2-Axial Loading PDF

CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DIVISION OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS
V{tx E V{tx E
Axial Loading
MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 1
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek Mechanics of Materials
5
th
Edition in SI units
2. R.C.Hibbeler Mechanics of Materials Seventh Edition
Materials for this chapter are taken from :
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in the
structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics analyses
Introduction
alone are not sufficient.
Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member forces
and reactions which are statically indeterminate.
Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires
consideration of deformations in the member.
Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under axial
loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending loads.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
1. Saint-Venants Principle states that both
localized deformation and stress tend to
even out at a distance sufficiently
Saint-Venants Principle
even out at a distance sufficiently
removed from these regions.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Normal Strain under Axial Loading
stress
normal strain
P
A
L
= =
= =
L
A
P
A
P
=
= =
2
2
L L
A
P

= =
=
2
2
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Stress-Strain Test
rutlandplastics.co.uk
Tensile Test Machines & Specimens
deeshaimpex.com
www.tensilkut.com
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Stress-Strain Test: Ductile Materials
rupture
necking
Test specimen with tensile load -
elongation occurs until necking
and rupture.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Stress-Strain Test: Brittle Materials
Pottery, glass, and cast iron
Pottery, glass, and cast iron
Material that breaks suddenly under
stress at a point just beyond its elastic
limit
Brittle materials may also break
suddenly when given a sharp knock
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
AE
P
E
E = = =

From Hookes Law:
Deformations of Members under Axial Loading
From the definition of strain:
L
=
Equating and solving for the deformation,
AE
PL
=
AE
With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
=
i i i
i i
E A
L P
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Example 2.1
STEPS:
30 k
45 k 75 k
Determine the deformation of the
200
100mm 50mm
E GPa
D d
=
= =
STEPS:
Divide the rod into components at the
load application points.
Apply a free-body analysis on each
component to determine the internal
force
Evaluate the total of the component
120 mm
200 mm
120 mm
Determine the deformation of the
steel rod shown under the given
loads.
Evaluate the total of the component
deflections.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into three
components:
Apply free-body analysis to each component to
determine internal forces,
1
30kN
15kN
P
P
=
=
30 k
A B C
D
2
3
15kN
60kN
P
P
=
=
Evaluate total deflection,
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
3 3 3
1
30 10 0.12 15 10 0.12 60 10 0.2
1
i i
i
i i
PL PL PL PL
AE E A A A
| |
= = + +
|
\
(
= + +
(

P
2
30 k
45 k 75 k
30 k
30 k
30 k
45 k
45 k 75 k
P
P
1
D
1 2
-3 2
1 2
120mm
7.854 10 m
L L
A A
= =
= =
3
3 2
3
200mm
1.96 10 m
L
A

=
=
9 3 3 3
5
200 10 7.854 10 7.854 10 1.96 10
3.1758 10 m

= + +
(

(

=
5
3.1758 10 m

=
P
3
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB
Example 2.2
and CD.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPa)
and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm
2
.
Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and
has a cross-sectional area of (600 mm
2
).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Displacement of B:
( )( )
( )( )
m 3 . 0 N 10 60
9 2 6 -
3

=
=
AE
PL
B
Free body: Bar BDE

Solution
( )( )
m 10 514
Pa 10 70 m 10 500
6
9 2 6 -
=

=
= mm 514 . 0
B
Displacement of D:
( )( )
3
=
AE
PL
D
( )
tension F
F
M
CD
CD
B
kN 90
m 2 . 0 m 6 . 0 kN 30 0
0
+ =
+ =
=

( )( )
( )( )
m 10 300
Pa 10 200 m 10 600
m 4 . 0 N 10 90
6
9 2 6 -
3
=

=
= mm 300 . 0
D
( )
n compressio F
F
tension F
AB
AB
CD
kN 60
m 2 . 0 m 4 . 0 kN 30 0
0 M
kN 90
D
=
=
=
+ =
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Displacement of D:
( )
200 mm
0.514 mm
BB BH
DD HD
x
( )
200 mm
0.514 mm
0.300 mm
73.7 mm
x
x
x
=
=
( )
400 73.7 mm
E
EE HE
DD HD
+
=
= mm 928 . 1
E
( )
400 73.7 mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
1.928 mm
E
E
+
=
=
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Statically Indeterminate Problems
Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said to
be statically indeterminate.
A structure will be statically indeterminate whenever
it is held by more supports than are required to
maintain its equilibrium.
maintain its equilibrium.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Redundant reactions are replaced with
unknown loads which along with the other
Statically Indeterminate Problems
loads must produce compatible
deformations.
Deformations due to actual loads and
redundant reactions are determined
separately and then added or superposed.
0 = + =
R L

CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Example 2.3
Determine the reactions at A and B for the Determine the reactions at A and B for the
steel bar and loading shown, assuming a
close fit at both supports before the loads are
applied.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
STEPS:
Consider the reaction at B as redundant,
release the bar from that support, and solve
Example 2.3
Require that the displacements due to the
loads and due to the redundant reaction be
Solve for the displacement at B due to the
redundant reaction at B.
release the bar from that support, and solve
for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads.
Solve for the reaction at A due to applied
loads and the reaction found at B.
loads and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible, i.e., require that their sum be
zero.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied loads with
the redundant constraint released,
A A A A
P P P P
2 6 2 6
3
4
3
3 2 1
m 10 250 m 10 400
N 10 900 N 10 600 0
= = = =
= = = =

E E A
L P
L L L L
A A A A
i i i
i i
9
L
4 3 2 1
2 6
4 3
2 6
2 1
10 125 . 1
m 150 . 0
m 10 250 m 10 400
=
= = = =
= = = =

Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant

constraint,
( )

= =
= =
= =
= =

i
B
i i
i i
R
B
E
R
E A
L P
L L
A A
R P P
3
2 1
2 6
2
2 6
1
2 1
10 95 . 1
m 300 . 0
m 10 250 m 10 400
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
( )
0
3 9

= + =
R L

( )
kN 577 N 10 577
0
10 95 . 1 10 125 . 1
3
3 9
= =
=
=
B
B
R
E
R
E
Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

kN 323
kN 577 kN 600 kN 300 0
=
+ = =
A y
R
R F
kN 323 =
A
R
kN 577
kN 323
=
=
B
A
R
R
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Example 2.4
The A-36 steel rod shown has a diameter of 5 mm.
It is attached to the fixed wall at A, and before it is
loaded there is a gap between the wall at and the loaded there is a gap between the wall at and the
rod of 1 mm. Determine the reactions at A and B.
Consider the support at B as redundant
and using principle of superposition,
Solution
0.001
p B
+ =
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Thus,
( )
( )
3
20 10 0.4
PL
(

Example 2.4
By substituting into compatibility equation,
( )
6
0.001 0.002037 0.3056 10 F
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
9
9
6
20 10 0.4
0.0025 200 10
0.002037
1.2
0.0025 200 10
0.3056 10
AC
P
B
B AB
B
B
PL
AE
F
F L
AE
F

= =
(

=
= =
(

=

m

( )
( )
6
3
0.001 0.002037 0.3056 10
3.39 10 3.39 kN (Ans)
B
B
F
F
=
= =
From the free-body diagram,
0;
20 3.39 0
16.6

kN (Ans)
x
A
A
F
F
F
+ =
+ =
=
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Problems Involving Temperature Changes
A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
( )
;
thermal expansioncoef.
T P
PL
T L
AE

= =
=
Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
The thermal deformation and the deformation from
( )
0
0
T P
PL
T L
AE

= + =
+ =
The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
( )
( )
0
T P
P AE T
P
E T
A

= + =
=
= =
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N
at 20C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20C, what is the
Example 2.5
at 20C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20C, what is the
minimum diameter of the rod? Assume = 11.7 m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Apply the total deformation formula
and obtain the area of the rod.
Get the diameter considering
formula for area.
Example 2.5
and obtain the area of the rod.
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
5000
T st
L PL
L T
E AE
P
E T
A

= +
= +
= +
formula for area.
2
1
137.36
4
13.22 .
d
d mm Ans
=
=
( )
( )( )
6
2
5000
130 11.7 10 200000 20 20
137.36
A
A mm
= +
=
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Example 2.6
The rigid bar is fixed to the top of the three
posts made of A-36 steel and 2014-T6 posts made of A-36 steel and 2014-T6
aluminum. The posts each have a length of
250 mm when no load is applied to the bar,
and the temperature is T
1
= 20C.
Determine the force supported by each post
if the bar is subjected to a uniform distributed
load of 150 kN/m and the temperature is
raised to T
2
= 80C.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
From free-body diagram we have
0;
y
F + =
Example 2.6
Solution
The final position of the top of each
post is equal to its displacement
caused by the temperature increase
The top of each post is displaced by
an equal amount and hence,
( )
3
0;
2 90 10 0 (1)
y
st al
F
F F
+ =
+ =
caused by the temperature increase
and internal axial compressive force.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

st st st
T F
al al al
T F

+ = +
+ = +
( )
(2)
st al
+ =
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
F
al
T
st
F
st
T
st
+ = +
Applying Eq. 2 gives
With reference from the material properties, we have
( ) | |( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) | |( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) (3) 10 9 . 165 216 . 1
10 1 . 73 03 . 0
25 . 0
25 . 0 20 80 10 23
10 200 02 . 0
25 . 0
25 . 0 20 80 10 12
3
9
2
6
9
2
6
=
+ = +

al st
al st
F F
F F

Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields
Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields
(Ans) kN 123 and kN 4 . 16 = =
al st
F F
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
Supplementary Problem 2
1. An aluminium tube is fastened between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the value of P that will not exceed a
maximum overall deformation of 2 mm or a stress in the steel of 140 MPa, in the
aluminium of 80 MPa, or in bronze of 120 MPa. Assume that the assembly is suitably aluminium of 80 MPa, or in bronze of 120 MPa. Assume that the assembly is suitably
braced to prevent buckling.
D C 1.2 m
Aluminium
A = 600 mm
2
E = 70 GPa
Steel
A = 300 mm
2
E = 200 GPa
Bronze
A = 450 mm
2
E = 83 GPa
0.6 m 1.0 m 0.8 m
P 4P
2P
3P
2. The assembly consists of three titanium (Ti-6A1-
4V) rods and a rigid bar AC. The cross-sectional
area of each rod is given in the figure. If a force
of 30 kN is applied to the ring F, determine the
horizontal displacement of point F.
A
D C
B
E
1.2 m
0.3 m
A
CD
= 600 mm
2
1.8 m
A
AB
= 900 mm
2
F
0.6 m
0.3 m
A
EF
= 1200 mm
2
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
3. The composite bar in Fig. 2.3 is stress-free
before the axial loads P
1
and P
2
are
applied. Assuming that the walls are rigid,
500 mm 250 mm 350 mm
P
1
P
2
applied. Assuming that the walls are rigid,
calculate the stress in each material if P
1
=
150 kN and P
2
= 90 kN.
Aluminium
A = 900 mm
2
E = 70 GPa
Steel
A = 2000 mm
2
E = 200 GPa
Bronze
A = 1200 mm
2
E = 83 GPa
4. A rigid block of mass M is supported by
three symmetrically spaced rods as shown.
Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm
2
;
Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm
2
;
E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 70
MPa. The steel rod has an area of 1200
mm
2
; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable
stress is 140 MPa. Determine the largest
mass M which can be supported.
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
5. The assembly has the diameters and
material make-up indicated. If it fits securely
between its fixed supports when the
1.2 m 1.8 m 0.9 m
D A
between its fixed supports when the
temperature is T
1
= 20C, determine the
average normal stress in each material
when the temperature reaches T
2
= 40C.
6. The two circular rod segments, one of
aluminum and the other of copper, are fixed
to the rigid walls such that there is a gap of
0.2 mm between them when T = 15C.
Stainless Steel
E = 200 GPa
= 100 mm
Bronze
E = 83 GPa
= 200 mm
D
Aluminium
E = 70 GPa
= 300 mm
C B
A
Copper Aluminium
0.2 mm
0.2 mm between them when T
1
= 15C.
What larger temperature T
2
is required in
order to just close the gap? Each rod has a
diameter of 30 mm . Determine the average
normal stress in each rod if T
2
= 95C.
Aluminium
E = 70 GPa
= 24 (10
-6
)/
o
C
Copper Aluminium
100 mm 200 mm
Copper
E = 126 GPa
=17(10
-6
)/
o
C
CHAPTER 2
AXIAL LOADING
7. Four steel bars jointly support a mass of 15
Mg as shown in Fig. 2.7. Each bar has a
60
o
C D B A
cross-sectional area of 600 mm
2
. Find the
load carried by each bar after a
temperature rise of 50C. Assume = 11.7
m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.
15
Mg
15
o
15
o
60
o

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CHAPTER 2

Free body: Bar BDE

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 12

Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant

Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

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