa = 41.67/= 16.76" A Vou = 4800V3/150° V 4800V3/ = 30° V We = (48003) (41.67) cos 13.74° = 336,497.42 W . VacProblems 11-31 [a] Wi + We = 576,000 = 576kW Pr = 600(0.96) = 576kW = W, + We P 1147 [a] W, =[Vapallln| cos8 Positive phase sequence, using the equivalent Y-connected load impedances: Vea = 480V3/— 150° V = 24/- 30° A Top = 24/= 150° A Wy = (24)(480) V3 cos 0° = 19,953.23 W We = [Vealllecl cos 0 Voa = 480V/3/150° V Teo = 24/90° A Wo = (24)(480) V3 cos 60° = 9976.61 W_ [b] Ps = (24)?(20) cos 30° = 5760V3 W Pp = 3Ps = 17,280V3 W Wi + We = 11,520V3 + 5760V3 = 17,2803 W ~ WitWe=Pr (checks) P 11.48 [a] Negative phase sequence: Vap = 480V3/— 30° V Voc = 480V3/90° V Vea = 480V3/— 150° V = BOVE _ pyar a Tne = G97 — 30° Tpo = 240 = 20V3/60° A Ton ae = 6V3/— 150" A11-32 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Tua = Tan + Tac = 8V3/0° + 6V3/30° = 23.44/12.81° A Lc = Ten + Toa = 20V3/ = 120° + 6V3/— 150° = 13.95 / — 126.79° A Win = 480V3 (23.44) cos(—30 — 12.81°) = 14,296.61 W Wrr2 = 480V'3(43.95) cos(—90 + 126.79°) = 29,261.53 W ([b] Wor + Wine = 43,558.14 W Pa = (8V3)"(60 cos 30°) = 9976.61 W Pa = (20V'3)?(24c0s 30°) = 24,041.53 W Po = (6V3)?(80) = 8640 W Py + Py + Po = 43,558.14 = Winy + Wino P 1149 tang = v3(We — Wi) _ 873,290.66 Wit, ~ 732,777.88 ~ * 1918 o= 00 - 7600V3|L,| cos 80° = 114,291.64 || =50A |2| = 1 = 1520 *. Z=152/50° P 11.50 [a] Z = 276 — 207 = 345/— 36.87°0 6900/02 sn ing gro Lea = 3357 gga = 20687 A Tag = 20/— 83.13° A Vac = 6900V3/— 30° V Vac = 6900V3/— 90° V (69003) (20) cos(—30 — 36.87°) = 93,893.10 W We = (69003) (20) cos(—90 + 83.13") = 237,306.90 WProblems 11-33 [b] Wi + W2 = 331,200W Pp = 3(20)?(276) = 331,200 W fe] V3(W1 — We) = —248,400 VAR Qr = 3(20)?(—207) —248,400 VAR, P 11.51 From the solution to Prob. 11.21 we have Tua = 145.88/—24.28°A and Tyg = 134.01/178.04° A [a] Wa = [Viel Haal cos(Psc — Ona) = 720(145.88) cos(—60° + 24.28°) 5,274.70 W [b] We = [Vie [Tun] cos(Axe — Onn) = 720(134.01) cos(—-120° — 178.04°) = 45,357.50 W [e] Wi + We = 130,632 W Pap = (144)?(4.8) = 99,532.8 W Pac = (36)?(16) = 20,736 W Poa = (20.36)?(25) = 10,363.2W Pap + Poo + Poa = 130,632 therefore W; + We = Protal P 11.52 [a] 1.2Mvar 1. T0MVA, La11-34 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits ney v,78803/4.12°V (44-8) =1022.4/45°a, 3,(0.6)=127.90/-45°R oS ¥ye7967/0°v ,5213.00/-45°A (al ¥4gi8,240.11/24.12°0 p13,800/30°V _lvP P 11.58 [a] Q= 2 [Xl = cae = 158.709 1 c FeO CBE-TO) = 16.71 uF 13,800/ 73)? _ 1 {b] |Xcl as.e00/v5 3 (158.70) *. C= 3(16.71) = 50.14 pF P 11.54 If the capacitors remain connected when the substation drops its load, the expression for the line current becomes Hence — Tq = 150.61 A Now, Van = aa (0.6 + j4.8)(7150.61) = 7244.49 + 790. 7245.05 /0.71° VProblems 11-35 ‘The magnitude of the line-to-line voltage at the generating plant is [Vin] = V3(7245.05) = 12,548.80 V. ‘This is a problem because the voltage is below the acceptable minimum of 13 kV. Thus when the load at the substation drops off, the capacitors must be switched off. P 11.55 Before the capacitors are added the total line loss is B, 3150.61 + 7150.61|?(0.6) = 81.66 kW After the capacitors are added the total line loss is, P,, = 3)150.61|?(0.6) = 40.83kW Note that adding the capacitors to control the voltage level also reduces the amount of power loss in the lines, which in this example is cut in half. = 80 x 10° + 7200 x 10% — 71200 x 10° 80/3 — f1000V3 Ta is = 10.04 — j125.51A *. Tag = 10.04 + j125.51A Van = 13,800 igs + (0.6 + 74.8)(10.04 + 125.51) v3 = 7371.01 + 7123.50 = 7372.04/0.96° V [Van] = V3(7372.04) = 12,768.75 V [b] Yes, the magnitude of the line-to-line voltage at the power plant is less than the allowable minimum of 13 kV, 13,800), “Bhs 803 + j200V3 13.8 Ty = 10.04 — j25.1A 3,800 P 11.57 [a] = (80 + 5200) x 10° Tea = 10.04 + j25.1A P+ (0.6 + 74.8)(10.04 — 525.1) = 8093.95 + j33.13 = 8094.02/0.23° V [Veo] = V3(8094.02) = 14,019.25 V11-86 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [b] Yes: 13KV < 14,019.25 < 14.6kV fe] Ps = 310.04 + j125.51)?(0.6) = 28.54kW fd] Poss = 3110.04 + j25.1|2(0.6) = 1.32kW [e] Yes, the voltage at the generating plant is at an acceptable level and the12 Introduction to the Laplace Transform Assessment Problems tee AP 12.1 [a] cosh ft = ‘Therefore, L{cosh Bt} = 5 if” [eA 4 er -PMat enlBR Joo er(O4BH Joo [em o = 6B) C] Therefore, L{sinh Bt} = AP 12.2 {al Let f(t) = te F(s) = £{te"} = oy Now, L{tf()} = -£o 12112-2 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform So, L{t- te~ d 1 ds |(s+a)? {b] Let f(t) =e*sinh Bt, then LUO) =F = eR “Gas sF(s) - f0-) = wipe wor [cl Let f(¢) =coswt. Then dF(s) _ -(s?-w?) 8 @re ds ~ (+a dF(s)_ 8? —w? ds (s?+w2)? F(s)= ‘Therefore L{tcosut} = — AP 123 Fi = 04200426 | Ks | Ke, Ks “(sti(st2(s+3) stl s+2° s+3 6-26 +26 24 -524+26 K, = 8776 +% 3 x, BOTA OR) oe EDA Ky= = 78+ 26 _ (-2)(-) Therefore f(t) = (Bet + 2e-™ +e] ult) _ 79 + 6384134 _ OK (s+3)(st4(s+5) 543 _ 63 = 189 — 134 _ 112 — 252 + 134 & Bec f(t) = [te + Ge — 3eYu(t)Problems — 12-3 AP 12.5 F(s) = 10(s? +119) (6 5)(7 + 10s + 169) Sig = 5 VH— 169 = -5 +12 Ka Ki 1 PO) = 545+ 545—pa * y5+ p12 _ 1025 +119) _ 1= 55 —50+ 109 ~ _ 10{(—5 + j12?? + 119} ke= ayaa GAAT = 4.17/90" ‘Therefore F(t) = (10e~ + 8.33e- cos(12t + 90°)] u(t) = [10e® — 8.33¢~ sin 12¢] u(t) AP 12.6 2 (= tet Ko setiP a ‘Therefore f(t) = [1 + 2te + 3e~*] u(t) AP 12/ “ (0) = ye ee OS ~ Beast 5P ” GF 27] F2471P -_% ,_& Ki ~(e42—sle | (s+2—5l) | (6 F24 71? +—i _ w+) 40 A * Ki =-10= 10/180? and Kf =~-10 GFProblems 12-5 SA + (7/8) + | =4 BoP = OOo ft)=4 " 4s°+78+1 nagePtoy= a [| = +. flo) =1 . . 40s im oF(6) = im, (an +s) +O] FO) =0 " 40: lageP(e) = Ty le + aml =e *. floc) =012-6 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform Problems Pi21 fa] f(t)=120+308 -4s - ecto at Jim F(s) = 1 — os by) cle) = Therefore £{f"(t)} = sF(s)— f(0") = sta sta P1216 L{em*s(t)} = [etsole* a= f(the“* dt = F(s +a) P1217 wl c{ fe ee dr} = aes woffa) -1(5)=4 ii fie etde= iS P 12.18 [a] 0{ ui} wy cf} = SS tg £{ Sun} = 2 — cos(0) = P+ $°(0) — s(0) — 2(0) =Problems 12-11 ws Lfwoosut} = 35 a e+e L{-wsinwt} = — &) as 26(t); -£{26(t)} = 2 P 12.19 [a] f(t) = 4t{u(t) — u(t — 4)] +(32 — 4t)[u(t — 4) — u(t — 12)) +(4t — 64)[u(t — 12) — u(t — 16)] = Atu(t) — 8(¢ — 4)u(t — 4) +8(t — 12)u(t — 12) — 4(¢— 16)u(¢ - 16) F(s)= afl —2e~* a 1s — @ 160) ee (b] Zhe eta) f(t) = Afu(t) — u(t — 4)] — 4[u(t — 4) — u(t — 12)) +4{u(t — 12) — u(t — 16)] = 4u(t) — 8u(t — 4) + 8u(t — 12) — 4u(t ~ 16) Af — 20H 4 20-1 — SH] . LAF} =12-12 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform fe] ey e6(t-12) no ceaal ~48¢-26) J"(t) = 46(¢) — 86(t — 4) + 86(t — 12) — 46(¢ ~ 16) LAF T()} = All — 20 + De" — 1] ‘ 2 P 12.20 [al [rae F BY _1y™ ow ef} =L[feena . eff eax} =4 cHecks 2002" P 12.21 [a] L{—20e~™-)u(t — 2)} = ery {b] First rewrite f(#) as J (#) = (8t— 8)u(t — 1) + (24 — 8¢ — 8¢ + 8)u(t — 2) +(8t — 40 — 24 + 8t)u(t — 4) — (8¢ — 40)u(t — 5) = 8(t — 1)u(t — 1) — 16(¢ - 2)u(t- 2) +16(t — 4)u(t — 4) — 8(¢ — 5)u(t — 5)Problems 12-13 P 12.22 L{f(at)} = r Flaten" dt Let u=at, du = adt, u=0 when t=0" and u=oco when t=0o Therefore L{f(at)} = I “ Flue lone = iF (s/a) P 12.23 [a] fi(t) =e" sinwt; AO) = Gyalaet F() = sR) AO) = Gee sta G+aPtu? fb] AQ =ecoswt; — Fi(s)= a sta FQ) =F = erat] fe] Stee sinwt] = we coswt — ae sinwt w(sta)—wa_ ws Therefore Fs) = Ty ajrpat ~ rato tae =a0~% coswt + we sinwt +a © coswrde = Ores l- atu ‘Therefore -als +4) e @ Fs) = ae (5 Put * Gtapaw +4| _ sta = evar r P 12.24 [a] FO). Z[f socal =- [peta dF(s) Therefore L{tf(t)} = —F py SEO = [Pepqena; SEO = (*-egineeae ‘Therefore fF (8) ay fk pry (ert at = (-1Lfe'F}12-14 CHAPTER 12, Introduction to the Laplace Transform dl 120 Ig ct) = 204 = (4G (3) =e _ d 8 _ 26s L{tsin Bt} = (-1)'5 (=e) “aw L{te™ cosh t}: From Assessment Problem 12.1(a), F(s) = L{oosht} = = ar Il s(2s)_ st +1 as —1P (1? ae st4t Therefore — T= Gay Thus +1 L{tcosht} = ot 7 (s+1)?+1 _ s?+2s8+2 (e+? IP > 642" P 12.25 [a] [Faw = f [fi 10 at] du= i [[Preau] ae "| a L{e't cosh t} = = [rsofierian [905 aim role SF \a-e(P} 28: jer PF therefore c {ne} Cet Let w =u? + 6, then w = s? + 6? when u = s, and w = oo when u = 00; also di = 2udu, thus (228) [8]-42) [b] C{tsin st} = a levee +P12-15 Problems P 12.26 i,(t) =5cos10tu(t); 80 Ip(s) = er T= 4 40 Therefore V = Ty eS 100) ~ (s? +408 ae +100) dee 9 if P1227 +7 [ mode OF dv, Rr tot 5 [ vodke+ ROG = Vie RV. a Vac {b] Vor T+ ROSY, = LV + RV, + RCLS°V, = LV ac (U/RO)Vae FF (/RO)s + (LC) Vols) (cl it f veae _ (1/RCL)Vie 10) = 5 ~ PF U/RC)6 + CECT Ue , do Re P 12.28 [al l= 4 [votes Tic _ Vols) , Vols) b) =F + sCV.(s) Tec/C » Vols) = 3 UTRC)s + (LO) dv Id = 0% slac Ils) = sCVel®) = SF TRC)s + (EC) yn “ P 12.29 [a] tfnas12-16 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform (R+ sL)Vi(s) — sLVa(s) = REsI,(s) =Vi(s) + (RCs + 1)VA(s) = 0 Solving, (8) Cls?-+ (R/L)s + (1/LC)] P 12.30 [a] For t > OF: ve , to, Bre tino Vals) = di, dvy _ Pin ent a ae Ldiy i, Rar t hCG tie=0 Pig 1 di, * we Rea 1B] las) ~ slac~0-+ eplolls) — ae] + Fells) = I(8) |? + oe + zl = Iue(8 + 1/RC) Jacl + (1/RC)] [= + 0/RO)s + (1/LC)] P 12.31 [a] Fort >0*: I.(s) Fig + Le +16 = 0 doo dig _ U0Problems 12-17 [b] 8°Vo(s) — 9Vie— 0+ Fisvels) — Vad) + Be) =0 1 vas) [2+ con Viels + R/L) wr r vee) =p Wile (RUD ol8) = TR (R/L)s + (1/EC)] = fH L(y — 2 i, — ig) - 10% P 12,32 [a] 300 = 60! + 255% + 105; (ia ~ ai) + 554 (h — fa) ~ 107 diy dy, 0= glia -ii)t+ 10-G + Oia Simplifying the above equations gives: diy, od 300 = 60is + 105? + 52 = din, sin 0 = 40ig + 5- dt +5. dt 1b) 2 = (20s + 0)z(s) + 58ha(8) 0 = 5sh(s) + (58 + 40) f(s) {e] Solving the equations in (b), = — 80s+8)_ NO) = eH ae+ 60 10) = Ger 2008? P1233 Vis) = Gasp BH FTO 8? +408 +64 = (s+ 38.33)(9 +167); 5? + 100 = (s — j10)(s + j10) Therefore 200s? V(6) = eee (8) = [73833 F 167)(6—F1)(6 +710) ~My Ke s+167 5 +3833 —jl0 s+j10 2 Ky ems 15 1= (4 38.33)(6? + 100) lear12418 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform 200s? Ka= Gyan + 100) a 200s? | K=O | nto tt? 3 = GELS e + BEI FID) leajio™ 2 SL Therefore v(t) = [4.98 cos(10t — 5.14°) + 0.1578" — 5.11e-S u(t) V 1 10° P 12.34 [a] TG ~ Ws) G00) ~ 1250 x 10¢ 10° RG = Tioycion) ~ 1° 70,000 (s? + 1000s + 1250 x 104) 512 = —500 + V25 x 107 — 1250 x 10F = —500 + j3500 rad/s Vols) = ve) = 70,000 (8) = (55500 — 78500)(s + 500 + 73500) _ K 4, ~ s+ 500 — 73500 * s +500 + 53500 70,000 . K= =10/- (7000) 10/= 90° vals) = 10/— 90° 10/90", ols) = 55500 — 73500 "5+ 500+ 73500 ‘uo(t) = [207% cos(3500t — 90°)]u(t) V = [20e- sin 3500t}u(t) V 87,500 L(8) = ————— (b] Tels) = 57 500 — 73500)(s + 500+ 73500) Ay Ka _,_ KG __ 5 + s+500— 78500 * s+ 500+ 73500 87,500 Ki= appa = 7A Ky = a 57. sr? mA (—500 + 73500)(77000) ig(t) = [7 + Te” > cos(3500¢ + 171.87°)}u(t) mAProblems — 12-19 = 1 10° P 12.85 fal RG = Gx 10%)(25) 1 10° T= eae ~ 16 x 10° 40 x 10%Fac 5-¥ 10,0005 + 16 x 108 40x 10° Fae ~ TF 2000)(5 + 8000) _ 120,000 ~ (s+ 2000)(s + 8000) Ky Ky 52000 * 5 +8000 120,000 120,000 Ki = F900 78 X= “F000 20 20 Vols) = 53900 ~ 5 8000 volt) = [202720 — 20e- 8H} u(t) V 3x 10s (+ 2000) (s+ 8000) Ky + +2000 © s +8000 3.x 10~*)(2000) 10* Vols) = [b] Ls) -10-* Ax tos 5+ 2000 * 5 +8000 g(t) = (4e80 — 6 2)u(t) mA. Jo(s) = {e] 4,0) =4-1=3mA Yes. The initial inductor current is zero by hypothesis, the initial resistor current is zero because the initial capacitor voltage is zero by hypothesis. ‘Thus at ¢ = 0 the source current appears in the capacitor.12-20 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform 0.015 s 1 1 R P 12.36 G=2x 10%; cima F = 500; I, 30,000 Vals) = 3 B000s + 4% 10° s;= 1000; s2 = —4000 _ 30,000 *™ (s+ 1000)(s + 4000) __ 0 ~ s+1000 s+ 4000 Vals) vg(t) = [10071 — 10e~4'Ju(t) V 1 1 P1237 pe = 10.000; 7 q = 16x 10° 0.1(s + 10,000) 51 =—2000; = —8000 0.1(8000) K= oe = 0.133 Key = 212000) _ _ 933 —6000 0.133 _ 0.033 1ol3) = =F 9000 ~ 5+ 8000 g(t) = [133.33e2% — 33.33e- 8 Ju(t) mA R 1 P 12.38 5 = 5000; Te 74x08 Volo) = Ste + 5000) 5? + 50008 +4 x 108 $12 = —2500 + VED x 10 — 4x TFProblems — 12-21 81 =—1000 rad/s; s = -4000 rad/s 15(s + 5000) Vols) = 7 = 7000)(s-+ 4000) ~ 31000 * (4000) = 3000 =20V; eee 5+ 1000 ~ 5+ 4000 volt) = [20e-1 — 5e~4 u(t) V Ky Ke, K& P 1239 [a] H(s) = b+ 52+ (60a) _ Cae) Kp (60)(—16) _ (-24)(=20) ~~ (5 3 2 n= (3 -sya7 a3) y(t) = (5 — 3e~* — 2e-™*)u(t) A Ks= _ Kk | Kk nO) = Fats 60 N= 39 oes = 3 h@)= (ja aH) in(t) = (Be — 3e~)u(t) A [b] fx(c0) = 5A; ia(o0) = 0A [c} Yes, at t = 00 300 1 60 Since i, is a de current at # = oo there is no voltage induced in the 10 H inductor; hence, é2 = 0. Also note that (0) = 0 and i(0) = 0. Thus our solutions satisfy the condition of no initial energy stored in the circuit. 5A12-22 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform Ky Ky stl ui s+2 18 — 66+ 54 18-0645 3 Ke W2 7 162 ~ 198 + 54 Ky = ———— = 9 * (-2)(-1) we f(t) = [Bet + Ge + 9e-4Ju(t) Ki, Ke | Ks. Ky 0) F@)= SO + saat aaa t a48 __ 858 + 895? + 3118 + 300 1 e+ 2648) +5) Ky = SE +895" + 3115 + 300 | oe SSB) F5) Lae _ 88° + 80s? + 311s +300 ~ s(s + 2)(s +5) ro epee ea 4 se 2643) les P 1240 [a] F(s) = h= Ky F(t) = [10 + 5e™ — 8e-™ + e™Ju(t) [e] s12 = —6 + V36— 100 = -6 + 58 Fa= Lis? +1728 +700 ) = G¥D)(s+6—38)(5 +6438) _ mh Ky Ks © 8+2" s+6—-j8° s+6478 44 ~ 344 + 700 = "q>orr 100 7° Ky = (8+ 8)? + 172(—6 + 78) +700 a (44 j8)j16 = 8-4 5/— 53.138" o. S(t) = [be + 10e~ cos(8t — 53.13°)]u(t)Problems 12-23 {d] 512 = —7-4 VO— 625 = -7 + jaa F) 5654 + 1128 +5000 1S SS +T— f2A)(s +7 + jad) i Ko Ki os + S47 sat 4p 5000 too Ky = DO(=T + 924)? + 112(=7 + 424) + 5000 _ Cr RDS = 244 j7 = 25/16.26° oe f(t) = [8 + 50e~* cos(24# + 16.26°)]u(t) Pizat fal F(s) = “3 + ; = _ d {8(s? ~ 5s +50) oe { s+10 } lo (s+ 10)(25 5s+50)(1) Or _ 10(—40) — 8(50) _ ~ 100 . _ 8(s? — 5s + 50) =e 40 8 16 POs -3tse00 f(t) = [40t — 8 + 16e-™Ju(t) 2 8 _ 8(100+50-+.50) _ Ss le-10 100 16 by Fe) = “4 Be Ky, = XO <0, Ky 4 _ 4 f10(8s? +4544) Kya g{Meeteeo \_. = 10(6)(68 + 4) = Bo? + 45-4-4)} = 20 # ee12-24 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform Fon= 2 appt ina F(t) = (10 — 40te-** + 20e*4Ju(t) fe] sig =-24 VI=5 = -22 91 ies Katee Ka Ky r= ey _ Ms KG OF ae gece aan al 53 — 6s? + 158 +50 St 4s+5 ls=0 _ (8? +48 +5)(35? — 12s + 15) — (58 — 6s? + 15s + 50)(28 +4) OO aa ee 5(15) — 50(4) = ee = 65? + 15s +50 S(SF2+F1) leaenn (-24j18=-2+ 51; (-2+ fl)? =3—54 =2+ fll = 63 ~ fa) + 15(-2 +f) +50 (3 ~ 94)(2) = 3494 = 5/53.13° 10 5, 5/oaa3? | 5/—53.13° POn a5 * 542g * Fat g f(t) = [Ot ~ 5 + 10e coa(t + 53.13°)}u(t) Ky + Ko Ks Crap t rapt 42 Ky= Ky= [d] F(s)= Ky=8 46845) =-3 lee d Ky = FAs? + 65-45} +6) =? d 2Ks = 7, (28 + 6) Ky —3 2 1 *O= Geos t Gap t ar8 a Bee ote 4 eM = [2 — 1.5 + Le*Jult) 2Problems 12-25 sig =—1 VI-5 = 1432 Ki Ki Ke F(s) = (9) = Gy gy * Grits sF1-72 16s + 72s” + 216s — 128 Net aes oeaatee tee (s+1+ 92? lex 14g (-1492)8=U-j2; (-1+ 52)? =-3- 54 _ 176 — j82 — 216 ~ j288 — 216 + 5432 — 128 ~ —16 Ky (s+1+92) Ky =U —j7 = 25/=16.20° Ky ao { 188° + 128? + 216s — 128 | a (s+1+ 92? le=—t4i2 _ (8 +14 j2)?(48s? + 144s + 216) (+1452 52 (16s* + 72s? + 216s — 128)2(s + 1+ j2) +147" 1432 _ (G4)2(— 144 ~ j192 — 144 + j288 + 216) — (—384 + 7112)(98) ~ Gaye = 2048 + 71536 _ gig = 10/36.87° 256 25/=16.26° 25 /16.26° | 10/36.87 , 10/— 36.87" FO) = Geri jae t Grits s+1—j2* etl tse f(t) = [50te~ cos(2t — 16.26) + 20e~* cos(2t + 36.87)]u(t) P1242 [al 10 F(s)= 9 465+5] 10s? + 859-495 10s? + 603 + 50 25s +45 _ s+ 45 Ki Fle) = 10+ Sy e545 Ot ST 25s +45 M45 Ka= 25s +45 20 s+1 los12-26 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform 5, 20 F(s) =104+ 45 +555 f(t) = 106(t) + [be + 20e-™Ju(t) (b] eo F(s)= s?+4s45 | 5s?+405 +25 5s? + 208 + 25 205 _ 20s Ky Ky FO) =5+ ayasge Ot saan tae 2tG 20s Ki= = 10 + 520 = 22.36 /63.43° = see hea tT ae z }3.43° 6/ — 63.43° P(e) = 5 + 220 36/ = 63.43 s+2—5 s+24j f(t) = 56(t) + 44.72e™ cos(t + 63.43°)u(t) fd s+5 F(s)= 8+20| s?+25s+150 5s +150 5s +100 50 5 50 —_ F(s) = 9454 Gay = 8454 00 S(t) = 8(t) + 56(t) + 500" u(t) K; Ks KG P1243 fa} F(s) = “b+ 3 abla’ stl+y2 100(s+1) | _ Kam 350645 lo Ky — 2 [2006 +] _ [__100___ 1006 + 2s +2) 2= Gs|2 +2545) [se +2et5 (s? +2845) =2-8=12 K 100(s + 1) 6 + 8 = 10/126.87° ~ PFT 452) base f(t) = [20t + 12 + 20e* cos(2t + 126.87°)]u(t)Problems — 12-27 aoe Ki Wl FO=GeIp" GD 208 = Ky + Ko(s +1) + Ka(s + 1)? K,=20s?| = 20 de After differentiating each side 40s = 0+ Ko + 2K3(s +1); After differentiating again 40 = 0+ 2K; J. K3=20 aoe 00,0 Gris G+is Grip ss ‘Test at s = 0: 0=20-40+20=0 OK - times) 40 ae) 594 40 “2 80(s +2) 2 1 |= Hs 10- 99) = F(t) = [80 — 20? — 80te~* — 80e~Ju(t) 5(s+2)?_ Ki, Ke, Ky, Ka, Ko Hee) atit ae tat ats Id] F(s)=12-28 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform 5(s+2)? _ Kis! stl +1 Differentiating each side gives + Ko + Kas + Kas? + Kos® 5 [@rbs+2) =(s +2)?) _ Kilds%(s +1) - (s+)? (s+ 1? +0 + Kg + 2Kis + 3K5s* 59(3-+2) _ Kys3(38 +4) A Grip 7 ane tMot 2K + Bod — S8(8+2)) a= "Grip leo” Note that two more derivatives of the term involving K, will drop out at 0. Hence, .@ [o(s +2) 285 a _ gf (s+ 1225+ 2) — (s+ 2)2(s +1) 2Ke= of Grn! } la 2s + 1)? — 28(s +2) | (s+ leo | ~6Kss | =O 0 =5(s+1) 2 erie [= Ks Now differentiate once more to get 0K aor) _ e+ i | (s+) lenoProblems — 12-29 Test at s = —2: 25,5 oes OK 4,58 - F(s)= a tates Fe) = 5 55 = (Se + 48 + 5t— 5)u(t) K P 12.44 f(t)= £7) ———. + ——__, 4d fQ=L {= pt} Ker eit 4. Kre-ateiit IK jen% [eli + eM erI0t] = [Ke etoile) 4 esr, = 2|Ke~** cos( St + 0) d"F(s) P 12.45 [al crjeo) =a" | der oe ro=3, thus LEC) _ ("at . a [(Urnt] al ‘Therefore £{t"} = (—1) (Ser = Ser -1)! It follows that L£{t-P} = eo a and L{tYe-m} = kK Pe Kimte# Therefore ayy Gray { i } = ie b] (Q=£ ere com}12-30 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform Therefore f(t) = eer +8 eo = wo [eit eMers™] = [2 roe] cos(Bt +0) 7 200s% 0 oa lan + GO/s)-+ (64/s7]I1 + (1007s cara ~ Therefore v(0*) =0 [b] Yes, all of the poles of V are in the left-half of the complex plane. ‘Therefore, P 12.46 [a] Jim sV(s) = . 200s* ty le 4s + 64) 8 + ml ‘Therefore (oo) = 0 lim sV(s) a 185 + 66s? + 54s (FD6F26+3) lim sF(s)=0, (oo) = Jim sF(s)=18, + f(0*) = 18 859 + 89s? + 311s + 300 (5+ 2)(6? + 8s +15) lim sF(s)=10; ©. (eo) = 10 Jim sF()=8 FO") =8 L1s* + 1728? + 700s (6+ 26 + 12s + 100) lim sF(s)=0, — *. f(eo) =0 Jim sF(s) = 1, of) =i _ 56s? + 1128 + 5000 ld) sF(s) = “Cay tas + 625) 5000 : lim sF(s) = Be= 8 Flo) Jim sF(s)= 56, f(0*) = 96 P 12.47 [a] sF(s) = {b] sF(s) = {e} sF(s) =Problems 12-31 8(s2 — 5s +50) ~s(6+10) F(s) has a second-order pole at the origin so we cannot use the final vale theorem. Jim sF(s)=8, — -. £0") P 12.48 [a] sF(s) = 10(3s? + 4s + 4) (+2) lim sF(s) = 2 =10, ©. f(co)=10 [b] sF(s) = Jim sF(s)=30, (0) =30 6s? + 15s + 50 a(S? + 45 +5) F(s) has a second-order pole at the origin so we cannot use the final value theorem. [e] sF(s) = Jim sF(s)=1, £0" 2 [al oF(6) = 288 +58 oF es lim sF(s)=0, —“. f(co) =0 Jim, sF(s) =1, fOr 447088 fe] oF(6) = 18! aut ae Jim sF(s) = (co) =0 Jim sF(s) = 16, 2. f(0*) =16 P 12.49 All of the F(s) functions referenced in this problem are improper rational functions, and thus the corresponding f(t) functions contain impulses (6(¢)). ‘Thus, neither the initial value theorem nor the final value theorem may be applied to these F(s) functions! , sVie/RC P 12.50 sVols) = ST G7RC)a-+ U/LO) lig Val) vo(00) = 0 Jim s¥i(s)=0, vol") =012-82 P1251 P 12.52 P 12.53 CHAPTER 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform _ Vac/ RC) sks) = 3 G/RC)s + (LC) Vac/RLC _ Vac 1/LG_ RR’ Jim sf(s) = Jim, sIo(8) = 0, J. 4,(07) =0 (Tac/C)s sVols) = SE TTRC)s + (EC) im sVo(s) = 0, ws U(oo) = 0 Jim sVo(s)=0, — * vo(0*) = 0 slo(s lim sIo(s) = 0, im sfo(s) = Jae, vo(0*) = Tae Tacs{s + (1/RC)] sks) = Sy (/RO)s + (1/LC) lig sia(s)=0, ©. (00) =0 Jim sfo(s) = Tac, + in(0*) = Tae 100(s +1) s(? +25 +5) F(s) has a second-order pole at the origin, so we cannot use the final value theorem here. lim sF(s)=0, f(04)=0 Po) = A fa] sF(s) = limsF(s)=0, foo) =0 jim sF(s) = 20, 2. f(0*) =20Problems — 12-33 40(s +2 ling sF(s) = 80, S(co) = 80 Jim sF(s) = 2 fOr) =0 5a(s+2) _ 5(s +2)? [d] SF) = Seri) 7 #640 Jim sF(s)=0, 2°. f0*)= ‘The final value theorem cannot be applied here, as F(s) violates that requirement that all poles lie in the left-half plane, with the exception of a single pole at the origin. This F(s) has four poles at the origin!13 The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis Assessment Problems 2 , AP 131 fo] Y= 4 +dasc = TE +/RO)s + (/L0) 1 10° 1 5 ans RG > Gooey ~ 900 Zq= 5x 10! 25 x 10-9(s? + 80,0005 + 25 x 10°) Therefore Y= [b] 212 = —40,000 + V16 x 10* — 25 10 = —40,000 + 530,000 rad/s —2, = —40,000 — 430,000 rad/s 23 = —40,000 + 530,000 rad/s pi = 0 rad/s 1 4x 10's AP 13.2 [a] Z = 2000+ 5 = 2000+ Soa SIO _ 2000(s? + 10°s +25 x 10%) __2000(s + 50,000)? 5? + 80,0008 +25 x 10 5? + 80,0008 + 25 x 10° [b] —21 = —z2 = —50,000 rad/s —p = —40,000 — 530,000 rad/s —p2 = —40,000 + 530,000 rad/s 13-113-2 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis AP 13.3 fa] Att=07, 0.20 = (0.8); vj = 409; v1 + =100V Therefore v4(0-) = 80V = v1(0*);v9(07) = 20V = v2(0") 1gka elt + sx10/s O.QUFT vy vy oo - a0/sC r + z ska OME Yi 2sxi0fe ‘2 20/sC (80/s) + (20/s) 20 x 10% 100 + [(5 x 108)/s] + (1.25 x 108/s) s+ 1250 _ 80 5x 108 aan) 80 3+ 1250) 5+ 1250 Vy = 20 _ 228 x 10° 20 x 10~ 20 o's s s+ 1250) s+1250 [b] i= 20e1u(t)mA; v4, = 80e7 u(t) V vy = 20e™u(t) V AP 13.4 [a] RO suo Sr ote vadC vse po Vel Vae/L “ R+sL+(1/sC) #?+(R/L)s + (1/LC) Vac _ yp, RL eam, T= 1% 0 po GE _ ~ ]F06—jOSl(s+06+ 708) s+06—j08 5+06+ 708 K, = 20 = 525 =25/-90°; Kt = 25/90" jsProblems 13-3 [b] i = 50e~°* cos(0.8t — 90°) = [50e~°* sin 0.8¢]u(t) A 160s (el V= sll = (yg jo8)(e 406+ 708) —Ki__ +06-+ 308 Ky = 06+ 08) _ 199 /36.87° fle [a] v(t) = [200e-° cos(0.8¢ + 36.87°)}u(t) V AP 13.5 [a] sf 150 + + 5/9) 1/s0Tv, v, 332 @1s/s Va = (15/s) MV 5 8 15 +Ve== wes Solving for Vj and Vp yields y= 0643) Vpn 258? +8) 1 s(s? 42.58 +1)’ 2 g(s? + 2.58 + 1) [b] The partial fraction expansions of Vi and Vp are 15 50/3, 5/3 _ 15 125/6 May Seon teas Mt = SS yO It follows that = fig — D8 -ose 4 5-20 n= [15 FeO 4 Fe }uwy and _ fag 123,-008 4 25,2 a(t) = [15 ett 4 Fe Jun Pons {e] (0") = 15-45 =0 +) = 1p 225 4 28 (0) = 15-4 FH 25 15bV [d] v1(00) =15V; va13-4 AP 13.6 [a] fb] CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 2/30 sa | o2% 10 + + 20/8 ¥% vy With no load across terminals a—b Vz = 20/s: sve fa (®) =r _ 20s + 2.4) therefore Vin = = 55 2/30 — sq | 0-2M in Ty + Vy Tt TN Vr Ve=5Ip and Zim = Solving for Ir gives Ve-5 Ip = VAS 4 Yn — ty Therefore dlp =Vrs-+5sly+2Vp; therefore Zn = sent) I 20 y, sO $ Van 20(s +2.4) I Zm+2+s5 s(s+3er6)Problems 13-6 AP 13.7 [a] = 2be* — 1.25; 1.25 + 3.75e-* ‘Therefore “2 = 9 when dt L.25e~* = 3.754 a .5(In 3) = 549.31 ms — ¢20-549)) = 481.13 mA [b] From Eqs. 13.68 and 13.69, we have ig(max) = 1.25[e~°* = 12(s? +48 +3) = 12(s+1)(s+3) and Ny = 60(s +2) m 5(s +2) Therefore I) = = = Gre+3) A partial fraction expansion leads to the expression h= pao + 2.5 stl s+3 ‘Therefore we get 5fet + e-™u(t) A i diy op = ~25le +34]; a -2.89 A/s [d] When éy is at its peak value, dig t 0 in My (dix ‘Therefore Le (#)-0 (@) (@) (e} fa(max) = APS) 481.13mA (checks) AP 138 [a] The s-domain circuit with the voltage source acting alone is 2013-6 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 00/3 s+2 00/3 348 (t)V [b] With the current source acting alone, 20 1.2ssf v" 720/s @5/s + vr vt vs 5 2° 125s" 20° s m 100 50/3 50/3 ~(GF2e+8) 842 548 w= em —e*u(t)V {e] v = 0! + 0!" = [50 — 50e*Ju(t) V Ve Vo _ py), 10(s +2) AP 13.9 [a] <5 therefore iad H()= 3555710 fb] —2=-2rad/s; —pp=—-14j8 rad/s; | —p, = —-1—j3 rad/s Ky e+) +—h_, Ki “#428410 8 8 * s+1—j3 s+1+33 Ky =5/3/= 12687; Kj = 5/3/126.87° U9 = [2 + (10/3)e™* cos(3t — 126.87°)]u(t) V 10(s+2) 42s +10 Ka s41-j38 541433 Ky =5.27/= 18.48; Kp = 5.27/18.43° U5 = [10.540 cos(3t — 18.43°)]u(t) V [b] Vo =Problems 13-7 AP 13.11 [a] H(s) = L{h(t)} = L{volt)} v9(t) = 10,000 cos Be-™* cos 240t — 10,000 sin Be-™ sin 240t = 9600e-* cos 240 — 2800e~™ sin 2408 9600(s+70) ___2800(240) (6+ 70)? + (2402 ~ (6 +70)? + (240)? _ 96008 * SEF Tas + 62,500 9600 2 + 140s + 62,500 = _,__Ki_ $+70 — 7240 " s+ 70+ 7240 ‘Therefore H(s) = = —J20 = 20/— 90° ‘Therefore v(t) = [40e-™ cos(240t — 90°)}u(t) V = [40e-™ sin 2404] u(t) V AP 13.12 From Assessment Problem 13.9: __10(s +2) H0)= 3525410 1 102+ 94) yg gry _ 63,49" Therefore HUM) = yagi jg = ATL = 88-8 ‘Thus, v9 = (10)(4.47) cos(4t — 43°) = 44.7 cos(4t — 63.43°) V AP 13.13 [a] Let Ry =10k®, Ry =50K2, C= 400 pF, RC =2x 10° =v,— — Yoke then Vi =Vo= Ra + (1/80) therefore Vp =2Vi — Vy Now solving for Vo/Vq, we get H(s)13-8 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis It follows that (750,000) = 2 +1 = fl= 1/90? ‘Therefore v4 = 10cos(50,000t + 90°) V RCs—1 {b] Replacing Ip by Ry gives us (8) = Fay ‘Therefore _ (20x 10" Ry = 1 _ Re + 750,000 11 (980,000) = Sys T0-@ReE 1 R= 750,000 Thus, 50,000 =tan60°= 1.7321, R, = 28,867.51Problems 13-9 Problems P 13.1 P 132 P 133 P 134 PBS P 136 =Lh _-h. . oe} Nal Therefore, the Norton equivalent is the same as the circuit in Fig. 13.4 1 1\(V\ bo _V bo fot fear te therefore 1=(7)(“)+2=-544 Teeq, = In = aly 56) ~ 3 CO 2 fo) Z= 4 ob4 2, HE A/D 9 + (LO) 30 5 5[s* + 2000s + 10") 3 [b] 512 = —1000 + VI0%— 10" = —1000 + j3000 rad/s Zeros at —1000 + j3000 rad/s and —1000 — 3000 rad/s Pole at 0. Vin = Vas = CVo( - C[s? + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)} s fa] Y= +50 s/C _ 5x 10°s 3? + (1/RC)s + (1/LC) 5? +.5000s +4 x 10° [b] zero at 21 =0 poles at —p; = 1000 rad/s and —p, = —4000 rad/s 2— ase st _ (R+sL)(1/sC) (1/O)(s + R/L) “R¥sL+(i/sC) 8? +(R/L)s + (1/LC) R _ 1000 110°. Tae 72% Tem g~ OXI _ 2.5 x 108(s + 2000) 2= 2520008 +5 x 10°13-10 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis [b] 812 = 1000 + Vi0® —5 x 105 = —1000 + 52000 2.5 x 108(s + 2000) (6+ 1000 — 72000)(s + 1000 + 52000) 21 = —2000 rad/s; —p: = —1000 + 72000 rad/s Ze —p2 = —1000 ~ 2000 rad/s P 13.7 Transform the Y-connection of the two resistors and the inductor into the equivalent delta-connection: * wary 919 's)(1) + (I)(s) +) _ 2841 s s ByaZe= (0) +00) + A) _ 9, 4 1 Then Zan = Zall{(1/s||Ze) + (1/s|l4v)] = Zall2(1/s1126) _ 2st +2s+1° 2s? +s41 28+ ) j2@eth Ie ts+1 tun (23 _ 2(28 +1) _ 2 * s+ 12s? +s+1)+ 282541) s+1 No zeros; one pole at —1 rad/s.Problems 13-11 2(50/s) _ s? + 25s + 100 P138 Zi =058+ Or rq75) Bean Y,-i4—28+50___ #4 75s + 1350 25” s?+25s+ 100 25(5? + 255 + 100 25(s? +258 +100) _ 25(s +5)(s +20) 4a = 2575541350 ~ (2 +30)(s+45) Zeros at —5 rad/s and —20 rad/s; poles at —30 rad/s and —45 rad/s. P 139 [a] Fort >0: 29900 : va.o.exi0" o.esf 15x10 Map O-Bx10 % Ts oss 20000 . , vd o.0x10' rex G s = 12 x 10°9(0.8/8) x 10% Ub] Vo = F354 2000+ (0.8 x 10%)/s _ 9600 ~ 0.88? + 2000s + 0.8 x 10 = ——=22,000 _ ~ s? + 2500s + 108 =12,000 Ki Ke [e] v= (5 + 500)(s +2000) 54500 + s+ 2000 Ky=-8 Ka=8 SS 5500 * 5+ 2000 a(t) = (—8e7 5" + Be) ult) V Vo.13-12 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis P 13.10 [a] Fort <0: o = vgor) + + 10k 12.5kNZ 20 v, £50k igor doi stiviit R7 stmt ts Re = 5kQ v1 = —20(5) = -100V 00 in) = x 10° = -10mA. ve(0) = v1 = 100V For t= 0+ — + rom, + rong WOvpione fF Ve = -° s-domain circuit: Ty a RE sce TH st e/sQ Vv, where R=10KQ; C=10nF; y= 100V; L=4H; and = p=10mA Vo Vo _p [b] y+ VosC —7C + -F=0 as + (e/¥C)| + (1/RC)s + (1/EC) p __10x 10 4@ ~ ToO)(10)10-Problems — 13-13 1 _ 10° RO SIPS 10* 1 _ 10° To7 m7 2* 10° Ve 100(s + 104) ~ FF 108s +25 x 10° Vo _p _Vo_ 10x10 = 374s Fes 25(s +104) __ 10 _ —0.01(s + 7500) UV (2+ 104s +25 108) s ~—— (s+ 5000)? _ __100(s + 104) (a) Vo= By tots +25 x 108 _ 100(s+10) ka = e+ 50002 ~ (+ 50002 * 8 +5000 Ky = 100(5000) = 5 x 10° Ky d 5 [200(s + 10,000)],.sao0 = 100 5x 10° 4 100 (s+ 5000)? * 5+ 5000 Uy = [5 x 10°42 + 1002} u(t) V Vo _ +7500) lel 1u= 5000)? _ wk Ka ~ (s+ 5000)? " (s+ 5000) KK, = —0.01(2500) = -25 Ka= J L001(s+ 7500)].—-s000 = —0.01 x 10% h | —25,000 10 +5000)? 5 +5000 [25,000¢ + 10}e~°u(t) mA.13-144 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis P 13.11 Fort <0: aK + asov I 15kQ ufo" }$ 10K 4407)] v vo(0-) +150 , vol0™) , vel0-) _ 9 15,000 ~ 10,000 — =-90V; [ 0 08 5s 580x105, . 3 30x10 10kNZV, 15k: - 90/8 Vo- 30x10 | Ve | (Vo+90/s)s 5s+ 15,000” 108 50x 10° 30(1000 ~ 35) SF 80005 + 25 x 10° _ 30(1000 — 3s) ™ (s+ 4000 — 73000)(s + 4000 + 73000) Ve Ky le = 79.06/ = 124.70° V volt) = 158.11e~4™ cos(3000¢ — 124.70°)u(t) V Check: v9(0) = 158.11 cos(—124.70°) = -90VProblems 13-15 P 13.12 [a] Fort >0: ‘1snF 125nF coy v= 75-5; — 50v» = 200(75 — v9); v= 60V; 4 =15V 2oxiont * 6.25k0 = Ty, 60/sC «[ - 1, sxi0) 3° 0.2580 15/aC be 75/s . 300 = (25 x 1057s) + 6250+ 0.259 — 57+ 25,0008 + 10" 300 20x10" 20x 10-8 * (5+ 5000)(s+ 20,000) “5 +5000 ~ s+ 20,000 g(t) = (20e-° — 20e-7™ u(t) mA fa v= 8% 20 x 10° 300, | Vom ©” (¥5000)(s + 20,000) 60 foo 80 | “os 3s s+5000° s+ 20,000. 80 + —20 ~ s+5000 " s+ 20,000 volt) = (802-5 — 20e- 2. u(t) V13-16 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis P 13.13 [a] Fort <0: 400 Vo+001 , _Vo~150/5__ 10 +0.002s © 40+2x105/s 1 8 | 1500.01 0+ 0.0028 * 40s +2 105) ~ 40s+2x 105 10-+0.002s =50(s +5000) _ (s+ 5000) ~ SF 25,0008 +108 ~ (s+ 5000)(s+ 20,000) (bl w|Problems 13-17 P 13.14 [a] #,(0-) = 10") = 5A, down v¢(0") = ve(0*) = 0 Ly vy oy + OI, 5s V, (0.007552 $202 inGsecj 502 - Ip Ve = wor t= — Vals) Vi _ (2505+ 10°) 1, “yo 50” 50x 108) Vp +20Ig = Vis V+ 2085 = Vis “064, =Ve Voy Vo 4. 2508 + 108 20 * 0.00755 ~ 30 x 10° w. (s? + 10,0008 + 16 x 10°)V, 5x 108 vem 00s + 16 x 10° —6 x 10° Ki Ky a {b] Vo = (R000) s + 8000) ~ (+ 8000) * (s+ 2000) K, ae = 100 6 x 10° a= ~Goq9 = 10° volt) = [1002-8 — 1996-2 u(t) V P 13.15 [a] 200 400 sf s = Lt tory s/s Vv, *13-18 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis Va Vo — 107s _ (5/3) ~ Vo [Fam] = Solving for V, yields: 3s? 42584500 _ 357+ 25s + 500 s(s?-4 25s +100) 5(s + 5)(s+ 20) Ki, Ke | Ks 8 s+5 s+20 3s? + 258 + 500 (s+ 5)S +20 | Kye See a s(s +20 Ky = At oO S645 5, 6, 4 st+5 0 s+20 [5 — Ge~™ + 4e-"Ju(t) V * volt) [b] Avt=0t = =5-6+4=3V 400 Lp 5 10, s/s, D> vy > o.02v,t + Vo = va + lig odo ° 40 (5 — vo y= va $100 =) = 0g 41.25 - 0.2506 40 1.25, — 1.25 = vg M8 0.0204 =0 40 vq =5 +080, =0 ve 5+%—1=0 so uv, =3V(checks)Problems — 13-19 At t = ow, the circuit is s/s From the equation for vo(t), v9(00) = 5 V. From the circuit, ig=0 v9 =5V(checks) va= P 13.16 [a] For t <0: 500 aza@) 3092 go") przov vo(0) , v0 _ ) -124 “+S 0 8vc(0-) = 2160; ) _ 270-120 _ i,(0") = = 38 400 1, 210/sC 0.0289 0.0613-20 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis (270/s) + 0.06 — (120/s) 40 + 0.025 + (10758) __3(s +2500) ~ SF 20008 + 107 _ 3(s + 2500) ~ (]F 1000 — 73000)(s + 1000 + 73000) _ 3(1500 + 43000) = 76000 [e] in(t) = 3.35271 cos(3000t — 26.57°)u(t) A (b] b= Ky = 0.75V5/ = 26.57° P 13.17 1.60 . s/sQ) + Y V, {0-280 Yeti PM = Teta tM + Og, 5M +5 Vo + 5V0 T6s+5 = y, [ole 2) + 5.65 +5) — (1.68 +5) 15(1.6s + 5) = V,(s? + 10s + 25) 15(1.68+5) Ky Ky (s+5)?2 (+5)? s+5 Ky = 15(-8 +5) = —45; Ky = 24 45 Vo= (s+5)2 st5 v9(t) = [-45te™ + 24e™Ju(t) VProblems 13-21 P 13.18 vo(0-) = e(0*) =0 Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the capacitor: sma 20k02 200k0 Sum 200,000 Bry = 10k 10k + 50M) toon] Ye —50/s 107 rs 10,000 + (107/s) 5 _ 30x 10% _-50 | 50 * S(6¥ 1000) ~ ~s* 5 +7000 volt) = [-50 + 50e~!Yu(t) V P 13.19 [a] i,(0-) = s x10-$=12mA=p . weet R 4a/9C pie Vo o . = 48/s , Vet ol (jst) * R+sb13-22 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 48(s + R/L) ~ p/C + (R/L)s + (1/LC) When the numerical values are substituted we get 48(s + 4875) (6+ 4000 — 73000)(s + 4000 + 73000) 48(875 + 73000) 9) ag age k= 5000 = 25/ = 16.26" Vo. vo(t) = 50e~* cos(3000t — 16.26°)u(t) V Check: — v9(0*) = 50cos(—16.26°) = 48 V, which agrees with the fact that the initial capacitor voltage is zero. by p= Seto pls + (48/pL)] ° R+sL+(i/sC) 3? +(R/L)s + (1/LC) ae 3(s + 8000) + 4000 + 73000) 12 x 10-8(4000 + 73000) 3 Ky = 2X1 + 809) = 10 ‘ 76000 ae g(t) = 20e~*% cos(3000t — 53.13°)u(t) mA P 13.20 415000 O18) +é o/s C sasisn v, (30/s)(5 x 10°/s) 1500 + O18 + (5 x 10%/s) 1500 x 10° (5? + 15,0005 + 50 x 108) 1500 x 10° ‘(s+ 5000)(s-+ 10,000) =H, he, _ Ks _ ~s * 8+5000 " s+ 10,000 Vo 1500 x 10° *5 = 003(10,000) 30P 13.21 Problems 13-23 1500 x 10° ; Ke 5000) (5000) - 1500 x 10% cS (—5000)(—10,000) ~ oy vy, — 2060 30 “55000 * 5+ 10,000 v9(t) = [30 ~ 60e~° + 30071 Ju(t) V Since we already have the solution for vp(t) when the initial voltage is zero, we will use superposition to determine the contribution of the initial voltage of 20 V. Var = output when 7 =0 Vee = output when y= —20V 18000 O.18Q side — ax10™ Vox | Vins Vs 6, Vai a #10" 5108 * 1500+ Os Vig = 20 + 15,000) 2 3+ 15,0008 + 50 x 105 -—4_,_%_ ~ s+5000 " s+ 10,000 —20(10,000) _ Ky= —5000—O 40 ~20(5000) Ky = 206000) ~ 99 Vea —40 ~ 5+ 500013-24 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis From the solution to Problem 13.20we have 30 oo, __30 ~“s ~ s+5000 " s+ 10,000 = Vor + Vor 100 +5000 * Sy v9(t) = [30 — 100° + 502-1 Ju(t) V- P 13.22 [a] 1, R + 3) = vse aut ov, aia vse até of 7 sc 0 vy, = Wel PONsb)_ _ 1,/C ° R+ sb + (1, s? + (R/L)s + (1/LC) Jy _ 9.6 x 10-8 _, } Fav TG — 3000 x 10° = 3 x 10° R_ 700 » Da? X10 = 625 Los 71400 Tg =3g* 10 = 625 x 10° u 3x 108 ° 8? + 14,000s + 625 x 10° 7 [bj sve= 3x 108s SF 140008 + 625 x 108 limsVo=0; ©. t9(00)=0 Jim s¥o=0; ©. v(0*)=0Problems 13-25 [e] 512 = —7000 + V9 x 10° — 625 x 10% = —7000 + 524,000 rad/s 3,000,000 (s+ 7000 — 24,000)(s + 7000 + 724,000) Uy = 125e~7 cos(24,000t — 90°) = [125e~7™ sin 24,000f}u(t) V P 13.23 Io= a - & _ 2 3x 108 ~ 100)(s + 7000 + 724,000) a 28x1oe xt ~ s (8 + 7000 — 724,000)(s + 7000 + 524,000) 9610-8 Ky Ky _ Ky ‘5+ 7000 — 724,000 s +7000 + 724,000 6 x 10° = 6 3 Ki = Sox age — 96x 10 Ke 6x 10° 2 * (= 7000 + 524,000) (748,000) _ 6 eee = @ +5248) =5 x 10-4/163.74' 6x10 9.6 x 107 p= PORNO _ DO x0" = [congugate terms} _ f__ -5/163.74° ~ [s+ 7000 — 524,000 + conguate | 10° = mngugate rs [staan Saeco * am coe] x10 ig = 10e~™ cos(24,000t — 16.26°)u(t) mA Check: ic(0*) = 10cos(—16.26°) = 9.6mA (ok) ie(cc) = 0 (ok)13-26 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis P 13.24 [a] cox * | a0? B0/aC ° 10 80/s _ 4x 108 20,000-+ (100 x 10%/s) ~ 5 + 5000 _ 4x 10-9 20 x 108 80,000 3+ 5000 3 s(s +5000) _ 4x10 80x 10° 320,000 2 s+5000° (s+ 5000) [b] h= vi [e] (2) = 4e-u(t) mA. a = (16 — 166-5 Mia Se apg! lt) = (16 ~ 16e"™™)ult) V 84 64 = (64 — 64e780000 Vas = SS app0) Malt) = 64 64e™ ult) V {d] (0+) =4ma +) = 89 9-3 iy(0") = 5p * 10-* = mA (checks) (0*) v2(0*) = (checks)Problems 13-27 (00) =16V; —_v,(00) = 64 V(checks) 14(00) + v2(00) = 80 V(checks) (50 x 10°) (00) = 800nC (12.5 x 10®)v9(00) = 800 nC (checks) 50,000 P 13.25 [al Yo= Sage 4000 —1, + so,000d, v, (s+30) . p 50,000 ____ 10,000 °~ (s+ 30)?(5s + 400) (5 + 30)°(s + 80) 50,0005 om Sele EF 0) 6 + 0) bh p= A 4302 1 +301 +80 _ 4, 4 (s+30? ~ 5+30 "5 +80 ig(t) = [200te~™ — 4e~" + 4e“"Ju(t) A Ki Kr, | Ke irae Vo= Grae t s430 + 5480 k= 92.000(=30) _ 59,099 50 @ 50,0008) =a 780 ew = 1000 50,000(—80) Ky= Tage = 71000 ‘vo(t) = [-30,000te* + 1600e~** — 1600e-*}u(t) V13-28 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 4k 21k P 13.26 [a] + 300/3C v,f dos 7210750 + Vo = 80/5 , 12.5Vo Vos ah 4000 s 21,0008 + 2 x 108 vin 122ls+ 20x10) °° (s+ 10,000)(s + 40,000) s+ 10,000 * s+ 40,000 Ky Ke = 256 ve=—a4 4 256 _ ° 5+ 10,000 * s+40,000 Volt) = (2564-00 — de! u(t) V 12.5Vo, 3 150(21s+20x 104) Ki Ka Ks > = (3+ 10,000)(s + 40,000) — s 1 s+10,000 * 5 +40,000 K,=75x10; = Ky=5x10; Ks = -80 x 10° g(t) = (75 + 5e7 1" — B0e~4. u(t) mA, [e] At t= 0* the circuit is aK 21kQ. aonv © vo") -Jf igo : 2o(0") = Meany = 252; ig(0*) Both values agree with our solutions for v, and iy.Problems 13-29 At t = oo the circuit is 4K 21k. sv oe - | ig~) T5mA +. ve(00) =0; —— ta(00) Both values agree with our solutions for v, and iy P 13.27 [al 400 “» 1080 20/80 15/8 15/8 200 I, 2)60/s 401, + 2 hy — In) + 108(T) — 15/8) = 20(Ia — 15/8) += or (6? 44s +.2)h — 2b = 1s -h+(s+1)h=12 \(@+4s+2) -2 -1 (s+1) (8 +2)(s+3) 15s -2 12 (s+1) 15s? + 158+ 2413-30 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis nome 15s? + 15s + 24 TD s(s+2)(8+3) 2 ls + 2) 15. (4 A942) 15s) 924 636-424 -1 12 h=-Me 12s? + 638 + 24 2D s(s+2)(s4+3) 5s? + 15s + 24 Dl oh = Eas+3) Jimsh=15 — -. &(0*)=15A lim sh; = +. in(00) =4A sh= 12s? + 635 + 24 2 s+ 2)(8 +3) Jimsh=12 -. (0*)=12A limsla=4 — *. ig(00)=4A a7 38 a= o- sya tees iy(t) = (4—27e- + 38e-Ju(t) A Lk 4 27 _ 19 2 s+2 543 g(t) = (4+ 27e* — 19e)u(t) A 250/s Q P 13.28 [al 10 18/sC 580 To VY-T/s VW Vn 10 a 20 ui 10 Va Ve=M , a= 75/s)s _ 5s 10 25000 0Problems 13-31 ‘Thus, 150 BV, — 2a = —25sV; + (s? + 25s + 50)V2 = 758 5 -2 =5(s +5)(s-+10) 25s s* + 258 + 50 = 375(s + 10) ya Nz— _375(8+10) _ 7 2D 5(st+5)(s+10) s+5 y,-B_ 375 e's s+5 s(s+5) Y%_ 15 3 Bs s(s+5 [b] »Q(t) = (75 — 75e“™)u(t) V ig(t) = (3 — Be )u(t) A {o] At t= 0F the cirenit is + + vo") = 100 ion] wv © 200 . igo") vo(0*)=0; io(0)=0 Checks13-82 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis At t =o the circuit is -- + ue) - 100 100 mv 200 I ifs) 75 20 (0°) = Tp nTAH 39 732A Cheds P 13.29 [a] v,/4 100 2080 4 s00/a |" vg 1400 Vo_, Vo~(600/s) | Ve=Vo _ 10/s 10 2s Vo Ms 140 +308 * a ~° Simplfying, (2s + 28 + 1)Vy — Vo = 1200 (358 —7)Vg+(s+7)%=0 2s? +2541 — 2 2s(s + 88 + 25) 358-7 s+7 2s? + 25+ 1 1200 A = —42,000s + 8400 358-7 0 @ 21,0008 +4200 _ —4200(5s ~ 1) ° s(s?4+8s+25) — s(s? +88 +25) {b] v.(0*) = Jim sV, = 0 4200Problems 13-33 [c] At ¢=0* the circuit is oe 2 84 450 e ov © 1400 8 v40" )=0 checks) At € = 00 the cirenit is Ve/4 le eS tiny + soo vy won #¥eC) -¢ - Vo - 600, Vo 7 tut 4° Vg =168V =V(co) (checks) 21,0008 +4200 _ Ki Ko Ky 3(s? + 88 + 25) 8 st+4— st4+ 73 +3) +4200 —4 + j3)(96) volt) = [168 + 7225.95e~* cos(3t + 91.33°)]u(t) V Check: v4(0+)=0V; — u9(c0) = 168V 84 + j3612 = 3612.98/91.33" P 13.30 [a] 4 y, 4 sQ + YsQ “tk 208V, 2)15/s + Via Ve , Vi~ (05/5) 5 47°13-34 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis Vo, VeVi (15/s) _ at ta 8 Simplfying, (8+4)Vi —4V, = 27 (s? +8 +2)V,— 2; = 158 st+4 -4 s(s +2)(8+3) -2 st+s4+2 s+4%7 A = 15s’ + 60s + 54 —2 lbs Nz _ 1587+60s+54_ Ki | Ka Vo= R= SeF 2043) et a4 54 120 + 54 Ky 9, Ke=——— =3 ** @@) EAD 135 — 180 + 54 an 9 3 3 Vor at aaa ses [b] vo(t) = (9+ 3e* + 3e~)u(t) V [e] At t=O": 40 o . 3 22 v0") S1sv vo(0*) = 15 V(checks)Problems 13-35 At t= 00: 4g a 22 v=) S)1sv 9V(checks) P 13.31 [a] VD ays’ vz 100s 1,° 2 500 2007, 5 PCr — fe) + 50(H, - 4/5) =0 100 3 Simplifying, (644 -2h=4 (In — 4/8) + Mn —h)+50h =0 —2h+(s+4b= & (s+4) -2 2 (s+4) 8% +88 +12 = (s+2)(s+6)13-36 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis | 4 -2 | _4s%4 165416 4(0 +2)? 8/s (s+ 4) $ 8 aM A+ 2? _ Ate +2) _ 4/38/38 1D ~ s(s+2)(84+6) s(s+6) 5 st+6 (s+4) 4) 165432 _ 16(s-+2) 2 8/s 0 6 aM 142) _ 16 _ 8/38/38 2A s(s+2)(s+6) s(s+6) 8 s+6 _, 4/3, 8/3 cee RES EG 4, _ 8/8 8/3 mS 546 {b] i,(¢) = (4/3)(1 + 2e-)u(t) A an(t) = (8/3)(1 — e-®)u(t) A 100, 100 /4/3 8/3 are. (Bs — 400/3 , 800/83 _ 40/3 , 400/9 _ 400/9 ~~ e s(s+6) st s s+6 _ 100 _ 100 (4/3 16/3 w= Mun 1)= (AB - BB _ 400/3 _ 1600/3 _ 400/3 _ 80/9 , 800/9 ~ s(s+6) 8? s s+6 _ 100 _ 100 (4/3 | 8/3 Y= —(/e—h) == (4 +26) 400/3 , 80/3 _ 400/3 st a(s+6) [d] v(t) = (400/9)(3¢ + 1 — e~*)u(t) V 400/9 _ 400/9 3 846 ‘up(t) = (400/9)(3t — 2+ 2e- u(t) V vet) = (400/9)(3t + 1 — e~™* u(t) VProblems 13-37 [e] Calculating the time when a capacitor’s voltage drop first reaches 1000 V: For va(t) oF ve(t) + 1000 (a) =3t+1— 2.5 Bt—e = 21.5 t=7.17s For w(t) Bt- 2+ 2e% = 22.5 Bt+ 2e-™ = 24.5, t=8.17s Thus, the capacitors whose voltage drops are designated v, and v will break down first, at a time of 7.178. P 13.32 [a] 25s | 250 susnz “ ia 50 Ig +25s(Io — Ip) + 25([ — h) = 0 2s(Ip— Io) + 2, + 5h +25( - 1.) =0 100 100 Bona ney ™ ‘Simplifying, (5s = 1)Ig + (58 + 5)lo = —500/s (5s? + 6s + 10)Jy + (—5s? — 5s), = 600 | = —25(s? + 3s +2) —5s-1 58 +5 5s? + 68+ 10 —5s? — 5813-38 | CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis -5s—1 —500/s [5s?+6s+10 600 (s* — 4.88 — 10) Ny 16s — 200 ~ A s(s+i)(s+2) [b] (0+) = Jim sf, = 20A 200 2 = 0* the circuit is 100A, fo(c0) = lim 5ly = [e] At x0") 50 Wig+5h=0; Ig—h = 100 . 20ly+5(Ly—100)=0; 25%y = 500 . I= 1,(0*) = 20 A(checks) At t+ 00 the circuit is =) 3S y ¢ I,(00) = —100 A(checks)Problems 13-39 stl _ 20496 = 200 _ Ka = = 84 2 EDO 80+ 192 — 200 Ks = ———— = 36 8° EID L —100 84 36 8 stl s+2 io(t) = (100 + 84e~* + 36e™*)u(t) A (00) = —100 A(checks) i,(0*) = —100 + 84 + 36 = 20 A(checks) P 13.33 uc =12 x 10°te "VV, C=5yuF; therefore io=O (42) = 66-9 — 50002) A ic >0 when 1>5000t or i¢>O when 0200ps ic =0 when 1-5000t=0, or t=200ps fe 12 x 10%e°™[1 — 50004] due dt = ig =0 when P 13.34 [a] The s-domain equivalent circuit is sLQ 4 — 1 Vy _ _Vo/k__ Rsk 3+ (R/L) Vn(woosd + sind) +a?13-40 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis __ Ko Ky Ki t= * + jw Vin(wL cos ¢ — Rsin¢) oO RP+eR QW where tan 0(w) =wL/R. Therefore, we have ___Valé Therefore T= Ta Tala) VRE ae Ow) ‘Therefore is, Vin Tipe camps let + 9 — (0) {e] The transient component vanishes when wLeos=Rsing or tang= 22 or =u) R P 13.35 25000 75002 gy % 50/8) 125x150 50 ° $ — 50/s 1.25 x 108 25,000 ™ * 2500+ (1.25 x 108/s) 5s 8(s +500) _ 2500(1.25 « 10°/s) _ 7500s-+5 x 10° Frm = 1500 + so + (1.25 x 10°/s) 3500Problems 13-41 Zn) g—> 1 Vane 50 p= —251000/s(8 + 500) a 4 500s +5 x 10° ° 5+ 500 _ 5000 _ 3000 ~~ s(s? + 2000s + 108) ~ s(s + 1000)? _K Ke Ks =" * Gr tooo * 5+ 1000 5000 " Ky = Tgp = 5x10 136 -sQ 1sQ 28.4) 5kQ 3s & 1.589) 136/, — sh + 1.58(h — ha) 0 = 1.59(fy—h,) + L1slz + 5000/2 Simplifying, aA = (0.58 + 136) — 1.5sl5 0 = -L5sh + (12.58 + 5000),13-42 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 0.55+136 -15s | =15s 12.55 +5000) 4(s + 200)(s + 850) | 88.4/s —1.5s 0 12.55 +5000 1105(s + 400) 3 _™M 276.25(s + 400) h=y7= A 5(s + 200)(s + 850) 276.25(s + 400) (5+ 200)(5 + 850) lim sh, = ix(c0) = 650mA [b] sh = Jim sh = i1(0) =0 _Ky, Ke Ks le) n=" + 5900 + 54 850 Ki =650x 10; Ky=—425x 10; Ky = -225 x 107° y(t) = (650 — 425-2 — 225e7®)u(t) mA. P 13.37 [a] From the solution to Problem 13.36 we have |0.55-+ 136 88.4/s | -155 0 . 132.6 33.15 4(s + 200)(s +850) — (s + 200)(s + 850) _ 51x 10S 51x 10-8 ~ s+ 200 8 +850 in(t) = (51e7™ — 51e*™ u(t) mA N= 132.6 . hh [b] Reversing the dot on the 12.5 H coil will reverse the sign of M, thus the cireuit becomes 1362 2sQ MsQ 5kQ 1.559} y, L ‘The two simulanteous equations are 88-4 _ (136 +.0.58)h, + 1.5shp 3Problems — 13-43 0 = 1.5sh + (12.58 + 5000) I, ‘When these equations are compared to those derived in Problem 13.39 we see the only difference is the algebraic sign of the 1.58 term. Thus reversing the dot will have no effect. on J, and will reverse the sign of Ja. Hence, ig(t) = (—51e? + 51e-™"Ju(t) mA P 13.38 [a] w= plait + plait Mizin iF [b] The s-domain circuit: w= [Zrany(9) + 516004) +30(6)] x 10° = 540mg 0.03v 0.01sQ| o.12v 0.0682 0.0380 000: ~) ~) 13500 -15V (600 + 0.048); — 0.035, = 0.18 —0.038h; + (0.098 + 1350)Ip = —0.27 0.04(s + 15,000) —0.03s =0.03 0.09(s + 15,000) = 27 x 10~(s + 10,000)(s + 30,000) 0.18 ~0.03s 0.27 0,09(s + 15,000) — 3+ 10,000 = 81 x 10-*(s + 30,000) M= M a 0.04(s + 15,000) 0.18 0.038 —0.27 N= —54 x 10-"(s + 30,000) Ne A s+ 10,000 fe] in(t) = Be u(t) A; s(t) = —2e 1 (4) A,13-44 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis (4) one = (600)(96°200*) = 54006-2900" Wy Pisson = (1350)(4e77) = 5400e-7°.0% We ‘Weo0 = ~ x 10% = 270mJ 5400 wise = Sy x 10 = 270s wr = 540mJ [e] With the dot reversed, w= plait + plaid = Miiz = 180 + 180 — 180 = 180 mJ ‘The s-domain equivalent circuit is 0.21v 0.07sQ] 0.24v 0.12s8Q ° 0.038 ~) ~) 1350 r , * 0 -15V Solving for 1, and Jy yields 3 -2 he—3, h= 1'5+30,000' 5+ 30,000 = A(t) = 3e~ u(t) Asia (t) = Ze (t) A ar500 = 5400 f° dt = 90m wisso = 5400 f 00.000 at = 99 mJ wr = 180md P 13.39 [a] s-domain equivalent cirenit is 80 av 4s te 242 1Problems 13-45 {b] : =8h+s(h+h)-1 O=-1+s(l+h) + 48h — 4+ 24lp or 8 {ti=+8h+sh 5=sht (s+ 24h s+8 58 |aae-0-419) s 5s+24 st+8 2 (s+ 4)(s +12) oo s(s +8) G¥4et dim sh =i2(0") = 1A [ce] sh= lim sa = é2(00) = 0 -*% Ky WW b= Sata Ky = Ky = 1/2; ig(t) = #4 eu(t) A P 13.40 For t <0: 5a — 160 75)13-46 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis For t > 0+ ae Xfoor 2af 120; 2 6Q Iy+M=364+12=48H; M-Ig=12-24=-12H 15x48=72; 15x 36=54 2, TIN 4832 54v 36sQ ie nop) | > a dl» 121, + 4.881, — 72 + (I, — I2)(6 — 1.28) = 0 (6 ~1.28)(fo — Io) + 3.68f, - 54=0 3(s+5) —(6—s) LA =(5— 8) 2( +2.5) -6-«)| 0 -6~ 5) | _a5s47) 45 2(s + 2.5) No__75(s +7) A 5(s+ 1)(s+ 10) Ky ka G+) * +10)Problems 13-47 10 5 s+1 > 5410 ig(t) = [l0e~* + 5e*4Ju(t) A P 13.41 The s-domain equivalent circuit is re 280) 12 26 509 = vy I 2.4 I Vi-12%/s | Yt2. 10+ (250/s)" 2s «2s +50 ____=300(s +28) ~ ($+ 25)(s? + 10s +125) 5? + 10s +125 Yu _ 300 ~~ (28+ 50)(s? + 10s + 125) — ~ (8+ 25)(s +5 — j10)(s + 5 + 710) Ky, __Ka K3 54257 S45—jl0 ” S¥54 p10 150 - - 3 = G5 — 2504 195 = 90010 K 150 Ka= (5 + j10 + 25)(920) = 150V5 x 10-9/63.43° ig(t) = [-300e- + 300V5e-™ cos(10¢ + 63.43°)}u(t) mA13-48 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis P 13.42 [a] Voltage source acting alone: ° 2kQ s ule 60/s@) 2x107s Tv, aK ° v Vai — 60/8 , _Vors Vor 2000 2x 108 © s +4000 Vo — —80:000(s + 4000) ‘01 * '3(¢+ 2000)(s + 3000) 20 5 + 2 amoiatv, TG Zao v 2k + s 4kQ 2x1078 T Vee piers v Vea, Vas, Vor — 48/ 2000 “ 2x 108 " 4000+ 5 96 x 10° (5 + 2000) (s + 3000) _ _ 6 x 10*(s + 4000) + 96 x 10° Vo = Vou + Vea = ‘s(s -+ 2000)(s + 3000) =M,_*% Ks DB] Vo= “+S 2000 * 5 3000 —8 108 82 “~s s+2000 " s +3000 Volt) = (56 — 108e~ 20 + 520-9 )u(t) V Veo = i pisa3 A= |" Yin) _ uYon YB Yin Yoa| Ny = |*1 Ye/ Pa) + 10 — (0/s)] b= Yo (Uy — 7)Problems 13-49 _™M Ba Substitution and simplification lead directly to Eq. 13.90. P 13.44 2s0x10/s ey 250%10%s 25K wo | —*, i> 13: og + Va=04/9 Vas, Va~ Vo) 000 * 250 10% * 250% 10% 5k 0.4/ (0-Va)s | (0-Vo) 250% 108 * “25,000 = ° —104V,, “ 3 Vals? + 20,0005 + 500 x 10°) = —20,000 —20,000 10)(s + 10,000 + 720,000) Ky 10° i) 8000 10° . a am) te)13-50 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 10,000 250 x 10% s(5 + 2500)(s + 5000) _Ki, Ke Ky Ub] Ve =" + SS o500 + 5+ 5000 250% 10° Ki = Foon a500) ~ ~*° =250 x 10° Ka= (—2500)(2500) — io Vo= - Vo(t) = (—20 + 406-25 — 202° u(t) V [e] —20 + 4067750 — 206750 — 5 . AQe7 5006 — 2Q¢7 600M — 15, Let ¢ = e-?*%, Then 40r = 202=15; or 2? 27 + 0.75=0 Solving, B=140.5 so 05 eRe = 0,5; x 10-6 = 277.26 ps [d] v)=mtu(t); y= eB =108s m 8000(s + 2500)(s + 5000) © _ ~12,500m © (8+ 2500)(s + 5000) 12,500m ~ (2500)(5000) — Ky =m x 10% -5 =—m x10 *, m=5000V/sProblems 13-51 P 13.46 [a 20k0 ¢ ask 8/sQ) S0x10/s TY, Vp— Vo , Ve—Vo 80,000 * 20,000 (s + 6250)V, — (s + 5000)V, = 1250V91 Vg ~ 1250V 91 8 Va= > 7500 x 10¢ (8 + 2500)(5 + 5000) Ke Ks 542500 * 5+ 5000 7500 x 104 _ 750 = (a500)(5000) ~ 125 ~ ° 7500 x 104 Ka= 100) (2500) Ky = 7300 10 A © (=5000)(—2500) Uo = [6 — 12e-" + Ge "Ju(t) V [b] 6 — 126-25 4. G50" 5 dete =e 2000 6— 12e +627 =5 1 2 og 4d v-2+E=013-52 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 1— 5/6 = 0.0871 *. e720 — 0.0871; (4.x 10°/s)(2 x 10°) _ 4x 10%(s +3) t 976.15 ps P 13.47 Za, = 400,000 + 2x 10° + (4 x 10/5) st2 Zp =8x 10° Vg = Zit, = T8*10%s +2) (0.18) _ -0.36(s +2) 1 Za 9 4x 10%(s+3) 5 s(s +3) ‘The final value of vp, is tig (28H) = 0 st+3 Thus, the first stage will not saturate. —0.24V Zan = 50 x 10° _-! S0(04.2) (80) 28.8(5+2) s(6+3) Vs. H(s-+3) vot) = (19.2t + 3.2 — 3.2e~)u(t) V ‘The second stage saturates when v, reaches 6.4 V. Thus 19.2t, + 3.2 — 3.26°™ 5.4; 6t,—1 t, must be greater than § or 166.68 ms. Using trial and error we find t, = 246.28 msProblems 13-53 P 13.48 [a] Let V, be the voltage across the 0.2 F capacitor, positive at the upper terminal and let V, be the voltage across the 2002 resistor, positive at the upper terminal. Then Ves, Va=Ve Va 5x 108 * 400,000 * 700,000 12.5 -y aM 400,000 107 Yeh, HW) 200,000 © 107 10° __ 2s+25) 2(s + 25)] | -312.5 ] (8) _ —5000 w= M © | [e+25) ()-3 [b] v(t) = —2500#u(t) V [e] The op amp will saturate when v, = —12.5V. =12.5 = 25000; ? = 0.005; #=0.071 = 71 ms Vo _ _1/sC 1 Vio R+1f/sC RCs+1 (/Re) 50 =p ey) TP = ~50 rad, H(s) 34 (/RO) ~ 3450" Pi 50 rad/s R__ RCs s R+i/sC RCs+1— s+(1/RC) Ss. s+50° sh ss Yio R+s~L) s+R/L s+3x 108 0; —m =-3 x 10% rad/s fq % R R/L___ 3x 10° Vio R+sL s+(R/L) s+3x 10° —p1 = -3 x 10° rad/s 4 =p = —50rad/s Vos Ve, Vo~Vi 5x 108 * 105 + 25 <10713-54 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis Vo + 25Ve + 100V, = 100V; 100 HO) == S105 —py = —125 rad/s P 13.50 [a] Let Ry = 40k; Ry=10k9; C,=500nF; and Cy =250nF. Then gyp= Rat MoOa)t/0y __(o+1/ PaO) (Rat deta) Crs (s+ Beat) 1 Go 4x 10° = 200 rad/s Ce+Cy _ 750x107? _ GxGpy ~ 1.25 < 10-3 ~ 900 tad/s — 4x 10°(s +200) 9 1 ~~ S(s+ 600) Z= Ry = 40x 10° 2 _Ve_ —100(s + 200) HO) =F =z (s+ 600) [b] 21 = —200rad/s —pi=0; —p = —600rad/s P 13.51 [a] BkQ. - + + Vy YaProblems — 13-55 _ 00V, 5% 105 62,500 ~ 3 —8000V,, 3 (5s + 62,500) — 4sV, = 62,500V,, Vo _ =15, » HO) = 7 = Sy ions + 125 x 10° 51.2 = —5000 + 25 x 10° — 125 x 10® = —5000 + 710,000 253 (8) = [3000 —710,000)(s + 5000 + 710,000) [b] —p: = —5000 + 710,000 rad/s 5000 — 10,000 rad/s z=0 e P 13.52 [a] Z = 10,000 + sie, 0000) 20s 8 a 25,000 _ 250 x 108 1 (25,000)(4 x 10-*)s+1 s+ 10,000 Z 15,0008 Hs) =—7 = TF 5000)(s + 10,000) [b] Zero at Poles at —p, = —5000 rad/s and —p, = —10,000 rad/s. P 13.53 [a] 4 800,000¥ gVi = Vo+ 50,0004 (16 x 10°/s) osy- 4 =v, $42013-56 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis, [b] —21 = 20rad/s —20rad/s P 13.54 4sQ 8x asQ = 12sh — 851, 0 = 85h; + (128 + 8000 + 4 x 10°/3s), 128 —8s —85 12s + 8000 + 4 x 10°/3s a = 80(s + 200)(s + 1000) | 125 Vy |-88 0) =85V, ———85¥p_ 80(s + 200)(s + 1000) To Ouls ~ V, (s+ 200)(s + 1000) —pi = —200 rad/s; —1000 rad/s P 13.55 [a] Vo 9 5000 7 Bet Vo(50 x 10-8)Problems 13-57 20 x 108s + 2000s + 10 x 108 60 x 10-85 Luv s+ 16 x 108" ‘10 2000s 3s? + 2000s + 107 (20003)(60 x 10-s) {61 Jo = F000 = 73000)(s-+ 1000 + 73000)(80 y(t) =0[b] 0 n(t-r) > ° (e-t0) a0 40 yo ut) = [ot = 40d), = 40(60— 2) #>50: y(t)=0 [e} The expressions are O HO) = 80,0006 OSt< 50 ps: t= f * 20(80 x 10%)eB000 gy = 20(1 — e800) y 50 pus St < 00: U9 = [ 20(80 x 10%)e=8 d\ = 20(e* — 1)e~8.000 I—soxs0-# 0 20 40 60 80 t(us) 100 [b] decrease [c] The cirenit with R= 4000.13-70 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 20, 8001, ol fs P 13.06 [a] lo = 55h 0B55 ~ 3+ 1000 L, _ 30 7, 7 BO = 51000 (A) = 800e71'u(4) 800- ho) 0 a jig t-A)pA iy Ge (imp [Oe x ts O) da + Ti g300(0-2€) a = 40e"-) — et -20V, 0.58 StS 1s 1-08 ‘ = A oA =n w= fo 100)(0.2e-°) da-+ [| 100(0.2¢~>) ar 105g +205 — a TT bos = 40e~-95) — ae“) — BetV, 1s St S00 ~™ os 7 8 2 To) [d] No, the circuit has memory because of the capacitive storage element.Problems 13-79 P 13.70 aoxi0},¢ woz, 40 x 10°F, 50 x 103 + 12.5 x 10°/s (10 x 10%) 80008 (= 5350 50 2x 10° A@)= soon [1 - sl 8000 — 5 250 h(t) = 80008(t) — 2 x 10-2" vo = [20 x 10-5)80006(0) ~2 x 10Fe-™J aa P08 “som + JEN, (6 10-9) [-2 x 10-2 dr 5x0 = —80 + 20,000 f | “ean — 10,000 f" “eB dy sx10-9 = —80 — 80(e-15 — 1) + 40(e1* = —120e7!9 + 40e-15 = —27.43 V en125) Alternate: axto-8 n=[, 6x woe ats [PP "(10 x 10-8)e~* at = BBe snes Benes) sos 3 Ve = IgH(s) = 5 — be 280* + 196-10] eal + 250) 1) 12e P10 ggg BxI0-s = 5430 34250 54250”13-80 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis Uo(t) = 40e~25 — 120e-2500-210- u(t — 2 x 10-8) $80¢7 21-810) u(t — 8 x 10-4) v9(7 x 10" Qe! — 12071 + 0 = —27.43V (checks) _v Le Pus.7l [al HO) = = Sy CRL)s + W/LO) 25 5 SF y10s425 (+5)? (A) = 25Ae- uA) na) vy(t-2) 10 a (0.215 t O0 = 250 ae (-A-D Las} =10e**[(5t + 1) — €°5(5t + 0.5)]Problems 20 ial 161 1 12 10 oa] | oa 02| ook © ar ae ‘oe og i ro) . 8s P13 HO) = 7 = spy ios = 545 5 4 =os [1-75] -08- 5 h(t) = 0.88(t) — de®" w= *750.86(A) —4e-} dd = I “606(X) dd — 300 if edn ee = 60 — 300° 5 = 60+ 60[e-* — 1] =60e*V_ 0 +> eal Ky = 50,000; Ky = 112,500 ig = 405(t) + [2 x 10° +.4.5 x 10% Ju(t) pA [ce] When C, = 80pF 125 x 108 A= 54 19,600" Vo(s + 12,500) , Va(s-+12,500) _ 10 (s+ 12,500) 500 x 108 15x10" 3 125% 108 wo+ay= 2 3 wes 3 v5 = 8u(t) V _ Vo _ 8 (8 +12,500) _ fx 12000 t= BaF go = 10x10 [Lt 1 ig(t) = 1606(t) + 2 x 10-°u(t) pA 1 RC, RoCr P 13.80 Let a= 1 1 Then i= Geeypay aNd *= Gera) Vo Ye, Me _ 10/3 Ly A a VeCa(8 +a) + VoOr(s + a) = (10/s)Ci(s +a) 3 F(asa) ion Qt, ‘Thus, v, is the input scaled by the factorProblems 13-87 P 13.81 [a] The s-domain circnit is sufv ax an — db, ‘The node-volts tion is V4 ¥ 4 V2 we node-voltage equation is + + sp =e eR In sryig were bear Therefore v = pRe“(*/49)'u(t) V =% 4 Y _ ole (R/te)) _ Ko = _ ply, _ pln “Tee ™"Tin = P “Titth Vi _@R/In)__ Ka, Ka 2 s[s+(R/L.)) 5 * 8+ (R/Le) ey =pla spin OMe Leh) “ith ‘Therefore V = Ky s+(R/L) Ko ‘Thus we have i [La + Loe P/M u(t) A < [ce] b= S| Ky ‘Therefore iz ~ REM u(t) [a] A(t) = Lnin + Lain = pla P 13.82 [a] As R00, v(t) —> pLe6(t) since the area under the impulse generating function is pL.. ply 5 Ro so- A co ply os wO- Tah & Roe a {b] The s-domain circuit is + eer bes VV _e plyly VV 8 therefore v= 2" = pi, apt ars = 5 therefore tne13-88 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis Therefore v(t) = pLe6(t) =p=%-(4_)(t hahaa (a + na) (3) ~ ip PE Therefore fy = ia = PP ult)A P 13.83 [a] For £<0, 0.5u,=2v; therefore vy = 402 01 + v2 = 100; {b] v2(0-) = 20V [e] v0") =0V [a] For #>0: 100/s therefore v,(0~) = 80V x 10-6 = 32 x 10°° 5/8 a(t) = 326(t) WA. 10° or 6 —— 32 t) dt =-( =16V ol 32 x 10-66(t) dt +80 = —64 + 80 = 16 10° pot 6, sf 32 x 10-*6(t) dt +20 ial Vg = SEAM 30 x 10-6 16+20=4V ° v9(0*) = 20V Check: v4(0*) +29(0*) = v3(0*) g(t) = 20u(t) VsProblems 13-89 P 13.84 [a] For t<0: sa) v 20.8KNEHD F155 Reg = O.SKA2I|AKAI|IGKL = 0.64K0; vv = 5(640) = 3200V _ 3200 3200 (07) = pgp =O8Ai 20") = Topp = O2A {b] For t>0: itin=0 8(Aix) = 2(Aia) (0) + Ai) + (07) + Ain = therefore Ai; = —0.2A Ain=-08A; — is(0*)=08-0.2=06A [el i2(0-) = 0.2 [d] 2(0*) =0.2-08=-06A [e] The s-domain equivalent circuit for t > 0 is 4x0: 0.00880 h ~ 00is + 20,000 s+ x(t) = 0.6e- u(t) A [f] in(t) = —t1(t) = —0.6€-22'u(t) A13-90 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 0016(s + 6.5 x 10°) s+2x 108 [eg] V = —0.0064 + (0.0085 + 4000), = 7200 ene = 16x10 9 x 108 v(t) = [-1.6 x 10-86(#)] — [7200e-*1"*u(z)] V P 13.85 1005x1052 0.75 100 + 25 x 108s. _ 06s _ yg __ 2400 ~ s+4000 "s+ 4000 volt) = 0.66(t) — 2400 u(t) V +20 x 10-85 [b] At ¢=0 the voltage impulse establishes a current in the inductors; thus a _ 108 or = i, (0) = al 750 x 10-%6(t) dt = 30. It follows that since iz(0-) = 0 that din _ FE (0) = 306(0) v9(0) = (20 x 10~*)(306(t)) = 0.66(t) This agrees with our solution. At t = 0* our circuit is 1009 SmH (ON 2am v, . ip(t)=30e"7 A, b> OF 7 =L/R=0.25ms . ix(t) = 30e™ A, t> 0%Problems 13-91 di va(t) = 20x 10 = =2400e-™V, > OF which agrees with our solution. P 13.86 [a] After making a source transformation, the circuit is as shown. The impulse current will pass through the capacitive branch since it appears as a short circuit to the impulsive current, 2500 qr h vy ro00P aoe Soni ‘Therefore v,(0*) = 10° f _ [73 dt =1000V ‘Therefore we = (0.5)Cv? = 0.5 [b] a1(0") therefore wy = 05 Vv, Vs 6 > > _ ays Ie) VoGQ0™s + 350+ 0.058 * i000 ~ 1 Therefore vy, = —_1000(s + 5000) °° 8 + 6000s + 25 x 106 Ki Ki = 53000 — 74000 * 5+ 3000 + 74000 Ky = 559.02/= 26.57; Kj = 559.02/26.57° Up = (1118.03e-* cos(4000¢ — 26.57°)]u(t) V13-92 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis [d] The s-domain cirenit: is 250 1K 107s 6 @io®? 0.0580 Vos, _Vo__, Vo 10% * 250+ 0.055 * 1000 Note that this equation is identical to that derived in part [¢), therefore the solution for V, will be the same. =10% P1387 [al 0.580 0.580 e a 20v0 ~) a) 37 Yo 1 1 20 = sh — 0.58h, 0=~0.55h + (s+ 2) he 05: : a=| * S| = 5? +3 — 0.255? = 0.75(s? + 4) -0.5s (s+ 3/s) 20 -0.58 60 _ 2087 +60 _ 20(s? +3) 0 (s+3/s) . ‘ 1, — Min 2088 +3) _ 80st 48 n= a A s(0.75)(s@+4) 3 3(s? +4) KtProblems 13-93 [20 me cos 2} u(t)A 3 a) = 10s 0.58 0 p-™ Ws 9 PD 0.758 +4) 3 = 10 (32) _ 20 go mag (3) get n= P cos2tu(t) A ts = 34- (3) 5 (eeu) “rane 40 e Ki = Fy = 10 = 10g Ki po stf v9 = 20cos(2t — 90°) = 20sin 2t v5 = [20sin 2¢}u(t) V [ad] Let us begin by noting a jumps from 0 to (80/3) A between 0- and 0* and in this same interval iz jumps from 0 to (40/3) A. Therefore in the derivatives of i and Za there will be impulses of (80/3)6(#) and '3)6(t), respectively. Thus 80 40. Jolt) — Fsin2tA/s 40 80. ole) — sin 2tA/s From the circuit diagram we have diy) -din 205(t) = 15} — 0.552 _ 30 40 206(t) , 40 = Olt) — sine — SO + sine = 206(t) ‘Thus our solutions for # and #2 are in agreement. with known circuit behavior, Let us also note the impulsive voltage will impart energy into the circuit. Since there is no resistance in the circuit, the energy will not dissipate.13-94 P 13.88 [a] CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis ‘Thus the fact that i, é2, and v, exist for all time is consistent with known circuit: behavior. Also note that although i; has a de component, iz does not. ‘This follows from known transformer behavior. Finally we note the flux linkage prior to the appearance of the impulsive voltage is zero. Now since v = d\/dt, the impulsive voltage source must be matched to an instantaneous change in flux linkage at t = 0* of 20. For the given polarity dots and reference directions of i, and iz we have A(Ot) = Lris(0*) + Mix (0*) — Loin(0*) — Miz(0*) 1-3 (8) 408 (%) -1(2) 19 120 60 ig- s4x10°0 2510750 4 x 10° +25 x 109/s+2x 105/s° os _ 54x 108 100 © 54x 108s +27 x 108 ~ 5 +500 ‘ve(t) = 100e~™ u(t) V At t =0 the impulsive current passes through the two capacitors. The voltage on the 0.04 )F capacitor at t = 0* is ot vo.04 = 25 x 10° [ 50 x 107%6(t) dt = 1250 ‘The voltage on the 0.5 F capacitor at ¢ = 0* is ot vos = 2% 10° [ 50 x 10-%6(t) dt = 100VProblems 13-95 Note this agrees with our solution. At t= 0* the cirenit is 0.04ue | + 1250 - ‘The equivalent capacitance is _ (0.04)(0.5) x 10° 1 “0.54% 10% 7 ‘Thus, the time constant is 7 = 54x 10°C, = 2ms Co ‘Therefore, 1/r = 500, which agrees with our solution. It follows that ‘up(t) = 1350e V, t>0e ‘Therefore 0. 0. which also agrees with our solution. v(t) = P 13.89 [a] The circuit parameters are 20? 120? Pu = F599 = 128 B= Fa9G ‘The branch currents are 120/0° 9 9 _ ; “p= 10 Alms) = srg yag 90° A(rms) k= pe 15/0 A(rms) L=h+ht+th= 5-52 = 25.17/= 6.65° A(rms) Therefore, ae (2) Vicos(wt—90°)A and i, = 25.17VFeos(wt — 6.65°) A ‘Thus, (0 =i,(0*)=0A and — i, (0) = i, (0*) = 25V2A13-96 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis [b] Begin by using the s-domain circuit: in Fig. 13.60 to solve for Vo symbolically Write a single node voltage equation: Vo- Wp + Lele) , Vo, Vo _ sl, Ra ha” Vp — (Ral Leo + ToPa °° s+ [Ra(La + La))/Lale where Ly = 1/120 H, La = 12/354 H, Ra = 122, and [pRq = 3002 V. Thus, 14407(122.92,/2s — 3000rV2) 3300/2, Y= (s+ 14751)(s? + 14,4000?) 8-4 14750 Ki 300v2 75e s+ liar ‘The coefficients are Ky =-121L.18V2V Ky = 61.03V2/6.85°V KK} = 61.03V2/— 6.85° Note that K’, +300/2 = 178.822 V. Thus, the inverse transform of Vo is Up = 178.82V/2e~ M7" + 129.06 V2 cos(1207t + 6.85°) V Initially, ‘ug(0*) = 178.82V2 + 122.062 cos 6.85° = 300V2V Note that at ¢ = 0+ the initial value of i,, which is 25/2 A, exists in the 12. resistor Ry. Thus, the initial value of Vp is (25¥2)(12) = 300V2 V. The phasor domain equivalent circuit, has a j1@ inductive impedance in series with the parallel combination of a 12 resistive impedance and a 1440/35 0 inductive impedance (remember that w = 1207 rad/s). Note that V, = 120/0° + (25.17/— 6.65°)(j1) = 125.43/11.50° V(rms). The node voltage equation in the phasor domain circuit is ‘Vo — 125.43/11.50° Yo, 35Vo _ fl 12" 1440 ~ Vo = 122.06/6.85° V(rms) Therefore, uy = 122.06V7 cos(120nt + 6.85°) V, agreeing with the steady-state component of the result in part (b). 0Problems 13-97 [d] A plot of xp, generated in Excel, is shown below. 09 sis) 25% 75 © 125 8 78 20 700 P 13.90 [a] At t= 0~ the phasor domain equivalent circuit is jan age 10 = 10/—90°A ( —j120(35) 35 385, ae Bp b= ae 33 = 728024 (rms) Is = 15 = 15/—90°A (rms) L=ht+tht+h — 35 — 25 = 25.17/—96.65°A (rms) iz, = 25.172 cos(1207t — 96.65°)A iz(0") = i, (0+) = -2.92V2A ae 3B aeos(120nt + 180°)A, %(07) =i2(0*) 2 = —2.92V2A Vy = Vo+ fll,13-98 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis V,= — 7120-425 ~ 5% = 25 — j122.92 = 125.43/ — 78.50°V (rms) Ug = 125.43y/2 cos(120mt — 78.50°)V = 125.43/3|eos 120nt cos 78.50° + sin 120nt sin 78.50" = 25yV/2cos 120mt + 122.92V2sin 1200t 252s + 122.92/2(1207) s+ (1200)? s-domain circuit: Vy = sly Leo vy, sla where 1 12 Li= zg Ha = age Pq = 122 i, (0) =-2.92V2A; — in(0) = -2.92V2A ‘The node voltage equation is — Vo (Ve +ix(O)Lt) | Vo | Vot+ia(O)La o= oly +R ake Solving for V, yields VoRa/ Lt Ralix(0) = i2(0)) [s+ Ra(Li t+ La)/Lali] © [s+ Ra(Li + La)/Lile] Ge) 14750 iz (0) — in(0) = -2.92V2 +2.92V2 =0 1440n [25/28 + 122.92/2(1207)] (oF MTORR 2057 1 _ 2 3 s+ aten * 57120 * 5+ 71200290 () lne-to-neutal Problems Ky, = -14.55v2 Ko = 61.03V2/— 83.15° + Ve(t) = —14.55V 2-47" + 129.062 cos(1207¢ — 83.15°)V Cheek vol(0) = 14.55 + 14.55) V2 = 0 13-9913-100 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis PSpice schematic u rm TOPEN =0 Len et 2.6526mH 0.0001 VAMPL = 177 380441 G)" Rt 7 3 @ “109.1348mH FREQ = 60Hz 12 8 TD =-0.532248ms . - PSpice output file 07/15/01 07:40:45 * seeeeee papice Lite (Mar 2000) *tteeessersseerse s+ profile: “scumarrci-tran” [ c:\shortcireuits\solutions\p9_76-SCHEMATICI-tran. sim ] CERCUET DESCRIPTION t+ creating circuit file "p9_76-SCHEMARICL-tran. sim.cir”™ ¢* WARNING: THIS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED FILE MAY BE OVERNRITESN BY SUBSEQUENT SIMULATIONS * Local Libr + From (PSPICE WBTLIST) section of C:\Program Files\Orcadnite\Pspice\Pspice.ini file: -1ib "nom.1ib” tanelysis directive: “TRAN 0 20ms 0 PROBE V(*) T(*) w(+) D(*) NOTSE(*) SINC ".\p9_76-SCHEMATICL. net” $444 INCLUDING p9_76-SCHEMATICL.net ¢¢++ + source P9_76 wun 00697 0 +SrN 0 177.989441¥ 6OH= -0.592240ms 0.0 ona N00697 WOL911 2. 6526mH ZC=0 cae 0 vo 109.134@mH Z0=0 aC 0 vo 42 ape vo 01211 0.0001 aOR 0 mo19s9 6 rue Yo NO1959 Sw topen PARAMS: tOper=0 ttranmiu Relosed=0.01 + Ropen=ittes 44% RESUMING p9_76-SCHEMATICI~tran. sim.cir ****13-101 Problems13-102 CHAPTER 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis [c] In the Practical Perspective the line-to-neutral voltage spikes at 300V2 V. In Prob. 13.89(c) the line-to-neutral voltage has no spike. Thus the amount of voltage disturbance depends on what part of the cycle the sinusoidal steady-state voltage is switched. P 13.91 [a] First find V, before Ry is disconnected. The phasor domain circuit is 3%, 1, + : rover, x, ZR (ras) L= 120/82 20/6 120/0° a Re f° iXe 120/08 - Xa = j Ra! RaRyX, (Pa + Re)Xa = jRaRs] Since X; = 19 we have V, = 120,00 + F202 ry + j(Ra + Re)Xo] RaRoXa R=29; m=80, x,- Mo 35 120/08 oe Fi Tang (1475 + 9300) = FB loroo + 512) = 125.43 /(0 + 11.50)" ‘Uy = 125.432 cos(120nt + 6 + 11.50°)V Let # = 0+ 11.50". Then Ug = 125.43V/2(cos 120m cos 6 — sin 120nt sin 8)V ‘Therefore 125.43,2(s cos 8 — 120m: s+ (1207)? in 8)