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INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Biomedical Health Science

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OBJECTIVES

Identify what causes infectious diseases Explain how diseases are transmitted and how reservoirs play a role in disease dispersal.

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WHAT IS AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE?


An infectious disease is caused by pathogens that enter and multiply within the human body. Pathogens can be passed from one organism to another. are microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that cause diseases. cause infectious diseases when they enter your body and multiply.
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BACTERIA
Prokaryotes
Single celled microorganisms Has no nucleus

Lives in soil, air, food, and in/on the bodies of plants and animals. Injures cells by giving off toxins. * Not all bacteria are pathogens! Some are helpful and your body benefits from them.
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WAYS BACTERIA CAN HARM

Bacteria can: Grow on food and give off toxins that cause food poisoning. Grow in soil and produce a toxin called tetanus. Can grow deep inside wounds
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VIRUSES
Smallest pathogens. Much smaller than bacteria. Non-living strand of genetic material with a protein coat called a capsid. Viruses that have RNA for genetic material instead of DNA are called retroviruses. Have NO organelles , cant take in nutrients and do not display other characteristics of life. Can multiply ONLY after entering a living cell. Virus takes over the cells reproductive mechanisms, causing cell damage or death.
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VIRAL INFECTIONS
Must have a host cell. Genetic material of the virus enters the cytoplasm of the host. The capsid is broken down quickly, exposing the viruss genetic material. Virus uses the host cell to replicate (or make more copies).

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FUNGI
Can be unicellular or multicellular Consists of yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Known to grow best in warm, dark, moist areas. Cause diseases like A thletes foot and ringworm

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PARASITES/ PROTOZOA
Larger single celled organisms Can be free living or parasitic. Move through fluids in search of food 4 types that cause disease in humans Causes diseases like Malaria (causes the most deaths globally Amebic Dysentery

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OTHER COMMON PATHOGENS Mites Lice Certain worms

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SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES


Pathogens must have a reservoir and a way to spread. Reservoir- a source of the pathogen in the environment. A reservoir could be an animal, people, or inanimate objects

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SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES


Human Reservoirs Main reservoir for pathogens that affect humans. Pass directly or indirectly Direct- Kissing, hand shaking Indirect- coughing, sneezing, breathing. Can be passed on to other hosts before the person knows they have the disease.
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SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES


An individual who is symptom free, but capable of passing the pathogen, is called a carrier .
Common diseases that can be passed on without the person knowing they are sick:

Common colds Influenza Sexually transmitted diseases HIV


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SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES


Animal reservoirs
Animals can be reservoirs of pathogens that can be passed to humans. Typically transferred through a bite. Common diseases with animal reservoirs Influenza (pigs, birds) Rabies (dogs, bats, skunks, and raccoons) Lyme disease (ticks)
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SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE


Other reservoirs
Soil-tetanus, Water- poor sanitation or sewage
Causes Cholera

Food- sometimes naturally present, or can be contaminated through human contact, insects, or flies.
Salmonella E.coli
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TRANSMISSION OF PATHOGENS
Four ways pathogens are transmitted to humans. Direct contact Indirectly through the air. Indirectly through touching contaminated objects Vectors- organisms that transmit infections from one host to another.
Arthropods (biting insects)
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THE STUDY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES


Epidemiology-the study of how disease spreads and can be controlled. Epidemiologist- a scientist who studies disease patterns to help prevent and control the spread of diseases. Agencies that study spread of diseases and patterns.
Community health departments (Columbus Public Health)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) World Health Organization (WHO)
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DISEASE PATTERNS
Endemic Disease- infectious diseases that are continually found in small amounts within the population.

Epidemic Disease- infectious disease that has a large outbreak in an area and afflict many people.
Pandemic Disease- an epidemic that is widespread throughout a large region (country, continent or entire globe.
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CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING


1. What is a pathogen? Name four types of pathogens. 2. How do pathogens cause infectious diseases? 3. What is a virus? Name the ways viruses are dif ferent from bacteria? 4. What are four ways that infectious diseases can spread? 5. INFER why a person might be exposed to tetanus bacteria after stepping on a dirty nail. 6. EVALUATE the following scenario: Two days after visiting a pet shop and observing green parrots in a display cage and fish in an aquarium, a student developed a fever, became ill, and was diagnosed with parrot fever. What might be the disease reservoir and possible transmission method .

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