ENGLISH MODULE 2 GRADE XI

GERUND
Gerunds are sometimes called "verbal nouns". When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is important to understand that they are not the same. When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:

Fishing is fun.

When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a present participle:

Anthony is fishing. I have a boring lesson.

Raharjo Yulianto, S.S

Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement

Try to think of gerunds as verbs in noun form. Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence:

Smoking costs a lot of money. I don't like writing. My favourite occupation is reading.

But, like a verb, a gerund can also have an object itself. In this case, the whole expression [gerund + object] can be the subject, object or complement of the sentence.

Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money. I don't like writing letters. My favourite occupation is reading detective stories.

Like nouns, we can use gerunds with adjectives (including articles and other determiners):

pointless questioning the making of Titanic his drinking of alcohol

But when we use a gerund with an article, it does not usually take a direct object:

Making "Titanic" was expensive. The making of "Titanic" was expensive

Gerunds after Prepositions

This is a good rule. It has no exceptions! If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. It is impossible to use an infinitive after a preposition. So for example, we say:

I will call you after arriving at the office. Please have a drink before leaving. I am looking forward to meeting you. Do you object to working late? Tara always dreams about going on holiday.

Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:

I will call you after my arrival at the office. Please have a drink before your departure. I am looking forward to our lunch. Do you object to this job? Tara always dreams about holidays.

English Module 2. Grade XI. Gerund. @2011

Gerunds after Certain Verbs

We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the infinitive form, for example:

I want to eat.

But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example:

I dislike eating.

This depends on the first verb. Here is a list of verbs that are usually followed by a verb in gerund form:

admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, report, resent, risk, can't stand, suggest, understand

Look at these examples:

She is considering having a holiday. Do you feel like going out? I can't help falling in love with you. I can't stand not seeing you.

Gerunds Quiz
1 I dislike (go) to the movies by myself. __________________________________________________ 2 We started (eat) dinner without you. __________________________________________________ 3 I can't imagine (buy) my own house. __________________________________________________ 4 I used (watch) that television show all of the time. __________________________________________________ 5 I always eat breakfast before (go) to school. __________________________________________________ 6 When do you practise (play) the piano? __________________________________________________ 7 My grandmother prefers (read) science fiction books. __________________________________________________ 8 You need (study) harder this year. __________________________________________________

English Module 2. Grade XI. Gerund. @2011

9 I am used to (see) her in a bad mood. __________________________________________________ 10 Have you talked to the dentist about (clean) your teeth? __________________________________________________

Complete the table. Number one has been done for you. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Words like Hate Avoid Enjoy Stop Finish Practice Admit Deny Imagine Mind Meaning suka Sentence He likes reading novel.

English Module 2. Grade XI. Gerund. @2011

TOO and ENOUGH

Subject + to be + too + adjective + for object + to infinitive

e.g. - The coffee is too hot for me to drink. - The shoes are too expensive for me to buy. Too has negative sense.

Subject + to be + adjective + enough + for object + to infinitive

e.g. - The coffee is sweet enough for me to drink. - The shoes are cheap enough for me to buy. Enough has positive sense.

Exercises: 1. We couldnt carry the boxes. They were too heavy. ____________________________________________________________ 2. The little girl cant reach the top shelf in the cupboard. It was too high. ____________________________________________________________ 3. Nobody could move the cupboard. It was too heavy. ____________________________________________________________ 4. Dont eat these avocadoes. Theyre not ripe enough. ____________________________________________________________

English Module 2. Grade XI. Gerund. @2011

5. I cant explain the situation. Its too complicated. ____________________________________________________________ 6. We couldnt climb over the wall. It was too high. ____________________________________________________________ 7. Three people cant sit on this sofa. It isnt big enough. ____________________________________________________________ 8. You cant see some things without a microscope. They are too small. ____________________________________________________________ 9. I cant buy the book. It is too expensive. ____________________________________________________________ 10. We cant sleep in that room. It is not big enough. ____________________________________________________________

English Module 2. Grade XI. Gerund. @2011