PRACTICAL 2 Title: Thermochemistry: Determining the heat of reaction Objectives: 1. To determine the value of heat capacity of calorimeter 2.

To determine the heat of neutralization of HCL and NaOH

Introduction: A calorimeter is a container that is thermally isolated and can measured heat absorbed or released (qrxn) by chemical reactions. The proportionality constant, C, is the heat capacity of the sample which means the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature by 1 . qrxn = -(q cal + q soln) q=C t

From the equations above, we could form another equation for a homogenous sample, such as solutions which include mass of the sample and changes in temperature. Proportionality constant, s is specific heat capacity of solution per unit mass. Since in this experiment we use water, so the value of specific heat capacity is 4.184 J/g. . Density of solution is assumed the same with density of water (1g/mL). qrxn = -(C cal where, t m t + ms soln t)

= final temperature of system-initial temperature of system = mass of solution

C cal = heat capacity of calorimeter s soln = specific heat capacity of solution

Apparatus: Stop watch, calorimeter, conical flask, thermometer, 100mL beaker, measuring cylinder, and Bunsen burner.

Reagent: 1.0 M of NaOH, 1.0 M of HCL and distilled water. Procedures: A.Determination of the heat capacity of calorimeter 1. The temperature of an empty calorimeter was measured by putting a thermometer inside the calorimeter, T1. 2. 50 mL distilled water was poured into a 100 mL beaker. 3. The beaker was heated to a temperature between 50-60 . 4. The hot water was poured into the calorimeter and the calorimeter was covered. The initial temperature of the hot water was immediately measured, T2. 5. The decrease in temperature was observed until it became constant for a few minutes. This temperature was recorded, T3. B.Determination of the heat of neutralization of HCL 1.0 M and NaOH 1.0 M 1. 25 mL NaOH 1.0 M and 25 mL HCL 1.0 M was measured using a cylinder. 2. NaOH solution was poured into the calorimeter and the HCL solution into a conical flask. The initial temperature of each solution was recorded T1. 3. The cover was slightly lifted without removing the thermometer and all the HCL solution was quickly poured into the calorimeter. 4. The cover of the calorimeter was quickly replaced. 5. The solution was stirred and the temperature was recorded every 15 seconds for at least 2 minutes. The maximum temperature was noted, T2. 6. The experiment was repeated twice.

Results: Exp. A Temperature of empty calorimeter, T1 Initial temperature of hot water,T2 The decrease in temperature until it stays constant,T3 25.5 65 51

Exp. B T1 Reagents NaOH HCL Temperature1st exp.( 25.5 25.0 Temperature 2nd exp.( ) 25.5 26.0

Temperature NaOH + HCL for the 1st exp. = 50.5 Therefore, the average temperature for 1st exp. = 25.25 Temperature NaOH + HCL for the 2nd exp. = 51.5 Therefore, the average temperature for 2nd exp. = 25.75 The average temperature for T1 is = 25.25 + 25.75 2 = 25.5

T2 Time (s) Temperature for 1st exp. ( ) Temperature for 2nd exp.( )

15s 30s 45s 60s 75s 90s 105s 120s

31 31 31 30 30 30 30 30

31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31

The average temperature for the 1st exp. = 30.375 The average temperature for the 2nd exp.= 31 Therefore, the average temperature for T2 is = 30.375 2 + 31 = 30.6875

Discussion: 1. Determine the heat capacity of your calorimeter Using the formula, q = c t Where q= heat of vaporization (heat released is -40.79 kJ/mol) c= heat capacity of calorimeter in J/ t= difference between the final time taken and the initial time taken t= Tf Ti = T3 (T2- T1) = 51 = 11.5 Therefore, by substituting the formula, the heat capacity of calorimeter is, -40.79 kJ/mol = Ccal x (11.5 ) Ccal = 40790 J/mol 11.5 = 3546.96 J/ - (65.0 - 25.5 )

2. Define the heat of neutralization Heat of neutralization is defined as amount of energy heat given off when one mole of hydrogen ion from an acid (H+ ) combine with 1 mole of hydroxide ion (OH- ) from an alkali or base to form 1 mole of water in standard conditions.

3. Calculate the value of the heat of neutralization of the above reaction and compare with the theoretical value. Give your comments.

Qrxn = - ( Ccal

t+

ms t ) - 25.5 ) + (50 g)(4.184 J/g )(30.6875 - 25.5 )]

= - [(3546.96 J/ ) (30.6875 = - [ 18399.86 J + 1085.225 ] = - 19485.085 J = - 19.49 kJ

The theoretical value for heat of neutralization is -56.2 kJ while the value obtained from the experiment is -19.49 kJ. The value obtained from the experiment is much lower due to many reasons. One of them is the material used in this experiment. Instead of using Styrofoam cup, we used copper calorimeter which undoubtedly, will absorb more heat from the water. Moreover, heat also loosed to the surroundings when stirring the mixed solution and causing minor error in the reading of the temperature. It also took some time to read the thermometer and this will also cause in heat loss as well as the reading might not be accurate. Finally, when lifting the cover to pour HCl solution into the calorimeter, we lifted it widely instead of slightly. Therefore, heat is loss to the surroundings.

Conclusion In this experiment, we determined the heat of reaction. Since the solutions are acid and base, so it is heat of neutralization.The value of the heat capacity of calorimeter is 3546.96 J/ and

the experimental value of heat of neutralization of HCl and NaOH is -19.49 kJ compared to the theoretical value which is -56.2 kJ. The large differences between the theoretical value and experimental value for heat of neutralization is mainly caused by heat loss to the surroundings.

References 1. http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/calorimetry/HeatOFNeutralization.html 2. http://www.slideshare.net/sulaimanmohd80/heat-of-neutralization 3. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_heat_of_neutralizations#slide3 4. Calculations in AS/A level Chemistry, Longman 2000, Jim Clark.