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1. Normele conflictuale

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trimitere, de fixare.

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drept aplicabLO litigiului.

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a)

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de

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prin

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- lex causae - vQ VSH

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n materia statutului

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lex succesionis. lex

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actului juridic

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j) locul unde are loc faptul juridic (ilicit)

lex

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lex loci

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lex

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general, Legea nr. 105/1992. juridice care intU normei.

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ramurile de drept FURUD

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B. normele conflictuale bilDWHUDOH

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n care

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prin formula "normele conflictuale sunt ale forului", n care "legea forului" (lex fori H[SULP VLVWHPXO
GH GUHSW DO LQVWDQHL VHVL]DWH

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DSOLFH

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d) un alt argument se poate deduce din

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care, atunci cnd au

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1. Normele materiale

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Spre deosebire de normele conflictuale, cele materiale crmuiesc n mod direct aceste raporturi juridice.
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2. n cadrul

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11

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 vQ GRX FD]XUL /HJHD VWULQ VH vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH FRQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU D GDF vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW URPkQ E GDF D GHYHQLW FRPSHWHQW SULQ IUDXG

CAPITOLUL 8

6HF LXQHD  2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

 2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW URPkQ
HVWH IRUPDW GLQ DQVDPEOXO

principiilor fundamentale de drept ale statului romn, aplicabile n raporturile juridice cu element de extraneitate.
H[FHSLD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW
6XE DVSHFW SURFHGXUDO RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW VH PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ

SULYDW $FHVWD HVWH FRQLQXWXO DEVWUDFW DO QRLXQLL

IXQGDPHQWDOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL DSOLFDELOH vQ UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQal

Elementele definitorii DOH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW A. &RQLQXWXO QRLXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW vO

FRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSLLOH

n mod curent DFHVW FRQLQXW HVWH VWDELOLW vQ GRX juridic fundamental al statului nostru, astfel nct

moduri:

GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW URPkQ FRQVDFU XQ SULQFLSLX

a) GH UHJXO

HO VH GHWHUPLQ GH FWUH LQVWDQD GH MXGHFDW FDUH YD VWDELOL FkQG R QRUP

vQFOFDUHD OXL GH FWUH OHJHD VWULQ FRPSHWHQW vQ VSH SRDWH V MXVWLILFH vQOWXUDUHD DFHVWHL OHJL

vQFOFDUH FRQVWLWXLH XQ WHPHL GH LQYRFDUH D RUGLQHL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW URPkQ L GHFL GH vQOWXUDUH GH OD DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWULQH FRQWUDUH % ([FHSLD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FDUH H[SULP SH SODQ SURFHGXUDO DFHDVW LQVWLWXLH MXULGLF & ([FHSLD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HVWH DGPLV vPSLHGLF SURGXFHUHD SH

de la aplicare. b) n anumite cazuri

OHJLXLWRUXO URPkQ vQVXL VWDELOHWH H[SOLFLW QRUPHOH MXULGLFH D FURU

este o H[FHSLH GH IRQG FDUH SRDWH IL LQYRFDW GH RULFH SDUWH LQWHUHVDW VDX GH LQVWDQ GLQ RILFLX
H[FHSLH WHULWRULXO

ULL

D HIHFWHORU XQHL OHJL VWULQH GDU DFHDVWD FD DWDUH QX SRDWH IL DIHFWDW GH DFHDVW

QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY GHRDUHFH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ D

' /HJHD VWULQ DOH FUHL HIHFWH VXQW vPSLHGLFDWH V VH SURGXF SH WHULWRULXO

ULL DU IL IRVW

LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW

trimis la ea. 2. &RPSDUDLH vQWUH RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ L

&HOH GRX LQVWLWXLL VH

RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW

OHJHD DFHVWRUD 'H DVHPHQHD DFHVWH LQVWLWXLL vL DX L]YRUXO vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DO VWDWXOXL QWUH FHOH GRX IHOXUL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF H[LVW vQV

SUHFL]DUHD F RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ FHQ]XUHD] DFWHOH MXULGLFH DOH SULORU FDUH FRQVWLWXLH

DVHDPQ

SULQ IDSWXO F DPkQGRX vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH R OHJH FX

deosebiri LPSRUWDQWH L DQXPH a) DX IXQFLL GLIHULWe, astfel: - RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ FDUH HVWH GDW GH DQVDPEOXO QRUPHORU LPSHUDWLYH DOH sistemului de drept respectiv, are ca scop mpiedicarea producerii efectelor actelor juridice care
VXQW FRQWUDUH DFHVWRU QRUPH HD H[SULP OLPLWHOH DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ D SULORU vQ UDSRUWXULOH

WHULWRULXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL D HIHFWHORU XQHL OHJL VWULQH GHL QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXO

juridice interne; - RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW are scopul de a mpiedica aplicarea, pe juridiF UHVSHFWLY DDGDU HD H[SULP OLPLWHOH DSOLFULL OHJLL VWULQH vQ DUD IRUXOXL b) au sfere de aplicare diferite vQ VHQVXO F RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ HVWH PDL ODUJ
VIHU UH]LG vQ DFHHD F VWDWXO UHJOHPHQWHD] FX PDL PXOW IHUPLWDWH UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW

GHFkW FHD GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW Q FRQVHFLQ QX WRW FHHD FH HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ

GUHSWXO LQWHUQ HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF L vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW ([SOLFDLD DFHVWHL GLIHUHQH GH

intern dect cele de drept interQDLRQDO SULYDW 3. Prevederi legale

12

SULYDW XQD GLQ XUPWRDUHOH VROXLL

D $FWHOH QRUPDWLYH LQWHUQH DGRSW FX SULYLUH OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO vQ DEVWUDFW

1. 'H UHJXO ele QX VWDELOHVF FRQLQXWXO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH FL QXPDL SUHYG pRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL DFHVWHLD vQ GRPHQLLOH PDWHULLOH SH FDUH OH UHJOHPHQWHD] privat romn". 2. n unele cazuri

VXQW UHVSHFWDWH vQ 5RPkQLD DIDU QXPDL GDF VXQW FRQWUDUH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO vQV

'H H[HPSOX DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH F 'UHSWXULOH FkWLJDWH vQ DU VWULQ

GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ VHQVXO F LQGLF QRUPHOH MXULGLFH D FURU vQFOFDUH MXVWLILF DSOLFDUHD H[FHSLHL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW

OHJHD VWDELOHWH L FRQLQXWXO FRQFUHW DO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH, n

SULYDW URPkQ % OHJHD RFURWHWH RUGLQHD SXEOLF D FUXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO vQ VSH $ 3HQWUX SULPD VLWXDLH SRDWH IL GDW XUPWRUXO H[HPSOX

6XQW GRX VLWXDLL $ OHJHD VWDELOHWH QXPDL FRQLQXWXO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO

LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW DO SULQFLSLXOXL OLEHUWLL GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH SHQWUX FHWHQLL URPkQL

- DUW

 DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH FRQVDFU FDUDFWHUXO GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW

D RULFUXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW QRUPDO DSOLFDELO vQ VSH Q DFHVWH FD]XUL QH DIOP vQ IDD XQRU SUHYHGHUL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FX DFLXQH GXEO SHQWUX GUHSWXO URPkQ L SHQWUX FHO VWULQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDre D 6H vQFDGUHD] vQ DFHDVW VLWXDLH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 

% /HJHD URPkQ RFURWHWH vQ DQXPLWH FD]XUL RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW

este

aplicabil).

VXSXQH WUDQVPLWHUHD SHQWUX PRWHQLUH D EXQXULORU VDOH DOWHL OHJL GHFkW OHJHD VD QDLRQDO GDF HVWH VXFFHVLXQH LPRELOLDU

- testatorul poate

YRUED GH R VXFFHVLXQH PRELOLDU VDX OHJHD ORFXOXL VLWXULL EXQXOXL GDF HVWH YRUED GH R

DFHVW FD] GLVSR]LLLOH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF DOH RULFUXLD GLQWUH VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOH VXFFHVLXQLL

IU D DYHD GUHSWXO V vQOWXUH GLVSR]LLLOH HL LPSHUDWLYH

$DGDU vQ

(romn sau sWULQ WUHEXLH UHVSHFWDWH

RUGLQHD SXEOLF HVWH SUHY]XW GH UHJXO vQ

E Q FRQYHQLL LQWHUQDLRQDOH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH L]YRDUH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW 'H H[HPSOX &RQYHQLD GH OD 1HZ <RUN SHQWUX UHFXQRDWHUHD L H[HFXWDUHD VHQWLQHORU

mod abstract.

DUELWUDOH VWULQH GLQ  OD FDUH 5RPkQLD D DGHUDW SULQ 'HFUHWXO QU  vQ DUW 9 DOLQ  OLW DOWHOH GDF HVWH FRQWUDU RUGLQLL SXEOLFe

E SUHYHGH F UHFXQRDWHUHD L H[HFXWDUHD XQHL VHQWLQH DUELWUDOH VWULQH SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SULQWUH  2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW SUH]LQW XUPWRDUHOH FDUDFWHUH HVHQLDOH:

a statului solicitat.

RUGLQHD SXEOLF VH LQWHUSUHWHD] SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXOXL URPkQ 2 VLWXDLH VSHFLDO R FRQVWLWXLH WRWXL QRUPHOH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FX DFLXQH GXEO LQVWDQD GH MXGHFDW

a)

GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VSD LDO DUH XQ FDUDFWHU QD LRQDO vQ FRQ LQXWXO V X vQ VHQVXO F

b) din punct de vedere temporal

SURQXQULL

VWULQWDWH

VHQWLQD VWULQ DOH FUHL HIHFWH VH FHU D IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD D IRVW SURQXQDW vQ

KRWUkULL LDU QX FHO GLQ PRPHQWXO vQFKHLHULL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF VDX GLQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH

URPkQ WUHEXLH V LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FRQLQXWXO RUGinii

RUGLQHD SXEOLF DUH XQ FDUDFWHU

actual, vQ VHQVXO F publice din momentul

GH OD UHJXOD F OHJHD VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW WUHEXLH V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FX HOHPHQW

c) din punct de vedere material (pe fond)

RUGLQHD SXEOLF DUH XQ FDUDFWHU GH H[FHSLH

de extraneitate.

&RQVHFLQHOH DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU VXQW vQ HVHQ XUPWRDUHOH

VWU LQH SH WHULWRULXO

vPSLHGLF SURGXFHUHD HIHFWHORU OHJLL ULL L SH FDOH GH FRQVHFLQ DWUDJH DSOLFDUHD vQ ORFXO DFHVWHLD D OHJLL romne), numai vQ PVXUD VWULFW n care aceste efecte contravin principiilor fundamentale ale

- ordinea SXEOLF HVWH GH VWULFW LQWHUSUHWDUH - RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

dreptului romn.

efecte: a) un efect negativ L DQXPH vQOWXUDUHD GH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH FDUH UH]XOW GLQ prevederile DUW  DOLQ  OLW D GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD $SOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH VH
vQOWXU GDF vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

 2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW DUH GRX

Un exemplu de efect negativ este consacrat de art. 18 alin. 2 din Legea nr. 105/1992, coQIRUP FUXLD GDF XQD GLQWUH OHJLOH VWULQH DSOLFDELOH FRQGLLLORU GH IRQG DOH FVWRULHL SUHYHGH
vQFKHLD R FVWRULH DFHO LPSHGLPHQW YD IL vQOWXUDW FD LQDSlicabil FD]XO vQOWXUULL OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ

XQ LPSHGLPHQW OD FVWRULH FDUH SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL URPkQ HVWH LQFRPSDWLELO FX OLEHUWDWHD GH D

c) un efect pozitiv,

SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD Q

..."

13

HIHFWHOH OHJLL VWULQH

Efectul pozitiv al ordinii publice se poate manifesta vQ GRX PRGXUL a) implicit (mai atenuat vQ VHQVXO F OHJHD IRUXOXL HVWH DSOLFDW QXPDL

SHQWUX D vQOWXUD

OVDW SULQ vQOWXUDUHD OHJLL VWULQH

b) explicit (mai ferm vQ VHQVXO F OHJHD IRUXOXL HVWH DSOLFDW L vQ PDWHULDOLWDWHD HL vQ JROXO 6. 6IHUHOH QRLXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW

FRQIOLFWXDO vQ FDUH VH LQYRF

6IHUD QRLXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW HVWH GLIHULW vQ IXQFLH GH FDGUXO $VWIHO RUGLQHD SXEOLF SRDWH IL LQYRFDW ILH vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSDLX ILH DO

FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSDLX

6IHUD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH HVWH PDL ODUJ

FHOXL vQ WLPS L VSD LX 'HFL QX WRDWH SULQFLSLLOH MXULGLFH FDUH VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF

GUHSWXUL GHMD GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH

sunt invoFDWH 7.

vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSDLX VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF L DWXQFL FkQG SULYHVF

vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX GHFkW D

DWXQFL FkQG

&RPSDUD LH vQWUH RUGLQHD SXEOLF

DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW

XQXL SULQFLSLX LQWHUHV IXQGDPHQWDO DO OHJLL IRUXOXL L WRWRGDW DX DFHODL HIHFW L DQXPH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL IRUXOXL vQ ORFXO FHOHL VWULQH

QWUH FHOH GRX LQVWLWXLL H[LVW DVHPQUL FRQVWkQG vQ DFHHD F DX FD UDLXQH

GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

L QRUPHOH GH

ocrotirea

vQ FD]XO HL QX VH SXQH SUREOHPD DSOLFULL XQHL OHJL VWULQH QRUPD GH DSOLFDLH LPHGLDW FRQLQkQG VROXLD MXULGLF vQ

Deosebirea HVHQLDO GLQWUH HOH UH]LG vQ PHFDQLVPXO ORJLF DO DSOLFULL L DQXPH - QRUPD GH DSOLFDLH LPHGLDW vQOWXU GH OD vQFHSXW QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FRPSHWHQW chiar cuprinsul ei; -

L GHFL

URPkQ D IRVW DSOLFDW SHQWUX D vQOWXUD HIHFWHOH OHJLL VWULQH QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH FDUH FRQWUDYLQ

RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW VH ULGLF QXPDL GXS FH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

principiilor fundamentale ale dreptului forului.

6HFLXQHD D -a )UDXGDUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW

IRORVLQG vQ VFRS IUDXGXORV LOLFLW XQ PLMORF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW DX IFXW DSOLFDELO DFHOXL  )UDXGDUHD OHJLL vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW VH SRDWH IDFH GH UHJXO vQ GRX  ([LVW IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW DWXQFL FkQG SULOH XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF

UDSRUW MXULGLF XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH
PRGDOLW

L

QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH SHQWUX LSRWH]D FUHDW VH WULPLWH OD XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW GUHSWXO LQWHUQ

H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH GHFODQHD] DUWLILFLDO XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL LDU SULQ DSOLFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

a) ntr-un raport juridic de drept intern se introduce n mod fraudulos un element de

IUDXGXORV SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU IFkQG DSOLFDELO DFHOXL UDSRUW MXULGLF SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO QRUPHL

(care ar fi fost n mod firesc aplicabil). b) ntr-XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF FDUH DUH

GHMD XQ HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SULOH VFKLPE vQ VFRS XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO

conflictuale aplicabile pentru noul punct de lHJWXU

FRPSHWHQW FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH LQLLDOH XUPWRDUHOH FRQGLLL:
OHJ WXU

 3HQWUX D H[LVWD IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW WUHEXLH vQWUXQLWH FXPXODWLY

D V H[LVWH XQ DFW GH YRLQ D SULL SULORU vQ VHQVXO GHSODVULL SXQFWXOXL GH  SULYLWRU OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF E SULOH V IRORVHDVF XQ PLMORF GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW FDUH SULQ HO vQVXL HVWH

licit.

c) VFRSXO XUPULW GH SUL V ILH LOLFLW d) UH]XOWDWXO UHDOL]DW GH SUL V ILH LOLFLW

GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW WUHEXLH V ILH RELQXW GDF V-ar

5H]XOWDWXO UHDOL]DW GH SUL SULQ DSOLFDUHD vQ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY D XQXL DOW VLVWHP GH

SHQWUX SUL GH D VYkUL R DVHPHQHD IUDXG OD OHJH IFXW R

mai favorabil acestora dect cel care s-ar fi fi aplicat sistemul de drept nRUPDO FRPSHWHQW Q FD] FRQWUDU QX DU H[LVWD UDLXQHD
vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW URPkQ WUHEXLH

4. Pentru analiza VDQFLXQLL IUDXGHL OD OHJH GLVWLQFLH, n IXQFLH GH RELHFWXO IUDXGHL. 14

$SOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH VH vQOWXU  E GDF D GHYHQLW FRPSHWHQW SULQ IUDXG Q FD]XO vQOWXUULL OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ LPSOLF

3HQWUX DFHDVW VLWXDLH DUW  DOLQ  OLW E L DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH H[SUHV

, 6LWXDLD vQ FDUH HVWH IUDXGDW GUHSWXO URPkQ vQ IDYRDUHD XQXL GUHSW VWULQ

GRX HIHFWH

'LQ DFHVW WH[W UH]XOW F VDQFLXQHD IUDXGULL GUHSWXOXL QDLRQDO vQ IDYRDUHD XQHL OHJL VWULQH

PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ

A. unul negativ L DQXPH vQOWXUDUHD GH OD DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWULQH n mRG FRQFUHW SH SODQXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV vQFKHLDW GH
Q FD]XO LQRSR]DELOLWLL DFWXO UPkQH WRWXL YDODELO vQ VWULQWDWH

SUL DFHVW HIHFW VH

a) fie LQRSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL vQ IDD DXWRULWLORU URPkQH

b) fie constDWDUHD GHFODUDUHD QXOLWLL DFWXOXL GH FWUH LQVWDQHOH MXGHFWRUHWL URPkQH B. un efect pozitiv

QLFL vQ VWULQWDWH VWULQH

Q FD]XO QXOLWLL DFWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY QX PDL SRDWH SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ DU L vQ SULQFLSLX L DQXPH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL URPkQH vQ JROXO UPDV SULQ vQOWXUDUHD OHJLL

SUHYHGHUL GDU VH RSLQHD] F IUDXGD OHJLL VWULQH WUHEXLH VDQFLRQDW vQ DFHODL PRG FD L IUDXGD

&X SULYLUH OD DFHVW DVSHFW QLFL /HJHD QU  L QLFL R DOW OHJH URPkQ QX FRQLQH

conflictuale romne, n favoarea dreptului romn (sau D GUHSWXOXL XQXL VWDW WHU

,, 6LWXDLD vQ FDUH HVWH IUDXGDW GUHSWXO VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW FRQIRUP QRUPHL

legii romne. Argumente: a) dreptul VWULQ

DFHHDL SURWHFLH

HVWH HOHPHQW GH GUHSW FD L GUHSWXO IRUXOXL L GHFL WUHEXLH V L VH DFRUGH

URPkQH FRQVWLWXLH GH IDSW R vQFOFDUH D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH URPkQH FDUH GH UHJXO DUH FDUDFWHU

E IUDXGDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

imperativ;

F FHHD FH VH VDQFLRQHD] vQ WRDWH FD]XULOH HVWH LQWHQLD IUDXGXORDV D SULORU fraus  &D L vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW SRDWH IL

omnia corrumpit).

RULFH PLMORF GH SURE ILLQG R VLWXDLH GH IDSW

GRYHGLW prin

FHHD FH WUHEXLH GRYHGLW HVWH LQWHQLD IUDXGXORDV D SULORU DGLF XQ HOHPHQW VXELHFWLY XUPWRDUHOH

3UDFWLF H[LVW GLILFXOWL vQ GRYHGLUHD IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW GHRDUHFH

Domeniile n caUH SRDWH DSDUH IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW VXQW vQ SULQFLSDO

a) VWDUHD FLYLO FDSDFLWDWHD L UHODLLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH (statutul persoanei fizice).
9 VSHD %HUWROD L VSHD 0LKLOHVFX

VFRS IUDXGXORV FHWHQLD GRPLFLOLXO RUL UHHGLQD

)UDXGD vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH FRQVW GH UHJXO vQ IDSWXO F SHUVRDQD IL]LF vL VFKLPE vQ

Q JHQHUDO IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ PDWHULD VWULL FLYLOH FDSDFLWLL L UHODLLORU GH IDPLOLH DOH URPkQH HVWH VWULFW UHJOHPHQWDW SULQ OHJHD FHWHQLHL URPkQH QU  LDU SUHYHGHUL vQ PDWHULH GH FHWHQLH H[LVW SUDFWLF vQ WRDWH VWDWHOH OXPLL

persoanei fizice este mult mai greu

GH UHDOL]DW DVW]L vQ FRQGLLLOH vQ FDUH VFKLPEDUHD FHWHQLHL

Q DFHVW FD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FRQVW GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL vQ PXWDUHD VHGLXOXL VRFLDO GH SH

b) statutul organic al persoanei juridice

SHUVRDQD MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY FRQWLQX V IXQFLRQH]H SH WHULWRULXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL FD SHUVRDQ

teritoriul statului forului pe cel al unui stat considerat "paradis fiscal" (precum Liechtenstein, Monaco, Panama, Liberia etc.), n scopul evaziunii legilor ILVFDOH DOH IRUXOXL FX SUHFL]DUHD F are un caracter fraudulos. n prezent DUW 

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105/1992, pentru

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15

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statutare. c) regimul juridic al bunului mobil

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n prezent, DFHDVW IRUP GH IUDXG HVWH H[FOXV vQ OXPLQD SUHYHGHULORU DUW  GLQ /HJHD nr. 105/1992. e) FRQLQXWXO FRQWUDFWHORU IRQGXO REOLJDLLORU FRQWUDFWXDOe) Acesta este unul dintre domeniile cele mai predispuse fraudei la lege n dreptul voluntatis), consacrat de art. 73 din Legea nr.

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au avut n

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stat este apoi recunoscut n alt stat. Conflictul de legi

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aplicabile.
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lex patriae

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romn.
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fizice.

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ncheia acte juridice. n cazul n care este vorba de determinarea drepturilor

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efectul juridic al teoriei L DQXPH patriae sau lex domicilii HVWH vQORFXLW FX OHJHD ORFDO D ORFXOXL vQFKHLHULL actului (lex loci actus). ConIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ OHJH UHJXOD H[SULPDW GH WHRULD LQWHUHVXOXL
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Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DFHVWH FRQGLLL VXQW vQWUXQLWH VH SURGXFH

22

D WHRULHL LQWHUHVXOXL QDLRQDO L DQXPH D RFURWLUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW D LQWHUHVXOXL QDLRQDO E QHFXQRDWHUHD VFX]DELO D OHJLL VWULQH GH FWUH FHWHDQXO QDLRQDO F FRPXQ L LQYLQFLELO D QDLRQDOLORU error

n literatura de specialitate s-au invocat mai multe temeiuri pentrX IXQGDPHQWDUHD WHRUHWLF

IRUXOXL WHPHL VXJHUDW GH DOWIHO GH vQVL GHQXPLUHD DFHVWHL WHRULL FDUH XUPUHWH SURWHMDUHD vPERJLUHD IU MXVW WHPHL D VWULQXOXL vQ GHWULPHQWXO FRFRQWUDFWDQWXOXL QDLRQDO G HURDUHD

communis facit jus).

CAPITOLUL II NORME CONFLICTUALE PRIVIND PERSOANELE JURIDICE

 1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DSOLFDELO vQ PDWHULD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH SUHY]XW vQ DUW  DOLQ

1 din Legea nr. 105/1992: "Statutul organic al persoanei juridice este crmuit de legea sa QDLRQDO...". Statutul orJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FRQVWLWXLH FRQLQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH LDU OHJWXUD
DFHVWXLD FX XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW HVWH GDW GH QDLRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH UHVSHFWLYH 6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH IRUPHD] OHJHD SHUVRQDO D DFHVWHLD FDUH HVWH GHVHPQDW L SULQ QRLXQHD GH

(lex personalis)

SULOH vQ SULQFLSLX QX SRW GHURJD GH OD HD )RQGDWRULL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SRt

1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO SULYLQG VWDWXWXO RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH LPSHUDWLY GHRDUHFH

lex societatis.

SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH GDU QX SRW IDFH DSOLFDELO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SHVWH YRLQD ORU R DOW OHJH GHFkW

determina liber sediul

cea a sediului social.

QD LRQDOLWDWHD

SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH UROXO SH FDUH vO MRDF FHWHQLD SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH

 )LLQG HOHPHQWXO FDUH SODVHD] SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW

este cea

FDUH H[SULP DSDUWHQHQD DFHVWHLD OD XQ DQXPLW VWDW 1DLRQDOLWDWHD MRDF

intHUQDLRQDO
MXULGLF

'HWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW

 HVWH QDLRQDO URPkQ VDX VWULQ 'H FDUDFWHUXO QDLRQDO VDX VWULQ D D SHUVRDQD MXULGLF VWULQ vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH IXQFLRQDUHD VD SH WHULWoriul Romniei, este VXSXV QRUPHORU PDWHULDOH URPkQH SULYLQG FRQGLLD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ MXULGLF E vQ IXQFLH GH QDLRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHWH vQ FH PVXU L VH DSOLF SUHYHGHULOH FRQYHQLLORU LQWHUQDLRQDOH OD FDUH 5RPnia este parte; F vQ IXQFLH GH QDLRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHWH FH VWDW DUH FDOLWDWHD V-i RFURWHDVF GUHSWXULOH SH FDOH GLSORPDWLF L FRQVXODU 'H DVHPHQHD QDLRQDOLWDWHD GHWHUPLQ GDF R SHUVRDQ MXULGLF XUPHD] V EHQHILFLH]H GH PVXULOH GH SURWHFLH VSHFLDO vQ DQXPLWH GRPHQLL GH DFWLYLWDWH SH FDUH XQ VWDW OH DGRSW FX SULYLUH OD SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH FDUH vL DSDULQ VDX GLPSRWULY V VXSRUWH FRQVHFLQHOH XQXL UHJLP UHVWULFWLY SH FDUH VWDWXO vO LQVWLWXLH FX SULYLUH OD persoanele MXULGLFH VWULQH  1DLRQDOLWDWHD XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GXS criterii ce pot fi diferite n VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWHORU 'H DFHHD VH SXQH SUREOHPD GXS FDUH VLVWHP GH GUHSW VH YRU VWDELOL FULWHULLOH QDLRQDOLWLL )LLQG R SUREOHP GH FDOLILFDUH QDLRQDOLWDWHD FULWHULLOH QDLRQDOLWLL XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GXS lex fori. 3ULQ DFHDVWD QDLRQDOLWDWHD VH vQFDGUHD] vQ regula SULYLQG OHJHD DSOLFDELO FDOLILFULL XQHL LQVWLWXLL MXULGLFH L VH GHRVHEHWH LPSOLFLW GH FHWHQLH FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU SHQWUX VWDWXWXO SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R H[FHSLH GH OD FDOLILFDUHD GXS lex fori. &ULWHULXO GH GHWHUPLQDUH D QDLRQDOLWLL HVWH SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFXWDOH SULYLQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF  Q GUHSWXO URPkQ H[LVW XQ criteriu de drept comun SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QDLRQDOLWLL SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH SUHFXP L criterii speciale SUHFL]DWH vQ GLIHULWH UHJOHPHQWUL DSOLFDELOH vQ
materie. A. Criteriul de drept comun
 DOLQ  GLQ OHJH VWDWXWXO RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH FkUPXLW GH OHJHD VD QDLRQDO 3HUVRDQD MXULGLF DUH QDLRQDOLWDWHD VWDWXOXL SH DO FUXL WHULWRULX L-a HVWH VWDELOLW GH /HJHD QU  &RQIRUP GLVSR]LLLORU DUW

SULYDW vQ VSHFLDO GHRDUHFH FX DMXWRUXO QDLRQDOLWLL VH VWDELOHWH GDF R SHUVRDQ

LL

SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SUH]LQW

LPSRUWDQ SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL

GHWHUPLQDW vQ PRGXO SUHY]XW GH DUW  LDU DFHVW GLQ XUP DUWLFRO vQ DOLQ  SUHYHGH F

constitutiv, sediul social

URPkQ VDX VWULQ GXS FXP DUH VHGLXO vQ DU VDX vQ VWULQWDWH

Q IXQFLH GH DFHVW FULWHULX DO VHGLXOXL VRFLDO SHUVRDQD MXULGLF YD IL

stabilit, potrivit actului

23

FHHD FH GHQRW F vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD VHGLXOXL SULPRUGLDO HVWH YRLQD IRQGDWRULORU SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH UHVSHFWLYH 3ULQ DFHDVW VROXLH OHJHD URPkQ IDFH R DSOLFDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ D SULORU vQ IL[DUHD VHGLXOXL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SULQFLSLX JHQHUDO DGPLV vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH 6HGLXO VRFLDO WUHEXLH V ILH

Sediul social este stabilit, "potrivit actului constitutiv" - astfel spus, este sediul statutar -,

pUREOHPD

FD] FRQWUDU HO DYkQG FDUDFWHU ILFWLY DGLF H[LVW VLPXODLH SULQ ILFWLYLWDWH

IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW 'H DVHPHQHD VHGLXO WUHEXLH V ILH

serios

DGLF V QX ILH IUDXGXORV vQ DFHVW XOWLP FD] SXQkQGX-se

real, n

RUL GH FkWH RUL QX H[LVW R UHJOHPHQWDUH FDUH V SUHYDG XQ FULWHULX VSHFLDO vQ PDWHULH

&ULWHULXO GH GUHSW FRPXQ SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QDLRQDOLWLL SHUVRDQHL MXULGice

este aplicabil

vQ UDUH FD]XUL vQ GUHSWXO URPkQ L DFHDVWD PDL DOHV vQ FRQYHQLL LQWHUQDLRQDOH SHQWUX VLWXDLL

B. Criterii speciale

SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QDLRQDOLWLL XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH VXQW vQWkOQLWH

efecte jurLGLFH VSHFLDOH SH FDUH UHVSHFWLYD FRQYHQLH LQWHUQDLRQDO OH UHJOHPHQWHD] Astfel, unul din aceste criterii speciale este cel al controlului. Conform acestui criteriu, o SHUVRDQ MXULGLF SRDWH IL VRFRWLW FD DSDULQkQG XQXL VWDW VWULQ GDWRULW controlului care se
FDUH IRUPHD] RUJDQHOH GH FRQGXFHUH DOH UHVSHFWivei QDLRQDOLWDWHD DVRFLDLORU GXS SURYHQLHQD FDSLWDOXOXL VRFLDO LVDX GXS FHWHQLD SHUVRDQHORU

DQVDPEOX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FL QXPDL DSDUWHQHQD HL OD XQ DQXPLW VWDW SULYLW SULQ SULVPD XQRU

GHRVHELWH &HO PDL DGHVHD vQ FD]XULOH vQ FDUH DSDU DVHPHQHD FULWHULL QX SULYHVF QDLRQDOLWDWHD vQ

H[HUFLW DVXSUD HL GH FWUH LQWHUHVH VWULQH 'H UHJXO FRQWUROXO VH DSUHFLD] GXS FHWHQLD

LGHQWLILFD QDLRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFe

DUH VHGLL vQ PDL PXOWH VWDWH &RQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  vQ DFHDVW VLWXDLH GHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUX D 6HGLXO UHDO HVWH GHILQLW vQ DUW  DOLQ  FD ILLQG ORFXO XQGH VH DIO FHQWUXO SULQFLSDO GH DFLRQDUL VDX DVRFLDL GLQ DOWH VWDWH $FHVW DOLQHDW QH

 /HJHD QU  FRQLQH SUHYHGHUL VSHFLDOH SHQWUX VLWXDLD vQ FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF

persoane juridice.

este sediul real".

FRQGXFHUH L GH JHVWLXQH D DFWLYLWLL VWDWXWDUH FKLDU GDF KRWUkULOH RUJDQXOXL UHVSHFWLY VXQW

adoptate potrivit directivelor transmise de

RIHU XQ H[HPSOX GH FDOLILFDUH OHJDO D XQHL LQVWLWXLL MXULGLFH

FkUPXLW GH OHJHD QDLRQDO D DFHVWHLD FRQVWLWXLH R LQVWLWXLH MXULGLF FRPSOH[ FDUH VXEVXPHD]

 6WDWXWXO RUJDQLF GHQXPLW XQHRUL L VWDWXWXO SHUVRQDO DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FDUH HVWH FDUH FRQILJXUHD] UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH 'HWHUPLQDUHD

- statutul organic constituind lex fori. Legea nr. 105/1992, n art. 42, stabilind domeniul de aplicare a legii statutului organic al SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SURFHGHD] LPSOLFLW OD FDOLILFDUHD QRLXQLL de statut organic, stabilind elementele
FRQLQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SULYLQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF - VXSXV OHJLL URPkQH FD SULQFLSDOH FDUH LQWU vQ VIHUD DFHVWHLD L DQXPH SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH DWkW FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ FkW L FHD GH H[HUFLLX D DFHVWHLD D FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH 'HRDUHFH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH YRU IL VXSXVH OHJLL QDLRQDOH D $VWIHO vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ OHJHD QDLRQDO YD GHWHUPLQD vQ

VHQVXOXL L vQWLQGHULL DFHVWHL LQVWLWXLL FRQVWLWXLH R SUREOHP GH FDOLILFDUH

WRWDOLWDWHD HOHPHQWHORU

special: - elementele constitutive ale persoanelor juridice; - PRGDOLWLOH GH FRQVWLWXLUH vQILLQDUH D DFHVWRUD vQFHSXWXO FDSDFLWLL GH IRORVLQ - FDSDFLWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD DFWH MXULGLFH GH D FRQWUDFWD SUHFXP L OLPLWHOH DFHVWHL FDSDFLWL

GH H[HPSOX SULQFLSLXO VSHFLDOLWLL FDSDFLWLL GH IRORVLQ D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SUHY]XW GH DUW

din Decretul nr.31/1954); - UHRUJDQL]DUHD L vQFHWDUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH D FDSDFLWLL HL GH IRORVLQ HWF

RUJDQHOH GH FRQGXFHUH L SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQVL SUHFXP L GLQWUH DFHVWH RUJDQH L WHULL FX FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQFKHLH DFWH MXULGLFH HWF E PRGXO GH GREkQGLUH L GH SLHUGHUH D FDOLWLL GH DVRFLDW

vQ VSHFLDO FRQVWLWXLUHD L DWULEXLLOH RUJDQHORU GH FRQGXFHUH DOH SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH UHODLD Gintre

Q OHJWXU FX FDSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFLLX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH OHJHD VD QDLRQDO FkUPXLHWH

F GUHSWXULOH L REOLJDLLOH FH GHFXUJ GLn

G PRGXO GH DOHJHUH FRPSHWHQHOH L IXQFLRQDUHD RUJDQHORU GH FRQGXFHUH DOH SHUVRDQHL

calitatea de asociat;

juridice;
I UVSXQGHUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH L D RUJDQHORU HL ID GH WHUL

e) reprezentarea acesteia prin intermediul organelor proprii;

g) modificarea actelor constitutive;

K GL]ROYDUHD L OLFKLGDUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH

24

CAPITOLUL 3 UNELE NORME CONFLICTUALE N MATERIA DREPTULUI FAMILIEI

1. 5HODLLOH GH IDPLOLH FDUH vPSUHXQ FX VWDUHD FLYLO L FDSDFLWDWHD IRUPHD] VWDWXWXO persoanei fizice sunt crmuite, n principal, de OHJHD QDLRQDO OHJHD FHWHQLHL LDU GDF
SHUVRDQD QX DUH QLFL FHWHQLH GH OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX vQ OLSV GH FHD D UHHGLQHL SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FRQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW L  GLQ /HJHD QU

SecLXQHD  /HJHD DSOLFDELO FVWRULHL

1. &RQGLLLOH GH IRQG L LPSHGLPHQWHOH OD FVWRULH
FVWRULH VDX GH IRUP VH IDFH GXS OHJHD IRUXOXL lex &DOLILFDUHD FRQGLLLORU SULYLQG vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL FD ILLQG GH IRQG LQFOXVLY LPSHGLPHQWH OD

fori), confRUP

UHJXOLL SUHY]XWH GH DUW 

alin. 1 din Legea nr.105/1992).

ILH vQGHSOLQLWH vQ PRG FXPXODWLY FRQGLLLOH GH IRQG SUHY]XWH GH OHJLOH QDLRQDOH DOH DPELORU VRL FXPXOXOXL GH OHJL QDLRQDOH DOH FHORU GRL YLLWRUL VRL

D ILHFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VRL DUW DOLQ  'HFL SHQWUX YDODELOLWDWHD vQFKHLHULL FVWRULHL WUHEXLH V
,PSHGLPHQWHOH OD F V WRULH ILLQG FRQGL LL GH IRQG QHJDWLYH VXQW VXSXVH DFHOHLDL FRQGL LL D

&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG FHUXWH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD F V WRULHL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH OHJHD QD LRQDO

 

 

RULFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VRL HVWH R OHJH VWULQ LDU DFHDVWD SUHYHGH XQ LPSHGLPHQW OD FVWRULH FDUH IL vQOWXUDW FD LQDSOLFDELO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQXO GLQWUH YLLWRULL VRL HVWH FHWHDQ URPkQ L FVWRULD VH

D RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW URPkQ &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL GDF OHJHD QDLRQDO D

Q FHHD FH SULYHWH LPSHGLPHQWHOH OD FVWRULH DUW DOLQ FRQLQH R SUHYHGHUH GH RFURWLUH

SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL URPkQ HVWH LQFRPSDWLELO FX OLEHUWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH DFHO LPSHGLPHQW YD

ncheie pe teritoriul Romniei.

 &RQGL LLOH GH IRUP

)RUPD vQFKHLHULL FVWRULHL HVWH VXSXV OHJLL VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHOHEUHD] DUW DOLQ (VWH DSOLFDELO DDGDU SULQFLSLXO &VWRULD XQXL FHWHDQ URPkQ DIODW vQ VWULQWDWH SRDWH IL vQFKHLDW vQ IDD DXWRULWLORU

 DOH FVWRULHL

locus regit actum.

FHWHDQ URPkQ vQ VWULQWDWH GH D VH FVWRUL QXPDL vQ IDD DXWRULWLL GH VWDW VDX D DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF RUL FRQVXODU FDUH HVWH WRW XQ IXQFLRQDU GH VWDW UH]XOW vQFKHLDW vQ IDD XQXL RUJDQ ORFDO FRQIHVLRQDO UHOLJLRV QX YD IL UHFXQRVFXW FD YDODELO vQ

5RPkQLHL ILH DO VWDWXOXL FHOXLODOW YLLWRU VR DUW DOLQ 'HRDUHFH WH[WXO SUHYHGH SRVLbilitatea

ORFDOH GH VWDW FRPSHWHQWH RUL vQ IDD DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF VDX IXQFLRQDUXOXL FRQVXODU ILH DO

unui

per a contrario F

R FVWRULH

FRQIOLFWXDO GLQ DUW DOLQ

'LVSR]LLLOH DUW DOLQ  FRQVWLWXLH R QRUP GH DSOLFDLH LPHGLDW FDUH vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH QRUPD 'HRDUHFH DUW DOLQ  QX GLVWLQJH R FVWRULH UHOLJLRDV D XQXL FHWHDQ URPkQ DIODW vQ

DU

VWULQWDWH QX HVWH VRFRWLW YDODELO vQ

MXULGLFH FVWRULHL UHOLJLRDVH L FKLDU GDF DFHDVW OHJH DU IL OHJHD QDLRQDO D FHOXLODOW VR DO 5RPkQLHL HD HVWH VXSXV FRQGLLLORU GH IRUP DOH OHJLL URPkQH DUW DOLQ

DU

L QLFL vQ LSRWH]D vQ FDUH OHJHD ORFDO DFRUG HIHFWH

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD VH vQFKHLH vQ IDD DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF VDX IXQFLRQDUXOXL FRQVXODU

VRL VXQW VXSXVH PDL PXOWRU OHJL FDUH VH DSOLF vQ PRG

$UW DOLQ L  GLQ /HJHD QU SUHYHGH F UHODLLOH SHUVRQDOH L SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH

3. 5HODLLOH SHUVRQDOH L SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VRL

VRL V ILH FHWHQL URPkQL VDX FHWHQL VWULQL DL DFHOXLDL VWDW

D OHJLL QDLRQDOH FRPXQH D VRLORU 3HQWUX D VH DSOLFD DFHDVW OHJH HVWH QHFHVDU FD DPELL

succesiv L DQXPH

OHJHD DGRSW FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU GRPLFLOLXO FRPXQ HVWH LQGLIHUHQW GDF VRLL ORFXLHVF vQ IDSW vPSUHXQ VDX VHSDUDW

E OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL FRPXQ DO VRLORU vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HL DX FHWHQLL GHRVHELWH 'HRDUHFH

VRLL DX RUL DX DYXW UHHGLQD FRPXQ VDX FX FDUH vQWUHLQ vQ FRPXQ FHOH PDL VWUkQVH OHJWXUL

F vQ OLSV GH FHWHQLH FRPXQ VDX GH GRPLFLOLX FRPXQ OHJLL VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUHLD

FVWRULHL UHODLLORU SHUVRQDOH L SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VRL GXS GLVWLQFLLOH GLQ DUW  DOLQ  L 

'XS FXP UH]XOW GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLYRUXO HVWH FkUPXLW GH OHJHD DSOLFDELO HIHFWHORU

4. 'LYRUXO

$DGDU GLYRUXO YD IL VXSXV OHJLL QDLRQDOH FRPXQH D VRLORU VDX vQ VXEVLGLDU OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL ORU

25

FRPXQ OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH

comun sau, ntr-un al dRLOHD

VXEVLGLDU OHJLL UHHGLQHL ORU FRPXQH RUL D VWDWXOXL FX FDUH vQWUHLQ vQ

FHOH GLQ DUW  vQ FD] FRQWUDU KRWUkUHD GH GLYRU VWULQ QHSXWkQG IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD

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GHRDUHFH HVWH YRUED GH XQ SURFHV FH SULYHWH VWDUHD FLYLO D XQXL FHWHDQ URPkQ LQVWDQD VWULQ

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH GLYRUXO SULYLQG XQ VR FHWHDQ URPkQ HVWH SURQXQDW vQ VWULQWDWH

conform diVSR]LLLORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU 

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$UW  DOLQ  FRQIHU FDUDFWHU GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GLVSR]LLLORU OHJLL URPkQH SULYLQG

Astfel, textul SUHYHGH F GDF OHJHD VWULQ GHWHUPLQDW FRQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  QX SHUPLWH GLYRUXO
VRL HVWH OD GDWD FHUHULL GH GLYRU FHWHDQ URPkQ

RUL vO DGPLWH vQ FRQGLLL GHRVHELW GH UHVWULFWLYH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQXO GLQWUH

5. NulitDWHD FVWRULHL

FVWRULHL VH DSOLF QXOLWLL FVWRULHL SUHFXP L HIHFWHORU DFHVWHL QXOLWL XUPWRDUHOH GLVWLQFLL

&RQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  OHJHD FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FHULQHOH OHJDOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD $DGDU vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH FDX]HOH GH QXOLWDWH OHJHD DSOLFDELO VH VWDELOHWH GXS

FVWRULHL VH SURQXQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD QDLRQDO D ILHFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VRL DUW  DOLQ

D QXOLWDWHD FVWRULHL SHQWUX QHUHVSHFWDUHD FRQGLLLORU GH IRQG

cerute pentru ncheierea

1);

SURQXQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD V-D FHOHEUDW FVWRULD locus

E QXOLWDWHD FVtoriei

pentru nerespectarea

FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP

 la ncheierea ei se

regit actum) sau cu legea agentului diplomatic ori consular care a instrumenta-o (auctor regit actum).
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QXOLWDWHD SURQXQDW SULQ KRWUkUHD VWULQ QX VH UHFXQRDWH vQ 5RPkQLD GHL vQ VWULQWDWH FVWRULD HVWH OHJDO DQXODW F WH[WXO QX VH DSOLF vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD D IRVW DQXODW SHQWUX QHUHVSHFWDUHD

E vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FRQGLLD QXOLWLL GH IRUP QX HVWH SUHY]XW L GH OHJHD URPkQ

a) textXO QX SXQH FRQGLLD FD FHO SXLQ XQXO GLQWUH VRL V ILH FHWHDQ URPkQ

FRQGLLLORU GH IRQG SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD VWULQ FKLDU GDF DFHVWH FRQGLLL QX VXQW DGPLVH L GH OHJHD URPkQ (IHFWHOH QXOLWLL FVWRULHL VXQW VXSXVH FD L FD]XULOH GH QXOLWDWH OHJLL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]

FHULQHOH OHJDOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL GXS FXP SUHYHGH DUW  DOLQ 

1250(/( &21)/,&78$/( 35,9,1' &21',,,/(

DE FOND ALE ACTULUI JURIDIC
1.
&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG

CAPITOLUL 4

ale DFWXOXL

MXULGLF QRLXQH vQ FDUH VH LQFOXG vQ SULQFLSDO DVSHFWHOH GH

IRQG SULYLQG vQFKHLHUHD IRUPDUHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF HIHFWHOH H[HFXWDUHD WUDQVPLWHUHD L VWLQJHUHD REOLJDLLORU UH]XOWDWH GLQ DFWXO MXULGLF VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL DFWXOXL lex

actus), respectiv, n cazul

contractelor, legii contractului (lex contractus).

GHVHPQDW SULQ QRLXQHD GH

'H UHJXO OHJHD DFWXOXL FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH DOHDV GH SUL SULQ YRLQD ORU FD] vQ FDUH HVWH

OHJHD DSOLFDELO IRQGXOXL DFWXOXL MXULGLF FRQWUDFWXOXL DFHVWD HVWH ORFDOL]DW vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ IXQFLH GH FULWHULL RELHFWLYH VWDELOLWH GH OHJH

lex voluntatis

Q OLSVD PDQLIHVWULL GH YRLQ D SULL SULOor)

privind

DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ D SULORU VDX SULQFLSLXOXL OLEHUWLL FRQWUDFWXDOH FDUH JXYHUQHD] FRQGLLLOH GH IRQG DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF vQ JHQHUDO DUW  &FLY Q WHPHLXO DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX DD FXP SULOH VXQW OLEHUH V SUHFL]H]H FRQLQXWXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF HOH SRW WRWRGDW V GHWHUPLQH VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW FDUH

2. Lex voluntatis

HVWH H[SUHVLD SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW D SULncipiului

se va aplica actului lor, ca lex causae.

DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF XQLODWHUDO VXQW VWDELOLWH GH OHJHD DOHDV GH FWUH DXWRUXO VX LDU vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX FHOH DOH DUW  &RQWUDFWXO HVWH VXSXV OHJLL DOHVH SULQ FRQVHQV GH SUL

FRQWUDFWHORU $VWIHO FRQIRUP GLVSR]LLLORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  &RQGLLLOH GH IRQG

/HJHD YRLQHL SULL SULORU VH DSOLF WXWXURU DFWHORU MXULGLFH DWkW XQLODWHUDOH FkW L ELODWHUDOH

26

DFHVWRU GLQ XUP FRQWUDFWH VH SUHYHGH F FHOHODOWH OHJL

SULPRUGLDO WXWXURU FRQWUDFWHORU VSHFLDOH OD FDUH VH UHIHU /HJHD QU  $VWIHO vQ FD]XO FRQWUDFWXOXL VH DSOLF QXPDL vQ OLSVD XQHL OHJL FRQYHQLWH GH SUL VDX R DOW IRUPXO HFKLYDOHQW FRQWUDFWXOXL vL DUH

n ceea

FH SULYHWH FRQWUDFWHOH

lex voluntatis

HVWH SUHY]XW FD DSOLFDELO vQ PRG

LQkQG

GH ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D

 3RVLELOLWDWHD SULORU GH D GHVHPQD SULQ YRLQD ORU OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL MXULGLF

SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  L  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH SHUPLWH FD YRLQD SULORU V L OLPLWHOH vQ FDGUXO FURUD YRLQD SULORU GH SRDWH PDQLIHVWD vQ PRG YDODELO XQXL VWDW 'LQ DFHDVW DILUPDLH GHFXUJ FHO SXLQ GRX FRQVHFLQH: FRQVWLWXLH SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULD FRQGLLLORU GH IRQG DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF ,PSOLFLW

izvorul

vQ GLVSR]LLLOH OHJLi

romne, ca lex fori,

L DQXPH vQ QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

lex fori

LQGLF

2ELHFWXO YRLQ HL S U LORU vO FRQVWLWXLH vQV L OHJHD DSOLFDELO  UHVSHFWLY VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO



D SULOH SULQ DFRUGXO ORU QX SRW WULPLWH GHFkW OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW QDLRQDO SHQWUX D IL E GHRDUHFH RELHFWXO YRLQHL SULORU vO FRQVWLWXLH vQVL OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL LQVWDQD

aplicabil contractului lor, cu titlul de lex voluntatis.

WUHEXLH V UHVSHFWH DOHJHUHD SULORU GDF GHVLJXU QX H[LVW DOWH PRWLYH OHJDOH GH D R FHQ]XUD vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH IUDXGD OD OHJH HWF 'HFL ORFDOL]DUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL SH FULWHULL RELHFWLYH QX SRDWH RSHUD GHFkW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QX H[LVW

FURUD $OHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL WUHEXLH V ILH H[SUHV RUL V UH]XOWH QHvQGRLHOQLF GLQ

D Q DFHDVW PDWHULH VXQW DSOLFDELOH GLVSR]LLLOH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP GLQ FLUFXPVWDQH 5H]XOW F GUHSWXO URPkQ DGPLWH GRX PRGDOLWL GH

lex voluntatis. 4. ModalLWLOH GH H[SULPDUH D YRLQHL SULORU

cuprinsul acestuia sau b)

H[SULPDUH D YRLQHL SULORU SULYLQG DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH L DQXPH DOHJHUHD H[SUHV L WDFLW
$OHJHUHD H[SUHV

FWUH SUL D XQXL FRQWUDFW VHSDUDW DYkQG DFHVW RELHFW

DOHJHULL OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL DFHDVWD ILLQG VLWXDLD UHJXO vQ SUDFWLF ILH vQ vQFKHLHUHD GH &ODX]D FRQWUDFWXDO FXSULQV vQ FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO VDX FRQYHQLD VHSDUDW SULQ FDUH SULOH

 FRQVW

ILH vQ LQVHUDUHD vQ FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO D XQHL FODX]H vn

sensul

DOHJ OHJHD DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL ORU SULQFLSDO VH QXPHWH DOHJHUH VDX FODX] FRQYHQLH GH
/HJHD DSOLFDELO

pactum de lege utenda

FODX] GH

SULORU UHIHULWRU OD OHJHD DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH vQVL OHJHD SH FDUH DX DOHV-o".

Conform dispo]LLLORU

DOLQ  GLQ DFHVW DUWLFRO ([LVWHQD L YDOLGLWDWHD GH IRQG D FRQVLPPkQWXOXL

electio juris.

FODX]HL GH DOHJHUH HVWH PHQ LRQDW

vQ DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 

ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D DFHVWXLD $FHDVW H[FHSLH HVWH R DSOLFDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL IXQGDPHQWDO GH

SUL GHFODU QHYDODELO DOHJHUHD DVWIHO FRQYHQLW FRQWUDFWXO YD IL FkUPXLW GH OHJHD FDUH UH]XOW GLQ

2 H[FHSLH GH OD DFHDVW UHJXO HVWH SUHY]XW vQ DOLQ  GLQ DUW  GDF OHJHD DOHDV GH

VDX VHSDUDW L LQGLUHFW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SULOH DX IFXW UHIHULUH vQ FRQWUDFWXO ORU OD XQ FRQWUDFW WLS FRQGLLL JHQHUDOH X]DQH FRGLILFDWH HWF SH FDUH FODX] GH DOHJHUH D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH

interpretare a actelor juULGLFH FRQVDFUDW GH DUW  &FLY FRQIRUP FUXLD DFWXO VH LQWHUSUHWHD] vQ sensul de a produce efecte juridice, iar nu n acela de a nu produce. $OHJHUHD H[SUHV GH FWUH SUL D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL ORU poate fi, la rndul ei, de GRX IHOXUL GLUHFW DWXQFL FkQG SULOH L-DX H[SULPDW YRLQD H[SOLFLW vQ FKLDU FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO le-DX
UHFHSLRQDW FRQWUDFWXDO

L FDUH FXSULQG R

DFHDVW DOHJHUH UH]XOW QHvQGRLHOQLF ILH GLQ FXSULQVXO FRQWUDFWXOXL ILH GLQ FLUFXPVWDQH DUW  'LQ

c) Alegerea

GH FWUH SUL D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL SRDWH IL L WDFLW,

n cazul n care

SULORU GXS HOHPHQWH VXELHFWLYH ILH LQWULQVHFL FRQWUDFWXOXL ILH H[WHULRDUH DFHVWXLD FX R VLQJXU

DFHVW WH[W VH GHGXFH LGHHD F RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLFLH SRDWH DSUHFLD YRLQD WDFLW D

FRQGLLH JHQHUDO FD GLQ DFHVWHD V UH]XOWH QHvQGRLHOQLF YRLQD SULORU GH GHVHPQDUH D XQXL DQXPLW

sistem de drept ca aplicabil contractului lor, cu titlul de lex causae. Pot fi indicii intrinseci FRQWUDFWXOXL GH DSUHFLHUH D YRLQHL WDFLWH D SULORU GH H[HPSOX - XWLOL]DUHD GH FWUH SUL vQ FRQWUDFW D XQRU LQVWLWXLL MXULGLFH VDX QRLXQL FXQRVFXWH VDX specifice (numai) unui anumit sistem de drept; - UHIHULUHD SULORU vQ FRQWUDFWXO ORU OD R X]DQ FRQWUDFW WLS FRQGLLL JHQHUDOH HWF DSOLFDELOH numai ntr-R DQXPLW DU - n anumite cazuri, limba n care este redactat contractul (de exemplu, ncheierea unui - LQVHUDUHD GH FWUH SUL vQ FRQWUDFW D XQHL FODX]H GH DOHJHUH GH MXULVGLFLH FODX] compromisorie) n favoarea orgaQHORU GH MXULVGLFLH DOH XQXL DQXPLW VWDW Ca indicii extrinseci contractului pot fi socotite : - DWLWXGLQHD SULORU GXS vQFKHLHUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL FRQVWkQG GH SLOG vQ UHIHULUHD SH FDUH DFHVWHD R IDF OD OHJHD XQXL DQXPLW VWDW vQ FXSULQVXO XQXL DFW DGLional la contract; 27
FRQWUDFW GH WUDQVSRUW PDULWLP vQ OLPED HQJOH]

VWDW L DFFHSWDUHD LPSOLFLW D DFHVWXLD GH FWUH FHDODOW SDUWH SkUkW FDUH ILH F QX VH RSXQH ILH F LQYRF HD vQVL vQ DSUDUH SUHYHGHULOH DFHOHLDL OHJL

- LQYRFDUHD GH FWUH R SDUWH UHFODPDQW FD WHPHL MXULGLF DO DFLXQLL VDOH D OHJLL XQXL DQXPLW 5. /LPLWHOH OLEHUWLL GH DOHJHUH GH FWUH SUL D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH

FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL DOHVH GH SUL SULQ FRQVHQV UH]XOW F vQ SULQFLSLX DFHVWHD DX GHSOLQ OLEHUWDWH vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL FDUH V OH JXYHUQH]H FRQWUDFWXO $VWIHO SULOH SRW VWDELOL FD DSOLFDELO QX QXPDL XQD GLQWUH OHJLOH FDUH DX R OHJWXU RELHFWLY PDWHULDO UHDO FX FRQWUDFWXO FL L RULFH DOW OHJe.

'LQ DUW  DO /HJLL QU  FDUH SUHYHGH IU QLFL R GLVWLQFLH F DVSHFWHOH GH IRQG DOH

DSOLFDUH D RULFUHL OHJL FRPSHWHQWH GH D JXYHUQD XQ UDport

YRLQHL SULORU VXQW GH GRX IHOXUL D

/LEHUWDWHD SULORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL QX HVWH WRWXL QHOLPLWDW /LPLWHOH

generale

DWXQFL FkQG FRQVWLWXLH FDX]H GH vQOWXUDUH GH OD

L DQXPH vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW L IUDXGD OD OHJH L E

FDUH FRQVWDX vQ H[FHSLL GH OD SULQFLSLXO OLEHUWLL GH YRLQ D SULORU vQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWHORU

juridic n temeiul unei norme conflictuale speciale,

FDUH QH UHIHULP L DQXPH DFHHD FkQG OHJHD DSOLFDELO HVWH H[SUHVLD YRLQHL SULORU lex YRLQHL SULORU vQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWXOXL GH PXQF FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R H[SUHVLH D DSOLFULL H[FHSLHL GH

n ceHD

FH SULYHWH

limitele generale

vQ SULQFLSLX QX H[LVW SDUWLFXODULWL SHQWUX LSRWH]D OD

voluntatis). Cu toate acestea, Legea nr. 105/1992, n art. 101, prevede un caz special de limitare a
RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SULYDW &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL PHQLRQDW OHJHD FRQYHQLW GH SUL GH PXQF HVWH DSOLFDELO QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH QX DGXFH UHVWUkQJHUL

spre a crmui contractul alegeri.

RFURWLULL SH FDUH R DVLJXU VDODULDWXOXL GLVSR]LLLOH LPSHUDWLYH DOH OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ OLSVD XQHL DWDUH

Limitele speciale contractului sunt:

DOH OLEHUWLL GH YRLQ D SULORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJii

aplicabile fondului

obiective n sfera XQXL DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW FDUH vO YDOLGHD]

UHJOHPHQWUL DGHFYDWH

QHYDODELO DFHDVW OHJH YD IL vQOWXUDW GH OD DSOLFDUH LDU FRQWUDFWXO YD IL ORFDOL]DW GXS FULWHULL

D FkQG OHJHD DOHDV GH SUL lex

voluntatis

GHFODU vQVXL FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO FD ILLQG

GH GUHSW DOHV GH SUL HVWH DEVROXW LPSURSULX GH D UHJOHPHQWD FRQWUDFWXO GHRDUHFH QX FRQLQH

E R OLPLWDUH FRQVDFUDW GH SUDFWLFD MXULVGLFLRQDO FDUH RSHUHD] vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VLVWHPXO

nici la nivelul analogiei legii sau a analogiei dreptului.

6.
RELHFWLY

vQ VIHUD XQXL DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW QXPDL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SULOH QX DX GHVHPQDW HOH vQVHOH OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL MXULGLF FD FDUDFWHU VXEVLGLDU ID GH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL YRLQHL SULORU

D 2UJDQXO GH MXULVGLFLH SRDWH SURFHGD OD ORFDOL]DUHD XQXL DFW MXULGLF GXS FUiterii

 D DFWXOXL MXULGLF

'HWHUPLQDUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF GXS

FULWHULL RELHFWLYH ORFDOL]DUHD

obiective,

lex voluntatis

$DGDU ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D DFWXOXL MXULGLF SUH]LQW XQ

Q FHHD FH SULYHWH FRQWUDFWHOH DUW  DOLQ  SUHYHGH F DFHVWHD VXQW VXSXVH ORFDOL]ULL

obiective "n lipsa unei legi alese conform art. 73".

DOHVH GH SUL

vQ IXQFLH GH FDUH DFWXO MXULGLF HVWH SODVDW vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ OLSVD XQHL

E &ULWHULLOH GH ORFDOL]DUH RELHFWLY D DFWHORU MXULGLFH VXQW DFHOH HOHPHQWH

stabilite de lege, lex voluntatis L

PXOWH FULWHULL VXEVLGLDUH FDUH VXQW ORFXO vQFKHLHULL DFWXOXL ORFXO H[HFXWULL FRQWUDFWXOXL DD FXP YRP

DQXPH H[LVWHQD OHJWXULORU FHOH PDL VWUkQVH vQWUH DFWXO MXULGLF L XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW - SUHFXP L PDL

/HJHD QU  UHJOHPHQWHD] XQ FULWHULX SULQFLSDO GH ORFDOL]DUH D DFWHORU MXULGLFH

vedea imediat mai jos. c) Criteriul principal de localizare obiectLY d) NoLXQHD

FX FDUH DFWXO MXULGLF SUH]LQW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH $FHDVW OHJH HVWH DSOLFDELO vQ OLSVD XQHL OHJL DOHVH GH SUL DWkW vQ FD]XO DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW L DO FRQWUDFWHORU GRX PRGXUL GLIHULWH GH FDOLILFDUH GLQ DUW  GLQ OHJH

D DFWHORU MXULGLFH GXFH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWDWXOXL

GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH HVWH FDOLILFDW vQ GRX DOLQHDWH FDUH H[SULP FRQIRUP DOLQ  GLQ DUW  VH FRQVLGHU F XQ FRQWUDFW SUH]LQW

OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL vQ FDUH GHELWRUXO SUHVWDLHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH DUH OD GDWD vQFKHLHULL FRQWUDFWXOXL GXS FD] GRPLFLOLXO VDX vQ OLSV UHHGLQD RUL IRQGXO GH FRPHU VDX VHGLXO Q OHJWXU FX DFHVWH SUHYHGHUL VH LPSXQ FkWHYD REVHUYDLL

A. n primul rnd

statutar".

 OHJHD GHILQHWH QRLXQHD GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH QXPDL SHQWUX FRQWUDFWH DUW 

alin. 2 referindu-VH unilaterale;

OD DFHVWHD GDU DFHHDL FDOLILFDUH WUHEXLH DSOLFDW L vQ FD]XO DFWHORU MXULGLFH

28

GRPLFLOLXO VDX vQ OLSV UHHGLQD SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH VHGLXO SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH L ORFXO SHQWUX DFHODL GHELWRU VXQW LQFLGHQWH PDL PXOWH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU DFHVWHD VXQW DOWHUQDWLYH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH XQGH VH DIO IRQGXO GH FRPHU SHQWUX FRPHUFLDQL SHUVRDQH IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH Q VLWXDLD vQ FDUH

 SXQFWHOH GH OHJWXU UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX GHELWRUXO SUHVWDLHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH VXQW  GXS FD]

RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLFLH XUPULQG V VWDELOHDVF FX FDUH GLQWUH HOH FRQWUDFWXO DUH vQ FRQFUHW  QRLXQHD GH SUHVWDLH FDUDFWHULVWLF HVWH GHILQLW vQ DUW  SH ED]D XQHL SUH]XPLL vQ DUW  DOLQ  QRLXQHD GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH HVWH

legale relative. B. n al doilea rnd,

FDOLILFDW DVWIHO &RQWUDFWXO UHIHULWRU OD XQ GUHSW LPRELOLDU VDX OD XQ GUHSW GH IRORVLQ WHPSRUDU DVXSUD XQXL LPRELO DUH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL XQGH DFHVWD VH DIO VLWXDW $DGDU SHQWUX WRDWH DVSHFWHOH SULYLQG FRQGLLLOH GH IRQG L HIHFWHOH XQXL DVHPHQHD FRQWUDFW

numai pentru regimul juridic al imobilului care IDFH RELHFWXO VX - VH YD DSOLFD OHJHD ORFXOXL bunului (lex rei sitae). n acest caz, legea instituie o SUH]XPLH OHJDO DEVROXW vQ VHQVXO F XQ FRQWUDFW bunului.

- iar nu
VLWXULL

XQ GUHSW UHDO LPRELOLDU HVWH FHO PDL VWUkQV OHJDW SULQ QDWXUD RELHFWXOXL VX FX OHJHD VLWXDLHL

SULYLQG

debitorul SUHVWDLHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH vL DUH ORFDOL]DWH DWULEXWHOH GH LGHQWLILFDUH 1RLXQHD GH SUHVWDLH FDUDFWHULVWLF HVWH FDOLILFDW vn art. 78 alin. 1 din lege. Conform
WH[WXOXL SULQ SUHVWDLH FDUDFWHULVWLF VH vQHOHJH SULQWUH DOWHOH VLPLODUH vQVWULQHD] XQ EXQ PRELO

H 6H FRQVLGHU F XQ FRQWUDFW DUH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL vQ FDUH

3UHVWDLD SULL FDUH vQ WHPHLXO XQXL FRQWUDFW WUDQVODWLY SUHFXP YkQ]DUHD VDX DOWHOH

GLVSR]LLD XQHL SHUVRDQH SH R GXUDW GH WLPS GHWHUPLQDW IRORVLQD XQXL EXQ HWF

3UHVWDLD SULL FDUH,

n temeiul unui contract de nchiriere sau altele similare, pune la

caracteriVWLF stat".

I 3UHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH FDOLILF QRLXQHD GH SUHVWDLH DX FDUDFWHUXO XQHL SUH]XPLL OHJDOH UHODWLYH FDUDFWHU FH UH]XOW GLQ DUW  DOLQ 

FRQIRUP FUXLD 3UH]XPLLOH VWDELOLWH vQ DOLQHDWXO SUHFHGHQW SRW IL vQOWXUDWH GDF SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW IDFH GRYDGD F GLQ FLUFXPVWDQH UH]XOW F H[LVW OHJWXUL Pai

strnse ale contractului cu legea altui

FRQWUDFWXO SUH]LQW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD DOWXL VWDW GHFkW FHO LQGLFDW OD DUW  DOLQ 

Q FRQVHFLQ SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW SRDWH SURED F GDWH ILLQG vPSUHMXUULOH FRQFUHWH DOH VSHHL

FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ VIHUD DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO UH]XOWDW SULQ DSOLFDUHD DUW  DOLQ  XUPHD] D IL VWDELOLWH GH FWUH RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLFLH vQ IXQFLH GH

"CiUFXPVWDQHOH

OD FDUH VH UHIHU DUW  DOLQ  FDUH V MXVWLILFH ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D

indiciile obiective de localizare a

contractului. Aceste indicii pot fi: a) intrinseci contractului

GHVLJXU FDUDFWHUXO LQWHUQDLRQDO DO FRQWUDFWXOXL WUHEXLH V UH]XOWH GLQ DOWH HOHPHQWH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH

RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLFLH V ORFDOL]H]H FRQWUDFWXO vQ VIHUD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO DFHOXL VWDW Q DFHVW FD]

GRPLFLOLXO RUL UHHGLQD IRQGXO GH FRPHU VDX VHGLXO VRFLDO vQ DFHODL VWDW FHHD FH SRDWH

FRQVWkQG GH H[HPSOX vQ IDSWXO F SULOH FRQWUDFWDQWH vL DX

determina

UHJOHPHQWHD] WLSXO UHVSHFWLY GH FRQWUDFW LDU FHDODOW QX VDX XQD YDOLGHD] FRQWUDFWXO vQ vQWUHJXO

b) extrinseci contractului ca, de pLOG

GLQWUH

OHJLOH

vQ

FRQIOLFW

XQD

FXQRDWH

VX LDU FHDODOW QX Q DFHVW FD] RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLFLH SRDWH DSUHFLD F H[LVW XQ LQGLFLX VHULRV GH

locDOL]DUH RELHFWLY D FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ VIHUD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW FDUH FXQRDWH UHVSHFWLY YDOLGHD] contractul. ntre indiciile de localizare a contractului nu se poate face a priori o ierarhie de valoare (sau de prioritate). Aplicarea unuia sau altuia dintrH DFHVWH LQGLFLL WUHEXLH OVDW H[FOXVLY OD OXPLQLOH
L vQHOHSFLXQHD MXGHFWRUXOXL VDX DUELWUXOXL DUW  &FLY J /HJHD ORFXOXL vQFKHLHULL DFWXOXL VH DSOLF D DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW L

n subsidiar

SHQWUX ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY DWkW

YDODELO D XQXL FRQWUDFW DGLF HQXPHU DFHVWH FRQGLLL HOHPHQWH L LQGLF GDF UHVSHFWLYXO FRQWUDFW VH FRQVLGHU vQFKHLDW L HVWH YDODELO

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a contractelor.

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Lex contractus

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fond a fi

29

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A. Capacitatea de a contracta

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fizice , respectiv art. 42 lit. a) pentru cele juridice. B. &RQVLPPkQWXO HVWH VXSXV vQ JHQHUDO

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evalXULL SUHMXGLFLXOXL SH FDUH DFHDVW QHH[HFXWDUH O-a cauzat.

CAPITOLUL V NORMELE CONFLICTUALE PRIVIND FORMA ACTULUI JURIDIC

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multe norme conflictuale subsidiare n materia formei actelor juridice. Astfel, n principal, FRQGLLLOH GH IRUP ale unui act juridic sunt stabilite de legea care i FkUPXLHWH IRQGXO (art. 71 alin. 1). $UW  DOLQ  DGDXJ F DFWXO MXULGLF VH FRQVLGHU WRWXL YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH al a) legea locului unde a fost ntocmit. n acest caz, se face aplicarea regulii locus regit actum;
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patriae) sau legea domiciliului (lex domicilii) persoanei care l-a

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aflat n

momentul ncheierii actului. 30

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principiului legii mai

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exequatur-ul.
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2. 1RLXQHD GH UHFXQRDWHUH.

executarea acestora.

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acest sens, art. 167 din Legea

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ndeplinite

(art. 167 din Legea nr. 105/1992):

EVWH

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ULL VDOH FRPSHWHQD V MXGHFH SURFHVXO

la aspecte;

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31

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B.

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s-ar fi ajuns potrivit legii romne (art. 168 alin. ultim). 5. ([HFXWDUHD KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH A. Exequatur-ul $FHVWH KRWUkUL GREkQGHVF vQ JHQHUDO

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executare;

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din Legea nr. 105/1992;

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capacitate privind pe un

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ULL XQGH

executa n Romnia. 32

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