title author publisher isbn10 | asin print isbn13 ebook isbn13 language subject publication date lcc ddc

subject

: : : : : : :

: : : :

Colloquial Turkish : The Complete Course for Beginners Colloquial Series Aarssen, Jeroen.; Backus, Ad Taylor !rancis "outledge #$%&%&'$() *'+#$%&%&'$(* *'+#,#)*''),) -nglish Turkish language..Te/t0ooks for foreign speakers..-nglish, Turkish language..Self. instruction. ,##% 12%,'.&.-&A)' ,##%e0 $*$3.)&+,$,% Turkish language..Te/t0ooks for foreign speakers..-nglish, Turkish language..Self. instruction.

1age ii The Colloquial Series Series adviser: Gary ing

The follo4ing languages are a5aila0le in the Colloquial series: Afrikaans Al0anian Amharic Ara0ic 72e5antine8 Ara0ic of -gypt Ara0ic of the :ulf and Saudi Ara0ia Basque Bulgarian = Cam0odian = Cantonese = Chinese Croatian and Ser0ian Japanese 6orean 2at5ian 2ithuanian 9alay 9ongolian ;or4egian 1an<a0i 1ersian 1olish 1ortuguese 1ortuguese of Bra>il "omanian

C>ech ?anish ?utch -stonian !innish !rench :erman :reek :u<arati @indi @ungarian Bndonesian Btalian

= "ussian Slo5ak Slo5ene Somali = Spanish Spanish of 2atin America S4edish = Thai Turkish Ardu Akrainian = Cietnamese Delsh

Accompanying cassettes 7=and C?s8 are a5aila0le for all the a0o5e titles. They can 0e ordered through your 0ookseller, or send payment 4ith order to Taylor !rancis3"outledge 2td, BT1S, Cheriton @ouse, ;orth Day, Ando5er, @ants S1BE &B-, or to "outledge Bnc., ,* Dest )&th Street, ;e4 Fork ;F %###%, ASA. CE22EGABA2 C?."E9s 9ultimedia 2anguage Courses A5aila0le in: Chinese, !rench, 1ortuguese and Spanish

1age iii

Colloquial Turkish
The Complete Course for Beginners Jeroen Aarssen and Ad Backus

2ondon and ;e4 Fork

1age i5 !irst pu0lished ,##% 0y "outledge %% ;e4 !etter 2ane, 2ondon -C$1 $-Simultaneously pu0lished in the ASA and Canada 0y "outledge ,* Dest )&th street, ;e4 Fork, ;F %###% Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition pu0lished in the Taylor !rancis e.2i0rary, ,##&.

To purchase your o4n copy of this or any of Taylor !rancis or "outledgeHs collection of thousands of eBooks please go to 444.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. I ,##% Jeroen Aarssen and Ad Backus All rights reser5ed. ;o part of this 0ook may 0e reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or 0y any electronic, mechanical, or other means, no4 kno4n or hereafter in5ented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrie5al system, 4ithout permission in 4riting from the pu0lishers. British Library Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this 0ook is a5aila0le from the British 2i0rary Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Backus, Ad. Colloquial Turkish: the complete course for 0eginners3Jeroen Aarssen and Ad Backus. p. cm. %. Turkish language.Te/t0ooks for foreign speakers.-nglish. ,. Turkish language.Self.instruction. B. Aarssen, Jeroen. BB. Title. 12%,'.&-& B)) ,### $*$J.)&+,$,%Kdc,% **K#&(+'$ BSB; #.,#).*''),.' 9aster e.0ook BSB;

BSB; #.$%&.%&'$(.) 71rint -dition8 70ook8 #.$%&.%&'$'.% 71rint -dition8 7cassette8 #.$%&.%&'$+.L 71rint -dition8 70ook and cassette course8

1age 5

Contents

!ckno"ledge#ents

vii

$ntroduction

%as&ls&n' @o4 are youM

Tatil yap&yoru* DeHre on holiday

)0

1age 5i 13 Ge+#i, olsun:et 4ell soonN 1/ Say&n 01rencileri#i*in dikkat edece1i hususlar 9atters to 4hich our respected students should pay attention 1( Si*e 01retip 01rete#edikleri#i* The things 4e could and couldnHt teach you 2eady3re4erence gra##ar ey to e6ercises Turkish37nglish glossary 7nglish3Turkish glossary $nde6 )0. ))3 )/1 )(5 )53 30) 3))

1age 5ii

Ackno4ledgements
This course.0ook of modern colloquial Turkish took quite a 4hile to 4rite. De are grateful to the people at "outledge for putting up 4ith the endless delays 4e requested after missing yet another deadline. Eur thanks to the follo4ing companies and indi5iduals for allo4ing us to use their material. To "em>i 6ita0e5i for the use of the recipe for O9al>emeH from Tr !utfa "anati 0y ;ecip Asta. !or the reading e/tract in 2esson %&, 4hich 4as taken from the 0ooklet O@ollandaca. Firmi milyon @ollandalPHnPn 5e !lamanHPn konustuQu dilH 0y E.Candeputte, @.5an der @ei<den and J.Schipper, pu0lished in %**( 0y the !lemish. ;etherlands !oundation OStichting Ens -rfdeelH, 9urissonstraat ,(#, B+*)# "ekkem 7Belgium8. Special thanks go to the people 4ho got us interested in the Turkish language, 4hose efforts as teachers ha5e directly led to our enthusiasm for the language, and hence to this course. De particularly thank "ik Boeschoten in this respect. De 4ould also like to take the opportunity to thank the folks at our 4orkplace, at Til0urg Ani5ersity in @olland, for pro5iding us 4ith an ideal 0ase from 4hich to operate. Dork on the 0ook 0enefited from, among other things, discussions on didactic matters and the opportunity to try out 0its of this material in class. De o4e a lot to the countless nati5e speakers of Turkish 4ho ha5e helped us second language learners come to grips 4ith the languageHs particular difficulties and perhaps most of all at steering us a4ay from the sorts of things learners traditionally o0sess a0out, and in the direction of true colloquial language use. Thank you, 9ustafa :RleS, Asli T>yRrek, Ulhan Solma>, -mel TRrker, 6utlay FaQmur. De hope the end result does not offend their feel for their mother tongue.

9ost of all, Saliha Vahin and @anneke 5an der @ei<denHs help pro5ed crucial. Their 4ork on our 0ehalf 4ent far 0eyond 4hat could 0e e/pected of a friend3proofreader; 4e are inde0ted to them fore5er.

1age 5iii The people at "outledge, most of all James !olan, 2ouise 1atchett, Jane Butcher and Sophie Eli5er, deser5e our gratitude, not only for their patience, 0ut also 0ecause they 4ere relia0le and efficient editors. DeHd like to single out :ary 6ing, 4ithout 4hom this 0ook simply 4ouldnHt ha5e 0een possi0le. !inally, 4e apologise to our families for spending all that time at the computer 4hile fun could ha5e 0een had. Jeroen Aarssen Ad Backus Til0urg, April ,###

1age %

Bntroduction
Turkey is sometimes referred to as the 0ridge 0et4een -urope and Asia, since a small part of it is located in -urope 74est of the Bosporus, called Trakya OThraceH8 and the larger part in Asia 7!nadolu OAnatoliaH8. Turkish is the official language of the "epu0lic of Turkey, and the nati5e language of around && million people 7*#W of the population of ($ million8. Dorld4ide, the num0er of speakers is (# million. Eutside Turkey, youHll find speakers of Turkish in, for instance, :ermany 7%.+ million8, Bulgaria 7+##,###8, Cyprus 7%'',###8, The ;etherlands 7,##,###8 and the A6 7$#,###8. The language family to 4hich Turkish 0elongs is called Tur ic. Ether Turkic languages, most of them spoken in Central Asia, are A>0ek, A>er0aid<ani, Turkmenian, 6a>akh, 6irghi>, Ayghur and Fakut. Some 0elie5e that Turkish and 9ongolian are related, although this is still some4hat contro5ersial. An eye.catching characteristic of Turkish is that it has long 4ords. Turkish 4ords are relati5ely long, since the language is agglutinati5e. Bn the 4ord Oagglutinati5eH you can detect the -nglish 4ord OglueH. Bn fact, Turkish has a special 4ay of OglueingH parts of sentences to one another. !irst, you ha5e 4ords 7nouns or 5er0s8 4hich you can find in a dictionary. Second, there are so.called suffi/es, little parts 4hich ha5e a meaning, 0ut 4hich cannot 0e used on their o4n. These suffi/es ha5e to 0e OgluedH to nouns or 5er0s. A 0ig challenge for you as a language learner 4ill 0e to understand this process of agglutination.

How this course works

This 0ook is mainly organised around dialogues. :rammatical e/planations are usually follo4ed 0y e/ercises. Bn these e/ercises, you can practise ne4ly learned information as 4ell as information already digested in pre5ious lessons. The key at the 0ack of this 1age , 0ook plays a central role 7a key role, if you like8. Apart from pro5iding the right ans4ers to the e/ercises, it contains additional information and e/planations a0out specific grammatical features of Turkish. Therefore, it is essential to use the key e5ery time you ha5e finished an e/ercise. The main focus of this course is on the colloquial spoken language. Bn addition, 4eH5e included a num0er of 4ritten te/ts, taken from 5arious sources. Some of these are most likely a 0it too difficult to grasp in their totality: the key is again an important instrument for tackling these te/ts. Bt 4ill tell you e/actly on 4hich elements to focus your attention. There is also a num0er of tapes 4ith dialogues and e/ercises from the te/t0ook. Ase these tapes for impro5ing your pronunciation and listening proficiency. ;e4 4ords in a dialogue or an e/ercise are al4ays listed 0elo4 the te/t. Bf you donHt kno4 a 4ord and itHs not there, you must ha5e seen it 0efore 0ut forgotten it. The thing to do in that case is to look for it in the glossary; youHll find the -nglish translation there. -/ample sentences 4ill also contain ne4 4ords once in a 4hile. As these sentences are al4ays accompanied 0y a translation, you can easily find the meaning of any unfamiliar 4ords. As a general point, 4e 4ould ad5ise you to go 0ack a fe4 lessons once in a 4hile and read through dialogues and e/ample sentences, especially if you notice there are quite a fe4 4ords in the lesson you are currently 4orking on that you 4ere apparently supposed to kno4 already. But e5en if that is not the case, reading through Turkish dialogues and sentences in pre5ious lessons is a good 4ay of refreshing your command of 5oca0ulary and turns of phrase. Bn the process, it 4ill pro0a0ly impro5e your self.confidence, as you 4ill notice that, no matter ho4 much youHre struggling 4ith the current lesson, you ha5e o05iously learned a lot already. !rom this 0ook you 4ill learn Turkish. Fou 4ill at least 0e a0le to handle e5eryday situations in Turkey and to read some Turkish te/ts. @o4e5er, there is not a single language course in the 4orld that can teach you e5ery aspect of a language. De therefore strongly recommend that you complement this te/t0ook 4ith other acti5ities and materials: Buy a Turkish ne4spaperN 1urchase a dictionaryN :et hold of a grammar 0ookN :o to Turkey for a holidayN

1age ) 1ractise your Turkish in a Turkish restaurantN 1lease en<oy this course. Uyi SalPXmalarN
Alphabet and pronunciation

Before the O4riting reformH of %*,+ the Ara0ic alpha0et 4as used. ;o4adays, Turkish uses the 2atin script, 4ith a small num0er of modifications. Bt has ,* characters:

1age $ 8 as in :erman fr #lise$ 4hich is pronounced in front of the mouth, 4ith rounded lips. Fou could try to imagine 1eter Sellers as Bnspector Clouseau pronouncing the OooH in Omy roomH v as % in -nglish 4ater y as y in -nglish you * as & in -nglish >e0ra ;o4 listen to the pronunciation of the follo4ing 4ords on tape: a5YA5rupaY0acakY0aharYcanYCengi>YSPktPYSekirdekYdu5arYdR>Yellerinde YeminYfoyaYfuarYgittikYgZlYaQPrYdaQYsa0ahYhasretYPlPkYkPlPSY<etonY <andarmaYkadarYkeSiYle0le0iYlam0aYmumYmelekYniyeYnihayeYErhanY oto0RsYZrneQinYZperimYpulYpiyasaYradyoYrRyaYsiyasetYsandalyeYXZyleY XalgamYtu5aletYte0rikYumarPmYArfaYRnlRYR>RldRmY5arY5e>irYya5ruY yoksaY>amanY>emin

1age &

% ;asPlsPnM
9o" are you' $n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ say OhelloH, Ogood0yeH, and greet people [ say the names for family mem0ers [ understand and make simple introductions [ use the present tense [ say O4ithH, OmyH, and make plurals
Dialogue 1 Merhaba

9ello !ustafa and 'yhan run into each other at the bus station( )o%e*er$ they don+t ha*e all that much to say to each other 9ASTA!A: 9erha0a, Ayhan, nasPlsPnM

AF@A;: Uyidir, teXekkRr ederim. Sen nasPlsPnM 9ASTA!A: Ben de iyiyim. AF@A;: 1eki, gZrRXRrR>. 9ASTA!A: )ello$ 'yhan$ ho% are you, AF@A;: Fine$ than you( 'nd you, 9ASTA!A: -+m fine too( AF@A;: .ell$ see you(

1age (
Key vocabulary

#erhaba iyi te,ekk8r ederi# sen de peki

Language point Greetings

hello good thank you you too E6

nas&ls&n' iyidir ederi# ben iyiyi# g0r8,8r8*

ho4 are youM it is good B do B BHm fine see you

The greetings used in the dialogue a0o5e are relati5ely informal. They are used 0et4een friends, colleagues or acquaintances. The dialogues in this lesson are all informal. Bn ?ialogue ,, John meets 9ehmet for the first time, and greets him 4ith #erhaba OhelloH. @o4e5er, if the situation had 0een more formal, for instance, if 9ehmet and Cengi> hadnHt kno4n each other so 4ell, the slightly more formal g8nayd&n Ogood morning3afternoonH, 4ould ha5e 0een 0etter. John takes lea5e 4ith iyi g8nler Ogood0yeH, a little 0it less informal than g0r8,8r8* Osee youH. Also note ho4 Cengi> greets his friend 9ehmet: 4ith the colloquial ne haberM O4hatHs upMH 7literally O4hatHs the ne4sMH8, an equi5alent of #erhaba: The standard reply to ne haberM is iyilik OBHm fineH, 4hich is 0ased on the same 4ord as iyiyi# a0o5e: iyi; OgoodH. 2iterally, iyilik means OgoodnessH, and iyiyi# means OB am good.H 9ehmet ans4ers 4ith another informal form, 4hich has the same meaning as sen nas&ls&n: senden Oand youMH 7literally/ Ofrom youMH8.
Dialogue 2 Ne haber?

<hat=s up'

Cengi& has spotted !ehmet on the street and %al s up to him to introduce him to 0ohn C-;:U\: 9erha0a, 9ehmet, ne ha0erM

1age ' 9-@9-T: Uyilik. SendenM C-;:U\: Uyiyim, teXekkRrler. Bu John. Ungili> arkadaXPm. JE@;: 9erha0a. 9-@9-T: 9emnun oldum. TRrkiyeHyi 0eQeniyor musunu>M JE@;: -5et, Sok se5iyorum. 9-@9-T: ]ok gR>el. Cengi>, Ximdi e5e gidiyorum. C-;:U\: Tamam, yarPn gZrRXRrR>. 9-@9-T: 1eki, gZrRXRrR>. John, iyi gRnler. JE@;: Uyi gRnler. C-;:U\: )ello$ !ehmet$ ho% are things, 9-@9-T: Fine( )o% are you, C-;:U\: Fine$ than s( This is 0ohn( )e+s my #nglish friend( JE@;: )ello( 9-@9-T: 1ice to meet you( 're you en2oying being in Tur ey, JE@;: 3es$ - li e it *ery much( 9-@9-T: That+s good( Cengi&$ - ha*e to go home( C-;:U\: 45$ see you tomorro%( 9-@9-T: 45$ see you( 0ohn$ goodbye( JE@;: Goodbye(
Key vocabulary

te,ekk8rler >ngili*

thanks -nglish

bu

this

arkada,&# my friend

arkada, be1en#ek #usunu*' +ok sev#ek +ok g8*el ev ta#a#

Exercise 1

friend to like 7something8 do youM much, many, 5ery to lo5e 7something8 thatHs good 7literally/ 5ery nice8

T8rkiye1 be1eniyor evet seviyoru# g8*el ,i#di

Turkey he3she likes yes B lo5e nice, 0eautiful, good no4 to go tomorro4

house E6 7similar to peki8

git#ek yar&n

"earrange the 4ords on the right to match the -nglish translations on the left. % The 3yi ending indicates that T8rkiye is a direct o0<ect. The ending is discussed in 2esson (.

1age + thanks hello yes good0ye 4hatHs upM ho4 are youM see you E6 pleased to meet you BHm fine
Language point Introducing people

g0r8,8r8* nas&ls&n' iyiyi# te,ekk8rler ta#a# #e#nun oldu# ne haber' iyi g8nler evet #erhaba

Bn the dialogue a0o5e, Cengi> uses bu OthisH to introduce John to his friend. ;ote that the phrase he uses simply consists of bu and the name ?ohn. Turkish does not use a 4ord for OisH in these types of sentences. Bn the last of the e/amples 0elo4, the 4ord 01ret#en OteacherH is follo4ed 0y the ending 3i#; 4hich means OB amH. Bt can also mean OmyH, so that 01ret#eni# can mean 0oth OBHm a teacherH and Omy teacherH. Bn arkada,&# and ad&#; the ending 3&# indeed means OmyH. Bt is stuck on to the nouns arkada, OfriendH and ad OnameH. The 4ord beni# also means OmyH. The t4o meanings of the ending 3i# 4ill 0e e/plained more fully later on, starting in this lesson.

@en Ce#: !d&# Ce#: @u beni# arkada,&#: A1ret#eni#:

Dialogue 3 Bu babam ve annem

B am Cem. 9y name is Cem. This is my friend. BHm a teacher.

This is #y #u# and dad 0ohn no% introduces his family members to Cengi&

1age * C-;:U\: 9erha0a, dostum, nasPlsPn. Beni ailenle tanPXtPrPr mPsPnM JE@;: UXte, 0u 0a0am. Dad$ this is Cengi&( C-;:U\: @oX geldini>, 0eyefendi. JE@;: 3ou are supposed to say 6)o7 buldu + no%$ dad( -5et, 0u da annem. !um$ Cengi&( C-;:U\: @oX geldini>, hanPmefendi. JE@;HS 9A9: @oX 0ulduk 7to 0ohn/ B heard thatN8 JE@;: Bu genSler kardeXlerim: Jimmy 5e -ileen. C-;:U\: Si> de hoX geldini>. ;B: Bn the follo4ing translation, O7^8H stands for the things that are said in -nglish in this dialogue. C-;:U\: )ello$ my friend$ ho% are you, .on+t you introduce me to your family, JE@;: .ell$ this is my dad( 89: C-;:U\: .elcome$ sir( JE@;: 89: 3es$ and this is my mother( 89: C-;:U\: .elcome$ madam( JE@;HS 9A9: The pleasure+s mine( 89: JE@;: Those young people are my brother and sister/ 0immy and #ileen(

C-;:U\: 'nd %elcome to you$ too(

Key vocabulary

dost beni ailenle tan&,t&r&r i,te baba# beye4endi da anne# gen+ karde, ve si*

friend me 4ith your family introduce 4ell my father sir too, and 7same as de8 my mother young 0rother or sister and you 8plural:

dostu# aile tan&,t&r#ak #&s&n' baba ho, geldini* ho, bulduk anne han&#e4endi gen+ler karde,leri#

my friend family to introduce do youM father 4elcome 7ans%er to ho, geldini*8 mother 9adam young people 8here/: my 0rother and sister

1age %#
Language point ndings

Fou may ha5e noticed that phrases that mean Omy^H all end in 3#; e.g. baba# or anne#. This is 0ecause Turkish uses an ending, attached to the noun, to indicate possession. The 3#; plus sometimes the preceding 5o4el, means OmyH. Bn fact, Turkish uses such endings for practically e5ery grammatical function. Fou 4ill encounter the pattern time and time again, 4hen 4e 4ill discuss case endings, 5er0 tenses and many more. The structure of the possessi5e nouns is as follo4s. Bn baba#; the root 4ord meaning OfatherH is baba. The ending is 3#. Bn dostu#; the 0asic 4ord is dost; OfriendH. @ere the ending is 3u#. Both 3# in baba# and 3u# in dostu# mean OmyH. Dhen the preceding 5o4el is used and 4hen not, depends on the last sound of the 0asic 4ord. Bf it ends in a 5o4el, only 3# is used. ;ote that the 5o4el of the suffi/ is not al4ays the same. Bt is a u in dostu# and an i in karde,i#. This is 0ecause of another typical feature of Turkish, called 5o4el harmony 7see page %,8. !or no4, study the follo4ing e/amples: dost friend g8n day karde, si0ling arkada, friend dostu# my friend g8n8# my day karde,i# my 0rother or my sister arkada,&# my friend

Bost is a more intimate 4ord for OfriendH than an arkada,. Fou 4ill use arkada,; a more neutral 4ord, most of the time and dost for close friends. The dictionary forms of 5er0s contain an ending, too, the infiniti5e ending 3#ekC3#ak: Dhether the 5o4el is an e or an a again depends on 5o4el harmony. Dhen you look up Oto goH in a dictionary, you 4ill find the infiniti5e git#ek; consisting of the stem git3and the ending 3#ek:
Exercise 2

9any of the 4ords in the dialogue a0o5e contain endings. The follo4ing is a list of 4ord stems. :o through the dialogue and identify the endings these 4ords carry. 9ake a list of these and see if you can identify the meaning of each one on the 0asis of the translation. The stems are: dost; nas&l; aile; baba; gel; bul; anne; karde,:

1age %%
Exercise 3

1retend youHre tra5elling to Turkey 4ith your family to sho4 them 4hat a great country it is, and you are met at the airport 0y a friend 4ho you 4ill all 0e staying 4ith. Bntroduce e5eryone, using the 4ords gi5en 0elo4 7you may ha5e to choose 0et4een the last t4o8. The 4ord erkek means OmaleH, k&* stands for OfemaleH. Start each sentence 4ith bu; and remem0er that there is no 4ord that e/presses OisH. my hus0andYkoca#D my 4ifeYe,i#D my 0rotherYerkek karde,i#D my sisterYk&* karde,i#D my 0oyfriendYerkek arkada,&#D my girlfriendYk&* arkada,&# ;B: e,i# is gi5en here as translating Omy 4ifeH, 0ut it can actually 0e used for Omy hus0andH as 4ell.
Dialogue ! Ailem

Ey 4a#ily 0ohn and his family ha*e arri*ed at Cengi&+s house( The latter introduces his relati*es to his guests JE@;: Cengi>, ailemi tanPyorsun. Ama onlar da senin ailenle tanPXmak istiyorlar. C-;:U\: Tamam. Bu Ahmet Bey, 0a0am. Bu kP> kardeXim 9R<gan. Ungili>ce 0iliyor, yani Znemli 0ir kiXi. Bu 0eyefendi, onun kocasP, adP 9ustafa. JE@;: EQlan kimM C-;:U\: E Erhan, AliHnin SocuQu.

JE@;: -rkek kardeXin neredeM C-;:U\: Ali Ximdi UngiltereHde. Bu da annem, ;ursen @anPm. JE@;: .ell$ Cengi&$ you no% my family( But they %ould li e to get to no% yours too( C-;:U\: 45( This is 'hmet Bey$ my father( This girl is !2gan$ my sister( "he spea s #nglish$ so she+s an important person( This man is her husband$ his name is !ustafa( JE@;: .ho+s the boy, C-;:U\: That+s 4rhan$ 'li+s boy( JE@;: .here is your brother,

1age %, C-;:U\: 'li is in Britain right no%( 'nd here is my mum$ 1ursen )an;m(
Key vocabulary

aile#, tan&#ak onlar ailen tan&,#ak istiyorlar biliyor yani bir onun koca ad ki# +ocuk +ocu1u >ngiltere

my family to kno4 7someone8 they your family to get to kno4 they 4ant she kno4s so one her hus0and name 4ho child his child -ngland

tan&yorsun a#a senin 3le iste#ek >ngili*ce bil#ek 0ne#li ki,i kocas& ad& o1lan o !li=nin nerede >ngiltere=de

you kno4 0ut your 4ith to 4ant -nglish 7the language8 to kno4 7something8 important person her hus0and his name 0oy that AliHs 4here in -ngland

Language points Articles

Turkish has no articles. That means that a simple noun, such as ,ehir; can mean Oto4nH, and Othe to4nH as 4ell as Oa to4nH. The conte/t 4ill usually pro5ide a0undant clues as to

ho4 such a noun has to 0e translated e/actly. @a5ing said that, the numeral bir 7OoneH8 sometimes means OaH. Fou ha5e encountered bir in the dialogue a0o5e, 4hen Cengi> mentioned that his sister is 0ne#li bir ki,i.
"owel har#on$

Turkish has a specific feature in 4ord endings, 4hich is called 5o4el harmony. The 5o4els of these endings may change, depending on , !or 3i; see footnote %. Bt indicates a direct o0<ect: aile#i.

1age %) the last sylla0le of the preceding noun or 5er0 stem. There are in fact t4o types of 5o4el harmony: t4o.fold endings can ha5e e3 or a3 forms. The 5o4els in four.fold endings are either i; &; u or 8. Bt all has to do 4ith place of articulation in the mouth. Bt all may seem ridiculously complicated right no4, 0ut the e/perience of most learners of Turkish 7or other languages 4ith 5o4el harmony8 is that it soon 0ecomes second nature. This is for t4o reasons. !irst, the harmony is 0ased on 5ery natural sounds. Second, many of the rele5ant suffi/es are so frequent that they appear in 5irtually e5ery sentence. This 4ay of course you get ample opportunity for practice. !or the time 0eing the follo4ing o5er5ie4 is sufficient: T4o.fold 7e or a8 !our.fold Fi; &; 8; uG after e; i; 8; 0 after a; &; u; o after e; i after a; & after 8; 0 after u; o _ _ _ _ _ _ e a i & 8 u

The 5o4el that decides 4hat form the ending is going to take is the last 5o4el in the stem. -/amples: the suffi/ 3i# OmyH is four.fold, so it can appear as 3i#; 3&#; 38# or 3u#. the suffi/ 3le O4ithH is t4o.fold, so it can appear as 3le or 3la. the suffi/ 3ler 7plural8 is t4o.fold, so it can appear as 3ler or 3lar. karde,3i#3le arkada,3&#3la karde,3ler3i# arkada,3lar3&# karde,3ler3i#3le arkada,3lar3&#3la 4ith my 0rother 4ith my friend my 0rothers my friends 4ith my 0rothers 4ith my friends

;ote that 4hen the noun that 3i# is suffi/ed to ends in a 5o4el, only an 3# is added, so that in these com0inations 5o4el harmony plays no role. -/amples are aile# Omy familyH and araba# Omy carH, as 4ell as of course baba# and anne#. Some more e/amples: !rkada,lar&#la !l#anya=ya gidiyoru*: DeHre going to :ermany 4ith my friends.

1age %$ @u yeni evi#: This is my ne4 house.

Exercise 4

!ill in the correct form of the ending. The first one has 0een done already. % , ) $ & ( ' + * aile#lHHH kad&nHHH arkada,HHH ki,iHHH dostHHH evHHH ada#HHH T8rkHHH adHHH 4ith my family aile#le 7as the last 5o4el in aile# is OeH8 4omen 7kad&n O4omanH8 4ith a friend persons 4ith my friend my house 4ith men 7ada# OmanH8 Turks my name 4ith my teachers

%# 01ret#enHHH
Exercise 5

"e.read the first t4o dialogues carefully, and pay special attention to the greetings. Then try to fill in the right forms 0elo4, 4ithout consulting the dialogues again. C-;:U\: 9erha0a John, `````M JE@;: Uyiyim, ````` ederim. Sen `````M C-;:U\: Ben de `````. TRrkiyeHyi 0eQeniyor musunM JE@;: ]ok 0eQeniyorum. Vimdi e5e gidiyorum. C-;:U\: Tamam, yarPn `````.

Language points "erb endings

Bn the dialogues for this lesson you ha5e met se5eral sentences of the type OThis is^H and OB amH^ Dhen you compare the sentences 0eginning @u ?ohn and >yiyi#; you 4ill notice that they 0oth contain a form of Oto 0eH in the translation. Fou may notice as 4ell that of the Turkish sentences, the one that has a third person su0<ect 7this is8 has no ending, 4hile the one 4ith a first person su0<ect

1age %& 7- am8 does: the 3yi# in iyiyi#. Anlike -nglish, Turkish does not use separate pronouns 7such as -$ you or %e8 0ut 5er0 endings instead. -/cept, that is, for third person su0<ects, in 4hich case there is neither ending nor pronoun. !or O@e is a good friendH you say >yi bir arkada,; 4hile OFouHre a good friendH is >yi bir arkada,s&n. Bn the first of these sentences, arkada, has no ending. ;ote that no pronouns are used to translate OheH and OyouH. Fou ha5e already met a fe4 of these endings, and you 4ill meet them o5er and o5er again, as practically e5ery sentence in Turkish contains one of them. So you donHt need to learn them 0y heart, as they 4ill 0ecome second nature to you 0efore you kno4 it. Still, in order to pro5ide a clear picture of the endings, consider the follo4ing, in 4hich the 5er0 stem yap3 Oto doH, is follo4ed 0y the present tense ending 3iyor and the person endings:

yap&yoru# B do yap&yoru* 4e do

yap&yorsun you do yap&yorsun u* you do 8plural:

yap&yor she3he does yap&yorlar they do

The rele5ant endings are 3u# for first person singular 7the same as for OmyH8, 3sun for second person singular, 3u* for first person plural, 3sunu* for second person plural and 3lar for third person plural. !or third person singular, there is no ending. Some more e/amples: T8rk+e 01reniyoru#: G8*el T8rk+e konu,uyorsun: &* karde,in g8*el T8rk+e konu,uyor: T8rk+e 01reniyoru*: BHm learning Turkish. FouHre speaking Turkish 5ery 4ell. Four sister speaks good Turkish. DeHre learning Turkish.

So in forming a Turkish sentence, you should proceed as follo4s. Bf the su0<ect 4ould 0e a pronoun in -nglish, do not use one. "emem0er that the su0<ect 4ill 0e e/pressed through the 5er0 ending: 3i# for OBH, 3sin for OyouH etc. Bf you 4ant to say OBHm learningH, you need to start out 4ith the 5er0 OlearnH. This is 01ren3; then you add 3iyor; the present tense indicator. !or the OBH part, you then add the ending 3u#; so that you end up 4ith 01reniyoru#. Fou might 0e 4ondering 4hy the translations of the e/ample sentences sometimes contain a progressi5e 5er0 form 7e.g., learning8 and sometimes a simple present tense form 7e.g., spea s8.

1age %( The present tense of 3iyor is the 0asic present tense in Turkish and co5ers 0oth -nglish tenses. 7@o4e5er, there is another present tense in Turkish, 4hich you ha5e encountered already in the formulaic phrases te,ekk8r ederi# and g0r8,8r8*; 0ut 4e 4onHt discuss that until 2esson +.8 !inally, it should 0e mentioned that the difference 0et4een 3sin and 3sini* is not <ust that of singular and plural. As in many other languages, the plural form of the second person is also used as the polite form of address. Strangers in Turkey 4ill usually address you 4ith 3sini*.
Dialogue % Trke reniyorum

$=# learning Turkish -n a corner$ 0ohn+s sister #ileen and Cengi&+s sister !2gan ha*e struc up a con*ersation( #ileen has learned some basic Tur ish$ and is practising it right a%ay -B2--;: Bira> TRrkSe konuXuyorum. 9aJ:A;: Ah, Sok gR>el konuXuyorsun. ;erede ZQrendinM -B2--;: TeXekkRr ederim. -5de ZQrendim. 9aJ:A;: Burada mutlaka daha da Sok ZQreneceksin. Ben sana yardPm edeceQim. -B2--;: Affedersin, anlamadPm. Tekrarlar mPsPnM 9aJ:A;: Ben sana yardPm edeceQim. OB 4ill help youH demek. -B2--;: - spea a bit of Tur ish( 9aJ:A;: 4h$ you spea it *ery %ell( .here did you learn it, -B2--;: Than s( -+*e learnt it at home(

9aJ:A;: )ere you+ll surely learn more( -+ll help you( -B2--;: "orry$ - didn+t get that( Can you repeat it, 9aJ:A;: Ben sana yard;m edece<im( That means 6- %ill help you+(
Key vocabulary

bira* konu,#ak 01ren#ek

a little, a 0it to talk, to speak to learn

konu,uyoru# 01rendin evde

B speak you learned at home

1age %' burada daha sana a44edersin anla#ak tekrarla#ak

Exercise 6

here more you 7literally/ to you8 sorry, e/cuse me to understand to repeat

#utlaka 01reneceksin yard&# edece1i# anla#ad&# tekrarlar #&s&n' de#ek

surely, definitely you 4ill learn B 4ill help you B didnHt understand can you repeat 7it8M to say 7here/ it means8

!ill in the correct ending. % A1ret#enHHH , BostHHH ) @ilHHH $ Tan&,t&r&yorHHH & !ileHHH ( onu,uyorHHH ' A1reniyorHHH + Iard&# ediyorHHH
How to &ind words in the dictionar$

B am a teacher my friend 4e kno4 heHs introducing my family you 8pl(: are talking3speaking they are learning BHm helping

As a general rule, pay attention to the 0eginning of 4ords if you 4ant to kno4 the meaning of the noun or 5er0 stem. Bf there is a discrepancy 0et4een 4hat you find in the glossary at the end of the 0ook, or in a dictionary, and the 4ord as it appears in the te/t, it is likely that there is a suffi/ attached to the 4ord in the te/t. Bt 4onHt take long 0efore you 4ill start to spot the more frequent suffi/es. Bn fact, you may already ha5e de5eloped a feel for not only 3i# 7OmyH8, 3ler 7plural8 and 3le 7O4ithH8, 0ut also for 3iyor 7present tense8, 3de 7OinH, OatH8, 3e or 3ye 7OtoH8 and 3di 7past tense8.

'eading te(t

Try to read the follo4ing, difficult te/t. Bt is not important to understand e5ery single detail of it. Could you try to ans4er the questions that follo4, 4ithout looking at the translation in the 6eyM Cengi& and his sister !2gan are %aiting for a plane at #senbo<a airport in 'n ara( Their brother 'li$ coming bac from a holiday

1age %+ in Britain$ may arri*e any minute( "uddenly$ Cengi& hears a familiar *oice( -t+s =ncle )alil @A2U2: TesadRfe 0akN C-;:U\: 9erha0a, @alil Amca, nasPlsPnP>M @A2U2: Callahi, iyiyim, saQ ol. Sen nasPlsPnM C-;:U\: !ena deQil, amca, teXekkRr ederim. @A2U2: Fa annen 5e 0a0an nasPlM C-;:U\: Annem iyi. Ba0am 0ira> rahatsP>. @A2U2: :eSmiX olsun. 6ardeXlerin iyi miM C-;:U\: Uyiler. AslPnda AliHyi 0ekliyoru>. Bira>dan gelecek. @A2U2: Tyle miM E >aman 0era0er 0ekleyelim. FaklaXPk 0ir senedir gZrmedim onu. Vey, 0u gR>el kP> kimM C-;:U\: TanPmPyor musunu>M Bu 9R<gan, 0enim kP> kardeXimN @A2U2: Tyle miM ]ok 0RyRmRXN 't that moment 'li arri*es at the scene Ancle @alil first says bak Olook hereH, and refers to a tesad84. Can you guess 4hat this 4ord meansM Jallahi OB s4earH is used here as an intensifier of iyiyi#. Sa1 ol is more informal than te,ekk8r ederi#; 0ut means the same. @alil asks Cengi> ho4 heHs doing. Bf 4e tell you that de1il means OnotH, 4hat 4ould Cengi>Hs ans4er Kena de1il meanM Cengi>Hs father is bira* rahats&*; and 4hen @alil hears this ne4s, he uses the idiom ge+#i, olsun O9ay it 0e pastH. So, 4hat is bira* rahats&*M Bf 4e tell you that 3ecek e/presses future 7OshallH3O4illH8, 4hat 4ould bira*dan gelecek mean 7considering the reason 4hy they are at the airport8M ;ote the ending 3eli#; in beraber bekleyeli# OletHs 4ait togetherH, 4hich in this case indicates a proposal. Iakla,&k bir senedir means O!or

a year or soH. @alil does not seem to recognise 9R<gan. Cengi> asks Tan&#&yor #usunu* O?onHt you recognise herMH Apparently, 9R<gan has b8y8#8, a lot. Can you guess 4hy @alil does not recognise her at firstM
A short histor$ o& Turke$

The territory of modern day T8rkiye OTurkeyH is di5ided 0et4een the small -uropean part Trakya OTraceH 7Dest of the @o1a*i+i OBosporusH8 and the larger Asian part !nadolu OAnatoliaH. This area has continuously 0een playing an important role in the tarih OhistoryH of 0oth the Lrta Bo1u O9iddle -astH and !vrupa O-uropeH.

1age %* Ene reason 4as the significance of the Bosporus, a narro4 strait, the only gate4ay to the ara Beni* OBlack SeaH. As early as '&## BC, ci5ilisations 4ere present in Anatolia. Traces of these early inha0itants can still 0e seen in the !nadolu Eedeniyetleri E8*esi OThe museum of Anatolian Ci5ilisationsH in Ankara, or at the site of ]atal @ZyRk. 9any y8*y&llar OcenturiesH later, around ,### BC, the @ittites came to the area and de5eloped the great @ittite -mpire. Some small kingdoms on the 4estern coast 7such as the city of Troy8 challenged the @ittite dominance, 0ut Troy itself 4as attacked 0y the :reeks 7the Tro<an Dar, as depicted 0y @omer, took place near the small k0y O5illageH of Tru5a8. After the @ittites, :reek 4arriors came and conquered parts of Asia 9inor; later on the :reeks 4ere defeated 0y the 1ersians, 4ho in turn 4ere dri5en off 0y @8y8k >skender OAle/ander the :reatH. 2ater, the "oman -mpire also had its impact on sanat OartH and #i#arl&k OarchitectureH of the region. After the decline of "ome, the city of By>antium, 7later called Constantinople, no4 >stanbul8 0ecame the capital of the -ast "oman, or By>antine, -mpire. :radually, Turkish tri0es came to Anatolia, and founded small kingdoms. The Selcuk OSel<ukH Turks decisi5ely defeated the By>antines and forced them to retreat to Constantinople. 9uch later again, in %$&), the Ls#anl& OEttomanH Sultan Katih Eeh#et O9ehmet the ConquerorH 4as a0le to conquer Constantinople. !rom that day, the Ettomans considered themsel5es to 0e the legitimate heirs of the "oman legacy.

1age ,#

, Tatil yapPyoru>
<e=re on holiday $n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ say something a0out yourself and your present situation

[ tell people 4hat youH5e done recently

Dialogue 1 Ankarada

$n !nkara !2gan is sho%ing #ileen around in 'n ara( "he is trying to find out %hat her guest is interested in doing 9aJ:A;: ;ereleri gZrmek istiyorsunM -B2--;: BakalPm, 0ir dakika, oradaki 0ina neM 9aJ:A;: UXte 0u, RnlR etnoQrafya mR>esi. -B2--;: Bira> dolaXalPm. Caktim Sok. Sonra, 0a>P yerlere daha gideceQim. :R>el 0ir park 5ar mP 0uralardaM 9aJ:A;: Car, 0irkaS sokak ileride :enSlik 1arkP 5ar. -B2--;: Ah, gR>el. :idelim. 9aJ:A;: .hat places %ould you li e to see, -B2--;: Let+s see$ 2ust a minute$ %hat+s that building o*er there, 9aJ:A;: .ell$ that+s the famous ethnographic museum( -B2--;: Let+s 2ust %al around a bit( - ha*e plenty of time( -+ll go to some more places later( -s there a nice par some%here around here, 9aJ:A;: 3es$ a fe% streets ahead there+s the Gen>li Par ( -B2--;: 'h$ good( Let+s go(

1age ,%
Key vocabulary

nereleri g0r#ek istiyorsun bakal&# bir dakika oradaki

4hat places to see you 4ant, you like letHs see 7<ust8 a minute o5er there, yonder

sonra ba*& yerlere yer gidece1i# var

later some to places place BHll go there is

bina ne i,te 8nl8 dola,al&# dola,#ak vakti# +ok

Three re#arks)

0uilding 4hat 4ell famous letHs 4alk around to 4alk around B ha5e plenty of time 8see belo%:

var #& buralarda birka+ sokak ileride Gen+lik gideli#

is thereM around here some, a fe4 street ahead Fouth letHs go

% The construction vakti# +ok OB ha5e plenty of timeH contains the 4ord vakti# 7bvakit OtimeHc3i# OmyH8. 79ore in Anit $.8 Some 4ords in 4hich the second sylla0le contains an 3i3 lose it 4hen it is follo4ed 0y a suffi/ starting 4ith a 5o4el. So, it is not vakitim 0ut vakti#. 2ike4ise, the 4ord for OcityH is ,ehir. O9y cityH is ,ehri#; not ehirim. , Fou may 4onder 4here the 5er0 Oto 0eH is in Turkish, e.g. in oradaki bina neM ODhat is that 0uilding o5er thereMH Dell, in Turkish Oto 0eH is in fact not a full.fledged 5er0, 0ut merely a personal ending. "emem0er iyiyi# OB am fineH and @u ?ohn OThis is JohnH in Anit %. The first e/ample sho4s that OB amH is 3yi#D the latter sho4s that the third person singular form of Oto 0eH 7Ohe3she3it3John isH in -nglish8 has in fact no ending. ThereHs more on Oto 0eH in 2esson $. ) ;ote that in her last sentence, 9R<gan says var Othere isH t4ice. Dhen a question contains var and the ans4er is positi5e, you can simply reply var; in 4hich case it means OyesH.

1age ,,
Dialogue 2 Parkta piknik

! picnic in the park The t%o %omen ha*e found a nice place to ha*e a picnic( !2gan as s #ileen about her life in Britain 9aJ:A;: ;erede oturuyorsun, -ileenM -B2--;: 2ondraHda oturuyorum. Eraya hiS gittin miM 9aJ:A;: :itmedim. Anlatsana 0ira>, e5in nasPl, gR>el miM -B2--;: -5et, tam merke>de. EldukSa 0RyRk, 5e 0ahSesi 5ar. BRyRklRQR 0enim iSin yeterli. 9aJ:A;: :R>el. FalnP> mP oturuyorsunM

-B2--;: -5et. -rkek arkadaXPm 5ar, ama o E/fordHda oturuyor. 9aalesef. 9aJ:A;: Si>inle gelmedi miM -B2--;: :elmedi. ]alPXPyor. 9aJ:A;: ;e is yapPyorM -B2--;: TQretmen. !ransP>ca dersi 5eriyor. 9aJ:A;: .here do you li*e$ #ileen, -B2--;: - li*e in London( Did you e*er go there, 9aJ:A;: 1o$ - didn+t 7literally: - did not go8. Tell me$ ho%+s your house$ is it nice, -B2--;: 3es$ it+s right in the centre( -t+s fairly big$ and it has a garden( The si&e is enough for me( 9aJ:A;: 1ice( Do you li*e by yourself, -B2--;: 3es( - ha*e a boyfriend$ but he li*es in 4?ford( =nfortunately( 9aJ:A;: )e didn+t come %ith you, -B2--;: 1o$ he didn+t 7literally: he did not come8. )e is %or ing( 9aJ:A;: .hat ind of 2ob does he do, -B2--;: )e+s a teacher( )e teaches French lessons(
Key vocabulary

oturyorsun otur#ak oturuyoru# oraya

you li5e to li5e, to sit B li5e to there

hi+ gittin #i' git#edi# anlatsana

e5er did you goM B did not go tell me

1age ,) anlat#ak evin nas&l' nas&l ta# #erke*de to tell ho4Hs your houseM ho4, 4hat kind of right, precisely in the centre yaln&* si*inle #aalese4 gel#edi gel#ek alone 4ith you unfortunately he did not come to come

#erke* olduk+a b8y8k bah+esi var bah+e b8y8kl8k i+in yeterli

Language point "erbs

centre fairly 0ig it has a garden garden si>e for enough

+al&,&yor +al&,#ak i, ders Krans&*ca dersi veriyor ver#ek

he 4orks, he is 4orking to 4ork <o0 lesson !rench lessons he gi5es to gi5e

Bn order to produce e5en the simplest sentences you need to kno4 something a0out 5er0 tenses. !or e/ample, if you 4ant to say 4hen you arri5ed, you need to put the 5er0 in the past tense, as in OB came yesterdayH, 0ecause you did the arri5ing sometime in the 7recent8 past. Similarly, if you 4ant to say 4hat line of 4ork youHre in, you 4ill 4ant to use the present tense, 0ecause you are descri0ing something that is still going on. All this is true for Turkish as it is for any other language. Bt is important to learn at least the t4o 0asic forms of present and past tenses right a4ay. These are the endings 3iyor; the present tense ending and 3di; the past tense ending. But remem0er that 4here you 4ould use forms of Oto 0eH in -nglish, such as - am sick, are you a teacherM etc., you do not need 3iyor: A personal ending 7B, you, they, etc.8 on the noun or ad<ecti5e is enough. Bn the past tense, 3di is needed, ho4e5er.
Exercise 1

Dithout translating, say 4hether you need a 5er0 4ith 3iyor or 3di in the translations of the follo4ing sentences or 4hether you should only use one of the personal suffi/es. 1age ,$ % , ) $ & The food is ready. They came early. Dhere do you 4orkM BtHs a nice day. They came earlyN ( ' + * %# ?id you kno4 thatM SheHs not going. B like it 5ery much. Dhere is sheM @eHs a young man.

Dialogue 3 Buyurun

There you areC<hat can $ get you Blent and "abahat ha*e arri*ed in 'ntalya for a %ee end at the beach( They are sitting at an outdoor cafe and are about to order

:A"SE;: @oX geldini>. Buyurun. SABA@AT: @oX 0ulduk. :A"SE;: ;e iSersini>M SABA@AT: Bir kola 5e 0ir 0ira lRtfen. :A"SE;: @emen getireyim. 8The %aiter returns: :A"SE;: Buyurun, 0ir kola 5e 0ir 0ira. SABA@AT: TeXekkRrler. :A"SE;: Bir Xey deQil. 8The %aiter hangs around: :A"SE;: Buraya ilk defa mP geliyorsunu>M SABA@AT: -5et, ilk defa. :eSen yPllarda hep U>mirHe gittik. :A"SE;: 6aS gRn kalacaksPnP>M SABA@AT: Bu hafta sonu AntalyaHda kalPyoru>. Endan sonra 0ira> ge>mek istiyoru>. :A"SE;: ;e >aman dZneceksini>M SABA@AT: :elecek hafta gideceQi>. :A"SE;: Uyi tatiller. SABA@AT: TeXekkRrler. :A"SE;: .elcome( .hat can - get you, SABA@AT: Than you( :A"SE;: .hat %ould you li e to drin , SABA@AT: ' co e and a beer$ please(

1age ,& :A"SE;: Let me bring that right a%ay( There %e are$ one co e and one beer(

SABA@AT: Than you( :A"SE;: 3ou+re %elcome( -s this your first time here, SABA@AT: 3es$ it+s the first time( -n pre*ious years$ %e+*e al%ays gone to @&mir( :A"SE;: )o% many days %ill you be staying, SABA@AT: .e+re staying in 'ntalya for the %ee end( 'fter that %e %ant to tra*el around a bit( :A"SE;: .hen %ill you return, SABA@AT: .e+ll go ne?t %ee ( :A"SE;: )a*e a nice holiday( SABA@AT: Than you(
Key vocabulary

i+ersini* i+#ek l8t4en he#en getireyi# getir#ek bir ,ey de1il

you 8plural: drink to drink please right a4ay, immediately let me 0ring to 0ring youHre 4elcome 7literally/ itHs nothing8 not first time

gittik ka+ g8n

4e 4ent, 4e ha5e gone ho4 many day

kalacaks&n&* you 8plural: 4ill stay kal#ak ha4ta sonu ha4ta son de1il ilk de4a buraya ge+en y&l ge+en y&llarda hep $*#ir=e kal&yoru* ge*#ek ne *a#an gelecek gidece1i* tatil iyi tatiller to stay 4eekend 4eek end 4e stay tra5el34alk3dri5e around 4hen ne/t, coming 4eHll go 5acation, holiday ha5e a nice holiday

geliyorsunu* you 8plural: come to here last, pre5ious year in pre5ious years al4ays, all to B>mir

d0neceksini* you 4ill return

1age ,(
Language points *or#ing the present tense

Fou first take the 5er0 stem and add 3iyor to it. Then you add the personal ending. 7"emem0er that this ending is necessary 0ecause in Turkish you do not usually use 4ords meaning OBH, OyouH, O4eH etc.8 So, the steps you need to make in order to say OB gi5e a 0ookH are: % !ind the 5er0 stem. Bn a dictionary you 4ill usually find ver#ek Oto gi5eH. The 3#ek part is the infiniti5e ending, so the stem is ver3. , Add 3iyor to gi5e veriyor3. ) Add the personal ending. !or OBH that is 3i# or a 5ariant of it 74hich form e/actly depends on 5o4el harmony8. After 3iyor; the 5o4el is al4ays u; 0ecause the o in 3iyor ne5er changes. Bn our e/ample, this gi5es us veriyoru# OB gi5eH. $ ;o4 you need to make clear that it is a boo you gi5e: bir kitap veriyoru#. ;ote that the 5er0 comes last.
*or#ing the past tense

Fou follo4 the same steps if you 4ant to say that you ga5e a 0ook some time ago, i.e. in the past. Enly no4 you use 3di. % !ind the 5er0 stem ver3. , Add 3di: verdi3. ) Add the personal ending 3#: verdi#. $ 1ut the other 4ords you need 0efore the 5er0: bir kitap verdi#. Dith these t4o endings you 4ill ha5e 4hat you need, as far as grammar goes, to say most of the 0asic things you 4ould 4ant to say in the early stages of language learning. Bn this and the other early lessons, you 4ill encounter most of the more frequently used 5er0s.
The endings) the present tense with +i$or

Since Turkish uses personal endings 7not personal pronouns such as OBH, OyouH etc.8, the 5er0 endings change to sho4 4ho the su0<ect is. Bn the case of 3iyor 7see p %&8 they are: 3iyoru# 3iyorsun B you

1age ,' 3iyor 3iyoru* 3iyorsunu* 3iyor or 3iyorlar he3she3it 4e you 7pl.8 they

All these of course attach to a 5er0 stem, and each of these forms has four slightly different 5ersions 4hich ha5e to do 4ith the rules of 5o4el harmony. 7See 2esson % to refresh your memory.8 Bf the 5o4el in the last sylla0le of the stem is an OiH or an OeH, for e/ample, the first 5o4el in the 3iyor suffi/ 4ill 0e 3i. The form can 0e 3iyor; 3&yor; 3uyor or 38yor; depending on the final 5o4el of the stem: after after after after e; i a; & 8; 0 u; o _ i _ & e.g. bekliyor he 4aits, gidiyor she goes e.g. bak&yor she looks, k&r&yor it 0reaks

_ 8 e.g. b8y8yor she gro4s, d0n8yor he returns _ u e.g. oturuyor he li5es, oluyor it 0ecomes

"emem0er that the 3iyor tense can 0e translated 4ith either the -nglish progressi5e or simple present. gelmek to come B geliyoru# yapmak to do yap&yoru# bymek to grow b8y8yoru# oturmak to live/to sit oturuyoru#

B come3B am coming B do3B am doing B gro43B am gro4ing B li5e3B am li5ing you 8sg(: geliyorsun he3she3it geliyor 4e they geliyoru* geliyorlar you 8pl(: geliyorsunu* yap&yorsun yap&yor yap&yoru* yap&yorlar b8y8yorsun b8y8yor b8y8yoru* b8y8yorlar oturuyorsun oturuyor oturuyoru* oturuyorsunu* oturuyorlar

yap&yorsunu* b8y8yorsunu*

The past tense with +di

Again, the e/act form of the past tense depends upon the su0<ect, and on 5o4el harmony. The different forms are: Final *o%el of the stem/ B you 8sg(: 7% sg.8 7, sg.8
nd st

e, i 3di# 3din

a, 3d&# 3d&n

, 3d8# 3d8n

u, o 3du# 3dun

he3she3it

7)rd sg.8

3di

3d&

3d8

3du

1age ,+ Final *o%el of the stem/ 4e you 8pl(: they 7%st pl.8 7, pl.8 7) pl.8
rd nd

e, i 3dik 3dini*

a, 3d&k 3d&n&*

, 3d8k 3d8n8*

u, o 3duk 3dunu* 3du or 3dular

3di or 3diler 3d& or 3d&lar 3d8 or 3d8ler

;ote that there are a couple of surprises here. The personal endings are not e/actly the same as for the present tense. The 3u* of the first person plural 7in 3iyoru* O4eH8 is replaced 0y 3k and the 3sunu* of the second person plural 7in 3iyorsunu* OyouH 7pl.8, Oyou allH, etc.8 is replaced 0y 3ni*C3n&*C3nu*C3n8*. Again, these endings, indicating 0oth past tense and su0<ect, attach to 5er0 stems and are su0<ect to 5o4el harmony. As you can see in the list a0o5e, the 5o4el of the past tense suffi/ can 0e an i; &; u or 8. Bn addition, the 3d3; 4ith 4hich the past tense suffi/ starts, is sometimes changed into 3t3. This depends on the last sound of the stem: if it is a; + ; 4; h; k; p; s; , or t; the 3d 0ecomes a 3t. 7The process of consonants changing under the influence of preceding consonants is called OassimilationH.8 That means that there are e5en more possi0ilities: Final *o%el of the stem/ B you 8sg(: he3she3it 4e you 8pl(: they 7% sg.8 7,nd sg.8 7) sg.8 7%st pl.8 7, pl.8 7) pl.8
rd nd rd st

e, i 3ti# 3tin 3ti 3tik 3tini* 3ti or 3tiler

a, 3t&# 3t&n 3t& 3t&k 3t&n&* 3t& or 3t&lar

, 3t8# 3t8n 3t8 3t8k 3t8n8* 3t8 or 3t8ler

u, o 3tu# 3tun 3tu 3tuk 3tunu* 3tu or 3tular

These sounds 7+; 4; h; k; p; s; , and t8 are the so.called O5oicelessH consonants, as opposed to their O5oicedH counterparts 7c; v; 1; b; * and d, as 4ell as l; #; n and r8. ?onHt 4orry a0out learning this list 0y heart, as in running speech you 4onHt ha5e time to decide 4hether the suffi/ should start 4ith a 3d or a 3t. As 4ith 5o4el harmony, it is 0etter to let the principle slo4ly 0ut surely 0ecome part of your e/panding OfeelH for the language. BtHll 0e second nature 0efore you kno4 it. @ere are some e/amples of the past tense 4ith 3di:

1age ,* gelme yapma byme oturma

geldi# B came

yapt&# B did yapt&n yapt& yapt&k yapt&n&*

b8y8d8# B gre4 up b8y8d8n b8y8d8 b8y8d8k b8y8d8n8*

oturdu# B li5ed oturdun oturdu oturduk oturdunu* oturduC oturdular

you 8sg(: geldin he3she3it geldi 4e they geldik you 8pl(: geldini*

geldiC geldiler yapt&C yapt&lar b8y8d8C b8y8d8ler

B8n gece televi*yonda g8*el bir progra#& seyretti#: B sa4 a good programme on TC last night. @u sabah ka+ta kalkt&n' Dhat time did you get up this morningM Lnun i+in T8rkiye=yi se+tik: ThatHs 4hy 4e chose Turkey. Exercise !ind out the dictionary forms 7the infiniti5es8 of the follo4ing 5er0 forms and look them up in the :lossary to find their meanings. ?ictionary forms consist of the 5er0 stem plus the infiniti5e suffi/ 3#ak or 3#ekD try to supply the right alternati5e 0efore looking up the 5er0Hs meaning. Then 4ork out e/actly 4hat each 5er0 form means. The first one has 0een done as an e/ample. % , ) $ & ( ' + * ya>dP geliyorsun kaldPk seSiyorsunu> gitti 5eriyorlar satPyoru> SPktPn 5ardPnP> ya>.c.di __ ya>cmak __ __ ya>mak ya>dP to 4rite he 4rote

%# yardPm ediyoru>

1age )#

Exercise ! !ill in the right 5o4el in the sentences 0elo4. "emind yourself first of the rules for 5o4el harmony and of 4hich one of the t4o types you need to use for the 3iyor and 3di tenses. ?onHt 0e put off 0y any unfamiliar 5er0s in the e/ample sentences. Fou donHt need to kno4 them, as the focus of the e/ercise is on getting a feel for the 5o4el harmony rules. Translations of the sentences, 4hich contain many useful ne4 4ords, are gi5en in the 6ey. % Ena 0ir mektup ya>d..m. , Bu sene son0ahar hangi gRn 0aXl..yorM ) Ali 0ulutlu 5e soQuk ha5a Sok se5..yor $ Trenin kaSta kalk..yorM & FRrRd..n mRM ( ?Rn akXam hep dans ett..k. ' Sana sZyled..m yaN + ]arXPdan ne ald..nP>M * Saat onda 0uluX..yoru>. %# 6ala0alPk 0ir lokantada yemek yed..k. Exercise " 9any of the sentences you learn to say in this lesson 4ill often 0e used to ans4er questions like ODhere did you learn TurkishMH, OAre you en<oying your stayMH and ODhat are your plans for the ne/t fe4 daysMH. E05iously, you 4ill need to learn ho4 to understand these questions 0efore you can ans4er them. Se5eral questions are used in the dialogues of this lesson, and in 2esson ) 4e 4ill look into them in detail. Fou 4ill also 4ant to kno4 ho4 to gi5e negati5e ans4ers, such as OB donHt speak Turkish 5ery 4ell yet.H The same thing holds true as for questions: some e/amples are used here, 0ut actual discussion 4ill follo4 later. ;e5ertheless, you may ha5e already de5eloped a 0it of a feel for ho4 questions and negati5e ans4ers are formed in Turkish on the 0asis of e/amples in the dialogues. To test these intuitions, try to translate the follo4ing little dialogue. ;erede oturuyorsunu>M ;e >aman geldini>M TRrkiyeHyi 0eQeniyor musunM Buraya tatil iSin mi geldini>M ;e4 ForkHta oturuyorum. Bu sa0ah geldim. ]ok 0eQeniyorum. -5et, tatil iSin.

1age )% TRrkSeyi iyi konuXuyorsunu>M

Exercise 5

TeXekkRr ederim, ama henR> iyi konuXamPyorum.

:o 0ack to the 5er0s gi5en in -/ercise ,, and change their tense from 3iyor into 3di and 5ice 5ersa. The first one has 0een done: % ya*d& bstem ya* plus past tense 3d&; su0<ectbhe3she3it __ present tense ya*c3iyor __ ya*&yor he3she3it is 4riting A final remark: the main difference you should focus on right no4 is 0et4een sentences 4here you do need to use 3iyor or 3di and those 4here you donHt, i.e. 4here the personal ending is enough, as practised in -/ercise % a0o5e. The rule is that the 3iyor and 3di endings apply to 5er0s only, ne5er to nouns or ad<ecti5es. This is 4hy in sentences like OBHm a 0ankerH Fbankac&y&#G; there is no need for 3iyor. Asing a personal ending 7here 3y&#8 is enough.
Language points Ad,erbs o& ti#e

Tenses often go hand in hand 4ith time 4ords. An e/ample is OyesterdayH, 4hich al4ays occurs 4ith a past tense marking on the 5er0. A 4ord like Ono4H on the other hand, is typically associated 4ith the present tense. @ere are some of the most important of those 4ords related to time: ,i#di bug8n d8n yar&n dakika erken s&k s&k no4 today yesterday tomorro4 minute early often saat g8n ha4ta ay y&l; sene ge+ hour day 4eek month year late

Bn order to say things like Olast 4eekH and One/t monthH the 4ords ge+en OlastH and gelecek or 0n8#8*deki One/tH, OcomingH are important. ge+en g8n ge+en ha4ta the other day last 4eek gelecekC0n8#8*deki ha4ta ne/t3the coming 4eek

ha4taya

ne/t 4eek

1age ), Eften you 4ill need to say things like Otomorro4 morningH or Olast nightH, for 4hich you need to kno4 the 4ords for the parts of the day: sabah 01leden sonra morning afternoon ak,a# gece e5ening night

Bf you 4ant to say something like Oin the mornings, e5eningsH, etc., you use the form 3lar&. Sabahlar& erken kalk&yoru#: Bn the mornings, B get up early.

-asy.to.handle com0inations gi5e you d8n ak,a# for Oyesterday e5eningH and bu 01leden sonra for Othis afternoonH. Bn these kinds of time e/pressions you also need to kno4 4hat the days of the 4eek are called 7the 4ord g8n8 OdayH is optional8:

pa*ar Fg8n8G Sunday

pa*artesi Fg8n8G 9onday

sal& Fg8n8G Tuesday

+ar,a#ba Fg8n8G Dednesday

per,e#be Fg8n8G Thursday

cu#a Fg8n8G !riday

cu#artesi Fg8n8G Saturday

Mar,a#ba g8n8 buraya geldik: De arri5ed here on Dednesday. Si*inle cu#a g8n8 bulu,uyoru*: DeHll meet you on !riday. Exercise # The follo4ing sentences all contain a time ad5er0. The 5er0 has not 0een gi5en the proper tense ending yet. Four <o0 is to supply it. Choose 0et4een 3iyor and 3di; and make sure you use the right form of those, as has 0een done for the first sentence. % 9er ya* T8rkiye=ye d0nHHHHH 7-5ery summer 4e return to Turkey8 her ya* __ 3iyor __ d0n8yor 7c 4e8 __ d0n8yoru* , B8n b8y8k bir hata yapHHHHH 7Festerday B made a 0ig mistake8 ) Gelecek ha4ta Niverpool=a giHHHHH 7;e/t 4eek they go to 2i5erpool8

1age )) $ !rkada,lar&# d8n ak,a# gelHHHHH 79y friends came yesterday e5ening8 & @ug8n +ok +al&,HHHHH 7Fou 4orked a lot today8 ( L 4il#i ge+en ay g0rHHHHH 7B sa4 that film last month8 ' Oi#di bir ,ey ye#ek istHHHHH 7;o4 B 4ant to eat something8 + Lna bir hediye verHHHHH 7@e gi5es her a present8 * Ta#a#; ,i#di yapHHHHH 7Ekay, 4eHll do it no48 %# Ge+en ha4ta sonu ne yapHHHHH 7Dhat did you do last 4eekendM8 ya> d0n#ek hata o 4il#i g0r#ek Exercise $ Translate: summer to return mistake to see that mo5ie 4il# ye#ek hediye mo5ie food, to eat present, gift

% B 4ent home early. , Fou speak good Turkish. 7Fou is plural hereN8 ) @e ga5e me a present. $ She goes to school in the e5enings. & De li5e in ;e4castle. ( B did it yesterday. ' B 4ork for a 0ank. + They came late yesterday e5ening. okul bankada Exercise % school for a 0ank

The first page of the !nkara k8lt8r ve sanat haritas&; the Ankara culture and arts map, is on page )$ and contains the Ta0le of Contents, the i+indekiler. Fou can pro0a0ly guess most of these 4ords 4ithout kno4ing any Turkish. ;o4 for the other ones: on pp )(K)' are sample entries under sergi; s0yle,i; ge*i and kitap. Can you 4ork out 4hat these 4ords areM

1age )$

k8t8phane
Spelling

li0rary

Fou may ha5e noticed that the spelling of 5er0s 4hich ha5e a stem that ends in a 5o4el and are marked 4ith the present tense suffi/ is not predicta0le. Taking iste#ek Oto 4antH as an e/ample, it is not so o05ious 4hy Oshe 4antsH 4ould 0e istiyor and not isteyor or e5en isteiyor. The last option is impossi0le in the Turkish spelling system, as the com0ination of t4o 5o4els in a ro4 is simply ruled out. The other option, isteyor is not possi0le either. This is 0ecause 3iyor Oa0sor0sH the last 5o4el of the stem. This is not a uni5ersal rule; in other cases, the 5o4el of the suffi/ is lost 7e.g. the possessi5e in 4ords like baba3#; 4hich could ha5e 0een, 0ut isnHt, bab3&#8, and in yet others the t4o 5o4els are separated 0y an e/tra consonant 7e.g. in iyi3y3i#8. But 0e that as it may, 3iyor a0sor0s the last 5o4el of a 5er0 stem if that stem ends in one.

1age )&

Co4el harmony 4ith the last 5o4el 0efore that one, i in the case of iste#ek; then decides the actual form of the 3iyor suffi/, gi5ing us istiyor. So, 4hen you ha5e the time 7and in 4riting you usually do8, think of the follo4ing rule: if the stem ends in a 5o4el, lop off that 5o4el and make sure the first 5o4el of 3iyor harmonises 4ith 4hat is no4 the last 5o4el of the stem. "emem0er to apply the correct 5o4el harmony rules: final 5o4el in stem final 5o4el in stem final 5o4el in stem final 5o4el in stem !or e/ample: iste#ekPistPistiyor oyna#akPoynPoynuyor anla#akPanlPanl&yor 0de#ekP0dP0d8yor The last t4o 5er0s mean Oto understandH and Oto payH, respecti5ely.
'eading te(t

b b b b

e; i a; & 8; 0 u; o

_ _ _ _

iyor &yor 8yor uyor

Cengi& and his sister !2gan listen to their brother 'li+s tra*el e?periences 9aJ:A;: @adi, a0i, anlatsanaN A2B: 1eki. UngiltereHye geldiQimde, ara0a kiraladPm 5e 2ondraHya gittim. !akat hemen XaXakaldPm. C-;:B\: ;iye a0iM A2B: @ayretN Ara0alar hep sol taraftan giderN A> kalsPn trafik ka>asP oluyorduN C-;:B\: Allaha XRkRr, ka>asP> 0elasP> dZndRnN 9aJ:A;: 2ondra gR>el miM A2B: ]ok, Xahane 0ir yer. Bir sRrR eski 0inalar 5ar. To4er 6ZprRsR, Saint 1aul 6atedrali. @em de Buckingham SarayP. C-;:B\: 6raliSeyi filan gZrdRn mRM A2B: Foo, 0eni Saya da5et etti de, 5aktim yoktu.

'll three start to laugh

1age )(

9R<gan urges Ali to start his story a0out his trip to >ngiltere; 0y saying hadi anlatsana Ocome on, tell us a0out itH. 9R<gan addresses Ali 4ith a0i. Try to figure out 4hat this means. Ali rented a car Faraba kiralad&#G. Fou may guess the meaning no4 of >ngiltere=ye geldi1i#de; especially 4hen 4e tell you that the last part, 3di1i#de means O4hen B^H. Since you kno4 that gitti# means OB 4entH, the .ya part in Nondra=ya is easy to understand. Ali says 4akat he#en sa,akald&# O0ut immediately B 4as astonishedH. After Cengi> asks him niye O4hyH, Ali e/plains that arabalar hep sol tara4tan gider 7an alternati5e to gidiyor8. ;o4, the 4ord hayret e/presses surprise, and tra4ik ka*as& means Otraffic accidentH. So 4hy 4as Ali fla00er.gastedM 2uckily, there 4as no tra4ik ka*as&; as can 0e deri5ed from a* kals&n OalmostH. Cengi> thanks :od F!llaha ,8k8rG that Ali returned Fd0nd8nG home ka*as&* belas&*. @o4 did Ali return homeM 9R<gan asks 4hether 2ondon is a nice city. Ali starts his ans4er 0y saying Mok; colloquial for OFes, 5eryNH. 2ondon has many

1age )'

eski binalar 4hich make the place not <ust g8*el; 0ut ,ahane- Dhat are those eski binalar 4hich seem to fascinate AliM @e mentions a fe4: To"er 0pr8s8; Saint Qaul atedrali and @uckingha# Saray&. There you ha5e three ne4 4ords to add to your 5oca0ularyN Dhen Ali mentions @uckingha# Saray&; Cengi> asks 4hether he sa4 the krali+e. Dho 4ould that 0eM Ali ans4ers yoo; 4hich is colloquial for hay&r OnoH. @e says he 4as in5ited 7beni davet etti Oshe in5ited meH8 to +ay OteaH. Alas, he could not accept the in5itation 0ecause vakti# yoktu; he had no time.
A short histor$ o& the Turks

Since the fall of communist Sovyet @irli1i OSo5iet AnionH, contacts 0et4een Turkey and former Sovyet Cu#huriyetleri OSo5iet "epu0licsH ha5e intensified. The interest of the Turks in Central

1age )+

Asia is not strange, considering that, for instance, the A>0ek, 6a>akh and 6irghi> people speak a language that is quite similar to Turkish. A generic term for all these people and their languages is OTurkicH. Anatolia has not al4ays 0een the area 4here Turkish 7or rather, Turkic8 people li5ed. Bn fact, Turkic tri0es originate from the Altai region 74hich is situated 4here the s&n&rlar O0ordersH of Eo1olistan O9ongoliaH, Min OChinaH and 2usya O"ussiaH meet8. The need to find ne4 +ay&r OpastureH grounds for their s8r8 OflockH of koyun OsheepH, at OhorsesH and other animals 4as the cause of se5eral 4est4ard g0+ OmigrationH 4a5es. This 4as a gradual process that took centuries, 0ut aras&ra Ofrom time to timeH one of these tri0es left their traces in !vrupa tarihi O-uropean historyH, such as the @uns and their leader Attila. The Sel<uks in 1ersia 4ere Turkic as 4ell. Their influence on sanat OartH and #i#arl&k OarchitectureH in 1ersia, modern day Bran, 4as great. A 0ranch of these Sel<uks 4ere among the first Turks to arri5e in Anatolia. Bn %#'%, in the decisi5e Battle of Eala*g&rt O9an>ikertH, the Turkish.Sel<uk army defeated the @i*ansl&lar OBy>antinesH and the road to4ards Anatolia lay open to them. The Sel<uk Sultanate of "um 4as o5errun 0y 9ongol hordes, 0ut especially the city of 6onya preser5es many good e/amples of Sel<uk 0uildings. The 9ongols dro5e the Turks to the Dest 70eing dri5en 4est4ard seems to 0e a recurrent theme in Turkish history8, 4here they settled and esta0lished se5eral small beylikler OprincipalitiesH. Ene of these de5eloped into the Ls#anl& 7#peratorlu1u OEttoman -mpireH, named after the founder, Esman. The Ettomans am0itiously de5eloped their -mpire and 4ere strong enough to 0eat the By>antines. Ander the reign of Euhte,e# Sultan S8ley#an OSultan SRleyman the 9agnificentH, also called anuni Othe 2a4gi5erH, the Ettoman -mpire 4as at the 5ery height of its glory. SRleyman 0rought the Ettoman ordu OarmyH to the gates of Jiyana OCiennaH, and he conquered large parts of u*ey !4rika O;orthern AfricaH. After SRleyman, ho4e5er, the -mpire lost po4er and its +0k8, OfallH came slo4ly, 0ut ine5ita0ly. "eforms of later sultans, efforts to modernise and 4esternise, 4ere in 5ain and could not pre5ent the decline of the once mighty empire. Bn those days, its nickname 4as Othe sick man of -uropeH. Bn the 0eginning of the t4entieth century, the Ettoman -mpire came to its end, and 4as replaced 0y the T8rkiye Cu#huriyeti O"epu0lic of TurkeyH.

1age )*

) ;eredeM
<here' $n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to:

[ ask questions [ say 4here you are, 4here you are going and 4here you ha5e come from [ com0ine these t4o and ask 4here someone is, is going, or has come from [ say things like O0iggerH and Othe 0iggestH
Dialogue 1 O kim?

<ho=s that' C-9: E kimM T\2-9: -mel. C-9: ;erede oturuyorM T\2-9: AnkaraHda oturuyor. C-9: ]alPXPyor muM T\2-9: @ayPr, Ankara ani5ersitesinde okuyor. C-9: .ho is that, T\2-9: That+s #mel( C-9: .here does she li*e, T\2-9: "he li*es in 'n ara( C-9: Does she %or , T\2-9: 1o$ she is studying at 'n ara =ni*ersity(

1age $#
Key vocabulary

o oku#ak #u

that to study does sheM

!nkara=da hay&r

in Ankara no

;B: ;ote that the simple ans4er 7#el is enough to e/press OThatHs -melH.
Language point Asking questions

There are t4o types of questions in this con5ersation. The first type uses question 4ords like O4hereH, Oho4H and O4hatH 7interrogati5e pronouns8. Bn the first question, ki# O4hoH is used, and nerede O4hereH in the second. The second type of question in5ol5es Oyes3noH ans4ers. Bt is used in CemHs last question. The ma<or question 4ords are: ne' nas&l' ne *a#an' neden' niye' ni+in' 4hatM ho4M 4henM 4hyM 4hyM 4hyM ne kadar' nerede' nereli' ka+' ki#' hangi' ho4 muchM 4hereM from 4hereM ho4 manyM 4hereM 4hichM

Bn 3iyor and 3di sentences, question 4ords appear either at the 0eginning of a sentence, or right 0efore the 5er0: %e yapt&n' %erede oturuyorsun' %e *a#an geldin' %edenCniyeCni+in bi*e geldin' a+ g8n T8rkiye=de kald&' Dhat did you doM Dhere do you li5eM Dhen did you comeM Dhy did you come to usM @o4 many days did he stay in TurkeyM

There are only su0tle differences 0et4een neden; niye and ni+in 7a shortened form of ne i+in; Ofor 4hatH8. %iye; ho4e5er, sounds a 0it like an accusation, or as asking for <ustification, so 4e ad5ise you use one of the other t4o. Bn sentences that contain a form of Oto 0eH, the question 4ord tends to appear at the end. This is not a strict rule, ho4e5er, hence the third e/ample 0elo4:

1age $% Ou ar#utlar ne kadar' L ,ark&c& ki#' 9ava nas&l oralarda' @o4 much are those pearsM Dho is that singerM @o4 is the 4eather o5er thereM

;B: Dhile orada means OthereH, oralarda; 4ith the plural marker, means Oo5er thereH, Oin those partsH. ;ote also the personal ending 3sini* OyouH: %erelisini*'
Exercise 1

Dhere are you fromM

9atch the Turkish questions on the right to the -nglish translations on the left % 4here does she 4orkM , 4hen does she 4orkM ) ho4 much does she 4orkM $ 4ho is 4orkingM & 4hy does she 4orkM ( ho4 does it 4orkM ' 4hat does he doM + 4here does he do itM * ho4 does he do itM
Language point -es.no questions

a c e f

ne yap&yor' nas&l +al&,&yor' nas&l yap&yor' ne kadar +al&,&yor'

0 nerede +al&,&yor' d nerede yap&yor'

g ne *a#an +al&,&yor' h ki# +al&,&yor' i neden +al&,&yor'

Fes3no questions are so named 0ecause they can 0e ans4ered 4ith OyesH or OnoH. An e/ample is CemHs last question in the con5ersation a0o5e. The 4ord #i 7or #&; #u; #88 turns any sentence into a yes3no question. Fou can al4ays recognise 4hether a Turkish sentence is a question or not: all questions contain an e/plicit question marker. This can 0e either a 4ord from the list a0o5e 7ki#; ne; nerede; etc.8, or the 4ord #i in one of its four forms.
Exercise 2

Say 4hich type of question marker 7interrogati5e pronoun or #i8 you need in the Turkish translations of the follo4ing -nglish sentences. 6eep in mind that the purpose of this e/ercise is to help

1age $, you sort out the different types of questions, not to gi5e full, accurate translations 74hich are gi5en in the 6ey8. % ?id you see that mo5ieM , Dhen did 4e go to the cinemaM

) Dho played the main part in this filmM $ @as it 0een on tele5isionM & Are you an actorM ;B: Ef course, you can also ans4er 4ith OB donHt kno4H 4hich is bil#iyoru#.
Language point The &or# o& #i+questions

The question marker #i; #&; #8 or #u follo4s 3iyor; e.g.: +al&,&yor +al&,&yor #u' she 4orks does she 4orkM

Bn 3iyor sentences, the personal ending comes after the question marker. As you remem0er from 2esson ,, the personal endings e/press the su0<ect. Bn +al&,&yor #u' there is no personal ending 0ecause there is no added ending for the third person singular. Some e/amples 4ith other su0<ects: +al&,&yorsun +al&,&yor #usun' g0r8yoru# g0r8yor #uyu#' you 4ork do you 4orkM B see do B seeM oturuyorsunu* oturuyor #usunu*' istiyoru* istiyor #uyu*' you sit3li5e do you sit3 li5eM 4e 4ant do 4e 4antM

An e/ception to the rule that the personal ending comes after the question marker is the third person plural 7they8: the question marker comes after the personal ending 3lar; e.g.: +al&,&yorlar +al&,&yorlar #&' they 4ork do they 4orkM

@ere are all the forms for present tense questions: singular %st person ,nd person )rd person +al&,&yor #uyu#' +al&,&yor #usun' +al&,&yor #u' do B 4orkM do you 4orkM does he3she3it 4orkM

1age $) plural %st person +al&,&yor #uyu*' do 4e 4orkM

,nd person )rd person

+al&,&yor #usunu*' +al&,&yorlar #&'

do you 8pl(: 4orkM do they 4orkM

;ote again ho4 5o4el harmony 4orks in the follo4ing e/amples. The first four translate 4ith the 5er0 Oto 0eH. This type of sentence 4ill 0e dealt 4ith in 2esson $. hasta #&' g8*el #i' bo*uk #u' so40r #8' d8,8n8yor #usun' T8rk+e 01reniyorlar #&' anl&yor #usunu*' Exercise ! is he illM is it 0eautifulM is it 0rokenM is he a dri5erM do you thinkM do they learn TurkishM do you understandM

!orm questions from the follo4ing sentences, 0y using the question marker #i. The first item has already 0een filled in. % , ) $ & ( ' + * G0r8yorsun Mal&,&yoru* Gidiyorsunu* T8rk+e konu,uyor Iard&# ediyoru* !nkara=ya geliyoru# !ile#i biliyorsun !nl&yorlar >ngili*ce 01reniyor G0r8yor #usun' ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ?o you seeM Are 4e 4orkingM Are you goingM ?oes he3she speak TurkishM Are 4e helpingM Am B going to AnkaraM ?o you kno4 my familyM ?o they understandM Bs he3she learning -nglishM ?o you like TurkeyM

%# T8rkiye=yi be1eniyorsunu*

1age $$
Dialogue 2 e!ep!iyonda

!t reception Fatma is tal ing to "eyfi$ one of the guests in the hotel )er husband Cem is trying to fi? the phone on the reception des !AT9A: !ethiyeHye ne >aman geldini>M S-F!U: Bir hafta Znce geldim.

!AT9A: Buralar nasPl, gR>el miM S-F!U: -5et, Sok gR>el. !AT9A: TlRdeni>He gittini> miM C-9: Ben miM !AT9A: @ayPr, sen deQil, konuQumu>a sordum ta0ii kiN S-F!U: ?Rn gittim. ErasP TRrkiyeHnin en Xahane yeri. !ean%hile Cem tests the telephone$ but in *ain( C-9: Allah allahN S-F!U: 8to Cem: ]alPXmPyor muM C-9: Bo>uk herhalde. S-F!U: FardPm ede0ilir miyimM -lektrikSiyim. !AT9A: -lektrikSi misini>M E >aman kocama yardPm edin, lRtfen. !AT9A: .hen did you come to Fethiye, S-F!U: - got here a %ee ago( !AT9A: -s it nice around here, S-F!U: 3es$ *ery nice( !AT9A: )a*e you been to Aldeni&, C-9: !e, !AT9A: 1o$ not you$ - %as ob*iously as ing our guestB S-F!U: - %ent there yesterday( -t+s the most beautiful place in Tur ey( C-9: 4h noB S-F!U: 7to Cem8 -sn+t it %or ing, C-9: -t+s probably bro en( S-F!U: "hall - help you, - am an electrician( !AT9A: 3ou+re an electricianB Then please help this husband of mine$ %ould you,

1age $&
Key vocabulary

Kethiye=ye buralar de1il konuk tabii kiT8rkiye=nin ,ahane bo*uk yard&# edebilir #iyi#' elektrik+i o *a#an koca
Language point /ast tense questions

to !ethiye these places 7i(e( OhereH8 not guest of courseN of Turkey great, fantastic 0roken can B helpM electrician

0nce Al8deni*=e konu1u#u*a sor#ak oras& en yer herhalde elektrik+iyi#

earlier to TlRdeni> to our guest to ask that place most place% pro0a0ly BHm an electrician

elektrik+i #isini*'

are you an electricianM to my hus0and helpN

then hus0and

koca#a yard&# edin-

Bn past tense questions, the question marker comes last, so after the personal markers: singular %st person ,nd person )rd person plural %st person ,nd person )rd person Compare: 1resent tense: 1ast: sine#aya gidiyor #usun' are you going to the cinemaM sine#aya gittin #i' +al&,t&# #&' +al&,t&n #&' +al&,t& #&' +al&,t&k #&' +al&,t&n&* #&' +al&,t&lar #&' did B 4orkM did you 4orkM did he3she3it 4orkM did 4e 4orkM did you 8pl(: 4orkM did they 4orkM

did you go to the cinemaM Bn the present tense, the order is 7%8 *erb stem plus 7,8 tense plus 7)8 Cuestion mar er plus 7$8 personal ending/ % The ending 3i on yer has to do 4ith the 3nin in T8rkiye=nin. Bt 4ill 0e e/plained in 2esson (.

1age $( gid3 % iyor , #u3 ) sun $

Bn the past tense, on the other hand, it is 7%8 *erb stem plus 7,8 tense plus 7)8 personal ending plus 7$8 Cuestion mar er( git3 % Some further e/amples: present tense geliyor #usunu*' do you comeM yap&yor #uyu#' do B make itM +al&,&yor #usun' do you 4orkM a,=ta oturuyor #u' does he li5e in 6aXM past tense geldini* #i' did you comeM yapt&# #&' did B make itM +al&,t&n #&' did you 4orkM a,=ta oturdu #u' did he li5e in 6aXM ti3 , n ) #i $

;ote that the question marker #i is al4ays preceded 0y a space. 9ore e/amples of typical past tense questions: oraya gittin #i' be1endin #i' T8rkiye=de #i ald&n' ka+a ald&n' ha5e you 0een thereM 7literally/ did you go thereM8 did you like itM did you 0uy that in TurkeyM ho4 much did you pay for itM 7literally/ to ho4 much did you

0uyM8 A couple of notes on these e/amples: 7%8 the form for OthereH is oraya; and not orada 0ecause the 5er0 git#ek in5ol5es direction. Lraya means Oto that placeH. 7,8 the last three e/amples illustrate that 4ords such as OitH and OthatH are often not e/pressed in Turkish 4hen they are the direct o0<ect in the sentence. Exercise " Belo4 are some ans4ers. Fou ha5e to supply the questions. Their -nglish 5ersions ha5e 0een gi5en, 0ut you can make the e/ercise harder 0y 0locking them off. By 4ay of e/ample, the first item has 0een done. Three of the 4ords 7all direct o0<ects8 used in this

1age $' e/ercise contain 4hat is called the accusati5e case suffi/. Ene of those is !li=yi in num0er ). Dhen the 5er0 g0r#ek OseeH, is used, there is also something that is seen, in this case !li. The thing or person that is seen, is the direct ob2ect. Turkish often adds a suffi/ to the noun that functions as the direct o0<ect in a sentence, something 4e 4ill e/plain more fully in 2esson (. The other accusati5e.marked direct o0<ects here are T8rkiye=yi in num0er &, and onu himDher in num0er '. % >stanbul=da oturuyoru#: , 9ay&r; +al&,&yoru#: ) !li=yi g0rd8#: 7;B: O4hoH is translated here as ki#i8 $ B8n ak,a# gitti: & T8rkiye=yi +ok be1eniyorlar: ( Sine#aya gittik: ' Lnu biliyoru*: + 7vet; yard&# ettiler: ````` Dhen did he goM ````` ?o they like TurkeyM ````` Dhere did you goM ````` ?o 4e kno4 himM ````` ?id they helpM %erede oturuyorsunFu*G' Dhere do you li5eM ````` Are you a studentM ````` Dho did you seeM

student 01renci The question form #i may 0e used for emphasis. Dhate5er is follo4ed 0y #i is 4hat is emphasised. @u k&* 7ski,ehir=de oturuyor #u' ?oes this girl li5e in -skiXehirM 8no particular emphasis: @u k&* #& 7ski,ehir=de oturuyor' ?oes this girl li5e in -skiXehirM 7emphasis on Othis girlH8 @u k&* 7ski,ehir=de #i oturuyor' ?oes this girl li5e in -skiXehirM 7emphasis on the place name O-skiXehirH8

1age $+
Language point Location) in0 at0 on 1locati,e case2

-nglish uses prepositions to e/press the place 4here you are, 4here you are going to or from 4here you came. Fou say that you are in 2ondon, go to 2ondon, or came from 2ondon. Turkish does not ha5e prepositions. Bnstead, it has postpositions and case endings. De 4ill lea5e the postpositions for later; for the time 0eing the case endings 4ill suffice to e/press location and direction. The element e/pressing location is 3de; and 4e ha5e encountered it a fe4 times, as in %erede oturuyorsun' Dhere do you li5eM This ending 3de is su0<ect to 5o4el harmony 7see "eference :rammar8 and also to the kind of OassimilationH earlier seen for the past tense ending 3di 7see 2esson ,8, and may therefore also appear as 3da; 3te or 3ta. -/amples: Nondra=da >stanbul=da 7ski,ehir=de >*nik=te a,=ta hastanede evde sokakta in 2ondon in Ustan0ul in -skiXehir in U>nik in 6aX in hospital at home, in the house in the street

y8rekte nerede' nerelerde' >ngiltere=de oturuyoru# bug8n okulda ,i#di !dana=da oturuyor

in the heart 4hereM 4hereM, in 4hich placesM B li5e in -ngland heHs in school today she li5es in Adana no4

;ote that the ending is preceded 0y an apostrophe 4hen it is attached to a name. 7The same is true for other case markers.8 The ending 3de is also used to e/press the time 4hen something takes place. -/amples are: saat yedide be,te geliyor bir !1ustosta at se5en oHclock 7yedib'8 he comes at fi5e 7be,b&8 on the first of August

9ore on times and num0ers in 2esson &.

1age $*
Exercise 5

!ill in the correct ending F3de; 3da; 3te; 3taG; to gi5e Oin BursaH, etc. The 4ords that are not translated are all Turkish place names. % , ) $ & ( ' + @ursaHHH >*#irHHH k8t8phaneHHH kitapHHH arsHHH g0*lerinHHH okulHHH !ntepHHH in your eyes at school in the li0rary in the 0ook

Direction) to 1dati,e case2

The case ending 3e or 3a is used for e/pressing direction to4ards something or someone. After 5o4els the form is 3ye or 3ya:

Nondra=ya >stanbul=a 7ski,ehir=e Kethiye=ye hastaneye eve soka1a y8re1e

to 2ondon to Ustan0ul to -skiXehir to !ethiye to the hospital to the house to the street to the heart

1ay special attention to the last t4o e/amples and see 4hat happens to a k 0et4een t4o 5o4els: it turns into a 1: thus sokak3a 0ecomes soka1a and y8rek3e 0ecomes y8re1e. Similarly, a + 0ecomes a c; and a p 0ecomes a b: a1a+Pa1aca kitapPkitaba treeYto the tree 0ookYto the 0ook

The 3e or 3a case ending 7to a noun, personHs name or a place8 is also used to mark the indirect o0<ect or the recei5er, as in the follo4ing e/amples: !ynur=a bir hediye verdi#: ediye #a#ay& verdin #i' B ga5e Aynur a present. 7i.e. B ga5e a present to Aynur.8 ?id you gi5e the cat its foodM 7i.e. ?id you gi5e its food to the catM8

1age &#
Exercise 6

!ill in the correct ending F3e; 3ye; 3a; 3yaG % , ) $ & ( ' + ki#HHHM k0pekHHH odaHHH aileHHH atHHH kediHHH !nkaraHHH sancakHHH to 4homM to the dog to the room to the family to the horse to the cat to Ankara to the flag

Language point Direction) &ro# 1ablati,e case2

The direction from 4hich you, someone or something comes, is e/pressed 0y the ending 3dan 7or 3den; 3tan; 3ten8: Nondra=dan >stanbul=dan 7ski,ehir=den >*nik=ten a,=tan hastaneden evden sokaktan y8rekten from 2ondon from Bstan0ul from -skiXehir from U>nik from 6aX from the hospital from home, from the house from the street from the heart

Besides direction from$ the 3denC3dan ending may also indicate OalongH, O5iaH, OthroughH or OacrossH, as in: !nayoldan geldini* #i' ?id you come 5ia the motor4ayM Toros Ba1lar&ndan yolculuk ettik: De tra5elled through the Taurus 9ountains. 0pr8den ge+tiler: They came across the 0ridge. ?o you remem0er the 4ord nerede' O4hereMH ;o4 you ha5e learnt the case endings e/pressing direction to and from, you can add these t4o to your list of question 4ords:

1age &% nereye' nereden'

Exercise 7

4here toM 4here fromM

!ill in the correct ending F3den; 3dan; 3ten; 3tanG

% , ) $ & ( ' +

T8rkiyeHHH 7r*uru#HHH >stanbulHHH >ngiltereHHH ,ehirHHH Cardi44HHH IorkHHH NondraHHH from the city

Language point Co#parison o& ad3ecti,es

The a0lati5e case 8direction from: is also used for the comparison of ad<ecti5es 7i.e. for e/pressions such as O0iggerH8. The case marker follo4s the 4ord that in the -nglish construction follo4s OthanH: >stanbul Tarsus=dan g8*el: Bstan0ul is prettier than Tarsus. Bt may 0e follo4ed 0y daha OmoreH or a* OlessH. >stanbul Tarsus=dan daha g8*el: Bstan0ul is prettier than Tarsus. Tarsus >stanbul=dan a* g8*el: Tarsus is less 0eautiful than Ustan0ul. The superlati5e contains the 4ord en OmostH:

g8*el 0eautiful h&*l& fast

daha g8*el more 0eautiful daha h&*l& faster

en g8*el most 0eautiful en h&*l& fastest

Sen en iyi arkada,&#: Fou are my 0est friend.

1age &,
Atat4rk

?uring and after the @irinci B8nya Sava,& O!irst Dorld DarH, in 4hich the Ettoman Turks had chosen the side of the :ermans, foreign po4ers threatened Turkish so5ereignty. 1ost4ar treaties su0di5ided the land 0et4een the 5arious Allies 7such as the :reeks, the -nglish and the !rench8. Although officially the sultan 4as still the head of state, a nationalist Turkish mo5ement took o5er po4er. Dhen the :reeks in5aded the city of >*#ir OSmyrnaH, the Turks started their fierce urtulu, Sava,& ODar of BndependenceH 7%*,#K%*,,8. The :reeks nearly captured Ankara 7the seat of the nationalist mo5ement8, 0ut in the end the nationalists, under the leadership of pa,a OgeneralH 9ustafa 6emal, almost literally dro5e the :reeks into the sea at U>mir. The sultan 4as deposed, a cu#huriyet Orepu0licH 4as formed.

9ustafa 6emal 0ecame TurkeyHs national superhero, as he 4as the Conqueror of the :reeks, the !ounder of the ne4 Turkish "epu0lic, and his surname 0ecame !tat8rk; the !ather of all Turks. @e strongly 0elie5ed in Turkish identity and self.assurance. @is reforms drastically changed the siyasal OpoliticalH, dinsel OreligiousH, ekono#ik OeconomicH and e1iti#sel OeducationalH aspects of Turkish life. The Ara0ic script 4as replaced 0y the 2atin alpha0et and efforts 4ere made to clear the language of foreign influence. This meant that all Oloan4ordsH 7Ettoman Turkish had many from !rap+a Ara0ic and Kars+a 1ersian8 should 0e replaced 0y an 0*t8rk+e Ooriginally TurkishH 4ord. A T8rk Bil uru#u OTurkish 2anguage CommitteeH 4as set up to reform the language. There 4ere ne4 dress codes: OoldH clothing 7such as the oriental 4e* 4hich 4as seen as a reminder of the old days8 4as not allo4ed, at least not in pu0lic 0uildings. 9oreo5er, AtatRrkHs repu0lic 4as no longer 0ased on the ,eriat Othe ShariaH, OBslamic la4H, 0ut 4as turned into the lay&k OlaicistH, OsecularH nation 4hich it no4adays still is, 0ased on a rather strict separation 0et4een state and religion.

1age &)

$ 9uhalle0icide
!t the cake shop $n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ e/press the present and past tenses of Oto 0eH or Onot to 0eH [ say 4hether things are around or not [ use the 4ord OnotH, i.e. use negati5es [ talk and ask a0out possession [ ask for things [ use demonstrati5es 7OthisH and OthatH8
Dialogue 1 Muhallebi"idedirler

They are at the cake shop Demet meets A&lem in a ca e shop

?-9-T: Selam, canPm. ;asPlsPnM T\2-9: Bom0a gi0iyim. Sen nasPlsPnM ?-9-T: SaQ ol. E Santa yeni miM T\2-9: -5et. ?Rn aldPm. ?-9-T: ]ok gR>el, gRle gRle kullanN ;e iSersinM T\2-9: ]ay. Sen ne iSmek istiyorsunM ?-9-T: 1ortakal suyu alayPm. 8loo s around: :arson neredeM Fok muM T\2-9: CarN :Z>lerin gZrmRyor muM 8to the %aiter/: Bakar mPsPnP>M ?-9-T: )ello$ dear( )o% are you, T\2-9: Great( )o% are you, ?-9-T: Fine$ than s( -s that bag ne%,

1age &$ T\2-9: 3es( - bought it yesterday( ?-9-T: 1ice$ ha*e fun %ith itB .hat are you drin ing, T\2-9: Tea( .hat do you %ant to drin , ?-9-T: -+ll ha*e orange 2uice( 7looks around8 .here+s the %aiter( -sn+t there one, T\2-9: There is a %aiterB 're you blind, 7to the 4aiter:8 Can you help us please, %@: G8le g8le kullan- means literally OAse it 4ith pleasureNH The literal translation of G0*lerin g0r#8yor #uM is O?onHt your eyes seeMH The 4ord O0lindH is k0r in Turkish 8see -/ercise %8.
Key vocabulary

sela# can&#

hello dear, lo5e

portakal suyu portakal

orange <uice orange

bo#ba gibiyi#

B am doing 5ery 4ell 7literally/ B am like a 0om08

su alay&# g0*

4ater, <uice let me take eye can you help us, pleaseM 7literally/ do you lookM8

bo#ba gibi sa1 ol +anta yeni ne i+ersin

0om0 like, as thanks hand0ag ne4 4hat do you drinkM

bakar #&s&n&*

bak#ak

to look

Language points 5"erbless6 sentences

Bn earlier lessons you ha5e seen sentences such as iyiyi# OB am fineH. Bn the dialogue a0o5e, similar forms appear, such as L +anta yeni #i' OBs that 0ag ne4MH This type of sentence contains a form of the 5er0 Oto 0eH in the -nglish translation. "emem0er that Turkish does not ha5e a 5er0 Oto 0eH. Bnstead it makes use of personal endings. De 4ill call this type of sentence the O5er0lessH sentence. The personal endings follo4 a noun or an ad<ecti5e, not a 5er0 stem. They are, ho4e5er, the same as on 5er0s: 3i# 7OB amH8 for first person singular; 3sin 7Oyou areH8 for second person singular, no ending at all for third person singular; 3i* 7O4e areH8 for first person

1age && plural, 3sini*D 7Oyou areH8 for second person plural; and 3ler 7Othey areH8 for third person plural. All endings are su0<ect to 5o4el harmony, e.g. 3sin may also 0ecome 3s&n; 3s8n or 3sun. De 4ill come 0ack to the third person forms in a moment. !irst, look at the follo4ing e/amples.
Examples:

01ret#eni# 01ret#ensin 0gret#en 01ret#eni* 01ret#ensini* 01ret#enler hastas&n

B am a teacher you are a teacher he3she is a teacher 4e are teachers you are teachers they are teachers you are ill

ha*&r&# 01rencisini* arkada,lar&#&* 01renci elektrik+idir

B am ready you are students our friends are students he is an electrician

Bf the noun or ad<ecti5e ends in a 5o4el, the ending for the first person 7singular OBH and plural O4eH8 has an e/tra 3y3; so 0ecomes 3yi# and 3yi* respecti5ely. -/amples: hastay&# hastay&* B am ill 4e are ill iyiyi# iyiyi* B am fine 4eHre fine

The third person singular normally has no ending at all 701ret#en Ohe3she is a teacherH8. Sometimes, ho4e5er, the ending 3dir F01ret#endirG is added. The difference 0et4een the t4o is that 3dir is used more in 4riting and formal speech. Bn e5eryday speech you donHt need to use it, e/cept for emphasis. There is a similar difference 0et4een 3ler and 3dirler as third person plural forms. Co4el harmony may turn the 3dir form into 3d&r; 3d8r or 3durD after +; 4; h; k; p; s; , or t the 3d 0ecomes a 3t: 3tir; 3t&r; 3t8r or 3tur. ak&ll& bir k&*d&r y8ksek bir binad&r
7a$ing where so#eone.so#ething is

she is a cle5er girl it is a tall 0uilding

The endings are not solely used for sentences of the Ohe is an LH or Oshe is a FH types. 1hrases e/pressing location often take them

1age &( as 4ell. !or instance, evde; as you already kno4, means Oin the houseH or Oat homeH. To say OB am in the houseH or OB am at homeH you use evdeyi#. OFou 7plural8 are in the restaurantH is lokantadas&n&*: lokanta OrestaurantHc3da inc3s&n&* Oyou are 7plural8H. Bf you 4ant to e/press Othey are on holidayH, you say tatildeler: tatil Oholiday35acationHc3de OonHc3ler Othey areH. The title of the dialogue a0o5e consists of #uhallebici Ocake shopH, the ending 3de OinH and the third person plural 7OtheyH8 ending 3dirler Othey areH
Exercise 1

!ill in the right forms of Oto 0eH.

% , ) $ & ( ' + * %# k0r ,o40r

k0r parkta ,o40r #e#ur gelin T8rk+e 01ret#eni hastanede arkada, polis 01renci 0lind dri5er #e#ur gelin

8you sing(: 8they: 8-: 8%e: 8you sing(: 8%e: 8he: 8they: 8-: 8you plur(: officer3ci5il ser5ant 0ride

k0rs8n ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` `````

And do you still remem0er the follo4ing 4ordsM park 01ret#en hastane
Language point 8egation) de9il

park teacher hospital

arkada, 01renci

friend student, pupil

Ef course, once you kno4 ho4 to say that you are, for instance, a teacher, you may also 4ant to say 4hat you are not. Then you use the 4ord de1il; meaning OnotH. The personal ending follo4s de1il.

1age &' Examples& 01ret#en de1ili# 01ret#en de1ilsin 01ret#en de1il 01ret#en de1ili* 01ret#en de1ilsini* 01ret#en de1iller hasta de1ilsin 01renci de1ildirler arkada,lar&#&* 01renci de1il

B am not a teacher you are not a teacher he3she is not a teacher 7also/ 01ret#en de1ildir8 4e are not teachers you are not teachers they are not teachers 7also/ 01ret#en de1ildirler8 you are not ill they are not students 7also/ 01renci de1iller8 our friends are not students

Exercise !ill in the right forms of Onot to 0eH, 0y using de1il. % , ) $ & ( ' + * %# k0r parkta ,o40r #e#ur gelin T8rk+e 01ret#eni hastanede arkada, polis 01renci 8you sing(: 8they: 8-: 8%e: 8you sing(: 8%e: 8he: 8they: 8-: 8you plur(: k0r de1ilsin ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` `````

Antil no4 you ha5e encountered fe4 comments on 4ord order in Turkish. Fou may ha5e noticed, ho4e5er, that 5er0s al4ays seem to 0e found at the end of a sentence. The same is true for O5er0less sentencesH 4here the personal endings play the role of Oto 0eH. Fou may 0e a0le no4 to see the difference 0et4een the follo4ing pairs: 01ret#en hasta k&* g8*el bina eski and and and hasta 01ret#en g8*el k&* eski bina

Fou may ha5e guessed that the left column contains O5er0lessH sentences 4hich mean Othe teacher is illH, Othe girl is prettyH and Othe 0uilding is oldH. The 4ords on the right, on the other hand, mean

1age &+ Othe sick teacherH, Othe pretty girlH and Othe old 0uildingH. These are not O5er0lessH sentences, 0ut are nouns modified 0y an ad<ecti5e.
Exercise 3

Translate into Turkish: % The teacher is handsome. , She is not the pretty teacher. ) The museum is old.

$ The old museum is closed. & Fou are in the 0ig 0uilding. ( @e is a <o0less electrician. ' The electrician is <o0less. + The <o0less electrician is a handsome man. * The 0uilding is tall. %# She is a pretty teacher. handsome closed <o0less
Language points /ast tense

yak&,&kl& kapal& i,si*

0uilding tall

bina y8ksek

So far, all e/amples of Oto 0eH or Onot to 0eH ha5e 0een in the present tense, and a tense marker has not 0een needed. @o4e5er, in order to e/press O4asH and O4ereH in Turkish, that is, the past tense of nominal sentences, you do need one. The past tense marker is 3di; and is com0ined 4ith personal endings, similar to those on past tense 5er0s: 3di# for first person, 3din for second person singular, 3di for third person singular, 3dik for first person plural, 3dini* for second person plural and 3diler for third person plural. Be a4are, as usual, that 5o4el harmony gi5es these endings different shapes, depending on the last 5o4el of the preceding noun.
Examples:

01ret#endin ,o40rd8

you 4ere a teacher he 4as a dri5er

1age &* Bf you didnHt kno4 any 0etter, these could also ha5e 0een past tense forms of 7non. e/istent8 5er0s 01ret#en#ek and ,o40r#ek. There is, ho4e5er, a minor difference 4ith the past tense 5er0 endings. After 4ords that end in a 5o4el, such as hasta; the endings ha5e an additional y right 0efore the 3di marker. The correct form for OB 4as illH is not hastad&# 0ut hastayd&#. OFou 4ere at homeH is not evdedini*; 0ut evdeydini*.

;B: Bn 4ritten te/ts, the past tense ending of nominal sentences is sometimes 4ritten as idi#; idin; idi; idik; idini* and idiler 4ith a space 0et4een the past tense marker and the 4ord it 0elongs to. Bn daily life, ho4e5er, you 4ould not say hasta idi#.
Exercise 4

The follo4ing te/t is 4ritten in the present tense. Change all 5er0 forms and O5er0lessH sentences into the past tense. Then translate into -nglish. Ankara ani5ersitesinde okuyorum. Fani 0ir ZQrenciyim. @er gRn Rni5ersiteye gidiyorum. @er akXam Sok yorgunum. -n iyi arkadaXPm aynP sokakta oturuyor. Enunla 0era0er sPk sPk sinemaya 5e tiyatroya gidiyoru>. ArkadaXPm ZQrenci deQil. E 0ir ga>eteci. :a>ete iSin rZporta< yapPyor. Ba>en de tele5i>yon iSin rZporta< yapPyor. E >aman onu tele5i>yonda gZrRyorum. ArkadaXPm Sok RnlR. 8niversite oku#ak yorgun ayn& sokak onunla onunla beraber tiyatro ga*eteci ga*ete ga*ete i+in ba*en r0portaj
8egation in the past tense

uni5ersity to read; to study tired same street 4ith him3her together 4ith her, 4ith him theatre <ournalist ne4spaper for a ne4spaper sometimes article, documentary

Bn the pre5ious e/ercise you tried to find the past tense of 01renci

1age (# de1il. Fou may ha5e come up 4ith the right ans4er F01renci de1ildiG. As you see, in the negati5e form of past tense O5er0lesH sentences, de1il is used again. The past tense marker F3diG comes right after de1il.
Examples:

hasta de1ildi#

B 4as not ill

ga*eteci de1ildini* arkada,&# 8nl8 de1ildi

Language point :uestions

you 4ere not <ournalists my friend 4as not famous

This might 0e a good moment to quickly look again at the section on questions 4ith 3iyor and 3di in 2esson ). Bn order to turn O5er0lessH sentences into questions, you also use the question marker #i. Bn the present tense, the personal endings are added to #i; e/cept for, of course, the third person 7he3she3it8 4hich has no personal ending for Oto 0eH. Bn the past tense, ho4e5er, the past tense endings 73ydi#; 3ydin etc.8 come right after #i. Datch ho4 this 4orks in the follo4ing e/amples: Erd person singular present tense statements bu patl&can iyi this au0ergine is good patl&can iyi de1il the au0ergine is not good past tense patl&can iyiydi the au0ergine 4as good patl&can iyi de1ildi the au0ergine 4as not good Fnd person singular present tense statements hastas&n you are ill hasta de1ilsin you are not ill Cuestions patl&can iyi #i' is the au0ergine goodM patl&can iyi de1il #i' the au0ergine is not goodM patl&can iyi #iydi' 4as the au0ergine goodM patl&can iyi de1il #iydi' 4as the au0ergine not goodM Cuestions hasta #&s&n' are you illM hasta de1il #isin' are you not illM

1age (% past tense hastayd&n you 4ere ill hasta de1ildin you 4ere not ill 'ore examples& Qatl&can iyi: >yi #isin' Tehlikeli de1il #i' Tehlikeli; de1il #i' hasta #&yd&n' 4ere you illM hasta de1il #&yd&n' 4ere you not illM Au0ergines are good. Are you okayM BsnHt it dangerousM Bt is dangerous, isnHt itM

E8*e g8*el de1il #iydi'

DasnHt the museum niceM

The third person plural questions 7Oare theyMH8 are a 0it tricky, since 0oth forms 73ler and 3dirlerD see earlier in this 2esson8 ha5e a different placement of the question 4ord #i. The 4ritten and slightly more formal 5ariant 73dirler Othey areH8 is added to #i; as in A1renci #idirlerM OAre they studentsMH. Bn the more colloquial 5ersion, ho4e5er, 3ler is used instead of 3dirler; and is added to the noun. The question 4ord #i comes last: Agrenciler #i' OAre they studentsMH. Exercise ( !ind the right forms, using the information on person, tense and sentence type: -/ample: ga*eteci or/ ga*eteci ga*eteci ga*eteci ,o40r ,o40r ,o40r ,o40r they$ present tense$ Cuestion Ga*eteci #idirler' Ga*eteciler #i' -$ past tense %e past tense$ negation you plur($ present tense$ Cuestion you sing($ past tense you sing($ present tense$ Cuestion she$ present tense they$ past tense OAre they <ournalistsMH OAre they <ournalistsMH ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` `````

By no4 you kno4 much of the 0asics of ho4 to make a sentence in Turkish.

1age (,
Exercise 6

Translate the follo4ing te/t into Turkish. FouHll ha5e to use 0oth O5er0lessH sentences and ones 4ith 5er0s 74ith 3iyor and 3di8. % ?id you see the accidentM , Fes, B did see it. Dere there in<ured peopleM ) Fes, there 4ere. The dri5ers are in hospital. $ @o4 are theyM

& They are doing 4ell no4. ( Are you sureM ' ;o, B am not sure. the accident 4ere there ka*ay& var #&yd&' in<ured people sure yaral&lar e#in

Dialogue 2 Maale!e# yok

Rn4ortunately not The %aiter arri*es at A&lem and Demet+s table :A"SE;: BuyurunM ?-9-T: 6ah5e 5ar mPM :A"SE;: 9aalesef yok. ?-9-T: ;eyse, 0ana portakal suyu getirir misini>M :A"SE;: Ta0ii, getiririm. 8The %aiter returns %ith a bottle of orange 2uice: T\2-9: TatlP olarak ne 5arM :A"SE;: ]eXitlerimi> Sok. Bakla5a, kadayPf, aXure 5e muhalle0i 5ar. ?-9-T: Bi>e ne ta5siye edersini>M :A"SE;: 6adayPfPmP> Sok nefis. :A"SE;: 3es please, ?-9-T: Do you ha*e coffee, :A"SE;: =nfortunately not( ?-9-T: .ell then$ can you bring me an orange 2uice, :A"SE;: 4f course$ -+ll bring it(

1age ()

7The 4aiter returns 4ith a 0ottle of orange <uice8 T\2-9: .hat do you ha*e for dessert, :A"SE;: .e 6*e got *arious things( )oneyGandGalmondsGfilled pastry$ syrupGandG nutsGfilled pastry$ fruitGandGnut pudding and rice pudding( ?-9-T: .hat do you recommend, :A"SE;: 4ur kaday) is *ery tasty(
Key vocabulary

kahve neyse bana getirir #isini*' tatl&

Language point (istential sentences

coffee 4ell then 7to8 me do you 0ringM dessert, s4eet

olarak +e,it tavsiye et#ek tavsiye edersini* ne4is

as, for kind, sort, 5ariety to recommend you recommend tasty

Bn order to e/press 4hether things are around or not, Turkish has a special type of sentence, called e/istential sentences. They typically contain either var Othere is3areH or yok Othere is3are notH. Both 4ords come at the end: ahve var: May yok: There is coffee3They ha5e coffee. There is no tea3They ha5enHt got any tea.

Nondra=da eski binalar var: Bn 2ondon there are old 0uildings. !nkara=da ilgin+ #8*eler var #&' Are there interesting museums in AnkaraM Jar and yok are also often used 4here -nglish 4ould use Oto ha5eH e.g. karde,i# var OB ha5e a 0rotherH.
Exercise 7

Say 4hether the Turkish translation of the follo4ing -nglish sentences is a varCyok sentence or a O5er0lessH sentence. Fou 4ill then see 4hether youH5e grasped the difference 0et4een the t4o types.

1age ($ % @e is not 5ery smart, is heM , ?o you ha5e any moneyM ) Bs there any hopeM $ The smart students are in my class. & There is no smart student in my class. ( There are many 0ookshops in this street.
Language point /ossession

Fou ha5e learnt 0efore that Turkish usually does not use pronouns 4here -nglish does. Ene case in 4hich Turkish uses pronouns, such as ben OBH and sen OyouH, is 4hen the -nglish translation is Oto ha5e 4ith me3you3him3herH etc. So, 4hen you 4ant to say you ha5e something 4ith you, the 4ords var and yok are used, in com0ination 4ith a pronoun and the ending for place 3de. @ende para var: Sende para yok #u' B ha5e money 7on me8. ?onHt you ha5e money 7on you8M

!or an ans4er you can <ust say var if you ha5e, or yok if you ha5enHt got money in your pocket. Fou donHt ha5e to repeat para OmoneyH in the ans4er. 9ay0e you do ha5e money, 0ut youHre not carrying it around all the time. Bf you ha5e it in your 0ank account, you say: Qara# var: BH5e got money.

The 3# ending after para is the ending signifying possession. The literal meaning of para# var is Omy money is thereH i.e., it e/ists. The difference 0et4een bende para var and para# var is that the first is focused on the fact that you ha5e it Oon youH at the time of speech, 4hereas the latter means OBH5e got moneyH in a more general sense. Fou also use this format 4ith things that you cannot possi0ly carry 4ith you: Jakti# var: >yi bir 4ikri#i* var: >ste1i# yok: Cesareti yok: BH5e got time. De ha5e a good idea. B donHt fancy^7B donHt ha5e the 4ish to^8. @e hasnHt got the courage.

1age (& This form also is used 4ith persons other than first singular S$=. The possessi5e endings are: 3i# 7or after a 5o4el 3#8 for first person singular; 3in 7or after a 5o4el 3n8 for second person singular; 3si 7or after a 5o4el 3i8 for third person singular; 3i#i* 7or after a 5o4el 3#i*8 for first person plural; 3ini* 7or after a 5o4el 3ni*8 for second person plural; and 3leri for third person plural.
More examples:

!nnesi var: @o, odalar&n&* var #&' Eaalese4 bo, odalar&#&* yok: Mocuklar& yok: Tatl& olarak nelerini* var'

@e3she3itHs got a mother. @a5e you got 5acancies 7Oempty roomsH8M Anfortunately 4e ha5enHt got 5acancies. They ha5enHt got children. Dhat ha5e you got for dessertM

Fou may already ha5e seen some similarity 0et4een the first person possessi5e marker 3FiG# OmyH and the first person personal ending 3FyGi# OB amH. See for yourself in the follo4ing e/amples ho4 the t4o differ 4hen the 4ord 0efore ends in a 5o4el: baba# babay&# 01ret#eni# my father B am a father my teacher3B am a teacher

Bn 2esson ( 4e 4ill ela0orate on this. !or the time 0eing, <ust take a look at the follo4ing e/amples. The 3un in +ocu1un and the 3in in evin are so.called geniti5e case markers. Mocu1un annesi var: 7vin bah+esi yok:
Language points /ast tense) ,ard;.$oktu

The child has got a mother. The house hasnHt got a garden.

The past tense forms of var and yok are vard& 7Othere 4as3there 4ereH8 and yoktu 7Othere 4as not3 there 4ere notH8.

1age ((

Examples:

B8n dersler yoktu: Festerday there 4ere no lessons. Ge+en ha4ta ba,ka bir 01ret#en vard&: 2ast 4eek there 4as another teacher. Ge+en y&l ba,ka bir araba#&* vard&: 2ast year 4e had a different car. Qaras& yoktu: @e did not ha5e any money. G8c8#8* vard&: De had the strength. Cesaretin yoktu: Fou didnHt ha5e the courage.
:uestions

Bf you 4ant to ask questions a0out 4hether something is a5aila0le, such as specific 5egeta0les at the greengrocerHs, use the #i question marker. Bt follo4s var and yok; 0ut precedes the past tense marker. Bn this situation, you donHt need to use the possessi5e ending 74hich you might think 4hen you look at the -nglish translation8.
Examples:

Qatl&can var #&' @a5e you got any au0erginesM avun yok #u' @a5enHt you got any honeyde4 melonsM B8n tek bir 01renci yok #uydu' DasnHt there a single student yesterdayM Ge+en ha4ta ders var #&yd&' Dere there any lessons last 4eekM

But remem0er that #i comes after the past tense 3di in normal questions a0out the past: B8n d0nd8n #8' ?id you return yesterdayM

1age ('
Exercise 8

Fou should no4 0e a0le to make questions from the follo4ing sentences. The first one has 0een done for you. "emem0er that #i may 0e placed in different positions to stress different elements in a sentence 7see 2esson )8. % E Sok yaXlP. , Bunlar. ) 6ah5e istiyorsun. $ Bir tane ka5un aldPk. & @iS Say yoktu. ( AnkaraHdaydPlar. ' AnkaraHda 5ar. + UngiltereHde oturuyoru>. ya,l&
Dialogue 3 Bu ne?

E Sok yaXlP mPM 7or/ Mok #u ya,l&' if you 4ant to stress +ok O5eryH8

old 7used of people8

<hat=s this' #ileen 2oins Demet and A&lem and stares in ama&ement at a plate filled %ith s%eets and pastries -B2--;: ;e kadar gR>el gZrRnRyorN ?-9-T: @adi, 0ir tadPna 0akN -B2--;: Tamam. Bu neM ?-9-T: Bu muM -B2--;: @ayPr, Xu pasta.

?-9-T: @a, 0u 0Rl0Rl yu5asP. ]ok gR>elN Ustersen, 0ir tane al. 8#ileen tastes the 6nightingale+s nest+: -B2--;: @mm, Sok nefisN -B2--;: )o% nice this loo sB ?-9-T: Come on$ try somethingB -B2--;: 'll right( .hat+s that, ?-9-T: This one, -B2--;: 1o$ that ca e(

1age (+ ?-9-T: 4h$ that+s 6nightingale+s nest+( -t+s *ery niceB Ta e a piece$ if you %ant( -B2--;: )mm$ *ery tastyB
Key vocabulary

g0r8n#ek

to look, appear

bir tane a piece istersen if you 4ant altakeN to take al#ak

bir tad&na bak try something 7literally/ <ust look at its taste8 tat pasta
Language point De#onstrati,es) bu0 <u0 o

taste cake

Bn e5eryday con5ersation you often need gestures to accompany your 4ords. ?emonstrati5es often accompany your gestures. Turkish has three of them, and youH5e encountered them all 0efore: bu this 7close8 ,u this or that 7used 4hen you 4ant to focus the listenerHs direction8 o that 7far a4ay8, 0ut also used as personal pronoun 7OheH, OsheH or OitH8
Examples:

@u E8jgan:

This is 9R<gan.

@u ne' Qatl&can: L Lrhan: Ou ar#ut ne kadar'

Dhat is thisM 7BtHs8 au0ergine. That is Erhan. @o4 much are those pearsM

@u; ,u and o can 0e used 0oth as modifier of a noun and 0y themsel5es. Sometimes this may lead to some am0iguity: @u Kord: L kasap: % , % , This !ord. This is a !ord. That 0utcher. @e is a 0utcher.

1age (* Fou use ,u 4hene5er you 4ant to direct the attention of the listener to4ards an o0<ect or a person not pre5iously mentioned in the con5ersation. As soon as the listener notices the o0<ect or person referred to, 0oth speakers ha5e to use bu 4hen o0<ect or person are near0y, or o 4hen o0<ect or person are further a4ay. !or instance, the ans4er to the question Ou bina ne' ODhatHs that 0uildingMH is L bina bir k8t8phane OThat 0uilding is a li0raryH and ne5er *u bi+a bir ktpha+e. Ou may ha5e a slightly derogatory meaning, so 0e careful 4ith this form. -/amples are: Ou ada# ki#' DhoHs that 7suspicious.looking8 manM Ounu yap#ak iste#iyoru#: B donHt 4ant to do that 7lousy8 <o0. ;ote that in the second e/ample, ,u carries the accusati5e case, 0ecause it is a direct o0<ect. "emem0er 4e sa4 onu Ohim3her3 it3thatH, the accusati5e of o Ohe3she3it3thatH in 2esson ) 7see the "eference :rammar for the complete list of case markings on buC,uCo8. Fou 4ill learn more a0out the accusati5e in 2esson (. Ou may also refer to something mentioned in the sentence follo4ing it, or to things that are handed o5er to someone else: Ounu diyeli#: !li bug8n burada yoktu: 2et me say this: Ali 4asnHt here today. Ounu al&r #&s&n'

Can you take thisM The 4ord bu may ha5e an idiomatic use 4hen it is used after nouns: T8rk 9ava Iollar& bu- ThatHs Turkish Airlines for youN 7i.e.: 4hat 4ould you e/pectNM8 hava yol hava yollar& air 7in addition to O4eatherH8 4ay air4ays, airlines

These three forms form the 0asis of a host of other 4ords. Fou already kno4 burada OhereH and orada OthereH. Similarly, there is also ,urada OthereH, OyonderH. The plural forms of bu; ,u and o are: bunlar ,unlar onlar these those those

1age '# These plural forms are often used as the su0<ect of a sentence, meaning Othese3those daree^H8. ;ote in the follo4ing e/amples that the 4ord after bunlar doesnHt ha5e to 0e marked for plural: @unlar !l#an: @unlar nor#al insan: 0ut: @u a1a+lar y8ksek: These trees are tall. These are :ermans. These are normal people.

Bn colloquial speech, the plural demonstrati5es are also used for people: @unlar lokantaya gider s&k s&k:
Exercise 9

They often go to the restaurant.

Translate into -nglish: % Bu kitap iyi. , Bu iyi kitap Ximdi kRtRphanede. ) BZyle 0ir kitap dRn kRtRphanede yoktu.

$ Enlar kitap. Translate into Turkish: & This is Aylin. ( That girl is not Aylin. ' Those au0ergines are in the kitchen. + Are these in the li0raryM b0yle k8t8phane #ut4ak
'eading te(t

such li0rary kitchen

The main purpose of the follo4ing te/t is to enlarge your 5oca0ulary, in particular the part de5oted to food.

1age '%
Trk mut#a$n$n %en&inlii

The richness o4 Turkish cuisine Dhen you go to a Turkish lokanta OrestaurantH, you 4ill certainly ha5e a great time. The T8rk #ut4a1& OTurkish cuisineH is reno4ned, and com0ines the 0est of Central Asian, Eriental and Balkan dishes and ingredients. Bn many restaurants, although not in the e/pensi5e ones, it is common not to ha5e a ye#ek listesi or #en8 OmenuH a5aila0le. Bnstead, you 4ill 0e in5ited to come and ha5e a look in the #ut4ak OkitchenH and point at the things you 4ould like to eat. So, 4hat can you e/pect from eating out in TurkeyM Fou may eat one of se5eral delicious +orba OsoupsH for starters, for 01le ye#e1i OlunchH, or e5en for kahvalt& O0reakfastH, such as #erci#ek +orbas& Olentil soupH, or d818n +orbas& f4edding soupg containing eggs and lemon <uice. Another 4ay of starting a meal is to ha5e some #e*e Ohors dHoeu5resH, such as yaprak dol#as& Ostuffed 5ine lea5esH, sigara b0re1i fcigar pastryg 7fried dough filled 4ith 4hite cheese8, or cac&k 7diced cucum0er 4ith yoghurt and garlic8. Fou may also order a plate of kar&,&k Omi/edH #e*e as a full meal. As a main course, you may ha5e et OmeatH, bal&k OfishH, tavuk OchickenH or seb*e O5egeta0leH dishes, accompanied 0y a nice pilav Opilaf rice dishH. Su O4aterH and ek#ek

O0readH are al4ays ser5ed. 1opular meat dishes are gi5en names of cities, such as !dana kebap; a spicy 5ariant, @ursa kebap 7made from d0ner kebap; lam0 roasted on a 5ertical spit, on pide O0readH8. TurkeyHs national drink is +ay OteaH, 4hich is offered e5ery4here, 4hether you are 5isiting a family, 0uying a carpet, or taking a rest in a shady park. At dinner, ho4e5er, youHll find other drinks, such as different kinds of #eyve suyu Ofruit <uiceH or i+kiler Oalcoholic 0e5eragesH, such as ,arap O4ineH, bira O0eerH and rak&; a pastis. or ou>o.like drink. Ef course, kola and 4anta are popular as 4ell. Fou can end your meal 4ith a dessert 7see the dialogues a0o5e for some possi0ilities8. Dhen you order T8rk kahvesi OTurkish coffeeH, youHll ha5e to state 4hether you 4ant it sade O0lack, no sugarH, orta O4ith a medium amount of sugarH or ,ekerli 4hich usually is O5ery, 5ery, 5ery s4eetH. Bf you 4ant milk in your coffee, specifically state that you 4ant it s8tl8 O4ith milkH. Dhen youHre ready to pay the 0ill, ask the 4aiter SAdeyebilir #iyi#'= OCan B payMH or S9esap; l8t4en= OThe 0ill, please.H Dhen you read the 0ill, you 4ill notice that in most cases servis Oser5iceH

1age ', is dahil OincludedH. Bf you lea5e satisfied, you may 4ant to lea5e a small bah,i, OtipH.
More useful words:

bulgur ayran lah#acun beyin aile salonu aileye #ahsustur

0roken 4heat salty yoghurt drink Turkish 5ersion of pi>>a 0rain

i,ke#be ka,&k b&cak +atal

tripe spoon knife fork

family room 7meaning that no single men are allo4ed there8 reser5ed for families 74ith a similar implication8

See 2esson + for a recipe.

1age ')

& 6aS yaXPndasPnM

9o" old are you'

$n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ use num0ers [ ask and ans4er questions [ say ho4 old you are [ use Onegati5eH e/pressions [ ask and ans4er questions in more detail [ use plurals [ say OfirstH, OsecondH, etc.
Dialogue 1 O kadar &en!in'

Iou=re so young1ursen and #ser ha*e struc up a friendship after both 2oining an e*ening class( They are hanging around in the school building after the class ;A"S-;: Sana 0ir soru sormak istiyorum: kaS yaXPndasPnM -S-": 6aS gZsteriyorumM ;A"S-;: Firmi 0eX miM -S-": @ayPr, o kadar genS deQilim. ;A"S-;: Fa Zyle miM 1eki, kaS doQumlusunM -S-": Bin doku> yR> altmPX dZrt. ;A"S-;: Aya ilk ayak 0asan insanP hatPrlPyor musunM -S-": @atPrlPyorum, ama Sok iyi deQil. Sen kaS yaXPndasPnM ;A"S-;: Ben yirmi RS yaXPndayPm. ;A"S-;: - %ant to as you a Cuestion/ ho% old are you,

1age '$

-S-": )o% old do - loo , ;A"S-;: T%entyGfi*e, -S-": 1o$ -+m not that young( ;A"S-;: 4h$ really, 45$ %hen %ere you born, -S-": -n HIJH( ;A"S-;: Do you remember the first man %ho %al ed on the moon, -S-": - do$ but not *ery %ell( 'nd ho% old are you, ;A"S-;: -+m t%entyGthree(
Key vocabulary

soru ya, g0ster#ek o kadar do1u#lu ay

question age to sho4 that much 0orn moon, month

ayak insan basan bas#ak ilk ayak basan insan hat&rla#ak

foot people, human stepping to step, to tread the first person 4ho set foot to remem0er

Language points 8u#bers

The 4ord for O>eroH is s&4&r. @ere are the num0ers for O%H to O%#H and for O,#H to O%##H:

bir one yir#i t4ent y

iki t4o otu* thirty

8+ three k&rk forty

d0rt four elli fifty

be, fi5e alt#&, si/ty

;um0ers 0et4een %# and ,#, 0et4een ,# and )# etc., are regularly formed 0y putting on 0efore bir; iki etc. Thus, Oele5enH is on bir;

1age '& and Ose5enty si/H is yet#i, alt&. Dith num0ers o5er a hundred, the pattern is e/actly the same. !or O&,)H you say be, y8* yir#i 8+. The 4ord for OthousandH is bin. An important sequence of num0ers to kno4 is bin doku* y8*; for the %*##s. And from no4 on, the sequence iki bin Ot4o thousandH 4ill 0e heard more and more. @in doku* y8* alt#&, be,te do1du#: B 4as 0orn in %*(&. @u 4abrikada iki sene cal&,t&#: B 4orked in this factory for t4o years. @u 8niversite i+in bin doku* y8* seksen 8+ten beri +al&,&yoru#: BH5e 0een 4orking for this uni5ersity since %*+). The last e/ample sho4s ho4 to e/press OsinceH in Turkish: you add the a0lati5e case suffi/ 7the one that indicates Odirection a4ay fromH8 to the name of the year, and then add the 4ord beri. Bn the :lossary, you 4ill see this as: beri F3denG OsinceH. The second e/ample sho4s ho4 to e/press Ofor L yearsH: you simply say T sene. ;ote that the noun follo4ing a num0er is not in the plural form. !or Ohalf, there are t4o 4ords: yar&# and bu+uk. The latter means Oand a halfH, as it is only used after another numeral. Thus, it is also the 4ord used in telling the time 7see 2esson '8. At all other times, OhalfH is translated 0y yar&#. Iar&# kilo peynir ald&#: BH5e 0ought half a kilo of cheese. U+ bu+uk kilo#etre y8r8d8k: De 4alked three and a half kilometers. Saat d0rt bu+ukta geldi: @e came at half past four. ;ote that for Oa hundredH and Oa thousandH, Turkish ne5er uses bir. Bt does do this, ho4e5er, for the higher num0ers. The 4ord for Oa millionH 7%,###,###8 is bir #ilyon.

Exercise , Bn the follo4ing little te/t, some important dates in the life of an old man are mentioned. !irst, read the te/t and then match the dates gi5en 4ith the e5ents listed on the right. hand side. Try to resist the temptation of listing the dates according to the most

1age '( logical progression in a personHs life. Bn other 4ords, look for the 4ritten.out dates in the te/t and see 4hat is said a0out them. FouHll find a translation in the 6ey. After youH5e completed the e/ercise, go through that translation carefully, making sure you kno4 the meaning of the 4ords underlined there. :RnaydPn. AdPm Erhan. Bin doku> yR> onda, 6arsHta doQdum. Bin doku> yR> on altPda ilk defa okula gittim. ?Zrt sene sonra ailemi> AnkaraHya taXPndP. Ba0am orada iyi 0ir iX 0uldu. Ben, 0in doku> yR> yirmi RSten yirmi yediye kadar rRXtiyeye gittim. Endan sonra 0enim karPmla tanPXtPm. Bin doku> yR> otu> 0eXte e5lendik. -ser @anPm iyi 0ir kadPndP. Ulk SocuQumu> iki sene sonra doQdu. 6P>dP, adP Sumru. ?aha 0eX SocuQumu> oldu. -n sonuncusu 0in doku> yR> kPrk doku>da doQdu. Bin doku> yR> altmPXa kadar Sok mutluydum. E sene karPm ZldR. Bin doku> yR> yetmiX RSe kadar SalPXtPm. Vimdi kP>larPmP>Pn 0irinin yanPnda oturuyorum. ?ediQim gi0i, hayatPm Sok gR>eldi. Birde, en 0RyRk 0aXarPm 0in doku> yR> otu> 0irdeydi. Ankara gRreX yarPXmasPna katPldPm, yendim 5e ZdRl aldPm.
Key vocabulary

aile#i* bul#ak kadar F3eG 9an&# en sonuncusu son

our family to find until 9rs the 5ery last end

#utlu yan&nda hayat birde ba,ar&

happy at; ne/t to life you kno4,^ success

%*%# did a fe4 years of secondary school 7r8,tiye is 4hat it 4as called at the time, the modern equi5alent is a lise8 %*%( 4on 4restling competition %*,# retired %*,#s had their last child %*)% got married %*)& lost his 4ife %*)' had their first child %*$* 4as 0orn %*(# 4ent to school

%*') li5es 4ith one of his three daughters no4 family mo5ed to Ankara

1age ''
Exercise 2

9atch the -nglish and Turkish num0ers. As num0ers are frequently used in daily speech, it is important that you try and master them as soon as possi0le. Bt is ad5isa0le to repeat this e/ercise e5ery once in a 4hile, for e/ample at the 0eginning of e5ery ne4 lesson. Dhile doing that, try and 4ork on your speed 0y trying to complete the e/ercise as quickly as possi0le. Fou could time yourself each time to monitor your progress. The effects 4ill 0e e5en 0etter if you <um0le the num0ers around a 0it 7e.g. 0y 4riting them out a fe4 times on different pieces of paper in 5arious random orders8.

three alt& fifty doks an

fi5e bir t4ent y sekse n

eight doku * hund red otu*

t4o on si/ty yir# i

nine yedi se5en

7a$ing how old $ou are

The important 4ord here is ya,; OyearH. The phraseVya,&nday&# means OBHm^years old.H Simply insert your age, say otu* bir; and youH5e ans4ered the question ka+ ya,&ndas&n' An alternati5e ans4er 4ould 0e ya,&# otu* bir. To talk a0out your age at some point in the past, use ya,&ndayd&#. Mocuklar&#&* iki ve be, ya,&nda: Eur children are t4o and fi5e. @in doku* y8* yet#i,te on bir ya,&ndayd&#: Bn %*'# B 4as %% years old.

1age '+
Dialogue 2 (kkanda

$n the shop !ehmet has run into the bakkal 8the grocer+s: on the corner to get a fe% things for tonight+s meal( The bakkal 8grocer: is no% ready to ta e his order BA66A2: @oX geldini>, nasPlsPnP>M 9-@9-T: @oX 0ulduk. TeXekkRrler. BA66A2: BuyurunN 9-@9-T: Bira> peynir istiyorum. BA66A2: ;e kadar istiyorsunu>M 9-@9-T: BakayPm, 0ir kilo yeterli. BA66A2: Tamam. BaXka 0irXey istiyor musunu>M 9-@9-T: -5et, iki tane ekmek de alayPm. BA66A2: Buyurun. 9-@9-T: Birde, dolmalPk 0i0er 5ar mPM BA66A2: Fok, maalesef 0itti.

9-@9-T: 1eki, o >aman. @epsi 0u kadar. Borcum ne kadarM BA66A2: Seki> yR> 0in lira, lRtfen. 9-@9-T: Buyurun. @ayPrlP iXler. BA66A2: TeXekkRr ederim, efendim. Uyi gRnler. BA66A2: .elcome$ ho% are you, 9-@9-T: The pleasure+s mine( Than you( BA66A2: .hat can - do for you, 9-@9-T: -+d li e some cheese please( BA66A2: )o% much %ould you li e, 9-@9-T: Let me see$ a ilo %ould be fine( BA66A2: 45( .ould you li e anything else, 9-@9-T: 3es$ -+ll ha*e t%o loa*es of bread as %ell( BA66A2: There you are( 9-@9-T: 'nd$ er$ ha*e you got any peppers for stuffing, BA66A2: 1o$ %e+re out$ unfortunately( 7literally/ it has finished8 9-@9-T: 45$ then( That+s e*erything( .hat do - o%e you, BA66A2: KLL(LLL lira please( 9-@9-T: There you go( )a*e a good day( BA66A2: Than you$ "ir( Goodbye(

1age '*
Key vocabulary

peynir yeterli ek#ek bit#ek

cheese enough 0read to finish

bakay&# alay&# biber dol#al&k

let me see let me take pepper; paprika pepper for

biber hepsi iki tane ek#ek e5erything t4o loa5es 7literally/ pieces8 of 0read bor+

stuffing de0t

;B: Fou may remem0er from 2esson , that buyurun is used 0oth 4hen gi5ing something to someone and 4hen asking someone 4hat he3she 4ould like.
Exercise 3

There are of course many other useful phrases for shopping. Some 4ill 0e said 0y you as a customer; others 4ill typically 0e thro4n at you 0y the shop assistant. @ere are some; try and figure out on the 0asis of 4hat you kno4 and the :lossary pro5ided at the end of the e/ercise, 4hich phrase goes 4ith 4hich -nglish equi5alent. Be a4are that in some cases the -nglish equi5alent is not at all a literal translation 7for instance 4ith ;o. %# 0elo48. % , ) $ & ( ' + * Vni* var #&' hepsi ne kadar' Vverir #isini*' hepsiVediyor: #aalese4 bitti: bu #evsi#de iyi #i' bu ucu* bir po,et istiyor #usunu*' daha k8+818 var #&' a could you gi5e me^M 0 your change c in all, thatHs^. d ha5e you got anything smallerM e unfortunately, 4e donHt sell that. f ha5e you got^M g are they good this time of yearM h 4e ha5enHt got any left, unfortunately. i ho4 much is that togetherM < do you 4ant a 0agM k oh, thatHs cheap. k8+8k bo*uk para small, little small change 7literally/ 0roken money8

%# #aalese4; 8*g8n8# %% bo*uk paran&* #evsi# ucu* 8*g8n season cheap sad

1age +#
Language point Negation

By no4 you ha5e learned the 0asic 4ays of asking things and ans4ering questions, at least 4hen the ans4er is OyesH. De 4ill no4 see ho4 to ans4er in the negati5e. After that, all the ground co5ered so far concerning questions and ans4ers 4ill 0e re5ie4ed.

There are three 4ays of negating that you 4ill need to kno4 a0out. T4o of them you already kno4 from the pre5ious lesson. Both occur in O5er0lessH sentences. Sentences such as OBHm notH, Ohe isnHtH and Othey arenHtH are translated using de1il; and sentences 4ith Othere isnHtH use yok. T8rk de1ili#: BHm not Turkish. @urada de1iller: TheyHre not here. @ug8n daha @ursa=ya giden tren yok: There isnHt another train to Bursa today. Qara#&* yoktu: De didnHt ha5e any money.

Dhat you donHt kno4 yet is ho4 to negate sentences 4ith a 5er0. @o4e5er, from e/amples in the dialogues and e/ercises you may ha5e de5eloped an intuition for ho4 this is done. Tan&#&yor #usunu*' 72esson %: "eading te/t8 ?onHt you kno4 8recognise: herM Si*inle gel#edi #i' Gel#edi: 72esson ,: ?ialogue ,8 @e didnHt come 4ith youM @e didnHt come. !#a hen8* iyi konu,#uyoru#: 72esson ,: -/ercise $8 But B donHt speak it 4ell yet. Ounu yap#ak iste#iyoru#: 72esson $: ?emonstrati5es8 B donHt 4ant to do that. Bn Turkish, a 5er0 is negated 0y adding a suffi/, 3#e or 3#a; to the 5er0 stem. That is, this suffi/ comes 0efore the tense 7e.g. 3iyor8 and person markers. The negation of geldi is gel#edi. The e or a of the negati5e suffi/ is omitted if the follo4ing sound is a 5o4el, so that in 3iyor forms the negation is solely e/pressed through an 3# after the 5er0 stem. The negati5e of bak&yor is bak#&yor; and of gidiyorsun it is git#iyorsun.

1age +% Some more e/amples: ar&# ,i#di +al&,#&yor: 9y 4ife isnHt 4orking at the moment. 7rg8n hi+bir ,ey 4ark et#edi:

-rgRn didnHt notice a thing. @unun iyi oldu1unu san#&yoru#: B donHt think thatHs right.
Exercise 4

:i5e the dictionary forms of the follo4ing finite 5er0s. Be careful, as they are not all negati5e. The first one has 0een done already. % , ) $ & ( ' + * %# Beklemedik. AQramPyorum. ASmadP. FaXPyor. BatmPyor. 1iXirmedi. FPkPyorlar. 6a>anmadPm. Se5iyorsunu>. ?inlenmiyor. @ekle#ek:

:uestions and answers) an o,er,iew

@ere is a re5ie4 of asking and ans4ering questions. Fou 4ill see that 0oth positi5e and negati5e ans4ers are gi5en. Muestions/ % Add #i 7or #&; #u or #88 to the 4ord that youHre questioning. , Ase one of the question 4ords, such as ne or ne *a#an. 'ns%ers/ B Bf the question 4as a #i3type sentence containing a 5er0 marked 4ith 3iyor or 3di; such as !nkara=ya gidiyor #usunu*' OAre you going to AnkaraMH or !nkara=ya gittini* #i' O?id you go to AnkaraMH, then: 7a8 if you 4ant to say OyesH: use the normal type of sentence, as illustrated 0y most of the e/amples encountered so far. Fou can precede it 0y evet. Bf

1age +, there 4as a 5er0 4ith for e/ample 3iyor or 3di in the question, try and use that 5er0 in your ans4er too. -/ample: Gidiyoru#: Gitti#: 708 if you 4ant to say OnoH: repeat the 5er0 that 4as used in the question, 0ut 4ith the negati5e marker 3#e3 7or 3#a38. Fou can al4ays precede your ans4er 4ith hay&r; 0ut 0e 4arned that this 4ord is not used nearly as often in Turkish as OnoH is in -nglish. -/ample: Git#iyoru#: Git#edi#: BHm not going. B didnHt go. BHm going. B 4ent.

BB Bf the question 4as a #i3type sentence 4ithout a 5er0 marked 4ith 3iyor or 3di; such as 9asta #&s&nM OAre you illMH or 9asta #&yd&n' ODere you illMH then: 7a8 if you 4ant to say OyesH: repeat the 4ord that 4as questioned plus the rele5ant person marker, possi0ly preceded 0y evet. -/ample: 7vet; hastay&#: 9astayd&#: 708 if you 4ant to say OnoH: use de1il plus the rele5ant person marker 7for OBHm notH the right form is de1ili#8. -/ample: F9astaG de1ili#: F9astaG de1ildi#: BHm not 7ill8. B 4asnHt 7ill8. Fes, BHm ill. B 4as ill.

BBB Bf the question contained var #&' or yok #u'; as in May var #&' OBs there teaMH or May var #&yd&' ODas there teaMH then: 7a8 if you 4ant to say OyesH: ans4er 4ith var; possi0ly preceded 0y evet and, also optionally, the 4ord that 4as questioned. -/ample: FMayG var: FMayG vard&: 708 if you 4ant to say OnoH: There is 7tea8. There 4as 7tea8.

ans4er 4ith yok; possi0ly preceded 0y hay&r and3or the 4ord that 4as questioned.

1age +) -/ample: 9ay&r; F+ayG yok: FMayG yoktu: ;o, there isnHt 7any tea8. ;o, there 4asnHt 7any tea8.

BC Bf the question 4as a sentence 4ithout #i; 0ut 4ith a question 4ord 7often in first position8, as in %erede oturuyorsunu*' ODhere do you li5eMH then: use a normal type of sentence, pro5iding a rele5ant ans4er. -/ample: Exercise ( Nondra=da oturuyoru#: B li5e in 2ondon.

:i5e an appropriate ans4er to the follo4ing questions. % Bu akXam e5de misinM , ;ereden geldinM ) Bi>e uQramak istiyor musunu>M $ Bu hafta sonu neler yaptPnP>M & Vu aQacP gZrRyor musunu>M ( 2ahmacun se5iyor musunM ' Buralarda 0akkal 5ar mPM + 6aS dil 0iliyorsunu>M * TRrkiyeHde kilo aldPnP> muM %# Si> nerelisini>M %% Caktini> yok mPM %, 6ah5altP dahil miM u1ra#ak a1a+ lah#acun to 5isit tree Turkish pi>>a dil kilo al#ak dahil language to put on 4eight included

bakkal Exercise #

grocery store

Bn the follo4ing dialogue, the question 4ords are omitted. Asing the list gi5en, supply the correct forms. #isini*; var #&; #u; ne kadar; #&; nas&l; #& % 9erha0a. 6PymalP et 5ar^M , Car. 6u>u^sPQPr^istiyorsunu>M ) SPQPr istiyorum lRtfen. Bakla5a 0ugRn^M $ ]ok iyi. Buyurun, tadPna 0akPnN & Eh, Sok nefisN Bir kilo 5ere0ilir^M

1age +$ ( Tamam. BaXka 0ir isteQini>^M ' @ayPr, teXekkRrler. Borcum^M k&y#al& et ku*u s&1&r tad&na bak&nLanguage points The use o& bir

ground meat lam0 0eef ha5e a tasteN

verebilir istek borcu#

could you gi5e 4ish my 0ill

The 4ord bir OoneH also functions as an indefinite article. Dhen a noun com0ines 4ith an ad<ecti5e, they are separated 0y bir; as long as the noun is singular: 7ski,ehir g8*el bir ,ehir; de1il #i' -skiXehir is a nice city, isnHt itM T8rkiye=de g8*el yerler g0rd8n #8' ?id you see any nice places in TurkeyM

@ir is also part of a great many other 4ords, many of them frequently used. -/amples include OsomethingH bir,ey; OsomeoneH birisi or biri; and OsometimesH bir *a#an 7compare Oone timeH8. Their negations are handy to kno4 as 4ell. Bn Turkish, most negation is done through negati5e 5er0s, i.e. through 5er0s 4ith the 3#eC3#a suffi/. @o4e5er, you should also kno4 the 4ord hi+; 4hich must 0e used to negate bir *a#an; and ser5es to emphasise the negation of bir,ey. !or Ono.oneH, use the 4ord ki#se. @irisi and biri can also 0e preceded 0y hi+ and then mean Onone of themH. !rom no4 on, look out for ne4 occurrences of these types of 4ords. @ir,ey anla#ad&#: B didnHt understand a thing. 9i+bir ,ey anla#ad&#: B didnHt understand a single thing. 9i+bir *a#an rak& i+#e#: B ne5er drink rakP. @iri cevab& bildi: Someone kne4 the ans4er.

1age +& i#se cevab& bil#edi: ;o.one kne4 the ans4er.

=se o& plural

The plural suffi/ is 3ler or 3lar; depending on 5o4el harmony. Bt is one of the fe4 suffi/es that are used 4ith 0oth nouns and 5er0s. Bts use is fairly straightfor4ard 7that is, similar to -nglish8, e/cept for a fe4 details. Bmportantly, a0sence of 3ler does not necessarily mean that the noun in question is singular. The 0asic principle is that you donHt use the plural suffi/ if you donHt ha5e to. Contrary to -nglish, for instance, you donHt say Othree ducksH in Turkish, 0ut Othree duckH. ;um0ers higher than one are assumed to make clear that youHre not talking a0out something in the singular, so the plural marker is considered redundant. This principle e/tends to uses 4here it is irrele5ant 7or you 4ant to make it seem irrele5ant8 4hether you are talking a0out one or more items. Ef the ne/t three e/amples, the last one is the least specific a0out the num0er of C?s 0ought 0y the speaker: it may 0e one or any num0er of C?s.

Mar,&da iki tane CB ald&#: Mar,&da CBler ald&#: Mar,&da CB ald&#:

BH5e 0ought a couple of C?s in to4n. BH5e 0ought C?s in to4n. BH5e 0ought a C?3C?s in to4n.

So, 4here -nglish forces you to use the plural if you are talking a0out more than one instance of something, Turkish doesnHt, though note that num0ers do often co.occur 4ith the 4ord tane OpieceH. Dhen youHre listening to some0ody, that means that 4ithout further conte/t 7such as 0eing sho4n fi5e C?s at the same time8, you canHt 0e sure 4hether a0sence of 3ler actually means that the speaker is talking a0out OoneH and not a0out OmoreH. Bf you 4ant to make sure, ask a question 4ith ka+: Qatl&can ald&#: a+ tane' U+:
Exercise 7

B 0ought au0ergines. @o4 manyM Three.

:o o5er all the nouns used so far in the dialogues in this lesson. :i5e their plural forms.

1age +(
Exercise 8

Translate -nglish sentences into Turkish and Turkish ones into -nglish: % @ir ,ey i+iyor #usun' , Oi#di hangi ro#an& okuyorsun' ) B 4as 0orn in the AS. $ @u ti,0rt8 bin doku* y8* doksanda ald&#: & ;o, B donHt kno4 any0ody in Turkey. ( T8rk ga*etelerini okuyor #usunu*' ' 9i+bir ,ey yap#ad&#: + Dhat happened hereM 7use oldu8 * De ha5e four dogs at home. %# Sokakta bir ka*a oldu ve he#en polis geldi:

Language point >rdinal nu#bers

The suffi/ 3inci 7or 3&nc&; 3uncu or 38nc8; of course8 turns the numerals into ordinals, i.e. 4ords like OfirstH, OsecondH and OthirtiethH:

birinci first alt&nc& si/th

ikinci second yedinci se5enth

8+8nc8 third seki*inci eighth

d0rd8nc8 fourth doku*uncu ninth

be,inci fifth onuncu tenth

yir#i be,inci

Fou may ha5e noted an alternati5e for birinci in the first dialogue of this lesson: ilk. This 4ord has o5ertones of Othe 5ery firstH, so it is for instance often used in the phrase ilk de4a; Othe first timeH. The t4o 4ords are not interchangea0le. @irinci is used in summing.up conte/ts, 4here you can clearly paraphrase 4ith Othe first of manyH, Ofe4H, Oa definite setH, etc. >lk; on the other hand, is more of an a0stract OfirstH, and is often used in conte/ts 4here in -nglish you can paraphrase 4ith Oat firstH. Both 4ords only mean OfirstH 4hen used as an ad<ecti5e; in phrases like Ofirst B did this, then thatH, OfirstH is an ad5er0 and translated 4ith 0nce.

1age +' @u be,inci ders: This is the fifth lesson. @ug8n Lli#piyat oyunlar&n&n ka+&nc& g8n8' The Oho4 many.ethH day of the Elympics is it todayM >lk aylar kolay de1il: The first months arenHt easy. @irinci g8n kahve 8cretsi*: The first day the coffee is free. Ance bir,ey i+#ek istiyoru#; ondan sonra ye#ek yiyece1i*: !irst B 4ant something to drink, then 4eHll eat.
>rdering

Dhen you find yourself in a shop or a restaurant, there are a fe4 things you typically need to 0e a0le to understand and3or say. The numerals are 0asic, 0ut there are a fe4 other 4ords 4ithout 4hich interaction 4ould not 0e easy. Ene such 4ord is tane; 4hich roughly means OpieceH. Cery easy are the international 4ords gra#; kilo; #etre and litre 7their particular form gi5es a4ay that they 4ere 0orro4ed from !rench8. But other things are different, so that other 4ords may 0e thro4n at you. Some of these are introduced in the follo4ing e/ercise.
Exercise 9

"ead through the follo4ing te/t and try to reconstruct 9e5lRtHs shopping list. Datch out: some of the things she 4anted she didnHt get. Bn the process, try and find out 4hat the 4ords printed in 0old mean.

!e*lt is tal ing to her friend )atice on the phone$ and is telling her ho% her trip to the shop %as Bu akXam dolma yemek istedik, ama biber yoktu markette. Uki tane ekmek aldPm 5e dRkkandan SPktPm. Endan sonra 0aXka 0ir 0akkala gittim. Bi0ere bakt&#; ama iyi deQildi. FalnP> 0eX ,i,e 0ira aldPm. Sonra pa>ara gittim. Erada iki ta5uk, yarPm kilo 0eya> peynir, 0ira> siyah >eytin 5e 0ir 0uSuk kilo elma aldPm ama yine de iyi dolmalPk 0i0er 0ulamadPm. ;ohut istedim, nohut da yoktu. @er yerde aradPm durdum. Sonunda patlPcan aldPm. ?aha sonra -serHe rastlad&#. E 0eni 0ir sey iSmeye da5et etti. E 0ir 4incan kah5e

1age ++ iSti, 0en de 0ir kadeh Xarap iStim. BugRnkR alPX5eriXler iXte 0Zyle berbat geSti. dol#a d8kkan pa*ar tavuk beya* siyah *eytin el#a
'eading te(t

stuffed peppers store market chicken 4hite 0lack oli5es apple

nohut ara#ak dur#ak ,arap al&,veri, ge+#ek

chickpeas to search for to stand 7here/ keep8 4ine shopping to pass

Cengi& is humming a song A2U: Bu melodiyi tanPyorum, yaN !akat ismini unuttum. ?ur, sZyleme. Tahmin etmek istiyorum. VarkPcP kimM C-;:U\: -dip Ak0ayram. A2U: E muM Bira> dRXRnelim. 8hums the melody: VarkPnPn konusu neM C-;:U\: AXktPr, ta0ii ki. Ama ha5a durumundan da sZ> ediyor. A2U: @a, Ximdi hatPrladPmN O@a5a nasPl oralarda^H Together they start singing the song A2U3C-;:U\: ha5a nasPl oralarda RXRyor musunM kar yaQPyor saSlarPma 0ilmiyor musunM

Ali seems to kno4 the melody, 0ut says is#ini unuttu#. Dhat could that meanM Bur O4aitH and s0yle#e OdonHt singH are e/amples of ho4 you Ogi5e ordersH. Ali 4ants to tah#in et#ek 4hat he has forgotten, and asks ,ark&c& ki#M ;o4, once you kno4 that a ,ark& is Oa songH, and the ending 3ci may denote someoneHs profession, you can easily deri5e the meaning of ,ark&c&. Again, as in pre5ious reading te/ts, you see a su0<uncti5e ending 3eli# in the 4ord d8,8neli# Olet me thinkH. ;ote also the 4ord com0ination ,ark&n&n konusu; of 4hich you might gather the meaning. The konu of the song 4hich Cengi> hums is a,k. The 4ord tabii Oof courseH indicates that there are many more songs a0out a,k. But the song is

1age +* also a0out hava duru#u Othe 4eather conditionH. ;o4 Ali remem0ers the title: hava nas&l oralarda. Can you find out 4hat it meansM The question 8,8yor #usun' relates to the fact that in the ne/t line kar ya1&yor Osno4 fallsH or Oit is sno4ingH, and can 0e taken as a sign that the singer seems rather concerned a0out the listenerHs 4ell.0eing. The kar ya1&yor not <ust to the ground, 0ut sa+lar&#a Oon my hairH. Can you figure out 4hat the root 4ord is of sa+lar&#a 7i.e. 4hat the Turkish 4ord for OhairH is8, and 4hich suffi/es follo4 itM ;ote the negati5e 5er0 bil#iyor in the last line.

1age *#

( AliJnin yeni e5ini gZrdRn mRM

9ave you seen !li=s ne" house' $n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ say something is someoneHs, i.e. use Opossessi5esH, such as OmineH, OyoursH, etc. [ use Oto ha5eH in more detail [ use the accusati5e and geniti5e cases, 4hen to use them, and ho4 to form them
Dialogue 1 )eni evin na!$l?

9o"=s your ne" house'

!ehmet runs into @lhan at the train station( )e starts telling him about his ne% apartment( U2@A;: 9erha0a, acelen ne 0ZyleM 9-@9-T: Trenim kalktP mPM U2@A;: Foo, kalkmadP henR>, daha 0eX dakika 5ar. ;Hha0erM 9-@9-T: Uyilik. :eSen hafta taXPndPk. Feni e5imi> 5ar. U2@A;: Tyle miM @ayPrlP olsun. -5 nasPl, gR>el miM 9-@9-T: -5et, Sok gR>el. @em de Sok geniX, 0ahSemi> 0ile 5ar. U2@A;: 6aS odanP> 5arM 9-@9-T: BRyRk 0ir salon 5e iki yatak odasP. FukarPdaki yatak odalarPnPn 0irinde 0alkon 5ar. U2@A;: -5ini>i satPn mP aldPnP>M 9-@9-T: @ayPr, kirada oturuyoru>. 8' train pulls in at the station(: Bu 0enim trenim mi yoksa seninki miM

1age *% U2@A;: Bu 0enimki. -5ini> tekrar hayPrlP olsun. :ZrRXRrR>. 9-@9-T: TeXekkRr ederim. :ZrRXRrR>.
Szckler (Vocabulary)

!rom no4 on, the dialogues 4ill not 0e accompanied any more 0y full translations. Bnstead, youHll find 4ord lists like the follo4ing, introducing ne4 4ords. These 4ill usually 0e in their dictionary forms, so any 5er0 4ill appear as an infiniti5e in the list. Bn general, the 4ord 4ill 0e gi5en 4ithout any suffi/es; only 4ords 4ith suffi/es you ha5e not heard a0out yet 4ill 0e translated fully. acele hay&rl& olsungeni, bile salon hurry congratulationsN 4ide e5en li5ing room sat&n al#ak kira yoksa seninki beni#ki to 0uy rental or yours mine

yatak yukar&da
Exercise 1

0ed upstairs

tekrar

again

Dhat do the follo4ing 4ords meanM % , ) acelen kalktP mPM taXPndPk $ & ( odanP> kirada e5ini>

Language point /ossession

Bn -nglish, there are se5eral 4ays of saying that something is yours. Fou can use a possessi5e pronoun, as in OThis oneHs my carH; you can use a form of the 5er0s Oha5eH or OgotH, as in OB had a great timeH; or you can use the Oapostrophe sH construction 4ith peopleHs names 7OBettyHs houseH8. Turkish has se5eral 4ays of indicating possession, too. The one most compara0le to the -nglish pronoun is the possessi5e suffi/. Similar to the Oapostrophe sH is the Turkish geniti5e case, 4hich indicates possession as 4ell as a host of other things. !or instance,

1age *, -nglish OAylinHsH is !ylin=in 7the name !ylin plus the geniti5e case 3in8; -nglish Oof the houseH 7as in Othe roof of the houseH8 is evin 7ev OhouseH 4ith the geniti5e case 3in8. !or Oto ha5eH, Turkish uses a construction 4hich includes 0oth the possessi5e suffi/es and the 5er0 var 7or, as the case may 0e, yok8. 7Turkish has possessi5e pronouns, too, <ust like -nglish, 0ut these are of more limited use.8 The similarity 4ith -nglish stops here. Although they are used differently, here is ho4 the t4o systems roughly compare:

#nglish Tur ish

my, your etc. house evcsuffi/es 7and pronouns8

LHs house L. geniti5ecevcsuffi/ es

ha5e a house evcsuffi/escvarCy ok

As you can see, the suffi/es are all.important in Turkish, 4hile the pronouns are optional, <ust as 4e sa4 4ith the personal pronouns.
The su&&i(es

Bn 2esson $, you 4ere introduced to the possessi5e suffi/es, 4hen the translation of Oto ha5eH 4as discussed. Eff and on you ha5e come across them in the dialogues and e/ample sentences as 4ell. @ere is the schema:

3i# 3i#i *

3in 3ini*

3iC3si 3leri

Bf the noun ends in a 5o4el, the 5o4el of the suffi/ is dropped, so that the suffi/ for OmyH can 0e <ust 3#; as in araba# Omy carH. The third person singular suffi/, ho4e5er, already is <ust one 5o4el. ?ropping it 4ould lea5e nothing to indicate possession. Therefore, 4hen it is attached to a 4ord that ends in a 5o4el, an e/tra consonant is inserted. Bn this case, that consonant is an 3s; yielding the easy to recognise third person possessi5e suffi/ 3si 7or, of course, 3s&; 3su or 3s88. Contrary to -nglish, 4here you choose 0et4een OhisH, OherH and OitsH, the suffi/ 3FsGi means OhisH, OhersH or OitsHYyou donHt kno4 from the suffi/ alone. ;ote, finally, that for the third person plural suffi/ there are t4o, not four possi0le forms. 7This is 0ecause the suffi/ 0egins 4ith the plural suffi/, a mem0er of the

1age *) t4o.class 5o4el harmony group.8 The possi0ilities are therefore 3leri and 3lar&. Some e/amples: 7vi# u*ak de1il: 9y place is not far.

%otlar& +ok iyiydi: @is grades 4ere 5ery good. Ee#leketin nas&l' DhatHs your country likeM
Exercise 2

Turn the follo4ing nouns into possessed nouns. Dho the possessor is in each case, is indicated 0et4een 0rackets. The first item has 0een done already. % itap 8my: kitab&# 7;ote that the final 3p of kitap has changed to 3b8

, 7v 7your$ sing.8 ) 9ediye 7your$ sing.8 $ & edi 8their: &* karde, 8his:

( Lda 8her: ' >, 7your$ plural8 + Oehir 8our: * Ie#ek 7your$ singular, polite8 %# ahve 8her:

The possessi,e ,ersus the personal su&&i(

Fou may ha5e noticed that these suffi/es are largely similar to the ones learned earlier as e/pressing OB amH, Oyou areH etc. ?onHt 4orry, in practice you 4onHt often confuse them as they tend to appear in different conte/ts, much like in -nglish the similar sounding OsHs in OJohnHs gone homeH, OJohnHs 4orkingH and OJohnHs legH seldom get in each otherHs 4ay. Thus, doktoru# can mean Omy doctorH, and it can mean OBHm a doctorH. But consider the conte/ts in 4hich the t4o constructions 4ould 0e typically used and youHll realise they are not likely to coincide. ;ouns 4ith a possessi5e suffi/ tend to 0e part of a larger sentence, usually as su0<ects or o0<ects, 4hile nouns 4ith personal suffi/es tend to 0e an utterance in themsel5es, of the type referred to earlier as the O5er0lessH sentence.

1age *$
Exercise 3

The follo4ing sentences all contain a noun carrying a suffi/. Say 4hether the suffi/ is a possessi5e or a personal one. 2isten closely to the tape to hear the slight differences in emphasis. % Ba0a# yaXlP 0ir adam. , :a>eteciyi#. ) -5i 0u sokakta. $ AnkaraHdalar. & A0las& seni da5et etti, deQil miM ( -5li 0ir adam&#. ' ]ocuklar&#&* RS 5e seki> yaXPnda. + Bu senin sigaran mPM * Bu yenisi miM %# Si> delisini*. abla evli older sister married deli sigara cra>y cigarette

;ote, in ' a0o5e, that the possessi5e suffi/ follo4s the plural ending. OEur dogsH is k0pekleri#i*; not k0pe1i#i*ler. That 4ould mean Othey are our dogsH. Also note, from -/amples * and %#, that ad<ecti5es can take the possessi5e ending. This is 0ecause ad<ecti5es can 0e used as nouns 7nominalised8 as in most languages 7compare the -nglish forms Omy old onesH, or Othe good, the 0ad and the uglyH8. Dith these suffi/es you can e/press e5ery construction of the type Oyour countryH, Ohis armH and Oour kitchenH. @o4e5er, <ust as you need a special construction in -nglish 4hen you 4ant to use a personHs name instead of <ust OhisH or OherH 7the Oapostrophe sH construction8, something else is needed in Turkish, too. The equi5alent of the OsH is the geniti5e case. 7;ote, ho4e5er, that 4e are not finished yet 4ith the possessi5e suffi/es. Ene of their main uses, for instance, is in making compound nouns, 7see page %&%8. They also feature prominently in geniti5e constructions of the type Othe L of the FH 7see 0elo48. And much later 4e 4ill e5en see that they play an important role in su0ordinate clauses.8
Geniti,e

The geniti5e case is formed in 4hat 0y no4 should 0e a familiar 4ay: 4ith a suffi/. The suffi/ is 3in or 3nin 74ith the usual alternati5es, 0ecause of 5o4el harmony8. As indicated a0o5e, its 0asic function

1age *& is to indicate possession: !li=nin is OAliHsH, Be#et=in is O?emetHsH, ?ohn=un is OJohnHsH, T8rkiye=nin is OTurkeyHsH. 7Actually, the name OJohnH is often pronounced OJahnH in Turkey, 4ritten as Can; for e/ample in Can K: enedi caddesi; OJohn !.6ennedy streetH. Bn that case, the geniti5e suffi/ is, of course, 3&n.8 ;o possessi5e construction is complete 4ithout mentioning the thing that is possessed. This noun follo4s the geniti5e.marked one, and this is 4here it starts to get unfamiliar to the -nglish speaker. Bt is marked itself 4ith the third person possessi5e suffi/. Carefully read the e/amples: E8jgan=&n c8*dan& G8l=8n arabas& !l#anya=n&n ,ehirleri The structure is: 1ossessorc:eniti5ec1ossessed thingc)rd person possessi5e suffi/ Bn the e/amples a0o5e the construction is used 4ith names in the role of the possessor, 0ut it is much more 4idely used than that. As a rule of thum0, you can assume that you al4ays need to use this construction 4hen the construction in -nglish 4ould 0e Othe3a L of the FH, for e/ample Othe centre of this to4nH or Oa 0ig part of the dayH. The Turkish translations of those are: bu ,ehrin #erke*i g8n8n b8y8k bir b0l8#8 9R<ganHs purse34allet :RlHs car :ermanyHs cities

Ene more thing: as 4ith all nouns, compound nouns may 0e suffi/ed 4ith case markers. This 4hole comple/ may 0e marked 4ith, say, the locati*e case marker, the little element that indicates place. !or instance, the phrase ,ehrin #erke*i 4ill often 0e used as part of the larger phrase Oin the centre of to4nH. As you kno4, the preposition is translated 0y the locati5e case marker in Turkish. This is added to the comple/ noun, 0ut 4e do not get ,ehrin #erke*ide. Dhen a case marker is added to the possessi5e suffi/, an 3n3 is inserted, so that 4e get ,ehrin #erke*inde. Exercise " Com0ine the follo4ing 4ord pairs. !irst figure out 4hat the likely com0ination is 7i.e. 4hich noun 4ill 0e the possessor and 4hich one is 0eing possessed8. Then 0uild up the construction, as has 0een done for the first item.

1age *( % Bilek; kitap , anahtar, ara0a ) 0i0er, fiyat $ kitap, isim & gRn, son anahtar 4iyat
Dialogue 2 *imin evinde?

Bilek=in kitab& 7;ote that you donHt change the final 3k 0efore a suffi/ 4hen names are concerned8

key price

isi#

title

$n "hose house' ' group of friends is %aiting at 1ursen+s house( They got together to plan a 2oint %ee end in the country( )o%e*er$ one person$ 'li$ is missing ;A"S-;: ;e yapalPm XimdiM T9-": Bence toplantPya AliHsi> 0aXlamalPyP>. ;A"S-;: :it ya, AliHyi 0ekliyoru>. T9-": Belki 0aXPna 0irXey geldi. ToplantPlarPmP>a hiS geS kalma>. ;A"S-;: AliHnin her >aman iyi fikirleri 5ar, deQil miM T9-": Fenge, hepimi>in iyi fikirleri 5ar. aSRmR> de alPX5eriX listesini ya>a0iliri>. ;A"S-;: Ena telefon edelim miM Amer calls 'li on his mobile phone T9-": Alo. Ali, koSum, neredesin yaM -5de misinM ;e olduM Bi>i mi 0ekliyorsunM Bi> de seni 0ekliyoru>. ;ursenHlerdeyi>. 6usuru 0akma, ama, Oonun e5indeH dedim, Osenin e5indeH demedim. -5et. 8to the others/: Jeton yeni dRXtR. -5et, Ximdi hemen 0uraya gelN

1age *'

Szckler

bence toplant& git yabelki ba,&na gel#ek ge+ kal#a* yenge

Exercise 5

according to me meeting come onN may0e to 0e in trou0le he doesnHt come late aunt 8here used as a form of address for a female peer:

ya*abiliri* ko+u#-

4e can 4rite mateN 7'merican/ my manN8 BHm sorry ne4 7here/ finally8

ba,la#al&y&* 4e ha5e to start kusura bak#a yeni

d8,#ek

to fall

Ans4er the follo4ing questions a0out the te/t. % DhatHs the initial discussion a0outM , Bs Ali usually lateM ) @o4 many people are present at ;RrsenHsM $ ?oes ;Rrsen li5e aloneM & Dhat do you think jeton d8,t8 meansM
Language point The geniti,e &or#s o& the personal pronouns

Bikkat et-; O0e carefulNH, thereHs potential for am0iguity, in spite of the systematic o5erall appearance that Turkish grammar makes. Fou kno4 no4 that 4hene5er a possessi5e suffi/ that ends in a 5o4el 7that is: a third person possessi5e suffi/8 is follo4ed 0y a case ending 7e.g. locati5e 3de for OplaceH 7OatH, OinH8, or dati5e 3e for direction 7OtoH88, an 3n3 is inserted 0et4een the t4o suffi/es. Thus, Oto her houseH is ev3i3 n3e 7@ouse.her3n3to8. All other possessi5e suffi/es end in a consonant, so you 4onHt need to use the 3n34ith anything other than a third person possessi5e suffi/. @o4e5er, note that the second person singular no4 causes a ne4 pro0lem, since it happens to end in an 3n. Thus, evine could also mean Oto your houseH 7ev3in3eD @ouse.your.to8. Bt 4ill usually 0e clear from the conte/t 4hich meaning is intended, 0ut confusion can arise, as in the dialogue a0o5e. Bn that case, e/tra pronouns come

1age *+

in handy. The pronouns to use are the geniti*e cases of the personal pronouns: beni# senin onun
Exercise 6

my, of mine your, of yours his, of his, her, of hers, its

bi*i# si*in onlar&n

our, of ours your, of yours their

:o 0ack to the dialogue and try to reconstruct the misunderstanding: 4hat do you think Tmer had said to Ali 4hen they 4ere arranging the meetingM
Exercise 7

Add the right form of the geniti5e suffi/es to the first noun and form compounds 4ith the second nouns. % Aylin, para , 0u 0akkal, ekmek ) Rni5ersite, ya0ancP ZQrenci $ TRrkiye, 0aXkent & onun okulu, ZQretmen ( 0u 0anka, memur ' 0i>im e5, 0anyo + firma, eski mRdRr ;B: Bn ' a0o5e, the form bi*i# ev Oour houseH reflects a characteristic of colloquial Turkish. Dhereas you 4ould ha5e e/pected Oour houseH to 0e bi*i# evi#i*; the possessi5e suffi/ 7in this case 3i#i*8 can sometimes 0e omitted in e5eryday speech. This can only happen if there is a geniti5e pronoun 7here/ bi*i#8. yabanc& ba,kent banyo
Language point 5To ha,e6 re,isited

foreign capital 0athroom

4ir#a #8d8r

company director

"ecall from 2esson $ 7Qossession; see page ($8 that Oto ha5eH can 0e translated in t4o 4ays, 0oth in5ol5ing the pair var and yok.

1age ** -ither the possessed noun is marked 4ith a possessi5e suffi/, or the possessor is marked 4ith the locati5e case F3deG: para# var bende para var B ha5e money B ha5e money 7on me8

;ote that these patterns are only good for conte/ts 4here the possessor is a pronoun such as OBH, OyouH, etc., 0ecause then the suffi/ 73# OmyH or 3n OyourH etc.8 is enough to make clear 4ho the possessor is. Bf the possessor is any0ody else, then you ha5e to use a noun plus geniti5e, though still in a construction 4ith possessi5e suffi/ and varCyok: ;ounc:eniti5ecThing possessedc3iC3siC3leriWvarCyok ?onHt forget the possessi5e ending on the thing 7or person8 that is possessed; the other elements are fairly logical if you think a0out it. An e/ample is OThe 0ank has a ne4 directorH, in 4hich Othe 0ankH is the possessor and therefore gets the geniti5e case 3nin. The 4hole sentence then 0ecomes @ankan&n yeni bir #8d8r8 var. To take one of the compounds from -/ercise ', if 4e 4ant to turn onun okulunun 01ret#eni into a Oto ha5eH.construction, for instance in OAliHs school has good teachersH, it 4ill suffice to simply add var 7and iyi8: !li=nin okulunun iyi 01ret#enleri var: Ene last thing: no4 that you kno4 the geniti5e pronouns, you can add emphasis to constructions like araba# var. Adding beni# does the same thing hea5y emphasis does in -nglish O$ ha5e a carH: @eni# araba# var; baba#&n arabas& yok: B ha5e a car, my dad doesnHt.
Accusati,e

Fou might 0e familiar 4ith languages that use an accusati5e case. That is a case used to indicate the direct o0<ect in a sentence. Turkish too has such a case. @o4e5er, not e5ery direct o0<ect in Turkish gets an accusati5e case marker: only direct o0<ects that are definite. Dhat e/actly is OdefiniteHM Dell, consider, first of all, possessed nouns: they are definite. The noun refers not to the thing it stands for in general, 0ut to one particular instance of it. A 4ord

1age %## like k0pek simply means OdogH, 0ut k0pe1i#i*; Oour dogH, refers to one 7or more8 particular dog7s8. The reference is definite, as opposed to indefinite 7e.g. k0pek; bir k0pek or k0pekler8. The accusati5e has occurred a fe4 times already in e/ample sentences, for e/ample in this one from 2esson & 7-/ercise +8: @u ti,0rt8 bin doku* y8* doksanda ald&#: B 0ought this T.shirt in %**#. ;e4 e/amples are: Saat alt& sular&nda eve d0n8yor ve ye#e1i ha*&rl&yoru#: B return home around si/ and prepare dinner. T8rkiye=de g8*el yerleri g0rd8n #8' ?id you see nice places in TurkeyM As these e/amples sho4, the form of the accusati5e is 3i. After a 5o4el, it is 3yi. Dhen you add an accusati5e suffi/ to a noun, you are making that noun definite, <ust as you do 4hen you put OtheH 0efore an -nglish noun. Consider the difference 0et4een Oa catH and Othe catH. This much is easy. Dhat you ha5e to also learn is that there are all kinds of conte/ts 4here adding an accusati5e suffi/ is simply o0ligatory. But donHt forget: all this is limited to 4here the noun functions as the direct o0<ect of a 5er0. Thus, baba# Omy fatherH, though definite, does not get an accusati5e 4hen it is the su0<ect of a sentence, as in baba# s0yledi Omy father saidH, it does 4hen it is a direct o0<ect: baba#& g0rd8# OB sa4 my fatherH. Bf the possessed noun in a geniti5e construction is a direct o0<ect, the 4hole construction is follo4ed 0y the accusati5e. This yields the 5ery common sequences 3FsGini; in 4hich FsGi is the possessi5e, 3n3 is the e/tra consonant that separates the possessi5e and case suffi/es, and the final 3i is the accusati5e, and its plural form 3lerini. Some e/amples: 7rol=un yeni evini g0rd8n #8' @a5e you seen -rolHs ne4 houseM Ie1eni#in kutular&n& yeni dairesine g0t8r8yoru#: BHm taking my nephe4Hs 0o/es to his ne4 flat. ?emonstrati5es ha5e the same effect as possessi5es. Just like Oyour to4nH, Othis to4nH singles out one particular to4n, so it is definite. ;ouns 4ith bu; ,u or o in front of them must 0e marked 4ith the accusati5e case if they are used as a direct o0<ect:

1age %#% @u kitab& okudun #u' @a5e you read this 0ookM L k&*& g0r8yor #usunu*' &* arkada,&#:

?o you see that girl o5er thereM ThatHs my girlfriend. Some 4ords are inherently definite e5en if they are not marked 4ith a possessi5e suffi/. This is so 0ecause they refer to one and only one thing. -/amples include names of people, countries, institutions etc.; after all, there is only one Turkey or Ali. So these too al4ays get marked 4ith the accusati5e case 4hen they are direct o0<ects. 7#el=i tan&yor #usun' ?o you kno4 -melM Cu#a g8n8 Qa#ukkale=yi g0rd8k: En !riday 4e sa4 1amukkale. Exercise % The follo4ing -nglish sentences all contain nouns. Say 4hich of those 4ould get accusati5e case if the sentences 4ere to 0e translated into Turkish. % ?id you mail the letterM , Are you going to 4rite him a letterM ) @eHs 4alking his dog. $ ?id you see that mo5ieM & BHm 4aiting for a friend. ( DeHre 4atching the match tonight. ' Cengi> really likes !atma. + -/tinguish your cigarette please. * ?o you 4ant a drinkM %# 2ittle Ahmet 4ants that car. Exercise -

:i5e the accusati5e form of the follo4ing: % , ) $ & kedi ada# kad&n bisiklet 86bicycle+: #ektup ( ' + * %# bu ev pencere 86%indo%+: sen kitap

1age %#, %% %, %) %$ araba +ocuk *iyaret 86*isit+: o %( %' %+ %* ,# la#ba 86lamp+: otob8s 86bus+: ga*ete ben k&* arkada,&

%& eskisi Exercise ,. Translate the follo4ing sentences.

% B8n ak,a# erkek karde,ini*e tele4on etti#: , @u ya* tatil i+in !*erbaycan=a gidiyoru*: ) Qervin=in +ay& en g8*eli: $ Kili*=in !#erikal& arkada,& bug8n var&yor: & B canHt 0elie5e the price of these au0ergines. ( "ahimeHs friend got married last 4eek. ' AhmetHs girlfriend 4orks in Bstan0ul. + BHm looking for your 0rotherHs address FadresG. inana#a#ak inan#ak Exercise ,, to not 0e a0le to 0elie5e to 0elie5e

Bn the dialogues of this lesson, identify all possessi5e, geniti5e and accusati5e suffi/es. 6eep geniti5e.possessi5e com0inations together as single units.

1age %#)

' Fedide gideceQi>

<e=ll leave at seven $n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ e/press your intentions, 4ishes and future plans [ say the days of the 4eek [ urge people to do something [ use OletHsH do something [ practise pronunciation [ tell the time [ talk a0out the future [ say 4hen you did something [ e/press some useful OtimeH 4ords
Dialogue 1 *amp yapa"a$%

<e=ll go ca#ping 1ursen calls her friend @pe about holiday plans U1-6: AloM ;A"S-;: 9erha0a. Benim. U1-6: 9erha0a ;ursenN ;e >aman gideceksini>M ;A"S-;: Eto0Rs ZQleden sonra kalkacak. Bu sa0ah tatil R>erine konuXtuk, yani ne yapacaQPmP>P filan. 1lanlarPmP>P duymak istiyor musunM U1-6: Ta0ii, anlatN

;A"S-;: Eldu. ?inle o >aman. Bu akXam !ethiyeHye 5ardPktan sonra, SadPrlarPmP>P kuracaQP>, kamp yapacaQP>. FarPn, pa>artesi gRnR, pla<a gideceQi>. Tatil kZyR deni>e Sok yakPn. SalP gRnR 0ir mR>eyi >iyaret edeceQi>. ]arXam0a

1age %#$ gRnR SarXPda alPX5eriX yapacaQP>. 1erXem0e gRnR 0ir tekneyle 0ira> ge>eceQi>. AdalarP ge>mek istiyoru>. ;e ya>Pk ki, cuma gRnR tatilimi> 0itecekN
Szckler

ka#p yap#ak ka#p yapaca1&* alo gideceksini* kalkacak 8*erine ne yapaca1&#&*& plan duy#ak anlatoldu dinledinle#ek vard&ktan sonra +ad&r kuraca1&*
Language points

to camp 4eHll go camping hello youHll go itHll lea5e a0out 4hat 4e 4ill do plan to hear tellN E6 listenN to listen after arri5ing tent 4eHll put up

kur#ak plaj gidece1i* k0y yak&n F3eG deni* *iyaret et#ek *iyaret edece1i* al&,veri, yapaca1&* tekne ge*ece1i* ada ya*&k ne ya*&k kibitecek

to prepare, put up 0each 4eHll go 5illage near, close to sea to pay a 5isit 4eHll 5isit 4eHll do shopping little 0oat 4eHll sail around island pity 4hat a pityN itHll finish

*uture plans and intentions

Antil no4, 4e ha5e looked at saying things 0y using 3iyor 5er0s for the present tense and 3di for the past tense. But, 4hen you 4ant to e/press emotions, attitudes, intentions etc., you 4ill need different 5er0 forms. These are introduced here and in the ne/t lesson. ;o4, in ?ialogue %, ;ursen e/presses future plans and intentions. She uses the suffi/ 3ecek or 3acak; after 5o4els 3yecek or 3yacak. Although it is tempting to see it as the equi5alent of the -nglish Ogoing toH, Turkish 3ecek indicates a 4ish, 4illingness, intention or commitment 7more like -nglish OshallH3O4illH8. Bt does not <ust state 4hat is

going to happen, 0ut e/presses 4hat the speaker %ants to happen, or is planning to do. Though it is 0asically true that 3iyor refers to things happening no%$ 3di to things that happened in the

1age %#& past$ and 3ecek to things that 4ill happen in the future$ there is more to it than <ust that: 3ecek also e/presses the emotion and attitude of the speaker. -/amples: @uraya gelecek: @eHll come here. 9a4taya karar verecek: SheHll decide in a 4eek. Eektubu ya*acak; e#ini#SheHll 4rite the letter, BHm sureN @a,layanlar i+in yeni dil kursu yar&n ba,layacak: The ne4 language course for 0eginners 4ill start tomorro4. The personal endings 7indicating OBH, OyouH etc.8 are the same as 4ith 3iyor. That means you already kno4 that these are, in singular, 3i# for the first, and 3sin for the second person; in plural 3i* for the first, 3sini* for the second, and 3ler for the third person. "emem0er that a 3k3 0et4een t4o 5o4els often 0ecomes a 313 in Turkish 7e.g. konuk OguestH plus case suffi/ 3a 0ecomes konu1a Oto the guestH8. 2ike4ise, the first persons singular and plural of the future tense are not 3eceki# and 3eceki*; 0ut 3ece1i# and 3ece1i*: -/amples: Senin i+in yapaca1&#: BHll do that for you. Garda bulu,aca1&*: DeHll meet at the station. B&, >,leri @akanlar& #8*eyi yar&n sabah *iyaret edecekler: The ministers of !oreign Affairs 4ill 5isit the museum tomorro4 morning. 9esab& resepsiyonda 0deyeceksini*:

FouHll pay the 0ill at reception. Exercise , !ind the right forms, using the future marker 3ecek; as has 0een done for the first item: % ba,la#ak , 0de#ek ) gir#ek 4e B you 8plural: ba,layaca1&* ````` ````` 7Oto payH8 7Oto enterH8

1age %#( $ & ( ' + * s0yle#ek sor#ak tan&,#ak iyi bir 01renci ol#ak kapat#ak ta#a#la#ak they you 8singular:. 4e you 8singular:. B they you 8plural: it they ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` ````` 7Oto closeH8 7Oto finish somethingH8 7Oto tryH8 7Oto satisfyH8 7Oto sleepH8

%# dene#ek %% uy#ak %, uyu#ak Exercise

Translate the te/t on the postcard:

buras& c&v&l c&v&l d8nya te#i*

this place li5ely 4orld clean

deni* k&y&s& g8ne,len#ek y8*#ek 0b8r g8n

coast to sun0athe to s4im the day after tomorro4

1age %#'
Language points Da$s o& the week

"ecall that the names of days of the 4eek are Sunday 9onday Tuesday Dednesday Thursday !riday Saturday pa*ar pa*artesi sal& +ar,a#ba per,e#be cu#a cu#artesi

Bf you 4ant to say Oon SundayH, you donHt ha5e to e/press the -nglish OonH: Qa*ar g8n8 +ar,&ya gittik 7or/ pa*ar +ar,&ya gittik8. En Sunday 4e 4ent to the centre of to4n. !or regular acti5ities on a certain day of the 4eek, use the plural form: Qa*ar g8nleri +ar,&ya giderdik: En Sundays 4e used to go to the centre of to4n. Mar,a#ba g8nleri >ngili*ce dersi#i* var: En Dednesdays 4e ha5e -nglish classes. Bnstead of pa*ar g8nleri and +ar,a#ba g8nleri; pa*arlar& and +ar,a#balar& are also possi0le.

>ther &unctions o& +ecek

Apart from future plans and intentions, you can also use 3ecek for 4hat you 4ant to happen, or 4hat you 4ant another person to do F3eceksinG. The functions range from a kind 0ut strong suggestion to a rather fierce command: Adevini yapacaks&n: Fou are going to do your home4ork. Oi#di dinleyeceksinAnd no4 youHll listenN Menesini kapatacak@e 4ill ha5e to shut upN 7literally/ heHll shut his chin8

1age %#+
Exercise 3

Translate the follo4ing monologue into -nglish. :elecek hafta AnkaraHya taXPnacaQP>. AmarPm, komXularPmP> iyi SPkar. Bir yerde dura0ilmek iSin, iyi 0ir komXu Xart. TaXPndPktan sonra, 0RtRn komXularPmP>P da5et edeceQi>. Tatilden sonra, SocuQum yeni 0ir okula gidecek, yeni arkadaXlarP olacak. u#ar&# ko#,u durabil#ek ta,&nd&ktan sonra B hope neigh0our +&kar b8t8n they turn out all

to 0e a0le to stand, to 0e a0le to feel at home after 4eHll ha5e mo5ed

@o4 did you figure out 4hat ,art meansM And 3d&ktan sonraM @o4 do you apparently say Oto make friendsHM ?o you kno4 the difference 0et4een 3d&ktan sonra and 3denC3 dan sonraM
>ther wa$s o& e(pressing &uture e,ents

Both 3iyor 5er0 forms and forms 4ith the future marker 3ecek can e/press future e5ents. There is, ho4e5er, a difference. Dhereas an 3iyor 5er0 merely states that a certain e5ent is going to happen, an 3ecek 5er0 e/presses the speakerHs confidence 7he or she is sure8 that such and such %ill happen.

Compare: Iar&n geliyoru#: B am coming tomorro4. 8rather indefinite statement: Iar&n gelece1i#: B 4ill come tomorro4. 8confident assumption/ - %ant to come$ so count on me$ -+ll be there: !1ustosta >stanbul=day&#: Bn August, BHll 0e staying in Bstan0ul. 8neutral statement: !1ustosta >stanbul=da olaca1&#: Bn August, BHll stay in Bstan0ul. 8- am planning to do that: @u ak,a# annene bir #ektup ya*&yorsun; de1il #i' Tonight youHll 4rite a letter to your mother, 4onHt youM 8neutral statement: @u ak,a# annene bir #ektup ya*acaks&n: Tonight youHll 4rite a letter to your mother. 8- %ant you to do that:

1age %#*
Exercise 4

Translate the follo4ing sentences into Turkish. 9ore than one translation may 0e possi0le. ;e5ertheless, in choosing the 5er0 tense, keep the differences in conte/t in mindN % Tomorro4 BHll go to the 0each. , ;e/t 4eek theyHll come to my house. ) 6utlay is coming tomorro4. $ B 4ill definitely come to your party. & This e5ening youHll 4orkN #utlaka definitely parti party

Language points 8egation and questions o& +ecek

;egati5e future forms 7meaning O4onHtH or Onot going toH8 contain the negati5e suffi/ 3#e or 3#a; 4hich is placed after the stem, 0efore the future marker 3ecek. This is the same order as used in %egation in 2esson & 4hen negating 5er0s in the 3iyor tense. Fou also learned there that the negation of 3iyor forms is al4ays shortened to a single 3#3 7as in gel3#3iyoru#8. The negation of 3ecek; on the other hand, requires an additional 3y3 0et4een the final 5o4el of the negation and the initial 5o4el of the future marker: gel#eyeceksin kal#ayaca1&# ba,la#ayaca1&* you 4ill not come B 4ill not stay 4e 4ill not 0egin

Bn questions, the form to use is the stem 74ith or 4ithout the negation marker #eC#a8 plus 3ecek; then the question marker #i; and finally a personal ending. Gelecek #isin' Dill you comeM 7bstem gel3cfuture marker 3ecekcquestion marker #icpersonal ending 3sin8 @uraya gel#eyecek #isini*' DonHt you come hereM Lku#aya ba,la#ayacaklar #&' DonHt they start to readM

1age %%# As the last e/ample sho4s, the third person plural is again the e/ception to the rule. This 4onHt cause too much trou0le, though, since it is the same principle 73lar attaches to the 5er0, not to the question marker8 as 4e sa4 in 3iyor and 3di 7gidiyorlar #&' and gittiler #i'8.
Exercise 5

Translate into Turkish: % B 4onHt listen to that nonsense. , alkR is not intending to speak -nglish to our American neigh0our.

) Dill you 0uy milkM $ De 4onHt gi5e him a present. & DonHt they pay the 0illM la4lar; sa+#al&k s8t
Dialogue 2 +adi, &idelim

nonsense milk

hesap

0ill

Co#e on; let=s go ?-9-T: :idelim miM V-;-": ?ur 0e. 6amp mal>emelerimi>i henR> kontrol etmedik, deQil miM @er Xey 5ar mPM @er Xey SalPXPyor muM 8chec s luggage: -l feneri, SekiS, ki0rit, SakP, uyku tulumu, SadPr, ci0inlik^ Aman, ci0inliQimi> yok. Bu me5simde daQlarda si5risinek Sok. 9utlaka 0ir ci0inlik kullanacaQP>N @emen 0ir tane alayPm. Nener goes out and after a %hile returns %ith a mosCuito net V-;-": Buyurun. :R>el 0ir ci0inlik 0uldum. Vimdi ha>PrP>. @adi, kalkalPmN ?-9-T: Etur. Bira> daha 0ekleyelim. @asan demin telefon etti. Bira> geS kaldP, fakat mutlaka 0i>imle 0irlikte gitmek istiyor. Bu arada 0ir Say iSelimN

1age %%%
Szckler

gideli# dur be ka#p #al*e3#eleri#i*i ,ey el el 4eneri +eki+ kibrit +ak& uyku tulu#u +ad&r

letHs go 4aitN our camping equipment thing hand torch hammer match pocket knife sleeping 0ag tent

cibinlik da1 sivrisinek kullan#ak alay&# kalkal&# oturbekleyeli# de#in birlikte FileG bu arada i+eli#

mosquito net mountain mosquito to use let me take letHs lea5e sitN letHs 4ait <ust no4 together mean4hile letHs drink

Language points Let us?

The most common form in OletHsH or Olet meH sentences is the su0<uncti5e 3eyi#. The ending is placed after the 5er0 stem. ?epending on 5o4el harmony the ending may 0ecome 3eyi# or 3ay&#D after a stem that ends in a 5o4el the ending is 3yeyi# or 3yay&#. This is the first person singular form. The first person plural form is frequently used as 4ell. This form is 3eli#; 3al&#; 3yeli# or 3yal&# and means OletHsH^ Dhereas 3ecek is used to con5ey a future plan that 4ith some certainty 4ill 0e carried out, 3eyi# and 3eli# refer to an intended or proposed action. -ither you 4ant to perform this action right no4, immediately after you say it, or you ha5e the intention to do it later. The first person plural form also con5eys meanings such as 4illingness 7compare the -nglish O4e couldH^8, in5itation or proposal. Dhen used in a question, the proposal meaning is stronger. @ak; sana anlatay&#: alkal&#: ap&y& kapatay&# #&' 9a4taya ha#a#a gideli#: Come on, let me e/plain it to you. 2etHs lea5e, letHs go. Shall B close the doorM 2etHs go to the Turkish 0ath ne/t 4eek.

1age %%, Compare the follo4ing three e/amples: >ngiltere=ye d0neli# #i' >ngiltere=ye d0necek #iyi*' >ngiltere=ye d0n8yor #uyu*' Shall 4e go 0ack to BritainM 8no%$ right a%ay$ proposal: Dill 4e go 0ack to BritainM 8some time in future$ intention: Are 4e going 0ack to BritainM 8statement about near future: Bn the d0neli# case the speaker himself does the proposal. En the other hand, in the second and third sentences, the speaker doesnHt kno4 e/actly 4hat the plans are. The first and second sentence can 0e said 0y a hus0and to his 4ife or 5ice 5ersa, 4hen they are -nglish and ha5e 0een li5ing in Turkey for quite some time; the third 0y their child 4ho has o5erheard them talking a0out it. Bn the d0necek case the decision has already 0een made 4ithout the speakerHs kno4ledge. The first can also 0e an ironic statement, said to the tra5el companion 4ho hasnHt stopped moaning since arri5ing in Turkey.
Exercise 6

Dith 4hat you kno4 a0out 3ecek; try to e/plain 4hy you cannot use 3ecek for OletHsH.

Exercise 7

Try to propose the follo4ing in Turkish: % to ha5e a drink Fi+#ekG; letHs say coffee , to return Fd0n#ekG to the airport Fhavaalan&G ) to tra5el around Fge*#ekG Turkey $ to sit do4n Fotur#akG & to open Fa+#akG the parcel FpaketG ( to try Fdene#ekG tripe soup Fi,ke#be +orbas&G ' to gi5e Fver#ekG the right Fdo1ruG ans4er Fyan&t or cevapG + to go Fgit#ekG to the cinema * to go for a 4alk Fy8r8y8, yap#akG %# to ha5e dinner Fak,a# ye#e1i ye#ekG together FberaberG
Desire

Turkish has another option for e/pressing a desire, in addition to the su0<uncti5e 3eyi# C3eli#. Fou can also use the 5er0 iste#ek

1age %%) Oto 4antH. This con5eys a more definite, 4ell.considered and sometimes also stronger desire. -/amples: @aklava al#ak istiyoru#: B 4ant to take 7or 0uy8 0akla5a. @aklava alay&#: 2et me take 7or 0uy8 0akla5a. Mocuklar patates ye#ek istiyorlar: The children 4ant to eat potatoes.

Bn the first e/ample, you ha5e already decided to 0uy 0akla5a. Therefore, you are ready to go to the shop. Bn the second case, youHre in the shop or at the restaurant, 4here you decide on the spot that you 4ant to ha5e some 0akla5a. Exercise % By no4, your head must 0e spinning from all the different functions all these forms can ha5e. To 0ring things into focus, fill in the follo4ing items in the tree diagram 0elo4, so that it reflects the relation 0et4een the Turkish forms at the 0ottom and the functions a0o5e them. % desire , strong intention )3eyi# $3eli# &iste#ek

1age %%$
Colloquial pronunciation

Both future and su0<uncti5e endings ha5e some peculiarities in pronunciation, and sometimes in spelling as 4ell. The first peculiarity occurs 4hen the 5er0 stem ends in 3e or 3a. The 3e or 3a is pronounced as 3i or 3&; e.g. ba,layacaks&n&* 0ecomes ba,l&yacaks&n&* in speech. Ether e/amples:

0deyece1i# BHll pay becomes 0diyece1i#

isteyece1i#

becomes istiyece1i#

s0yleyeyi#

becomes s0yliyeyi#

T4o frequently used one.sylla0le 5er0s are actually 4ritten this 4ay: ye#ek de#ek to eat to say, speak yiyece1i# diyecek heHll eat heHll say 7and not yeyece/im8 7and not deyece/im8

The future and su0<uncti5e forms may 0e reduced e5en further in ordinary speech. The first person singular form 3ece1i#C3aca1&# is often reduced to 3ece#C3aca#D first person plural 3ece1i*C3aca1&* to 3ece*C3aca*. Co4el harmony causes the pronunciation of future and su0<uncti5e forms to 0e different from the 4ritten forms, and finally, dialect differences play a role here. The forms 3ecenC3acan for second person singular 7instead of 3eceksinC3acaks&n8 are common in daily speech.

Therefore: kalaca1&# 0deyece1i* ba,layay&# yapay&# s0yliyeyi# i+ecek #isin can become kal&ca# 0d8yce* ba,lay&# yapi# s0yleyi# i+ecen #i'

-5en though you may ask people to slo4 do4n Fyava,-G; you could still hear these forms.
Telling the ti#e

!or telling the time in Turkish, you need to use the locati5e 7place 4here something is, 3de; 3da; te or 3taD see 2esson )8, dati5e 7place to4ards 4hich one goes, 3e; 3a; 3ye; 3yaD see 2esson )8 and accusati5e

1age %%& 7used for direct o0<ects, 3i; 3&; 3u; 8; 3yi; 3y&; 3yu; 3y8D see 2esson (8 case endings. An important 4ord 4hen telling the time is saat 7hour8, 4hich is used in most time e/pressions. The question ODhatHs the timeMH is Saat ka+' Ans4ering it is easy 4hen it is on the hour, since you use the 5er0less OBt is^H pattern: Saat ka+' Saat be,: DhatHs the timeM BtHs fi5e 7oHclock8.

!or the other times, ho4e5er, you use full sentences 4ith 3iyor or var. Ether important 4ords for telling the time are +eyrek 7OquarterH8 and ge+iyor 7from the 5er0 ge+#ek; Oto passH8. They are used in telling the times 0et4een the hours. Taking saat d0rt; Ofour oHclockH, as a starting point, you use ge+iyor until you reach saat d0rt bu+uk 7Ohalf past fourH8, and from then on you use var 7to indicate ho4 many minutes there are left until the ne/t hour8. Bn the first half hour d0rt is your reference point; in the second half hour be, is. Ef those, the first num0er is in the accusati5e case and the other one is in the dati5e case. This gi5es us: d0rd8 be, ge+iyor d0rd8 on ge+iyor d0rd8 +eyrek ge+iyor d0rd8 yir#i seki* ge+iyor d0rt bu+uk itHs fi5e past four itHs ten past four itHs a quarter past four itHs t4enty.eight minutes past four itHs half past four

be,e yir#i var be,e +eyrek var be,e be, var

itHs t4enty to fi5e itHs a quarter to fi5e itHs fi5e to fi5e

An idiosyncrasy is the e/pression for %,:)# in the afternoon, 4hich is saat yar&#; using one of the t4o 4ords for Ohalf 7although you sometimes hear people say on iki bu+uk8. To e/press all other half hours use bu+uk. ;o4 you should 0e a0le to understand the follo4ing dialogue.
Dialogue 3 Tam be-te kalkan bir tren var m$?

$s there a train at e6actly 4ive o=clock' !ehmet is standing in line in front of the tic et booth at the train station( Lo man is the gie memuru, the tic et salesman

1age %%( 9-@9-T: Affedersini>, saatini> 5ar mPM 2E69A;: ?Zrt 0uSuk. 9-@9-T: Saat 0eXte kalkan 0ir tren 5ar miM 2E69A;: -5et, 5ar. 9-@9-T: ;ereyeM 2E69A;: Ustan0ulHa. 9-@9-T: Tam 0eXte mi kalkPyorM 2E69A;: @ayPr, 0eXi 0eX geSe kalkacak. 9-@9-T: 9aalesef. BursaHya giden tren kaSta kalkPyorM 2E69A;: Bursa treni saat %(.$&Hte kalkPyor, yani 0eXe Seyrek kala. 9-@9-T: Tam 0eXte kalkan 0ir tren yok muM 2E69A;: 9aalesef yok. 9-@9-T: E >aman yarPn yine deneyeceQim. Uyi gRnler.

2E69A;: Uyi gRnler, efendim. 8%hispers: UlginS 0ir tipN

Szckler

ta# ge+e giden

precisely, e/actly at^past^. 8used in timeGtelling: going 7from git#ek8

kala yine tip

at^to^8used in timeGtelling: again character

kalkan lea5ing 7from kalk#ak8 ilgin+ interesting

Language point Digital ti#e+telling

Bn these modern times it is also possi0le to resort to digital time.telling, for 4hich you only need to kno4 the num0ers. Fou often use this at places like airports and train stations. @ursa=ya giden tren saat on alt& k&rk be,te kalk&yor: The train to Bursa 4ill lea5e at %(.$&.
Exercise 9

Drite the digital times in full, and con5ert them into regular Turkish time.telling. Saat ka+'

1age %%' % , ) $ & ( ' + * %# %).,( ,).#' #+.$) %,.)# %).#% #$.&+ #,.), %+.,' %%.%% ,%.$* on RS yirmi altP 0iri yirmi altP geSiyor

Ether useful 4ords:

he#en he#en bir iki ge+iyor sular&nda yar&# saat beri XW.den3.danY

almost <ust after at a0out half an hour since as in saat on birden beri Osince %% oHclockH as in alt&y& bir iki ge+iyor OitHs <ust after se5enH

The other question that often comes up 4hen time is concerned, is FsaatG ka+ta'; 4hich asks 4hen something is going to take place. Bn ans4ering these, the locati5e case 7.de; .da; .te or .ta; see 2esson )8 must 0e used as long as the time is an e/act hour or half hour: @u ak,a# konser ka+ta ba,l&yor' Dhen does the concert start tonightM Seki* bu+ukta ba,l&yor: BtHs starting at eight thirty. E8*e saat ka+ta kapan&yor' At 4hat time does the museum closeM Saat alt&da: At si/. ;ote that you do not al4ays ha5e to use saat; though it is ne5er 4rong to use it. Some more e/amples: R+ak ka+ta var&yor' Lnda: Dhen does the plane arri5eM At ten.

!or the other times, things are again a little more complicated. Dhile ge+iyor and var are used in saying 4hat time it is no4, t4o other 4ords, ge+e 7OpassedH8 and kala 7OremainingH8 are used in

1age %%+

saying at 4hat time something happened or 4ill happen. -5erything else remains the same. The case endings are again accusati5e 4ith ge+e and dati5e 4ith kala: Boku*u on bir ge+e Saat doku*u yir#i be, ge+e Saat ona +eyrek kala sular&nda Lna be, kala Iar&#da Iar&# saatte Exercise ,. at ele5en past nine at t4enty.fi5e past nine at a0out a quarter to ten at fi5e to ten at t4el5e thirty p.m. in half an hour

2ook at the timeta0le a0o5e of the Bnternational !ilm !esti5al in Ankara and compile your o4n programme of films. Fou may choose 0et4een three locations: avakl&dere; the Eegapol Eavi Salon and the Eegapol &r#&*& Salon. 1retend that you ha5e plenty

1age %%*

of time and money to see t4o films a day, for three days in a ro4 79arch %& through 9arch %'8. Bf you plan carefully enough, you 4ill 0e a0le to see t4o films a day 4ithout ha5ing to rush to the ne/t mo5ie and miss the ending of the first one. !or the sake of the e/ercise, try to 0e as e/plicit as you can. !or instance, on !riday %& 9arch you 4ant to see the film T8rk Tutkusu Tur ish Passion at %+.%& at the 9a5i Salon of the 9egapol. Fou may say: Friday/ % Cuma gRnR saat altPyP Seyrek geSe 9egapolHda TRrk Tutkusu filmini seyretmek istiyorum. , `````````````````````````````````````````````` "aturday/ )`````````````````````````````````````````````` $``````````````````````````````````````````````

1age %,# "unday/ &``````````````````````````````````` (``````````````````````````````````` 2etHs e/plore the Turkish time system a little more. Fou may ha5e to state from 4hen until 4hen you 4ill 0e or 4ere at a gi5en place. FouHll ha5e to use the .den3.dan case for OfromH and the dati5e case .e3.a plus kadar for OuntilH. -/amples: Saat seki*den doku*a kadar spor salonundayd&#: !rom + until * oHclock B 4as at the sports centre. Lndan on bu+u1a kadar al&,veri, yapt&: !rom %# until %#.)# he 4ent shopping. Ln bu+uktan on bire kadar kiraathanedeydi: !rom %#.)# until %% he 4as at the cafh. Exercise ,, Try to sort out AliHs daily schedule 0y rearranging times and actions. Ase the locati5e ending .de3.da for points in time at 4hich something happens, and use the com0ination of .den3.dan and .e3.a kadar for longer periods of time. 9ake full sentences, for instance: %'.)#K%+.## Saat be, bu+uktan FsaatG alt&ya kadar ye#ek pi,irdi:

Choose from the follo4ing actions: ye#ek pi,irdi 7Ocooked dinnerH8; kitap okuduD kalkt&D ye#e1ini yediD parkta ko,tu 7OranH8; +al&,t&D arabayla i, yerine gittiD evine d0nd8D kahvalt& yapt&D televi*yon seyrettiD yatt&D giyindi: '.## '.##K'.)# '.)#K+.## +.##K+.)# +.)#K%'.## %'.##K%'.)# : : : : : : %'.)#K%+.## %+.##K%+.)# %+.)#K%*.## %*.##K,,.## ,,.##K,).## ,).## : : : : : :

pi,ir#ek yat#ak

to cook to lie do4n

ko,#ak giyin#ek

to run to get dressed

1age %,%
Vocabulary

Bn this lesson you learned ho4 to e/press future e5ents, and ho4 to e/press time in Turkish. Belo4, you 4ill find a lot of time 4ords 7most occur throughout this 0ook8. ak,a#lar&Caksa#leyin in the e5enings ay ba*en bir g8n bira*dan daha de#in d8n sabah erken ertesi g8n evvelki g8n gayr& ge+ gece g8nd8* geceleri ha4taya hala hen8* her *a#an her y&l hi+ bir *a#an month sometimes one day <ust 0efore, a little 4hile ago still, not yet <ust 0efore yesterday morning early the ne/t day the day 0efore yesterday at last, henceforth s&k s&k late night and day at night in a 4eek, ne/t 4eek <ust, yet, not yet still, yet, not yet al4ays e5ery year ne5er yar&n ak,a# ya*&n son son *a#anlarda sonbaharda sonu+ta ,u anda yak&nlarda often last recently 8in past: in autumn in the end right no4 some time soon 8in future: tomorro4 e5ening in the summer. time saniye seneye second in a year, ne/t year ilk ilkbaharda k&,&n #evsi# nihayet o *a#an 0nce saatinde saatlerce sabah ak,a# sabah sabah first in spring in the 4intertime season finally, in the end then 0efore on time for hours all day long 5ery early

sabahlar&3sabahleyin in the mornings

1age %,,

+ Si>i 0ekleri>N
<e=re e6pecting you$n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ e/press ha0its [ ask for permission [ e/press o0ligation or need [ influence people 0y means of commands and requests
Dialogue 1 Toplant$da

$n the #eeting "e*eral friends ha*e gathered for a meeting of the 6@ngiltereGTr iye @7birli<i Oa f;+$ the foundation for economic and cultural cooperation bet%een Britain and Tur ey( The meeting is about to begin AF@A;: 8%hispers to Betl: @asan gelmedi miM B-Ta2: @ayPr, gelmedi. ?e5amlP geS kalPr, onu 0enden daha iyi 0iliyorsun^ AF@A;: :eSen sefer tam >amanPnda geldi, 9ehmetHle 0era0er. BugRn 9ehmet de gelmedi. B-Ta2: !akat o mutlaka gelecek. Bak, ne dedimM UXte, 9ehmetN 8!ehmet ta es his seat and 4rhan starts the meeting: E"@A;: @adi arkadaXlar, 0aXlayalPm mPM !unda, lRtfen kapPyP kapatPr mPsPnM SaQ ol. Ayhan, sen 0ugRn not alPr mPsPnM Tamam, gRndemde ilk konu 5akfPmP>Pn 0aXkan seSimleri. BetRl, sZ>R sana 5ere0ilir miyimM B-Ta2: SaQ ol. Vimdiye kadar, aday listesinde tek 0ir isim 5ar:

1age %,) @asan. Ben 0aXka 0ir kiXiyi aday gZstermek istiyorum. SeSimler R>erine konuXurken hemen aklPma 0ir isim geldi: !atma @anPm. BaXkan gZre5ine en uygunu odur. -konomi ZQrencisidir. Fa> aylarPnda reh0erlik yapar. Turistik seyahat dRnyasPnda iyi iliXkileri 5ar. @em Ungili>cesi, hem de AlmancasP 5ar. SanPrPm, !atma @anPmHdan daha iyi 0ir aday yok. 8'fter this speech$ Fatma is elected as the ne% chairperson of the foundation:
Szckler

deva#l& se4er ta# *a#an&nda bakkapat&r #&s&n' not al#ak not al&r #&s&n'

o5er and o5er, repeatedly time right on time lookN can you closeM to take notes can you take notesM

aday g0ster#ek to propose a candidate konu,urken akl&#a gel#ek g0rev uygun odur rehberlik yap#ak 4hile talking to come to my mind function fit, capa0le she is to 4ork as a guide

g8nde# vak&4 ba,kan se+i# s0* ver#ek s0* verebilir #iyi#' aday
Language points Geni< @a#an

agenda foundation chairperson election to gi5e the 4ord to can B gi5e the 4ordM candidate seyahat ili,ki !l#anca san&r&# tra5el contact, relation :erman 7language8 B think, 0elie5e rehberlik yapar she 4orks as a guide

The OotherH present tense 4e ha5e mentioned a fe4 times is called geni, *a#an i0road timei in Turkish. Bt refers to 7static8 situations that ha5e a timeless, general character. Fou cannot really tell e/actly 4hen the situation started or 4hen it 4ill end. !or e/ample,

1age %,$

4hen in the dialogue a0o5e BetRl says a0out @asan ge+ kal&r Ohe is lateH, she doesnHt refer to the actual situation of @asan 0eing late for the present meeting, 0ut rather to @asanHs ha0it of 0eing constantly late. Compare the use of the geni, *a#an to the present tense .iyor; 4hich descri0es actual, dynamic e5ents taking place at the time of speech: Ge+ kal&r: Ge+ kal&yor: Si*i bekleri#: Si*i bekliyoru#: 9akan 4abrikada +al&,&yor: T8rk i,+ileri 4abrikalarda +al&,&r: @e is late. 7implies that he al%ays is8 @e is late. 7is only true for this one occasion8 BHm e/pecting you. 74hene5er; used as an in5itation8 BHm 4aiting for you. 7here and no48 @akan 4orks at a factory. Turkish 4orkers 4ork in factories.

!ormation of the geni, *a#an is complicated: it has three different endings 7.r; .ir and .er8, depending on the form of the stem. 7And there are e/ceptions.8 Ence you ha5e e/tended the stem 4ith the geni, *a#an; you ha5e to add the usual personal endings 7and remem0er that the third person singular of a 5er0 7OheH, OsheH, OitH8 ne*er carries a personal ending8:

singular plural

Hst person 3i# 3i*

Fnd person 3sin 3sini*

Erd person K 3ler

2etHs start 4ith the three geni, *a#an endings: % Add 3r3; 4hen the 5er0 stem ends in a 5o4el. -/amples: Binle3r: @e listens.

Si*i bekle3r3i*:

De 4ait for you; 4eHre e/pecting you.

, Add 3er3 7or 3ar38, 4hen the 5er0 stem consists of only one sylla0le and ends in a consonant. -/amples:

1age %,& @ak3ar3s&n: @il#e*se# sor3ar&#: Rlus=a gid3er #i' Fou look. Bf B donHt kno4, B ask. ?oes it 7i.e. the 0us8 go to AlusM

) Add 3ir3 7or 3&r3; 3ur3; 38r38, 4hen the 5er0 stem consists of more than one sylla0le and ends in a consonant. -/amples: @agajlar&n&*& b&rak3&r3s&n&*: Fou lea5e your luggage. !yn& is yerinde +al&st&1&#&* i+in; ak,a#lar& ko#,u#u evine b&rak3&r3&#: Bn the e5enings B take my neigh0our home, 0ecause 4e 4ork at the same place. Tey*e# !vrupa=dan hediye getir3ir: 9y aunt 0rings presents from -urope.
Exercise 1

?o the follo4ing 5er0s take 3ir; 3ar or 3rM :i5e the form in full. % otur#ak , +a1&r#ak 7Oto call outH8 ) bit#ek $ s0yle#ek & d0k#ek 7Oto pourH8 ( +i#dikle#ek 7Oto pinchH8

' ka,&#ak 7Oto scratchH8 + se+#ek

Language points (ceptions

As 4e said, there are some e/ceptions. There is a set of frequently used 5er0s, all consisting of a one.sylla0le stem, and most of them ending in 3l or 3r; that do not take 3er3; 0ut 3ir3: al3 bil3 bul3 gel3 take, 0uy kno4 find come al&r3 bilir3 bulur3 gelir3

1age %,( kal3 ol3 0l3 dur3 var3 ver3 vur3 g0r3 san3 stay 0e, 0ecome die stop, stand arri5e gi5e shoot, strike see think kal&r3 olur3 0l8r3 durur3 var&r3 verir3 vurur3 g0r8r3 san&r3

?onHt 4orry too much a0out these e/ceptions: you 4ill see and hear them often and learn that they take 3ir soon enough.
Exercise 2

!ind the right form. The first one has 0een done for you. % , ) $ & otur#ak +a1&r#ak bul#ak s0yle#ek d0k#ek you 8singular: 4e they you 8singular: they oturursun

( ' +

ver#ek ka,&#ak san#ak

B he3she3it you 8plural:

Ahen to use the geni< @a#an

The geni, *a#an descri0es a situation 4hich is timeless, general. Therefore, you can use it to talk a0out ha0its. +aydan +ok kahve i+eri#: B drink more coffee than tea. Ga*ete okur #usun' ?o you read a ne4spaperM 7in the sense of OAre you a regular readerMH8 Ia*&n dede# koyunlar&n& yaylaya g0t8r8r: Bn summer, my grandfather takes his sheep to the meado4. @ere are some more e/amples of ho4 to use the geni, *a#an. Fou may use it in:

1age %,'
5Baking pro#ises6

Iar&n geliri#:

BHll come tomorro4.

7This statement is almost like a promise, as it means OB am someone 4ho makes a ha0it of 0eing on time, so B 4ill definitely 0e there tomorro4.H8 !vrupa=ya ta,&nd&ktan sonra; orada ya,ayan vatanda,lar&# i+in yeni bir ga*ete yay&nlar&#: After B ha5e mo5ed to -urope B 4ill pu0lish a ne4 ne4spaper for my fello4 citi>ens 4ho li5e there.
5Baking general state#ents or clai#s6

7n4lasyon i,si*li1i art&r&r: Bnflation causes unemployment to rise. S8t insana g8+ verir:

9ilk gi5es people strength. !1ustos ay&nda bu1day toplarlar: Bn August they har5est the 4heat.
5Talking about people6s abilities0 skills etc6

7%8 0asic information: @aba# +ok okur: !h#et sa* +alar: 7,8 qualities3profession: @en T8rk+e konu,uru#: B speak Turkish. 7bB kno4 Turkish8 Ia* aylar&nda rehberlik yapar&*: Bn the summer months 4e 4ork as guides. 7)8 ha0its: 9asan +ok i+ki i+er: Qe#be di*ileri sever: Ialan s0ylersin: @asan drinks a lot 7of alcohol8. She lo5es soap operas. Fou tell lies. 7bFouHre a liar.8 9y daddy reads a lot. Ahmet plays the sa>.

1age %,+
5Baking suggestions6

@ere you see the geni, *a#an in com0ination 4ith a past tense, compara0le to -nglish "ould. 9ap i+erdi#: @ursa kebap al&rd&#: Boktora gidersin: B 4ould take a pill 7if B 4ere you8. B 4ould take Bursa ke0ap 7suggestion8. Fou should see a doctor.

5Asking questions6

Bn questions, the question particle #iC#&C#uC#8 is placed right after the 3erC3irC3r suffi/, and 0efore the personal marker 7e/cept, as usual, in the case of the third person plural 3lerC3lar; that precedes #iC#&C#uC#8; as in Gelirler #iM O?o they comeMH8. Fou can use the geni, *a#an in questions like these: % related to qualities, skills etc.: T8rk+e konu,ur #usun' ?o you speak TurkishM

This not only relates to qualities of persons. Bt is quite common to ask a 0us dri5er a0out the direction of the 0us, as: >stanbul=a gider #i' , polite requests: Tekrarlar #&s&n' @ana anlat&r #&s&n' Could you repeat thatM Could you tell me thatM ?oes it go to Ustan0ulM

The effect of politeness is e5en stronger 4hen the question is negati5e. 7?onHt 4orry yet a0out the form.8 Ltur#a* #&s&n' @uyur#a* #&yd&n&*' DonHt you sit do4nM DonHt you please come inM 7Literally/ O?idnHt you come inMH8 ) some idiomatic questions: Llur #u' @akar #&s&n&*' Llur #u 0yle ,ey' Bs that okayM 8to a %aiter/: Could you come pleaseM Bs such a thing possi0leM

1age %,*
Exercise 3

@ere are some Turkish sentences. Bndicate the function of the 5er0s in geni, *a#an. Choose from the follo4ing: promise, qualities3 profession, ha0it, request. % @aftaya sana uQrarPm.

, A0lasP Ungili>ce dersi 5erir. ) @er gRn doku>a kadar SalPXPrsPn. $ Bana 0ir mektup ya>ar mPsPnP>M & Ara0anP tamir eder. ( TRrkSeden Almancaya Se5iri yaparPm. ' Ara0a tamir ederim. + Ta0ii, yarPn Xu mektu0u Ungili>ceye Se5iririm. ta#ir et#ek +eviri yap#akC+evir#ek
Language point +i$or ,ersus the geni< @a#an

to repair to translate

Asing 3iyor signals that the action is ongoing. Bt also means that you are a0le to say 4hen this action started and 4hen it 4ill pro0a0ly end. En the other hand, 4hen you hear a 5er0 marked 4ith the geni, *a#an; you only kno4 that the action may take place, 0ecause it is something someone 4ould do out of routine. Fou donHt kno4 for sure 4hether it is actually happening. Dhen someone uses 0oth 3iyor and the geni, *a#an in turn, 5er0s marked 4ith 3iyor descri0e the main course of e5ents, and those in the geni, *a#an the setting or 0ackground. Compare: 9asan geliyor: O@asan comes3is coming.H This refers to something that is happening no4 or 4ill surely happen in the near future. @asanHs OcomingH has a clear 0eginning and end.

9asan O@asan comes late.H This, on the other hand, is a general statement a0out the ge+ gelir: pro0a0ility of @asanHs coming late. Bt is not a statement a0out an actual action taking place; it is not e5en clear 4hen 7if at all8 @asan 4ill come.

1age %)# The geni, *a#an is ne5er used 4ith e/pressions that indicate a time span, such as Ofrom * to &H. -nglish O!rom * to &, she 4orks at a 0ankH is Boku*dan be,e kadar bankada +al&,&yor. 7;e5er +al&,&r; 4hich can only 0e used as a more general remark, 4ithout reference to time: @ankada +al&,&r OShe 4orks at a 0ank.H8 Exercise "

"ead the follo4ing te/t carefully and translate, paying attention to the 5er0 tenses. Try to 4ork out 4hy a certain tense 7geni, *a#an; present tense 3iyor or past tense 3di8 is used. Anneannem koskoca 0eya> 0ir yalPda oturuyor. @er ya> olduQu gi0i, 0u ya> da anneannemin yarPmda kalPyorum. BugRn onunla 0era0er kuXlara yardPmcP olmaya SalPXPyoru>. :eSen hafta, 0i>e Sok yakPn 0ir kZrfe>de 0RyRk 0ir tanker 0attP. 1etrol deni>i kirletti. Bu olay kuXlarP mah5etti. ;e yapacaQPmP>P 0ilmedik. Enun iSin 0u sa0ah 5eterinere telefon ettim. 6endisi dedi ki: OBa>P kuslar kirli sulara 0ulaXtPktan sonra, uSama>lar. 6uXlarP kurtarmak iSin genelde 0ir kepSe kullanPrP>. 6uXlar 0ira> toparlandPktan sonra, onlarP yPkaya0ilirsini>.H anneanne koskoca yal& her ya* oldu1u gibi yan&nda ku, yard&#c& ol#ak +ali,#ak F3eG k0r4e* bat#ak kirlet#ek olay #ahvet#ek ne yapaca1&#&*& veteriner kendisi kirli bula,t&ktan sonra u+#ak u+a#a*lar kurtar#ak grandmother 7the mother of your mother8 large, enormous 74ooden8 house, 5illa like e5ery summer at, ne/t to 0ird to 0e of help to try 0ay sink to make dirty, to pollute situation to damage 4hat 4e should do 5et himself3herself 7here/ he3she8 dirty, polluted after coming into contact 4ith to fly they canHt fly to sa5e

1age %)% genelde kep+e kullan#ak in general, generally scoop to use

toparlan#ak toparland&ktan sonra y&ka#ak y&kayabilirsini*

8egati,e &or#s o& the geni< @a#an

to regain strength after regaining strength to 4ash you can 4ash

"ecall that for 3iyor 7present8 and .di 7past8 sentences, the negation marker is 3#e. The geni, *a#an; ho4e5er, has a Ode5iantH negation marker, 3#e*; for second and third persons singular and plural.

1egati*e 1egati*e Cuestions

Gel3#e*3 Gel#e* #i' ?oesnHt he comeM

Gel3#e*3sin Gel#e* #isin' ?onHt you comeM

Gel3#e*3sini* Gel#e* #isini*' ?onHt you comeM

Gel3nie*3ler Gel#e*ler #i' ?onHt they comeM

The negated first person forms of the geni, *a#an are also a 0it tricky. Bn negati5e questions, the negation marker 3#e* is used. Bn regular negations, ho4e5er, the marker is not 3#e*; 0ut 3#e: 1egati*e 1egati*e Cuestions

Gel3#e3# Gel#e* #iyi#'

Gel3#e3yi* Gel#e* #iyi*'

Lku3#a3# Lku#a* #&y&#'

Lku3#a3y&* Lku#a* #&y&*'

-/amples: Sana hi+ yard&# et#e*: Seni hi+ unut#a#: T8rk+ede b0yle s0yle#eyi*: 7t ye#e*: Sigara i+il#e*: @eHll ne5er help you. BHll ne5er forget you. De donHt say it like that in Turkish. She doesnHt eat meat. ;o smoking. 7Ocigarettes are not smokedH8

1age %),
Exercise 5

Turn the follo4ing sentences into negati5es. The first one has 0een done already. % 9a4taya sana u1rar&#: 7OBHll 5isit you ne/t 4eek.H8 __ 7OB 4onHt 5isit you ne/t 4eek.H8b9a4taya sana u1ra#a#: , !blas& >ngili*ce dersi verir: 7O@er sister gi5es -nglish lessons.H8 ) 9er g8n doku*a kadar +al&,&rs&n: 7O-5ery day you 4ork until *.H8 $ @ana bir #ektup ya*ar #&s&n&*' 7ODill you 4rite me a letterMH8 & !raban& ta#ir eder: 7O@e repairs your car.H8 ( T8rk+eden !l#ancaya +eviri yapar&#: 7OB translate from Turkish into :erman.H8 ' !raba ta#ir ederi#: 7OB repair cars.H8 + Ou #ektubu >ngili*ceye +eviriri#: 7OB translate that letter into -nglish.H8
Language point The geni< @a#an in &or#ulas

The geni, *a#an is often part of 4ell.kno4n phrases and pro5er0s: te,ekk8r ederi# rica ederi#tebrik ederi#g0*lerini*den 0peri* yine bekleri*thank you B 0eg youN pleaseN youHre 4elcomeN not at allN donHt mention itN congratulationsN 7literally/ OB kiss your eyesH, used as a concluding greeting in a letter to someone you kno4 5ery 4ell8 kind regards 4eHre e/pecting you againN please come againN

her horo* kendi +0pl818nde 0ter k0pe1e atsan ye#e* +ocuk d8,e kalka b8y8r

e5ery cock cro4s at his o4n gar0age heap not e5en a dog 4ould eat it a child learns 0y e/perience 7Ogro4s falling and standing upH8

1age %))
Dialogue 2 Byk bir ihale

! big order 'li is called into the director+s office 9a?a": Buyurun, ne iSersinM A2U: Carsa, orta Xekerli kah5e iSeyim. 9a?a": 8through the intercom: @Rlya @anPm, iki tane orta Xekerli kah5e getirir misinM 8to 'li: Tamam. 6onuya gelelim. Seni Znemli 0ir is iSin 0uraya SaQPrdPm. ?urum XZyle. ?e5letten 0RyRk 0ir ihaleyi ka>andPk. BRyRk para ka>anacaQP>, milyarlarca liraN ?e5let &### tane Sakmak sipariX etti. Sadece, 0ir XartP 5ar. ]akmaklarP 0ir ay iSinde teslim etmek >orundayP>. arRnRmR>R 5aktinde teslim ede0iliri>, sanPrPm. FalnP> 0u demektir ki, senin eki0inin daha hP>lP SalPXmasP la>Pm. A2U: Ama, efendim, Ximdi Sok kaliteli SakmaklarP Rrete0iliyoru>. ?aha hP>lP SalPXPrsak, kalite kesinlikle kalma>. 9a?a": Ali Bey, aslPnda sana 0ir soru sormadPm, emir 5erdim. Sen istenilen Xartlara uymak durumundasPn. Fani daha Sok SalPXPlacaktPr. E Xekilde Rretimimi> artacak. BaXka seSeneQimi> yok. A2U: 8gi*es in: 1eki, efendim, nasPl isterseni>^
Szckler

ihale varsa orta ,ekerli

order if there is 4ith normal amount of sugar

sadece i+inde tesli# et#ek 3#ek *orunda tesli# edebiliri*

<ust, only 4ithin to deli5er to 0e o0liged 4e can deli5er product that means that

konuya gel#ek

come to the point

8r8n bu de#ektir ki

,0yle devlet b8y8k para +ak#ak sipari, et#ek

such state a lot of money lighter to order

ki ekip la*&# F3#as&G kaliteli isterseni*

that team must of high quality if you 4ant

1age %)$ 8ret#ek 8retebiliyoru* +al&,&rsak kesinlikle @ey e#ir ver#ek istenilen to produce 4e can produce if 4e 4ork surely, for sure Sir to gi5e an order 4anted, required 3a uy#ak ,ekil o ,ekilde 8reti# art#ak se+enek to satisfy shape, form that 4ay production to go up choice, option

/er#ission and obligation

The suffi/ 3ebil means Oto 0e a0le toH. Bt is placed right after the 5er0 stem, 0ut 0efore the tense marker 73iyorC3diC3ecek etc.8 Bt is useful to learn it no4 0ecause it 5ery often occurs in com0ination 4ith the geni, *a#an. This makes sense 4hen you think a0out it, 0ecause to 0e possible$ you cannot 0e sure if or 4hen the action 4ill happen. "emem0er that the geni, *a#an typically refers more to ha0its than to actual situations. Gelebiliri#: !nlatabilir #iyi#' Tele4on nu#aras&n& tek tu,la arayabilirsini*: B am a0le to come3B can come3 B may come. ?id B make myself understood 74as B a0le to tell8M Fou can choose the telephone num0er 4ith one single 0utton.

The negati5e form of 3ebil is 3e#e Onot a0le toH: Ounu bile#e#: !nlaya#a#: @uraya gele#e*: @ana e#ir vere#e*ler: %e yapaca1&#&*& bile#edik: B cannot kno4 that. B cannot understand that. @e cannot come here. They cannot gi5e orders to me. De didnHt kno4 4hat to do.

Bn first person questions, 3ebil is typically used for asking permission: Qencereyi a+abilir #iyi#' 9ay B open the 4indo4M

Koto1ra4 +ekebilir #isini*' %otlar&n&*& okuyabilir #iyi*'

Could you take a pictureM 9ay 4e read your notesM

;B: @ere, 3ebil resem0les the geni, *a#an; 4hich is more common in the second person. Compare: Qencereyi a+ar #&s&n' Koto1ra4 +eker #isin' %otlar&n&*& okuyabilir #i' Can you open the 4indo4M Can you take a pictureM Can he read your notesM

1age %)&
>bligation or need

To e/press things similar to -nglish Oha5e toH or OmustH, Turkish has a num0er of options. !irst, as 4e already sa4 in 2esson ', 3ecek may denote a necessity 7Ostill ha5e to^H8. The suffi/ 3#eli on the other hand, indicates a moral necessity 7OshouldH, Oha5e toH8. Bn choosing 0et4een these t4o possi0ilities, think of the difference in -nglish 0et4een OB shouldH and OB 4as going toH. But 0e carefulYtenses donHt tend to 0e the same across languages, so you should try and get a feel for the Turkish systemN Some e/amples: Gel#elisin: Fou must come. Geleceksin: FouHll come3youHll ha5e to come. @eni uyku bast&n&yor a#a diren#eliyi#: B feel sleepy 7literally/ sleep is pressing me8, 0ut B ha5e to resist it. Ieni Se*en !ksu=yu al#al&y&#: B ha5e to 0uy the ne4 Se>en Aksu 8"e&en ' su is a Tur ish popstar: 7OB really must do thatH8. Ieni Se*en !ksu=yu alaca1&#: BHll 0uy the ne4 Se>en Aksu 7OB still ha5e to do thatH8. >ngili*ce iyi 01ren#elisin-

Fou should learn -nglish 4ell. Qencereleri kapat#al&: @e should shut the 4indo4s. >ki parti bir koalisyona ha*&r ol#al&d&rlar: The t4o parties should 0e prepared for a coalition. There is a third possi0ility for e/pressing 4hat you need to do: the use of the infiniti5e plus gerek or la*&# OnecessaryH. This com0ination is used for generalised sentences such as: alk#ak gerek: Ene should stand up. 7literally/ standing is necessary8 @&rak#a#ak gerek: Ene should not lea5e. 7literally/ not lea5ing is necessary8

1age %)( Senin ekibinin daha h&*l& +al&,#as& la*&#: Four team has to 4ork faster. 7literally/ the faster 4orking of your team is necessary8 Fou 4ill learn more a0out this in 2esson *.
Exercise 6

!ill in the correct translations: % `````````` , @eni rahats&* et#e#elisini*: ) `````````` $ 2adyo dinle#esi gerek: & `````````` ( Baha 4a*la ye#ek ha*&rla#al&y&#: ' `````````` + Lnu hi+ b&rak#a#an gerek: rahats&* et#ek Fou ha5e to 5isit your mother. `````````` Students ha5e to 0uy these 0ooks. `````````` De ha5e to go no4N `````````` Fou should not accept that. `````````` to distur0

ha*&rla#ak kabul et#ek

Language point In&luencing people

to prepare to accept

Dhen you 4ant someone else to do something, you can use one of the follo4ing 4ays: % Bmperati5es The most direct, though some4hat impolite 4ay of gi5ing commands is to use the imperati5e. Bf you say O:i5eNH or OStopNH or OComeNH in -nglish, it sounds impolite. The Turkish counterpart, ho4e5er, is far more common and less impolite. The singular form of the imperati5e is similar to the stem of the 5er0: the imperati5e of gel#ek Oto comeH is gel- OcomeNH. The imperati5e is often follo4ed 0y the e/pression bakal&# literally OletHs seeH, 0ut here used to mean Ocome onNH. Gel bakal&#Come hereN

1age %)' !nlat bakal&#Come on, tell your storyN

Another form of the imperati5e is 5er0 stem follo4ed 0y 3sene; used for emphasis, and for e/pressing impatience. Bt is usually said 4ith a sigh. @aksanaLtursana2ook hereN ;o4 sit do4nN

Dhen you are talking to more than one person you use the plural form of the imperati5e: stemc3in: @uraya gelin@eni rahat b&rak&n@eni dinleyinCome hereN 2ea5e me in peaceN 2isten to meN

And of course buyurun OpleaseH, Olook hereH is, in origin, also an imperati5e.

The Ostemc3inH form is also a slightly more polite 4ay to address single persons. Bn pu0lic places, in trains, on planes etc. you may encounter a third form of the imperati5e, e5en more polite than gelin: stem plus 3ini*; as in: Gelini*; l8t4en: @ak&n&*: e#erlerini*i ba1lay&n&*: Bokun#ay&n&*: , 1oliter commands and suggestions Guestions in the geni, *a#an and suggestions 4ith 3eli# are more polite 4ays of commanding people. -/amples: Sigaran&*& s0nd8r8r #8s8n8*' @itirir #isin' ,ark& s0yleyeli# #i' I8*#eye gideli# #i' Could you e/tinguish your cigaretteM Could you finishM Shall 4e sing a songM Shall 4e go s4immingM Come, please. 2ook. !asten your seat0elts. 1lease donHt touch.

!inally, here is a small 0ut useful list of inter<ections, intensifiers and e/clamations that may come in handy in casual con5ersations. 7Turkish speakers use Omy :odH more than -nglish speakersYit is 5ery natural in Turkish.8 04 o4 hadiChaydi ughN yukN oofN ouchN come onN a4erin ah !llah 4ell doneN ohN o dearN E :odN :oshN

1age %)+ Tanr&# !llah&# !llah a,k&na a#an Jallahi ta#a#

Exercise 7

:odN my :odN for hea5enHs sakeN my goodnessN B s4earN okay

bo, verC0ne#li de1ilC4ark ne5er mind et#e* sana nemind your o4n 0usiness 8rather rude:

baksana

no4 look hereN

Ask in polite and less polite 4ays: % 4hether to go to the lunchroom or not

, 4hether your friend 4ants to <oin you going to the cinema ) 4hetheryour fello4 tra5eller is inclined to put out his3her cigarette $ 4hether someone 4ants to 0e silent & 4hether your children 4ant to eat 5egeta0les or not lunchroom 0e silent 5egeta0le
'eading te(t

pastane sus#ak seb*e

The imperati5e is also used in recipes. The form used in the e/ample 0elo4 is the most polite one of the three forms 4e ga5e a0o5e, the one 4ith the 3ini* ending. Just read through the te/t and try to get a good idea of ho4 the pila5 is made.
Bulgur pilav

!rom the 0ook Tr !utfa "anat; 8The 'rt of Tur ish Cuisine:$ 0y ;ecip Asta. Eal*e#e F( ki,ilikG (00g bulgur )00g ya1 1 b8y8k so1an ince k&y&l#&, ( adet sivri biber halka halka do1ran#&, 1 adet iri do#ates kabuklar& soyulup ince do1ran#&, &##g 0ulgur 7pounded 4heat8 ,##g 0utter 7or oil8 one large finely chopped onion & pieces of hot pepper, sliced in rings % large tomato, peeled and diced

1age %)* 1 tatl& ka+&1& tu* / su barda1& et suyu; yoksa su % ta0lespoon of salt $ cups 7O4atercupsH8 of meat 0roth, or 4ater

Bulguru iyice temi>leyip yPkadPktan sonra 0ir sR>gece SPkarPp suyunu tamamen sR>dRrRnR>. Tencereyi ateXe koyup yaQ 5e soQanP ilj5e edini>. Erta ateXte soQanlarP sararPncaya kadar karPXtPrarak ka5urup 0i0erleri 5e 0ulguru da ilj5e ederek & dakika daha karPXtPrarak ka5urunu>. Sonra domatesi, suyunu, tu>unu, ilj5e edip 0ir kere ku55etlice kaynatPp karPXtPrdPktan sonra aQPr ateXte %# dakika piXirip ateXten alPnP>. %# dakika demlendirdikten sonra ser5is edini>.

%ot: ?omates 5e si5ri 0i0er 0ulamadPQPnP> >aman 0i0ersi> 5e domatessi> yapPnP>. k&y&l#ak halka halka do1ran#ak kabuk s8*ge+ s8*d8r#ek finely chopped in rings to 0e chopped skin colander, filter to drain ilZve et#ek sarar#ak kavur#ak kuvvetlice kaynat#ak de#lendir#ek to add to turn yello4 to roast 5igorously to 0oil to ste4, to 0re4

1age %$#

* ?edikodu yapmaN
Bon=t gossip$n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ com0ine t4o 5er0s [ find the dictionary form of a 5er0 [ e/press Oha5e toH [ com0ine t4o nouns into a compound noun [ com0ine an ad<ecti5e and a noun "ead the follo4ing dialogue 4ith the help of the glossary. Then do -/ercise %.
Dialogue 1 Ne almak i!tiyor!un?

<hat do you "ant to buy' @l nur and )lya are %aiting for their mother %ho is meeting them in to%n to go shopping U26;A": ;e almak istiyorsunM @a2FA: Feni 0ir etek almam gerek, gelecek hafta eQlence 5ar. !atma iSin hediyeye 0akmak istiyorum. Vu an 0ir fikrim yok. Fa senM

U26;A": Seyahat acentasPna gitmemi> gerek; AtinaHya yolculuk iSin reser5asyonumu deQiXtirmek istiyorum. The %aiter comes by to clear their table( The girls e?plain %hy they are there @a2FA: Affedersini>, annemi>i 0ekliyoru>; 0urada 0ekleye0ilir miyi>M

1age %$% :A"SE;: Ta0ii, 0u arada 0irXey iSer misini>M @a2FA: -5et, Say lRtfen. The sisters are loo ing out the %indo% @a2FA: Vu kP>a 0akN Ay, Xu ayakka0PN U26;A": Sana alacaQPm Xunu. -l0isesini gZrdRn mRM @a2FA: AllahPm. Aca0a, annem Xehir merke>ine nasPl gelecekM U26;A": Bilmiyorum, Znce AyXe @anPma uQrayacaktP. E Can !. 6enedi Caddesinde oturuyor. @a2FA: Eraya nasPl giderM U26;A": Eto0Rsle gitmesi gerek herhalde. @a2FA: Ben de AyXe @anPmHa gitmek istiyorum. Femekleri Sok le>>etli oluyor. U26;A": Ben de, yemeQine 0ayPlPyorum. T>ellikle onun kZftesi nefis. @a2FA: Bu akXam ne yapPyorsunM U26;A": Bilmiyorum, gali0a kitap okuyacaQPm. Belki -ser @anPmHa telefon aSacaQPm, 0ira> dedikodu yapalPm.
Szckler

etek al#a# al#a# gerek e1lence an seyahat acentas&

skirt my 0uying B ha5e to 0uy party moment tra5el agent

u1rayacakt& Can K: enedi Caddesi cadde git#esi gerek

she 4as going to 5isit J!6 Street street she has to go

git#e#i* gerek !tina yolculuk reservasyon de1i,tir#ek ayakkab& elbise acaba

Exercise 1

4e ha5e to go Athens <ourney reser5ation to change shoes dress B 4onder

le**etli bay&l#ak 0*ellikle k04te galiba tele4on a+#ak dedikodu yap#ak

delicious to really like in particular grilled meat dish pro0a0ly to call up to gossip

Say in your o4n 4ords 4hat 4ent on in this dialogue. Try to imagine you o5erheard the con5ersation and are no4 telling a mutual friend a0out it. Fou can al4ays refer to the :lossary, if necessary.

1age %$,
Language point In&initi,es

Fou are familiar 4ith 5er0s that ha5e tense and person endings, such as 3iyoru# or 3dik. These forms indicate for instance that the action is on.going, or that it took place at a certain time in the past. They also signal 4ho did or is doing the descri0ed action 7compare okuyorsun Oyou are readingH and okuyorlar Othey are readingH8. @o4e5er, sometimes you <ust 4ant to name the action, 4ithout specifying 4ho did it or 4hen. An e/ample of this is com0ining istiyoru# 4ith a 5er0: OB 4ant to LH. >stiyoru# already contains the rele5ant markers 3iyor and 3u#. There is no need to repeat them 4ith the other 5er0. So, <ust like in -nglish, you use the infiniti5e of that other 5er0: git#ek istiyoru#. Actually, these kinds of constructions are more common in -nglish than in Turkish, as Turkish doesnHt ha5e separate au/iliary 5er0s like OcanH, OmustH, OshouldH etc. As 4e sa4 earlier, Turkish uses 3ebil3; 3#eli or gerek instead. But the infiniti5e is used 4here -nglish 4ould use the construction: 1ossessi5ecO.ingH. Fou could paraphrase OB think he played 4ellH 4ith OB liked his playingH. This is the normal 4ay of saying these kinds of things in Turkish. To translate OplayingH, you use the 7short8 infiniti5e on 3#e; oyna#a. Ether e/amples are git#e OgoingH and yap#a OdoingH. There is another reason 4hy you need to kno4 the infiniti5e: it is the dictionary form of the 5er0. Bt is therefore important that, 4hen you encounter an unfamiliar 5er0, you are a0le to strip it of its endings and reconstruct its infiniti5e form.

The &or# o& the in&initi,e

Turkish infiniti5es end in 3#ek or 3#ak 7in dictionaries8. Bn actual sentences, they also often end in 3#e or 3#a. Bn 0oth, 4hat precedes the 3#3; is the 5er0 stem. The ending itself is often follo4ed 0y a possessi5e ending, for e/ample git3#e3#: Omy goingH. Dhen to use 3#ek and 4hen to use 3#e is e/plained 0elo4.
Exercise 2

Try to find all infiniti5es in the dialogue a0o5e. 2ook for the sequences 3#a and 3#ak.

1age %$)
*unctions o& the in&initi,e ending +#ek

% The most common use for the 3#ek ending is the OB 4ant to^H type of sentence. @i* de !#erika=ya git#ek istiyoru*: De 4ant to go to America as 4ell. @iber al#ak istedi#: B 4anted to 0uy peppers. , Another rele5ant conte/t is OBHm trying to^H. The 4ord for OtryH is the same as for O4orkH: +al&,#ak. Bf this follo4s an infiniti5e, the meaning 0ecomes Oto tryH 7compare the -nglish Oto 4ork onH8. The infiniti5e follo4ed 0y +al&,#ak is marked 4ith the dati5e case ending 3e. !or pronunciation reasons, the k in 3#ek is softened to 1: T8rk+e 01ren#e1e +al&,&yoru#: BHm trying to learn Turkish. The 313 is usually 4ritten as y: 01ren#eye: ) The 3#ek infiniti5e is also often found 4ith i+in; to gi5e Oin order to^H. !or e/ample: Kutbol #a+&n& seyret#ek i+in eve gidiyoru#: BHm going home to see the match. $ !inally, you also use 3#ek in sentences of the type Oto^is^H. !or e/ample: I8*#ek s&hhatli bir spordur:

S4imming is a healthy sport.

The in&initi,e ending +#e

To e/press OB ha5e to^H Turkish uses the short form of the infiniti5e, the one 4ith the ending 3#e or 3#a. There is not really much of a difference in meaning 0et4een the t4o forms of the infiniti5e; if anything, you could translate the .#e as an O.ingH form and the 3#ek as an infiniti5e 4ith OtoH: bekle#ek konu,#ak to 4ait to talk bekle#e konu,#a the 4aiting the talking

1age %$$
To ha,e to

To e/press Oha5e toH or OmustH you use 3#e com0ined 4ith the possessi5e ending 7e/cept if you use the 3#eli forms you learned in 2esson +8. They are follo4ed 0y the 4ords la*&# or, prefera0ly, gerek OnecessaryH. 2ike var and yok; these 4ords ne5er change form, that is: they donHt take personal or tense endings. The construction is: Cer0 stemcBnfiniti5e ending 3#eC3#ac1ossessi5e ending c la*&#Cgerek
Exercise 3

;o4, see if you can 4ork out the Turkish translations of the follo4ing: % B ha5e to go. , Fou must read this. ) She has to do this. $ De ha5e to 4rite a letter. There is, ho4e5er, also a 5er0 gerek#ek Oto 0e necessaryH. Bn the present tense, i.e. for OB ha5e toH, it is normally used in the geni, *a#an. This is logical if you realise that the 3iyor tense is often translated 0y -nglish O.ingH forms: you canHt say OBHm ha5ing toH either. T8rkiye=de bira* daha kal#a#&* gerekti: De had to stay in Turkey a 0it longer.

Baha +ok #eyve ye#e# gerekir: B ha5e to eat more fruit. Can you feel the difference 4ith the 3#eli formM Dhereas 3#eli e/presses an obligation$ such as in the first e/ample 0elo4, the la*&#CgerekCgerekir form is less compulsory. @ere are some more e/amples: @ana yard&# et#elisini*: Fou 7all8 ha5e to help me. 7vet de#en la*&#: Fou ha5e to say OyesH.

1age %$& Iar&n +al&,#an&* gerek; de1il #i' Fou ha5e to 4ork tomorro4, ha5enHt youM @ira* bekle#en gerekir: Fou ha5e to 4ait a little. @u pahal& hediyeyi kabul et#en la*&#: Fou ha5e to accept the e/pensi5e present. Bn question forms a funny thing happens: gerek no4 needs to 0e replaced 0y gerekli. Ether4ise, e5erything is as e/pected. The most common negated form is not la*&# de1il or gerek de1il; 0ut gerek yok 7gerek yok 4ith dati5e 3eC3a8. An alternati5e, some4hat more formal, is gerekli de1il. Cevap ver#eni* gerekli #iydi bu soruya' ?id you ha5e to ans4er that questionM @unu yap#an gerek de1il: Bt is really not necessary that you do this. @unu yap#a#an gerek: Bt is necessary that you donHt do this.

@unu doldur#a1a gerek yok: Fou donHt ha5e to fill this out. Another 4ay of saying this is: @unu doldur#an&n gere1i yok: ThereHs no need to fill this out. Bf you used la*&# or gerek e5ery time you needed to e/press Oha5e toH, no0ody 4ould misunderstand 4hat you 4ere trying to say. @o4e5er, it is more natural to use gerekli and 3#eli 4here needed. Exercise " 9ake a list of all the forms you learned to e/press Oha5e toH, OmustH and OshouldH and their negati5e counterparts 7such as OdonHt ha5e toH8, and put them in order of urgency, using OB ha5e to return to 2ondonH and, for the negati5e 5ersions, OFou donHt ha5e to return.H The 5er0 Oto returnH is d0n#ek.

1age %$(
Exercise 5

@ere is a list of 5er0 forms. Some ha5e tense and person endings, some contain OshortH infiniti5es 4ith 3#e 74ith or 4ithout additional suffi/es8, and yet others are full infiniti5es 4ith 3#ek. Dork out the dictionary forms for all of them and look up their meaning in the glossary. They are all frequently used and most ha5e not appeared in the dialogues so far. % , ) $ & kay0etmeleri Sekmesi uStu attPlar gZstermen ( ' + * %# unutmadan se5mek gZndermeQi koyuyorsun taXPmaQa

Case endings on in&initi,es

The short forms of the infiniti5e are 4idely used, and often as direct o0<ects of other 5er0s. That means that this infiniti5e is often marked 4ith a case marker. !or e/ample, you kno4 from earlier lessons that Opleased to meet youH is #e#nun oldu#. Dell, #e#nun ol#ak Oto 0e pleasedH requires that the 4ord it co.occurs 4ith is marked 4ith the a0lati5e case 3den. So if you 4ant to say OBHm 5ery happy that 4e metH you take the short infiniti5e of g0r8,#ek 74hich yields g0r8,#e38, add the first person plural 3#i*

to con5ey the O4eH 7this yields g0r8,#e#i*8, and then supply the a0lati5e case marker: g0r8,#e#i*den +ok #e#nun oldu#: Bnfiniti5es are often used in Turkish 4ith case marking. !or e/ample, OB forgot to^H. The 5er0 unut#ak com0ines 4ith a 3#e infiniti5e that is marked 4ith the accusati5e case 73i; 3&; 3u; 8; 3yi; 3y&; 3yu; 3y8D see 2esson (8. Ade#eyi unuttu#: B forgot to pay.

Bn general, it 4ill 0e a good educated guess that Turkish 4ill use an infiniti5e construction 4hen -nglish has one. This also 4orks the other 4ay round: -nglish uses su0ordinate clauses 4ith certain other 5er0s, for instance in OB think 7that8 heHs right.H Turkish does this too. 7Su0ordinate clauses are discussed in 2esson %%.8 OB like^H FVseveri#G also requires the accusati5e case, so if the direct o0<ect is not a normal noun 7such as, for instance, atlar&; OhorsesH8 0ut a 5er0, that 5er0 7the 3#e infiniti5e8 needs to 0e marked 4ith the accusati5e case:

1age %$' o,#ay& severi#: E8*ik dinle#eyi severi#: B like running. B like listening to music.

Dhen a 5er0 ending in 3#e is follo4ed 0y a possessi5e marker, a case marker follo4ing this has to 0e preceded 0y an 3n3. ?o you recall from 2esson ( that 4hen a possessi5e 3 FsGi or 3leri is follo4ed 0y a case marker, an e/tra 3n3 is used in 0et4eenM See ho4 this 4orks in the form evini in evini g0rd8# OBH5e seen his houseH: ev OhouseH c1ossessi5ebevi Ohis houseH cAccusati5ebeviW3n3W3i: evini g0rd8# OBH5e seen his houseH 2ike4ise, in the follo4ing e/ample, sigara i+#e3 OsmokingH is follo4ed 0y 3si OhisH 74hich refers 0ack to babas&n&n Oof her dadH8. This form sigara i+#esi Ohis smokingH is the direct o0<ect of iste#iyor Oshe doesnHt 4antH, so it has to 0e marked 0y the accusati5e case marker. This marker is preceded 0y the 3n. 2iterally, this sentence means Oshe doesnHt 4ant her fatherHs cigarette.smokingH. @abas&n&n sigara i+#esini iste#iyor: She doesnHt 4ant her dad to smoke.

Exercise # The follo4ing sentences all illustrate one conte/t in 4hich Turkish uses an infiniti5e plus other 5er0 construction. Bdentify these conte/ts 7look up unfamiliar 4ords in the :lossary8. The first one has 0een done already. % A0lam el0ise almak iSin SarXPya gidecek. , Tatil resimlerini gZrmemi istediler. ) 9eseleyi anlamaQa 0aXladP. $ Eraya gitmemi dRXRnRyorum. & Burada 0eklememi sZyledi. ( Beni mi gZrmeye geldinM ' AyXe 0u yPl 6aradeni>He gitmemi>i istiyor. + EnlarP 0era0er gZrmeQe alPXman gerek. Oin order toH

1age %$+
5I want to?6 versus 5I want $ou to?6

A0o5e, 4e ha5e said that the .#ek infiniti5e is used 4ith iste#ek. @o4e5er, this is only so if the sentence concerned is of the type OB 4ant to^H, Ohe 4ants to^H, etc. Bf you 4ant someone else to do something, you ha5e to use the short infiniti5e. To take OB 4ant you to listen to himH as an e/ample, the su0<ect of iste#ek is OBH, gi5ing istiyoru#. The su0<ect of the infiniti5e 5er0, dinle#ek; is OyouH. This has to 0e marked on the infiniti5e 4ith the second person singular OyouH possessi5e ending 3in. Since these endings cannot possi0ly 0e attached to 3#ek infiniti5es, the short 5ersion must 0e used: dinle#eW3n 7or 3ni*8, yielding dinle#en 7or dinle#eni*8. !inally, since the infiniti5e is the o0<ect of istiyoru#; it has to 0e marked 4ith the accusati5e case: ona dinle#eni istiyoru# 7or dinle#eni*i istiyoru#8. By the 4ay, e5en in the OB 4ant to^H construction, iste#ek may com0ine 4ith the short infiniti5e. ?o not 0e surprised 4hen you hear some0ody say Ie#eyi istiyor #usunM instead of Ie#ek istiyor #usunM En the other hand, this person may as 4ell ha5e said the noun ye#e1i Othe foodH, 4hich sounds the sameN
Con&usion between negati,e ,erbs and short in&initi,es

Seen in isolation, the form yap#a can mean t4o things: OdoingH and OdonHt do itNH Confusion 0et4een the t4o 4ill not often arise in practice, 0ecause of the 4ildly different conte/ts in 4hich these t4o forms are used. Also, in speech they sound 5ery different. The negati5e suffi/ al4ays causes the preceding sylla0le to 0e hea5ily stressed, 4hile the short infiniti5e suffi/ is stressed itself. Besides, there are ne5er other personal suffi/es after the imperati5e.

B0rtten sonra gel#e?onHt come later than fourN B0rtten sonra gel#e# k&*d&rd& onu: 9y coming after four annoyed him. Gel#e#e# k&*d&rd& onu: Bt annoyed him that B didnHt come.

1age %$*
Exercise 7

"ead through ?ialogue , 0elo4, using the follo4ing questions and the glossary 0elo4 as a guide. 1ro5ide the actual ans4ers after4ards. % UmdatHs first t4o sentences contain three compound nouns, i.e. nouns that are made up out of t4o parts. Dhich onesM , @o4 4as the 4eatherM ) UmdatHs fifth and si/th sentences contain reported speech. Bdentify the 5er0 4ith 4hich these sentences end. $ ?oes VRkran agree 4ith UmdatHs course of actionM & The suffi/ .si* means O4ithoutH, so 4hatHs the ne4s a0out @asanM ( @o4 4ould you characterise UmdatHs reaction to the ne4sM ' There are t4o more compound nouns in UmdatHs third turn. Bdentify them. + -/plain 4hy !dana kebap and the other food terms are not marked 4ith the accusati5e case. * At some point VRkran tries to change the con5ersation 0ack to the earlier topic. @o4 does she do thatM ?o you still remem0er 4hat sana ne- meansM Bt 4as introduced in 2esson + 7also 0e a4are that it is not a 5ery polite thing to say8. %# ?oes Umdat accept that changed topicM %% Dhat is the final topic VRkran tries to introduceM

%, ;o4 fill in the line at the 0eginning that descri0es the setting of the dialogue and 4hat it is a0out.
Dialogue 2 *onu-ma

Conversation N ran and @mdat9 U9?AT: 6ZtR 0ir gRn idi. Vehir merke>indeki 0elediye 0inasPna gittim. Feni 0ir park mRsaadesi iSin 0aX5urmam gerekti. 6ZtR ha5a XartlarPnda otu> dakika yRrRdRm. Eradaki memura 0ana yardPmcP olur musunu> dedim. :iXe Ximdi kapanacak dedi. !akat 0eXe seki> kalaydPN @iS 0irXey demeden hemen dPXarPya SPktPm.

1age %&# Va6"A;: @aklPsPn, 0oktan herif oN ;eyse, @asan hakkPndaki ha0eri duydun muM U9?AT: ;e olduM @adi, anlat 0akalPm. Va6"A;: @asan artPk yemekleri etsi> yiyecekN -t yemeyi 0PraktP. Buna ne dersinM U9?AT: Sahi miM 6im anlattPM Sen her >aman herXeyi 0iliyorsunN @ayat 0Zyle iXte, hiS 0elli olmuyorN Ce<etaryenler iSin yemek kitaplarPn 5ar mPM Bari @asan iSin yemek tariflerini toplayayPmN 8suddenly raises his *oice: Aman, Adana ke0ap hiS yemeyecek miM FalnP> ka0ak, patates, lahana, ne 0ileyim, ha5uS ma5uS filan mP yiyecekM AklPnP kaSPrmPX gali0aN Ta5Xan gi0iN Va6"A;: Allah 0ilirN Ama neden Zyle kP>PyorsunM BoX 5er yaN Sana neM @m, demin ne dedinM Fani memur sana 0ilgi 5ermek istemedi miM U9?AT: Fa 0iliyor musun, pa>artesi @asanHla Aylin 0i>e geliyor, akXam yemeQi iSin. -tli nohut yahnisi piXirecektim. !akat iSeceQe gelince, henR> kararsP>Pm. ;e dRXRnRyorsun, hala rakP iSiyor mu, aca0a, yoksa onu da mP 0PraktPM Va6"A;: ?ur 0eN ?edikodu yapmayP 0PrakalPm, Allah aXkPna. Sana sormak istedim a> Znce: deden nasPlM
Szckler

k0t8 ,ehir #erke*indeki belediye #8saade

0ad the one in the centre of to4n state, city council permit

haber anlat bakal&# art&k etsi*

ne4s letHs hear 7Otell, letHs seeH8 from no4 meatless

park #8saadesi ba,vur#ak oradaki #e#ur gi,e de#eden d&,ar&ya hakl& boktan heri4 hakk&nda hakk&ndaki

parking permit to apply the one there ci5il ser5ant counter, 0ooth 4ithout saying outside right fool a0out the one a0out

sahi #i' belli vejetaryen bari tari4 topla#ak kabak lahana havu+

reallyM certain 5egetarian at least recipe to collect courgette ca00age carrot

havu+ #avu+ carrots and stuff

1age %&% akl&n& ka+&r#&, akl&n& ka+&r#ak tav,an !llah bilirLanguage points o!pound nouns

he mustH5e lost his mind to lose oneHs mind ra00it 2ord kno4sN

k&*#ak bilgi yahni gelince karars&*

to get angry information ste4, sauce 4hen it comes undecided

As in -nglish, t4o nouns can 0e com0ined to form a compound noun. The t4o nouns are put ne/t to each other and the last one is follo4ed 0y the possessi5e ending of the third person 73i; 3si or 3leri8. BtHs 0est to learn these compounds as one 4ord. Just as you donHt think of O0edroomH any more as consisting of t4o 4ords, you may not do that 4ith yatak odas& O0edroomH either. Er else may0e 4ith pa*ar g8n8 OSundayH or havaalan& OairportH. Bn order to remind yourself of the possessi5e marker, it might 0e helpful to think of Turkish compounds as literally saying: Othe air, its fieldH, or Othe 0ed, its roomH. There is one more thing you should 0e a4are of: as the Turkish compound noun ends in a possessi5e suffi/ 7the 38 in pa*ar g8n8 and the 3& in havaalan&8, an e/tra 3n3 must 0e inserted 0efore any case marker: pa*ar g8n8nden havaalan&na from Sunday on to the airport

;B: The 4ord havaalan& is the e/ception to the rule that compounds are 4ritten as t4o 4ords. As you see illustrated o5erleaf, you can encounter compounds e5ery4here: T8rkiye Cu#huriyeti OTurkish "epu0licH on the stamp, and a 4hole lot of them on the 0us ticket: 7GL E8d8rl818 Othe -:E officeH, 7GL E8d8rl818 Beneti#inde Ounder the auspices of the -:E officeH, halk otob8s8 Opu0lic 0usH, yolcu bileti Otra5eller ticketH, and yolculuk s&ras& Othe duration of the <ourneyH. Bf a compound noun is follo4ed 0y a possessi5e marker that is not the third person marker, i.e. if you 4ant to say Omy3your3our LH, then the third person possessi5e marker that is found at the

1age %&,

end of compounds is replaced 0y the appropriate one. !or instance, the com0ination of OpictureH 4oto1ra4 and OmachineH #akine yields the 4ord for Ophoto cameraH: 4oto1ra4 #akinesi. ;o4, if you 4ant to say Omy photo cameraH you donHt <ust add .# for OmyH. Bnstead, you replace the .si 4ith the .#; so that you donHt get 4oto1ra4 #aki3 nesi#; 0ut 4oto1ra4 #akine#.

Countr$ na#es as ad3ecti,es) Turkish0 Critish0 A#erican etcD

Eften the compound option 4ill come naturally to you, as 4ith park #8saadesi Oparking permitH and ye#ek kitab& Ocookery.0ookH in ?ialogue ,. -5en if you ha5e ne5er used or heard the 4ord 0efore, you may 0e a0le to construct the compound on the spot. Things are a little harder 4ith certain categories of compounds 4here, approaching things from -nglish, you 4ouldnHt e/pect them. Ene of those categories is 4hen names of countries are used as ad<ecti5es. -nglish 4ould use the com0ination Ad<ecti5ec;oun here, 0ut Turkish forms compound nouns 4ith many of these. OTurkish coffeeH, for instance, is the compound T8rk kahvesi; and not the Ad<ecti5ec;oun com0ination T8rk kahve.

1age %&) 1erhaps the hardest ha0it to 0reak 4ill 0e to use Ad<ecti5e c;oun com0inations in these conte/ts. ;ot all names of countries 0eha5e this 4ay; the short list does, ho4e5er, include some of the most frequent ones: T8rk; >ngili*; Krans&*; !l#an; >talyan; 2us and Iunan 7the latter means O:reekH8. ;B: Speakers increasingly lea5e out the possessi5e ending. 2us 4ir#as& yeni sahip oldu: A "ussian firm has 0ecome the ne4 o4ner. Krans&* k0ylerini be1eniyoru#: B like !rench 5illages. 9ost other country names are formed 4ith the suffi/ 3li; 4ith 4hich you can form ad<ecti5es. The possessi5e marker does not occur 4ith these so, as in -nglish, you simply put the noun after the ad<ecti5e. Actually, for OAmericanH, 0oth !#erikal& and !#erikan are in use; for O:reekH 0oth Iunan and Iunanl&: !#erikal& bir kad&nla evlendi#: !#erikan kad&n&yla evlendi#: BHm married to an American 4oman. 9er ya* +ok say&da >sve+li ve 9ollandal& turistler T8rk plajlar&na geliyor: -5ery year many S4edish and ?utch tourists come to the Turkish 0eaches. As 3li is used to say Osomeone from^H, you 4ill pro0a0ly hear this suffi/ more often 4ith names of cities and regions than 4ith names of countries 4hen you are in Turkey:

oca#

arsl&; ben ise Io*gatl&y&#:

9y hus0and is from 6ars, 0ut BHm from Fo>gat. 9any ad<ecti5es end in 3liD consider the follo4ing 4ords that contain this suffi/: pahal& bulutlu ya,l& e/pensi5e cloudy aged k0yl8 gerekli peasant necessary 7see earlier this lesson8

;ames of languages end in the suffi/ 3+eC3ceC3+aC3ca: T8rk+e; 9ollandaca; >ngili*ce; Iunanca; !l#anca; etc. Sometimes names of languages can com0ine 4ith a noun that is not marked 4ith the possessi5e marker. The result has a different meaning. Take the follo4ing pair:

1age %&$ >ngili*ce kitap >ngili*ce kitab&

Both com0ine the meanings O-nglishH and O0ookH. Both denote a 0ook, 0ut they differ in meaning. The first com0ination is a regular Ad<ecti5e c ;oun com0ination, and refers to a 0ook in -nglish. The second com0ination, on the other hand, is a compound, as can 0e seen from the possessi5e ending on kitap. Bt refers to a te/t0ook for learning -nglish. -nglish only uses intonation to distinguish 0et4een the t4o, 4ith accent on O0ookH in the first one, and on O-nglishH in the second. !or further illustration: the 0ook that you are holding in your hands right no4 is a T8rk+e kitab&; 0ut it is an >ngili*ce kitap.
The place o& ad3ecti,es

Ad<ecti5es can 0e used 0efore a noun or 4ith the 5er0 Oto 0eH. !or e/ample, Othe red coatH gi5es more specific information than Othe coatH. Dith Oto 0eH, the ad<ecti5e tells you something ne4 a0out something or someone. Bn Othe coat is redH, for instance, something is said a0out the coat you didnHt kno4, namely that it is red. Turkish is a lot like -nglish, in that the t4o uses are like4ise distinguished 0y different 4ord orders. Ie,il araba means Ogreen carH, 4hile araba ye,il means Othe car is greenH. Dhen ad<ecti5es com0ine 4ith the indefinite article, the 4ord order is as follo4s: Ad<ecti5ecbirc;oun So, Oa green carH is ye,il bir araba.
Exercise 8

Just a little question to keep you on guard: ho4 come, in araba ye,il; araba is translated as Othe carH, e5en though there is no accusati5e case markerM
Exercise 9

@ere are nine com0inations of noun and ad<ecti5e. Com0ine the first three to gi5e OA Ad<ecti5e ;ounH, the ne/t three to gi5e OThe ;oun is Ad<ecti5eH and the last three to gi5e OAd<ecti5e ;ounsH. The first one has 0een done already.

1age %&& % , ) $ & genS, adam ha5aalanP, eski el0ise, 0eya> tarif, kolay inek, deli genS 0ir adam ( ' + * yeni, lokanta 0ardak, 0oX ta5uk, ucu> yRksek, fiyat

inek co4 bardak glass

Language points >ther co#pound nouns

!or good idiomatic usage of Turkish, it is important that you de5elop a ifeeli for 4hen to form a compound noun. The follo4ing are typical e/amples; pro0a0ly only the last three look inaturali to you if you look at things from an -nglish perspecti5e. on be, treni !nkara u+a1& @o1a*&+& Universitesi Jan g0l8 4utbol #a+& taksi s040r8 +oban salatas& the %#.#& train 7or/ the %&.## trainN8 the plane to Ankara BoQa>PSP Ani5ersity 2ake Can foot0all match ta/i dri5er shepherdis salad

!or identifying a particular train, plane, 0us, 0oat etc., you use constructions as -nglish does in Othe si/ oiclock trainH or Othe Bursa trainH, not Othe train to BursaH 7i.e. you don+t say @ursa=ya tren8. Tren is marked 4ith the possessi5e suffi/. Bn the third and fourth e/amples, a certain uni5ersity and a certain lake are identified through the first 4ord, 4hich com0ines 4ith the second 4ord in a compound noun. ;ote that in Turkish you

donHt 4rite 4ords like g0l or deni* 4ith capitals. The other three are more straightfor4ard for -nglish speakers: t4o nouns com0ine to yield a ne4 noun, often one that depicts a fairly easy concept, as in 4utbol #a+& and taksi s040r8. "emem0er that case endings that attach to a possessi5e ending must 0e preceded 0y 3n3. Bf >ngili*ce kitab& functions as a direct o0<ect of, say, bula#ad&#; iB couldnit findi, then it must 0e marked 4ith the accusati5e case suffi/ 3&; to yield: >ngili*ce kitab&n& bula#ad&#. Some more e/amples:

1age %&( Taksi ,o40r8ne para 0de#eyi a* kald& unuttu#: B almost forgot to pay the ta/i dri5er. Jan g0l8n8 g0r#edin #i' Fou ha5enHt seen 2ake CanM @u korku 4il#ini hat&rl&yor #usun' Mocuk eti yiyen a1a+ 8*erine olan #&' ?o you remem0er this horror mo5ieM The one a0out the child.eating treeM U+ on treni hen8* var#ad&: The ):%# train has not arri5ed yet.
Baterial ad3ecti,es

Ene class of ad<ecti5es that ne5er occurs 4ith possessi5e suffi/es is material ad<ecti5es. So a Oleather suitcaseH is a deri bavul; not a deri bavulu.
Exercise 10

2ook at the follo4ing -nglish 4ords and com0inations, and try to predict 4hich ones 4ill not 0e compound nouns in Turkish. % e5ening dinner , mad co4 disease ) fatigue syndrome $ gold 4atch & home4ork

( 1ersian rug ' Turkish go5ernment + plastic 0ag * ?utch foot0all player

1age %&'

%# Tekrarlama
2evie" Nesson 10 contains: [ a re5ision of topics dealt 4ith so far Bn the pre5ious lessons you ha5e learned a0out case endings on nouns, ho4 to mark a 5er0 for present, past and future tenses and ho4 to form simple sentences. Dhat you ha5e not heard anything a0out yet is ho4 to com0ine sentences into more comple/ sentences. This seems a good place to re5ise the ma<or points co5ered so far, and hopefully to clarify a fe4 things. Fou can use this lesson to re5ie4 4hat you ha5e learnt Ya chance to catch up so to speakY0efore mo5ing ahead again.
Turkish+is#s

:oing through the lessons of this 0ook, you 4ill ha5e noticed that some constructions 4ere really easy to master, 4hile others left you 0e4ildered, perhaps crying out ODhy does it ha5e to 0e so comple/MH 7meaning: OdifferentH8. De 4ill no4 go o5er a fe4 of these different structures, and point out some consistencies and principles that should make it easier for you to grasp them if you ha5enHt succeeded in doing so already.
7u&&i(es

Bn -nglish, there are a fe4 suffi/es. The plural, for instance, is formed 0y adding Gs to the noun, as in OhouseGsH. Adding something to another 4ord is called suffi/ation. Turkish uses suffi/ation much more than -nglish. De hope that, no4 that youH5e got this

1age %&+ far into this 0ook, you ha5e learned to think in a Osuffi/H kind of 4ay 4hen you are constructing Turkish phrases. !irst the stem, then one or more suffi/es: thatHs ho4 Turkish 4orks. Ene area 4here you can get a4ay 4ith using an -nglish.style construction once in a 4hile is possession. The normal 4ay of saying Omy hus0andH is koca3#; 0ut beni# koca is not impossi0le in colloquial Turkish.
Exercise 1

Bdentify the 5arious suffi/es in the follo4ing sequences. Try to put yourself under time pressure: in real.life situations, youHll ha5e to 0e a0le to spot suffi/es quite quickly. The up side of suffi/ation, especially in Turkish, is that the order in 4hich they come is quite regular, almost 4ithout e/ceptions. The do4n side is that suffi/es are short, so that you donHt ha5e much time to focus your attention on them. % ara0amla , tatilini>de ) yRrRdRk $ yeXili & konuQumu>un ara0asPnda ( alPyor musunu>M ' annenden + duydun
/lural

Fou may remem0er that the plural suffi/ in Turkish is not al4ays used 4here you 4ould in -nglish. !irst and foremost, you donHt use .lar if you ha5e used a numeral or 4ords like ka+ Oho4 muchH3Oho4 manyH or a* Ofe4H to go 4ith it. Fou donHt use the plural if the noun represents a group$ rather than separate indi5idual entities. 7Eften, using the plural ending is not e/actly O4rongH, 0ut you 4ill sound more natural if you manage to gradually adopt the principle O4hen in dou0t, donHt use itH.8 Compare: 2osy adl& !#erikan arkada,&#&* bug8n doku* el#a yedi- 7l#a severi# dedi:

1age %&* @eni# arkada,lar&# bu haberi bekledi: Lnun i+in +ok #utlular:

9y friends ha5e 0een 4aiting for this ne4s, so theyHre 5ery happy. 0pekleri terbiyeli de1il: @er dogs are not 4ell.0eha5ed. 7ski bina 0yle te#i* de1il: Eld 0uildings are not that clean. The last three sentences ha5e no numeral to make clear 4eHre talking a0out more than one friend, dog, or 0uilding, respecti5ely. Fou ha5e the choice then either to mark the plural on the noun, as in the second and third sentences, or not at all. Bf the su0<ect is not a human 0eing, the sentence is more likely to 0e 4ithout 3lar; 4hich is 4hy the fourth e/ample doesnHt need it. ;B: All this is only rele5ant for the third person plural OtheyH; first and second person plural forms of the 5er0 7O4eH and OyouH8 ha5e their o4n unique endings: U+8#8* +ok #utluyu*: The three of us are 5ery happy.
Ad3ecti,eEbirEnoun

Bn 2esson * you learned a0out ad<ecti5es. As in -nglish, the ad<ecti5e comes 0efore the noun, 0ut unlike in -nglish, the indefinite article bir follo4s the ad<ecti5e, as in ak&ll& bir k&*; Oa smart girlH. Dhen bir is really meant to mean one$ it precedes the ad<ecti5e, as do all numerals. S&n&4&#&*da yaln&* bir ak&ll& k&* var: Bi1erleri +ok aptal: Bn our class, thereHs <ust one smart girl. The others are 5ery stupid. T8rkiye=deki yolculu1u#u* esnas&nda on iki tane g8*el ,ehri g0rd8k: ?uring our tra5els in Turkey, 4e sa4 t4el5e 0eautiful cities.
Exercise 2

Translate % B <ust sa4 t4o huge 0irds. , Bs that 4hite car yoursM

1age %(# ) She 4as 4earing a green skirt at the party. $ They are 5ery normal people. & :alatasaray 4ants a ne4 good player. 7:alatasary is a foot0all team8 koca#an 8st8ndeVvar
To ha,e

huge to 4ear

seninki 4utbolcu

yours player

T4o things are important here: % you need to use var or yok; 4hich you 4ill kno4 mainly as meaning Othere isH and Othere is notH and , you need to indicate 4ith a suffi/ 4hich person has something on the thing that is O0eing hadH. So 4hen you 4ant to say O4e donHt ha5e a ticketH, you need to remem0er that the O4eH is a suffi/ on OticketH: bilet3i#i*. The negation is e/pressed 4ith yok. ;ote that you only use var or yok for literal Oha5eH. The numerous other uses Oto ha5eH has in -nglish, such as in OB ha5enHt done anythingH, do not ha5e parallels in Turkish varCyok; so do not 0e tempted to e/periment 4ith varCyok 4hen constructing a past tense 5er0 form. 3Bi and 3#i, are all you need for that 7see 2esson %%8. JarCyok are mostly used for Othere is^H constructions and for possession 7e.g., araba# var OB ha5e a carH, or bah+eni* yok Oyou donHt ha5e a gardenH8. Similarly, the use of ha5e in Othey ha5e lots of 4ater thereH 7or OtheyH5e got^H8 is not paralleled in Turkish var. ;o0ody really OhasH this 4ater; Othey ha5eH <ust stands for Oin that placeH. !or OinH, the locati5e F3de; 3da; 3te; 3taG is used. OThat placeH is ora; and since the e/act spot is not defined, you add a plural suffi/ 73ler or 3lar8 here, 4hich e/presses the notion of OaroundH, Otherea0outH, etc. Thus, Turkish uses oralarda OhereH rather than <ust orada: Lralarda su +okCLralarda su bol: There is much 4ater there. 8an alternati*e/: Lran&n suyu +okCLran&n suyu bol: There is much 4ater there. Lra Othat placeH has the geniti5e suffi/ 3n&n. ;B: ;ote the irregular possessi5e ending on su: not susu; 0ut suyu. ;o other 4ord sho4s this irregularity.

1age %(%
Exercise 3

Translate % B ha5e no money. , She has t4o dogs. ) Dhat a 0eautiful house you 8plural: ha5eN $ B ha5e really en<oyed my stay here. & Bn :reece, thereHs good food. Iunanistan kal#a
Accusati,e case

:reece stay

ger+ekten

really

Bt cannot 0e emphasised enough that the Turkish accusati5e case and the -nglish definite article are only partially equi5alent. The accusati5e case is only used 4hen a noun functions as the direct o0<ect of a 5er0. Su0<ect nouns can 0e definite, as in Othe man sa4 meH, 0ut they cannot get accusati5e case. Bn ada# beni g0rd8 Othe man sa4 meH and ada#& g0rd8# OB sa4 the manH, ada# and ada#& 0oth mean Othe manH. Bn the ne/t e/ample, +i+ekleri has the accusati5e marker, 0ecause it is a direct o0<ect and it is definite, due to the preceding demonstrati5e pronoun bu. onu1u#u* bi*e bu +i+ekleri getirdi: Eur guest has 0rought us these flo4ers. After 4ords denoting quantities, such as +ok OmuchH, OmanyH a* OlittleH, Ofe4H and hi+ OnoH, you cannot use the accusati5e case.
Exercise 4

2ook at the direct o0<ects and say 4hether they need accusati5e case or not. % ahveni*e s8t koyuyor #usunu*'

?o you take cream in your coffeeM , R*un *a#an konu,tuktan sonra bir sonuca vard&k:

After talking for a long time 4e reached a conclusion. ) Tatildeyken her arkada,&#a kartpostal g0nderiri#: Dhen BHm on holiday, B send postcards to all my friends. $ apak a+ l8t4en- 1lease open the lidN

& Taba1&n bana verin- :i5e me your plateN

1age %(, ( Tabii ki; para ka*an#a#&* la*&#Ef course, 4e ha5e to earn moneyN ' Kransa=da i,+iler s&k s&k grev yapar: Bn !rance, 4orkers strike often. + B8n +ok *a#an kaybetti#: Festerday, B lost a lot of time. * !nnenin +0pl81e att&1& #ektup okudun #u' ?id you read the letter your mother thre4 into the ru00ish 0inM %# Lnlar&n o1lanlar& g0rd8n #8' ?id you see their sonsM %% Lnlar&n bana bir i, tekli4 edecekleri bekliyoru#: B e/pect them to offer me a <o0. %, @u s0*c8k anl&yor #usunu*' ?o you understand this 4ordM u*un sonuca kartpostal kapak tabak
Co#pound nouns

long, tall conclusion postcard lid plate

grev +0pl8k tekli4 et#ek s0*c8k

strike dust0in to offer 4ord

Another thing you pro0a0ly had to get used to is ha5ing to stick a possessi5e marker on to the second noun in a compound, the 3s& in yatak odas&. Fou think of possessi5es as indicating, 4ell, possession, as in baba#; Omy fatherH. But no0odyHs o4ning the oda in

yatak odas&. And then, once you ha5e mastered that, you 4ill pro0a0ly go on ha5ing some trou0le deciding 4hen 14T to add the possessi5e marker. The 0asic rule is that if you really feel that the t4o form a unit together, then it is a compound and you use the possessi5e marker. Bf the first 4ord feels more like an ad<ecti5e to you, then you donHt use the possessi5e. 9ost of the time that 4ill get you the correct result. The most tricky type of com0ination is 4hen you ha5e a 4ord denoting the name of a country as the first 4ord. Those 4ords feel like ad<ecti5es to -nglish speakers, since that is 4hat they are in -nglish; in Turkish they form compound nouns, e/cept 4hen ending in the suffi/ 3li.
Exercise 5

@ere are some more -nglish com0inations; 4e dare you to guess 4hether they are compound nouns in Turkish or not, and to gi5e the Turkish translation if you can.

1age %() % housekeys , motor4ay ) old man $ gaol & employer 7O4ork gi5erH8 ( summermonths ' the fi5e oH clock train + 4eak tea * dish of the day %# menu 7eating list8 %% 5egetarian food %, lentil soup %) !innish skier %$ Turkish coffee a+&k 4eak 7at least in the conte/t of drinks8

#erci#ek Kinli kayak+& Exercise #

lentil !innish skier

Translate the follo4ing compounds into -nglish: % otel odasP , TRrk kah5esi ) Almanca ZQretmeni $ 9armara deni>i & TRrk.Funan dostluQu ( kP> okulu ' mutfak dola0P + oto0Rs 0ileti * Japon ara0asP %# korku filmi %% @eming4ayHin romanlarP %, ku>u eti3ku>unun eti %) 9ayPs ayP %$ Socuk odasP3SocuQun odasP %& 0alkon kapPsP30alkonun kapPsP %( inek sRtR %' Ukinci ?Rnya Sa5aXP %+ roman ya>arP3romanPn ya>arP

1age %($

dolap sava,
Geniti,e+possessi,e constructions

cup0oard 4ar

Bn 2esson (, you sa4 another type of construction in 4hich t4o nouns com0ine 4ith each other: the geniti5e.possessi5e construction, of the type 9asan=&n koltu1u O@asanHs chairH. Again, as these com0inations end in a possessi5e suffi/, they al4ays get accusati5e case if they function as direct o0<ect: beni# bavulu#u bula#ad&# OB couldnHt find my suitcaseH 7bavul OsuitcaseHc3u# OmyHc3u accusati5e8. This is logical: the geniti5e ser5es to pinpoint e/actly one specific thing, namely, the suitcase that 0elongs to me Fbeni#G. ?efinite direct o0<ects must 0e marked 4ith accusati5e. ;ote that the thing that goes 4ith var in the OB ha5e^H construction is not marked 4ith accusati5e. !ytekin=lerin g8*el banyosu var: 7Oto ha5eH construction8 AytekinHs family has a 0eautiful 0athroom. @u sene @ahar=&n notlar& berbatt&: 7su0<ect8 This year BaharHs grades 4ere atrocious. Accusati5e marking is seen in the follo4ing e/amples: 9i+ ki#se #e#urun ya:nl&,l&1&n& 4ark et#edi: ;o0ody noticed the ci5il ser5antHs mistake. !#an allah&#; onun duru#unu d8,8nEh my :od, think of his3her situationN Kunda=n&n ye#e1ini her *a#an bitiriyor #u' ?oes he al4ays finish !undaHs dinnerM
>,er,iew o& co#binations

Fou ha5e no4 seen three 4ays of com0ining t4o nouns. The first one, Ad<ecti5e3;ounc;oun is included here 0ecause the names of countries are nouns in Turkish. The difference 0et4een , and ) can 0e illustrated neatly 4ith the pair ha4ta sonu and ha4tan&n sonu: the first one means O4eekendH and is a 4ord no Turkish speaker e5er has to acti5ely put together out of ha4ta; son and the possessi5e ending. The second one means Othe end of the 4eekH, something you are more likely to 0uild up 4hen you need it.

1age %(&

% A d < e c t i 5 e 3 ; o u n c ; o u n y e , i l a 1 a +

t h e g r e e n t r e e

Exercise $ !ill in the dialogue 0elo4, 0et4een a landlady and her tenant, 4ith the most appropriate of the options that are listed at the 0ottom. Datch out: you may need to add something 7e.g. an ad<ecti5e or a personal ending8 to the compounds or change their formN ;e yapPyorsunu>, !unda @anPmM Ben 8house%ife:. UXte, kah5e ha>Pr. USer misini>M -fendim, si>in 8orange 2uice: 5ar mPM Car, ta0ii. 9ey5emi>i kendi 8orchard:+de topladPk. A, harikaN VifalPdPr, umarPm. Bol 5itaminli. ]RnkR, soQuk almPXPm. @em de 8headache: 5ar. :eSmiX olsun. :erekli olursa, 0u sokakta 8e?cellent doctor: 5ar. 8.oman doctor:. TeXekkRr ederim ama, gali0a doktora gitmeye gerek yok. 6ocanP> ne yapPyorM E 8computer programmer:. 8'merican firm: iSin SalPXPyor. AkXamlarda 8my poor dad:+P yardPm ediyor. Ba0am 8o%ner of that store:. :eSen ay 0ir 0ilgisayar aldP, ama 8aged storeo%ners: iSin Sok >or dedi. SanPyorum, kocam Ximdi 8the train from 'n ara:+de. ;e yiyeceQi> 0u akXamM 8Rice pila*: 5e 8chic pea and meat ste%:. BugRn 8Tur ish cuisine:$ yarPn 8Chinese cuisine: olacak. Enu 0eQeniyor musunu>M E, 8Tur ish cuisine:+dan Sok farklP. Choose from these options: mey5e 0ahSe >a5allP 0a0a etli nohut pirinS pila5 Amerikan firma kadPn doktor e5 kadPn TRrk mutfak

1age %(( dRkkanPn sahip u>man doktor portakal su dRkkan sahip 0ilgisayar programcP 0aX aQPr

AnkaraHdan tren yaXlP dRkkan sahip harika,i4al& bol +8nk8 greatN healthy full of 0ecause

]in mutfak TRrk mutfak *or 4arkl& *avall& a1&r difficult different poor pain

The sequence +lar;.+leri+

An interesting pro0lem arises 4hen you 4ant to say Otheir childrenH, i.e. 4hen 0oth the possessi5e ending and the noun ha5e to 0e plural. Fou could e/pect t4o 0lars there: +ocuklarWlar& [[ 1ocuklarlar: These dou0le forms do not occur, ho4e5er: only one plural marker is used. The consequence is that a sequence such as +ocuklar& may mean Otheir childH F+ocukW3lar&G; Otheir childrenH 7+ocuklarc3lar&; 4ith one 3lar dropped8, as 4ell as Oher3his childrenH F+ocuklarW3&G. The sequences 3lar& and 3leri are 5ery common. !orms 4ith 3leri or 3lar& 4ill pro0a0ly cause you some pro0lems in your first months of learning Turkish 0ecause they can mean se5eral things. Bt can 0e any of the follo4ing: % possessi5e ending OtheirH -/ample: ev3leri 7OhouseYtheirH __ Otheir houseH8 , possessi5e ending OhisH or OherH on something that is plural -/ample: evler3i 7Ohouses Yhis3herH __ Ohis3her housesH8 ) possessi5e ending OtheirH on something that is plural -/ample: evler3i 7OhousesY theirH __ Otheir housesH8 $ Othey ha5eH 7if follo4ed 0y var or yokG -/ample: g8*el bir ev3leri var 7OhouseY theirH __ Othey ha5e a nice houseH8 & plural plus accusati5e -/ample: ev3ler3i ald&lar 7OhouseY.sYtheH __ OThey 0ought the housesH8

1age %(' ( plural of a compound noun -/ample: devlet hastane3leri 7stateYhospitalY.s __ Opu0lic hospitalsH8 ;ote that in ;o. ), there is no dou0le plural. As e/plained a0o5e, a form e*lerleri is not possi0le. The o05ious question is: O@o4 can B kno4 4ith 4hich one of these senses BHm confronted 4ith 4hen someone says something containing 3leriMH The <ust.as.o05ious ans4er is: Oconte/tH. !ocus on 4hat the person talking to you is talking a0out: more often than not only one interpretation 4ill make sense. !or instance, if someone is

talking to you a0out her parentsH house, itHs not 5ery likely that you 4ill interpret evlerini te#i*ledik as O4e cleaned their housesH, let alone as O4e cleaned his housesH. As there is no var or yok; the Othey ha5eH interpretation ne5er e5en comes up; nor does the Oplural plus accusati5eH interpretation, since presuma0ly they ha5e <ust one house. The sequence 3lerini has alerted you immediately to the fact that the final 3i is the accusati5e, 0ecause it follo4s the 3n that typically comes 0et4een a possessi5e suffi/ and a case suffi/. So the only plausi0le interpretation that is likely to force itself upon you is O4e cleaned their houseH. The only pro0lem for the -nglish.speaker, and perhaps speakers of many other languages, is that the 3ler3 element immediately puts OpluralH into your mind, so that you may instantly think OhousesH 4hen you hear evler; e5en though in evlerini te#i*ledik 7O4e cleaned their houseH8 it really doesnHt mean that. The form consists of ev OhouseH and 3leri OtheirH. ?onHt 4orryYthis is something you 4ill need time to get used to, thatHs all. Sometimes, speakers use geniti5e pronouns in a helpful 4ay, usually to a5oid am0iguity. Lnun for OhisH or OherH and onlar&n for OtheirH can gi5e the understanding process <ust the 0oost it needs. Sevgi; onlar&n bardaklar& bo,Se5gi, their glasses are emptyN Lnun cevaplar& yeterliydi: @er ans4ers 4ere satisfactory. Because of the need for case markers in practically e5ery sentence, the follo4ing sequences are also common: 3lerine e.g. evlerine to their house, to their houses, to his3her houses

3lerinden e.g. evlerinden from their house, from their houses, from his3her houses

1age %(+ 3lar&nda e.g. arabalar&nda 3lar&n& 3lerinin e.g. arabalar&n& e.g. evlerinin in their car, in their cars, in his3her cars their car, their cars, his3her cars 8all direct ob2ectsB: of their house, of their houses, of his3her houses

This section only concentrated on third person possessi5es, as that is the only conte/t 4here this sort of confusion can arise. Dith the other persons, the possessi5e ending makes only one interpretation possi0le. !or instance, if you try to think of a different meaning for each of the follo4ing e/amples, you 4onHt succeed. !rkada,lar&# can only mean Omy friendsH. !rkadaslar&#& davet et#edi:

She didnHt in5ite my friends. !k,a# ye#eklerini*i bitirebilecek #iyi*' Shall 4e finish your foodM But, <ust like evine can mean Oto your houseH and Oto his houseH 7see 2esson (, page *'8, so #ektuplar&n& can mean Oyour lettersH as 4ell as Ohis lettersH, Otheir lettersH or e5en Otheir letterH. Again, the conte/t 4ill usually make only one interpretation leap to mind. Bf the person 4ho says the follo4ing sentence is talking to you directly, it is likely that he means Oyour lettersH 7unless you ha5e ne5er sent him anyN8. Eektuplar&n& severi#: B lo5e your letters. 1resuma0ly, if he didnHt mean Oyour lettersH, he 4ould ha5e said: LnunCLnlar&n #ektuplar&n& severi#: B lo5e his3their letters. The interpretation Otheir letterH is likely to appear only 4hen you already strongly e/pect it 0ecause of the conte/t, for instance 4hen you kno4 that the speaker has recei5ed a letter from a company. !inally, here is an e/ample 4ith an accusati5e.marked plural compound noun: sigorta 4or#lar&n&: sigorta OinsuranceH plus 4or# OformH plus possessi5e suffi/ plural 3lar&\sigorta 4or#lar&. Dhen adding the accusati5e 3&; donHt forget the e/tra 3n3: sigorta 4or#lar&n&: Sigorta 4or#lar&n& doldurdun #u' ?id you fill in the insurance formsM

1age %(*
Exercise 8

Among the follo4ing t4el5e sentences, there are t4o 3leri com0inations of each of the si/ types mentioned a0o5e: [ OtheirHcsingular [ OhisH3or OherHcplural

[ OtheirHcplural [ Othey ha5eH [ plural plus accusati5e [ plural compound noun plus accusati5e Bdentify 4hich sentence is of 4hat type. % Bu Xehirde trafik PXPklarP her >aman kPrmP>P yanPyor. , Ahmet ile @asan odalarPnda. FukarPda, sol tarafta 0irinci odadPr. ) Bu kP>lar annelerini Sok se5iyorlar. $ EnlarPn SocuklarPnP tanPyor musunM & Tnce kP>larPn odalarPnP 0oyadPk. ( Ba>P SocuklarPn ayaklarPnda ayakka0P yoktu. ' Endan sonra ZQretmenlerin Sok iyi 0ir Znerileri 5ardP. + Ali komik hikayeleri anlattP. * Enun iSin 0ana giyeceklerini 5erdi. %# Bana gZre onun dRXRnceleri tehlikeli. %% ]ocukluQumda piyano derslerini hiS se5me>dim. %, Camileri gZrdRnR> mRM &,&k yan#ak k&r#&*& Vile boya#ak 0neri
/ronouns

light to 0urn red 4ith^ to paint proposal

hikaye giyecek g0re F3eG +ocukluk ca#i

story clothes according to childhood mosque

Bn -nglish, you are used to to the e/istence of personal and possessi5e pronouns. Fou canHt e/press things like OBHm sickH, OtheyHre comingH or Omy carH 4ithout them. Bn Turkish, these pronouns are usually not necessary. Their 0asic equi5alents are the suffi/es: hastay&# OB am illH, geliyorlar Othey comeH and araba# Omy carH.

;e5ertheless, pronouns e/ist, so you can use them. Just 0e a4are that they usually add emphasis. The 0asic personal pronouns are

1age %'# the su0<ect pronouns. E0<ect pronouns are marked 4ith the accusati5e case 7ben OBH plus accusati5e 3i makes beni8 and possessi5e pronouns 4ith the geniti5e 7sen OyouH plus geniti5e 3in makes senin Oof youH, OyourH8. Bn addition, the other cases can 0e added to pronouns to e/press meanings like OonH, OnearH, O4ith meH, Oto youH and Ofrom themH. 9ost of these forms you ha5e already encountered; here they all are: Singular: be+ 6-+ geniti*e 6of+ dati*e 6to+ accusati*e direct ob2ect locati*e 6at+$ 6in+$ 6on+ ablati*e 6from+ beni# Oof me, mineH bana Oto meH beni OmeH bende Oin3on3 at meH se+ 6you+ senin Oof you, yourH sana Oto youH seni OyouH sende Oin3on3 at youH o 6heDsheDit+ onun Ohis3her3itsH ona Oto him3her3 itH onu Ohim3her3itH onda Oin3on3at him3her3itH

benden Ofrom meH senden Ofrom youH ondan Ofrom him3 her3itH

Qlural: bi2 6%e+ geniti*e 6of+ dati*e 6to+ accusati*e direct ob2ect bi*i# Oof usH bi*e Oto usH bi*i OusH si2 6you+ o+lar 6they+

si*in Oof you, yourH onlar&n Oof them, theirH si*e Oto youH si*i OyouH si*de Oin3on3 at youH si*den Ofrom youH onlara Oto themH onlar& OthemH onlarda Oin3on3at themH onlardan Ofrom themH

locati*e 6at+$ 6in+$ 6on+ bi*de Oin3on3 at usH ablati*e 6from+

Non"use of pronouns

bi*den Ofrom usH

-specially in the 0eginning, you pro0a0ly had the tendency to start out many sentences 4ith ben; sen; o etc. Bf yours is a language, 4hich uses pronouns a lot, such as -nglish, it is hard to 0reak the ha0it 4hen learning a language that doesnHt normally use them,

such as Turkish. 1ronouns 0asically only come in for emphasis and to take care of possi0le am0iguities.

1age %'% @i* burada #isa4iri*; si* de1ilsini*: De are guests here, you are not. @urada #isa4iri*: DeHre guests here. Ia sen; ne d8,8n8yorsun' And you, 4hat do you thinkM Lnlar +ok tath: They are 5ery s4eet. Mok tath: @e3She is 5ery s4eet. Exercise Bnsert pronouns in the spaces only 4here you think they are needed. This is not an e/ercise in 4hich you can really make any mistakes. !irst, you should try the e/ercise, then listen to the cassette, and finally, compare your ans4ers 4ith the transcript in the 6ey. BA@A": Sa0ahat,^6ayseriHden geleli kaS sene olduM^ BursaHya geleli RS yPl oldu. SABA@AT: ^RS yPl oldu. BA@A": ^yedi, seki> ay sonra yine 0ir kursa 0aXladPm,^da 6u>ey BursaHdaydP. ^ oraya altP ay, yok, seki> ay de5am ettim^0itti, 0u yPl^yine 0aXlamPXtPm oraya. Ama^ diQer ZQrencileri 0eQenmedim. Bir tek^ konuXuyorum,^susuyor. SABA@AT: BursaHyP^se5emiyorum. ^se5iyor musunu>M AF@A;: ^Znceleri se5miyordum, ama. ^nasPl 0uluyorsun BursaHyP, BursaHlPyPM BA@A": 9esela Ayhan dZnRX yapmak isterse^hemen dZnerim. ^0uranPn ha5asPndan SalPXamPyorum.

AF@A;: ^eQer 0urdan gitsem^oraya ayak uyduramamki. SABA@AT: ^hiS uydurama>sPn. AF@A;: ^hiS uyduramam artPk. BA@A": ]RnkR^AlmanyaHda 0RyRdRn; ondan sonra da^ tekrar 0uraya geldin. Endan sonra da^0uranPn hayatPna alPXmaya SalPXPyorsun. geleli u*ey 4hen you came ;orth deva# et#ek ba,la#&,t&# to continue B had started

1age %', d0n8, yap#ak isterse e1er

7o#e ,ocabular$ e(ercises

if he 4ants to return if

gitse# ayak uydur#ak al&,#ak

if B go to adapt to get used to

Fou ha5e learned many 4ords in the preceding nine lessons, 0ut many of them ha5e only occurred once, so that you ha5e pro0a0ly forgotten quite a fe4. The follo4ing e/ercises are meant to help you remem0er.
Exercise 10

Connect the 4ords on the left 4ith those on the right that mean something similar: % , ) $ & ( ' + * %# %% %,
Exercise 11

ad fakat gi0i 0Prakmak merha0a dinlemek dost gelmek 5e a0la okumak yine

a 0 c d e f g h i < k l

kP> kardeX arkadaX isim ZQrenmek da3de tekrar olarak 0itirmek gRnaydPn duymak 5armak ama

!ind the 4ords on the right that mean the opposite of the 4ords on the left. % , ) $ & ( ' + * bo*uk yeni kapal& al#ak gir#ek ba,la#ak cevap ver#ek beya* berbat a 0 c d e f g h i soru sor#ak 7Oto askH8 g8*el 7O0eautiful, niceH8 hasta 7OillH8 4ena 7O0adH8 siyah 7O0lackH8 a+&k 7OclearH8 ver#ek 7Oto gi5eH8 son 7OendH8 +al&,&yor 7Oit 4orksH8

1age %') %# %% iyi ilk < k % b&rak#ak 7Oto lea5eH8 +&k#ak 7Oto come outH8 eski 7OoldH8

%, s&hhatli Exercise ,

Change the follo4ing sentences 0y replacing the 4ord in parentheses 4ith a 7near8 synonym, chosen from the list at the 0ottom. Be sure any endings take their right form. Bf you feel ad5enturous and3or self.confident, try doing the e/ercise 4ithout looking at the list of options. % Bu XarkPcPyP Sok 7se5iyorum8. , Cuma gRnR !adime 0ana 7sZyledi8 ki cumartesi gRnR eQlence 5ar. ) 7@arikaN8 :itar Sala0iliyorsunN $ Belediyeye 0aX5urmalP mPsPn 70elki8M & Vimdi 0aX rol oyuncusu 7hakkPnda8 konuXacaQP>. ( 7?oQru8, ona iyi ce5a0P 5erdinN ' 7Bi>im hanPm8 0ana telefon etti, misafir geldi. + ;e >aman :Rney TRrkiyeHye 7kalkPyorsunu>8M * Ama 0u e5in iki 0anyosu yok, 0iri 7hata8 yapmPX. %# Affedersini>, efendim, 7neden8 dRn akXam 0ana sZylemedini>M

%% ;asPl mP 0uldumM 9erak etme, 0u pila5 Sok 7iyi8. %, "aporu 7tamamlaya0ildini> mi8M %) :eSen 7yPl8 0uralarP daha ucu>du, deQil miM yanl&,l&k OmistakeH; git#ek Oto goH; kar&# Omy 4ifeH; ni+in O4hyH; bitir#ek Oto finishH; hakl& OrightH; 8*erine Oa0outH; acaba OB 4onder ^H; ,ahane OgreatH; be1en#ek Oto likeH; de#ek Oto sayH; ne4is OtastyH; sene OyearH. ba, rol oyuncusu #isa4ir G8ney starring actor guest, 5isitor South #erak et#ek rapor to 4orry report

1age %'$

%% ]ok deQiXmiX
She has changed a lot $n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ com0ine t4o clauses into a comple/ sentence [ form relati5e clauses [ form a second past tense [ decide 4hich of the past tenses to use Bf you listen to t4o people talking to each other, in any language, you 4ill notice that in many of their sentences t4o or more simple sentences are com0ined into more comple/ ones. Bn Turkish, too, sentences can 0e com0ined in this 4ay. This lesson 4ill introduce the first rele5ant forms. To a5oid confusion, 4e 4ill use the term OclauseH to refer to the parts that constitute a comple/ sentence in this 4ay. A sentence can consist of a main clause and any num0er of su0ordinated clauses, or of t4o or more coordinated clauses.

Language point 7ubordinated clauses) an introduction

Dhen you think of su0ordinated clauses, you are most likely to think of clauses that start 4ith OthatH or O4hichH in -nglish. Eften these go 4ith 5er0s such as OthinkH or OsayH, as in: B donHt think 7that8 -+m going tonight. DhatHs the title of the 0ook that you boughtM ?id he say that he had seen your parentsM The second sentence contains 4hat is called a Orelati5e clauseH: a su0ordinate clause that goes 4ith a noun 7in this case 4ith Othe

1age %'& 0ookH8. Fou use these if you 4ant to say something a0out the 0ook in order to make it clearer for the listener 4hich 0ook e/actly youHre talking a0out. Ether common types of su0ordinated clauses are OifH and O4henH clauses. !or no4, you should focus on trying to get a 0asic grasp of ho4 Turkish handles clause. com0ining. Bt is essential that you realise that these clauses are not simply a Omore comple/H option, to 0e used if you donHt 4ant to come across as a 0eginner too much. Bn many cases, they really are the normal 4ay of saying things. Dith the types of sentences you ha5e learned to produce so far, you can go a long 4ay in con5ersation, 0ut youHll soon notice that it 4ould 0e handy, and that you 4ould sound more eloquent, if you could form slightly more comple/ sentences. Fou are most likely to get this feeling in the follo4ing t4o conte/ts: 4ith 5er0s like OsayH and OthinkH 7as in Odo you think that 4as a good ideaMH8, and 4ith relati5e clauses, i.e. constructions such as Othe man B 4as talking a0out and the people 4e metH. ;B: Bf you 4ant to, you can manage 4ithout them 0y using t4o sentences, such as: %e d8,8n8yorsun' @u iyi bir 4ikir #i' Dhat do you thinkM Bs this a good ideaM !da# hakk&nda konu,tu#: @u ada# beni# i, yeri#de +al&,&yor: B talked a0out the man. This man 4orks at my 4orkplace. @u insanlarla bulu,tuk: @unlarla ge+en ha4ta tan&,t&k:

De met these people. De got to kno4 them last 4eek. @o4e5er, if you 4ant to sound more proficient, try using su0ordinated clauses: @unun iyi bir 4ikir oldu1unu d8,8n8yor #usun' ?o you think this is a good ideaM @eni# i, yeri#de +al&,an ada# hakk&nda konu,tu#: B talked a0out a man 4ho 4orks at my 4orkplace. Ge+en ha4ta tan&,t&1&#&* insanlarla bulu,tuk: De met the people 4e got to kno4 last 4eek.

1age %'(
Dialogue 1 .unda ve Mu!ta#a

Kunda and Eusta4a The follo4ing dialogue contains a fe4 comple/ clauses. !or no4, <ust focus on the general meaning. To check your understanding, ans4er the questions 0elo4 and look at the 6ey. Funda and !ustafa are sitting around in their li*ing room at the end of the day( "he has 2ust s%itched off the TO$ but they+re not Cuite ready yet to go to bed 9ASTA!A: BaXka ne 5ar, ne yokM !A;?A: BugRn 0i>im 0ankada SalPXan 9eral adlP arkadaXPmla 0ir konu hakkPnda konuXtum. E dedi ki 0i>, TRrkler, kendi kendimi>i yZnetmiyoru>. Bi> daha sert olmalPyP> dedi. 9ASTA!A: Bence >or. !A;?A: Tamam. Ali de aynPsPnP dedi. 9ASTA!A: Belki daha sert olmamP> gerekiyor ama, nasPl olurM Ticaret yaptPQPmP> Rlkelerle dRXman olmak istemiyoru>. Tte yandan, diQer Rlkeler 0i>e 0unu yap, Xunu yapma demesini istemiyoru>. !A;?A: ?oQruN Ama gel sen, 0unu 9eralHa anlatN E 0ana inanmPyor. AliHyle e5lendiQinden 0eri Sok deQiXmiX.

9ASTA!A: 9erak etmeN E onun meselesi, seninki deQil. 8after a period of silence: 9ASTA!A: 1f, yoruldum. FatacaQPm. FarPnki ha5a raporunu duydun muM !A;?A: ?uydum, rapora gZre ha5a sPcak olacak. 9ASTA!A: @arika. Uyi geceler. !A;?A: Uyi geceler, 9ustafa. Ben 0ira> daha okuyacaQPm.
Szckler

ne var; ne yok +al&,an adl& kendi kendi#i*i

4hatHs ne4M 4ho is 4orking named ourself

0te yandan di1er evlendi1inden beri de1i,#ek

on the other hand other since she got married to change

1age %'' y0net#ek sert ticaret yapt&1&#&* 8lke d8,#an

Exercise 1

to go5ern strong trade that 4e do country enemy

de1i,#i, seninki yorul#ak yar&nki s&cak iyi geceler

she has changed yours to get tired tomorro4Hs 4arm goodnight

Ans4er the follo4ing questions: % Dhere does 9eral 4orkM , Dhat had 9eral said that morningM ) Dhat kind of countries should not 0e made enemiesM $ Dhat donHt they 4ant these countries to say to them, according to 9ustafaM & Dhen did 9eral changeM ( Dhat does 9ustafa think is 9eralHs pro0lemM ' Dhat strikes you a0out the 4ay 9ustafa says heHs tired, compared to the -nglish 4ay of saying itM

+ ;o4 underline the su0ordinate clauses in the dialogue.

The basic subordinate clause

Fou 4ill soon realise that the 0asic structure of all su0ordinate clauses is al4ays the same. That structure, in a nutshell, is: % Su0ordinated clause , Suffi/ indicating su0ordination, attached to the 5er0 ) 9ain clause As you pro0a0ly realise 0y no4, the main thing talked a0out usually comes last 7a noun comes after its ad<ecti5e, a yatak odas& is a room and not a 0ed, and the 5er0 comes last in the sentence8. This order is the mirror image of that in -nglish, 4here the main clause comes first, then the su0ordination marker and finally the su0ordinated clause. Bn -nglish you say: B 4ent to Amsterdam 0ecause B like it there. 7main clausecsu0ordinating con<unction 7O0ecauseH8 csu0ordinate clause8

1age %'+ 9ore similar to the Turkish structure 4ould 0e: Because B like it there, B 4ent to Amsterdam. :i5en that O0ecauseH is e/pressed 0y the suffi/ 3di1i i+in; this sentence 0ecomes: Lralar& sevdi1i# i+in; !#sterda#=a gitti#: This consists of the su0ordinated clause oralar& sev3 Olike it thereH, the suffi/ 3di1i# i+in O0ecause BH 7suffi/ed to the 5er08, and the main clause !#sterda#=a gitti# OB 4ent to AmsterdamH. The complete su0ordinated clause is oralar& sevdi1i# i+in O0ecause B like it thereH. ;B: The first person ending 3#; needed to e/press the OBH in O0ecause B like it thereH, is added to 3di1i 7person marking 4ill 0e discussed further 0elo48. @ere are some more e/amples you can study in order to get a general feel for the structure. Again, donHt spend too much time trying to 4ork them out. Just look at e5ery 4ord in the sentences and try to get an idea of 4hy they are there, 4hy in the position they are in, and 4hy in the form they occur in.

Ga*etecilerin onun 8*erine ya*d&1& bi+i#i sev#iyoru#: B donHt like the 4ay in 4hich the <ournalists 4rite a0out him. >stanbul=da oda bul#ak istedi1i# i+in erken gitti#: Because B 4anted to find a room in Bstan0ul, B 4ent early. Malan kasetteki ,ark&c&y& biliyoru#: B kno4 that singer on the tape thatHs playing.
Language point 'elati,e clauses

A relati5e clause ena0les you to say something e/tra a0out a noun. Bt can, for instance, 0e more informati5e to say Othe cousin 4ho 4orks at the airportH than <ust Omy cousinH, as the former more clearly identifies 4ho you are talking a0out. The part O4ho 4orks at the airportH is an e/ample of a relati5e clause. This section is a0out such clauses.

1age %'* 3he )orm o) the relative clause Just as you had to get used to putting the 5er0 last in a Turkish sentence, so you must try to familiarise yourself 4ith the principle that the noun follo4s the relati5e clause. Bn -nglish it comes first, follo4ed 0y OthatH, O4hichH or O4hoH, 0ut in Turkish the order is <ust the other 4ay round. So: Othe 0ook that youHre readingH 0ecomes OyouHre reading that the 0ookH 7or, rather, Othe your.reading 0ookH8. !urther, there is no separate 4ord for OthatH; instead, Turkish uses a suffi/. !or this suffi/ you ha5e the choice of t4o: 3di1i or 3enC 3an. !or deciding 4hich one to use, use the follo4ing principles: %. 1ossi0ility %: the noun is the o0<ect of the 5er0 in the relati5e clause Bn Othe 0ook that youHre readingH the noun Othe 0ookH is the o0<ect of the 5er0 OreadH in the relati5e clause Othat youHre readingH. So you use 3di1i; stuck on to the 5er0 stem 7in the case of Oto readH, that stem is oku38: okudu1u 7notice the 5o4el harmony here8 Othat one readsH 7ho4 to e/press OyouH 4ill come later on8. ,. 1ossi0ility ,: the noun is the su0<ect of the relati5e clause Bn Othe 4oman 4ho kno4s -nglishH, the noun Othe 4omanH is the su0<ect of the relati5e clause O4ho kno4s -nglishH. Bn these cases, you use 3enC3an: >ngili*ce bilen O4ho3that kno4s -nglishH. Exercise

"ead this -nglish te/t. Fou 4ill notice that it doesnHt read 5ery easily, as it seems to lack a certain fluency. ThatHs 0ecause relati5e clauses ha5e 0een a5oided. Four first task is to re4rite it using such relati5e clauses, of 4hich youHll need si/. As a guide, re4rite it a5oiding the underlined 4ords. !or e/ample, to a5oid the first it, you need to pull the first t4o sentences together: ODhen B 4ent out last night to see the house that Jerry and Jill 0ought, it 4as raining pretty hardH. Check the 6ey after youH5e finished. Then say 4hether you 4ould need 3di1i or 3en in the Turkish translations of these relati5e clauses, i.e., decide 4hether the clause makes use of Possibility H or Possibility F a0o5e. Jerry and Jill ha5e 0ought a ne4 house. Dhen B 4ent out last night to see it, it 4as raining pretty hard. B once had an um0rella. That um0rella 4as not to 0e found, so B had to depend on my raincoat. The streets are usually deserted at this time of night. They 4ere com.

1age %+# pletely de5oid of human life. A cat 4as sheltering under a car. Bt 4as the only li5ing creature B sa4. All those people stayed in. They turned out to 0e quite right, 0ecause 4hen B got to the house, B 4as completely soaked. B had intended a surprise for my friends. Bn addition, that 0ackfPred, as neither Jeremy nor Jill turned out to 0e home. Bt is time no4 to discuss ho4 to 0uild up these structures. The t4o forms 3di1i and 3en get attached to the 5er0 stem. Bn the Turkish translations of Othe 0ook youHre readingH and Othe 4oman 4ho kno4s -nglishH, the forms 3di1i and 3en are attached to oku. and bil., respecti5ely, to gi5e okudu1u and bilen. Because of the di5ision in su0<ect and o0<ect forms 7Possibilities H and F8, you should 0e a0le to read these forms immediately as Othat is readH and O4ho kno4sH. As already indicated, the noun that the relati5e clauses 0elong to follo4s: okudu1u kitap bilen kad&n the 0ook that he3she is reading the 4oman 4ho kno4s

Compare these closely 4ith their -nglish translations. Fou still ha5e to deri5e from okudu1u kitap 4hat the Turkish equi5alent is of Ohe3sheH in the -nglish sentence. As you kno4, su0<ects are usually e/pressed through personal suffi/es in Turkish. The third person suffi/ in okudu1u kitap is the last 3u in 3du1u. This is actually the possessi5e marker, the same as the 3i in evi Ohis3her houseH, so that okudu1u literally means Ohis3her readingH. Dhen you 4ant to say Othe 0ook youHre readingH, you need to e/press OyouH someho4. To do this, you replace the third person singular ending 3u in 3du1u 4ith the second person singular suffi/ 3un: okudu1un kitap. The full translations of the e/amples 4e started out 4ith are: okudu1un kitap ingili*ce bilen kad&n the 0ook youHre reading the 4oman 4ho kno4s -nglish

To summarise, the structure of the relati5e clause looks like this:

% L cCer 0c3 di13 c.1e rson al endi ngc ;ou n

/am ple: b ug8 nWo ku3 Wdu 13 W3u # Wkit ap gi5in g:

b ug8 n oku du1 u# kita p OThe 0ook that B

1age %+% The initial OdH in 3di1i changes to a OtH it it follo4s one of the consonants that trigger the same change in the 3di3suffi/ 7see 2esson ,8. Dith the personal endings, the forms are: 3di1i# 3di1in 3di1i that B that you that he3she3it 3di1i#i* 3di1ini* 3dikleri that 4e that you 8plural: that they

The OLH can of course 0e anything that the sentence calls for. Bn the first e/ample 0elo4, the 5er0 is g0ster#ek Oto sho4H. Bt is then natural that the OLH is filled 4ith the 4ords for, e.g., Oto meH bana and OpictureH resi#. "ead through the follo4ing e/amples to see more relati5e clauses in actual sentences. @ana d8n g0sterdi1ini* resi# +ok g8*el: The picture you sho4ed me yesterday 4as 5ery nice. B8n gece burada oturan insanlar bu sabah @itlis=e gitti: The people 4ho 4ere sitting here last night ha5e gone to Bitlis this morning. @u g8l8#seyen kad&n bi*i# han&#d&r: That smiling 4oman is my 4ife. 7or 6the %oman %ho is smiling+8 B8n ak,a# seyretti1i#i* progra#& sevdin #i' ?id you like that programme 4e 4atched last nightM !#sterda#=dan gelen u+ak b8y8k bir r0tar yapt&: The plane coming from Amsterdam is delayed a lot. Iedi1in ,ey i,ke#beydi: The thing you ate 4as tripe soup. !ya ilk ayak basan insan: 7see ?ialogue on page ')8 The first man 4ho set foot on the moon. The 3di1i3clause, 0ut not the 3en3clause, may ha5e a separate su0<ect. This is o05ious if you take a closer look again at the t4o -nglish e/amples 4e ha5e 0een using. Bn Othe 4oman 4ho kno4sH, it is impossi0le to ha5e some0ody other than the 4oman do the

Okno4ingH. But in Othe 0ook that 4as readH, any0ody can ha5e done the OreadingH. That is 4hy 3di1 is follo4ed 0y a possessi5e marker indicating the su0<ect, such as second person 3in in okudu1un kitap Othe 0ook you ha5e readH, or first person plural in okudu1u#u* kitap Othe 0ook 4e ha5e readH.

1age %+, Bf the su0<ect is not a pronoun such as OBH, OyouH, O4eH, etc., it comes first in the clause and is marked 4ith the geniti5e case marker: Eeral=&n okudu1u kitap for Othe 0ook that 9eral readH. @ere, the name Eeral is follo4ed 0y the geniti5e case marker 3in 7see 2esson (, page *$ for this case marker8. Bf the su0<ect is a pronoun, there is no need for anything 0ut the person marker in 3di1i#; 3di1in; etc. @o4e5er, if you 4ant to emphasise the OyouH in Othe 0ook you readH, you can add the personal pronoun in the geniti5e form and say senin okudu1un kitap 7so not sen okudu1un kitapD the pronoun has to ha5e the geniti5e form8. Some more e/amples: ?ohn=un sana anlatt&1& hikaye ger+ek de1il: The story that John told you isnHt true. Si*in +ekti1ini* 4oto1ra4lar& +ok seviyoru#: B like the pictures you took 5ery much. ?onHt o5eruse the geniti5e pronouns though. They are often superfluous, and, remem0er, they add emphasis. 7Fou already kno4 this principle, as 4e mentioned it se5eral times 4hen cautioning against using su0<ect pronouns, such as ben; sen; etc., in general.8 The follo4ing pair of sentences therefore do not mean e/actly the same thing: the first one has emphasis on OheH or OsheH in the -nglish translation. Lnun verdi1i yan&t& be1en#edi#: Jerdi1i yan&t& be1en#edi#: B didnHt like the ans4er he3she ga5e. The 3di1i sequence here indicates that the action indicated 0y ver., 4as done 0y some0ody 4e refer to 4ith the third person singular, that is: a OheH or a OsheH. Dho e/actly that OheH or OsheH is, must of course 0e kno4n from the conte/t; if not, 4e 4ould ha5e said something like: Qolitikac&n&n verdi1i yan&t& be1en#edi#: B didnHt like the ans4er the politician ga5e.

1age %+) Exercise ! Translate into -nglish. 1ay particular attention to su0<ects and o0<ects, that is: check carefully 4ho does 4hat in e5ery sentence. % AllahPm, SalPXtPQPm yer pistirN , E hiS giyinmediQim paltoyu 9elikeHye 5ereceQim. ) EturduQun e5i Sok 0eQenirim. $ ]alan kaset BeatlesHe 0en>er. & Bana 5erdiQin kita0a henR> 0aXlayamadPm. ( ?urakta 0ekleyen diQer insanlar da yakPndPlar. ' 6P>Pn 0ulduQu iXi se5er miM + ?edikodu yapmadPQPmP> tek kiXi sensinN * -ser ile e5lendiQi adamP tanPyor musunM %# 6onuXan kadPn kimM pis palto dirty coat durak yak&n#ak kaset tape Exercise " 1ro5ide the necessary case forms. The first item has 0een filled in already. "emem0er that the su0<ect of a relati5e clause has the geniti5e case marker, the one used for possession F3FnGin; see 2esson (, page *&8. Apart from that, you might need the dati5e 7direction to4ards, 3FyGe8, locati5e 7place 4here, 3de8, a0lati5e 7direction from, 3den8 or accusati5e 7direct o0<ect, 3FyGi8 cases for other nouns in the sentence. 7!or dati5e, locati5e and a0lati5e, see 2esson ); for the accusati5e case, see 2esson (.8 % Sen onlar ya>dPQPn mektup hiS ellerine geSmedi. Senin, onlara 70us8 stop to complain 3e ben*e#ek to 0e like something, resem0le

+al#ak to play 7e.g. tape recorder8

, Anneanne yaptPQP yaprak dolmasPnP Sok se5erim. ) Bu >eytin aldPQPnP> dRkkan hangisiM $ Ahmet sZylediQi XarkP 0iliyor musunM & Sokak karXP oturan kadPn 0en gRldRrRcR 0ir Xaka anlattP. ( 9aradona attPQP gol 0RtRn >amanPn en iyisiydi. ' FediQin ekmek 0eQendin miM + BRtRn ay aradPQPm hediye dRn 0uldum. el yaprak dol#as& ,aka 1age %+) Exercise ! Translate into -nglish. 1ay particular attention to su0<ects and o0<ects, that is: check carefully 4ho does 4hat in e5ery sentence. % AllahPm, SalPXtPQPm yer pistirN , E hiS giyinmediQim paltoyu 9elikeHye 5ereceQim. ) EturduQun e5i Sok 0eQenirim. $ ]alan kaset BeatlesHe 0en>er. & Bana 5erdiQin kita0a henR> 0aXlayamadPm. ( ?urakta 0ekleyen diQer insanlar da yakPndPlar. ' 6P>Pn 0ulduQu iXi se5er miM + ?edikodu yapmadPQPmP> tek kiXi sensinN * -ser ile e5lendiQi adamP tanPyor musunM %# 6onuXan kadPn kimM pis palto dirty coat 3e ben*e#ek to 0e like something, resem0le hand stuffed 5ine lea5es <oke kar,& g8ld8r8c8 gol across funny goal

+al#ak to play 7e.g. tape recorder8

durak yak&n#ak kaset tape Exercise "

70us8 stop to complain

1ro5ide the necessary case forms. The first item has 0een filled in already. "emem0er that the su0<ect of a relati5e clause has the geniti5e case marker, the one used for possession F3FnGin; see 2esson (, page *&8. Apart from that, you might need the dati5e 7direction to4ards, 3FyGe8, locati5e 7place 4here, 3de8, a0lati5e 7direction from, 3den8 or accusati5e 7direct o0<ect, 3FyGi8 cases for other nouns in the sentence. 7!or dati5e, locati5e and a0lati5e, see 2esson ); for the accusati5e case, see 2esson (.8 % Sen onlar ya>dPQPn mektup hiS ellerine geSmedi. Senin, onlara , Anneanne yaptPQP yaprak dolmasPnP Sok se5erim. ) Bu >eytin aldPQPnP> dRkkan hangisiM $ Ahmet sZylediQi XarkP 0iliyor musunM & Sokak karXP oturan kadPn 0en gRldRrRcR 0ir Xaka anlattP. ( 9aradona attPQP gol 0RtRn >amanPn en iyisiydi. ' FediQin ekmek 0eQendin miM + BRtRn ay aradPQPm hediye dRn 0uldum. el yaprak dol#as& ,aka hand stuffed 5ine lea5es <oke kar,& g8ld8r8c8 gol across funny goal

1age %+$
Exercise 5

;o4 translate into Turkish. Bf the first sentence looks familiar, 0ut you donHt remem0er 4hat from, look at the section on time.telling in 2esson ' again, page %%(. % The train that goes to Bursa. , The 0icycle that you got for your 0irthday. ) DhatHs that noise youHre makingM

$ The student 4ho li5es across the street is 5ery attracti5e. & Eur friends 4ho li5e in Britain ha5e 0ought a 0eautiful ne4 house. ( B 4as si/ the year that you 4ere 0orn. ;o4 try and guess 4hat the follo4ing 4ould 0e. Translate Oto 0uyH 4ith sat&n al#ak; not 4ith al#ak. ' The house 4e are going to 0uy. do1u# g8n8 g8r8lt8 0irthday noise soka1&n kar,&s& sevi#li across the street cute

Dialogue 2 /ok %ldm

$=# very sorry The ne?t day !ustafa runs into his old friends !eli e and "er*et on the bus( Last time he sa% them$ !eli e %as loo ing for a 2ob 9ASTA!A: Senin iX durumun nasPl XimdiM 9-2U6-: UXsi>im. 9ASTA!A: Tyle miM @ala 0ir Xey 0ulamadPn mPM ]ok R>RldRm. 9-2U6-: :a>etede ilanlara 0akPyorum ama, >aten iX 0ulmak >or 0u >amanlarda. BPktPm aramaktan. 9ASTA!A: @aklPsPn. S-"C-T: ?emin aklPma geldi: kP> kardeXimin SalPXtPQP 0Rro Xey arayordu, sekreter. Ustersen, ona telefon ede0ilirsin. 9-2U6-: Benim iSin yepyeni 0ir yol olacak. Belki telefon ederim. Belki de okula dZne0ilirim. Ama o Sok pahalP. S-"C-T: Belki seninle ilgilene0ilirler^Uyi 0ir sekreter olacaksPn.

1age %+& 9ASTA!A: Bilgisayar hakkPnda 0irXey 0iliyor musunM 9-2U6-: Sen deli misinM Firmi 0irinci yR>yPldayP>. Ta0ii ki 0iliyorum, 0ilmeyen 5ar mPM Senden 0aXka yaniM

9ASTA!A: Biliyorum 5allahiN Bira>cPk. Ama, haklPsPn, 0ilgisayar 0ilmeyen kalmadP neredeyse. 6eXke Xirketimi>de 0oX yer olsaydP. @a, 0u konuyu tekrar aSmayalPm^;e yapacaksPnP>M ]arXPya SPkPyor musunu>M S-"C-T: ]PkmPyoru>, diX hekimine gidiyoru>, 6P>PlayHda. 9ASTA!A: 6entin orasPnP iyi 0ilmiyorum. 9aalesef, 0urada inmem gerek. Uyi gRnler 5e 0aXarPlar, 9elikeN 9-2U6-: SaQ ol. !undaHya 0i>den selam sZyleN 9ASTA!A: SZylerim. :ZrRXRrR>N
Szckler

8*8l#ek ilan *aten b&kt&# F3denG b8ro aran&yordu sekreter istersen yepyeni ilgilen#ek bilgisayar
Exercise 6

to 0e disappointed ad any4ay BHm fed up 4ith^ office they 4ere looking for secretary if you 4ant 0rand ne4 to 0e interested in computer

y8*y&l bira*c&k neredeyse ,irket ke,ke di, heki#i di, heki# kent in#ek

century <ust a little 0it almost company if only dentist tooth doctor to4n to get off 7a 0us, etc.8

:o through ?ialogue , once more, paying particular attention to the tense endings. 2ist e5ery sentence or phrase under one of the follo4ing categories. Try to understand 4hy the tense endings 4ere chosen in each particular sentence. Bgnore the endings that donHt fit any category, thatHs those in &* karde,i#in b8rosunda ,ey aran&yordu; sekreter olacaks&n; and >lgin+ ol#u,. a ;ominal sentences, present tense 0 1resent tense on 3iyor c Geni, *a#an d 1ast tense e !uture tense

1age %+(
Exercise 7

:o through all dialogues youH5e read so far in this 0ook, and make a list of greetings and formulas you say 4hen starting a con5ersation, finishing one, responding to someoneHs polite or informal greeting, etc. Then suggest an appropriate greeting for the follo4ing situations: % Fou run into an old friend on the street. , Someone says ne haber to you. ) Fou 4ant to end a con5ersation. $ Fou 4ant to tell someone youHre pleased to meet her. & Fou 4ant to 4ish your friend good luck 4ith his e/ams. ( Some0ody 4ishes you a nice holiday 7youHre 0y yourself8. ' Some0ody 4ishes you and your partner a nice trip. + Fou run into a colleague you donHt kno4 5ery 4ell for the first time today.
Language point The past tense in +#i<

FouHre 5ery familiar 0y no4 4ith 3di; the 0asic past tense. But there is another past tense: 3#i,. The most important thing a0out this tense is that it is used to report on things that ha5e already happened 7it is, after all, a past tense8, 0ut that you didn+t see happen. -nglish doesnHt ha5e a separate tense for this; you simply add things like OB heard thatH or OapparentlyH. Turkish adds 3#i, to the 5er0 stem. This tense is often called the OinferentialH, 0ecause 4hen you use it you are reporting on an action or e5ent you ha5e inferred, as opposed to one you ha5e seen or e/perienced. Some0ody may ha5e told you a0out it, for instance, or you can see that it has taken place 4ithout actually ha5ing 4itnessed it. ?ialogue % in this lesson contained the follo4ing sentence: Eeral !li=yle evlendi1inden beri +ok de1i,#i,: 9eral has changed a lot since she married Ali.

1age %+' !unda used 3#i, here 0ecause she infers from 9eralHs 0eha5iour that she has changed; o05iously, she hasnHt actually o0ser5ed her friend changing. Just as you can use 3di after nouns and ad<ecti5es as 4ell, to e/press O4asH3O4ereH, you can add 3#i, to nouns and ad<ecti5es. @o4e5er, 4hen youHre doing this, youHre not necessarily implying past tense. The sentence +ok ucu*#u, can 0oth mean Oit 4as cheapH and Oit is cheapH; the important thing is that in 0oth cases it con5eys the OapparentlyH sense. The .#i, form is usually more polite: elbisen +ok g8*el#i, means Oyour dress is 0eautifulH, and is used 4hen you 4ant to a5oid sounding <ealous. 3he )orms There are no surprises here: 3#i,i# 3#i,i*

3#i,sin 3#i,sin i*

3#i, #i,lerC 3ler#i,

;B: The form .ler#i, does not occur often. 4se Bt is difficult to gi5e e/act rules for 4hen to use 3#i, and 4hen to use 3di; since often 0oth are possi0le depending on 4hat e/actly you 4ant to say. There are certain things in

-nglish 4hich can make you think 3#i, in Turkish. They include the follo4ing 7again, 4e do not recommend that you set out no4 to learn this list 0y heart; it is more important that you start to get an idea of 4hat is common to all of them. Ence youHre comforta0le 4ith the 0asic senses of 3#i,; you 4ill find it easier to interpret it 4hen you encounter it, and to use it 4hen itHs called for8: %. OAccording to^H 98k8#ete g0re bu sene iyi ol#u,: According to the go5ernment, this year turned out 4ell. ,. OBH5e heard that^H Buydu1u#a g0re Saliha=ya yeni bir i, tekli4 et#i,ler: BH5e heard they offered Saliha a ne4 <o0.

1age %++ ). O^must ha5e^H @u saatte >ngiltere=den ayr&l#&,t&: @e must ha5e left Britain 0y no4. $. OApparently^H @unu yap#ay& be1en#i,: Apparently, he liked to do this. @ebek bug8n +ok yorul#u,: 9e#en uykuya dald&: Apparently, the 0a0y 4as 5ery tired today. She immediately fell asleep. &. OBHm afraid that^H orkar&# ki Ulke ona inan#i,tir: BHm afraid that alke 0elie5ed him. B8n ak,a# 4a*la i+#i,i#: @ut8n g8n ba,&# +ok 4ena a1r&di: BHm afraid B drank too much yesterday e5ening. B ha5e had a terri0le headache all day.

(. OB guess^H !h#et=gil gel#e#i,: B guess Ahmet and his family didnHt come. '. ODell, 4ell,^H Lraya yaln&* ba,&na git#i,sin: Dell, 4ell, you 4ent there 0y yourselfN +. OFou 4onHt 0elie5e^NH @ana ne de#i,Fou 4onHt 0elie5e 4hat he said to meN ;B: This shade of meaning highlights one 5ery e/pressi5e use of 3#i,: surprise. ;ote that in this e/ample thereHs no question of hearsay: the speaker heard e/actly 4hat OheH said: 3#i, <ust adds the meaning that he canHt quite 0elie5e 4hat he heard. The speaker uses 3#i, 0ecause, in a 4ay, he takes the perspecti5e of the hearer, 4hom he e/pects to 0e surprised. *. OBt looks as if^H F#i, gibiG Ia1#ur ya1#&, gibi: Bt looks as if it has rained.

1age %+* %#. OB understand that^H !l#anya tekrar 4utbol kupas&n& ka*an#&,: B understand that :ermany 4on the foot0all cup again. %%. OThey say^H !#erika=da +ok *engin ol#u,: They say he got 5ery rich in America. All this may look like a da>>ling collection of uses at first sight, 0ut itHs really quite con5enient to ha5e a tense ending taking care of all these nuances, rather than all the

separate 4ords and e/pressions the learner of -nglish has to learn. Bf you can get into the ha0it of associating 3#i, 4ith things like uncertainty and surprise, you might <ust start seeing it as a 5ery con5enient aspect of Turkish.
Exercise 8

:uess 4hether the 5er0 in the Turkish equi5alents of the follo4ing sentences 4ill 0e marked 4ith 3#i, or 4ith 3di. Then gi5e the translations. 7Sometimes, 0oth are possi0le.8 % @e must ha5e told them. , Bt has rained here 7said upon arri5al8. ) And then the dog 0it her. $ !ener0ahSe easily 4on the match 4e 4ent to see. & B said to her B didnHt do it. ( She ga5e a nice concert, according to the papers. ' B guess B forgot. + ?id he call the insurance companyM * ?o you think he calledM %# Dhich num0er did you dialM &s&r#ak kolayca konser to 0ite easily concert +evir#ek unut#ak sigorta to dial to forget insurance

#$as%& #is% and #apparently is%: -mi versus -di

A0o5e, you sa4 3#i, used 4ith 5er0 stems to gi5e an alternati5e past tense to the one 4ith 3di. De ha5e seen that 3di can 0e used 4ith nouns and ad<ecti5es too, as in doktordu and hastayd&#. The same can 0e done 4ith 3#i,Yno surprises there. @o4e5er, 4hile 3di means the same thing 4hether itHs stuck on to a 5er0 stem or

1age %*#

on to a noun, 3#i, doesnHt. !irst the easy part: on a noun or an ad<ecti5e 3#i, still means OapparentlyH. The confusing 0it is that on nouns and ad<ecti5es 3#i, is not a past tense marker. Consider the follo4ing 5ersions of O@atice is a nice person.H 9atice iyi bir insan: 9atice iyi bir insand&: 9atice iyi bir insan#&,: 7SheHs nice, period8 7She 4as nice, 0ack 4hen, 4hen she 4as ali5e, etc.8 7They say sheHs a nice person8

So this use of 3#i, has more in common 4ith the normal present tense F9atice iyi bir insanG than 4ith the past tense. Fou say 9atice iyi bir insan 4hen you kno4 her yourself and you kno4 7or you 4ant to let people kno4 that you kno48 that sheHs a nice person. But if you ha5e ne5er met her, you can only ha5e it from hearsay that @atice is nice, so you say 9atice iyi bir insan#&,: Othey say sheHs niceH; OsheHs supposed to 0e niceH; Oshe appears to 0e niceH; OB hear sheHs niceH, etc. @o4e5er, the past tense meaning of 3#i, 4e encountered a0o5e 4ith 5er0 stems is possi0le, as long as some indicator of past tense, 4ords such as ge+en y&l; eskiden 7Oin the old daysH8, are used alongside it. !or e/ample: 7skiden 9atice iyi bir insan#&,: They say @atice used to 0e a nice person. 2ike 3di; 3#i, can also 0e detached from the noun or ad<ecti5e, 4hich is then follo4ed 0y i#i,; plus any endings of course. There is no 5o4el harmony in this case: Si* %ursen=in arkada,& i#i,sini*: Fou must 0e ;ursenHs friend. Exercise !ill in the right endings 0efore and after 3#i,; 0y paying attention to the rele5ant portion of the translation, gi5en in parentheses % Iap3VV; #a,allah- 7OEh, my :od, heHs done itNH8 , Ieterli tu* kullan3VV7OThey canHt ha5e used enough salt.H8 ) Ryu3VV7OB must ha5e fallen asleep.H8 $ L yabanc& de1il3VVburada: 7OShe is apparently not a guest here.H8 & Lndan #e#nun ol3VV7OThey 4ere pro0a0ly not pleased 4ith that.H8

1age %*% ( L *a#an evdeVV7ODas he at home at the time, as far as you kno4MH8 ' @u ne3VV7ODhat is this supposed to 0eMH8 + Iorul3VV7OFou must 0e tired.H8 * Buydu1u#a g0re sen d8n 4a*la g8ne,len3VV7OB heard you 4ere in the sun too much yesterday.H8 %# L #a+ tu* uyu#ak
Language point The past participle in +#i<

ayseri=de3VV7OThat match 4as apparently in 6ayseri.H8 salt to sleep 4a*la too much, e/cessi5e

Dhen you encounter a form that ends in 3#i,; you ha5e to 0e a4are of one use in 4hich it is not a tense marker. Bt also may 0e a past participle. Fou may ha5e noticed that 4e ha5enHt talked a0out the 5er0 system in terms of three forms, like 4e do in -nglish 4ith OgoH, O4entH, OgoneH. This is so for t4o reasons. !irst, 0ecause Turkish is much more regular. Bf you <ust learn the right markers for present tense, past tense and future tense, you can con<ugate any 5er0 you 4ant. Second, most of the uses of the -nglish participle 7OgoneH in the list a0o5e8 are e/pressed 0y the 3di and 3#i, past tenses in Turkish. @o4e5er, Turkish does ha5e participles, and they are used as ad<ecti5es: Oa missed chanceH, Othe 0ought ticketsH, Ochopped tomatoesH. They are third person singular forms on 3#i,. a+&r&l#&, bir ,anst& bi*i# i+in: Bt 4as a missed chance for us. Ieni toplan#&, el#ay& daha +ok severi#: B prefer freshly har5ested apples.
Exercise 10

"ead the follo4ing little te/t and then indicate 4hether the actions %K%) definitely happened or 4hether you can only infer that. % that the narrator ran into -mel. , that -melHs sister 4ent to last 4eekHs concert.

1age %*, ) that Ahmet 4as at the concert, too. $ that Ahmet li5es in :ermany. & that the narrator has forgotten the place name. ( that the narrator 7and someone else8 4ent for a 4alk in the park 4ith his dog. ' that the dog 4anted to go home. + that the narrator and -mel talked for a long time. * that it 4as 4et in the park. %# that AhmetHs 4ife is 4orking in a shop in :ermany. %% that at some point it suddenly started raining again. %, that -melHs sister and Ahmet had talked for a long time. %) that time 4ent 0y quickly last night. Bu akXam parkta kZpeQi ge>dirdik. @er taraf Sok PslaktP. -melHe rast geldik. 6P> kardeXi geSen haftaki konsere gitmiX. Ahmet de oradaymPXtP. AlmanyaHda oturuyormuX. 6entin adPm unuttum. Enlar u>un u>un 0era0er soh0et etmiXler. AhmetHin karPsP da AlmanyaHda SalPXPyormus, 0ir dRkkanda. Birden tekrar yaQmur yaQmaya 0aXladP. Bi> de u>un konuXtuk. \aman ne Sa0uk geSmiXti. -mel trene yetiXmek durumundaydP, doku>da ayrPldP. k0pek ge*dir#ek tara4 &slak u*un u*un u*un 3a rast gel#ek to take the dog out for a 4alk sohbet et#ek birden side 4et for a long time long, tall to run into 7alternati*e to rastla#ak8 +abuk yeti,#ek to chat suddenly fast to catch 7a train, etc.8

1age %*)

%, \engin olsam^
$4 $ "ere richV $n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ say something 4ould happen, if^ [ say that you 4ould do something, if^ [ use temporal clauses 7O4henH, O4hileH8 [ use signals to structure 4hat you 4ant to say
'f: conditional clauses

Bn the pre5ious lesson, 4e introduced su0ordinated clauses. ;o4 4e 4ill look at se5eral other types of clause com0ination. !irst, you 4ill learn ho4 to e/press if.sentences 7also called conditional clauses, since OifH e/presses a condition8. Fou 4ill find some in the follo4ing dialogue. Try to see 4hat these ha5e in common, i.e., 4ork out 4hat the conditional suffi/ looks like.
Dialogue 1 0en&in ol!am1

$4 $ "ere richV -n this dialogue$ Peynep and her husband 3usuf ha*e a Cuarrel about the state of their house( Peynep thin s their house desperately needs repair FASA!: Se5gilim, Sok saQlam 0ir e5imi> 5ar. Ustersek, 0urada yR> yPl daha otura0iliri>. \-F;-1: Bak heleN Fatak odasPnPn du5arlarPnda Satlaklar 5arN Aman, 0Zyle SRrRk 0ir e5de nasPl yaXaya0ilirimM

1age %*$ FASA!: 1eki, milli piyangoyu 5urursam, sana sPfPr, yepyeni 0ir e5 alacaQPm, gR>elim. \-F;-1: FalnP> kRSRk 0ir sorun 5ar, deQil miM Bir 0ilet almak iSin paramP> kalmadP. Sen iXini kay0etmeseydin, 0ir, iki, RS e5 0ile ala0ilirdin^ FASA!: @aklPsPn. ;e diyeceQimM

\-F;-1: Vunu diyeceksin: gelecekte 0ir iXim olursa, 0u iXi korumaya SalPXacaQPm^
Szckler

sevgili# sa1la# duvar +atlak +8r8k ya,a#ak #illi piyango

my darling solid 4all crack rotten to li5e national lottery

vur#ak to shoot; to strike, 8in this conte?t/: to 4in 7the lottery8 s&4&r sorun >ero 8here/ *ery ne%: pro0lem

koru#ak retain

Conditional clauses discuss the consequence of some e5ent. This e5ent may 0e hypothetical 7if this happens, then^8, or it may not ha5e happened at all 7if this had happened, then^8. Bn -nglish, the 4ord OifH is used to con5ey 0oth meanings. Compare: % BHll gi5e him some aspirin, if he feels ill. , B 4ould ha5e gi5en him some aspirin, if he had felt ill. Bn %, 4e donHt kno4 4hether he feels ill or not. De <ust speculate a0out 4hat could happen in the hypothetical case that he does, and if he is indeed ill, he 4ill get his aspirin. This type of condition is called an open condition/ the possi0ility remains OopenH 4hether or not some e5ent may happen. The implication in , is that he did not feel ill at all, so there 4as no reason to gi5e him aspirin. This is called a closed condition. The reason 4e mention this difference is that it matters in Turkish.
Exercise 1

% !ind the four conditional 5er0 forms 7OifH phrases8 in the dialogue. They all ha5e the suffi/ 3se 7or 3sa8 in common. , Dhich tense endings do the personal endings of the conditional remind you ofM

Language point 5>pen conditions6

The concept e/pressed 0y -nglish OifH, is e/pressed 0y the suffi/ 3sa 7or 3se8 in Turkish. Although Turkish treats open and closed conditions differently, 0oth share the 3se suffi/. !or open conditions, it is added to 3iyor; 3di; 3ar and 3ecek. The endings are the same as you use for the formation of the past tense on 3di:

3sa# if B 3sak if 4e

3san if you 3san& * if you

3sa if he3s he3it 3lars a if they

The suffi/ can 0e used in O5er0lessH sentences, 4here there is no 5er0 stem to add it to. Fou can <ust add it to the ad<ecti5e or noun. -nglish Oif he is readyH 0ecomes ha*&r3sa. Bn negations, you add the suffi/ to the negation de1il: Oif he isnHt sickH 0ecomes Osick not ifH: hasta de1il3se. Er take the formulaic e/pression vaktin var; Oyou ha5e timeH. Fou can also add the 3seC3sa suffi/ here: vaktin varsa Oif you ha5e timeH. Bf you study

this e/ample closely, youHll see 4hy the 3sa part is constant: the person marking is done on the noun vakit. Thus, Oif 4e ha5e timeH is vakti#i* varsa; Oif B donHt ha5e timeH is vakti# yoksa; and Oif !adime has timeH is Kadi#e=nin vakti varsa. !or this type of construction e/pressing possession, reread the part a0out the para# var type sentences in 2esson $, page ($. -/amples: 9asta de1ilse; niye toplant&ya gel#edi' Bf he isnHt sick, 4hy didnHt he come to the meetingM @ilgisayar& yoksa; ona beni#kini 0d8n+ veriri#: Bf he hasnHt got a computer, BHll lend him mine. The suffi/ starts 4ith 3y3 if the 4ord 0efore it ends in a 5o4el. This applies to nouns and ad<ecti5es, and to the past tense 3di; as none of the other 5er0 tenses end in a 5o4el. >yiyse; alay&#: Bf itHs good, BHll take it.

1age %*( 7vdeysen bana bir #ektup ya*Bf you are at home, 4rite me a letterN The suffi/ has to follo4 a tense ending, so that common sequences are 3iyorsa; 3&rsa and 3ecekse. The most common tense in conditional clauses is the geni, *a#an. !cele ederse#; trene yeti,ece1i#: Bf B hurry, BHll catch my train. @u d8kkanda yeni deri bir +anta al&rsan&*; c8*dan bedava verilirBf you 0uy a ne4 leather 0ag at this shop, they gi5e a 4allet for freeN R+a1&#a yeti,e#e*se#; otob8s ,irketini #ahke#eye verece1i#Bf B donHt catch my plane, B 4ill sue the 0us companyN endini iyi hisset#e*se; aspirin vereyi#: Bf he doesnHt feel 4ell, B 4ill gi5e him an aspirin.

An e/ample 4ith past tense 3di plus 3sa: Ioruldularsa; bi*i# yata1&#&*da yatabilirler: Bf they are tired, they can sleep in our 0ed. ;ote especially that the first person plural form is 3sak; not 3sa#&*. >ngiltere=ye gidersek; Corn"all=a u1rar&*: Bf 4e go to Britain, 4eHll 5isit Corn4all. o,#a*sak; yeti,e#eyi*Bf 4e donHt run, 4e 4onHt make itN Sometimes, mostly in 4ritten te/ts, the 3se part appears as ise; as a 4ord on its o4n. Bf it does, 5o4el harmony does not apply 7that is, ise is al4ays ise and ne5er sa8. The 4ord ise also means Oon the other handH, as in: Kat#a !nkara=da +al&,&yor; kocas& ise 7r*uru#=da: !atma 4orks in Ankara, her hus0and, on the other hand, in -r>urum. 2ehberi#i* Eusta4a ise; bu sandal ge*isi tehlikeli ol#a*: Bf 9ustafa is our guide, this canoe trip is not dangerous. Fou may start your conditional sentence 4ith or 4ithout the 4ord e1er OifH. There are t4o reasons for using e1er:

1age %*' % highlighting the hypothetical nature of the e5ent; , announcing that a conditional form 4ill appear later on in the sentence, in case the conditional sentence is a 5ery long one. -/amples: 71er gelirse; g0r8,ece1i*: -f he comes, 4e can meet. 71er yar&n Sevil si*i istasyondan al#ay& unutursa; l8t4en bana tele4on edin-

Bf Se5il forgets to pick you up from the station tomorro4, please call meN
Exercise 2

Turn these sentences into conditional OifH clauses, including 5er0 tense, as has 0een done for the first item. ?onHt 4orry a0out the main clause. % BRyRk 0ir Xehirde yaXPyorsun. BRyRk 0ir Xehirde yaXPyorsan,^ , Bu akXam !atmaHnPn partisine gideceQim. ) @er ya> trenle seyahat eder. $ Etogarda seni 0eklerim. & AkXamlarP annem 0ana 0ir hikaye anlatPr. ( 6ar yaQPyor. ' A0im mRhendis olmak istiyor. + Sorunu> 5ar. parti seyahat et#ek otogar
Language point 5Closed conditions6

party to tra5el 0us station

kar ya1#ak #8hendis

to sno4 engineer

After closed conditions you can almost hear the 4ord a#a or 4akat O0utH 7it didnHt happen8. Turkish again makes use of the suffi/ 3se here, 0ut 4ithout tense marking prior to this suffi/. Fou can, ho4e5er, indicate 4hether the closed condition itself refers to either the present or the past. Bf the past, you put the past tense marker 3di after the conditional suffi/. This means that the present

1age %*+ tense form consists of the 5er0 stem plus 3se plus person marker, as in: Ear#aris=e gitseler; bu k8+8k bal&k+& k0y8nun #onden bir sahil kentine de1i,ti1ini kendi g0*leriyle g0rebilirler:

Bf they 4ould go to 9armaris 70ut they 4onHt8, they 4ould 0e a0le to see 4ith their o4n eyes that this small fishing 5illage has changed into a 4orldly seaside resort. The past tense form is 5er0 stem plus 3se plus 3di plus person, as in: Tele4on etseydini*; yard&# ederdik: Bf you had called 70ut you didnHt8, 4e 4ould ha5e helped. As you can see in the pre5ious e/amples and in the ones 0elo4, the usual 5er0 tense in the main clause is the geni, *a#an; occasionally com0ined 4ith past tense. 9ore e/amples: Sen olsan ne yapars&n' Dhat 4ould you ha5e done, if it had 0een youM !nnesinin +ok hasta oldu1unu bilseydi#; yan&na giderdi#; a#aV Bf B had kno4n her mother 4as 5ery ill, B 4ould ha5e gone there, 0ut^ 9asta hissetse; aspirin veriri#: Bf he had felt ill, BHd ha5e gi5en him some aspirin. There is a small e/ception to the rule that the stem plus 3se type of clauses are al4ays closed conditions. Bf the main clause is, for instance, iyi olur Oit 4ould 0e 0etterH, the conditional part more or less e/presses a proposal, of the type ,i#di ne yapsak O4hat shall 4e do no4MH 7vde kalsan daha iyi olur: Bt 4ould 0e 0etter, if youHd stay at home. Baha sonra gelseni* iyi olur: Bt 4ould 0e fine if you came along later. Bn the e/amples of sentences 4ith open conditions, 4e sa4 the conditional suffi/ 0eing used in e/istential sentences 7such as vakti# varsa8 and O5er0lessH sentences 7such as iyiyse8. Bf you 4ant to e/press the equi5alent closed conditions, meaning Oif B had the timeH etc., you ha5e to use the 5er0 ol#ak.

1age %** Jakti# olsa seyahat ederdi#:

Bf B had the time, B 4ould tra5el. >yi olsayd& al&rd&#: Bf it had 0een good, B 4ould ha5e 0ought it. Fou can also use this form 7stem plus 3se8 for con5eying a 4ish, or rather something you long for. Dhat you do then is simply formulate the if.part 4ithout e/pressing the main clause. Mocuklar ye#eklerini bir bitirselerBf only the children 4ould finish their mealN Bf you 4ant to put e/tra emphasis on your lamentation, you may use ke,ke or bari; 0oth meaning Oif onlyH. Bn 4riting, 0oth usually appear at the 0eginning of a sentence, although they can also appear at the end. ]engin olsa# ke,ke@ari tele4on etseydini*Bf only B 4ere richN Bf only you had calledN

?onHt confuse the endings 3seydi 74hich is the past tense of closed conditions8 and 3diyse 7the past tense of open conditions8. There is a difference in meaning 0et4een gelseydi# 7Oif B had come^H8 and geldiyse# 7Oif B came^H8. 2ike4ise, compare bilseydi# and anlad&ysan in the follo4ing e/amples: @ilseydi# buraya gel#e*di#Bf B had kno4n B 4ouldnHt ha5e come hereN @ilseydi#- or e,ke bilseydi#-

Bf only B had kno4nN Bersi anlad&ysan; sorulara cevap verebilirsin: Bf you ha5e understood the lesson, you can gi5e the ans4ers.
Exercise 3

;o4 turn the sentences in -/ercise , into conditional sentences, using the form e/pressing closed conditions.
Crand newF

De sa4 in ?ialogue % that Fusuf 4anted to 0uy a yepyeni O0rand ne4H house for \eynep and himself. Ad<ecti5es and ad5er0s, such

1age ,## as yeni One4H, ba,ka OotherH, OdifferentH, te#i* OcleanH and #avi O0lueH, can 0e made stronger in meaning 0y dou0ling the first sylla0le and adding an e/tra 3#; 3p; 3r or 3s. yepyeni ba#ba,ka
Exercise 4

0rand ne4 completely different

terte#i* #as#avi

immaculately clean deep 0lue

Dhat do you think the follo4ing ad<ecti5es meanM k&pk&r#&*&; dosdo1ru; b8sb8t8n; bo#bo,; tapta*e ta*e
'eading te(t

fresh

The follo4ing te/t a0out the telephone shop Kaks Eaks 7O!a/es and stuff8 contains 5er0 suffi/es you ha5e not seen 0efore. Try to grasp the meaning of the te/t and then ans4er the questions.
Reklam

Son yPllarda TRrkiyeHde 0ir sRrR telekomRnikasyon ciha>larP piyasaya getiriliyor. Telefon dRkkanlarPnPn sayPsP artarken, TRrkiyeHde ilk olarak cep telefonu, modem 5e de SaQrP aletleri satan !aks 9aks, mRXteri Sekmek iSin SeXitli yZntemler denemeye 0aXladP. 9ilyar liralPk 0ir reklam kampanyasP aSan !aks 9aks, kendi dRkkan >incirinde en geliXmiX, en hP>lP ciha>larPn TRrkiyeHde en dRXRk fiyatlara satacaQPnP 0ildirdi. !aks 9aksHPn genel mRdRrR Ali BakPrcPoQlu O"eka0etSilerimi> hala TaX ?e5rinde yaXarken, 0i> en yeni ciha>larP satPyoru>. !iyatlarPmP> Sok dRXRk. Ama, sayPn mRXterilerimi> Sa0uk da5ranmalarPnP ta5siye ediyoru>. "eka0etSiler uyanPnca, ta0ii ki 0i> de fiyatlarPmP>P ona gZre deQiXtirmek >orunda kalacaQP>,H diye sZyledi. bir s8r8 ciha* piyasaya getiril#ek sayi a num0er of machine to 0e introduced on to the market num0er art#ak cep +a1r& aleti #8,teri y0nte# dene#ek to gro4, to rise 1ocket 0u>>er customers strategy to try

1age ,#% #ilyar liral&k *incir geli,#i, d8,8k bildir#ek genel

Exercise 5

of one 0illion liras chain de5eloped, ad5anced lo4er to announce general

rekabet+i ta, devir say&n davran#a

competitor stone period, age honoura0le to act, to 0eha5e

*orunda kal#ak to ha5e to, to 0e forced to

genel #8d8r8 general manager

% There are se5eral ne4 5er0 suffi/es in the te/t. Fou should already kno4 the meaning of getir#ek. @ere in the first sentence, it carries the suffi/ 3il. Can you guess 4hat that meansM , The second ne4comer is 3ken in artarken and ya,arken. Dhat might 3ken e/pressM ) !inally, you may ha5e found 3ince in uyan&nca. Dhat does it meanM
Language point The 5con,erbs6 +ince 5when60 5as soon as6 and +ken 5while6

Turkish does not ha5e con<unctions of the type e/emplified 0y O4hileH, OafterH, O0eforeH or O4henH. Bnstead, 5er0 endings are used to e/press 4hether something happened 0efore, after or at the same time as another e5ent. By attaching these endings to a 5er0 stem, a so.called Ocon5er0H is formed. OCon5er0sH carry no tense markers 7so, no 3iyor; 3di etc.8 or person markers 7such as 3i#8, the e/ception 0eing 3ken. Bn this lesson 4eHll look at t4o con5er0 endings: 3ince and 3ken. The form 3ince means O4henH, Oas soon asH, and 3ken means O4hileH. These meanings are not entirely temporal: 3ince 5ery often has a causal implication, 3ken may e/press a contrast 7as does -nglish O4hileH8. L1lan oyuncaklar& g0r8nce y8*u g8l#eye ba,lad&: As soon as the 0oy sa4 the toys, a smile appeared on his face 7his face started laughing8.

1age ,#, Moban uyurken koyunlar& ka+#&,:

Dhile the shepherd 4as asleep, his sheep escaped. &* okula gelince; arkada,lar&yla oyna#aya ba,lar: Dhen the girl arri5es at school, she starts to play 4ith her friends. &*lar oynarken; 01ret#en d&,ar&ya +&kt&: Dhile the girls 4ere playing, the teacher came outside. The suffi/ 3ince follo4s the rules of 5o4el harmony; 3ken; ho4e5er, remains unchanged. Dhen you use 3ken 4ith a 5er0, you ha5e to add a tense, generally the geni, *a#an. Therefore, it is uyurken and not something like uyuken. Both 3ince and 3ken may or may not ha5e different su0<ects. Bf the su0<ects are different, they should 0e mentioned e/plicitly. 9ore e/amples, first 4ithout a different su0<ect in the su0ordinated clause: Ga*etede bu #akale okuyunca +ok sevindi#: 7su0<ectbB8 Dhen B read this article in the paper, B 4as glad. Mal&,t&ktan sonra eve gelince du, ald&: 7su0<ectbhe8 Dhen he came home after 4ork, he took a sho4er. Televi*yonu seyrederken; kitap okuru#: 7su0<ectbB8 Dhile B 4atch tele5ision, B read a 0ook. endisini *orla kald&r&#a atan yaya elini havada sallarken araban&n ard&ndan S9ayvan heri4-= diye ba1&r&yordu: 7sub2ect bthe pedestrianbhe8 Dhile the pedestrian 4ho thre4 himself 4ith difficulty on to the pa5ement 4a5ed his hands in the air, he shouted after the car: OBdiotNH. And 4ith t4o separate su0<ects: arde,i# gel#eyince polisi +a1&rd&#: 7su0<ects: my 0rother, B8 Dhen my 0rother did not sho4 up, B called the police. &* karde,i# televi*yon seyrederken; ben kitap okuru#: 7su0<ects: my sister, B8 Dhile my sister 4atches tele5ision, B read a 0ook. Bn an article a0out Tina Turner there is this sentence containing t4o 3ken=s:

1age ,#) Sahne o kadar y8ksekti ki; basin #ensuplar& 4oto1ra4 +ekerken bu hatunun bacaklar&na 3 #etre a,a1&dan bakarken; hayranl&klar&n& gi*leye#ediler: The stage 4as so high that, 4hile the reporters took pictures and 4hile they looked from ) metres 0elo4 at the legs of this 4oman, they could not hide their admiration. bas&n #ensuplar& hatun hayranl&k reporters, mem0ers of the press 4oman admiration

By using 3ken; you can e/press a contrast, corresponding to a similar, specific use of -nglish O4hileH: o#,u#u* arabayla tatile giderken; karde,i genellikle u+akla seyahat ediyor: Dhile our neigh0our goes on holiday 0y car, his 0rother usually tra5els 0y plane. @8t8n aile#in buraya gelece1ini *annederken havaalan&nda sadece baba#& g0rd8#: Dhile B thought my entire family 4ould come here, B only sa4 my father at the airport. Exercise # Consider 4hether 3ince or 3ken is the most appropriate in the follo4ing: % askRdarHa giderken3gidince, yaQmur yaQdP. , askRdarHa gelirken3gelince, yaQmur yaQmaya 0aXladP. ) Sa> Salarken3SalPnca, 0RtRn sorunlarPm eriyip gider. $ TQretmen sPnPfa girerken3girince, ZQrenciler hemen sustu. & Tren istasyona 5arPrken35arPnca, tu5alete koXacaQPm. ( 9R>ik dinlerken3dinleyince, tele5i>yonu seyredemem. ' 1olis sahneye SPkarken3SPkPnca, ka5gayP seyredenler Sa0uk daQPldP. + Annem halk mR>iQi se5erken3se5ince, 0a0am en Sok ara0esk se5er. sorun pro0lem kavga fight

eriyip git#ek to melt a4ay, to disappear da1&l#ak s&n&4 tuvalet class, classroom toilet arabesk

to disperse OAra0.styledH popular songs

halk #8*i1i folk music

1age ,#$ Bt is also possi0le to use 3ken in O5er0lessH and e/istential sentences. ;ote that the suffi/ starts 4ith 3y if it follo4s a noun that ends in a 5o4el. Tra4ik la#bas& ye,il de1ilken; kar,&ya ge+e#e*sinAs long as the traffic light isnHt green, you cannot cross the streetN Baha gencecik bir tiyatro ya*ar&yken bana da usta yard&# etti: Dhile B 4as still a young play4right, the master helped me. Qaran varken; neden yeni bir ev sat&n al#&yorsun' Dhy donHt you 0uy a ne4 house, no4 that you ha5e moneyM A1ret#en okulda yokken; ders ba,laya#a*: As long as the teacher is not at school, the lessons cannot 0egin.
Language points

The follo4ing sections 4ill 0riefly discuss ho4 to say O4henH, O4ithoutH and O0eforeH.
Ahen

!irst, t4o 4ays of saying O4henH. Both make use of the 3di1i suffi/. Fou may need to re5ie4 2esson %%, to see ho4 this suffi/ is used in 0uilding relati5e clauses. !or e/pressing O4henH, you use this format: stemc3di1icpersonc3de or/ stemc3di1icpersonc*a#an !or instance, deva# etti1i#de means the same as deva# etti1i# *a#an: O4hen B continued^H. 9ore e/amples: Seksen ya,&na geldi1inde; y8*#e dersi al#aya ba,lad&:

Dhen he reached the age of eighty, he started taking s4imming lessons. Seb*e haline girdi1i#de sergilen#i, p&r&l p&r&l #eyve ve seb*eler g0*leri#i ka#a,t&rd&: Dhen B came to the 5egeta0le market, the sparkling fruit and 5egeta0les that 4ere on display made my eyes da>>le.

1age ,#& T8rkiye=ye d0nd8kleri *a#an b8t8n ko#,ular&n&n ba,ka yerlere ta,&nd&klar&n& 01rendiler: Dhen they returned to Turkey, they found out that all their neigh0ours had mo5ed to other places.
Aithout

Dhen you add 3#eden to a 5er0 stem, you ha5e the Turkish 5ersion of a su0ordinate clause 4hich e/presses O4ithout^.ingH. 9i+ bir ,ey ye#eden i,e gitti: @e 4ent to 4ork 4ithout eating. +al&,#adan sinav& hi+ ge+e#e*sin: FouHll ne5er pass the e/am 4ithout 4orking. Qara 0de#eden sine#aya gir#eyi ba,ard&: @e managed to sneak into the cinema 4ithout paying.
Ce&ore

De already sa4 3dikten sonra OafterH in one of the e/amples a0o5e 7Mal&,t&ktan sonra eve gelince du, ald& ODhen he came home after 4ork, he took a sho4erH on page ,#,8. The opposite is 3#eden 7or 3#eden 0nce8 O0eforeH, 4hich is placed after the stem. Since there are no personal or temporal markers, the conte/t must pro5ide you 4ith clues a0out 4ho and 4hen. Iat#adan 0nce; &l&k bir du, yapabilirsini* veya eksersi* yapabilirsini*: Before you go to sleep, you can take a luke4arm sho4er or you can do e/ercises. 9a#let >stanbul=da yeniden sahneye kon#adan 0nce; yir#i y&ll&k bir s8re ge+#i,:

Before )amlet 4as put on stage again in Bstan0ul, a period of t4enty years had passed. Trene bin#eden 0nce; bir bilet al#al&s&n&*: Before 0oarding the train, you ha5e to 0uy a ticket.
Exercise 7

Complete the follo4ing su0ordinate clauses 0y filling in the proper ending F3kenC3inceC3 #edenC3seC3di1i *a#anG. Add personal or tense

1age ,#( markers, if necessary. Bn some of the items, more than one ending may 0e possi0le. % Bin ```````` tren kalktP. , ?ur ```````` ilerliyorduk. ) Si>inle konuX ```````` iSeri girdi. $ Ekulda ```````` e5i yandP. & Tl ```````` oQlu yeni mRdRr olacak. ( @oXSa kal de ```````` ayrPldP. ' ?oQru ce5a0P 0il ```````` hemen sZyleyinN + SPkPl ```````` 0i>e sZylersin. ilerle#ek i+eri
Exercise 8

to proceed in, inside

yan#ak

to 0urn

Translate: % the hand that rocks the cradle , the spy 4ho came in from the cold ) if looks could kill $ if you lea5e me no4, you take a4ay the 0etter part of me

& 4ake me up 0efore you go ( 4ithout lea5ing a trace salland&r#ak be,ik casus bak&,lar
Con,ersation aids

to rock cradle spy looks

terket#ek beni# en iyi par+a#& uyan#ak i*

to lea5e someone the 0etter part of me to 4ake up trace

-5ery language has certain 4ords or idioms 0y means of 4hich you can structure your speech. These 4ords focus the attention of the listener on 4hat you are saying. Dhat you in fact do is help the listener understand ho4 one idea leads to another. !or instance, you may 4ant to point out that the things you are talking a0out happen one after the other, that is, in chronological order 7-nglish, Oand thenH, for instance8. Er you may 4ant to say that something happened before or at the same time. By using these con5ersation aids, you lead the listener to a 0etter understanding. They donHt fit into a single grammatical category. Bmportant functions of con5ersation aids are the follo4ing:

1age ,#' %. 9aking a ne4 start in the con5ersation 7or changing the su0<ect8: pekiCpekala hadiChaydi 9adi gideli#: %eyse; eve d0neli#: E6, 4ell 4ell, come on i,te neyse you see^. E6, 4ell then 7suggests resignation8

Qeki ne yapaca1&*'

E6, 4hat shall 4e doM Come one, letHs go. Dell then, letHs head 0ack home.

,. Saying more a0out or organising the speech in time 7e.g., 0y specifying the order of e5ents8: ondan sonra 0nce ilk 0nce ilk olarak 8stelik and then 0efore first and foremost first, in the first place moreo5er kald& ki hele ,u anda ,i#di deCda moreo5er 0ut first at that moment no4 on the other hand

Carious kinds of 5er0al forms 4eH5e seen so far 73#eden 0nce O0eforeH, 3di1i *a#an O4henH, 3dikten sonra OafterH8 also 0elong to this category.

L1lan a1a+tan d8,t8: Lndan sonra a#b8lans geldi: Lndan sonra o1lan hastaneye g0t8r8ld8: The 0oy fell from the tree. And then came the am0ulance. And then the 0oy 4as taken to the hospital. 9ele bavullar&#&*& a+al&#: 2etHs first unpack our cases. ). Adding a OmoodH to 4hat you say 7e.g. reinforcement, confirmation, surprise, frustration, dou0t8: art&k a#aV kiV ya de1il #i' acaba finally, 74ith negation: Onot any longerH8 0ut^7at the end of a sentence8 so 7frustration3an/iety3dou0t8 come on 7e/presses emphasis, reinforcement8 isnHt itM B 4onderM

!rt&k uyuya#&yoru#: B cannot sleep any longer. Sana *ah#et olur; a#aV BtHs a lot of trou0le for you, 0ut^

1age ,#+ @ana inan#ad& ki:od, he didnHt 0elie5e meN L kadar #utluydu# kiVB 4as so happy^N L kadar +abuk ko,tu# ki% ran so fastN Gelseydin ya-

Bf only youHd comeN G8*el; de1il #i' ;ice, isnHt itM Giri, nerede acaba' B 4onder 4here the entrance isM $. Summarising, generalising: k&saca; k&sacas& yani ancak yine de nas&l olsaV Lraya gir#ek yasakt&r: Iine de girdi: BtHs for0idden to enter that place. Still, he did. %as&l olsa; i, i,ten ge+ti: Still, it 4as too late to do anything a0out it. 7literally/ Othe 4ork passed the 4orkH8 &. 1ro5iding an e/planation: bu y8*den bunun i+in dolay&s&yla (. "eformulating: daha do1rusu ,ey Exercise in other 4ords, 0etter 4hat.do.you.call.it therefore, for that reason therefore, for that reason 0ecause, consequently in short so, that is to say^ 0ut still still, ne5ertheless still, in spite of all

"ead the dialogues from 2esson ( to 2esson %, and search for con5ersation aids. Try to understand 4hy speakers use these forms in particular situations.

1age ,#*

%) :eSmiX olsunN
Get "ell soon$n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ use the 5er0 Oto 0eH [ translate OandH [ e/press O0ecauseH [ string together coordinated and su0ordinated clauses
Dialogue 1 2%el iekler

%ice 4lo"ers !eli e and )asan$ %ho o%n a small hotel$ are at the reception des ( "he is finishing a phone con*ersation$ and he is tal ing to a guest %ho has 2ust gi*en them a nice bunch of flo%ers in appreciation of the good ser*ice @ASA;: BakPn, 9elike @anPm, se5gili konuQumu> 0i>e 0u SiSekleri getirdi. 9-2U6-: AllahPm, ne gR>elN ;iSin >ahmet ettini>M @asan Bey, lRtfen masanPn RstRne koyar mPsPnP>M SanPrPm ki 0u gRnlerde eskisine oranla sayPca daha a> ter0iyeli insanlar 5ar. @ASA;: Affedersini>, herhalde Znemli 0irXey yapmanP> gerek. ]arXPya SPkPyor musunu>M A"U! B-F: @ayPr, SarXPya gitmeyecektim, sadece yRrRyRXe SPkmak istiyorum Ximdi, 0irde parkta ge>eceQim. Ama, daha sonra hediyeler iSin alPX5eriXe SPkmalPyPm, yani 0u akXam SarXPya gideceQim. @ASA;: 1eki, 0eklemeni istemiyoru>, gR>el SiSekler iSin tekrar Sok teXekkRr ederi>.

1age ,%# A"U! B-F: Bir Xey deQil. 9-2U6-: 6endini>e iyi 0akPn. @oXSa kalPnN

A"U! B-F: :ZrRXRru>N 'fter he+s gone$ the couple remain at the des @ASA;: 9elike, telefonda kim 5ardPM 9-2U6-: 6P> kardeXimdi. Bana 0ir kita0P geri 5ermek iSin ZQleden sonra 0uraya uQrayacak. @ASA;: 6P> kardeXin nasPlM 9-2U6-: Eh, her >amanki gi0i, kocasPyla ka5ga etti, parasP da 0itti^;iSin gRlRyorsunM ?urumunu dRXRnN 8laughter: ]iSekler Sok gR>el ama, deQil miM Vuna ne dersinM @ASA;: Arif BeyHin iyi 0ir insan olduQunu sana dedim ya dRn akXam. 9-2U6-: ?oQru, 0ana sZyleyeceQin her Xeye inanPyorum artPk.
3%"kler

sevgili *ah#et et#ek #asa 8st8 oranla F3eG say&ca a* git#eyecekti#

Exercise 1

s4eet, dear to go to the trou0le

beklet#ek geri

to make someone 4ait 0ack to quarrel 4ith as al4ays think of her situationN last night

ta0le top compared to^ fe4er B 4asnHt going to go

kavga et#ek FileG her *a#anki gibi duru#unu d8,8nd8n ak,a#

#asan&n 8st8ne on the ta0le

% :i5e a 0rief account of 4hat transpires in this con5ersation. Ans4er at least the follo4ing questions: a. ?id the guest gi5e the flo4ers to @asan, to 9elike, or to 0othM 0. 9elike asks @asan at some point 4hy heHs laughing. Dhat, do you think, is the ans4erM And 4hat is 9elikeHs reactionM c. Dhat 4as 9elikeHs phone call a0outM d. Bs the guest going out to the shopping mallM e. Dhat is @asanHs opinion a0out the guestM

1age ,%% , @ere are some additional questions, meant to point out some useful 5oca0ulary: a @o4 does 9elike ask @asan to put the flo4ers on the ta0leM Can you think of other 4ays of asking the questionM 0 Dhich e/pression did you find for OB thinkHM c Dhat do you think is the difference 0et4een al&,veri, yap#ak and al&,veri,e +&k#akM d @o4 does one say OBHm 0rokeH in TurkishM e Bf you ha5e trou0le 4orking out 4hat ,una ne dersinM means, 0e a4are that the 5er0 is the geni, *a#an form of de#ek. f @o4 is OrightH, Oe/actlyH e/pressed in the dialogueM g Dhich ne4 formula for lea5e.taking did you findM Add it to the list you esta0lished in -/ercise ' of 2esson %%.
Exercise 2

There is one occurrence of the particle deCda in this con5ersation. Dhat does it tell you a0out its meaningM
Language point And

The particle deCda has 0een present in e/amples throughout the earlier lessons, starting 4ith this sentence in 2esson ,: 9e# de @uckingha# Saray&: And dBe e5en dsa4e Buckingham 1alace. Bn the 6ey to -/ercise ,, you ha5e seen deCda 7the form, of course, depends on 5o4el harmony8 translated as either OandH or OtooH, Oas 4ell, alsoH. Bt is not really a separate 4ord: it is pronounced as part of the 4ord that precedes it, so itHs almost like a suffi/ 7thatHs 4hy itHs sensiti5e to 5o4el harmony8. The fact that Turkish has different forms for e/pressing OandH may 0e confusing. The most -nglish.like is 5e, 0ut this option is not used 5ery much. A typical conte/t in 4hich it is used is 4hen youHre <oining t4o or more nouns or ad<ecti5es: G8*el ve te#i*:

BtHs nice and clean.

1age ,%, Another 4ord that is often used for OandH is ile; often in its suffi/ed form 3FyGleC3FyGla. Bts uses are similar to ve; e/cept that ile tends to 0e used more 4hen the t4o things it <oins form a unit. Bn the e/ample a0o5e, for instance, g8*el and te#i* descri0e t4o separate qualities of 4hate5er the sentence is a0out, letHs say a hotel room. Bt is nice and it is also clean. ;o4 take cases like OAli and !undaH 7assuming they are a couple8, O0read and 0utterH, or Osalt and pepperH: !li=yle Kunda=y& g0rd8n #8; +ar,&da' ?id you see Ali and !unda, in the centre of to4nM @akkaldan ek#ekle tereya1 ald&#: B 0ought 0read and 0utter at the grocerHs. Tu*la biber u*atabilir #isini* bir *ah#et' Could you please pass the salt and pepperM The third ma<or option is deCda. Bt is often used 4hen there is no clear <oining of things. Bt is equi5alent to the -nglish use of OAndH to start a sentence. Fou can al4ays use deCda to e/press -nglish OtooH. Bf you hear someone use it at the end of the sentence and you 4onder ho4 it could possi0ly mean OtooH, it is pro0a0ly used as an emphasiser, the other ma<or function of deCda. -/amples of each meaning: @ana da s0yle#edi@i* de onu g0rd8k: %e g8*el 4il#di de'nd he didnHt tell me eitherN De ha5e seen it too. Bt 4as such a 0eautiful filmN

Sometimes, deCda is a synonym of a#a: @u otel g8*el ve te#i* de; 4iyatlar 4elaketThis hotel is nice and clean, 0ut the prices are disastrousN
Inde&inite pronouns

% Someone Dhich 4ord is used to e/press OsomeoneH depends on 4hether the 5er0 is affirmati5e or negati5e. Bf affirmati5e, you use biri or birisiD if negati5e, you use bir ki#se.

OSomeone B kno4H is tan&d&1&# biriD Osomeone B didnHt kno4H is tan&#ad&1&# bir ki#se. The t4o other 4ords you need here are herkes; Oe5eryoneH and ki#se; Ono0odyH. Dith ki#se the 5er0 has to 0e negati5e, too. Alternati5es are hi+biri and hi+ ki#se:

1age ,%) i#seChi+biriChi+ ki#se gel#edi: ;o.one came. There is a su0tle difference 0et4een ki#se and hi+biri in that hi+biri presupposes a 0igger group, from 4hich no0ody came 7Onone of them cameH 4ould 0e the most accurate translation of hi+biri gel#edi8. , Ether The 0asic 4ord for OanotherH is ba,ka 74hich also means OdifferentH8. @o4e5er, 4hen you 4ant to say Othe other one7s8H instead of OanotherH, Turkish instead uses t4o different 4ords: di1erFlerGi; Othe other onesH, and 0b8r8; Othe other oneH. As a 4ay of remem0ering 4hich is 4hich, 0b8r 7historically8 comes from o bir; Othat oneH, so it normally refers to one thing. A couple of e/amples: !y,e ile !r*u konsere gitti; di1erleri ise evde kald&lar: AyXe and Ar>u 4ent to the concert; the others stayed at home. @a,ka bir tele4on var #& burada' Bs there another phone hereM
Dialogue 2 3en olma!ayd$n'

$4 it "eren=t 4or you"er an and #rol are discussing the day aheadQ their con*ersation soon drifts off into other topics -"E2: Eh, Ximdi aklPma geldi: akXama kadar gZ>lRkSRye gidip yeni gZ>lRQRmR almam gerekiyor ama 0ir iXimin olmasP nedeniyle gidemeyeceQim. S-"6A;: 9erak etme, 0en yaparPm. -"E2: Serkan, sen olmasaydPnN :eSen hafta gR>el 0ir gZ>lRk 0uldum, tam aradPQPm modeli. SRrekli arPyordum, 0ulamPyordum. ]ok saQ ol. 1arasPnP Zdedim. Belki formu doldurman gerekecek.

S-"6A;: BirXey deQil. Biliyor musun kime rastladPm 0u sa0ahM ;ecatN Ben merdi5eni SPkarken o indi, FPldP> 9erke>inde.

1age ,%$ -"E2: @ala BeXiktaXHta oynuyor muM S-"6A;: Eynuyor, ama oranPn en eski fut0olcusu 0u gRnlerde. ]ocukken 0en de sporcu olmak istiyordum ama,^ A>un yPllar antremanalara gittim, e5de de a> kalsPn her gRn SalPXtPm, 5e fena 0ir fut0olcu deQildim, ama eksikti. ?e5am etmek istemedim, 0PraktPm, onun iSin Ximdi !ransP>ca ZQretmenim. UXte, hayat 0Zyle derler ya. -"E2: ;e ya>Pk kiN BZyle Xeyler olur. ]ok dil 0iliyorsun, 0u da gR>el. @angilerini 0iliyorsunM S-"6A;: TRrkSeHyi 5e diQer TRrk dillerini, !ransP>caHyP, Ungili>ceHyi 5e UspanyolcaHyP 0iliyorum. FalnP>, Almancam Sok kZtR. Bir sayfayP yirmi dakikada ancak okuyorum. -"E2: U>mirHde 0ir tanPdPQPm altP dil 0iliyor: TRrkSeHyi, Ungili>ceHyi, UtalyancaHyP, !ransP>caHyP, T>0ekSeHyi 5e ]erke>ceHyi. S-"6A;: UnanmPyorum. Callahi, son >amanlarda T>0ekSeHyi 0ilen Sok 0uralarda, yani TRrkiyeHde, ama gerSekten 0iliyor muM @adi 0e, 0u kadar olma>. -"E2: ;urettinHle TRrkmenistanHdaydPm. Bu trenden indiQimi> andan iti0aren herkesle konuXtu 5e millet onu anlPyordu, 5allahi. Bir kere yaXlP 0ir amca 0i>imle konuXuyordu sonra Sok kP>dP, 0en korktum, ;urettinHe ne oluyor diye sordum, o da 0ilmiyorum, ama yanlPX 0ir Xey demiXim herhalde diye ce5ap 5erdi. 6oXtuk. ;e olduQunu hala 0ilmiyoru>. AslPnda Xahane 0ir Rlkedir, Turkmenistan. S-"6A;: Tyle miM -"E2: :erSekten, Sok gR>el. ;eyse, 0aXka >aman sana anlatarPm, Ximdi gitmem gerek. :Z>lRQR alPp getireceQin iSin Sok teXekkRrler. S-"6A;: Bir Xey deQil canPm. Tyleyse, RSte gZ>lRkSRye gideceQim. -"E2: ]ok iyi. AllahaPsmarladPk. S-"6A;: :Rle gRle.
Szckler

g0*l8k g0*l8k+8 gidip

glasses optician go and

neden s8rekli bula#&yordu#

reason for a long time B 4asnHt a0le to find

nedeniyle

0ecause, for the reason that

#erdiven in#ek

stairs 8here/: to go do4n

1age ,%& y&ld&* I&ld&* Eerke*i @e,ikta, antren#an sporcu eksik ne ya*&k ki>spanyolca say4a ancak tan&d&k >talyanca star Star Centre 7a foot0all team8 practice athlete not enough 4hat a pityN Spanish 7the language8 page 8here/: really acquaintance Btalian 7the language8 0yleyse A*bek+e A>0ek 7the language8 Circassian 7the language8 g8le g8le E6 then good0ye 7ans4er to !llaha&s3 #arlad&k8 !llaha&s#arlad&k :ood0ye bir kere yanl&, a#ca konu,uyordu diye sordu# al&p getirece1in one time 4rong 8here/: old man he 4as talking B asked youHll take and 0ring itibaren F3denG herkes #illet anl&yordu from^on e5eryone people they 4ere understanding

diye cevap verdi he ans4ered

Merke*ce

;B: Dhere names of languages are follo4ed 0y an accusati5e case marker in the a0o5e te/t, they are separated from that marker 0y an apostrophe. Sometimes 4e ha5e 4ritten this 4ithout an apostrophe. Some 4riters use the apostrophe in this case 74ith proper names it is al%ays used8 and some donHt. Bt is ne5er %rong to use it after language names. Exercise ! Are the follo4ing statements true or notM % -rol has ordered ne4 glasses from a store. , @e is going to pick them up himself.

) They ha5e already 0een paid for. $ -rol kno4s ;ecat. & ;ecat is a foot0all player. ( Serkan 4as a really good player once, he thinks. ' -rol teases him a0out his foot0all career. + Serkan speaks many languages, 0ut his :erman isnHt 5ery good. * Serkan dou0ts that many people in Turkey actually speak A>0ek. %# The friend in B>mir is called ;urettin. %% ;urettin hesitated speaking Turkmenian. %, ;urettin and -rol had a pleasant con5ersation 4ith an old man in Turkmenistan.

1age ,%( %) -rol has no idea 4hat caused the confusion. %$ Serkan is going to pick up the glasses at noon.
:uanti&iers) words like 5all60 5so#e6 and 5e,er$6

2ife 4ould 0e easy if there 4ere a clear one.to.one relationship 0et4een one 4ord in one language and one other 4ord in another language. Bt is relati5ely easy to gi5e the translations for concrete nouns and 5er0s, 0ut grammatical 4ords, such as prepositions or articles, sometimes ha5e to 0e translated using 5arious 4ords. Bt is often 0etter to understand the Turkish equi5alents relati5e to each other, rather than to pinpoint the most e/act -nglish equi5alent. The 4ords listed in the heading a0o5e, generally referred to as OquantifiersH, are typical e/amples. Some of these 4ords ha5e a pretty clear meaning; others need some illustration: bir +ok a* ba*& herkes hep bira* one many, much fe4 some e5eryone al4ays some, a little 70it8 b8t8n t8# her hepsi her ,ey bir,ey birka+ all all e5ery all, e5erything e5erything something some

bir+ok

a lot

bir s8r8

a lot

The pro0lem is, that for some of these concepts, there are alternati5e 4ays of saying it, and sometimes the conte/t calls for one of the alternati5es: only one is right, using the other7s8 4ould 0e incorrect. This is 4hat this section is a0out.
All

The difference 0et4een -nglish OallH and Oe5eryH has its uses in coming to grips 4ith the Turkish system. Bf you are not a4are of the difference, pause for a minute to consider the sentences O@e ate all the foodH and O@e ate e5ery 0ar of chocolateH. Dith OallH, you focus on the total mass of 4hate5er noun follo4s it 7e.g. OfoodH8; 4ith Oe5eryH you focus on the indi5idual elements 7e.g. O0ars of chocolateH8. O!oodsH is not Ocounta0leH, i.e. you cannot ha5e Oone foodH or Othree foodsH. But 0ars of chocolate are counta0le. This difference is rele5ant for understanding the difference 0et4een b8t8n and t8# 70oth mean OallH8 on the one hand, and her Oe5eryH on the other:

1age ,%' Oi#di ben b8t8n T8rkiye=yi davet ede#e# kiB canHt 5ery 4ell in5ite all of Turkey no4, can BM Oi#di ben her T8rk davet ede#e# kiB canHt 5ery 4ell in5ite e5ery Turk no4, can BM En the 0asis of phrases like her g8n Oe5ery dayH, you may ha5e already guessed that her; <ust like -nglish Oe5eryH, is follo4ed 0y a singular, not a plural noun. Bet4een b8t8n and t8# there is not much difference. De suggest you treat them as e/actly the same, so you can use either one. T8# ak,a#& d8,8nd8k: De 4ere thinking of the 4hole e5ening. @8t8n g8n yatt&#: B spent all day in 0ed 7literally/ B laid do4n all day8. Then thereHs hepsi; 4hich also means OallH. Compare the follo4ing sentences; you might 0e a0le to 4ork out 4hen to use hepsi. @unun d&,&nda b8t8n ye#e1i yedi:

Apart from that, he ate all the food. Mocuklar&n hepsi g8l8yordular: All of the children 4ere laughing. 9epsini yedi: @e ate it all. 9er ,eyi yedi: @e ate e5erything 7there 4as8. 9epsi and her ,ey Oe5erythingH mean pretty much the same thing; the difference is that 4ith hepsi you kno4 e/actly 4hat OallH refers to, 4hile 4ith her ,ey you donHt ha5e that kind of kno4ledge; the difference, that is, 0et4een Oall of itH and Oe5erything 7there is8H. 9epsi; 0y the 4ay, is deri5ed from hep; 4hich means Oal4aysH: Seni hep hat&rlayaca1&#: B 4ill al4ays remem0er you. ;ote that you canHt use hepsi or her ,ey 4hen you 4ant to use the 4ord in com0ination 4ith the thing it goes 4ith. !or e/ample, if you 4ant to say Ohe ate all the foodH, that is, if you 4ant to specify that itHs food youHre talking a0out, then you ha5e to use b8t8n. The difference 0et4een b8t8n and hepsi is similar to that 0et4een OallH and Oall of itH. The first is used as an ad<ecti5e, that is, 4ith a

1age ,%+ follo4ing noun; the second is <ust used 0y itself 7so, for Ohe ate all the foodH, you canHt say b8t8n8 yedi; nor hepsi ye#e1i yedi8. Choosing the right form for OnothingH is easier, since there is <ust one form 7really8: bir,ey 7possi0ly intensified as hi+ bir,ey8 plus negated 5er0: Lna Fhi+G bir,ey anlat#ad&#: B didnHt tell her anything. 5ome Fou ha5e learned t4o 4ords that e/press this: ba*& and birka+. De recommend you learn ba*& as ba*&V3lar; as it 5irtually al4ays co.occurs 4ith the plural ending on the

noun. This is not so 4ith birka+. But there is more. Consider the follo4ing sentence and try to think of the most natural 4ord to fill in the dots 4ith: Ialn&*Vet yedi#: B <ust ate a little meat. Fou may ha5e guessed that neither ba*& nor birka+ 4ould fit here, 0ut that bira*; Oa littleH, is the 0etter choice. FouHd 0e right. Fou use ba*& 4ith things you can count, such as, for e/ample, shoes or days, and bira* 4ith things you cannot count, such as meat or sno4. "emem0er ho4 this difference 0et4een counta0le and uncounta0le things 4as also important for the choice 0et4een b8t8n and her. The construction Osome of the^H is e/pressed 0y putting ba*&lar& after a noun and adding the geniti5e case 7the one used to indicate possession and 4hich is formed 4ith 3in or nin; see 2esson (8 to the noun. Bn the follo4ing e/ample 01rencilerin consists of the noun 01renciler OstudentsH and the geniti5e ending 3in. A1rencilerin ba*&lar& y8ksek bir not ald&lar: Some students got a high mark. 'uch, ma+y So far, 4e ha5e consistently used +ok for saying OmanyH or OmuchH. Fou can also use bir s8r8; 4hich means Oa rangeH, Oa great manyH, or Olots of, or bir+ok Sa lot=: @ir s8r8 dili biliyorken; hi+ bir *a#an bir yere git#e*: Although he kno4s a lot of languages, he ne5er goes any4here.

1age ,%* Fou can intensify this 0y adding the plural marker to dil; to gi5e bir s8r8 dilleri biliyorken; Oalthough he kno4s lots and lots of languages^H
Exercise 4

!ill in the 0lanks 4ith one of the follo4ing alternati5es. !or a more challenging 5ersion of the same e/ercise, co5er the alternati5es and try to fill in the 0lanks 4ithout looking. "emem0er to add any necessary case markers. +ok; di1er; her,ey; birisi; bir; a*; ba*&; hepsi; ki#se; bir,ey; her; b8t8n; herkes; hi+bir; bira* % Bikkat et- !yhanc&k 7Olittle AyhanH8Vduyur.

, @ence T8rk+eV*or: ) @uraya geldi1i# *a#an hi+Vyok: $ 9i+Vanla#ad&#: & Eerak et#e;Vi+in ayn&: ( Oi#diye kadar T8rkiye=deV,ey g0r#edi#: ' Vd8nya 4utbolu sevdi1ini pek iyi biliyorsun: + Vs&nav& bitirdikten sonra parti var: * !rkada,&#Vsonra bana tele4on edecek: %# @en ile !h#et trenle gittikDVarabayla gittiler: %% Ia,l& insan bi*lerden; gen+lerdenVbekliyorlar: %, Lndan sonra bu k&* daVa,&k oluyor 7Ofell in lo5e 4ithH8. %) Sorunlar&nVi+in bir +0*8# 7OsolutionH8 bulduk. %$ !li=nin onu yapt&1&naVk&*d&#: %& Oehri#i*de yeniVtiyatro yapacaklar:
>l#ak

Fou ha5e seen the 5er0 ol#ak Oto 0eH, Oto 0ecomeH, many times 0efore in this 0ook. Bt is time 4e tell you something a0out this 5ersatile 4ord. !irst, consider the follo4ing sentences, three of 4hich are taken from pre5ious lessons, and try to get a feeling for 4hat the 5er0 ol#ak means. % !#erika=da +ok *engin ol#u,: They say he got 5ery rich in America. , 9asta olursan; hap al&rs&n: Bf youHre ill, you take a pill. ) !* kals&n tra4ik ka*as& oluyorduThere 4as almost a traffic accidentN

1age ,,# $ Saat ka+ta orada olacaks&n' At 4hat time 4ill you 0e thereM & 2apora g0re hava s&cak olacak: According to the 4eather report, it 4ill 0e 4arm. Exercise ( Ll#ak cannot 0e left out of any of these sentences. Bn ,, $ and &, the resulting sentence 4ould 0e ungrammatical; in % and ), the meaning 4ould 0e different. Construct % and ) 4ithout ol#ak; and think a0out the possi0le meaning differences. Also note the follo4ing: in sentences $ and & ol#ak e/presses the future tense. Compare these future tense e/amples 4ith their present tense equi5alents: Saat ka+ta oradas&n' 9ava s&cak: Dhen are you thereM The 4eather is nice.

Bn the future tense, ol#ak is needed 0ecause there are no O5er0lessH sentences in that tense. Exercise # @ere are ten more sentences from pre5ious lessons, 0ut 4ith the form of ol#ak 0lanked out. 1ro5ide the right form. % Gec#i,V72esson %8 , Sa1V72esson %8 ) Sokakta bir ka*aVve he#en polis geldi: 72esson &8 $ Ee#nunV72esson %8 & 9i+ belliV72esson *8 ( @i* daha sertVdedi: 72esson %%8 ' %eV' 9adi; anlat bakal&#: 72esson *8 + @unun iyiVsan#&yoru#: 72esson &8 * Ie#ekleri +ok le**etliV72esson *8

Ll#ak is often used 4here you 4ould e/pect a O5er0lessH sentence. This is 0ecause such sentences are only possi0le in the present tense and in the past 4ith 3di or 3#i,. So you can say 7rol hasta O-rol is illH, 7rol hastayd& O-rol 4as illH and 7rol hastay#&, O-rol must ha5e 0een illH. But you cannot say 7rol hastayacak. Bnstead you use ol#ak: 7rol hasta olacak O-rol is going to 0e illH.

1age ,,% The suffi/ 3sa; 4hich means OifH, can also 0e added 4ithout ol#ak: 7rol hastaysa Oif -rol is illH. But in 5irtually e5ery other conte/t in 4hich you may 0e tempted to use a 5er0less sentence, it is likely that you need to use ol#ak. @ere are some more e/amples: @unu yap#&, olana ce*a verilecek: The one7s8 4ho did this 4ill 0e punished. @unun iyi bir 4ikir oldu1unu d8,8n8yor #usun' ?o you think this is a good ideaM Bn the first e/ample, bunu yap#&, olan means Othe ones 4ho did thisH, using the relati5e clause construction 7see 2esson %%, in case you forgot8. The final 3a in olana is a dati5e case marker 7see 2esson )8, 4hich is needed 0ecause the 5er0 ce*a ver#ek Oto punishH requires it. The person 4ho is punished is indicated 4ith this dati5e ending. The second e/ample consists of bunun iyi bir 4ikir oldu1u Othat this is a good ideaH 7using the su0ordinated clause construction, see$ again, 2esson %%8 and the 5er0 form d8,8n8yor #usunM Odo you thinkMH The final 3nu in oldu1unu is the accusati5e case ending 7see 2esson (8, needed 0ecause the su0ordinated clause @unun iyi bir 4ikir oldu1u is the direct o0<ect of the 5er0 form d8,8n8yor #usunM Exercise $ Translate % As it al4ays happens. 7use a su0ordinate clause 4ith 3di1i gibi; OasH8 , @o4 much should it 0eM 7use the 4ord olsun Oshould 0eH here8 ) Bn order to 0e a good student. $ An American firm has 0ecome the ne4 o4ner. & Fou 4ill 0e a 5ery good employee. ( That must ha5e 0een interesting. 7add 3dir to the form of ol#ak here8

' ?onHt 0e like thatN + That canHt 0e. * The man 4hose hair is 4et. %# Bf itHs necessary.

1age ,,,
Exercise 8

"ead this e.mail, and ans4er the questions a0out it. There is a translation in the key. Se5gili !unda, AmarPm iyisindir. 2ondraHda ha5a nasPl diye sormayacaQPm. 6esin iyi 0ir >amanPn 5ardPr. BugRn 0urada ha5a Sok gR>el, fakat tadPnP SPkaramayacaQPm, iXimi 0itmem gerek. Sana 0irXey sormak istiyorum. -Qer gRnRn 0irinde kita0e5ine uQrarsan, 0a>P kitaplara 0akar mPsPnM :eSen e.mailimde gZrdRQRn gi0i, Ungili> tarihi 0eni Sok ilgilendiriyor 0ugRnlerde. UstediQim kitaplarP milli kRtRphanede 0ulamadPm. !akat 0ir kita0e5ine uQrama fPrsatPn olma>sa merak etme, o kadar Znemli deQil. Bundan sonraki gelecek mesa<Pmda adPm 5ereceQim. BRtRn hafta sonu dinlenmek istiyorum. FarPn 6anadalP arkadaXPma, ?a5eHe, gideceQim. Enu iyi tanPyorsun, deQil miM 9aalesef, Xehrin dPXPnda oturuyor. Sen ne yapacaksPnM @afta sonu iSin planPn 5ar mPM AmarPm mR>ikallerin 0irine gitmemelisinN TpRyorum. 6amile
Szckler

kesin tad&n& +&kar#ak kitabevi g0rd818n gibi tarih

surely to en<oy 0ookstore as you sa4 history

dinlen#ek 4&rsat d&,&nda 0p#ek

to rest possi0ility outside to kiss

% Dhich fi/ed e/pressions are used for addressing, greeting and lea5e.takingM , Bs 6amile ha5ing a good dayM ) @o4 does 6amile ask !unda to do something for herM

$ Bs her request a forceful oneM & Bn 4hich li0rary has she looked for the 0ooksM ( Dhy is she asking !unda, do you thinkM ' ?oes !unda kno4 ?a5e, as far as 6amile kno4sM + DhatHs the Turkish for Ooutside of to4nHM * Dhat is 6amile talking a0out in her last sentence 70efore Ap8yoru#8M %# Are !unda and 6amile good friends, do you thinkM

1age ,,)

%$ SayPn ZQrencilerimi>in dikkat edeceQi hususlar

Eatters to "hich our respected students should pay attention $n this lesson you "ill learn ho" to: [ say 4hen something 4ill happen in the future [ e/press the 4ay in 4hich things are done [ link t4o e5ents that happen at the same time, or one after the other
Dialogue 1 4n-aat

Construction -n the follo%ing dialogue$ the mdr 8director: of a large irket 8company: is tal ing to the mimar 8architect:( The director is an?ious to no% %hen the building of a ne% office %ill commence 9a?a": 9imar Bey, Xirketimi>in yeni 0inasPnPn inXaatPna ne >aman 0aXlayacaksPnP>M 9U9A": ]erSe5eler teslim edildiQi gi0i 0aXlaya0iliri>. 9a?a": UnXallah kPXtan Znce olacak. 6ar yaQarsa ne yapacaksPnP>M

9U9A": 6ar yaQdPQP takdirde, yapPm ertelenecek. -rtelendiQ >aman, 0RyRk 0ir sorunumu> 5ar. -ndiXelenirim ki, o halde altP aydan Znce 0aXlayamayP>.

1age ,,$ 9a?a": !elaket olacakN @er gecikme iXlerimi>i Sok kZtR etkilerN Bu SerSe5eleri ne >aman PsmarlattPnP>M 9U9A": BsmarlatamadPm. 9a?a": 8loo s pu&&led: ;eden PsmarlatamadPnP>M 9U9A": Si> 0RtRn >orunlu formlarP doldurmadPQPnP> iSin. 9a?a": E >aman hepsini hemen doldurayPmN 9U9A": ;ihayetN @iS soracaQPnP>P >annetmedim. 8immediately hands o*er the paper%or : 9a?a": 8fills out the forms and signs: Vimdi daha ne kadar sRrecekM ]erSe5eler ne >aman teslim edilecekM 9U9A": Um>alP kaQPtlarP 0ugRn aldPQPmP> iSin, yarPn mutlaka teslim edilecekler^
Szckler

#i#ar in,aat +er+eve tesli# edildi1i gibi in,allah takdirde yap&# ertelen#ek endi,elen#ek
Exercise 1

architect 0uilding, construction 4indo4 frame as soon as they are deli5ered hopefully in the e5ent of making, 0uilding to 0e postponed to 0e an/ious a0out

o halde etkile#ek gecik#e

in that case to influence delay

&s#arlat#ak to ha5e something ordered

*orunlu

necessary

soraca1&n&*& that you 4ould ask s8r#ek i#*al& ka1&t to last signed paper

ertelendi1 *a#an 4hen it 4ill 0e postponed

2ook at these e/tracts from ?ialogue % and ans4er the questions:

% ,irketi#i*in yeni binas&n&n in,aat&naYDork out 4hat the suffi/es are and 4hat they mean. , ba,laya#ay&*YDhat is the suffi/ immediately after the 5er0 stemM ) i#*al& ka1&tlar& bug8n ald&1&#&* i+in; yar&n #utlaka tesli# edileceklerYDhat do you notice a0out the position of the 4ords bug8n OtodayH and yar&n Otomorro4HM

1age ,,&
Exercise 2

See if you understood the dialogue 0y ans4ering these questions: % Dhat effect 4ill the 4inter season ha5e on the 0uilding processM , Dhy ha5enHt the 4indo4 frames arri5ed yetM ) Dhat 4as the #i#ar 4aiting forM $ @o4 long does it take to deli5er the 4indo4 framesM
Language point 5Ahen6 in the &uture

FouH5e learnt ho4 to e/press -nglish O4henH in Turkish 0y using 3di1i *a#an or 3di1inde; 4hich refer either to things that happened in the past or to something 4hich is happening no4. !or future e5ents, ho4e5er, you use 3ece1i *a#an; in 4hich you pro0a0ly recognise the future marker 3ecek. The 3i is the third person singular possessi5e suffi/. So, literally, it says OitsH, OhisH, or OhersH, 0ut you translate it 4ith OitH, OheH or OsheH. !or other persons 7B, you, 4e8, use the appropriate first or second person markers. @ereHs a list of all markers:

Hstsingular 3ece1i# *a#an 4hen B^

Fndsingula r 3ece1in *a#an 4hen you^

Erdsingular 3ece1i *a#an 4hen he3she3it^

Hstplural 3ece1i#i* *a#an 4hen 4e^

Fndplural 3ece1ini* *a#an 4hen you^

Erdplural

-/amples: >ngiltere=ye gidece1ini* *a#an; s0*l818n8*u unut#ay&nDhen you go to -ngland, donHt forget your dictionaryN T8rkiye=de tatil yapaca1&#&* *a#an; si*e gelece1i*: Dhen 4eHre in Turkey for our holiday, 4eHre going to 5isit you. The form 3ece1i 74ithout *a#an8 is also used as the future equi5alent of 3di1i in 0asic su0ordinate clauses:

1age ,,( Say&n yolcular&#&*&n dikkat edece1i hususlar: 7te/t on a 0us ticket8 9atters to 4hich our respected tra5ellers should pay attention. @inece1i# tren hangisi' Dhich is the train B am to takeM @ekleyecekleri para hen8* gel#edi: The money they are e/pecting hasnHt arri5ed yet.
-dii zamans little cousins

By changing the 4ord *a#an in the 3di1i *a#an or 3ece1i *a#an 70oth meaning O4henH8 constructions into a num0er of other 4ords 7such as kadar OasH, gibi OlikeH or i+in OforH8 you can e/press other notions for 4hich -nglish uses separate 4ords. ?onHt forget that the final 3i in 3di1i OthatH or 3ece1i OthatH changes 4ith person. The follo4ing list gi5es a 0asic idea of the kind of forms 4e are talking a0out: 3di1i kadar 3di1i halde 3di1i gibi
Examples

as much as although as, as soon as

3di1i i+in or 3di1inden 3di1i takdirde

0ecause in the e5ent of

Tren ge+ kald&1& i+inCkald&1&ndan >ngiltere vapuruna yeti,e#edik: Because the train had 0een delayed, 4e could not catch the ferry to -ngland. Sana ya*#ad&1&#&* i+in bi*e k&*&yor #usun'

Are you angry 4ith us 0ecause 4e didnHt 4rite to youM @ana hi+ bir ,ey s0yle#edikleri i+in hi+ bilgi# yok: Because they didnHt tell me anything, B kno4 nothing. >stedi1i kadar tatl& yiyebilir: @e can eat s4eets as much as he likes. Mer+eveler tesli# edildi1i gibi ba,lad&k: De started as soon as the 4indo4 frames 4ere deli5ered. Si* b8t8n *orunlu 4or#lar& doldur#ad&1&n&* i+in: Because you did not fill out all necessary forms.

1age ,,' Boktor yapabildi1i gibi yapt&; 4akat yaral& ka#yoncuyu kurtara#ad&: The doctor did 4hat he could do, 0ut he couldnHt sa5e the in<ured lorry dri5er. Ia1#ur ya1d&1& takdirde; y8*#e yar&,#as& yar&na kadar ertelenecek: Bn the e5ent of rain, the s4imming contest 4ill 0e postponed. Giri, sinav&n& ge+#edi1i halde; 8niversiteye girebilirdi: Although he didnHt pass the entry e/am, he 4as a0le to go to college.
Exercise 3

Translate into Turkish: % Although the film star 4as offered a contract 4orth one million, she declined the offer. , Because the conference fee 4as too high, the students had to stay in an ine/pensi5e hotel 7use *orunda for Ohad toH; see for other constructions for Oto ha5e toH 2esson +, p. %)&8. ) 1lease, take as much as you need. $ Although Ahmet likes to complain, B ha5enHt heard anything from him.

& Could you gi5e me a call as soon as you arri5e at the airportM ( Because the train 4as late, B had to run to the theatre. ' Should the train 0e late, donHt 4ait for me. + Although the train 4as late, B made it in time to the theatre. * As soon as the train arri5ed, B ran to the theatre. %# Although B eat fresh fruit and 5egeta0les e5ery day, B caught a cold. %% As soon as 4e stopped eating fresh fruit and 5egeta0les, 4e caught a cold. %, OBecause you ha5enHt done your home4ork, B cannot continue 4ith the classH, the angry teacher shouted.
$ord list

sine#a y&ld&*&

mo5ie star

reddet#ek +ok

to decline too

bir #ilyonluk s0*le,#e a contract 4orth one million kon4erans 8creti conference fee

1age ,,+ ,ikayet et#ek ara#ak tatl& diye tuttur#ak ta*e

Language point -ki

to complain to gi5e a call pester for s4eets fresh

8,8t#ek ev 0devi k&*g&n diye ba1&r#ak

to catch a cold home4ork angry to shout

Ad<ecti5es and ad5er0s donHt take suffi/es, unless theyHre used Oas a nounH. !or instance, in the case of *engin ada#lar Othe rich menH the plural suffi/ comes after the noun ada# OmanH, not after the ad<ecti5e *engin OrichH. But <ust as easily, you might say *enginler Othe richH, 4hen youHll find 3ler after *engin. Bn this e/ample, *engin is used as a noun. Fou can also turn an ad5er0 into an ad<ecti5e: suppose you ha5e an ad5er0 bug8n OtodayH 4hich you 4ant to use as an ad<ecti5e, meaning OtodayHsH as in OtodayHs ne4spaperH. !or this, you use the suffi/ 3ki. Contrary to most suffi/es in Turkish, 5o4el harmony does not affect 3ki; e/cept after the 4ords bug8n OdayH and d8n OyesterdayH:

bug8nk8 bug8nk8 toplant& d8nk8 d8nk8 Oov TJ yay&#&

todayHs todayHs meeting yesterdayHs yesterdayHs Sho4 TC 0roadcast

Ether e/amples 4ith ad5er0s of time and place 7such as Otomorro4H, OhereH etc.8: yar&nki radyo yay&#& bug8nk8 ga*ete d8nk8 g0steri ,i#diki halde buradaki kitaplar tomorro4Hs radio 0roadcast todayHs ne4spaper yesterdayHs performance in the present state the 0ooks that are here 7Othe here 0ooksH8

2ike all ad<ecti5es, these forms can 0e used in O5er0lessH sentences, too. @o4e5er, they ne5er occur in Ad<ecti5ecbirc;oun constructions. Compare the forms on the right and left sides:

1age ,,* eski kitap d8nk8 g0steri eski bir kitap kitap eski the old 0ook yesterdayHs performance an old 0ook the 0ook is old ne5er: d+k bir gsteri

bilet ald&1&#&* g0steri d8nk8yd8 the performance for 4hich 4e 0ought tickets 4as yesterdayHs Analogous to *enginler; you can also use 3ki type ad<ecti5es as nouns: bug8nk8ler people no4adays

The suffi/ 3ki also forms ad<ecti5es from other 0ases: [ after a noun carrying the locati5e case marker 3de 7e.g. T8rkiye=de Oin TurkeyH8 [ after a noun or pronoun carrying the geniti5e case marker 3FnGin 7e.g. senin OyourH8 Before 4e gi5e any e/amples, try to 4ork out 4hat the forms in -/ercise $ mean. Exercise "

Dhat do the follo4ing mean: % seninki , Eusta4a=n&nki ) kale# 7OpenH8 si*inki #i' $ onlar&nki & T8rkiye C8#huriyeti=ninki The difference 0et4een these nouns or pronouns marking possession 7i.e. the ones that end in 3FnGinki8 and 4ords such as g8nk8 OtodayHsH, is that the latter 0eha5e as ordinary ad<ecti5es, such as g8*el OniceH or b8y8k O0igH, and possessi5e pronouns such as seninki OyoursH donHt. They cannot appear 0efore a noun 7as in Othe 0ig houseH8, 0ut only after a noun 7as in Othe house is 0igH8. g8*el bisiklet bisiklet g8*el g8*elFdirG the nice 0ike ne5er: be+imki bisiklet 7al%ays beni# bisikleti#8 ne5er: be+imki bir bisiklet beni#kiFdirG itHs mine

g8*el bir bisiklet a nice 0ike itHs nice

the 0ike is nice bu bisiklet beni#ki the 0ike is mine

1age ,)# b8y8k bina b8y8k bir bina bina b8y8k b8y8kFt8rG the large 0uilding ne5er: hkmeti+ki bi+a a large 0uilding the 0uilding is large itHs 0ig ne5er: hkmeti+ki bir bi+a bu bina h8k8#etinki the 0uilding is the go5ernmentHs h8k8#etinkiFdirG itHs the go5ernmentHs

As the final e/amples sho4, these nouns or pronouns can 0e complete O5er0lessH sentences 0y themsel5es 7for 3dir; see 2esson $8. !urther e/amples: A1ret#eninki 7or/ 01ret#eninkidir8 7itHs8 the one of the teacher3the teacherHs @eni#ki 7or: beni#kidir8 7itHs8 mine Lrhan=&nki 7or/ Lrhan=&nkidir8

7itHs8 ErhanHs Seninkiyi# BHm yours !li=ninkiler theyHre AliHs Bn order to understand in 4hat 4ay 3ki differs from simple geniti5e constructions, look at the follo4ing e/amples: @u bisiklet @8lent=in in de1il: BtHs not BRlentHs 0ike 7simply e/presses 4ho o4ns the 0ike, or, in this particular sentence, 4ho doesnHt o4n it8. @u bisiklet @8lent=inki de1il: This is not BRlentHs 70ike8N 7implies that BRlent has a 0icycle, 0ut this is not it8. 3ki is often used in com0ination 4ith a noun carrying a possessi5e marker 74hich, as you kno4, 5aries 4ith person8 and a geniti5e 7OofH8: ko#,u#u*unki ko#,ular&#&*&nki our neigh0ourHs, of our neigh0our our neigh0oursH, of our neigh0ours

The first e/ample consists of the noun ko#,u; the possessi5e marker 3#u*; the geniti5e 3un and 3ki. The other e/ample looks,

1age ,)% at first sight, a 0it more complicated. As soon as you notice the plural marker 3lar; ho4e5er, things start to unra5el: 3lar is follo4ed 0y the possessi5e marker 3&#&*; the geniti5e 3&n and 3ki. And to pro5e Turkish is an agglutinati5e language 7the property of adding 0its to 4ords to add shades of meaning8, case markers can 0e added as 4ell: !raba#&* eskidir: o#,u#u*unkinde ise hava yast&1& var:

Eur car is old. Bn my neigh0ourHs 7car8, ho4e5er, there are air0ags. 7vleri#i* ko#,ular&#&*&nkilerden daha k8+8k: Eur houses are smaller than those of our neigh0ours.

The latter e/ample contains the plural marker 3lerClar t4ice, 4hich is rare in Turkish. Bn fact, this type of construction 4ith 3ki is the only possi0le time 4here you can ha5e t4o similar suffi/es in one 4ord. The first one in ko#,ular&#&*&nkilerden refers to Omore than one neigh0ourH, 4hereas the second one e/presses that 4e are talking a0out Omore than one houseH. !inally, 4ords 4ith 3deC3da OinH, OatH, OonH can 0e follo4ed 0y the 3ki suffi/. Again, the result of the com0ination is an ad<ecti5e. evdeki hesap +ar,&ya uy#uyor the 0ill you dra4 up at home doesnHt apply at the market 7Turkish pro5er0, meaning Othings ne5er go the 4ay you e/pect them to 0eH.8 hapishanedekiler those that are in <ail, people in <ail 8st8#deki yorgan 78st8#de on top of me8 the du5et on top of me Exercise ( Translate: % people in the street , yesterdayHs child is tomorro4Hs gro4n.up ) donHt take my uncleHs, take mine $ doctors in hospitals are 0etter & lokantadaki ye#ekleri sev#iyor ( b8y8kanne#inkilerden daha pahal& ' istasyondaki tari4e ba,ka bir hareket saati ya*&yordu

1age ,), + ,arap tad&ndaki 8*8# suyu yeti,kin gro4n.up b8y8kanne grandmother

heki# a#ca or day&

'eading te(t

doctor uncle

tari4e hareket

timeta0le departure

"ead through the follo4ing te/t in its entirety. ?o not translate it 4ord for 4ord, 0ut try to get the gist of the story.
Sabahleyin erken arl$ in the #orning

-5de, annem 0RtRn gRn didinip dururdu. Sa0ahlarP ilk olarak kalkPp kah5altP ha>Prlamaya 0aXlardP. Sonra da, tam >amanPnda okula gideceQimi>e 0akardP. Ben 0ir gRn Sok erken kalkmalPydPm. Annem, kardeXlerimi uyandPrmamaya Z>en gZstererek O@adi, kalk, oQlumH dedi. SPrtPmP dZnerek OAma uyuyorum, anneNH dedim. !akat, Saresi>ce Rstelemeden RstRmdeki yorganP sPyPrPp attPm. OTamam, olur, anneNH dedim, gZ>kapaklarPmP kPrparak. Annem gRlRmseyen yR>Ryle 0ana dZnerek OAferinNH dedi. didin#ek 0*en g0ster#ek uyan#ak s&rt
Exercise 6

to 4ork hard to make sure that, 0e careful that to 4ake up 0ack

+aresi*ce ine5ita0le 8stele#ek to repeat, insist s&y&r#ak to take off, to sho5e a4ay g0*kapa1& eyelid k&rp#ak to 0link

Ans4er the follo4ing questions: % Consider dururdu; ba,lard& and bakard& in the little story a0o5e. These seem to ha5e a dou0le 5er0 marking. Dhich t4o suffi/es can you distinguishM , Dhy does the first.person narrator use these formsM ) And 4hy does he change into using simple past tense forms, such as dedi; dedi# and att&#M

1age ,))

Language point (pressing two si#ultaneous or consecuti,e actions

Bn 2esson %,, you 4ere introduced to t4o Ocon5er0sH: 3ince Oas soon asH and 3FyGken O4hileH, as in gidince Oas soon as he 4entH and giderken O4hile he is goingH. !or com0ining t4o clauses 4ith OandH, Turkish uses a similar construction. ?onHt 0e tempted to use ve or ile; 4hich are used to com0ine t4o nouns 7see 2esson %)8: !h#et ve ]eynep Ahmet and \eynep

Although it is not 4rong to use ve; a Ocon5er0H is the normal form to use. Bn the story sabahleyin erken a0o5e, this ne4 con5er0, formed 4ith the suffi/ 3ip; is used a fe4 times. Bt does not ha5e a tense, nor a person marker. Fou ha5e to mark the tense and person endings on the 5er0 ne/t in line. Bf you ha5e t4o 5er0s in a ro4, of 4hich the first one ends in 3ip; the tense and person markings of the second 5er0 also apply to the 3ip 5er0. This 3ip is the normal 4ay of com0ining and e/pressing t4o actions that happen at the same time, or right after one another. Bf this sounds a little a0stract, look again at these e/amples taken from the story a0o5e: Sabahlar& ilk olarak kalk&p kahvalt& ha*&rla#aya ba,lard&: Bn the mornings she 4as the first to get up 7literally/ she stood up as the first8 and started preparing 0reakfast. kalk&p stands for kalkard& Ust8#deki yorgan& s&y&r&p att&#: B pushed the du5et on top of me off and thre4 it a4ay. sPyPrPp stands for s&y&rd&# 9ost of the time 0oth 5er0s 7the one 4ith 3ip and the main 5er08 form a kind of conceptual unit, or they are t4o phases of one action. Common pairs are for instance: kalk&p gitti bak&p g0rd8 ka4adan silip att& kap&y& +ekip gitti kay&p d8,t8 he got up and left he looked and sa4 he put it out of his mind 7literally/ to erase from his head and thro4 a4ay8 he shut the door and 4ent he slipped and fell

1age ,)$
Exercise 7

"ead the follo4ing 5er0 sequences and find out for 4hich suffi/es the 3ip part is the replacement. % ]ocuk kalkPp kur0aQayP aramaya 0aXladi. , 6uXlar gelip 0ahSemi>deki aQaca konunca iyiydi. ) :idip dans oynayalPm. $ :idip 0enim annem 5e onunki gZrRXeceQi>. & 6oXup onlarP yakalarsam^N kurba1a dans oyna#ak
Exercise 8

frog

yakala#ak

to catch

to dance 7Turkish.style8

Translate the sentences from -/ercise '. -/pressions such as OitHs not clear if^H, OB 4onder 4hether^H, etc., are often follo4ed 0y a choice 0et4een a Opositi5eH and a Onegati5eH action 7OB 4onder 4hether he 4ent or notH8. This sort of thing is most commonly e/pressed 0y means of the com0ination of an 3ip 5er0 4ith the same 5er0 ending in 3#edi1i or 3#eyece1i 7that is, the negati5e forms of 3di1i or 3ece1i8. -/amples are: Gelip gel#eyece1i e#in de1ili#: BHm not sure if heHll come 7or not8. !yhan=&n bunu s0yleyip s0yle#edi1ini bil#iyoru#: B donHt kno4 4hether Ayhan said this or not. 3ip follo4ed 0y the the 5er0 dur#ak Oto standH has a less literal, more idiomatic meaning. Bt means something like Ocontinue to do somethingH or Oconstantly doing somethingH. !nne# b8t8n g8n didinip dururdu: 9y mother kept 4orking hard all day. S0ylenip duruyorsun: Fou <ust keep on yacking.

Banner o& actions

There is one more con5er0 you should kno4 a0out. This one, 3erek O70y8 doingH, denotes the 4ay or the manner in 4hich something 4as done. -/amples:

1age ,)& arde,leri#i uyand&r#a#aya 0*en g0stererek S9adi kalk o1lu#;= dedi: Taking care not to 4ake my 0rothers and sisters, she said OCome on, get up, my son.H Mal&,arak T8rk+e 01rendi#: B learned Turkish 0y 4orking. Ge+en ya* tatilini Kransa=da 8*8# toplayarak ge+irdi#: B spent the last summer holiday in !rance, picking grapes. I8r8yerek buraya geldi: @e came here on foot 70y 4alking8. Sometimes the 3erek part contains a reason. Qara d0kerek i4las etti: By 4asting his money he 4ent 0ankrupt. i4las et#ek to go 0ankrupt

The 3erek form of the 5er0 ol#ak Oto 0eH, Oto 0ecomeH is a fossilised form, usually translated as OasH: >lk olarak kalkt&: She stood up 7as8 first 7literally/ 0eing the first8. Garson olarak +al&,&yor: @e 4orks as a 4aiter. A1ret#en olarak Bo1u T8rkiye=ye g0nderildi: @e 4as sent to -ast Turkey as a teacher.

Exercise Translate these sentences. 7Bn the ne/t e/ercise you 4ill 0e asked to choose either the 3ip or the 3erek form of the 5er0 underlined.8 % Uki ko50oy atlarPndan indikten sonra silahlarPnP Sekip3Sekerek 0ir0irlerini delik deXik ettiler. , FarPXmacP gRlRmseyip3gRlRmseyerek sunucunun sorduQu soruya ce5ap 5erdi. ) @asta sPnPf arkadaXPmP>a uQrayPp3uQrayarak saQlPk durumunu sorduk. $ Tnemsi> ayrPntPlarP araXtPrPp3araXtPrarak deQerli >amanPnP kay0etti. & ?algPn komXumu> 0ugRn 0ayram olduQunu unutup3unutarak is yerine gitti.

1age ,)( ( 6orkan Socuk Zde5ini 0ahane edip3ederek diXSiyle rande5usunu ertelemeye SalPXtP.
Szckler

7;ot all of these appear in the :lossary at the end of the 0ook, as they are not all equally useful8 silah delik de,ik et#ek yar&,#ac& sunucu sa1l&k duru#u 0ne#si* ayr&nt&
Exercise 10

gun, 4eapon to fill 4ith holes contestant qui> master health condition unimportant detail

ara,t&r#ak de1erli dalg&n bayra# bahane et#ek randevu

to in5estigate 5alua0le a0sent.minded feast to use as a prete/t meeting, appointment

Choose 4hether 3ip or 3erek is the most logical suffi/ in the sentences a0o5e. 9ake sure youH5e checked the translation in the 6ey to -/ercise * 0efore you do this.
Language point Con,erbs

By no4, you ha5e seen four different con5er0s, each 4ith its o4n characteristics. T4o final remarks:

% Dhen you use 3ip OandH 3erek O0y doingH or 3ince O4henH, Oas soon asH, you ne5er add a present or past tense suffi/, 4hereas 4hen you use 3ken O4hileH, you al4ays ha5e to add one 7mostly the geni, *a#an8. , 3ip and 3erek al4ays ha5e the same su0<ect as the main 5er0 7and so are not unlike -nglish O.ingH forms8, 4hereas 3ince and 3ken may ha5e a su0<ect 4hich is different from the one in the main clause 7and are thus more like -nglish su0ordinate clauses8.

1age ,)'
Exercise 11

Translate these sentences. 7Bn -/ercise %, you 4ill 0e asked to choose 4hether to use 3ip; 3erek; 3ince or 3ken.8 % Ben 0unlarP dRXRnRp3dRXRnerek3dRXRnRnce3dRXRnRrken >il SaldP. , SPna5a geS kaldPQPnP anlayPp3anlayarak3anlayPnca 3anlarken montunu giyip3giyerek3giyince3giyerken sokaQa firladP. ) EcaQin ZnRnde durup3dururken3durarak3durunca, PsPndP. $ ?aktilosuna kaQPdP takPp3takarak3takPnca3takarken 0ir Xiir ya>maya 0aXladP. & ViXman adam tRm tatlPlarP yemeyi kesip3keserek3kesince3 keserken kilo 5ermeye SalPXtP. ( Femekten sonra 0ulaXPklarP yapPp3yaparak3yapPnca3yaparken yardPm etti. ' AmerikaHya 5arPp35ararak35arPnca35arPrken 0ana 0ir e.posta gZnderecek. + Anneler niye SocuklarPnP hep 0alkondan seslenip3seslenerek3 seslenince3seslenirken sofraya SaQPrPrlarM
Szckler

d8,8n#ek to think, to contemplate #ont 4&rla#ak ocak &s&n#ak daktilo ,iir <acket to rush fireplace to 4arm oneself type4riter poem

,i,#an kes#ek

fat to stop, to refrain from 7literally/ to cut8 to lose 4eight to 4ash the dishes e.mail to call out, to address dinner ta0le

kilo ver#ek bula,&klar& yap#ak e3posta seslen#ek so4ra

tak#ak
Exercise 12

insert in

Choose 4hether 3ip; 3erek; 3ince or 3ken is the most logical suffi/ to use. 9ake sure youH5e checked the translation in the 6ey to -/ercise %% 0efore you do this.

1age ,)+ Exercise ,! "ead through the follo4ing te/t, taken from a 0us ticket from a 0us company called as&rga O@urricaneH. Ase the 4ord list 0elo4 the te/t; again, there are quite a fe4 4ords here that are relati5ely unimportant, so you 4onHt find them in the :lossary. Besides the odd 4ord you donHt kno4, there 4ill also 0e some forms and suffi/es that you ha5e not yet seen. 9ake a list of things you donHt understand. "ead the translation in the 6ey, if you need. Then, ans4er the questions 0elo4. Say&n yolcular&#&*&n dikkat edece1i hususlar: %. SatPlan 0ilet geri alPnma>. ,. Bilet 5erildiQi gRn 5e saat iSin geSerlidir. ). Bilet alirken yanPnP>da 0ulunan 0a5ul, 5ali> 5e kutu gi0i esyalarPnP>P gZstereceksini>. -XyalarPnP> teslim edilip 5e teslim fiXine ya>PlacaktPr. $. Teslim edilmeyen 5e teslim fiXine ya>Plmayan eXya, 0a5ul, 5ali>, kutu, Santa gi0i Xeylerin kay0olmasPndan dolayP Eto0Rs !irmasP sorumlu deQildir. &. @er hukuk sorumluluk oto0Rs sahi0i aittir. (. Teslim fiXinde 5asfP 5e deQeri 0elirtilmeyen eXyalar kay0olursa, eXya sahi0ine 0ilet deQerinin iki kati oto0Rs sahi0i 5e XofZrR tarafindan Zdenir. '. Eto0RsRn herhangi 0ir ka>asindan doQacak sorumluluk 6ASB":A firmasina ait olmayPp, her tRrlR sorumluluk ka>aya kariXan oto0Rs sahi0ine aittir. verildi1i g8n ge+erli bavul vali* kutu tesli# edil#ek day of issue 5alid suitcase, trunk suitcase parcel to 0e handed o5er hukuk soru#luluk vas&4 de1er iki kat tara4&ndan <usticial responsi0ility characteristics, nature 5alue dou0le amount 0y

kaybol#ak

to get lost

kar&,#ak

to 0e in5ol5ed

Turkey has a 4ell.organised system of pu0lic transport: you can tra5el almost any4here 0y 0us. Bn order to understand this te/t, you should kno4 that most 0us companies do not o4n 0uses. Bnstead, they hire them from 0us o4ners, 4ho, in return for using the company name, pay a commission fee.

1age ,)* % Compare husus $ and &. Dho is responsi0le for lost luggageM , Dho is responsi0le in case of an accident 7husus '8M ) Throughout this te/t, you see some e/amples of clause com0ining. Bn husus ), 4hat does the 3ip in tesli# edilip stand forM $ Se5eral passi5es 7to 0e taken, to 0e 0ought8 occur in this te/t. !or instance, sat&lan; al&n#a*; edildi1i 7in husus % and ,8. So, 4hich t4o suffi/es are used for the passi5eM & Dhat 4ould dolay& in the sequence 3#as&ndan dolay& 7see husus )8 meanM ( Bn husus ' you see ol#ay&p. Dhich function has 3ip hereM Dhat does it stand forM
"ocabular$ lists

Bn order to cool do4n from the difficult e/ercise a0o5e, here are some easy and handy 4ord lists. Add these items to your 5oca0ulary and then proceed to -/ercise %$N

ocak Janua ry #ay& s 9ay eyl8l Septe m0er

,ubat !e0ru ary ha*&r an June eki# Ecto 0er

#art 9arc h t e## u* July kas& # ;o5e m0er

k&r#&*& red sar& yello4 kahver engi 0ro4n

ye,il green turun+ orange gri grey

#avi 0lue portak al rengi orange bo* grey

pe#be pink #or

Exercise 14

Translate: % B think e5ery month has its o4n colour 7;B: use ait O0elonging toO4ith dati5e caseH8. , January is 4hite. ) !e0ruary, as 4ell as Ecto0er and ;o5em0er, are usually grey months.

1age ,$# $ 9arch, on the other hand, is green. & !lo4ers turn April, 9ay and June into pink and 0lue. ( July and August are yello4 0ecause of the sun. ' Septem0er is orange and 0ro4n and ?ecem0er is either grey or 4hite. bence renk 3e ait according to me, B think colour 0elonging to dolay& F3denG 0ecause of 3a de1i,tir#ek g8ne, he#Vhe# deV turn into sun either^or

ise on the other hand Exercise ,(

Belo4, a num0er of items are listed. Try to make sets of four OrelatedH items. Ene set is formed 0y sabun; di, #acunu; t&ra, b&+a1& and g8n,ya1&; the last three of 4hich contain at least one part 7they are compound nouns8 that you kno4. Can you no4 guess 4hat they are and 4hat makes them a related setM etek kol diX macunu 0PSak tPraX 0PSaQP kol bat& sa0un gRneXyaQP 0acak doQu gZ> arm Dest 0atP gRney el0ise gZmlek ku>ey SaydanlPk tencere tiXZrt ayak ta0ak

1age ,$%

%& Si>e ZQretip ZQretemediklerimi>

The things "e could and couldn=t teach you $n this lesson "e "ill: [ sho4 you some other features of Turkish you ha5enHt yet seen [ gi5e you an update of some of the trickier elements of the language [ pro5ide you 4ith a num0er of 4ritten te/ts to impro5e your reading skills
Ahat else is in storeG

After %$ lessons, you may ask yourself ho4 much more there is to kno4 a0out Turkish. Fou can manage quite a 0it of con5ersation no4, and read the odd ne4spaper item. But there is more to Turkish than 4e can sho4 you in this 0ook. This lesson is a final attempt to sho4 you a fe4 of those things.
Language points Causati,e

The causati5e suffi/ is used to e/press -nglish Oto let 7someone8 do 7something8H: yap#ak to do, to make yapt&r#ak to let someone do3 make something

1age ,$, 0l#ek to die 0ld8r#ek to kill

As you see, this is e/pressed 0y the suffi/ 3t&r 7and 3tir; 3tur; 3t8r; 3d&r; 3dir; 3dur and 3d8r8. @o4e5er, some of the more common 5er0s ha5e a different suffi/, so they are 0est learned as separate 4ords. -/amples: anla3 to understand ge*3 to 4alk around bit3 anlat3 to make understand, to e/plain, to tell ge*dir3 to sho4 around 7also used in Oto 4alk a dogH8 bitir3

to finish pi,3 to 0oil kork3 to fear

to finish something pi,ir3 to cook something korkut3 to frighten

Bn the follo4ing e/amples, you see that the person 4ho is made to do something is marked 4ith the dati5e ending 73e; see 2esson )8: rali+e a,+&ya ak,a# ye#e1ini ha*&rlatt&: The queen had the cook prepare the dinner. !rabas&n& ya,l& ta#irciye ta#ir ettiriyor: @e has the old mechanic repair his car.
Exercise 1

Ether suffi/es 4hich are used to e/tend the 5er0 stem are 3i,3C3,3; e/pressing Oeach otherH and 3inC3n3; e/pressing OoneselfH. "ead these e/ample sentences and determine the 0asic form of the 5er0s: G0r8,#e#i*den sonra anla,t&k: After our discussion 4e understood each other. eri# y&kan&p giyindi: 6erim 4ashed himself and got dressed. 7rkek karde,leri# hep d0v8,8rlar#&,: 9y 0rothers al4ays seem to 0e hitting one another.
Colloquial #atters

De 4ould like to dra4 your attention to a num0er of features of the language 4hich you do not al4ays find in te/t0ooks. There are

1age ,$) some characteristics of colloquial, spoken Turkish that are reflected in spelling. !or instance, the tense endings are usually pronounced rather fast, and may not sound like you 4ould e/pect on the 0asis of the 4ritten forms. An e/ample is the the 3r3 in the iyor

suffi/, 4hich is normally not pronounced. Bnstead of korkuyor; you 4ill pro0a0ly hear Skorkuyo=. Sometimes you see this 4ritten as 4ell.
Exercise 2

:i5e the Ofull 5ersionsH of these 5er0 forms. % , ) $ & ( ' gidecem gidiyon ZQrenice> ya>cam korkuyodum geliyo diyo gideceQim

Similarly, the r is sometimes dropped in the 4ord bir; and the plural marker can 0e pronounced as 3ner: bi g8n for bir g8n bug8nnerde for bug8nlerde Bnstead of ile; the form 3nen is often used: babas&ynan for babas&yla
Double tenses

one day these days

4ith her3his dad

Throughout this 0ook you may ha5e spotted Odou0le tensesH, such as the 3#i,ti pluperfect in ya*#&,t& Ohe had 4rittenH. This tense indicates that something happened earlier than another e5ent. There are more of these dou0le.marked tenses, such as the Oprogressi5e pastH 3iyordu in gidiyorduk O4e 4ere goingH and the future past 3ecekti in hepsini anlatacakt&# OB 4ould tell e5erythingH. De 4ill not de5ote much time and space to them, as they are pretty straightfor4ard in form and meaning. Ether e/amples: %e de#i,ti# sana' Dhat had B told youM @8t8n gece +al&,&yordu: @e 4as 4orking all night.

1age ,$$

%eredeyse ayn& ayakkab&lar& alacakt&k: De 4ould almost ha5e 0ought the same shoes.
'eading te(t 1

"ead the follo4ing e/cerpt and try to understand the authorHs line of reasoning. Then ans4er the questions 0elo4. BirSok kiXi herhangi 0ir A5rupa Rlkesinde konuXulan dili is mini dRXRnmeksi>in doQrudan doQruya Rlkenin ismine 0aQlar: Ungili>ce, UngiltereHnin dilidir; !ransi>ca 5e Almanca aynP Xekilde !ransa 5e AlmanyaHnin dilidir. Bu kadar 0asit. !akat, 0u 5arsayPmdan yola SPkarsak hata yapmPX oluru>; diQer Rlkeleri 5e dillerini gZ>den geSirdiQimi> >aman 0irSok de5letin 5e dilinin 0ir olmadPQPnP hemen idrak ede0iliri>. BelSikaca, A5usturyaca 5eya Us5iSrece gi0i dillerin 5arolmadPQnP Zrnek olarak gZstere0iliri>.
Szckler

d8,8n#eksi*in do1rudan do1ruya basit varsay&#

4ithout thinking directly simple assumption

g0*den ge+ir#ek idrak et#ek varol#ak

to scrutinise to understand to e/ist

% Dhat does the author say a0out names of countries and languagesM , Dhich alternati5e do you kno4 for the 3#eksi*in suffi/ in d8,8n#eksi*inM ) Can you detect the typo in this te/tM
'eading te(t 2

"ead this 4eather forecast, taken from the internet 5ersion of the ne4spaper )rriyet 8%%%(hurriyet(com(tr:. Ustan0ulHda yaQmursu> $& gRn 7$& days 4ithout rain in Bstan0ul8 FaQPXsP> geSen $) gRnden sonra, Znceki gRn 9eteorolo<i tarafPndan 5erilen rapordan OsaQanak yaQPp 0eklendiQiH 0ildirmesine raQmen, Ustan0ulHda yine gRneXli 0ir hafta sonu yaXandP. BZylece Ustan0ulHda son ke> yaQmur yaQan %# Temmu>Hdan sonra, yaQPXsP> $& gRn geSti.

1age ,$& 9eteorolo<i, 0ugRn Ustan0ulHda ha5anPn parSalP 0ulutlu olacaQPnP, sPcaklPQPn da )# derece ci5arPnda 0ulunacaQPnP 0ildirdi.

7)rriyet$ ,$ AQustos %**+, 1a>artesi8

Szckler

sa1anak ra1#en civar

/ostpositions

cloud0urst in spite of surrounding

Bn the last te/t se5eral postpositions occurred Fsonra; tara4&ndan; ra1#en; civar&ndaG. Turkish does not ha5e prepositions. The equi5alents of -nglish prepositions are often case endings 7lokantada Oin the restaurantH, lokantaya Oto the restaurantH, lokantadan Ofrom the restaurantH8, or postpositions. T4o types can 0e distinguished: simple postpositions and more comple/ constructions. 9ost of the simple postpositions ha5e 0een 4ith us throughout this 0ook. Some of the simple postpositions require a case marker on the 4ord 0efore it; others do not: no case mar ing 8*ere no case mar ing or geniti*e 8after personal pronouns and bu, dati*e 60e7 u and o: on gibi ile i+in like 4ith for 3e do1ru to4ards 3e g0re

ablati*e 60de+7 3den 0nce 0efore after since 0ecause of

according 3den to sonra

3e in spite of 3den ra1#en beri 3den dolay&

;B: 8*ere also means Oin order toH The comple/ postpositional constructions are 0ased on 4ords that mean Othe insideH, Othe outsideH, Othe do4n sideH, etcetera. The most important ones are the follo4ing: ara alt arka ba, d&, space 0et4een underside 0ack close surroundings e/terior i+ 0n pe, 8st yan interior front space 0ehind top space 0eside

1age ,$(

These are follo4ed 0y a possessi5e suffi/ and a case marker. !or instance, the 4ord 8st OtopH, follo4ed 0y the third person singular possessi5e and the locati5e case 7place 4here something is; indicated 0y 3de8, 0ecomes 8st8nde. This means Oon top ofH. ;o4, if you 4ant to say Oon top of the ta0leH, you need to put this post.position after the 4ord for Ota0leH, 4hich is #asa. This 4ord must 0e suffi/ed 4ith the geniti5e case 70ecause of the possessi5e 383 in 8st8nde; this form literally means Oon its topH8: #asan&n 8st8nde Oon top of the ta0leH. @ere are the same 4ords again, 0ut no4 as complete postpositions; the case used is the locati5e, the one meaning OinH, OatH or OonH, as this is the one you 4ill encounter most often in these postpositions. @o4e5er, other case markers may sometimes ha5e to 0e used instead 7see pe,inden and 8st8ne in the e/amples 0elo48. ara alt arka ba, d&, i+ 0n pe, 8st yan space 0et4een underside 0ack close surroundings e/terior interior front space 0ehind top space 0eside aras&nda alt&nda arkas&nda ba,&nda d&,&nda i+inde 0n8nde pe,inde 8st8nde yan&nda 0et4een under 0ehind near outside in in front of after a0o5e, on ne/t to

9ore e/amples: Lnun pe,inden ko,tu#: !rka#&*da: @eni# yan&#da durdu: 7vinin 0n8ndeler: Easan&n 8st8ne koyExercise ! Translate: % SheHs in the house. , B 4ent into the house. ) DhatHs 0ehind this 4allM $ The film starts after the ne4s. & Four pen has fallen under the ta0le. ( ThereHs a garden 0et4een the houses. B ran after him. Behind us. @e stood ne/t to me. They are in front of the house. 1ut it on the ta0le.

1age ,$' ' Four 0rother is a good man <ust like you. + 2ike my older 0rother, B donHt drink 0eer. * The car is in front of the house. %# This car is too F4a*laG 0ig for our family.
Vocabulary

Ene of the things 4e 4ill 0e doing in this final lesson is pro5ide 5oca0ulary e/ercises 4ith 4hich you can practise your command of all the 4ords you ha5e learned throughout the earlier lessons. FouHll ha5e forgotten many of these 4ords; the e/ercises 4ill help your memory.
Exercise 4

Connect the opposites. % , ) $ & ( ' + * %# do1#ak pahal& ge+en gel#ek soru u*ak var geri +al&,kan 7Ohard.4orkingH8 a+#ak a 0 c d e f g h i < gelecek yok te#bel 7Ola>yH8 kapat#ak ucu* ileri cevap git#ek 0l#ek yak&n

Exercise 5

Connect the 5er0s on the right 4ith the direct o0<ects on the left. ;ote that some of the nouns are case.marked. % , ) $ & ders film indirim 0ulaXPk lam0ayP a 0 c d e yPkamak Salmak 0ulunmak piXirmek gitmek

( ' + *

SZ>Rm kart yer uykuya

f g h i

gZndermek yetiXmek sZndRrmek seyretmek

1age ,$+ %# %% %, %) %$ %& indiri# bula,&k Exercise # gitar SarXPya alPX5eriXe trene sZ> yemekleri discount dirty dishes < k l m n o 5ermek yapmak dalmak SaliXmak SPkmak 0ulmak

!ill in one of the nouns gi5en at the 0ottom in the follo4ing sentences. % ]ocuklar iyice^sZylRyor. , AyXe^yapmak iSin SPktP. ) ^SPktPktan sonra Sok yorgundum. $ ^silmem gerek ama istemiyorum. & EQlunu> o Znemli^geSti miM ( TRrkiyeHdeki tatil >arfPnda 0eX^aldPm. ' Feni 0ir ara0a iSin^0iriktiriyoru>. + Sordum, fakat^5ermedi. * Tnce lokantada yedik, ondan sonra kulR0e gidip^ettik %# Acele et,^kay0etmek istemiyoru>. %% Ustan0ulHda 0ir^0ulmak >or deQil. %, A0im TRrkSe 5e iki 0aXka^0iliyor.

%) Vimdiye kadar 0RtRn^doldurdunu> muM %$ Affedersini>, 0elki si> 0ana 0ira>^5ere0ilir misini>M %& Annem her gRn^almasP la>Pm. sil#ek biriktir#ek ,i#diye kadar #erdiven to 4ipe to gather already stairs ca# s&nav ila+ *ar4&nda 4indo4 e/am medication during

a kilo; 0 formleri; c XarkP; d dans; e merdi5ene; f dili; g camlarP; h 5akit; i sPna5P; < ilaSlarP; k taksi; l para; m alPX5eriX; n 0ilgi; o ce5ap

1age ,$*
"erbs that require a subordinate clause

;o4 that you kno4 ho4 su0ordinate clauses are formed 7see 2esson %%8, you are ready to learn ho4 to say things like OB think that^H or Ohe kno4s that^H. A momentHs reflection on the 4ay in 4hich these types of 5er0s are used in -nglish 4ill sho4 that they are all used in com0ination 4ith su0ordinate clauses. Bn OB think that he kno4s 0y no4H, Ohe kno4s 0y no4H is a su0ordinate clause. Turkish too com0ines these 5er0s 4ith su0ordinate clauses. Su0ordinate clauses come 0efore the main clause and the 5er0 often has the suffi/ 3di1i; the Turkish equi5alent of -nglish OthatH. The 5er0s 4e are concerned 4ith here refer to mental acti5ities, such as saying, hearing, 4ishing, kno4ing, 0elie5ing, thinking, telling, etc. They all tend to co.occur 4ith su0ordinate clauses 4ith 3di1i. The follo4ing sequences are therefore 5ery common 7the 3ni part in the first t4o e/amples is the accusati5e case suffi/ and 3ne in the last one is the dati5e case suffi/; they 4ill 0e e/plained 0elo48: VT3di1iniVs0yle3V VT3di1iniVd8,8n3V VT3di1ineVinan#a3V say that think that not 0elie5e that

Belo4 are some e/amples of these patterns. ;ote that the 3di1i3forms are normally marked 4ith case endings. This is logical if you consider the structure of these sentences. Take, for instance, a simple 5er0, such as al#ak Oto 0uyH. This can ha5e a direct o0<ect: the thing you 0uy. That thing, letHs say a 0ook, is marked 4ith accusati5e case, as in kitab& ald&# OB 0ought the 0ookH. A 5er0 such as d8,8n#ek Oto thinkH can ha5e a direct o0<ect too. The only difference is that al#ak normally has a simple noun for its direct o0<ect, 0ecause one 0uys a concrete thing, 0ut that d8,8n#ek typically has a 4hole clause for its direct o0<ect. This 0ecomes o05ious if you compare typical

-nglish e/amples of these t4o 5er0s: OB 0ought a 0ookH and OB thought that you 4erenHt going to come anymoreH. @o4e5er, Turkish sees 0oth Othe 0ookH and Othat you 4erenHt going to come anymoreH as the direct o0<ects of O0oughtH and OthoughtH, respecti5ely. That means they 0oth need to 0e marked 4ith the accusati5e case suffi/, the case marker that is used for direct o0<ects 7see 2esson (8. To 0uild up the sentence OB think that he has done itH, you go through the follo4ing steps:

1age ,&# "tep H/ first form the clause Ohe has done itH: o yapt& "tep F/ turn it into a su0ordinate clause 7adding 3di1i to the 5er0 stem and the geniti5e case suffi/ to the su0<ect; see 2esson %%8: onun yapt&1& "tep E/ add OB thinkH: onun yapt&1& d8,8n8yoru# "tep R/ add the accusati5e case suffi/: onun yapt&1&n& d8,8n8yoru# -5erything said here a0out adding the accusati5e case suffi/ 7Step $8 applies in e/actly the same 4ay 4hen a particular 5er0 requires a dati5e case suffi/. The 5er0 inan#ak Oto 0elie5eH, for instance, requires OmeH in OBelie5e meH to 0e in the dati5e form: bana inan- So, in 0uilding up the Turkish for OB donHt 0elie5e that he has done itH, the same steps are follo4ed: "tep H/ first form the clause Ohe has done itH: o yapt& "tep F/ turn it into a su0ordinate clause 7adding 3di1i to the 5er0 stem and the geniti5e case suffi/ to the su0<ect; see 2esson %%8: onun yapt&1& "tep E/ add OB donHt 0elie5eH: onun yapt&1& inan#&yoru# "tep R/ add the dati5e case suffi/: onun yapt&1&na inan#&yoru# Bn the e/amples a0o5e, 3di1i forms 4ere not follo4ed 0y a noun. Consider again the follo4ing pair: Ge+en ak,a# televi*yonda seyretti1i#i* progra#& +ok be1endi#: B lo5ed that programme 4e sa4 on TC last night. Senin bira* deli oldu1unu herkes bilir:

-5ery0ody kno4s that youHre a 0it cra>y. 7OThat you are cra>y, e5ery0ody kno4sH8 Bn the first sentence the clause 4ith 3di1i is a relati5e clause that goes 4ith the noun progra#D in the second sentence it is a su0ordinate clause that goes 4ith the 5er0 bilir. This second structure is also used 4hen the main clause is a O5er0lessH sentence, i.e. 4here the -nglish equi5alent 4ould ha5e a form of Oto 0eH: Lnlar&n gelecekleri kesin: Iapt&1&n +ok g8*eldi: BtHs certain that they 4ill come. 7OThat they 4ill come, is certainH8 Dhat you did 4as 5ery nice.

1age ,&%
Exercise 7

Translate: % ?id you kno4 that B like pop musicM , B told her that B did it. ) Bs this 4hat you 4antM $ B couldnHt understand 4hat the politician 4as saying. & @e doesnHt 0elie5e that B lo5e him. ( Congratulations, B ha5e heard that you ha5e found a ne4 <o0N ' Fou should thank them for coming. + @e told me that he graduated. * Dhat the museum sho4ed in their Can :ogh e/hi0ition 4as 5ery interesting. %# BHm fed up 4ith his 0eha5iourN pop #8*i1i politikac& #e*un ol#ak F3denG tebrikler-; tebrik ederi#pop music politician to graduate congratulationsN sergi davran&, b&kt&# F3denG e/hi0ition 0eha5iour BHm fed up 4ith

Diye

This is a 5ery common 4ord in Turkish, literally meaning OsayingH, 0ut often meaning O0ecauseH. Bt is useful for you as a learner, 0ecause you can use it once in a 4hile instead of a more comple/ su0ordinated clause. Dhen 0uilding a sentence 4ith diye; you start 4ith the clause that 4ould follo4 O0ecauseH in the -nglish equi5alent, so you use the familiar order of things in Turkish. This first clause is a normal sentence, that is, complete 4ith 5er0 tense and person endings. !ollo4 this 4ith diye and then add the main clause 7the part you 4ould start out 4ith in -nglish8. 2etHs say you 4ant to e/plain 4hy your friend, 4ho is a 0ig :alatasaray fan, a so.called OCim0omluH, seems so happy. Dhat you 4ant to do is 0uild up the sentence according to the a0o5e plan: O:alatasaray 0eat BeXiktaXH 0ecomes Galatasaray @e,ikta,& yendiV Add diye: Galatasaray @e,ikta,& yendi diyeV And then OheHs laughingH: Galatasaray @e,ikta,& yendi diye g8l8yor:

1age ,&, Some more e/amples: ar&# tekrar arkada,lar&n& *iyaret et#ek istiyor diye kavga ediyoru*: DeHre arguing 0ecause my 4ife 4anted to go and 5isit her friends again. Iak&nda sava, +&kacak diye o 8lkeye ger+ekten git#ek iste#iyor: Because thereHs a 4ar in the area, he really doesnHt 4ant to go to that place. 2iterally, diye means OsayingH, so itHs a form of de#ek. The origin of its use lies in constructions of the sort Ohe goes there often, he says 7saying8 he likes that kind of musicH. This 4ay of e/pressing O0ecauseH may sound a little 4eird for -nglish.speakers 0ut is really fairly common among the 4orldHs languages. The 4ord diye com0ines 4ith other 4ords that refer to some 4ay of saying something 7though not 4ith de#ek itself8 to yield the Turkish equi5alents of 4ords like Oans4eredH, OshoutedH, OaskedH etc. The 4ord 4ith the more specific meaning follo4s diye and it contains the tense and person endings. So letHs say you 4ant to say OB ans4ered fthat 4ould 0e 0ettergH, then you start out 4ith the quote 7Step %8, then you add diye 7Step ,8, and then you add the 4ord for OB ans4eredH 7Step )8.

"tep H/ SL daha iyi olur= "tep F/ SL daha iyi olur= diye "tep E/ SL daha iyi olur= diye cevap verdi#: Similarly, for OB complained that B 4as 0rokeH: "tep H/ Qara# bitti "tep F/ Qara# bitti diye "tep E/ Qara# bitti diye yak&nd&#: Fou can then follo4 this 4ith a ne4 clause, if you 4ish, such as in: Qara# bitti diye yak&nd&#; S0ne#li de1il; biletini ben 0deri#= dedi: B complained that B 4as 0roke, so he said OdonHt 4orry, BHll pay for your ticketH.

1age ,&) Though diye cannot com0ine 4ith dedi and other forms of de#ek; it does com0ine 4ith its near synonym s0yle#ek; for instance in delisin diye s0yledi Ohe said fyouHre cra>ygH. Dithout it, s0yle#ek com0ines 4ith su0ordinated clauses, as in the first e/ample 0elo4. The O5er0s of sayingH that com0ine 4ith diye include a fe4 that you may0e didnHt e/pect, like ya*#ak and #erak et#ek; Oto 4onder a0out somethingH: @urada +ok sevdi1ini bana s0yledi: @e told me he really en<oyed it here. 71iti#ini gelecek sene bitirecek diye ya*d&: She 4rote that she 4ould finish her studies ne/t year. L soruya ne cevap verecek diye #erak ediyoru#: B 4onder 4hat he 4ill ans4er to that question. Biye and se5eral other 4ords can 0e used for short ans4ers of the type O0ecause B donHt 4ant toH: %iye T8rk+e 01reniyorsunu*'

Dhy are you learning TurkishM Si*lerle konu,abil#ek istiyoru# diye: Because B 4ant to 0e a0le to speak 4ith you. Ether useful 4ords are i+in Oin order toH and onun i+in OthatHs 4hyH. The ans4er to the a0o5e question could also ha5e 0een: Si*lerle konu,abil#ek i+in: Bn order to 0e a0le to speak 4ith you. Si*lerle konu,abil#ek istiyoru#: Lnun i+in T8rk+e 01reniyoru#: B 4ant to 0e a0le to speak 4ith you. ThatHs 4hy BHm learning Turkish. Ether e/amples: @ug8nk8 ga*eteyi okudu#: Lnun i+in art&k biliyoru#: B read todayHs paper. ThatHs 4hy B kno4 already. %iye iyi de1ilsin' >,si*i# diye: Dhy arenHt things going so 4ellM Because BHm unemployed.

1age ,&$
Two words0 one #eaning

!or '& years there has 0een a kind of language 0attle going on a0out Turkish 5oca0ulary, set in motion after AtatRrk started his language reform in order to OpurifyH or to OturkifyH the Turkish language 7see the "eading te/t in 2esson )8. @is purpose 4as to get rid of most Ara0ic and 1ersian OloansH and constructions 0y replacing them 4ith 0* T8rk+e OrealH Turkish 4ords. These real Turkish 4ords 4ere 4ords 4ith a Turkish root or stem, as found in many of the Central Asian Turkic languages, such as A>0ek or Ayghur, as 4ell as in already dead languages. Anfortunately, these Central Asian languages 4ere not al4ays all that OpureH: they contain lots of 0orro4ings from "ussian and Chinese. Bn addition, the other Turkic languages are not intelligi0le to Turkish speakers, making 0orro4ings from those languages not much easier than the Ara0ic and 1ersian 4ords they had to replace. Turkey has 0een di5ided into t4o camps: some prefer language reform and turkification of the language, and others stick to the long.esta0lished loan 4ords from Ara0ic or 1ersian. As a result, many concepts are e/pressed 0y t4o 4ords.

(a#ples

kent s0*c8k 0neri yan&t

,ehir keli#e tekli4 cevap

0oth mean OcityH 0oth mean O4ordH 0oth mean OproposalH, OofferH 0oth mean Oans4erH

Asing 4ords from either the left column F0* T8rk+eG or the right one 7loan 4ords8 4as and sometimes still is a political statement, though they are also often purely stylistic 5ariants. 9ay0e it is a fitting conclusion to this 0ook to end 4ith some e/amples of modern.day loan 4ords. -5en no4adays, there is a strong tendency to OturkifyH loan 4ords from other languages 7mainly -nglish8, for instance in the field of computers. Ef the pairs 0elo4, bilgisayarCko#p8ter fa5ours the Turkish 5ariant; in the other t4o, the 0orro4ed 4ords are much more common. bilgisayar u*ya*&# u*ya*ar ko#p8ter teleks 4aks

1age ,&& !or other computer terms, Turkish equi5alents are a5aila0le. To name 0ut a fe4: kaydet#ek ya*&l&# 4are i#le+ sil#ek sunucu progra# +al&,t&r#ak sa5e soft4are mouse cursor delete ser5er to run a program e3post e.mail veri g8ncelle#ek y8kle#ek C s8r8c8s8 sanal ale# data update do4nload C.dri5e 5irtual market.place

1age ,&(

"eady.reference grammar
9ost of 4hat you read in this ready.reference grammar, has 0een dealt 4ith in one of the lessons. Some 7and certainly not all8 important aspects of Turkish grammar are

0rought together here, 4hich makes it a lot easier to look up particular parts of the grammar for reference.
Agglutination

Turkish is an agglutinati5e language. Dhereas -nglish uses separate 4ords to e/press meanings, Turkish has a rich system of suffi?es$ small OendingsH 4hich are stuck to the OrootH of a 4ord. This process of glueing meaningful parts to other meaningful parts is called agglutination. There are 5er0al and nominal roots. A 5er0al root, or stem, can 0e follo4ed 0y suffi/es e/pressing, for instance, tense 7past, present, future8, person, negation, passi5e, refle/i5ity 7oneself8, reciprocity 7each other8. An e/ample is gele#edini* Oyou couldnHt comeH consisting of the 5er0 stem gel3 OcomeH, plus 3e#e Onot 0eing a0le toH, 3di Opast tenseH and 3ni* Osecond person pluralH. A noun can 0e follo4ed 0y such suffi/es as the plural marker 3ler; a case marker 7see 0elo48, diminuti5e, or producti5e suffi/es, e.g. those 4hich turn the 4ord into Othe person 4orking 4ith LH F3+iG or into an a0stract noun F3likG: i, i,+i kitap kitap+i 4ork 4orker, 4orkman 0ook 0ookseller bakan bakanl&k +ocuk +ocukluk minister ministry child childhood

1age ,&'
"owel Har#on$

So, Turkish is a language in 4hich a lot of meaning is e/pressed 0y 4ord endings 7suffi/es8. Bt 4ould ha5e 0een con5enient for you as a learner, if one particular meaning 7e.g., OyouH or OtheyH or O4ithH8 4as e/pressed 0y one single 4ord ending. Anfortunately, it is a 0it more complicated than that. Turkish has a feature 4hich is called 5o4el harmony. The 5o4els of these endings may change, depending on the last sylla0le of the preceding noun or 5er0 stem. There are t4o types of 5o4el harmony. The first one has t4o forms, and you 4ill ha5e to choose 0et4een e3 or a3 in the stem. The second one can ha5e four different 5o4els: either i; &; u or 8. Bt all has to do 4ith place of articulation in the mouth. T4o.fold 7e or a8 after e; i; 8; 0 after a; &; u; o _ _ e a

This means that -nglish OtoH can 0e e/pressed either 0y 3e or 3a depending on the final 5o4el in the 4ord: Oto schoolH is okul3a and Oto the hotelH is otel3e.

!our.fold Fi; &; 8; 8G

after e; i after a; & after 8; 0 after u; o

_ _ _ _

i & 8 u

-nglish OmyH can 0e e/pressed 0y either 3i#; 3&#; 38# or 3u#: Omy 0ikeH is bisiklet3 i#; Omy nameH is ad3&#; Omy roseH is g8l38# and Omy sho4erH is du,3u#. #?amples/ the suffi/ 3i# OmyH is four.fold, so it can appear as 3i#; 3&#; 38# or 3u#. the suffi/ 3le O4ithH is t4o.fold, so it can appear as 3le or 3la the suffi/ 3ler 7plural8 is t4o.fold, so it can appear as 3ler or 3lar. karde,3i#3le arkada,3&#3la karde,3ler3i#3le 4ith my 0rother 4ith my friend 4ith my 0rothers

1age ,&+
Aord order

The order of the main parts of a normal sentence in Turkish is: sub2ect first, then ob2ect of the sentence, and the *erb in final position Dord order is, ne5ertheless, relati5ely free. Ether arrangements than su0<ect.o0<ect. 5er0 occur as 4ell, 0ut affect emphasis: the emphasised or focused element is al4ays in the position before the 5er0. All three sentences hediyeyi !li=ye verdi#; !li=ye hediyeyi verdi# and !li=ye verdi# hediyeyi mean OB ga5e Ali the presentH. The difference is that in the first sentence emphasis is on 'li$ and in the second on the present. Bn the third sentence, the emphasis is again on 'li$ 0ut here the 4ord after the 5er0, i.e. hediyeyi; con5eys already gi5en or kno4n information: speaker and hearer kno4 4hich particular hediye is referred to.
Cases

Turkish has si/ grammatical cases in the form of suffi/es 4hich are attached to nouns and pronouns. The nominati5e case is the unmarked one 7that is, itHs <ust the 4ord 4ithout an e/tra suffi/8 and is used for su0<ects and indefinite o0<ects of sentences. The geniti5e denotes possession$ the dati5e the indirect o0<ect or goal, the accusati5e the definite direct o0<ect, the locati5e the place at %hich and the a0lati5e place from %hich$ or cause/

nominati5e geniti5e dati5e accusati5e locati5e a0lati5e

no marking 3in or 3nin 3e or 3ye 3i or 3yi 3de 3den

ev evin eve evi evde

house 8sub2ect or indefinite direct ob2ect: of the house to the house the house 8definite ob2ect of the sentence: in the house

evden from the house

1age ,&*
Ad3ecti,es

Ad<ecti5es al4ays come 0efore the noun. Dhen used in com0ination 4ith the indefinite article bir; the ad<ecti5e comes first, then bir and finally the noun, as in eski bir kitap Oan old 0ookH. Some suffi/es can turn nouns into ad<ecti5es 7e.g. 3li; 3sel8: ya, ya,l& !#erika !#erikal& age aged America American din dinsel tarih tarihsel religion religious history historical

Comparison of ad<ecti5es is e/pressed 0y the a0lati5e case 3den sometimes follo4ed 0y daha OmoreH or a* OlessH. The superlati5e contains the 4ord en OmostH: g8*el daha g8*el en g8*el 0eautiful more 0eautiful most 0eautiful h&*l& daha h&*l& en h&*l& fast faster fastest

Tarsus >stanbul=dan a* g8*el: Tarsus is less 0eautiful than Ustan0ul. y&ld&r&#dan FdahaG h&*l& faster than lightning
/ronouns

The information con5eyed 0y pronouns in -nglish is in the form of person markers attached to the 5er0 in Turkish. 1ronouns are mainly used for emphasis and contrast. Bn gidiyoru# OB am goingH, the 3u# part already tells you that the su0<ect is OBH. The

pronoun ben in ben gidiyoru# OB am goingH, ho4e5er, tells you the same, 0ut 4ith a lot of stress: Onot FEA, 0ut B am goingH. 1ronouns get case marking: nom( sing( H ben B F sen you gen( beni# of me3my senin of you3your dat( bana to me sana to you acc( beni me seni you loc( bende on me sende on you abl benden from me senden from you

1age ,(# nom( Eo gen( onun dat( ona to him3 her3it bi*e to us si*e to you onlara to them acc( onu him3 her3it bi*i us si*i you onlar& them loc( onda on him3 her3it bi*de on us si*de on you onlarda on them abl ondan from him3her3it bi*den from us si*den from you onlardan from them

he3she3it of him3 her3it, his3her3its plur H bi* ( 4e F si* you E onlar they bi*i# of us3our si*in of you3your onlar&n of them3 their

The third person singular o OsheH, OheH, OitH also means OthatH 70oth 0y itself and 0efore nouns8. Besides o there are t4o other demonstrati5e pronouns: bu OthisH and ,u OthisH, OthatH 7used 4hen you 4ant to focus the listenerHs attention8. Fou use ,u 4hene5er you 4ant to direct the attention of the listener to4ards an o0<ect or a person not pre5iously mentioned in the con5ersation. As soon as the listener notices the o0<ect or person referred to, 0oth speakers ha5e to use bu 4hen o0<ect or person are near0y, or o 4hen o0<ect or person are further a4ay. !or instance, the ans4er to the question ,u bina neM O4hatHs that 0uildingMH is o bina bir k8t8phane Othat 0uilding is a li0raryH and ne5er u bi+a bir ktpha+e.
"erbs

Turkish has three types of sentences: 5er0al, e/istential and nominal sentences. The first type contains ordinary 5er0s, the second the Oe/istentialH 4ord var Othere isH 7or yok Othere isnHtH8, and the third type contains a form of Oto 0eH. There are t4o forms of the present, the first one 7indicated 0y the suffi/ 3iyor38 0eing the default present tense, and the second one, called the geni, *a#an 70road tense8,

carrying the connotation of ha0itual actions 7OB al4ays^H8 or future plans. There are t4o distinct pasts as 4ell. The first one, 3di; is the simple past tense, the second one, 3#i,3 carries an inferential meaning 7Oit seems that. ^H8. The 3ecek suffi/ stands for the future tense.

1age ,(% present sing( H geliyoru# B come F geliyorsun E geliyor plur( H geliyoru* F geliyorsunu* E geliyorlar conditional sing H gelse# ( F gelsen E gelse plur H gelsek ( F gelseni* E gelseler present -geliri# B come gelirsin gelir geliri* gelirsini* gelirler conditional -gelirse# past geldi# B came geldin geldi geldik geldini* geldiler past -gel#i,i# B came gel#i,sin gel#i, gel#i,i* gel#i,sini* gel#i,ler future gelece1i# BHll come geleceksin gelecek gelece1i* geleceksini* gelecekler imperati*e

pluperfect sub2uncti*eD optati*e gel#i,ti# geleyi# B had come let me come gel#i,tin gel#i,ti gel#i,tik gel#i,tini* gel#i,tiler geleli#

Bf B 4ere to come Bf B come gelirsen gelirse gelirsek gelirseni* gelirseler

comeN gel gelsin

gelinCgelini* gelsinler

Ether 5er0 moods and tenses are the conditional 3se 7used 4ith tense marker 4hen the condition is closed, used 4ithout a tense marker 4hen the condition is open; see 2esson %,8, the su0<uncti5e 7Olet me ^H8 and the imperati5e. There are separate suffi/es denoting, for instance, Oa0ilityH F3ebilG and OnecessityH F3#eli3G. There are also 5arious com0inations of moods, tenses and 5er0 suffi/es possi0le. !or instance, you 4ill frequently encounter the pluperfect 3#i,ti. ;egation is done 0y means of the suffi/ 3#e Fgel#iyoru#G and question 0y means of the question particle #i Fgel#iyor #uyu#'G. -/istential sentences contain either the 4ord var Othere isH or yok Othere is notH. Bf the 4ord in front has a possessi5e marker, the sentence is equi5alent to an -nglish Oto ha5eH, Oto possessH sentence. !raba# var OB ha5e a carH is literally Omy car is thereH.

Cer0less sentences are formed 4ith the help of the Turkish equi5alent of Oto 0eH, 4hich is e/pressed 0y means of a suffi/: g8*eli# g8*elsin g8*elFdirG B am pretty you are pretty he is pretty g8*eli* g8*elsini* g8*ellerFdirG 4e are pretty you are pretty they are pretty

The 4ord de1il OnotH is used for negation of these sentences 7g8*el de1ili# OBHm not prettyH8.

1age ,(,
/ostpositions

Turkish does not ha5e prepositions. Some case endings are used for the equi5alents of -nglish prepositions 7lokantada Oat the restaurantH, lokantaya Oto the restaurantH, lokantadan Ofrom the restaurantH8. Turkish does, ho4e5er, ha5e t4o types of postpositions: simple postpositions and postpositional constructions. Some of the simple postpositions require a case marker on the 4ord 0efore; others do not: no case mar ing after nouns or geniti*e 80i+ or 0+i+: after pronouns and bu, u dati*e mar ing ablati*e mar ing and o 60e/0a7 60de+/0da+7 3e do1ru Oto4ardsH 3e g0re Oaccording toH 3e ra1#en Oin spite ofH 3den 0nce O0eforeH 3den sonra OafterH 3den beri OsinceH 3den dolay& O0ecause ofH 1ostpositional constructions are 0ased on spatial nouns 4ith a possessi5e pronoun plus a case marker. !or instance, the 4ord 8st OtopH, follo4ed 0y the third person singular possessi5e and the locati5e case, 0ecomes 8st8nde; as in #asan&n 8st8nde Oon top of the ta0leH. Ether e/amples are onun pe,inden ko,tu# OB ran after himH, arka#&*da O0ehind usH, hastanenin yan&na ta,&nd&k O4e mo5ed ne/t to the hospitalH. Similar constructions can 0e made 4ith the 4ords: ara Ospace 0et4eenH, alt OundersideH, ba, Oclose surroundingsH,

no case mar ing

8*ere OonH gibi OlikeH ile O4ithH i+in OforH

d&, Oe/teriorH, i+ OinteriorH, 0n OfrontH, biti,ik One/t toH, dip OundersideH, and kar,& Oother sideH, OoppositeH 7see 2esson %&8.

1age ,()

6ey to e/ercises
Lesson 1 Exercise 1

thanksYte,ekk8rlerD helloY#erhabaD yesYevetD good0yeYiyi g8nlerD 4hatHs upM Yne haber'D ho4 are youMYnas&ls&n'D see youPg0r8,8r8*D E6Pta#a#D pleased to meet youY#e#nun oldu#D BHm fineYiyiyi#
Exercise 2

dostu# Omy friendH 73u# means OmyH8; nas&ls&n Oho4 are youMH73s&n means Oyou areH8; ailene Oto your familyH 73n means your; 3e means to8; baba# Omy fatherH 73# means OmyH8; geldini* Oyou cameH 73dFiG e/presses past tense; 3ini* means OyouH 7plural88; bulduk O4e foundH 73dFiG e/presses past tense; 3k means O4eH8; anne# Omy motherH 73# means OmyH8; karde,leri# Omy younger 0rother and sisterH 73ler e/presses plural; 3i# means OmyH8
Exercise 3

Fou may say things such as: @u koca#; ?i#: @u e,i#; Carol: -tc.
Exercise 4

, kadPnlar ) arkadaXla $ kiXiler & dostumla ( e5im ' adamlarla + TRrkler * adPm %# ZQretmenlerimle
Exercise 5

;asPlsPn; teXekkRr; nasPlsPn; iyiyim; gZrRXRrR>

1age ,($
Exercise 6

% A1ret#eni# , Bostu# ) @iliyoru* $ Tan&,t&r&yor 7no 5isi0le ending for third person singularN8 & !ile# ( onu,uyorsunu* ' A1reniyorlar + Iard&# ediyoru#
Reading text

@A2U2: Dhat a coincidenceN 7literally/ 2ook at the coincidence8 C-;:U\: @ello, Ancle @alil, ho4 are youM @A2U2: BHm fine, B s4ear, thank you. @o4 are youM C-;:U\: ;ot 0ad, uncle, thank you. @A2U2: And your mum and dad, ho4 are theyM C-;:U\: 9y mother is fine. 9y dad is a 0it ill. @A2U2: :ood reco5eryN 7literally/ may it 0e past8. Are your 0rothers fineM CB;:U\: They are. Bn fact 4e are 4aiting for Ali. @eHll come in a moment. @A2U2: Bs that soM 2etHs 4ait together then. B ha5enHt seen him for a year or so. So, 4hoHs this 0eautiful girlM C-;:U\: ?onHt you recognise herM This is 9R<gan, my sisterN @A2U2: Bs that soM She has gro4n a lotN tesad84 OcoincidenceH; 4ena de1il Onot 0adH; bira* rahats&* Oa little illH; bira*dan gelecek Oin a 4hile heHll come hereH; b8y8#8, Ohas gro4nH
Lesson 2 Exercise 1

% suffi/ , 3di ) 3iyor $ suffi/ & 3di ( 3di ' 3iyor + 3iyor * suffi/ %# suffi/ The rule of thum0 is that you donHt need a OrealH 5er0, i.e. one that is suffi/ed 4ith 3iyor or 3di; if in -nglish the only 5er0 is Oto 0eH.
Exercise 2

, gel#ek Oto comeH, geliyorsun Oyou comeH ) kal#ak Oto stayH, kald&k O4e stayedH $ se+#ek Oto chooseH, se+iyorsunu* Oyou chooseH & git#ek Oto goH, gitti Ohe3she3it 4entH ( ver#ek Oto gi5eH, veriyorlar

1age ,(&

Othey gi5eH ' sat#ak Oto sellH, sat&yoru* O4e 0uyH + +&k#ak Oto go out, emergeH, +&kt&n Oyou 4ent outH * var#ak Oto arri5e at, reachH, vard&n&* Oyou arri5edH %# yard&# et#ek Oto helpH, yard&# ediyoru* O4e are helpingH Exercise ! % ya*d&# 7OB 4rote her a letterH8 , ba,l&yor 7ODhich day does autumn start this yearMH8 ) seviyor 7OAli really likes cloudy and cold 4eatherH8 $ kalk&yor 7ODhat time does your train lea5eMH8 & y8r8d8n 7O?id you 4alkMH8 ( ettik 7OFesterday 4e danced all e5eningH8 ' s0yledi# 7OB told you soH8 + ald&n&* 7ODhat did you 0uy in the shopping mallMH8 * bulu,uyoru* 7ODeHre meeting at tenH8 %# yedik 7ODe ate in a cro4ded restaurantH8 Exercise " Dhere do you li5eM B li5e in ;e4 Fork; Dhen did you comeM B came this morning; ?o you like TurkeyM B like it a lot; ?id you come here on holidayM Fes, on holiday; Fou speak Turkish 4ell. Thanks, 0ut B canHt speak it 4ell yet. Exercise ( % ya>Pyor , geldin ) kalPyoru> $ seStini> & gidiyor ( 5erdiler ' sattPk + SPkPyorsun * 5arPyorsunu> %# yardPm ettik Exercise # , yaptPm ) gidiyorlar $ geldi & SalPXtPn ( gZrdRm ' istiyorum + 5eriyor * yapPyoru> %# yaptPn Exercise $ % -5e erken gittim. , TRrkSeyi iyi konuXuyorsunu>. ) Bana hediye 5erdi. $ AkXamlarP okula gidiyor. & ;e4castleHda oturuyoru>. ( ?Rn yaptPm. ' Bankada SalPXPyorum. + ?Rn akXam geS geldiler. Exercise % sergi Oe/hi0itionH; s0yle,i OtalksH; ge*i OtripsH; kitap O0ooksH

1age ,((
Reading text

abi Oolder 0rotherH; >ngiltere=ye geldi1i#de O4hen B came to -nglandH; 3ya OtoH; arabalar hep sol tara4tan gider Ocars al4ays FhepG dri5e on the left FsolG side Ftara4GHD ka*as&* belas&* Osafe and soundH 7literally/ 4ithout F3s&*G accident Fka*aG or harm FbelaG8; krali+e OqueenH

Lesson 3 Exercise 1

%0 ,g )f $h &i (c 'a +d *e
Exercise 2

% #i FL 4il#i g0rd8n #8'G , ki#3type FSine#aya ne *a#an gittik'G ) ki#3type F@u 4il#de ba, rol8 ki# oynad&'G $ #i FTelevi*yonda #&yd&'G & #i F!kt0r #8s8n8*'G
Exercise 3

, SalPXPyor muyu>M ) gidiyor musunu>M $ TRrkSe konuXuyor muM & yardPm ediyor muyu>M ( AnkaraHya geliyor muyumM ' ailemi 0iliyor musunM + anlPyorlar mPM * Ungili>ce ZQreniyor muM %# TRrkiyeHyi 0eQeniyor musunu>M
Exercise 4

, TQrenci misini>M ) 6imi gZrdRnM $ ;e >aman gittiM & TRrkiyeHyi 0eQeniyorlar mPM ( ;ereye gittini>M ' Enu 0iliyor muyu>M + FardPm ettiler miM
Exercise 5

% Hda , Hde ) de $ ta & Hta ( de ' da + Hte

Exercise 6

% e , kZpeQe ) ya $ ye & a ( ye ' Hya + sancaQa

1age ,('
Exercise 7

% Hden , Hdan ) Hdan $ Hden & den ( Hten ' Htan + Hdan
Lesson ! Exercise 1

, parktalar ) XofZrRm $ memuru> & gelinsin ( TRrkSe ZQretmeniyi> ' hastanede + arkadaXlardPr * polisim %# ZQrencisini>
Exercise 2

, parkta deQiller ) XofZr deQilim $ memur deQili> & gelin deQilsin ( TRrkSe ZQretmeni deQili> ' hastanede deQil + arkadaX deQiller * polis deQilim %# ZQrenci deQilsini>

Exercise 3

% 01ret#en yak&,&kl& 7OmanH83g8*el 7O4omanH; i.e. pretty8 , g8*el 01ret#en o de1il ) #8*e eski $ eski #8*e kapal& & y8ksek binadas&n&* ( o; i,si* elektrik+i ' elektrik+i i,si* + i,si* elektrik+i yak&,&kl& bir ada# 7;ote that the order of 4ords differs from -nglish. OA handsome manH 0ecomes O@andsome a manH. See also %# of this e/ercise and the e/ample 0ne#li bir ki,i Oan important personH in 2esson %. Bn 2esson *, the construction Ad<ecti5ecbir c ;oun is e/plained.8 * bina y8ksek %# o; g8*el bir 01ret#en
Exercise 4

Ankara ani5ersitesinde okudum. Fani 0ir ZQrenciydim. @er gRn Rni5ersiteye gittim. @er akXam Sok yorgundum. -n iyi arkadaXPm aynP sokakta oturdu. Enunla 0era0er sPk sPk sinemaya tiyatroya gittik. ArkadaXPm ZQrenci deQildi. E 0ir ga>eteciydi. :a>ete iSin rZporta< ya>dP. Ba>en tele5i>yon iSin 0ir rZporta< yaptP. E >aman onu tele5i>yonda gZrdRm. ArkadaXPm Sok RnlRydR. B studied at Ankara Ani5ersity. So B 4as a student. -5ery day B 4ent to the uni5ersity. -5ery e5ening B 4as tired. 9y 0est friend li5ed in the same street. Dith him3her, B often 4ent to the theatre or the cinema. 9y friend 4as not a student. @e3she 4as a

1age ,(+ <ournalist. @e3she 4rote articles for the ne4spaper. Eften, he3she made reports for tele5ision. Then B sa4 him3her on TC. 9y friend 4as 5ery famous. Exercise ( ga>eteciydim; ga>eteci deQildik; ga>eteci misini>M; XofZrdRn; XofZr mRsRnM; XofZr; XofZrdRler Exercise # % a*ay& g0rdun #8' , 7vet; g0rd8#: Iaral&lar var #&yd&' ) 7vet; vard&: Oo40rler hastanedeler 7or/ hastanededirler8. $ %as&llar' & Oi#di iyiler: ( 7#in #isin' ' 9ay&r; e#in de1ili#: Exercise $ % 5er0less 7to 0e8 , e/istential FvarCyokG ) e/istential FvarCyokG $ 5er0less 7to 0e8 & e/istential FvarCyokG ( e/istential FvarCyokG Exercise %

, @unlar #&' ) ahve istiyor #usun' or/ ahve #i istiyorsun' $ @ir tane kavun ald&k #&' 7or/ @ir tane kavun #u ald&k'8 & 9i+ #i +ay yoktu' 7or/ 9i+ +ay yok #uydu'G ( !nkara=da #&yd&lar' ' !nkara=da var #&' + >ngiltere=de #i oturuyoru*' 7or/ >ngiltere=de oturuyor #uyu*'8 Exercise % This 0ook is good. , This good 0ook is no4 in the li0rary. ) Festerday, there 4asnHt such a 0ook in the li0rary. $ Those are 0ooks. & Bu Aylin. ( E kP> Aylin deQildir. ' E patlPcan mutfakta. + Bunlar kRtRphanede miM

1age ,(*
Lesson % Exercise 1

@ello. 9y name is Erhan. B 4as 0orn in 6ars in %*%#. Bn %*%(, B 4ent to school for the first time. !our years later our family mo5ed to Ankara. 9y dad found a good <o0 there. !rom %*,) till %*,' B 4ent to the r7tiye school. After that B met my 4ife. De got married in %*)&. -ser 4as a good 4oman. Eur first child 4as 0orn t4o years later. Bt 4as a girl, her name 4as Sumru. De had fi5e more children. The last one 4as 0orn in %*$*. B 4as 5ery happy until %*(#. That year my 4ife died. B 4orked until %*'). ;o4 B li5e 4ith one of our daughters. As B said, my life 4as good. And my 0iggest success 4as in %*)%. B entered the Ankara 4restling competition, 4on it, and got an a4ard.
Exercise 2

three 8+D fi5e be,D eight seki*D t4o ikiD nine doku*D si/ alt&D one birD ten onD se5en yediD four d0rtD fifty elliD t4enty yir#iD hundred y8*D si/ty alt#&,D se5enty yet#i,D ninety doksanD thousand binD forty k&rkD eighty seksenD thirty otu*.
Exercise 3

%f ,i )a $c &h (g 'k +< *d %#e %%0 ;B: though 8*g8n8# literally stands for OBHm sadH, here it means Otoo 0adH.
Exercise 4

, AQramak ) ASmak $ FaXamak & Batmak ( 1iXirmek ' FPkamak + 6a>anmak * Se5mek %# ?inlenmek
Exercise 5

Some sample ans4ers: % 7vet; evdeyi#: , !vustralya=dan geldi#: ) 7vet: $ Kutbol oynad&k; dans ettik; dinlendik: & G0r8yoru#: ( 7vet; +ok seviyoru#: ' 7vet; var: or 9ay&r; yok: + U+ dil biliyoru#: * !ld&#: %# 9ollandal&y&#: %% usura bak#ay&n; vakti# yok: %, Bahil:

1age ,'#
Exercise 6

% mP , mu; mP ) nasPl & misini> ( 5ar mP ' ne kadar

Exercise 7

sorular; aylar; ayaklar; insanlar; peynirler; kilolar; ekmekler; dolmalPk 0i0erler; 0orSlar
Exercise 8

% Dould you like to drink somethingM , Dhich no5el are you reading no4M ) !#erika=da do1du#: $ B 0ought this T.shirt in %**#. & 9ay&r; T8rkiye=de ki#seyi tan&#&yoru#: 7also: tan&d&1&# yok; using the 4ord tan&d&k OacquaintanceH.8 ( ?o you read Turkish ne4spapersM ' B didnHt do anything. + @urada ne oldu' * 7vde d0rt k0pe1i#i* var: %# There 4as an accident on the street and the police came immediately.
Exercise 9

peppers; 0read; 0eer; chicken; cottage cheese; 0lack oli5es; apples; chickpeas. The au0ergines she finally 0ought pro0a0ly 4ere not on her list, 0ut she 0ought them instead of the peppers. biber OpepperH; tane Oloaf, pieceH; bakt&# OB lookedH; ,i,e O0ottleH; sonunda Oin the endH; rastlad&# Oran intoH; 4incan OcupH; kadeh OglassH; berbat Oterri0leH
Reading text

is#ini unuttu# OB forgot its nameH; ,ark&c& OsingerH; ,ark&n&n konusu Othe topic of the songH; a,k Olo5eH; hava nas&l oralarda Oho4Hs the 4eather o5er thereMH; 8,8yor #usun' Oare you free>ingMH; sa+ OhairH
Lesson H Exercise 1

% The ending 3n indicates OyourH. So acelen means Oyour hurryH. , #& indicates a question, 3t& indicates past tense and the a0sence of a further suffi/ indicates )rd person. The 5er0 stem kalk3; finally,

1age ,'% means Olea5eH, so kalkt& #&' means Ohas it leftMH ) Again, com0ine the 5er0 stem ta,&n3; Oto mo5eH, 4ith 3d&k; O4eH, plus past tense, so that 4e end up 4ith O4e mo5edH. $ 3n&* is the form of OyourH 7plural or singular.polite8 that comes after a 4ord that ends in a 5o4el 7other4ise it 4ould 0e 3&n&*8. Ldan&* means Oyour roomH. & Bn the :lossary you can read that a kira is Oa rentalH. The suffi/ 3da is the locati5e case. ( See $; evini* is Oyour houseH, 4ith OyourH referring to more than one person 7here the couple that got the ne4 house8, or to one person 4ho is addressed politely 7as 4ith !rench *ous8. Exercise , 7vin: ) 9ediyen: A 5o4el is dropped from the suffi/, lea5ing only 3n. $ edileri: & &* karde,i: ( Ldas&: The suffi/ in 0oth & and ( can mean OhisH as 4ell as OherH. ' >,ini*: + Oehri#i*: Oehir is shortened to ,ehr3 4hen a suffi/ is added. This only happens if the suffi/ starts 4ith a 5o4el. * Ie#e1ini*: The final 3k is changed to 31. %# ahvesi: Exercise ! % 1ossessi5e , 1ersonal ) 1ossessi5e $ 1ersonal & 1ossessi5e ( 1ersonal ' 1ossessi5e + 1ossessi5e * 1ossessi5e %# 1ersonal ;ote that there could only 0e potential confusion in ( and ', and there only if the rest of the sentence is ignored. Exercise " , !raban&n anahtar& ) @iberin 4iyat& $ & G8n8n sonu Exercise ( % A sure sign of a discussion is the e/clamationYgit-Yin ;ursenHs first line. !rom her ans4er to TmerHs preceding line, you can gather that the discussion is a0out 4hether to start 4ithout Ali or not. , ;o, Tmer offers the information that Ali is ne5er Fhi+G late for toplant&#&*; Oour meetingsH. @e e5en thinks that something may ha5e happened to him. ;ote that there is no 3lar in toplant&#&*. Bf plural meaning is o05ious from the conte/t 7you canHt say OheHs ne5er late for our meetingH8, you donHt need 3lar. itab&n is#i: ;ote the changed form of isi#.

1age ,', ) Three. Fou could ha5e found this 4here Tmer says R+8#8*: Othe three of usH. Try and remem0er that this is ho4 you say this kind of thing; you could ha5e e/pected that may0e Turkish 4ould use the same construction as for Othe centre of the cityH and say someting like bi*i# 8+8. Bt doesnHt. $ ;o, she doesnHt li5e 0y herself. This 4as a tricky question as it in5ol5es a characteristic of Turkish 4e ha5enHt dealt 4ith yet, 0ut you may ha5e guessed it from the plural 3ler after the name %ursen. Dhen you 4ant to say Oat ;ursenHs placeH you ha5e to say %ursen=lerde; Oat the ;RrsensH if she li5es 4ith people, for e/ample 4ith her family. Bf she 4ere li5ing 0y herself, Tmer 4ould ha5e said %ursen=in evinde or %ursen=de. & !rom the 4ay the con5ersation 4ent, you may ha5e gathered that there 4as a misunderstanding and that Ali thought that the meeting 4as going to 0e at his place. Dhen he finally realises that, Tmer 4hispers to the others that the jeton d8,t8: Othe penny has droppedH. Exercise # 1ro0a0ly they had 0een talking a0out ;ursen and so Tmer thought it 4ould 0e enough to <ust say evinde Oat her houseH. @o4e5er, Ali clearly understood it as Oat your houseH. Exercise $ % !ylin=in paras& 7OAylinHs moneyH8 , @u bakkal&n ek#e1i 7Othis 0akerHs 0readH8 ) Universitenin yabanc& 01rencileri 7Othe uni5ersityHs foreign studentsH8 $ T8rkiye=nin ba,kenti 7OTurkeyHs capitalH8 & Lnun okulunun 01ret#eni 7Ohis schoolHs teachersH8. ;ote the dou0le geniti5e Oin his schoolHs teachersH. ( @u bankan&n #e#uru 7Othe employee of this 0ankH8 ' @i*i# evin banyosu 7Othe 0athroom of our houseH8 + Kir#an&n eski #8d8r8 7Othe firmHs old directorH8. Exercise % The 4ords indicated force the use of the accusati5e case: % the ) his $ that ( the ' !atma + your %# that Dhat you couldnHt really kno4 is that & also gets an accusati5e case marker. This is 0ecause bekle#ek requires one: one is al4ays 4aiting for a specific 7definite8 person.

1age ,')

Exercise 9

% kediyi , ada#& ) kad&n& $ bisikleti & #ektubu ( bunu ' evi + pencereyi * seni %# kitab& %% arabay& %, +ocu1u %) *iyareti %$ onu %& eskisini 7after a possessi5e ending the case ending is preceded 0y 3n38 %( la#bay& %' otob8s8 %+ ga*eteyi %* beni ,# k&* arkada,&n& 7see %&8
Exercise 10

% B called your 0rother last night. , DeHre going to A>er0ai<an for our holiday this year. ) 1er5inHs tea is the 0est. $ !ili>Hs American friend is arri5ing today. & @u patl&can&n 4iyat&na inana#&yoru# 7inan#ak is Oto 0elie5eH, and it requires dati5e, rather than accusati5e, case on its o0<ect. The specific formYa#&yoru# 4ill 0e dealt 4ith later and means OB canHtH8. ( Ge+en ha4ta 2ahi#e=nin arkada,& evlendi: ' !h#et=in k&* arkada,& >stanbul=da +al&,&yor: + FSeninG !binin adresini ar&yoru# 7an abi is an older 0rother8.
Exercise 11

?ialogue %. 1ossessi5es: acele3n; tren3i#; ev3i#i*; bah+e3#i*; oda3n&*; ev3ini*; beni# tren3i#D Bn compound nouns: yatak oda3s&D :eniti5e.1ossessi5e: yatak oda3lar&3n&n bir3i ?ialogue ,. 1ossessi5es: ba,3&Fna geldiG; toplant&lar3&#&*; 8+38#8*; ko+u3#D Bn compound nouns: al&,veri, liste3siD Accusati5es: !li=yi; al&,veri, listesini; bi*3i; sen3iD :eniti5e. 1ossessi5e: !li=nin 4ikir3leri; hepi#i*in 4ikir3leri; %ursen=ler3in ev3i; o3nun ev3i; sen3in ev3in
Lesson I Exercise 1

, ZdeyeceQim ) gireceksini> $ sZyleyecekler & soracaksPn ( tanPXacaQP> ' iyi 0ir ZQrenci olacaksPn + kapatacaQPm * tamamlayacaklar %# deneyeceksini> %% uyacak %, uyuyacaklar

1age ,'$ Exercise @ello John, After ?alaman 4e came to !ethiye. BtHs 5ery nice here and the streets are li5ely. Tomorro4 4eHll go to the 4orldHs cleanest coast, 4eHll go to OTlRdeni>H. DeHll do some

sun0athing, and some s4imming. The day after, 4eHll go see SaklPkent. :reetings from !ethiye, -rtuQrul Exercise ! ;e/t 4eek 4eHll mo5e to Ankara. B hope that our neigh0ours 4ill turn out to 0e nice. To 0e a0le to feel at home in a place, a good neigh0our is important. After 4e ha5e mo5ed, 4eHll in5ite all our neigh0ours. After the holiday, our child 4ill go to a ne4 school, and make ne4 friends. That ,art means something like OimportantH should 0e clear from the conte/t. @o4e5er, literally ,art means OconditionH, so the Turkish says something like Ogood neigh0ours are a condition 7for a pleasant life8H. Bf ta,&nd&ktan sonra means Oafter 4e ha5e mo5edH, the 3d&ktan sonra part must mean Oafter 4e^.H !rom tatilden sonra and its translation, it should 0e o05ious that sonra F3denG; that is: sonra preceded 0y the a0lati5e case 7Oa4ay fromH, see Anit )8, means OafterH. OTo make friendsH is ol#ak Oto 0ecomeH, com0ined 4ith arkada, and the third person possessi5e marker 3&. Exercise " % FarPn pla<a gidiyorum3gideceQim. , :elecek hafta 0enim e5ime gelecekler3geliyorlar. ) 6utlay yarPn gelecek3geliyor. $ 9utlaka partine geleceQim. & Bu akXam SalPXacaksPn. Exercise ( % Bu laflarP3saSmalPQP dinlemeyeceQim. , alkR AmerikalP komXumu>la Ungili>ce konuXmayacak. ) SRt alacak mPsPn7P>8M $ Ena hediye 5ermeyeceQi>. & @esa0P Zdemeyecekler miM Exercise # Fou cannot use 3ecek in such a conte/t, since it is used for future plans or intentions and not for proposals. Bt does not refer to a

1age ,'& common action, that in the mind of the speaker should take place immediately after4ards. 3eli#; on the other hand, does. Compare: 8t8phaneye gideli# #i' O2etHs go to the li0raryH 7meaning: Ono4NH 4ith 8t8phaneye gidecek #iyi*' OShall 4e go to the li0raryMH 7meaning: Odo 4e ha5e the intention to go there one dayMH8 Exercise $ % kah5e iSelim miM , ha5aalanPna dZnelim miM ) TRrkiyeHyi ge>elim miM $ oturalPm mPM & paketi aSalPm mPM ( iXkem0e Sor0asP deneyelim miM ' doQru ce5a0P 5erelim miM3doQru

yanPtP 5erelim miM + sinemaya gidelim miM * yRrRyRX yapalPm mPM %# akXam yemeQini 0era0er yiyelim miM

Exercise % Exercise % on RS yirmi altP, 0iri yirmi altP geSiyor. , yirmi RS yedi, on 0iri yedi geSiyor. ) seki> kPrk RS, doku>a on yedi 5ar. $ on iki otu>, saat yarPm. & on RS 0ir, 0iri 0ir geSiyor. ( dZrt elli seki>, 0eXe iki 5ar. ' iki otu> iki, RSe yirmi seki> 5ar. + on seki> yirmi yedi, altPyP yirmi yedi geSiyor. * on 0ir on 0ir, on 0iri on 0ir geSiyor. %# yirmi 0ir kPrk doku>, ona on 0ir 5ar.

1age ,'( Exercise ,. Friday/ % Cu#a g8n8 saat alt&y& +eyrek ge+e Eegapol=da T8rk Tutkusu 4il#ini seyret#ek istiyoru#: , Cu#a g8n8 saat doku* bu+ukta avakl&dere=de Sevdi1i# Eevsi# 4il#ini seyret#ek istiyoru#: "aturday/ ) Cu#artesi g8n8 saat yar&#da avakl&dere=de Ta, I&llar 4il#ini seyret#ek istiyoru#: $ Lndan sonra saat 8+te Eegapol=un &r#&*& Salonunda @o1#ac& 4il#ini seyret#ek istiyoru#: "unday/ & Qa*ar g8n8 Eegapol=un Eavi Salonunda saat 8+e +eyrek ge+e @0cek 4il#ini seyret#ek istiyoru#: ( Lndan sonra; saat doku*da avakl&dere=de Ieniden Tan&k 4il#ini seyret#ek istiyoru#: Exercise ,, AliHs daily schedule may look like this 70ut other arrangements are E6 as 4ell8:

'.##

: saat yedide kalkt& Ohe got up at se5enH

'.##K'.)# : saat yediden yedi bu+u1a kadar giyindi O0et4een se5en and se5en thirty he got dressedH '.)#K+.## : saat yedi bu+uktan seki*e kadar kahvalt& yapt& O0et4een se5en thirty and eight he had 0reakfastH +.##K+.)# : saat seki*den seki* bu+u1a kadar arabayla i, yerine gitti O0et4een eight and eight thirty he 4ent to his 4ork 0y carH +.)#K %'.## %'.##K %'.)# %'.)#K %+.## %+.##K %+.)# %+.)#K %*.## %*.##K ,,.## ,,.##K ,).## ,).## : saat seki* bu+uktan be,e kadar +al&,t& O0et4een eight thirty and fi5e p.m. he 4orkedH : saat be,ten be, bu+u1a kadar evine d0nd8 O0et4een fi5e and fi5e thirty he returned homeH : saat be, bu+uktan alt&ya kadar parkta ko,tu O0et4een fi5e thirty and si/ he ran in the parkH : saat alt&dan alt& bu+u1a kadar ye#ek ha*&rlad& O0et4een si/ and si/ thirty he prepared dinnerH : saat alt& bu+uktan yediye kadar ye#e1ini yedi O0et4een si/ thirty and se5en he had dinnerH : saat yediden ona kadar televi*yon seyretti Ofrom se5en to ten p.m. he 4atched TCH : saat ondan on bire kadar kitap okudu Ofrom ten to ele5en p.m. he read a 0ookH : saat on birde yatt& Oat ele5en oHclock he 4ent to sleepH

1age ,''
Lesson J Exercise 1

% oturur , SaQPrPr ) 0iter $ sZyler & dZker ( Simdikler ' kaXPr + seSer
Exercise 2

, SaQPrPrP> ) 0ulurlar $ sZylersin & dZkerler ( 5eririm ' kaXPr + sanPrsPnP>

Exercise 3

% promise , qualities3profession ) ha0it $ request & promise ( qualities3profession ' qualities3profession + promise By the 4ay, araba ta#ir ederi#; as mentioned in ', has a more usual 5ariant: araba ta#ircisiyi#.
Exercise 4

9y grandmother li5es in an enormous 4hite 5illa. As e5ery summer, B am staying this summer at my grandmotherHs. Today she and B are trying 7Otogether 4ith her 4e are tryingH8 to 0e of help to the 0irds. 2ast 4eek, in a 0ay 5ery close to us, a large tanker sank. The oil polluted the sea. This situation harmed the 0irds. De didnHt kno4 4hat 4e should do. Therefore, B rang the 5et this morning. @e said: OSome 0irds cannot fly after coming into contact 4ith polluted 4ater. Bn order to rescue the 0irds 4e generally use a scoop. After the 0irds regain some strength, youHre a0le to 4ash them.H After a couple of present tense sentences, the e/pression ge+en ha4ta triggers the use of past tense. Dhen the 5et is speaking a0out 0irds, he gi5es them some 0ackground information a0out 0irds in general, and therefore uses the geni, *a#an.
Exercise 5

, A0lasP Ungili>ce dersi 5erme>. ) @er gRn doku>a kadar SalPXma>sPn. $ Bana 0ir mektup ya>ma> mPsPnP>M & Ara0anP tamir etme>. ( TRrkSeden Almancaya Se5iri yapmam. ' Ara0a tamir etmem. + Vu mektu0u Ungili>ceye Se5irmem.

1age ,'+
Exercise 6

% !nneni *iyaret et#elisini*: , Fou must not distur0 me. ) A1renciler bu kitaplar& al#al&lar: $ @e needs to listen to the radio. & Oi#di git#eliyi*- ( B ha5e to prepare more food. ' @unu kabul et#e#elisini*Cbunu kabul et#e#eni* gerek: + Fou should ne5er lea5e him.
Exercise 7

Fou could ha5e said the follo4ing 7ranging from impolite to more polite 4ays8: % Benimle pastaneye gitN 1astaneye gidelim miM Benimle pastaneye gider misinM , Benimle sinemaya gitN Sinemaya gidelim miM Benimle sinemaya gider misinM ) SigaranP>P sZndRrRnN 2Rtfen, sigaranP>P sZndRrRr mRsRnR>M $ SusN SusunN Susar mPsPnP>M & Se0>eleri yiyinN Se0>eleri yer misini>M
Bulgur pilav

Clean and rinse the 0ulgur thoroughly, then drain 4ell in a colander. 1ut the pan on the heat and add the 0utter and onion. Sauth onions on medium heat, stirring, until yello4. Add the peppers and 0ulgur and sauth for another & minutes, stirring. Then add the tomatoes, 0roth and salt, 0ring to the 0oil, stirring 5igorously and let it 0oil for %# minutes on high heat. Take off the heat and let stand for %# minutes 0efore ser5ing.

%ote: Bf you cannot find tomatoes or peppers, prepare it 4ithout pepper and tomato.
Lesson K Exercise 1

The t4o sisters are going shopping and discuss 4hat they 4ant to 0uy. @Rlya needs a ne4 skirt and also has to look for a present for her friend, !atma, 4ho is gi5ing a party ne/t 4eek. Ulknur has to go to the tra5el agency to change a reser5ation for her trip to Athens. Dhen the 4aiter comes, they order tea, after e/plaining they are 4aiting for their mother. They comment on the clothes people outside are 4earing, and @Rlya is 4ondering ho4 their

1age ,'* mother is coming to to4n. Since she is 5isiting her friend AyXe, 4ho is, apparently, a 5ery good cook, especially of Sfte$ sheHll 0e coming 0y 0us. !inally, 4hen @Rlya asks her sister a0out her plans for that e5ening, she ans4ers that she doesnHt kno4 yet. 9ay0e sheHll read a 0ook, may0e sheHll gi5e her friend -ser a call, so they can gossip a 0it. Exercise Fou may ha5e found the follo4ing: al#akD al#a#D bak#akD git#e#i*D de1i,tir#ekD git#esiD git#ekD ye#ekleriD ye#e1ineD dedikodu yap#ak Dell, 0oth ye#ekleri and ye#e1ine look like infiniti5es, 0ut the 4ord ye#ek is also a noun, meaning OfoodH. Bn ye#e1ine; the dati5e is used 0ecause the 5er0 bay&l#ak takes this case. ;ote that al#a#; git#e#i* and git#esi contain a short infiniti5e on 3#e plus possessi5e suffi/. !l#a#; for instance, means Omy 0uyingH. Exercise ! % !irst, you take the infiniti5e: git#eD then you add the possessi5e: 3#; 4hich results in git#e#. !inally, you add gerek; so that you end up 4ith git#e# gerek. Similarly 4ith the others: , Bnfiniti5e oku#a plus possessi5e 3n 7OyourH8 plus gerek results in bunu oku#an gerek. ) Iap#aW3s&Wgerek results in bunu yap#as& gerek. $ Ia*#aW3 #&*Wgerek results in bir #ektup ya*#a#&* gerek: Exercise " All sentences on the left mean OB ha5e to return to 2ondonH, and those on the right OB donHt ha5e to go to 2ondonH. The further do4n in the list they are, the more urgent going to 2ondon 7on the left8 or the fact that the speaker shouldnHt go to 2ondon 7on the right8 0ecomes. 2ondraHya dZnmeliyim. 2ondraHya dZnmemelisin.

2ondraHya dZnmem la>Pm. 2ondraHya dZnmem gerek. 2ondraHya dZnmem gerekiyor. 2ondraHya dZnmek gerekli.

2ondraHya dZnmen la>Pm deQil. 2ondraHya dZnmene gerek yok. 2ondraHya dZnmen gerekme>. 2ondraHya dZnmen gereksi>. 2ondraHya dZnmen gerekli deQil.

1age ,+# Exercise ( % kay0etmek , Sekmek ) uSmak $ atmak & gZstermek ( unutmak ' se5mek + gZndermek * koymak %# taXPmak Exercise # B 9y sister is going to to4n 7in order8 to 0uy a dress. , They 4anted me to look at their holiday pictures. ) @eHs 0eginning to understand the pro0lem. $ BHm thinking of going there. & @e told me to 4ait here. ( ?id you come to see meM ' AyXe 4ants us to go to the Black Sea this year. ;B: This is the most common 4ay of e/pressing O4ant toH or OsheHs hoping that^H. Bn the first person, ho4e5er, the idiomatic phrases u#ar&# and u#ar&* are used. These are straightfor4ard geni, *a#an forms of the 5er0 u##ak Oto hopeH, 0ut itHs more common to use iste#ek 4ith third person su0<ects. + Fou 4ill ha5e to get used to seeing them together. Exercise $ % Oehir #erke*i; belediye binas&; park #8saadesi: , Bt 4as 5ery 0ad Fk0t8G. ) The 5er0 you should ha5e found is de#ek Oto sayH, 4hich appears here in the forms dedi# OB saidH and dedi Ohe saidH. 2iterally, the first quote is: OTo the employee fCan you help meg B saidH, and the second one OfThe counter 4ill no4 closeg he saidH. $ Fes, she says 9akl&s&n; OyouHre rightH, and calls the employee a fool. & @e 4onHt eat meat anymore: etsi* yiyecek( @eHs quite upset, to the point of o0session, one might say. ' ye#ek kitaplar& and ye#ek tari4leri + They are used Oin the a0stractH, as things @asan 4ill or 4ill not eat. They do not refer to particular 7OdefiniteH8 ke0a0s, carrots, courgettes, etc.

* She first says !llah bilir- !#a neden 0yle k&*&yorsun' @o, ver-; asking him 4hy heHs so angry and suggesting he let it drop. Dhich culminates in sana ne'; O4hatHs it to youMH. Then she asks him 4hat he 4as saying earlier Fde#inG. %# ;o, he is still 4ondering 4hat to ser5e @asan and Aylin 4hen they come o5er for dinner ne/t Saturday. %% "ight at the end of the con5ersation she is 4ondering ho4 UmdatHs grandfather is doing.

1age ,+% %, @ard to do, isnHt it, since there is no clear topicM @o4 a0out: OSRkran and Umdat argue a0out the 4isdom of a decision a friend of theirs has madeH.
Exercise 8

!raba is the su0<ect in this sentence, and su0<ects ne5er get accusati5e case, 4hich is reser5ed for direct o0<ects.
Exercise 9

, eski 0ir ha5aalanP ) 0eya> 0ir el0ise $ tarif kolay & inek deli ( lokanta yeni ' 0oX 0ardaklar + ucu> ta5uklar * yRksek fiyatlar
Exercise 10

The follo4ing are compounds: % e5ening dinner Fak,a# ye#e1iG , mad co4 disease Fdeli dana hastal&1&G 7dana means OcalfH8 ) fatigue syndrome Fyorgunluk sendro#uG & home4ork Fev 0deviG ( 1ersian rug FKars hal&s&G 7Kars forms compounds; of course there 4as no 4ay you could actually kno4 that Kars 0elongs to this select group of country names8 ' Turkish go5ernment FT8rk h8k8#etiG 7T8rk forms compounds8 Ad<ecti5ec;oun com0inations: $ gold 4atch Falt&n saatG 7alt&n is a material ad<ecti5e8 * ?utch foot0all player F9ollandal& 4utbolcuG 79ollandal& ends in 3li; meaning itHs a normal ad<ecti5e8 And one 4as a trick question, as Turkish for Oplastic 0agH is po,et; 0orro4ed from !rench. @o4e5er, it could ha5e 0een naylon +anta.
Lesson 1L Exercise 1

% 3# 7OmyH8, 3la 7O4ithH8 , 3ini* 7OyourH8, 3de 7OinH8 ) 3d8 71ast8, 3k 7O4eH8 $ 3i 7OitsH8 & 3u#u* 7OourH8, 3un 7OofH8, 3s& 7Ohis3herH8, 3nda 7OinH8 ( 3&yor 71resent8, #u 7Guestion8, 3sunu* 7OyouH8 ' 3n 7OyourH8, 3den 7OfromH8 + 3du 71ast8, 3n 7OyouH8

1age ,+, Exercise % ?emin iki tane kocaman kuXu gZrdRm. , Bu 0eya> ara0a seninki miM ) -Qlencede RstRnde yeXil 0ir etek 5ardP. $ Enlar Sok normal insan. & :alatasaray yeni iyi 0ir fut0olcu istiyor. Exercise ! % 1aram yok. , Uki kZpeQi 5ar. ) Si>in ne gR>el e5ini> 5arN $ Burada kalmayP gerSekten Sok 0eQendim. & FunanistanHda yemek iyi. Exercise " % ;o, is a0out OmilkH in general. , ;o, indefinite 7reach a conclusion8. ) ;o, itHs not a particular postcard. $ Fes, this sentence can only really mean OEpen the lidH k kapa1& a+- & Fes, the possessi5e suffi/ 3in makes the plate definite k taba1&n&. ( ;o, is a0out OmoneyH in general. ' ;o, OoftenH cannot refer to one particular 7definite8 strike. + ;o, is a0out OtimeH in general. * Fes, 4hich letter is specified 0y annenin +0pl81e att&1& 7Othe one your mother thre4 a4ayH8, so it is definite k #ektubu. %# Fes, the possessi5e makes the 0oys definite k o1lanlar&n&. %% ;o, indefinite 7offer a <o08; Fes, the offering is specified 7O0y themH8 k tekli4 edeceklerini %, Fes, is a0out this 4ord k s0*c818. Exercise ( % Compound: ev anahtar& , Compound: karayolu ) Ad<ecti5e: ya,l& ada# $ Simple noun: hapishane & ;ot a compound: i,veren 7O4ho gi5es 4orkH8 ( Compound: ya* aylar& ' Compound: saat be, treni + Ad<ecti5e: a+&k +ay * :eniti5e construction: g8n8n ye#e1i %# Compound: ye#ek listesi %% Ad<ecti5e: etsi* ye#ek %, Compound: #erci#ek +orbas& %) Ad<ecti5e: Kinli kayak+& %$ Compound: T8rk kahvesi Exercise # % hotel room , Turkish coffee ) teacher of :erman 7as opposed to !l#an 01ret#en O:erman teacherH8 $ Sea of 9armara & Turkish.:reek friendship ( girlsH school ' kitchen cup0oard + 0us ticket * Japanese car 7literally OJapan carH8 %# thriller %% @eming4ayHs no5els %, lam0 meat3meat of lam0s %) the month of

1age ,+) 9ay %$ childrenHs room3the room of the child %& 0alcony door3the door of the 0alcony %( co4Hs milk %' Second Dorld Dar %+ no5el 4riter34riter of no5els Exercise $ e5 kadPnPyPm; portakal suyunu>; mey5a 0ahSemi>; 0aX aQrPm; u>man doktor; kadPn doktoru; 0ilgisayar programcPsP; Amerikan firmasP; >a5allP 0a0am; o dRkkanPn sahi0i; yaXlP dRkkan sahipleri; Ankara treninde; pirinS pila5P; etli nohut; TRrk mutfaQP; ]in mutfaQP; TRrk mutfaQPndan Exercise % OtheirHcsingular: , Ahmed and @assan are in their room. BtHs upstairs, the first one on the left. ) These girls lo5e their mother7s8 5ery much. OhisH3or OherHcplural: * So she ga5e me her clothes. %# B think his thoughts are dangerous. OtheirHcplural: $ ?o you kno4 their childrenM 7can also 0e Otheir childH8 & De first painted the girlsH rooms. Othey ha5eH: ( Some children didnHt ha5e shoes on their feet. ' And then the teachers had an e/cellent proposal. plural plus accusati5e: + Ali told funny stories. %, @a5e you seen the mosquesM plural compound noun plus accusati5e: % Bn this to4n, the traffic lights are al4ays red. %% Dhen B 4as a kid, B hated the piano lessons. Exercise The te/t is an almost literal rendition of a con5ersation one of the authors has on tape. The speakers used a lot of pronouns, more than 4ould normally 0e e/pected. @ere is the transcript. Compare the used pronouns 4ith your e/pectations. The fact that there 4ere three people present increased the use of pronouns, 0ecause often it 4as necessary to specify 4ho e/actly the speaker 4as talking to. BA@A": Sa0ahat, sen 6ayseriHden geleli kaS sene olduM Ben BursaHya geleli RS yPl oldu. SABA@AT: aS yPl oldu. BA@A": Ben yedi, seki> ay sonra yine 0ir kursa 0aXladPm, o da

1age ,+$ 6u>ey BursaHdaydP. Eraya altP ay, yok, seki> ay de5am ettim. Bitti, 0u yPl yine 0aXlamPXtPm oraya. Ama diQer ZQrencileri 0eQenmedim. Bir tek 0en konuXuyorum, onlar susuyor. SABA@AT: BursaHyP 0en se5emiyorum. Si> se5iyor musunu>M AF@A;: Ben Znceleri se5miyordum, ama, sen nasPl 0uluyorsun BursaHyP, BursaHlPyPM BA@A": 9esela Ayhan dZnRX yapmak isterse 0en hemen dZnerim. BuranPn ha5asPndan SalPXamPyorum. AF@A;: Ben eQer 0urdan gitsem 0en oraya ayak uyduramamki. SABA@AT: Sen hiS uydurama>sPn. AF@A;: Ben hiS uyduramam artPk. BA@A": ]RnkR sen AlmanyaHda 0RyRdRn; ondan sonra da tekrar 0uraya geldin. Endan sonra da 0uranPn hayatPna alPXmaya SalPXPyorsun. Exercise ,. %c ,l )g $h &i (< '0 +k *e l#a %%d %,f ;ot all of these pairs in5ol5e e/act synonymsN 9ost of the time, they share a lot of meaning, 0ut they also imply slight differences. !or instance, b&rak#ak means Oto stop doing somethingH, 4hile bitir#ek means Oto finishH. Bn bitir#ek; the <o0 is actually done, 4hile in b&rak#ak; you <ust stop doing it. Dith others, thereHs a difference in style: #erhaba is more informal than g8nayd&n. Binle#ek and duy#ak 0ear the same relationship to each other that OlistenH and OhearH do in -nglish. A dost is a closer friend than an arkada, ;ote that oku#ak can mean Oto studyH, e/tended from its 0asic meaning in the same 4ay as -nglish Oto readH in OBHm reading -nglish literatureH. !inally, deCda and ve 0oth mean OandH, 0ut deCda is perhaps translated more precisely 4ith Oand^tooH. Exercise ,, %i ,l )f $g &k (< 'a +e *0 l#d %%h %,c Exercise , % be1eniyoru# , dedi ) Oahane- $ !caba & 8*erine ( 9akl&s&n ' ar&# + gideceksini* * yanl&,l&k oldu 7also cross out biri and yap#&,8 %# ni+in %% ne4is %, bitirebildini* #i' %) sene

1age ,+&
Lesson 11 Exercise 1

% She 4orks bankada: in a 0ank. , She had asserted that Turks donHt go5ern themsel5es, and that, therefore, they had to 0e daha sert: tougher. ) The countries that shouldnHt 0e made a d8,#an are the ticaret yapt&1&#&* #e#leketler: countries one trades 4ith. The grammar of this sentence 4ill 0e the focus of much of this lesson. $ ODeH, that is, the Turks, donHt 4ant other countries to tell them bunu yap; ,unu yap#a 7Odo this, do thatH8. ;ote that literally the idiom says: Odo this, donHt do thatH. & After she married Ali. The form 3di1inden beri means OsinceH. Fou kno4 the com0ination 3den beri OsinceH 7for e/ample ya*dan beri Osince summerH8. The com0ination 3di1inden beri is the same one, e/cept that no4 OsinceH com0ines 4ith a 4hole clause, not 4ith a simple noun such as OsummerH. The sequence !li=yle evlendi1inden beri means Osince she got married to AliH. ( Lnun #eselesi; Oher pro0lemH, is preceded 0y L. @e says: OdonHt 4orry, thatHs her pro0lem, not yoursH. The OthatH in the translation is 4hat is e/pressed 0y o in the Turkish sentence. Bt refers to something like Othat she has 0ecome so different after her marriageH as in OThat she has 0ecome so different is her pro0lem, not yoursH. ' Compare the t4o: the 5er0 yoruldu# and the Oto 0eHcad<ecti5e.construction OB am tiredH. The -nglish construction focuses on the present state of tiredness, 4hile the Turkish construction profiles the process of 0ecoming tired. That o05iously happened in the past, 0ecause the result is that one is tired no4, hence the past tense ending. Bt is easiest to <ust learn the 4hole phrase yoruldu# as equi5alent of OBHm tiredH. + The follo4ing clauses 4ere used. Although some are su0ordinate in the -nglish equi5alents, these are not regarded as such in Turkish 7that is, they contain OordinaryH 5er0s8. 3bankada +al&,an; 4ho 4orks in a 0ank; 3ki bi*; T8rkler; kendi kendi#i*i y0net#iyoru* Othat 4e Turks do not go5ern oursel5esH 7not su0ordinate in Turkish8; 3bi* daha sert ol#al&y&* O4e must 0e tougherH 7not su0ordinate in Turkish8; 3ticaret yapt&1&#&* Othat 4e trade 4ithH; 3bunu yap; ,unu yap#a de#ek Oto say do this, do thatH 7not su0ordinate in Turkish8; 3!li=yle evlendi1inden beri; Osince she married AliH

1age ,+(

Exercise Dhen B 4ent out last night to see the house that Jerry and Jill 0ought, it 4as raining pretty hard. The um0rella B once had 4as not to 0e found, so B had to depend on my raincoat. The streets, that are usually deserted at this time of night, 4ere completely de5oid of human life. A cat that 4as sheltering under a car 4as the only li5ing creature B sa4. All those people 4ho 4ere staying in turned out to 0e quite right, 0ecause 4hen B got to the house, B 4as completely soaked. Bn addition, the surprise B had intended for my friends 0ackfPred, as neither Jerry nor Jill turned out to 0e home. The choices for 3di1i and 3en are as follo4s 7donHt 4orry a0out unfamiliar Turkish here; this is an e/ercise a0out the structure of relati5e clauses, not a0out useful 5oca0ulary. Fou may 4ant to note do4n the 4ord for Oum0rellaH though: ,e#siye8: % Bn Othe ne4 house that Jerry and Jill ha5e 0oughtH, Othe houseH is the o0<ect of O0oughtH, so you need to use 3di1i: yeni ald&1& ev: , Bn Othe um0rella that B once hadH, Othe um0rellaH is the o0<ect of OhadH, so you need to use 3di1i: beni# olan ,e#siye; or beni# sahip oldu1u# ,e#siye. ) Bn Othe streets, that are usually deserted at this time of nightH, Othe streetsH is the su0<ect of Oare desertedH, so you need to use 3en: bo, olan sokaklar: $ Bn Oa cat that 4as sheltering under a carH, Oa catH is the su0<ect of O4as shelteringH, so you need to use 3en: s&1&nan kedi: & Bn Oall those people 4ho 4ere staying inH, OpeopleH is the su0<ect of Oare staying inH, so you need to use 3en: i+eride bulunan insanlar: ( Bn Othe surprise B had intendedH, Othe surpriseH is the o0<ect of OintendedH, so you need to use 3di1i: niyet etti1i# s8rpri*: Exercise ! % 9y :od, the place 4here BHm 4orking is filthyN , BHll gi5e that coat B ne5er 4ear to 9elike. ) B really like the house youHre li5ing in. $ The tape thatHs playing sounds like the Beatles. & B ha5enHt yet started the 0ook you ga5e me 7Oha5e not 0een a0le to startH8. ( The other people 4ho 4ere 4aiting at the 0us stop complained too. ' ?oes your daughter like the <o0 she foundM + The only person 4e didnHt gossip a0out is youN * ?o you kno4 the guy thatHs married to -serM %# Dho is the 4oman 4hoHs talkingM

1age ,+' Exercise " The most important thing a0out this e/ercise is to make sure you put the su0<ect of the relati5e clause in the geniti5e case. Apart from that, some other case forms 4ere needed, such as the dati5e on onlar in %, forced 0y the 5er0 ya*#ak. That is: you 4rite to someone; this OtoH is e/pressed 0y the dati5e case ending 3a in onlara. , !nneannenin ) *eytini $ !h#et=in; ,ark&y& & Soka1&n kar,&s&nda; bana 7no ACC on ,aka 0ecause itHs indefinite, indicated 0y bir8 ( Earadona=n&n ' ek#e1i + hediyeyi

Exercise ( % @ursa=ya giden tren: , Bo1u# g8n8n i+in ald&1&n bisiklet: ;B: i+in does not require a case marker on the preceding noun, so do1u# g8n8n is not marked. ) Iapt&1&n i1ren+ g8r8lt8 nedir' $ Soka1&n kar,&s&nda oturan 01renci +ok sevi#li: ;B: kar,& requires the preceding 4ord to ha5e geniti5e case. & @ritanya=da oturan arkada,lar&#&* g8*el; yeni bir ev sat&n ald&: ;B: 4hen t4o ad<ecti5es precede one noun, bir comes after the last ad<ecti5e. ( Senin do1du1un senede ben alt& ya,&ndayd&#: ' Fou pro0a0ly first tried sat&n ald&1&#&* ev; 0ut that may ha5e already made you uneasy, 0ecause 0y no4 you should kno4 enough to translate that as Othe house 4e 0oughtH. !or future 5ersions of the relati5e clause, you use 3ece1i instead of 3di1i; 4ith the future tense form 3ecek contained in it. This form 4ill 0e discussed in the ne/t lesson. The right translation is: sat&n alaca1&#&* ev. Exercise # a. ;ominal sentences, present tense. ;ote that all of the follo4ing sentences ha5e OisH in their -nglish translation. Senin i, duru#un nas&l ,i#di' >,si*i#: Ayle #i' ]aten i, bul#ak *or bu *a#anlarda: 9akl&s&n: !#a o +ok pahal&: Sen deli #isin' Iir#i birinci y8*y&lday&*: 0. 1resent tense on 3iyor. ;ote that not all of these are necessarily translated 0y an O.ingH form in -nglish. Ga*etede ilanlara bak&yoru# a#a 7OBHm lookingH 7these days, not right no48, i.e.: OBH5e lookedH8. @ilgisayar hakk&nda bir,ey biliyor #usun' Tabii ki biliyoru#; bil#eyen var #&' @iliyoru# vallahi-

1age ,++ Mar,&ya +&k&yor #usunu*' M&k#&yoru*; di, heki#ine gidiyoru*; oras&n& iyi bil#iyoru#: c. Geni, *a#an Lna tele4on edebilirsin galiba: @elki tele4on ederi#: @elki de okula d0nebiliri#: @elki seninle ilgilenebilirlerVS0yleri#: G0r8,8r8*d. 1ast tense 9ala bir,ey bula#ad&n #&' Mok 8*8ld8#: @&kt&# ara#aktan 7this is a fi/ed e/pression and it happens to 0e past tense8. Be#in akl&#a geldi 7another fi/ed idiom8. @ilgisayar bil#eyen kal#ad& neredeyse 7OThereHs almost no.one left 4ho doesnHt kno4 computersH8. e,ke ,irketi#i*de bo, yer olsayd& 7Oif only there 4asH8. &*&lay=da: entin

e. !uture tense @eni# i+in yepyeni yol olacak: >yi bir sekreter olacaks&n: %e yapacaks&n&*' Exercise $ The follo4ing pairs ha5e all 0een in the dialogues some4here. There arenHt many options for Othank youH, so te,ekk8r ederi# and sa1 ol occur frequently. #erhabaP#erhabaD nas&ls&n'Piyiyi#; te,ekk8r ederi#Csa1 ol; sen nas&ls&n'D g0r8,8r8*Pg0r8,8r8*D ne haber'PiyilikD g8nayd&nPg8nayd&nD #e#nun oldu# Pben de #e#nun oldu#D iyi g8nlerPiyi g8nlerD ho, geldini*Pho, buldukD buyurunPte,ekk8r ederi*D te,ekk8r ederi#Pbir ,ey de1ilD iyi ge*#elerPsa1 olD buyurun'PV7e.g. kahve8 l8t4enD ba,ar&larPte,ekk8r ederi#D aloPaloC#erhabaD oturunPte,ekk8r ederi#DV7any request8Yta#a# % #erhaba , iyilik ) g0r8,8r8* 7;B: you may ha5e to precede it 4ith something e/plaining 4hy youHre ending the con5ersation, e.g. git#e# gerekiyorG $ #e#nun oldu# & ba,ar&lar- ( sa1 olunC te,ekk8r ederi# ' sa1 olunCte,ekk8r ederi* + g8nayd&n Exercise % % 3#i, , 3#i, ) either one $ 3di & 3di ( 3#i, ' 3#i, + either one * 3#i, %# 3di

1age ,+* % Lnlara anlat#&, ol#al&: , @urada ya1#ur ya1#&,: ) Lndan sonra k0pek onu &,&rd& 7Oyou sa4 it happeningH8 or &,&r#&, 7Oso you 4ere toldH8. $ Seyret#eye gitti1i#i* #a+& Kenerbah+e kolayca ka*and&: & Iap#ad&1&#& ona s0yledi#: ( Ga*eteye g0re g8*el bir konser ver#i,: ' Rnut#u,u#: + Sigorta ,irketine tele4on etti #i' 7Odid you see him do itMH8 or et#i, #i' 7Oas far as you kno4, did he callMH8 * Tele4on et#i, #i sence' 7or: ara#&, #& sence'8 %# 9angi nu#aray& +evirdin'
Exercise 9

% Iap#&,; #a,allah- , kullan#a#&,lard&r ) Ryu#u,u#: $ Iabanc& de1il#i,: & Ee#nun ol#a#&,lar: ( evde #iy#i,' ' ney#i,' + Iorul#u,sun 7recall that OtiredH is e/pressed through a 5er0, yorul#ak; not through an ad<ecti5e8. * g8ne,len#i,sin %# ayseri=dey#i,:
Exercise 10

% sure , inferred ) inferred $ inferred & sure ( sure ' inferred + sure * sure %# inferred %% sure %, inferred %) sure

Lesson 12 Exercise 1

% The te/t contains the follo4ing conditional 5er0 forms: istersek Oif 4e 4antH; vurursa# Oif B 4inH; kaybet#eseydin Oif you hadnHt lostH; bir i,i# olursa Oif B ha5e a <o0H. , The endings are the same as used for the past tense 3di 7compare, for instance, the k in istersek and istedik8
Exercise 2

, Bu akXam !atmaHnPn partisine gideceksem,^) @er ya> trenle seyahat ederse,^$ Etogarda seni 0eklersem,^& AkXamlarP annem 0ana 0ir hikaye anlatPrsa,^( 6ar yaQPyorsa,^' A0im mRhendis olmak istiyorsa,^+ Sorunu> 5arsa,^

1age ,*# Exercise ! % BRyRk 0ir Xehirde yaXasan,^, Bu akXam !atmaHnPn partisine gitsem,^) @er ya> trenle seyahat etse,^$ Etogarda seni 0eklesem,^& AkXamlarP annem 0ana 0ir hikaye anlatsa,^ ( 6ar yaQsa,^' A0im mRhendis olmak istese,^+ Sorunu> olsa,^ Exercise " 5ery red; straight ahead; altogether; totally empty; 5ery fresh Exercise ( % The 3il3 suffi/ is used to indicate the passi5e. Getir#ek means Oto 0ringH, so getiril#ek means Oto 0e takenH. , 3ken e/presses O4hileH. Bt is one of the so.called Ocon5er0sHYthe equi5alents of -nglish su0ordinated clauses. Bn the remainder of 2esson %, con5er0s 4ill 0e dealt 4ith. ) 3ince means Oas soon asH and is also a con5er0. Exercise # % giderken 7indicating that during the period the first person narrator 4as on his 4ay to askRdar, it 4as raining all the time8 , gelince 7as soon as B came there8 ) 0oth are possi0le, 4ith a difference in meaning: +alarken Othe period during 4hich B play the sa>,^H and +al&nca Oas soon as B play the sa>,^H $ girince & var&nca ( dinlerken ' +&k&nca + severken 7notice, 0y the 4ay, that in the final sentence of this e/ercise the su0<ect of the con5er0 7OannemH8 is different from the su0<ect of the main clause 7O0a0amH88 Exercise $

% binince , dur#adan ) konu,urken or konu,#adan 7depending on 4hether he talked to you F3kenG or not F3#adanG8. $ okuldayken & 0l8nce ( de#eden ' bilirseni* + s&k&l&rsan Exercise % % be,i1i salland&ran el: , so1uktan i+eri gelen casus 7although this also can mean Othe spy 4ho came in 0ecause of the coldH8.

1age ,*% ) bak&,lar 0ld8rebilse;V$ beni ,i#di terkedersen; beni# en iyi par+a#& g0t8r8rs8n: & git#eden 0nce; beni uyand&r- ( bir i* b&rak#adan:
Lesson 13 Exercise 1

Belo4, you 4ill first find a translation of the dialogue. The specific questions in % and , 4ill 0e dealt 4ith su0sequently. @ASA;: 2ook, 9elike, our dear guest has 0rought us these flo4ers. 9-2U6-: Eh dear, ho4 niceN Dhy did you go to all that trou0leM @asan could you put them on the ta0le, pleaseM B think that these days there are fe4er 4ell.educated people than there used to 0e. @ASA;: -/cuse us, you pro0a0ly ha5e something important to do. Are you going out to the centre of to4nM A"U! B-F: ;o, BHm not going to the centre of to4n, right no4, B only 4ant to go out for a 4alk, <ust 4alk around in the park. But later B must go out to do some shopping for presents, so this e5ening B 4ill go to the centre. @ASA;: All right, 4e donHt 4ant to keep you 4aiting, thank you again for the 0eautiful flo4ers. A"U! B-F: ;o pro0lem. 9-2U6-: Take care. :ood0ye. A"U! B-F: See you. @ASA;: 9elike, 4ho 4as that on the phoneM 9-2U6-: That 4as my sister. SheHll come 0y this afternoon to return a 0ook to me.

@ASA;: @o4 is your sisterM 9-2U6-: Eh, the same as al4ays, she quarrelled 4ith her hus0and, sheHs 0roke^Dhy are you laughingM Think of her situationN But those flo4ers are 0eautiful, arenHt theyM Dhat do you say a0out thatM @ASA;: B told you last night that Arif is a good human 0eing. 9-2U6-: FouHre right, from no4 on B 4ill 0elie5e e5erything you tell me. %: a. @e has gi5en the flo4ers to 0oth 9elike and @asan. @asan says bi*e Oto usH in his first line. 0. @e is laughing 0ecause 9elikeHs

1age ,*, sister apparently al4ays 7her *a#an gibi Oas al4aysH8 has the same pro0lems: quarrel 4ith her hus0and, and lack of money. 9elike <okingly 7as it is follo4ed 0y laughter8 0egs him to 0e more considerate 7duru#unu d8,8n- Othink of her situationH8. c. @er sister called to say she 4as going to 0ring 0ack a 0ook that afternoon. d. ;o, heHs going out for a 4alk in the park. e. @e thinks Arif is a good person, as he had told his 4ife the night 0efore 7d8n ak,a# Oyesterday e5eningH8. ,: a. She uses the polite question form of the geni, *a#an of koy#ak Oto putH, koyar #&s&n&* Odo you putMH. Alternati5es you ha5e learned 0efore in this 0ook are the more informal question form koyar #&s&nM Odo you putMH or the polite imperati5e koyun l8t4en- OputNH. The short imperati5e koy- OputNH is quite unaccepta0le in this situation. A literal translation of the -nglish polite request, koyabilir #isini*M Ocan you putMH is possi0le, 0ut perhaps a 0it too formal in this congenial setting. 0. san&r&#: c. yap#ak means OdoH; +&k#ak means Ogo outH. Com0ined 4ith al&,veri, OshoppingH, the former is the normal 4ord for Oto do shoppingH; the latter is said 4hen you 4ant to focus on the act of going out of the house in order to do the shopping 7note the dati5e ending 3e; indicating motion to4ards some4here, in al&,veri,e8. Bn the dialogue it is appropriate 0ecause the guest is poised to go out of the hotel right that minute. d. The Turkish 4ay of saying this is Omy money is finishedH: para# bitti. Bn the dialogue, the phrase is OsheHs 0rokeH: paras& bitti: The construction, therefore, is para plus 1ossessi5e ending plus bitti. e. ,una ne dersin' means O4hatH FbuG Odo you think3sayH Fder3G Oa0outH 7the dati5e case ending 3na8 OthatH F,uGM f. Bo1ru: g. endini*e iyi bak&n: 9o,+a kal&nExercise

The particle is used in paras& da bitti. 9elike could <ust as 4ell ha5e said paras& bittiD the addition of da adds the idea of a list: the sister is mad at her hus0and and sheHs out of money. The 0asic translation of deCda seems to 0e OandH, OtooH, Oas 4ellH, OalsoH. Exercise ! % true. @e needs to go and pick them up. , false. @e has something to do 7bir i, Oa <o0H8. That this creates a pro0lem for picking up the glasses is clear from the conte/t and from the fact that he

1age ,*) starts his sentence 4ith a#a O0utH. ) true. 70dedi# OB paidH8. $ true. Serkan doesnHt need to say anything a0out 4ho ;ecat is. & true. -rol asks 4hether ;ecat is still playing for BeXiktaX and Serkan says that indeed he is 7oynuyor Ohe is playingH8. ( false. @e kno4s he 4asnHt good enough: a#a eksikti O0ut it 4asnHt enoughH8. ' false. @e is compassionate 7ne ya*&k ki O4hat a pityH8. + true. 7+ok k0t8 O5ery 0adH8. * true. 7ol#a* OcanHt 0eH8. %# false. ;urettin comes up later as speaking Turkmenian, 4hich is not listed among the languages the friend from B>mir speaks. %% false. As soon as he FbuG got off the train Ftrenden indi1i#i* andan itibarenG; he started to speak Turkmenian to people. %, false. The man got mad Fk&*d&G. %) true. @e still FhalaG doesnHt kno4 4hat happened Fne oldu1unuG. %$ false. @e 4ill pick them up at ) F8+teG. Exercise " % her,eyi , bira* ) bir,eyi# $ ki#se & herkes ( hi+bir ' @8t8n + 9er * a* %# di1erleri %% hepsini %, birisine 7a,&k ol#ak requires the dati5e ending 3e8; %) ba*&lar& %$ +ok %& bir The translations of the sentences are: % Datch outN 2ittle Ayhan hears e5erything. , B think Turkish is a 0it difficult. ) Dhen B came here, B had nothing. $ B didnHt understand any0ody. & ?onHt 4orry, itHs the same for e5ery0ody. ( Antil no4 B ha5enHt seen a thing in Turkey. ' Fou kno4 5ery 4ell that the 4hole 4orld lo5es foot0all. + After all classes ha5e finished, there 4ill 0e a party. * 9y friend 4ill call me in a little 0it. %# Ahmet and B 4ent 0y train; the others 4ent 0y car. %% The old people e/pect e5erything from us young people. %, And then this girl fell in lo5e 4ith someone. %) De found a solution for some of the pro0lems. %$ B got 5ery angry that Ali had done that. %& They are going to 0uild a ne4 theatre in our to4n. Exercise ( Sentence % 0ecomes !#erika=da +ok *engin#i,; 4hich means OBn America, he must ha5e 0een 5ery richH. The meaning of O0ecomeH in the original is contri0uted 0y ol#ak. Bn Sentence ), 4hich 0ecomes !* kals&n bir tra4ik ka*as&yd&; the meaning difference is much more su0tle. This one means OThere 4as almost a traffic accidentH, 4hile the

one 4ith ol#ak has more of an Oimmediate e/perienceH feel to it, as in OBoy, that 4as a narro4 escapeNH

1age ,*$ Exercise # The forms in %, ,, $ and ' are fi/ed e/pressions. Bn ), oldu is more likely than ol#u, 0ecause of the follo4ing geldi 7makes it sound as if the speaker sa4 the accident8. Bn (, you ha5e to 0uild the familiar structure 4ith 3#al&. Bn +, san#ak calls for a 3di1i form. % olsun , ol ) oldu $ oldum & olmuyor ( olmalPyP> ' oldu + olduQunu * oluyor The translations are: % :et 4ellN , Thank youN ) En the street an accident happened and the police came right a4ay. $ 1leased to meet you. & ;othing is certain. ( She said 4e ha5e to 0e stronger. ' Dhat happenedM Come on, tell usN + B donHt think this is good. * @er dishes are 5ery tasty. Exercise $ % 9er *a#an oldu1u gibi: , %e kadar olsun' ) >yi bir 01renci ol#ak i+in: $ !#erikan 4ir#as& yeni sahibi oldu: & >yi bir i,+i 7or 0etter: ele#an8 olacaks&n. ( >lgin+ ol#u,tur: ' @0yle ol#a- + Ll#a*: * Sa+& &slak olan ada#: %# Gerekli olursa: Exercise % % O?earH, SevgiliD OB hope youHre 4ellH, R#ar&# iyisindirD O:reetingsH, Ap8yoru#: , ;o, not really. The 4eather is nice, 0ut F4akatG; she has too much 4ork. ) Sana bir,ey sor#ak istiyoru#: $ ;o, she tells !unda not to 4orry, that itHs not important, <ust to do it if she happens to plan a 5isit to a 0ookshop. & The #illi k8t8phane; Opu0lic li0raryH 7literally Onational li0raryH8. ( BtHs -nglish history that 6amile is interested in, and !unda is in 2ondon at the moment. ' Fes, she thinks !unda kno4s him quite 4ell. + ,ehrin d&,&nda: * 6amile kno4s 2ondon is famous for its musicals and she apparently hates musicals. She says she hopes !unda doesnHt ha5e to go to one of those musicals. %# Fes, the e.mail message is informal: there are no 3sini* forms, for instance.

1age ,*& @ere is a translation of the te/t: ?ear !unda,

B hope youHre 4ell. B 4onHt ask ho4 the 4eather is in 2ondon. BHm sure 7literally/ OitHs sureH8 youHre ha5ing a good time. Today the 4eather is 5ery nice here, 0ut B canHt en<oy it, B ha5e to finish my 4ork. B 4ant to ask you something. Bf you 5isit a 0ookshop one of these days, could you look for some 0ooksM As you sa4 in my last e.mail, B am quite interested in -nglish history these days. B canHt find the 0ooks B 4ant in the pu0lic li0rary. But if there is no opportunity to go to a 0ookshop, donHt 4orry, itHs not that important. BHll gi5e the names in my ne/t message. B 4ant to rest the 4hole 4eekend. Tomorro4 BHll 5isit my Canadian friend, ?a5e. Fou kno4 him 4ell, donHt youM Anfortunately, he li5es outside of to4n. Dhat are you going to doM ?o you ha5e plans for the 4eekendM B hope you donHt ha5e to go to one of those musicalsN 2o5e, 6amile.
Lesson 1! Exercise 1

% ,irketi#i*in yeni binas&n&n in,aat&naD 3i#i* possessi5e suffi/ %st person plural OourH; 3in geniti5e case OofH; 3s& possessi5e )rd person singular OitsH; 3n&n geniti5e case OofH; 3& possessi5e suffi/ )rd person singular OitsH; 3na dati5e case, 0ecause of the 5er0 ba,la#ak Oto 0egin 4ithH. The thing you 0egin 4ith 7in this e/ample in,aat O0uildingH8 al4ays has the 3eC3a ending. The 4hole stretch means O4ith the 0uilding of a ne4 office of our firmH. , ba,laya#ay&*: the suffi/ immediately after the 5er0 stem is 3ya#a3 4hich is the negati5e form of 3FyGebil and 4hich means Onot 0e a0le toH 7see 2esson +, the section on 1ermission and E0ligation8. ) @ug8n OtodayH appears right 0efore the 5er0, 4hich means that it is emphasised. Bn fact, in the second sentence, yar&n Otomorro4H is follo4ed 0y #utlaka OsurelyH, 4hich takes the emphasis.

1age ,*( Exercise % The 4inter season might cause a delay of si/ months, in case thereHs sno4. , Because theyHre not ordered yet. And that is 0ecause the director hasnHt signed the right papers yet. ) The #i#ar 4as 4aiting for the director to sign. $ Bt takes only one day to get the 4indo4 frames deli5ered.

Exercise ! % Sinema yPldP>P, kendisine 0ir milyonluk sZ>leXme teklif edildiQi halde, teklifi reddetti. , 6onferans Rcreti Sok yRksek olduQu iSin 7olduQundan8, ZQrenciler ucu> 0ir otelde kalmak >orundaydPlar. ) 2Rtfen, istediQini> kadar alPn. $ Ahmet Xikayet etmeyi se5diQi halde, ondan hiS 0ir Xey duymadPm. & @a5aalanPna 5ardPQPn gi0i 0eni arar mPsPnM ( Tren geS kaldPQP iSin 7kaldPQPndan8 tiyatroya koXmam gerekti. ' Tren geS kaldPQP takdirde, 0eni 0eklemeyini>N + Tren geS kaldPQP halde, tiyatroya tam >amanPnda 5ardPm. * Tren 5ardPQP gi0i tiyatroya koXtum. %# @er gRn ta>e mey5e 5e se0>e yediQim halde, RXRttRm. %% Ta>e mey5e 5e se0>e yemeyi 0PraktPQPmP> gi0i, RXRttRk. %, 6P>gPn ZQretmen O-5 Zde5ini>i yapmadPQPnP> iSin, derse de5am edememH diye 0aQPrdP. Exercise " % 7BtHs8 yours , 7BtHs8 9ustafaHs ) Bs the pen yoursM $ 7BtHs8 theirs & 7BtHs8 the Turkish "epu0licHs Exercise ( % sokaktakiler: , d8nk8 +ocuk yar&nki yeti,kin: ) a#ca#&nkini al#a; beni#kini al 74hen the uncle is your fatherHs 0rother8. or: day&#&nkini al#a; beni#kini al 74hen the uncle is your motherHs 0rother8. $ hastanedeki doktorlar daha iyi: & he doesnHt like food from restaurants. ( they are more e/pensi5e than my grandmotherHs. ' the stationHs timeta0le ga5e a different departure time. + grape <uice tasting of 4ine 7Oin 4ine tasteH8. Exercise # % The 5er0 foms dururdu; ba,lard& and bakard& ha5e 0oth a geni, *a#an 7the O0road tenseH, see 2esson +8 suffi/ and a past tense

1age ,*' suffi/ 3di. , The first part of the story contains general remarks of the narrator a0out his mother: 4hat she used to do. The appropriate form to use for this kind of ha0itual 0eha5iour is the geni, *a#an. Since he also refers to things that happened in the past 7things his mother used to do 4hen he 4as small8, the past tense suffi/ has 0een added. ) @e changes into using simple past tense forms, such as dedi; dedi# and att&#; 0ecause at that point in the story he s4itches from general remarks to a specific episode in the past. At that point the main story line starts. Exercise $ The items in this e/ercise sho4 you that 3ip can replace more 5er0 tenses and 5er0 forms than <ust a simple past or present tense suffi/:

% kalk&p stands for kalkt& Ohe got upH, , gelip stands for gelince 7that is, at the same le5el as konunca8 Oas soon as they cameH, ) gidip stands for gideli# OletHs goH, $ gidip stands for gidece1i* O4eHll goH, & ko,up stands for ko,sa# OBf B runH. Exercise % % The 0oy got up and started looking for the frog. , As soon as the 0irds came and landed on the tree in our garden, it 4as all right. ) 2etHs go and dance. 7see 2esson ' for OletHsH8 $ DeHll go and meet my mother and hers. & Bf B run and catch them^N Exercise % After the t4o co40oys got off their horses, they dre4 their guns and filled each other 4ith holes. , The contestant, smiling, ans4ered the question the qui>master asked. 7Dell, thatHs a rather literal translation. A 0etter one 4ould 0e Othe contestant smiled and ans4ered the question asked 0y the qui>masterH8. ) De 4ent to see our ill class mate and asked a0out his condition. $ By in5estigating unimportant details, she lost 5alua0le time. & !orgetting that it 4as a holiday today, our a0sent.minded neigh0our 4ent to 4ork. ( The scared child tried to postpone his 5isit to the dentist 0y using the e/cuse of home4ork.

1age ,*+ Exercise ,. % Sekip , gRlRmseyerek ) uQrayPp $ araXtPrarak & unutarak ( 0ahane ederek Exercise ,, % Dhile B 4as contemplating these things, the 0ell rang. , Dhen she understood that she 4as late for her e/am, she put on her <acket and rushed out into the street. ) By standing in front of the fire, she got 4arm. $ @e inserted paper into his type4riter and 0egan to 4rite a poem. & The fat man tried to loose 4eight 0y refraining from eating s4eets. ( After dinner, he helped 0y 4ashing up. ' As soon as he arri5es in America, heHll send me an e.mail. + Dhy do mothers al4ays call their children for dinner 7Oto the ta0leH8 0y shouting to them from the 0alconyM Exercise , % dRXRnRrken , anlayPnca; giyip ) durarak $ takPp & keserek ( yaparak ' 5arPnca + seslenerek Exercise ,! % According to husus $, the 0us company is not responsi0le for lost luggage 4hich 4as not handed in and for 4hich no receipt 4as gi5en. But, according to husus &, all

<usticial responsi0ility lies 4ith the 0us o4ner 7not the 0us OcompanyH, 0y the 4ay^8. , "esponsi0ility lies 4ith the 0us o4ner 7and again not 4ith the 6ASB":A 0us company8. ) Tesli# edilip deri5es its endings from ya*&lacakt&r Othey 4ill 0e registered34rittenH and therefore stands for tesli# edilecektir Othey 4ill 0e handed o5erH. $ The passi5e suffi/ is either 3in or 3il. & Bolay& means Odue toH, Oon account ofH. ( 3ip stands at the same le5el as aittir O0elonging toH. "emem0er from 2esson %) that ol#ak is used in cases 4here you 4ould e/pect a 5er0less sentence. Fou need ol#ak 0ecause such sentences are only possi0le in the present tense and in the past 4ith 3di or 3#i,: !it ol#ay&p Onot 0elonging toH is the negati5e form of ait.

1age ,** Translation: Eatters to "hich our respected travellers should pay attention: %. Sold tickets are not taken 0ack. ,. Tickets are 5alid on day and time of issue. ). Dhen are 5aild purchase the tickets, you sho4 your goods such as trunks, suitcases and parcels 4hich you. Four goods are to 0e handed 5er and registered on a receipt. $. !or the loss of things such as trunks, suitcases, parcels or 0ags that 4ere not handed o5er, the 0us company is not reponsi0le. &. All <usticial responsi0ility lies 4ith the o4ner of the 0us. (. Dhen goods of 4hich the nature and 5alue are not stated on the receipt are lost, the dou0le 5alue of the 0us ticket is paid to the o4ner of these goods 0y the 0us o4ner and dri5er. '. The responsi0lity arising from any accident of the 0us dose not lie 4ith the 6ASB":A company, and all responsi0lity lies 4ith the 0us o4ner in5ol5ed in the accident. Exercise ," % Bence her aynP kendine ait 0ir rengi 5ar. , Ecak 0eya>. ) @em Xu0at, hem de ekimle kasPm genellikle 0o> rengi aylar. $ 9art ise yeXil. & ]iSekler nisan, mayPs 5e ha>Pran pem0e 5e ma5iye deQistiriyorlar. ( Temmu> 5e aQustos gRneXten dolayP sarPdPr. ' -ylRl portakal 5e kah5erengi; aralPk ise hem 0o> rengi hem de 0eya>. Exercise ,( sabun; di, #acunu; t&ra, b&+a1&; g8ne,ya1& 7are all things you 0uy at the chemistHs8; etek; elbise; ti,0rt; g0#lek 7are all articles of clothing8; +aydanl&k; tencere; b&+ak;

tabak 7all 0elong to household equipment8; bat&; do1u; ku*ey; g8ney 7are all directions8; bacak; g0*; ayak; kol 7are all 0ody parts8.

1age )##
Lesson 1% Exercise 1

anla#ak Oto understandH; y&ka#ak Oto 4ashH; giy#ek Oto 4earH; d0v#ek Oto hitH
Exercise 2

, gidiyorsun ) ZQreneceQi> $ ya>acaQPm & korkuyordum ( geliyor ' diyor

Reading text 1

% The author says that people often tend to think that in one country thereHs one language, and that if you kno4 the name of the country, you can deri5e the name of the language. , 3#eden as in d8,8n#eden. ) Bt says varol#ad&1n& instead of varol#ad&1&n&.
Exercise 3

% -5in iSinde. , -5in iSine gittim. ) Bu du5arPn arkasPnda ne 5arM $ @a0erden sonra film 0aXlPyor. & 6alemin masanPn altPna dRXtR. ( -5lerin arasPnda 0ir 0ahSe 5ar. ' -rkek kardeXin senin gi0i iyi 0ir adam. + A0im gi0i 0ira iSmem. * Ara0a e5in ZnRnde. %# Bu ara0a ailemi> iSin fa>la 0RyRk.
Exercise 4

%i ,e )a $h &g (< '0 +f *c %#d

Exercise 5

%m ,i )k $a &h (# 'f +c *% %#0 %%e %,n %)g %$< %&d The translations: % to do a lesson , to 4atch a film ) to gi5e a discount $ to do34ash the dishes & to turn off the light ( to find a solution ' to send a card + to 0e found3situated * to fall asleep %# to play guitar %% to go to the shopping centre %, to go out shopping %) to catch a train %$ to promise 7Ogi5e the 4ordH8 %& to cook the dishes3food

1age )#% Exercise # %c ,m )e $g &i (a 'l +# *d %#h %%k %,f %)0 %$n %&< The translations: % The children are singing 4ell. , AyXe is going out to do shopping. ) After B had clim0ed the stairs, B 4as 5ery tired. $ B ha5e to clean the 4indo4s 0ut B donHt 4ant to. & ?id your son pass that important e/amM ( ?uring the holiday in Turkey B gained fi5e kilos. ' De are sa5ing money for a ne4 car. + B asked 0ut he didnHt ans4er. * !irst 4e ate in a little restaurant, after that 4e 4ent to a clu0 and danced. %# @urry, 4e donHt 4ant to lose time. %% To find a ta/i in Bstan0ul is not difficult. %, 9y 0rother kno4s Turkish and t4o other languages. %) @a5e you filled in all the forms alreadyM %$ -/cuse me, may0e you could gi5e me some informationM %& 9y mother has to take her medication e5ery day. Exercise $ % 1op mR>iQini se5diQimi 0iliyor musunM , Benim onu yaptPQPmP ona sZyledim. ) UstediQin 0u muM $ 1olitikacPnPn dediQini anlayamadPm. & Enu se5diQime inanmPyor. ( Te0rikler, yeni 0ir iX 0ulduQunu duydum. ' EnlarPn geldikleri iSin teXekkRr etmen gerek. + Enun me>un olduQunu 0ana sZyledi. * 9R>enin Can :ogh sergisinde gZsterdiQi Sok ilginSti. %# ?a5ranPXPndan Sok 0PktPmN

1age )#,

Turkish37nglish glossary
Some Turkish 4ords are accompanied 0y case markers, such as 3e or 3den; 4hich means that they are al4ays used 4ith another 4ord carrying this particular case. !or e/ample, kadar F3eG OuntilH is al4ays used 4ith the dati5e case ending 73e or 3a8: yar&na kadar means Ountil tomorro4H. ;B: Dords in this part are ordered according to the Turkish alpha0et: a b c + d e 4 g 1 h &ijkl#no0prs,tu8vy* abi abla acaba acele acele et#ek a+&k older 0rother older sister B 4onder hurry 8noun: to hurry 4eak 7e.g. tea8 ak,a# ak,a# ye#e1i e5ening dinner ak&ll& akl&#a gel#ek akl&na ka+&r#ak cle5er, smart to come to mind to lose oneHs mind

a+#ak ad ada ada# aday adres a4erina44edersini* a1a+ a1&r a1&rl&k a1r&#ak !1ustos ahaile ait F3eG 1age )#) alt&nda alt#&, a#a a#ana#ca under si/ty 0ut

to open name island man candidate address 4ell doneN e/cuse me, BHm sorry tree pain, ache 4eight to hurt August ohN oh dearN family 0elonging to

akt0r al&,#ak F3eG al&,veri, !llah!llah !llah!llah bilir!llah&# al#ak !l#an !l#anca !l#anya alo alt& alt&n

actor3actress to get used to shopping Eh godN :oshN Eh noN for hea5enHs sakeN 2ord kno4sN 9y :odN to 0uy; to take :erman :erman 7the language8 :ermany hello 7on the phone8 si/ gold

aday g0ster#ek to propose a candidate !llah a,k&na

!llaha&s#arlad&k :ood0ye

a,+& a,&k ol#ak F3eG a,k at !tina

chef to fall in lo5e lo5e horse Athens to thro4 -urope month foot shoes same to lea5e detail less almost father

my goodnessN

a#b8lans am0ulance

uncle 7from fatherHs side8; at#ak old man !vrupa ay America, AS moment key free4ay, motor4ay 0ut still, on the other hand, really ayak ayakkab& ayn& ayr&l#ak ayr&nt& a* a* kals&n; a* kald& baba

!#erika an anahtar anayol ancak

!#erikal& American

anla#ak anlat#ak anne anneanne

to understand to tell mother grandmother 7your motherHs mother8

bacak bagaj ba1&r#ak bahane bah+e bakal&# bakan bakar #&s&n&*'

leg luggage to shout e/cuse, prete/t garden letHs see minister can you help us, pleaseM 7to 4aiter in restaurant8

antren#an practice aptal araba arabesk aral&k ara#ak aras&nda ard&ndan arkada, ar#ut art&k art&r#ak art#ak asl&nda aspirin a,a1& 1age )#$ bas#ak bast&r#ak basun #ensuplar& ba, ba,ar&FlarG ba,ar#ak ba,&na gel#ek to step, to tread to press stupid car ara0esque ?ecem0er to look for 0et4een after friend pear from no4 on; finally to cause to rise to rise, to go up actually aspirin 0elo4

bak&,lar bakkal baklava bak#ak baksanabal&k+& balkon banka banyo bardak bari basit

looks grocery store; grocer 0akla5a to look no4 look hereN fisherman 0alcony 0ank 0athroom glass 7for drinking8 at least simple

ara,t&r#ak to in5estigate

arkas&nda 0ehind

beraber berbat beri F3denG be, be,ik V@ey beya* b&+ak

together terri0le since fi5e cradle Sir^ 4hite Sir knife

reporters, mem0ers of the press head success

to manage to do something beye4endi to run into pro0lems

b&kt&# F3denG BHm fed up 4ith^

ba,&nda ba,ka ba,kan ba,kent ba,la#ak ba,layanFlarG ba, rol8 ba,vur#ak bat& bat#ak bavul bay&l#ak bayra# ba*en ba*& bebek bedava be1en#ek F3iG bekle#ek F3iG beklet#ek bela belediye belki belli ben bence ben*e#ek

close to, near other chairperson capital to 0egin 0eginner7s8 main role to apply 4est to sink suitcase to en<oy, to really like feast sometimes some 0a0y for free to en<oy to 4ait to make someone 4ait trou0le state may0e certain B according to me to 0e like something, resem0le

b&rak#ak biber bi+i# bildir#ek bile bilet bilgi bilgisayar bil#ek bin bina bin#ek bir bir kere bir ki#se bir s8r8 bir *a#an bira bira* bira*dan birbirleri bir+ok birde birden biri 7or/ birisi8 biriktir#ek

to stop, to lea5e something pepper, paprika 4ay, manner to announce e5en, actually ticket information computer to kno4 thousand 0uilding to get on 7train, etc.8 one, a one time some0ody a lot, many sometime 0eer a little, a 0it in a little 0it each other a lot you kno4,^ suddenly some0ody to gather, to sa5e

birka+ birlikte FileG 1age )#& bir,ey something ca#i mosque

some together 74ith8

bisiklet bitir#ek bit#ek bi* bi*i# han&# boktan heri4 bol bor+ bo, bo, verboya#ak bo* bo*uk b0l8# b0yle bu bu arada bu+uk bu1day bug8n bula,&k bul#ak bulu,#ak bulutlu burada buralar buraya buyurun-

0icycle to finish to finish 4e my 4ife idiot full de0t empty ne5er mindN to paint grey 0roken part such this mean4hile half 4heat today dirty dishes to find to meet 4ith cloudy here these places to here there you areN 4hat can B get youM

ca#lar& sil#ek can&# casus cep cesaret cevap ce*a c&v&l c&v&l cibinlik ciha* civar cu#artesi g8n8 c8*dan +abuk +ad&r +a1&r#ak +a1r& aleti +ak& +ak#ak +al&,kan +al&,#ak +al#ak

4ash the 4indo4s

dear, lo5e spy pocket courage ans4er punishment li5ely mosquito net machine, equipment surrounding Saturday 4allet, purse fast tent to shout, to call out 0u>>er pocket knife cigarette lighter hard.4orking to 4ork; to try to play 7instrument, tape recorder8, to ring 70ell8, to knock 7door8

ce*a ver#ek to punish

cu#a g8n8 !riday

buyur#ak to order someone in

+anta b8ro but8n h8y8k office all, 4hole 0ig +aresi*ce +ar,& +ar,a#ba g8n8

0ag ine5ita0le centre, market Dednesday

b8y8kanne grandmother b8y8kl8k b8y8#ek cadde ca# 1age )#( +enesini kapat#ak +er+eve Merke*ce +e,it +e,itler +evir#ek; +evir yap#ak +eyrek +&k#ak +i+ekler Min +oban +oban salatas& si>e to gro4 street 4indo4

+atlak +ay +aydanl&k +eki+ +ek#ek +ene

crack tea teapot hammer to dra4, to pull chin

C s8r8c8s8 C.dri5e

to shut oneHs mouth 4indo4 frame Circassian 7the language8 5ariety, kind, sort 5arious to translate; to dial quarter 7l8 to go out flo4ers Chinese shepherd shepherdHs salad 7tomatoes, 4hite cheese, oli5es8

dans et#ek

to dance 7non. Turkish style8

dans oyna#ak to dance 7Turkish. style8 davet et#ek davran&, davran#a day& to in5ite 0eha5iour action uncle 7your motherHs 0rother8 granddad to gossip time 7as in iki de4a Ot4iceH8 5alua0le not to change to change, to turn into cra>y to say, dthate means <ust no4, a little 4hile ago to try sea coast leather

dede dedikodu yap#ak de4a de1erli de1il de1i,#ek de1i,tir#ek

+ocuk +ok +orba +0pl8k +0*8# +8nk8 +8r8k daCde

child 5ery much, 5ery, much3many soup ru00ish 0in solution 0ecause rotten too, on the other hand dene#ek deni* deni* k&y&s& deri de#in deli de#ek

da1 da1&l#ak

mountain to scatter, disperse

ders deva# et#ek deva#l&

lesson to continue o5er and o5er, repeatedly period, age state !oreign Effice outside outside; apart from to 4ork hard other 4atch outN

daha daha do1rusu dahil daire dakika daktilo dal#ak

more, still in other 4ords included apartment, flat minute type4riter to snoo>e; to di5e, to plunge didin#ek di1er dikkat etdevir devlet B&, >,leri d&,ar&ya d&,&nda

1age )#' dikkat et#ek to pay attention to, to 4atch out dur#ak duru# du, dil dinle#ek dinlen#ek diren#ek di, di, #acunu di, heki#i di,+i do1#ak do1ru do1u do1u# g8n8 do1u#lu doksan doktor language to listen to rest to resist tooth tooth0rush dentist dentist to 0e 0orn right, correct east 0irthday 0orn ninety doctor du, al#ak duvar duy#ak d8kkan d8n d8nya d8,#an d8,#ek d8,8k d8,8nce d8,8n#ek e4endi# e1er e1lence eki# ekip ek#ek doku* dolap nine cup0oard ekono#i to stop, to stand situation sho4er to take a sho4er 4all to hear shop yesterday 4orld enemy to fall lo4 7price8 thought to think sir if party Ecto0er team 0read 0usiness, economics

dokun#ay&n&*- please donHt touchN

dola,#ak

to 4ander, to roam, to 4alk around 0ecause 7of8 0ecause, consequently to fill out stuffed pepper pepper for stuffing friend friendship to pour, to sprinkle to return, to turn

eksersi* eksik el el 4eneri elbise elektrik+i ele#an elli el#a e3#ail e#in e#ir ver#ek en

e/ercise not enough hand flashlight dress electrician employee fifty apple e.mail certain to gi5e an order most

dolay& F3denG dolay&s&yla doldur#ak dol#a dol#al&k dost dostluk d0k#ek d0n#ek d0rt d0v#ek dur bedurak

endi,elen#ek to 0e an/ious a0out en4lasyon four to hit, to fight hold onN 70us8 stop e3posta erkek erkek arkada, inflation e.mail 0oy 0oyfriend

eriyip git#ek to disappear

1age )#+ erkek karde, erken ertele#ek ertelen#ek ertesi g8n eski eskiden esnas&nda e, et etek etkile#ek etli etsi* ev 0rother early to postpone to 0e postponed the ne/t day old in the old days during 4ife, hus0and meat skirt to influence 4ith meat meatless house ga*ete ga*eteci ne4spaper <ournalist 4utbol #a+& 4utbolcu galiba gar garson gayr& foot0all match foot0all player pro0a0ly train station 4aiter at last, from no4 on 4oto1ra4 #akinesi Kransa Krans&* Krans&*ca camera !rance !rench !rench 7the language8

evet evlen#ek evli evvelki g8n

yes to marry married the day 0efore yesterday Septem0er factory 0ut mouse to notice ne5er mindN different 1ersian too much disastrous 0ad to rush out possi0ility idea and so film cup !innish company, firm price form to take a picture

gece gece g8nd8* gecik#e ge+ ge+e

night night and day delay late at^past^ 7in time. telling8

eyl8l 4abrika 4akat 4are 4ark et#ek 4ark et#e*4arkl& Kars 4a*la 4elaket 4ena 4&rla#ak 4&rsat 4ikir 4ilan 4il# 4incan Kinli 4ir#a 4iyat 4or# 4oto1ra4 +ek#ek 1age )#* gerekli gerek#ek geri getir#ek

ge+en ge+iyor ge+#ek ge+#i, olsungelin geli,#i, gel#ek gen+ gen+lik Gen+lik Qark&

last, pre5ious past 7in time.telling8 to pass get 4ell soonN 0ride de5eloped to come young, youth youth Fouth 1ark 7park in Ankara8 general in general in general 4ide true really necessary

genel genelde genellikle geni, ger+ek ger+ekten gerek

necessary to 0e necessary 0ack, 0ack4ards to 0ring

grev gri g8c8 toplan#ak

strike grey to regain strength

ge*dir#ek

to 4alk some.thing 7e.g. g8+ a dog8 g8ld8r8c8 g8le g8le

strength funny good0ye 7ans4er to !llaha&s#arlad&k8

ge*i ge*#ek gibi giri, gir#ek gi,e gi,e #e#uru git FyaGgitar git#ek giyecek giyin#ek giy#ek gi*le#ek gol g0l g0#lek g0re F3eG g0rev g0r8n#ek g0r8,#e g0r8,8r8* g0steri g0ster#ek g0t8r#ek g0* g0*kapa1&

trip, e/cursion to 4alk, dri5e, tra5el around as entrance to enter 0ooth; 4indo4 person 0ehind the desk g8l#ek g8l8#se#ek g8n g8nayd&n g8ncelle#ek g8nde# g8ne, come onN guitar to go clothes to get dressed to 4ear to hide goal lake shirt according to function to look, to appear hala discussion see youN performance, demonstration to sho4 to take 74ith8 eye eyelid hal& halk halk #8*i1i ha#a# hangi' V9an&# han&#e4endi hap <ust, yet, not yet rug people folk music Turkish 0ath 4hichM 9adam^ madam pill haber hadiha4ta ha4ta sonu hakk&nda hakl& hal ne4s come onN 4eek 4eekend a0out right market; state, condition g8ne,len#ek g8ne,ya1& g8ney g8re,#e g8r8lt8 g8*el to laugh to smile day hello to update agenda sun to sun0athe sun.0lock. south 4restling noise nice, 0eautiful, fine, good

g0nder#ek to send

g0r#ek F3iG to see

g0*l8k g0*l8k+8 1age )%# harikahasta hastane hata hat&rla#ak hatun hava hava yast&1& hava yollar& havaalan& havu+ hayat hay&r hay&rl& i,lerhayranl&k hayrethayvan ha*&r ha*&r ol#ak ha*&rla#ak ha*iran hediye heki# hele he# de he#Vhe# de he#en he#en he#en hen8* hep

glasses optician

hapishane hareket

<ail departure

greatN ill hospital mistake to remem0er 4oman 4eather, air air0ag airport carrot life no ha5e a nice dayN

hisset#ek 9ollandal& ho, bulduk

to feel ?utch thank you 7said in reply to ho, geldini*8 4elcomeN matters, things go5ernment luke4arm to 4arm oneself to 0ite 4et

ho, geldinFi*G husus h8k8#et &s&n#ak &s&r#ak &slak

air4ays, airlines &l&k

&s#arlat#ak to ha5e something ordered light inside for 4ithin 7alcoholic8 drink to drink to go 0ankrupt order t4o medication ad and ahead to go for4ard to 0e interested in

hay&rl& olsun- congratulationsN &,&k admiration 4o4N animal ready to 0e prepared to prepare June present, gift doctor 0ut first and e5en either^or^ immediately almost yet all, al4ays i+eri i+in i+inde i+ki i+#ek i4las et#ek ihale iki ila+ ilan ile ileride ilerle#ek ilgilen#ek

idrak et#ek to understand

hepsi her herhalde heri4 herkes hesap h&*l& hi+ hi+biri hikaye 1age )%% >ngili* >ngili*ce >ngiltere in#ek

e5eryone e5ery, all pro0a0ly idiot, fool e5eryone 0ill fast none, ne5er, e5er no0ody story

ilgin+ ili,ki ilk ilk 0nce ilk olarak ilkbahar i#le+ i#*ali inan#ak indiri# inek

interesting contact, relation first first and foremost in the first place spring cursor signed to 0elie5e discount co4

-nglish -nglish 7the language8 -ngland

kadar F3eG kadeh kad&n ka4a

until 74ine8 glass 4oman head, mind paper 0reakfast coffee 0ro4n at^to^7in time. telling8 0usy moreo5er pa5ement pen quality of high quality to stay, remind to get up; to lea5e to da>>le to go camping lorry dri5er Canadian

to get off 7a 0us, etc.8; to go do4n ka1&t 7stairs8 kahvalt& kahve people; human 0eing kahverengi kala

insan

in,aat in,allah ise isi# >spanyolca istasyon istek iste#ek istenilen >sve+li i, i,+i

0uilding, construction kalabal&k hopefully 0ut; ho4e5er name; title Spanish 7the language8 station 4ish to 4ant required, 4anted S4edish 4ork, <o0 4orker ka#a,#ak ka#p yap#ak ka#yoncu anadal& kald& ki kald&r&# kale# kalite kaliteli kal#ak kalk#ak

i,ke#be +orbas& i,si* i,si*lik i,te i,veren >talyan >talyanca

tripe soup unemployed unemployment 4ell^ employer Btalian Btalian 7the language8

kapak kapal& kapan#ak kapat#ak kap& kar ya1#ak karanl&k karar ver#ek

lid closed to 0e closed to close door to sno4 darkness to decide undecided motor4ay 0rother, sister 4ife across, the other side postcard tape ;o5em0er to scratch fight

itibaren F3denG from^on iyi iyi g8nler i* ?apon jeton kabak kabul et#ek ka+ ka+&r#ak ka+#ak 1age )%, kavga et#ek FileG kavun kayak+& kaybet#ek kaybol#ak kaydet#ek kay#ak ka*a ka*an#ak kedi keli#e to quarrel 74ith8 honeyde4 melon skier to lose to get lost to sa5e 7files8 to slip accident to 4in 7something8 cat 4ord good, splendid hello trace Japanese token courgette to accept ho4 manyM to miss to escape

karars&* karayolu karde, kar& kar,& kartpostal kaset kas&# ka,&#ak kavga

kilo ver#ek ki#' ki#se kira kiraathane kirala#ak kirlet#ek kirli ki,i kitabevi kitap koalisyon koca koca#an

to lose 4eight 4hoM no0ody rental cafe to rent to make dirty dirty person 0ookstore 0ook coalition hus0and huge

ke#erlerini*i ba1lay&nkendi kendine kendisi kent kep+e kesin kesinlikle kes#ek ke,ke k&rk k&r#ak k&r#&*& k&rp#ak k&saca k&, k&y& k&y#al& et k&* k&* arkada, k&* karde, k&*d&r#ak k&*g&n k&*#ak ki kibrit kilo al#ak 1age )%) k04te

fasten your seat0eltsN oneself 7him3her8self to4n scoop, sho5el surely for sure to cut if only forty to 0reak red to 0link in short,^ 4inter coast minced meat girl girlfriend sister to annoy angry to get angry that matches 7to light8 to gain 4eight

ko+u#kol kola kolay kolayca koltuk ko#ik ko#,u kon4erans kon#ak konser konu konuk konu,#ak konuya gel#ek kork#ak korku 4il#i korkut#ak koru#ak koskoca ko,#ak koy#ak koyun

OmateH 7term of address8 arm coke, cola, pepsi easy easily chair funny neigh0our conference to 0e put, to settle concert topic guest to talk, to speak to come to the point

kontrol et#ek to check

to 0e afraid horror film to frighten to keep large to run to put sheep

grilled meat dish, usually 4ith #ahvet#ek ground lam0 #akale #al*e#e #a#a

to damage article 7in paper8 equipment cat food supermarket 9arch ta0le

k0pek k0pr8 k0r

dog 0ridge 0lind

#arket #art #asa

k0r4e* k0t8 k0y k0yl8 krali+e kullan#ak kupa

0ay 0ad 5illage peasant queen to use cup 7e.g. in sports8

#avi #ay&s #ektup #e#leket

0lue 9ay letter country

#e#nun oldu# pleased to meet you #e#nun ol#ak to 0e pleased #e#ur officer, ci5il ser5ant to 4orry lentils stairs hello centre 7of to4n8 message pro0lem season fruit to graduate people national architect guest model 4orldly <acket purple assistant cake shop kitchen surely happy director, manager

kurba1a kur#ak kurs kurtar#ak kusura bak#aku, kutu ku*ey ku*u k8+8k k8t8phane lacivert la4lar lahana lah#acun la#ba la*&# F3#esiG le**etli lise liste lokanta Nondra l8t4en #aalese4 #ahke#eye ver#ek F3iG 1age )%$

frog to erect, to put up course, class to sa5e Bim sorryN 0ird 0o/ north lam0 small, little li0rary 0lue nonsense ca00age Turkish pi>>a lamp must delicious secondary school list 7little8 restaurant 2ondon please unfortunately to sue #erak et#ek #erci#ek #erdiven #erhaba #erke* #esaj #esele #evsi# #eyve #e*un ol#ak F3denG #illet #illi #i#ar #isa4ir #odel #onden #ont #or #uavin #uhallebici #ut4ak #utlaka #utlu #8d8r

#8hendis #8saade #8,teri #8*e #8*ik #8*ikal nas&l' nas&l olsa nas&ls&n' ne' ne haber' ne kadar' ne var; ne yokM ne ya*&k kine *a#an' neden nedeniyle ne4is nerede' nereden' neredeyse nereli' nereye' neyse ni+in' nihayet nisan niye' nohut nor#al not

engineer permit customer museum music musical ho4M 4hat kind ofM still, in spite of that,^ ho4 are youM 4hatM ho4 are youM, 4hatis ne4M ho4 manyM 4hatis ne4M 4hat a pityN 4henM 4hyM, reason 0ecause, for the reason that tasty 4hereM from 4hereM almost from 4hereM 4here toM any4ay, 4ell then 4hyM finally, in the end April 4hyM chickpeas normal marks 7at school8

o *a#an ocak oda o4 o1lan okul oku#ak olarak olay oldu olduk+a ol#ak oli#piyat oyunlar& on ondan sonra onlar onun i+in orada oradaki oralar oranla F3eG oras& oraya orta ,ekerli otel otob8s otogar otur#ak otu* oyna#ak oyuncak oyuncu 0b8r

then January room oofN, ouchN 0oy school to study as situation E6 more or less to 0ecome, 0e Elympic :ames ten and then they therefore there yonder, o5er there up there, therea0outs compared to there, that place to there 4ith 7normal amount of8 sugar hotel 0us 0us station to li5e, to sit thirty to play toy player, actor ne/t, the other

not al#ak o o halde o ,ekilde 1age )%&

to take notes that, he3she3it in that case that 4ay

0de#ek 0dev 0d8n+ ver#ek 04

to pay home4ork to lend ughN, yukN

01leden sonra afternoon 01renci 01ren#ek 01ret#en 0ld8r#ek 0l#ek 0nce 0ne#li 0ne#si* 0neri 0n8#8*deki 0n8nde 0p#ek 0te yandan student to learn teacher to kill to die earlier, 0efore important unimportant proposal, suggestion 0efore us in front of to kiss on the other hand

pe#be di*i pencere per,e#be g8n8 pe,inden petrol peynir p&r&l p&r&l piknik pilav pirin+ pis pi,ir#ek pi,#ek piyango piyano piyasaya getiril#ek

soap opera 4indo4 Thursday after, 0ehind gasoline cheese sparkling picnic rice dish rice dirty to cook to 0oil lottery piano to 0e introduced on to the market

0yle 0yle #i' 0yleyse A*bek+e 0*ellikle 0*en g0ster#ek pahal& paket palto para par+a

such reallyM E6 then A>0ek 7the language8 in particular to take care that Qlaj plan polis politikac& pop #8*i1i portakal e/pensi5e parcel coat money part, piece portakal suyu po,et progra# orange <uice plastic 0ag programme portakal rengi 0each plan police politician pop music orange orange 7the colour8

park parti

park party 7also political8 cake lunchroom potatoes au0ergine market Sunday

progra# +al&,t&r#ak progra#c&

to run a program

programmer radio in spite of to lea5e in peace upset, not 4ell, ill to distur0 rakP appointment, meeting

pasta pastane patates patl&can pa*ar pa*ar g8n8 peki

radyo ra1#en rahat b&rak#ak rahats&* rahats&* et#ek rak& randevu

pa*artesi g8n8 9onday all right, E6, 4ell

1age )%( rapor rast gel#ek rastla#ak reddet#ek rehber rehberlik yap#ak rekabet+i renk resepsiyon reservasyon resi# rica ederi# report to run into to run into to decline guide to 4ork as a guide competitor colour reception desk reser5ation picture B 0eg youN, pleaseN, youHre 4elcomeN to ask for no5el article, documentary delay "ussian hour, clock seb*e se+enek r0tar 2us saat se+i# se+#ek se4er 5egeta0le choice election to measure time sancak sandal saniye san#ak saray sar& sat&n al#ak sat#ak sava, say4a say& say&ca a* say&n rica et#ek ro#an r0portaj sa* sanal ale# 5irtual marketplace flag canoe second to 0elie5e palace yello4 to 0uy to sell 4ar page num0er fe4er honoura0le sa> 7Turkish lute8

sabah sabun sa+ sa+#al&k sadece sa1 olsa1anak sa1la# sa1l&k sahi #i' sahil sahip sahne sal& g8n8 salla#ak salland&r#ak salon sana ne'

morning soap hair nonsense <ust, only thank you cloud0urst solid health reallyM seaside o4ner stage Tuesday to 4a5e to rock li5ing room

seki* sekreter seksen sela#sen sene sergilen#i, seslen#ek sergi sert sevgili sevgili# sevi#li sev#ek F3iG seyahat seyahat acentas&

eight secretary eighty helloN you year on display to call out, to address e/hi0ition strong s4eet, dear my darling pretty to lo5e tra5el tra5el agent

mind your o4n 0usiness 7rather seyahat et#ek to tra5el rude8 seyret#ek F3iG to 4atch s&cak 4arm

1age )%' s&4&r s&1&r s&hhatli s&k s&k s&k&l#ak s&n&4 s&rt s&y&r#ak sigara sigorta silah >ero 0eef healthy often to get 0ored classroom 0ack to take off, to push a4ay cigarette insurance gun s0*c8k s0*le,#e s0*l8k spor spor salonu sporcu su sular&nda sunucu sus#ak s8re 4ord contract dictionary sport sports centre athlete 4ater a0out, around 74ith time8 ser5er to 0e silent period, time span

sigara i+#ek to smoke

sil#ek

to delete; to 4ash; to 4ipe out e/am cinema mosquito 0lack you 8pl(:Q you 7sing( polite8 dinner ta0le cold street left end autumn after conclusion in the end to ask question responsi0ility pro0lem to e/tinguish to say to talk a0out to gi5e the 4ord to

s8rekli s8r#ek s8r8 s8t ,ahane ,aka ,ans ,arap ,ark& ,ark& s0yle#ek ,ark&c& ,art ,a,akal#ak ,ehir F,ehri3G ,eker ,ekil ,e#siye ,ey ,iir ,i4al& ,i#di ,irket ,i,e ,i,#an ,o40r ,0yle

for a long time to last range milk great, fantastic <oke chance, opportunity 4ine song to sing singer condition to 0e confused city sugar form, shape um0rella thing poem healthy no4 company 0ottle fat, o5er4eight dri5er such

sinav sine#a sivrisinek siyah si* so4ra so1uk sokak sol son sonbahar sonra sonu+ sonu+ta sor#ak soru soru#luluk sorun s0nd8r#ek s0yle#ek s0* et#ek s0* ver#ek

sipari, et#ek to order

sohbet et#ek to chat

,ikayet et#ek to complain ,i#diye kadar already

1age )%+ ,u ,u anda ,ubat tabak tabii tad&n& +&kar#ak that right no4 !e0ruary plate of course to en<oy tekrar tekrarla#ak tele4on a+#ak tele4on et#ek tele4on nu#arasi televi*yon again to repeat to call up to call, to phone phone num0er tele5ision

tah#in et#ek taksi ta# ta#a# ta#a#la#ak ta#ir et#ek ta#irci tane tan&d&k tan&#ak tan&,#ak tan&,t&r#ak Tanr&# tara4 tari4e tarih ta, ta,&#ak ta,&n#ak tat tatil tatl& tavsiye et#ek tav,an tavuk ta*e tebrik ederi#tebriklertehlikeli tek tekli4 et#ek tekne 1age )%*

to guess ta/i e/actly, right E6 to finish something to repair mechanic piece acquaintance to kno4, to recognise to get to kno4, to meet to introduce 9y godN side recipe, 7time8ta0le history stone to carry to mo5e taste holiday, 5acation s4eet, dessert to recommend ra00it chicken fresh congratulationsN congratulationsN dangerous only, single to offer little 0oat

te#bel te#i* te#i*le#ek te##u* tencere terbiyeli tereya1 terket#ek tesad84 tesli# et#ek te,ekk8r ederi# te,ekk8rler tey*e t&ra, b&+a1& ticaret tip ti,0rt tiyatro toparlan#ak topla#ak toplant& tra4ik &,&klar& tra4ik ka*as& tra4ik la#bas& tren turist turistik turun+ tu, tuvalet tu* t8#

la>y clean to clean July saucepan 4ell.0eha5ed 0utter to lea5e someone coincidence to deli5er thank youN thank youN aunt ra>or.0lade trade character T.shirt theater to regain strength to har5est, to collect meeting traffic lights traffic accident traffic light train tourist tourist 8ad2(: orange 7the colour8 0utton 0athroom salt all

T8rk T8rk 9ava Iollar& T8rk+e T8rkiye t8rk8a* ucu* u+ak u+#ak u1ra#ak F3eG u#ar&# unut#ak usta uyan#ak FayakG uydur#ak uygun uyku uyku tulu#u uy#ak uyu#ak u*ak u*at#ak u*#an u*un u*un u*un 8cret 8cretsi* 8+ 8lke 8niversite 8nl8 8reti# 8ret#ek 8r8n

Turkish, Turk Turkish Airlines Turkish 7language8 Turkey turquoise cheap plane to fly to look up B hope that to forget master to 4ake someone to adapt fit, capa0le sleep sleeping.0ag to satisfy to sleep far to pass, to hand o5er e/cellent long, tall for a long time fee for free three country uni5ersity famous production to produce product

8,8t#ek 8*erine 8*g8n 8*8l#ek 8*8# vak&4 vakit F vakti3G vallahi vapur var var#ak varol#ak vatanda, ve vejetaryen veri ver#ek veteriner veya vs: Fve saireG vur#ak yabanc& yahni yakala#ak yak&n yak&nlarda yak&n#ak yak&,&kl& yakla,&k yalan yal& yaln&* yaln&* ba,&na

to catch a cold a0out sad to 0e disappointed grape foundation time really, B s4ear 0oat there is to arri5e to e/ist countryman and 5egetarian data to gi5e 5et or etcetera to shoot, to strike foreign ste4, sauce to catch near, close to some time soon to complain handsome a0out, more or less lie 74ooden8 house, 5illa only; <ust 0y oneself

yalan s0yle#ek to lie

8stele#ek 8stelik 8st8nde 8st8ndeVvar 1age ),# yanl&, yanl&,l&k yan#ak yap&# yap#ak yaprak dol#as& yapt&r#ak yaral& yard&# et#ek F3eG yard&#c& ol#ak yar&# yar&n yar&,#a yasak ya, ya,a#ak ya,l& yatak yatak odas& yat#ak yaya yay&# yay&nla#ak yayla ya* ya*ar

to repeat moreo5er a0o5e, on to 4ear

yan&nda yan&t yani

4ith, at the side of ans4er so; that is

4rong mistake to 0urn task to do; to make stuffed 5ine lea5es

yeniden yen#ek yepyeni yer ye,il yeterli yeti,kin

again to 4in 0rand ne4 place green enough gro4n.up to catch 7a train, etc.8 se5enty to 4ash year star again still, ne5ertheless t4enty there. isnHt or road, 4ay tra5eller <ourney, trip to tra5el du5et tired to get tired to go5ern strategy upstairs

to ha5e someone do something 4ounded to help to 0e of help half tomorro4 contest for0idden, prohi0ited

yeti,#ek yet#i, y&ka#ak y&l y&ld&* yine yine de yir#i

age to li5e aged, old 0ed 0edroom to lie do4n pedestrian 0roadcast to pu0lish meado4 summer 4riter

yok yoksa yol yolcu yolculuk yolculuk et#ek yorgan yorgun yorul#ak y0net#ek y0nte# yukar&da

ya*&k ya*&l&# ya*#ak yedi ye1en ye#ek ye#ek ye#ek

unfortunately soft4are to 4rite se5en nephe4 food, to eat to eat 7used 4hen 4hat is eaten isnit specified8

Iunan Iunanistan y8kle#ek y8ksek y8rek y8r8#ek y8r8y8, yap#ak y8* y8*#ek

:reek :reece to do4nload high, tall 7not for people8 heart to 4alk to go for a 4alk hundred; face to s4im century

yenge yeni 1age ),% *ah#et ol#ak *annet#ek *ar4&nda *aten *avall& *engin *eytin

aunt, girlN 7form of address8 ne4

y8*y&l

*ah#et et#ek to go to the trou0le

to 0e a lot of trou0le to think during any4ay poor rich oli5es

*il *incir *iyaret *iyaret et#ek *or *orla *orunda F3#ekG *orunda kal#ak

0ell chain 5isit pay a 5isit difficult 4ith difficulty to 0e o0liged to ha5e to

1age ),,

7nglish3Turkish glossary
a little a0out a0out, more or less a0o5e bira* 8*erine; hakk&nda and yakla,&k 8st8nde ve and e5en, and ^too he# de and then, then ondan sonra American !#erikal&; !#erikan

accept accident according to acquaintance across actually ad address adult after, later afternoon again against aged agenda air air0ag airport all

kabul et#ek ka*a g0re tan&d&k kar,& asl&nda ilan adres yeti,kin sonra 01leden sonra tekrar; yine kar,& F3eG ya,l& g8nde# hava hava yast&1& havaalan& b8t8n; hep; hepsi; her; t8#

angry, to get ans4er

k&*#ak F3eG 8*erb: cevap ver#ekD 8noun: cevap; yan&t

any4ay apple apply April arm arri5e as, in the 4ay of as ask assignment, 4ork at^to^7in time. telling8

*aten el#a ba,vur#ak F3eG nisan kol var#ak F3eG olarak gibi soru sor#ak 0dev kala

alcoholic drink i+ki

at^past^ 7in time. ge+e telling8

at that3the moment ,u anda almost al4ays he#en he#en; a* kald& at last au0ergine art&k; gayr& patl&can

her *a#an; dai#a; August !1ustos hep aunt 7from fatherHs yenge side8

1age ),) aunt 7from motherHs side8 autumn a4ful 0a0y 0ack 7part of the 0ody8 tey*e sonbahar berbat bebek s&rt 0ell 0elonging to 0eginners 0eha5iour 0ehind 0elie5e ba,layanlar davran&, arkas&nda *annet#ek; san#ak; 7in something8 inan#ak F3eG *il ait F3eG

0ack 70ack4ards8 geri

0ad 0ag 0alcony 0ank 0athhouse 0athroom 0ay 0e surprised 0e used up 0e 0orn 0e, 0ecome 0e closed 0e interested in 0e afraid 0e disappointed 0e late 0e pleased 0each 0eautiful 0ecause

k0t8; 4ena +anta balkon banka ha#a# banyo; tuvalet k0r4e* ,a,akal#ak bit#ek do1#ak ol#ak kapan#ak

0et4een 0icycle 0ig 0ill 0ird 0irthday 0ite 0lack Black Sea 0lind 0lue 0oat

aras&nda bisiklet b8y8k hesap ku, do1u# g8n8 &s&r#ak siyah aradeni* k0r #avi vapur kitap s&k&l#ak ,i,e kutu o1lan erkek arkada, ek#ek gelin k0pr8 getir#ek bo*uk karde,

ilgilen#ek F3ileG 0ook kork#ak F3denG 0ored, to get 8*8l#ek F3eG ge+ kal#ak 0ottle 0o/

#e#nun ol#ak 0oy F3denG 0oyfriend plaj g8*el 0read 0ride

+8nk8; 0ridge dolay&s&yla; diye 0ring 0roken ol#ak sus#ak yatak yatak odas& s&1&r bira 0nce 0n8#8*deki ba,la#ak F3eG 0rother 7older8 0rother 0ro4n 0uild up 0uilding, office 0urn 0us 0rother or sister 7younger si0ling8

0ecome, 0e 0ecome quiet 0ed 0edroom 0eef 0eer 0efore, first, earlier 0efore us 0egin 1age ),$ 0us stop

abi erkek karde, kahverengi kur#ak bina yan#ak otob8s

durak

chili

biber

0usy 0ut, if 0ut still 0ut 0utcher 0utter 0uy cafe, lunchroom cake call

kalabal&k ise ancak a#a; 4akat kasap tereya1 al#ak; sat&n al#ak pastane pasta +a1&r#akD 7phone:8 ara#ak; tele4on et#ek

choose, elect, measure cigarette cinema city city council classmate clean clear cle5er clock close close to, near closed

se+#ek sigara sine#a ,ehir F,ehri3G belediye s&n&4 arkada,& te#i* a+&k ak&ll& saat kapat#ak yak&n F3eG kapal& giyecek bulutlu kahve kahvehane tesad84 kola so1uk topla#ak renk gel#ek hadibilgisayar hay&rl& olsundeva# et#ek F3eG a,+& pi,ir#ek do1ru #e#leket; 8lke vatanda, cesaret kabak

capa0le, fit capital car carefulN carrot carry cat catch

uygun ba,kent araba dikkat ethavu+ tut#ak; ta,&#ak kedi yakala#akD 7a train, plane, etc.:8 yeti,#ek F3eG

clothes cloudy coffee coffee.house coincidence coke cold collect, har5est colour come come onN

centre century certain certainly chain chairperson chance change chat cheap check

#erke*; +ar,& y8*y&l e#in; belli kesinlikle *incir ba,kan ,ans de1i,#ek sohbet et#ek ucu* kontrol et#ek

computer congratulationsN continue cook 7noun8 cook 75er08 correct country countryman courage courgette

cheese chef chicken chickpeas child 1age ),& cute dad dance 7non. Turkish style8

peynir a,+& tavuk nohut +ocuk

co4 cup cup0oard customer cut

inek 4incan dolap #8,teri kes#ek

sevi#li baba

election

se+i# ilkokul

elementary dans et#ek school empty

bo, bit#ek d8,#an >ngiltere >ngili*ce >ngili* bay&l#ak; e1len#ek; be1en#ek F3iGD 7food:8 tad&n& +&kar#ak

dance 7Turkish. style8 dangerous day ?ecem0er dentist departure dial dictionary die different difficult dinner director dirty discuss discussion distur0 do doctor dog doll door

dans oyna#ak tehlikeli g8n aral&k di,+i hareket +evir#ek s0*l8k 0l#ek 4arkl& *or ak,a# ye#e1i #8d8r kirli; pis tart&,#ak g0r8,#e rahats&* et#ek yap#ak doktor; heki# k0pek bebek kap&

end enemy -ngland -nglish 7the language8 -nglish 7the people8 en<oy

enough enter 7a competition8 enter entrance -urope e5en e5ening e5entually; finally e5eryone

yeterli kat&l#ak gir#ek giri, !vrupa bile ak,a# nihayet herkes

dress dressed, to get drink dri5er earlier, 0efore, first early earn east easy eat eight eighty elect, choose, measure 1age ),( far fast fasten your seat0eltsN fat, o5er4eight feast !e0ruary feel ferry fe4 fifty fight fill out film find finish first

elbise giyin#ek i+#ek ,o40r 0nce erken ka*an#ak Bo1u kolay ye#ek ye#ek seki* seksen se+#ek

e/actly e/am e/cellent e/cuse, prete/t e/cuse me e/pensi5e e/tinguish eye eyelid face factory fall, drop fall in lo5e family famous

ta# s&nav u*#an bahane a44edersini* pahal& s0nd8r#ek g0* g0*kapa1& y8* 4abrika d8,#ek a,&k ol#ak aile 8nl8

u*ak h&*l& ke#erlerini*i ba1lay&n,i,#an bayra# ,ubat hisset#ek; duy#ak vapur a* elli d0v#ek doldur#ak 4il# bul#ak bitir#ek ilk

!rance !rench 7the language8 !rench 7the people8 fresh !riday friend friendly friendship frog from 4hereM 7origin8 from^on from no4 on fruit full of

Kransa Krans&*ca

Krans&* ta*e cu#a g8n8 arkada,; dost dost+a dostluk kurba1a nereli VF3denG itibaren art&k; gayr& #eyve bol

first, earlier, 0efore fisherman fit, capa0le fi5e flag flashlight flat, apartment flo4er fly folk music follo4 foot foot0all match for free for for a long time for0idden foreign !oreign Affairs forget form four forty 1age ),' good.tasting gossip go5ernment grades 7in school8 grandfather grandmother grape

0nce bal&k+& uygun be, sancak el 4eneri daire +i+ek u+#ak halk #8*i1i takip et#ek ayak 4utbol #a+& 8cretsi* i+in s8rekli yasak yabanc& B&, >,leri unut#ak 4or# d0rt k&rk

function, position g0rev funny garden get off, to 70us, etc.8 get on, to 7train, etc.8 get to kno4, to get up, to get used to, to girl girlfriend gi5e glad, happy glass ko#ik; g8ld8r8c8 bah+e in#ek F3denG bin#ek F3eG tan&,#ak kalk#ak al&,#ak FeG k&* k&* arkada, ver#ek #utlu 74ater8 bardakD 74ine8 kadeh

glasses, spectacles g0*l8k go out go good good morning good reco5eryN +&k#ak git#ek iyi g8nayd&n ge+#i, olsun-

ne4is dedikodu yap#ak

help here

yard&# et#ek F3eG burada y8ksek kaliteli tarih d0v#ek tut#ak dur-

h8k8#et notlar dede anneanne 8*8#

high high quality history hit hold hold onN

great

,ahane; harika- 7as in: BHm feeling greatN8 bo#ba gibiyi#

holiday, 5acation home4ork honeyde4 melon

tatil ev 0devi kavun 0d8l say&n in,allah at hastane otel saat ev ev kad&n& nas&l' ka+' ne kadar' koca#an y8* 8noun/: aceleD 8*erb/: acele et#ek koca; e, ben b&kt&# F3denG kusura bak#a4ikir boktan heri4 e1er ke,ke; bari

:reece :reek green grey grilled 7lam08 meat grocer ground meat gro4 guest hair half hand handsome happy, glad hard.4orking har5est, collect ha5e something ordered ha5e 0reakfast head headache health healthy hear heart hello

Iunanistan Iunan ye,il gri; bo* k04te bakkal k&y#al& et b8y8#ek yabanc&; konuk; #isa4ir sa+ yar&#; bu+uk el yak&,&kl&; g8*el #utlu +al&,kan topla#ak &s#arlat#ak kahvalt& et#ek ba, ba, a1r&s& sa1l&k s&hhatli; ,i4ali duy#ak; i,it#ek y8rek #erhaba; sela#

honour honoura0le hopefully horse hospital hotel hour, clock house house4ife ho4M ho4 manyM ho4 muchM huge hundred hurry

horror mo5ie korku 4il#i

hus0and B Bim fed up 4ith^ Bim sorry idea idiot if if only

ill, upset, not rahats&* 4ell

1age ),+ ill hasta language dil

important in front of in general

0ne#li 0n8nde genellikle; genelde

last

7pre5ious:8 ge+enD 7latest:8 son

in a little 0it bira*dan last 75er08 late in particular 0*ellikle in spite of in the old days in the past included interesting introduce in5ite ra1#en eskiden ge+#i,te dahil ilgin+ tan&,t&r#ak davet et#ek; +a1&r#ak left is that soM island <ail January Japanese <oke <ournalist July June <ust <ust no4 keep 0yle #i' ada hapishane ocak ?apon ,aka ga*eteci te##u* ha*iran hala de#in lend lesson letter li0rary lid lie do4n lie life light lighter 7for cigarettes8 like sol 0d8n+ ver#ek ders #ektup k8t8phane kapak yat#ak yalan s0yle#ek hayat &,&k +ak#ak gibi b0yleC0yle dinle#ek tekne 7small:8 k8+8kD 7fe4:8 a* ya,a#ak otur#ak in that case o halde later, after laugh learn leather lea5e s8r#ek ge+ sonra g8l#ek 01ren#ek deri 7something:8 b&rak#akD 7someone:8 ayr&l#akD 7from:8 kalk#ak; hareket et#ek

in short,^ k&saca

in5estigate ara,t&r#ak

<uice, 4ater su

7protect:8 koru#akD like this3that 7hold:8 tut#ak listen little 0oat anahtar 0p#ek #ut4ak b&+ak li5e li5e, sit little

key kiss kitchen knife

knock 7door8 kno4 lake lam0 lamp 1age ),* lose lo5e

+al#ak tan&#ak; bil#ek g0l ku*u la#ba

li5ely li5ing room long look for look

c&v&l c&v&l salon u*un ara#ak bak#ak F3eG

kaybet#ek sev#ek F3iG d8,8k bagaj ciha*

mom moment 9onday money month

anne an pa*artesi g8n8 para ay ay daha olduk+a 8stelik sabah ca#i sivrisinek en anne anayol da1 yayla

lo4 7e.g. price8 luggage machine 9adam

han&#e4endiD 7clast name:8 moon first name c9an&# more more or less moreo5er

main road make make dirty man many 9arch market married married, to get master matches matters 9ay may0e mean 7as in: dthate means8

anayol yap#ak kirlet#ek ada# bir s8r8 #art pa*ar; +ar,& evli evlen#ek F3ileG usta kibrit husus #ay&s belki de#ek

morning mosque mosquito most mother motor4ay mountain mountain meado4 museum must 9y godN name national near, close to

mo5e 7house8 ta,&n#ak #8*e gerek; la*&# 7cinfiniti5e8 !llah !llahad; isi# #illi yak&n F3eG

mean4hile meat medicine meet

bu arada et ila+ tan&,#ak; g0r8,#ekD 74ith:8 bulu,#ak F3ileG

necessary

gerek; la*&#; #ecbur; *orunda F3#ekG

need neigh0our nephe4 meeting 7official:8 toplant&D 7date:8 randevu ne5er ne5ertheless ne4 ne4s milk minister minute mistake 1age ))# niece night nine ninety no ye1en gece doku* doksan hay&r; yokD yooo-D 7there isnHt:8 yok o5er and o5er o4n, self noise nonsense ;orth not not yet nothing notice ;o5em0er no4 Ecto0er g8r8lt8 sa+#al&k; la4 u*ey de1il hen8*; hala hi+ 4ark et#ek kas&# ,i#di eki# pass palace paper parcel part party o4ner page paint outside other s8t bakan dakika yanl&,l&k; hata ne4spaper ne/t, coming ne/t to nice

gerek#ek; gerek F3eG ko#,u ye1en hi+ bir *a#an yine de yeni haber ga*ete gelecek yan&nda g8*el

ba,ka; 0b8r; diger 7place:8 d&,&ndaD 7direction:8 d&,ar&ya

deva#l& kendi sahip say4a boya#akCboya yap#ak saray ka1&t paket b0l8# e1lenceD 7also political:8 parti ge+#ek

of course office often oh dear Eh, my :od oil E6 old oli5es Elympics on the other hand one, a one time only open

tabii b8ro s&k s&k a#an!llah&# ya1 ta#a# eski *eytin Lli#piyat oyunlar& ancak; daCde; 0te yandan; ise bir bir kere yaln&*; sadece 8ad2(/: a+&kD 8*erb/: a+#ak

past 7in time. telling8 pay pay a 5isit pear pen people pepper pepper 7for stuffing8 person phone, call piano picture

ge+iyor 0de#ek *iyaret et#ek ar#ut kale# insanD 7nation:8 #illet biber dol#al&k biber ki,i tele4on et#ek piyano resi#; 4oto1ra4

piece optician or so or orange 7colour8 orange <uice 1age ))% play player please please donit touchN pocket pocket knife poem policeman oyna#akD 7instrument:8 +al#ak oyuncu l8t4en dokun#ay&n&*cep +ak& ,iir polis recently really g0*l8k+8 4ilan veya; yoksa portakal rengi pill pink place plane plastic 0ag portakal suyu plate

tane hap pe#be yer u+ak po,et tabak

ancak; ger+ektenD 7B s4earN:8 vallahiD 7reallyM:8 sahi #i'

yak&nlarda; son *a#anlarda

recognise tan&#ak red remain k&r#&*& kal#ak

remem0er hat&rla#ak

poor possi0ility postcard postpone potatoes pour precisely prepare present price pro0a0ly pro0lem produce product programme prohi0ited pull punish punishment

*avall& 4&rsat kartpostal ertele#ek patates d0k#ek ta# ha*&rla#ak hediye 4iyat galiba; herhalde sorun; #esele 8ret#ek 8r8n progra# yasak +ek#ek ce*a ver#ek ce*a

rent

8noun/: kiraD 8*erb/: kirala#ak; tut#ak

repeat

tekrarla#ak; 8stele#ek

repeatedly deva#l&: repu0lic resem0le return rice rich right ri5er road roam room ru00ish 0in run "ussian salt same Saturday saucepan say school sea cu#huriyet ben*e#ek F3eG d0n#ek pirin+ *engin hakl&; do1ru nehir yol dola,#ak oda +0pl8k ko,#ak 2us tu* ayn& cu#artesi g8n8 tencere s0yle#ek; de#ek okul deni*

restaurant lokanta

right a4ay he#en ring 70ell8 +al#ak

pupil, student 01renci purple put quarter queen question quick ra00it rain read; study ready 1age )), seaside season second secretary sahil #evsi# saniye sekreter #or koy#ak F3eG +eyrek krali+e soru +abuk tav,an ya1#ur ya1#ak oku#ak ha*&r

smart smile smoke sno4

ak&ll& g8l8#se#ek sigara i+#ek kar

see youN see self, o4n sell send Septem0er se5en se5enty shape sheep shirt shoes shop shopping shout sho4 side simple since sing singer single sink sir3madam Sir sister 7older8 sister sit, li5e situation si/ si/ty skirt sleep

g0r8,8r8*g0r#ek F3iG kendi sat#ak g0nder#ek eyl8l yedi yet#i, ,ekil koyun g0#lek ayakkab& d8kkan al&,veri, ba1&r#ak g0ster#ek tara4 basit FV3denG beri ,ark& s0yle#ek ,ark&c& tek bat#ak e4endi# beye4endiD 7clast name:8 first namec@ey abla k&* karde, otur#ak hal; duru#D olay alt& alt#&, etek uyku

so, that is so much soap solution some, a fe4 some time soon some0ody someone something sometimes song sorryM south speak sports spring 7season8 sprinkle stage stairs stand star state station stay step on still stone stop story straight strategy street strike, shoot

yani o kadar sabun +0*8# birka+; ba*& yak&nda bir ki#se biri 7or/ birisi8 bir,ey ba*en ,ark& e4endi#' g8ney konu,#ak spor ilkbahar d0k#ek sahne #erdiven dur#ak y&ld&* devlet istasyon kal#ak bas#ak hen8*; daha; yine de ta, b&rak#ak hikaye do1ru y0nte# sokakD Favenue:G cadde vur#ak

shoot, strike vur#ak

student, pupil 01renci

sleep sleeping 0ag 1age )))

uyu#ak uyku tulu#u

studies study; read

e1iti# oku#ak

stuffed pepper stuffed 5ine lea5es stupid success such suddenly sugar suitcase summer sun sun0athe Sunday supermarket surely s4eet s4im T.shirt ta0le take take, 0uy take pictures take a sho4er talk a0out tall

dol#a yaprak dol#as& aptal ba,ar&FlarG b0yle birden ,eker bavul ya* g8ne, g8ne,len#ek pa*ar g8n8 #arket #utlaka tatl& y8*#ek ti,0rt #asa g0t8r#ek al#ak 4oto1ra4 +ek#ek du, yap#ak s0* et#ek y8ksek 7not for persons8; u*un boylu 7for persons8

Thank godN that3this that, he the day 0efore yesterday the day after tomorro4 theater then, and then then there isnHt; no there you areN there there is therefore these days they thing think

!llaha ,8k8r ,u o evvelki g8n ertesi g8n tiyatro ondan sonra o *a#an yok buyurunorada var onun i+in; buCo y8*den bu g8nlerde onlar ,ey d8,8n#ek; san#ak; *annet#ek otu* bu bin 8+ at#ak per,e#be g8n8 bilet gi,e

thirty this thousand three thro4 Thursday

taste tasty tea teacher teapot

tat le**etli +ay 01ret#en +aydanl&k

ticket ticket 0ooth

time 7as in Othe de4a; se4er first timeH8 time vakit; *a#an

tele5ision tell ten tent

televi*yon anlat#ak on +ad&r

timeta0le tired tired, to get title, name today together toilet token

tari4e yorgun yorul#ak isi# bug8n beraber; 74ith:8 birlikte F3ileG tuvalet jeton

thank you 7said in ho, buldukreply to ho, geldini*8 thank you te,ekk8r ederi#; sa1 olFunG-

1age ))$ tomorro4 tongue too toothpaste topic tourist to4n toy train train station tree try Tuesday Turkey Turkish 7the language8 yar&n dil daCde di, #acunu konu turistD 7ad<.:8 turistik kent; ,ehir oyuncak tren istasyon; gar a1a+ dene#ek; +al&,#ak F3eG sal& g8n8 T8rkiye T8rk+e 4all 4ander 4ant 4ar 4arm 4ash 4atch duvar dola,#ak iste#ek sava, s&cak y&ka#ak 8noun/: saatD 7*erb$ TC8 seyret#ekD 74atch outN8 dikkat et5egetarian 5ery much 5et 5illage 5isit 5isit someone 4ait 4aiter 4ake up 4alk vejetaryen +ok veteriner k0y *iyaret u1ra#ak F3eG bekle#ek F3iG garson uyan#ak y8r8#ek; ge*#ek F3iG

Turkish Airlines Turkish pi>>a Turkish turn into t4enty t4o

T8rk 9ava Iollar& lah#acun T8rk de1i,tir#ek F3aG 4ater yir#i iki 4e 4eak 7tea8 su bi* a+&k

type4riter uncle 7from fatherHs side8 uncle 7from motheris side8 undecided under understand unfortunately unimportant uni5ersity until upstairs AS use 5alue 5egeta0le 1age ))& 4hite 4ho 4ho caresM 4hy 4ide 4ife 4in 4in

daktilo a#ca day& karars&* alt&nda anla#ak 0ne#si* 8niversite FV3eG kadar yukar&da !#erika kullan#ak de1er seb*e

4eather Dednesday 4eek 4eekend 4elcomeN Dest 4hat can B do for youM 4hatHs ne4M 4hat.do.you. call.itM 4hate5er, any4ay, 4hen 4hereM 4hich

hava +ar,a#ba g8n8 ha4ta ha4ta sonu ho, geldinFi*G@at& buyurunne' ne haber' ,eyneyse ne *a#an' nerede' hangi'

ya*&k; #aalese4 4hat

beya* ki#' bo,verniye; ni+in; neden' geni, kar&; e, yen#ek ka*an#ak; 7lottery:8 vur#ak

4ord 4ork

s0*c8k; keli#e 8noun/: i,D 8*erb/: +al&,#akD 7hard:8 didin#ek i,+i d8nya #erak et#ek ya*#ak ya*ar yanl&, bah+e y&l; seneD 74ith age:8 ya, sar& evet d8n hen8*; hala sen; 7sing( polite8 si*D 8pl(: si*

4orker 4orld 4orry 4rite 4riter 4rong

4indo4

pencereD 7glass:8 ca# yard, garden year ,arap k&, istek le**etli yan&nda yello4 yes yesterday yet you

4ine 4inter 4ish 4ith good taste 4ith, at the side, at, ne/t to

4ith 4ithin 4ithout stopping 4oman

ile i+inde deva#l& kad&n; 7derogatory:8 kar& young youth >ero gen+ gen+ s&4&r

1age ))'

$nde6
a0lati5e case &# accusati5e case **, %(% ad<ecti5e ,&* ad<ecti5e cbirc noun %&* comparison &% intensifiers %** material %&( 4ord order %&$ ad5er0s of time )% agglutination ,&( all ,%( alpha0et ) and ,%%, ,)) articles %, as soon as ,#% asking questions $#, $%, $&, (#, ((

before ,#& bir +$ 0road tense %,) form %,) meaning %,(

cases ,&+ a0lati5e &# accusati5e **, %(% dati5e $* geniti5e *$, %($ locati5e $+, && nominati5e ,&+ causati5e ,$% closed conditions %*' colloquial matters ,$, commands and suggestions %)' comparison of ad<ecti5es &% compound nouns %&%, %&&, %(, conditional clauses %*) con5er0s ,#%, ,)( erek ,)$ ince ,#% ip ,))

ken ,#% con5ersation aids ,#(

dati5e case $* days of the 4eek ),, %#' demonstrati5es (+ desire %%, di past tense ,( di 5s. #i, %+* di1i gibi ,#$ di1i halde ,#$ di1i i+in ,#$ di1i kadar ,#$ di1i takdirde ,#$ di1i *a#an ,#$ di1inden ,#$ direction 7from8 &# direction 7to8 $* diye ,&% dou0le tenses ,$)

ecegi *a#an ,,& ecek %#' ecekti ,$) endings %#

e*ery ,%( e/istential sentences () past tense (&

future %#$, %#' 1age ))+

geni, *a#an %,) form %,), %)% meaning %,(, %), geniti5e case *$ geniti5e.possessi5e constructions %($ gerek %$$ greetings (

ha*e to %$$

if %*) imperati5e %)( indefinite pronouns ,%, infiniti5e %$, infiniti5e plus case endings %$( influencing people %)( intensifiers %** introducing people +

ip ,)) iyor %$, ,( iyor 5s. geni, *a#an %,* iyordu ,$)

ki ,,+

la*&# %$$ leriClar& %(( let+s9 %%% location 8in$ at$ on: $+ locati5e case $+, &&

#e %$), %$( #ek %$) #i questions $,, $& #i, 7past tense8 %+( #i, 7participle8 %*% #i, 5s. di %+* #i,ti ,$) much$ many ,%+

negation +# num0ers '$ e/pressing age ''

ordinals +(

o0ligation or need %)& ol#ak ,%* open conditions %*& ordinal num0ers +( other 8one: ,%)

past tense di ,( past tense #i, %+( past tense participle #i, %*% permission and o0ligation %)$ personal pronouns, geniti5e *' plans and intentions %#$ plural +&, %&+ possession ($, *% postpositions ,$&, ,(, constructions ,$& simple ,$& present tense iyor ,( pronouns %(*, ,&* indefinite ,%, pronunciation ), %%$

quantifiers ,%(

question particle $%, $,, $& question 4ords $# questions3ans4ers +%

relati5e clauses %'+

some ,%+ someone ,%, spelling )$ su0ordinate clauses %'$, %'' 5er0s that require ,$* suffi/es %#, %&' sylla0le reduction ,%

time telling %%$ to be ,%, &$ negation: de1il &(, &* past tense &+ questions (# to ha*e ($, *+, %(#

varCyok ,%, () past tense (& 1age ))* questions ((

5er0 endings %$ 5er0less sentences &$, && negation: de1il &(, &* past tense &+ questions (# 5er0s ,), ,(# 5o4el harmony %,, ,&'

%hen ,#%, ,#$, ,,& %hile ,#% %ithout ,#& 4ord order ,&+ ad<ecti5es %&$

yes3no questions $%, $&