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(a) Shear stresses in closed, circular tube (b) Shear stress in open (slit), circular tube (c) Shear stress in rectangular section
(b) Uniform (unrestrained) warping: pure shear stress, St. Venant torsion (c) Nonuniform (restrained) warping (d) Warping normal stress in flanges (e) Warping shear force and warping shear stress in flanges