COAL MINE PLANNING

&
DESIGN
-A.V.REDDY,
ADDL.MANAGER
The Singareni Collieries Company Limited

Mining Methods
Generally Coal is being mined by two main methods
1. Surface or Opencast mining
2. Underground mining.

The choice of method is largely determined by the
depth, thickness and no. of coal seams, geology of the
coal deposit and other factors.
Reconnaissance Survey
To plan for winning any coal deposit, the required
data/Information is

1. Geological Report of the Block
2. Surface features exists in and around the
deposit

1.Geological Report / Geo-Model
O Geological Report will be generated basing on the
detailed exploration of the deposit.
O The Borehole data generated with detailed
exploration will be used for preparation of
Geological Report.
O Many soft wares are available for generating
geological report and the report generated through
soft ware is called Geo-Model.
O MINEX, SURPAC, DATAMINE are some of the soft
wares currently being used for preparation of Geo-
Model.


What is Geological Report / Geo-Model?
Geological Report / Geo-Model consists of

Surface Topography Hills, contours, rivers of Flats
Geological Map in crops, Faults
Graphic Lithologs
Graphic correlation charts
Floor/Roof contour plans of all seams
Seam folio plans of all seams (seam out cop, floor
contours, faults, Iso-UHV, Iso-chore, Iso-depth).
Geological cross sections
Seam structure of all seams
ISO parting plans
ISO excavation plan for lower seam (surface constraints,
boundaries, faults at seam level, excavation area)


Additional data Geological Report



Geo-technical data - Diggability of materials, slope geometry and
stability of Working/permanent slopes, spoil
pile configuration for outside/inside dump,
stability, grainsizes after blasting etc.

Ground Water - Dewatering and depressurization
Hydrology Impact of dewatering on surrounding areas
- Impact on water quality

Surface Hydrology - Water quality
- make off water
- Mine flood protection
- Options for discharge of dirty water and
various discharge systems.
2.Study of Surface Features
For opening up of any deposit, it is necessary to study the
surface features within and around the deposit and the
data which consists of
O Presence of villages/habitats - Densely populated areas
O Presence of rivers/Jores/nalahs/railway lines/roads etc.
O Type of land including land use - Forest/Non Forest
O Ecologically Sensitive areas like wild life sanctuaries,
Bio reserves, National Parks and archeologically
important structures/monuments
O Inter state/National boundaries
O Critically Polluted areas/Environmentally fragile areas






Conceptual Stage
After detailed study of Geological Report coupled with
study of detailed surface features, a Conceptual Report
will be prepared with various options.
A detailed review on Conceptual Report will be taken
up before finalising the method of work to be adopted
and the technology to be used.
After finalising the method of work, Detailed Project
Report will be prepared which includes Technical and
Financial feasibility.










Deposit
Tech-Aspects
Economic aspects
Resources
GR/MR
Mining depth
Strata Sequa
Thickness of
- coal
- waste
- inter burden
Coal Quality
Slope stability
Water
Mining
Technology
Options and
Suggestions
Equipment

Surface
Constraints
Production requirements
Minelife requirements
Logistics,
Roads etc.

Cash out flow
Cash inflow
Required rate of
Return
Cut-off SR
Conceptual Mine Plan

Pre-Feasibility Study
Modification of concept
and or optimization
Not accepted
New attempt
Management
Accepted
DPR
1. Opencast Mining
Shovel Dumper Technology
Drag line-Shovel Dumper Technology
+ Extended Bench method
+ Spoil Bank method
In-pit Crusher & Conveyor Technology
Surface Miner Technology
Ripper - Shovel Technology
Rock Breaker Technology
High Wall Mining Technology

2. Underground Mining

Two types of access to the coal deposit for winning the coal with
underground technology

Incline
Shaft
Adit



Underground Mining Different technologies

Bord & Pillar Technology
O Manual Mining
O Semi Mechanisation with SDLs/LHDs/Scrapers
+ Depillaring with caving
+ Depillaring with stowing

Longwall Mining Technology
+ Longwall advancing
+ Longwall retreating
+ Shortwall Mining

Blasting Gallery Technology

Continuous Miner Technology

Incline
Excavator
Shaft Mine Incline Mine
Adit Mine
Opencast Mine
Mining Methods
OPENCAST MINE PLANNING
&
DESIGNING
1. Thickness of coal seams- > 5m

2. Flat gradient - < 1 in 6

3. Strike length - > 1 km

3. No.of seams - Less the better, with
higher thickness
5. Coal without stone bands

6. Free from surface structures / features.

7. Preferably non-forest land.

8. Availability of adequate place for dumping.

9. Stripping ratio depending on quality of the coal
Ideal conditions for Opencast Mining
There will be some overlap between various studies/reports.

Every step deals with Mining Technology, equipment, production
scheduling, capital cost, revenue cost, internal rate of return, dispatches
etc. However the degree of accuracy of data on the above aspects
increases with each step.

Generally After F.R. approval, there is need to go in for long term planning,
medium term planning (about 5 years) and S.T.P. Short-term planning (6
months one year).

These reports should adapt circular analysis approach by considering
various aspects like additional information available while operating the
mine, slippages occurred, reserves, pit-slopes, pit-limits, pit scheduling to
control faster rate of extraction from coal inventory which otherwise may
lead to reduction in coal production in subsequent years or more
equipment for higher OB removal to maintain targeted production.

Basis for the initial study is Geological Report
A. Study of deposit exploration (GR)
B. Final pit limits.
C. Development sequence.
D. Design of Access Ramp and Haul Roads
E. Pit design
F. Annual production capacity system availability Mining
technology
G. Main Mining Equipment Matching to Mining Plan
H. Optimizing Dumping strategy and balancing
I. Year-wise / Stage Wise plans
J. Financial viability (Capital & Revenue)
K. Coal Washing
L. Environment Stipulations

Steps in designing of Opencast
Extent of deposit i.e. strike and dip rise widths.
Geology Geological succession, sequence of beds, drilling, logging,
no. of seams, sequence of coal seams, description.
Inter seam partings.
Structure No. of faults, Throws, dip of seams and beds
Reserves Quality wise/seam wise/depth-wise etc. based on Block
model, Gridded seam model & polygonal Model
O.B. volumes & S.R. Sector-wise, depth-wise etc.
Coal seam analysis, proximate and ultimate , Ash etc. & OB strata
hardness etc.
Drilling details (Lithology)
Physiography
Climate and Vegetation
Preliminary EMP information
Salient Information
A. Study of GR on the deposit Exploration
Rise side boundary - Usually incrop of the bottom most seam

Lateral sides - Usually by Geological disturbances like faults,
surface structures / features like nalah, river etc
or limitation of the strike length of the deposits.

Dip side - Depends on the economical stripping ratio, in
absence of natural constraints
The criteria for delineation of boundaries of an Opencast Project
B. Final pit limits
Haul analysis
Lead, lift increase cost - Decides mode of transport
Dump area -100m from mine boundary
Dump limits - Dump area - 50 m from internal access road.
- Dump area - 80-100 m. from mine infrastructure

Mineable Reserves - various losses, batter, barrier etc.
- dilution etc (50 Cm against Roof, floor)
Maximum depth - increases haul cost (30-40% of total cost at 1 1/2
Km lead)
Estimation of Coal, OB & Stripping ratio
Rough assessment is given below
Assuming Pit slopes of 45
0
, the Quarry floor and Quarry surface are
delineated

Volume of Coal & OB = Average area x Average depth - (A)

Average area = (Quarry surface area + Quarry floor area) / 2

Average depth = (Minimum depth + maximum depth) / 2

Volume of Coal=(Quarry floor area x Cumulative thickness of all coal
seams) - (B)

Coal in tonnes = Volume of coal x Specific gravity (C)

OB Volume = Coal + OB Volume (A) Coal Volume (B) - (D)

Stripping ratio = OB Volume (D) / Coal in tones (C)
For accurate S.R,the volumes of OB and coal are to be made seam wise
Contd.
B. Final pit limits
The boundaries are firmed up based on the economic stripping ratio.
Economic stripping ratio varies with:

Average sales realization i.e. higher the quality of coal,
higher the realization.
Capital investment requirements
Operating cost.
Also surface constraints
The following thumb rules may be of some Help (with outsourcing OB removal):
Grade Stripping ratio
(Cum/T)
F 6
E 7
D 8
C 10
Projects are likely to be economically viable upto a maximum SR indicated
against the grade of coal
B. Final pit limits
Contd.
Opening the deposit Access trench
Box cut - To accommodate all equipment
Mine phases - Depends on the shape of the property
Progress of Benches
Coal production schedules
OB excavation schedules
Note:- Maximize inventory of coal in the initial years
Differ OB stripping requirements as much as possible Average
SR versus natural SR
Income generated in the first 5 to 10 years but not remote economics
will either make or break the project.
Profits for in the future have practically no impact on the project NPV.
Each successive phase will be less profitable and the ultimate
limit will be loss even after ploughing in earlier profits.
C. Development Sequence
Location of Access ramp is guided by the following:

1) Generally located at the minimum depth of incrop of bottom most
seam So as to reduce initial waste stripping (unproductive work)

2) Should facilitate maximizing of internal dumping and sectional
working.

3) Should be near the External dump / Coal yard / Mine service
facilities etc.
4) Main haul road upto the pit limit should be planned in the
beginning only.
5) Since haul costs constitute about more than 40% and tyre costs
about 10% of the total mining costs,priority for design,construction
and maintenance should be given.
6) Gradient,width,drainage,curves,super elevation,base,sub
base,type and thickness of top dressing should be like that of
national high ways for heavy traffic.
D. Design of Access Ramp & Haul roads
Sl.No Particulars
1 Width Should facilities two way traffic,
dozer movement, formation of
drains, lighting arrangement
(Normal width 30m, but depends
on capacity of dumpers).
2 Gradient 1 in 16
3 Lesser number of curves
4 In flat seams of larger
strike length
Haul roads can be formed over the
floor of the seam
5 In steep seams Haul road for Coal & OB benches
can be planned along highwall
slopes say every 30m. This will
also facilitate internal dumping.
D Contd.
D. Design of Access Ramp & Haul roads
General design parameters and planning data

Density of seams, total coal column thickness
Thickness of partings
Gradient
Geological disturbances
Strike lengths, shape of property
Geological Reserves
Surface constraints/adjacent habitat
Dump yards availability with lead and lift
Mining system, optimum mining concept
Depth of operation, mineable reserves after various losses, OB
volumes, SR
Spoil characteristics
Work practices in the Area
Diggability characteristics
E. Pit design
As per Regulation 98 of CMR 1957,

In alluvial soil etc. - Sides shall be sloped at 45
0
or
Benched height not more than 1.5m
Width not less than height

In hard ground - Sides adequately benched/sloped so as
to prevent danger from fall of sides

Coal - Sides shall be sloped at 45
0
or
Benched height not more than 3m

However, exemption can be sought from Inspectorate.
E Contd.
E. Pit design
Overall slope of a pit depends on several factors of the pit slope:

a) Geological disturbances like faults etc.

b) Hydrological condition of strata

c) Orientation of slip planes

d) Nature of strata i.e. hardness, material consolidation etc.

e) Depth of workings

f) Design of haul roads & ramps in the highwall

g) Stratigraphy thickness, spacing of the clay bands or other weak
layers
E Contd.
E. Pit design
In general for OC mines upto a depth of 200m, overall slope angle of 45
0
is
permitted.
E Contd.
E. Pit design
For deeper mines flatter highwall slopes will be necessary from safety point of
view (for 35 T dumpers & above)
E Contd.
E. Pit design
For deeper mines flatter highwall slopes will be necessary from safety point of
view (dumpers below 35T capacity)
E Contd.
E. Pit design
Typical High wall layout
E Contd.
E. Pit design
Working benches

1) General
Width - 40 45m
Height - Generally equal to height of the boom or in some cases
upto 3m above the boom height.
In case of Backhoe digging height of machine
Bench slope - 56
0
to 70
0


2) Dragline:
Width of the cut - 60m
Height of bench - maximum digging depth

3) In order to even out the yearly OB removal quantities and the
economics sometimes alternative workings and non-working benches
(around 25 m wide) are proposed.
E Contd.
E. Pit design
After defining the boundaries, the annual production capacity will be fixed
based on the following criteria :
1) The available mineable coal reserves

2) Geometry of the deposit - Strike & dip rise lengths

3) Structure of the deposit - Thickness of seams, partings, faults,
gradient etc.

4) Linkage - Basket, Captive use etc.

5) HEMM configuration - Capacity of HEMM.

6) Surface structures - Limits the material to be blasted.
F. Fixing annual production capacity
G Contd.
Based on ,
-Dipper cycle time
-Waiting time for truck spotting
-Bad blast factor
-Truck loading time etc.
Annual capacity is based on
-Equipment available hours
-Utilization percentage
Proper fragmentation,less throw off material,bench height,bench
slopes ,avoiding toes and secondary blasting,improves shovel
efficiency
Optimum fragmentation-cost of drilling,blasting vis--vis cost of
dozing,loading,hauling and dumping.

G. Excavator machine productivity
G Contd.
System availability as a function of individual components
Calendar hours-(365x24) (Figures are Indicative only) 8760
Holidays and bad weather 2.5%-
scheduled working
hours(SSH) 8463 / 6140
Operational delays-blasting, relocations,shift
change,Lunch etc 1 Hour/Shift(8%)
Scheduled operating time or
Equipment available hours 6563/4390
Preventive maintenance-i.e annual,weekly,daily,shift
wise and unexpected break downs
15% of SSH
Availabilty- 100%
Shovel,dumper system 97% Effective Operating Time 6366/3960


85%









73%
System Availability 4804/3160
12% - Crusher + 1 Conveyor
2% Drop for each Belt
Effective Operating Time

5559/3730
Note: In seam Mining is always practiced in flat seams while in case of
steep seams Horizon mining, with its disadavntages, may have to be followed.

G Contd.
This is the most commonly used technology in Opencast mines.

Basically two variants Rope shovels and Hydraulic shovels.

Shovel used for excavation & Dumper for transport of material.

Bucket capacities vary from 0.9 Cum to 40 Cum with matching
Trucks/Dumpers of 16 Cum to more than 240 T.

Can be deployed for removal of varying thickness of materials.

Harder materials require blasting.

Can be deployed for removal of steep & thin seams (hydraulic shovels).
1)Shovel dumper technology:
G. Main mining equipment
G Contd.
A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a
boom with wire ropes.
Draglines are deployed wherever there is scope for side casting overburden
above coal seam into the de-coaled area.
It is very cost effective technology & can be deployed in flatter seams.
2)Draglines:
3)In pit crusher conveyor technology:
The drilled & blasted OB is loaded by shovels and transported by dumpers to
Crushers. The crushed OB is then transported by a series of conveyors into a
spreader for dumping.
Can be used in steep seams where laying of transport roads for the trucks is difficult.

While S.R indicates volumes,cut off ratio indicates depth and reflects in dumper
haulage cost,which increase with depth and may become prohibitive where in
alternative haulage system may have to thought off.

Ideally suited where material has to be transported over a large distance & lift.
4)Continuous Miner Technology:- Bucket Wheel Excavators
Presently being used in Naveyali, Lignite Opencast mines, having soft strata.
The buck wheel excavates the material without blasting which is transported by a
series of belt conveyors to spreader.
G. Main mining equipment
G Contd.
Rock breaker technology can be applied for breaking of rock/coal/ore
even about 500 kg/sq.cm.
It can be used wherever it is not possible to go for blasting near
vicinity of structures and habitations.
5)Rock breaker technology:
6)Surface Miner Technology:
Used for selective mining.
Larger strike length of about 600 m 1000 m and widths of around
300 m are ideally suited for surface miner.
Does not need drilling and blasting. The machine cuts the coal &
loads into trucks for onward transportation to Surface
Other common mining equipment to all the technologies
Drills
Dozers ,Graders & Compactors
Water Sprinklers
Pumps etc.
Electrical equipment
Crushers & Conveyors for Coal/OB
G. Main mining equipment
G Contd.
Rope Shovel & Dumper
Hydraulic Shovel & Dumper
An opencast mine with dragline
14/Jan/2004 Corp.Plng. 42
IN-PIT CRUSHER CONVEYOR TECHNOLOGY (Spreader in Operation)
Surface Miner
Corp.Plng. 45
SURFACE MINER
Rock breaker
Internal dumping:

Depends on the steepness of the seams.

As the gradient increases, the percentage of dumping reduces.

Internal dumping can be increased by sectorial working of the pit which may
reduce the annual output.

Toe of the dump generally kept at a distance of 100 m from the working benches.

Floor of the pit to be roughened by blasting for increasing dump stability.
General design of dumps:

Deck height 30m
Berm width 30m
Deck slope 37
0
Overall slope 28
0
Swell factor for OB-1.38,for coal 1.40
Swell compact after initial settling

1.20

Note:-Dump yard management and control is essential for the success of open cast
mining. In case of more than one External Dump yards, balancing the excavation
volume to either of the dump yard should be based on lead & lift and size of the
Dump yards.
H. Dumping strategy and balancing
1. Total dump height- 90m
2. Deck height 30m
3. Berm width 30m
4. Deck slope-37
0
5. Overall slope-28
0
H Contd.
H. Dumping strategy and balancing
1. Total dump height- 90m
2. Deck height 15m
3. Berm width 15m
4. Deck slope-37
0
5. Overall slope-24.83
0
H Contd.
H. Dumping strategy and balancing
1in4
Comparison between 1in4 and 1in8 Gradient
to toe of internal dump
Safe distance from coal bench
:
Assumptions:
Strike Length
Max. Depth
Coal Seam thickness
Annual Rated capasity
Mineable Reserves
Area of Excavation
Project Parameters
Life of the Project
Volume of Internal Dumping
Stripping Ratio
Total OB Removal
(upto Ground Level)
% of Internal Dumping
Volume of External Dumping
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
floor dipping at 1in4
50m 100m
1.04 Sq.km
32 Years
256.41 L.m3
480.5 L.m3
2.67
1in8
180.L.T
53.36
134.00 L.m3
0.59 Sq.km
17 Years
39.85 L.m3
234.15 L.m3
14.54
274.0 L.m3
90.0 L.T
2.74
6.0 LTPA
110m
15m
1000m
floor dipping at 1in8
Internal Dumping reduces with the increase in the gradient of the seam.
H Contd.
I) Stage plans
Stage plans are prepared based on Year-wise production
requirements (rated out put)

Stage plans at the end of years 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & in intervals of 5
years are prepared.

Also plans are prepared where any specific land mark like a new
box-cut, change in layout will take place.


I. Designing the year-wise / stage wise plans
1) The requirement of HEMM & its capital is estimated.

2) Other capital like developmental works, CHP etc are worked
out.
3) Operating expenses are worked out to arrive at cost of
production.
4) Financial viability including profit & loss , IRR etc is
estimated.
5) Based on required IRR, anticipated selling price is also
worked out.
J. Financial Viability
As per EP Act 1986
Environment
includes water, air and land and the inter-relationship which
exists among and between water, air and land and human
beings, other living creatures, plants, micro organism and
property
L. Environment stipulations
Air
Impacts: Dust is generated from drilling, blasting,
excavation, crushing and transportation operations.
This dust becomes air borne and gets carried away to
surrounding areas.
Mitigative Measures
Extensive water spray arrangements at the Coal
handling sites.
Wet-drilling methods are to be adopted.
Water spraying on haul roads and permanent
transport routes at required frequencies. Provision
for mobile water sprinklers has to be made for this
purpose.
Extensive Green Belt development around the quarry
and OB dump
Black topping the transport routes and avenue
plantation on these roads.
L Contd.
Water spraying on the haul road
Continuous water spraying on the haul road
Water
Impacts:
Pollution of the surface water bodies with the mine
discharge water and domestic sewage.

Mitigative Measures:
The Mine Discharge water is to be treated in
settling tanks before discharging it into the surface
water bodies.
Effluent from workshop is to be treated in ETPs.
Sewerage treatment plant to be provided for
treating the domestic sewage from the colony.
L Contd.
Impact
The main sources of noise in the project are electrical
and diesel-powered machines, compressors, pumps,
drilling machines, dumpers, etc.
During blasting operations blast vibrations will take
place.

Control Measures
Controlled blasting techniques using NONELs are to
be adopted .
Creation of green belts of dense foliage in three rows
between mine areas and residential colonies.
Proper maintenance of machinery including transport
vehicles.
Protective devices like earplugs and earmuffs are to
be provided to the needy workers.
Sound and dust proof cabins are to be provided in
the machines like dozers, shovels, dumpers and
feeder breakers at CHP etc.
L Contd.
Impacts and Mitigative Measures

O Topsoil excavated from the quarry is to be dumped
separately at predetermined place and has to be
subsequently spread on external dumps for
plantation.
O Top soil dump is to be kept not more than 10m
height.
O Top soil has to be vegetated with grasses and
leguminous species to maintain its fertility.
O The reclamation of O.B dumps is to be done by
using Biological Engineering techniques for stability
of slopes and prevention of soil erosion from O.B
dumps.
O Construction of crib structures, Gabion structures,
forming of staggered Contour trenches are to be
practiced for stability of slopes.
Over Burden Management
L Contd.
O Raising of seedlings on both top and slopes of the dumps
in the staggered contour trenches.
O By dibbling seeds of various species like Avisa, Subabool,
Babul, Neem etc.
O Safe disposal of rainwater by construction of garland
drains. Garland drains are to be provided around the
quarry and overburden dumps .
Over Burden Management
L Contd.
Impacts and Mitigative Measures
Safe disposal of water from Top of OB
UNDERGROUND MINE
PLANNING
&
DESIGNING

Conventional underground
mining
SDL & LHD
Road Headers
Longwall
Blasting Gallery
Continuous Miners

36 UG Mines
Coal: 11.9 MT
Depths operated: 400 mts
Depths Planned: 600 Mts.


Our Technology Under Ground
Technology
Operational Profile
Bord & Pillar (Manual Mining)
Coal is broken by drilling and Blasting
Blasted coal is manually loaded in to tubs
Coal tubs are hauled to surface
Bord & Pillar (Semi-Mechanisation)
Coal is broken by drilling and Blasting
Blasted coal is lifted by machines and
unloaded in to tubs or on to belt conveyors.
Loading Machines
SDL Side Dump Loader
(for 14
0
and flat gradients)
LHD Load Haul Dumper
(for 10
0
and flat gradients)
SDL
LHD
Capacity : 1.0 Cu.M
Avg. Production : 140 Tn/day
Capacity : 1.5 2.7 Cu.M
Avg. Production : 120 - 180 Tn/day
Suitable for Thick seams around 10.0m
at 10
0
and flat gradient.
Layout is more or less like Bord & Pillar
Development of Large rectangular
pillars is done in bottom section (3.0m
height) by drilling & blasting. Loading
by LHD
LHD in a Blasting Gallery mine
DIP
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Roof coal is taken while extracting pillars by
heavy blasting.
Coal from Goaf is lifted safely by remotely
operated LHD.
Annual output is around 3.0 Lt

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Remote LHD
Ring hole Blasting

FACE

Bottom
Gate
TOP Gate
Direction of retreat

Two long Roadways are driven
parallel to each other by
machines and connected at the
end to form a Longwall face.
The long rectangular block thus
created is cut in to slices by
Shearer.
Coal from Longwall face is
transported by series of Chain
conveyors and Belt conveyors.
Face Conveyor
Shearer
Supports
Road header


Rate of drivage 50 meters/day
Production 1500 Tonnes/day
For seams of 1 in 5 gradient
and flatter
Thickness of 3.0 m to 4.0 m

Bolting -240 bolts/day
For seams of 1 in 5 gradient
and flatter
Thickness of 2.0 m to 5.0 m
Continuous miner
Shuttle car Roof Bolter
Continuous Miner
The following mines are identified for Introduction
of Continuous miners in SCCL:
1. VK 7 Incline
2. GDK-11A Incline
With Shuttle/Ram cars as Backup
Our Technology - Opencast

Dragline
Shovel & Dumper
Surface Miner
Inpit crushing Conveying
Spreading
Highwall

13 OC Mines
Coal: 25.8 MT OB: 140 M Cu M
Stripping Ratio: upto 1:6
Gradients operated : upto 18
Depths operated: 170 Mts.
Depths Planned: 400 Mts.


Technology
Operational Profile
fuelling growth

fuelling growth
The Singareni Collieries Company Limited(A Govt. Company)
Seams which are available at shallow depths and
where stripping ratio is economically favourable
Open Cast Mining is practiced
Seams which are uneconimical due to high
stripping ratio are mined by Under ground
methods
These coal seams are approached by vertical shafts
and inclines
Inclines are preferred when the coal seams are
available at a depth of100 to 250 mts from the
surface.
Shafts are preferred when the coal seams occur at
deeper depths


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80
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SIDE DISCHARGE LOADER IN SEMI MECHANISATION


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Thank You

-Power Houses consume about 75% of coal.

-Power Houses are designed to accept Coal of E Grade & above
(UHV>3300).

-The percentage of production of coal below E Grade is increasing .

-MoEF stipulation Presently the onus of responsibility is on end user for
using Coal of not more than 34% ash if he is located over 1000Km away.

-Hence, the need to upgrade coals below E Grade so as to suit the
requirements of Power houses.

-Cost of washing is around Rs 120-130/T of raw coal.
Need for Washing
K. Coal Washing
Photograph of STP
Treatment plant for Work shop effluent