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</script> </div>  <div id="question-header"> <h1 itemprop="name"><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codi lity-fibonacci-solution" class="question-hyperlink">Codility Fibonacci Solution< /a></h1> </div> <div id="mainbar">
<div class="question" data-questionid="9439352" id="question"> <div class="everyonelovesstackoverflow adzerk-vote" id="adzerk1" ><a href="http://engine.adzerk.net/r?e=eyJhdiI6NDE0LCJhdCI6NCwiY20iOjg0NywiY2giO jExNzgsImNyIjo1OTIxLCJkaSI6ImU0ZjY3ZDg0ZWUyZjQzNmFiMDAxOGYzYmY0OTk1YzdkIiwiZG0iO jEsImZjIjo4ODA3LCJmbCI6MjQ0NCwia3ciOiJjIyxmaWJvbmFjY2ksY29kaWxpdHkiLCJudyI6MjIsI nJmIjoiaHR0cDovL3N0YWNrb3ZlcmZsb3cuY29tL3RhZ3MvY29kaWxpdHkvaG90IiwicnYiOjAsInByI joxNTY4LCJzdCI6ODI3Nywiem4iOjQzLCJ1ciI6Imh0dHA6Ly9jYXJlZXJzLnN0YWNrb3ZlcmZsb3cuY 29tLyJ9&s=5a_b442KOoGY-oOLkrlvF8ox3uI" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="">< img src="./c# - Codility Fibonacci Solution - Stack Overflow_files/9241eb4107b24 c588c0ca0042534c03e.png" title="" alt="" border="0" width="728" height="90"></a> <div class="adzerk-vote-controls" style=""><div class="adzerk-vote-option adzerk -vote-up"><div class="adzerk-vote-icon"></div></div><div class="adzerk-vote-opti on adzerk-vote-down"><div class="adzerk-vote-icon"></div></div></div><div class= "adzerk-vote-survey" style="display:none;"><form><span>No problem. We won't show you that ad again. Why didn't you like it?</span><ul><li><label><input type="ra dio" value="12" name="downvoteReason">Uninteresting</label></li><li><label><inpu t type="radio" value="13" name="downvoteReason">Misleading</label></li><li><labe l><input type="radio" value="14" name="downvoteReason">Offensive</label></li><li ><label><input type="radio" value="15" name="downvoteReason">Repetitive</label>< /li></ul><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codility-fibonaccisolution/9439806#" class="adzerk-vote-cancel">Oops! I didn't mean to do this.</a ></form></div><img height="0px" width="0px" border="0" src="./c# - Codility Fibo nacci Solution - Stack Overflow_files/i.gif"></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td class="votecell"> <div class="vote"> <input type="hidden" value="9439352"> <a class="vote-up-off" title="This question shows research effort; it is use ful and clear">up vote</a> <span class="vote-count-post ">2</span> <a class="vote-down-off" title="This question does not show any research eff ort; it is unclear or not useful">down vote</a> <a class="star-off" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codilit y-fibonacci-solution/9439806#" title="This is a favorite question (click again t o undo)">favorite</a> <div class="favoritecount"><b>7</b></div> </div> </td>
<td class="postcell"> <div> <div class="post-text" itemprop="description"> <p>I'm trying to do the Codility self-certification at : <a href="http:/ /codility.com/cert/start/" rel="nofollow">http://codility.com/cert/start/</a></p > <p>The Question is as follows:</p> <p>The Fibonacci sequence is defined by the following recursive formula:</p> <p>F(0) = 0 </p> <p>F(1) = 1 </p> <p>F(N) = F(N-1) + F(N-2) for N 2 </p> <p>Write a function:</p> <p>int power_fib(int N, int M);</p> <p>that, given two non-negative integers N and M, returns a remainder of F(N^M) modulo 10,000,103. </p> <p>Note: 10,000,103 is a prime number.</p> <p>For example, given N = 2 and M = 3, the function should return 21, since 2^3 = 8 and F(8) = 21. Assume that:</p> <p>N and M are integers within the range [0..10,000,000].</p> <p>Complexity: expected worst-case time complexity is O(log(N*M));</p> <p>expected worst-case space complexity is O(1).</p> <p>Here is my solution:</p> <pre class="lang-cs prettyprint prettyprinted" style=""><code><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">public</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class= "typ">int</span><span class="pln"> power_fib</span><span class="pun">(</span><sp an class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> N</span><span class="pun">,</span><s pan class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> M</span>< span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">double</span><span class="pln"> x </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Math</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Pow</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">N</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> M</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Console</span><span class="pun">.</span><span c lass="typ">WriteLine</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">x</span>< span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> modfib </span><spa n class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ModFib</span>< span class="pun">(</span><span class="typ">Convert</span><span class="pun">.</sp an><span class="typ">ToInt64</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">x </span><span class="pun">));</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">return</span><span class="pln"> modfib</span><s pan class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">public</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class= "typ">int</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ModFib</span><span c lass="pun">(</span><span class="typ">Int64</span><span class="pln"> n</span><spa n class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">double</span><span class="pln"> a </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span cl ass="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">double</span><span class="pln"> b </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span cl ass="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">long</span><span class="pln"> i </span><span cl ass="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span clas s="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> i </span><span class="pun"><</span><span c lass="pln"> n</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> i</span><span c lass="pun">++)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">double</span><span class="pln"> temp </span ><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> a</span><span class="pun">;</span> <span class="pln"> a </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> b</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> b </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> temp </span><s pan class="pun">+</span><span class="pln"> b</span><span class="pun">;</span><sp an class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pln"> mod </span><span c lass="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> a</span><span class="pun">%</span><span cl ass="lit">10000103</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">return</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cl ass="typ">Convert</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">ToInt32</spa n><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">mod</span><span class="pun">);</sp an><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span></code></pre> <p>Problem is, my solution fails for very large numbers:</p> <p>The solution failed on test: (4, 7) with WRONG ANSWER [ got -2147483648 expected 909213 ] </p> </div> <div class="post-taglist"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/c%23" class="post-tag " title="show questions tagged 'c#'" rel="tag">c#</a> <a href="http://st ackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fibonacci" class="post-tag" title="show questio ns tagged 'fibonacci'" rel="tag">fibonacci</a> <a href="http://stackover flow.com/questions/tagged/codility" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagge d 'codility'" rel="tag">codility</a> </div> <table class="fw"> <tbody><tr>
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<div class="post-menu"><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/q/9439352" title="short permalink to this question" class="short-link" id="link-post-9439352">share</a> <span class="lsep">|</span><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/posts/9439352/edit" class="suggest-edit-post" title="">improve this question</a></div> </td> <td align="right" class="post-signature"> <div class="user-info "> <div class="user-action-time"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/posts/9439352/revi sions" title="show all edits to this post">edited <span title="2012-02-25 16:05: 33Z" class="relativetime">Feb 25 '12 at 16:05</span></a> </div> <div class="user-gravatar32"> </div> <div class="user-details"> <br> </div> </div> </td> <td class="post-signature owner"> <div class="user-info "> <div class="user-action-time"> asked <span title="2012-02-24 23:09:10Z" cla ss="relativetime">Feb 24 '12 at 23:09</span> </div> <div class="user-gravatar32"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/843437/kev847382"><div class =""><img src="./c# - Codility Fibonacci Solution - Stack Overflow_files/add9e035 f80de74fbf1667a731d147e1" alt="" width="32" height="32"></div></a> </div> <div class="user-details"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/843437/kev847382">kev847382< /a><br> <span class="reputation-score" title="reputation score" dir="ltr">26 </span><span title="1 silver badge"><span class="badge2"></span><span class="bad gecount">1</span></span><span title="6 bronze badges"><span class="badge3"></spa n><span class="badgecount">6</span></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="votecell"></td> <td> <div id="comments-9439352" class="comments"> <table> <tbody> <tr id="comment-11937716" class="comment"> <td></td> <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">What do you mea n it fails due to taking too long? Do you receive an error?</span> <a href ="http://stackoverflow.com/users/1224415/matt-t" title="401 reputation" class="c omment-user">Matt T</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><a class="comment-l ink" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codility-fibonacci-solutio n/9439806#comment11937716_9439352"><span title="2012-02-24 23:18:38Z" class="rel ativetime-clean">Feb 24 '12 at 23:18</span></a></span></div></td> </tr> <tr id="comment-11937851" class="comment"> <td></td> <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">I assume you're m issing something. Using the <code>double</code> type will result in a loss of pr ecision for very large numbers, meaning that your output will not match the expe cted.</span> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/1149773/douglas" title ="14809 reputation" class="comment-user">Douglas</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><a class="comment-link" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/94393 52/codility-fibonacci-solution/9439806#comment11937851_9439352"><span title="201 2-02-24 23:27:21Z" class="relativetime-clean">Feb 24 '12 at 23:27</span></a></sp an></div></td> </tr> <tr id="comment-11937928" class="comment"> <td class="comment-actions"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="comment-score"> <span title="number of 'useful comment' votes received" class="cool">4</ span> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">I assume you're missing something. letting the SO community help you solve this problem means y ou're unable to solve it <b>on your own</b>. In other words it means you cheat a nd shouldn't get that certificate. But hey, at least you're honest.</span> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/43959/kaii" title="6311 reputation" clas s="comment-user">Kaii</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><a class="comment -link" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codility-fibonacci-solut ion/9439806#comment11937928_9439352"><span title="2012-02-24 23:33:25Z" class="r elativetime-clean">Feb 24 '12 at 23:33</span></a></span></div></td> </tr> <tr id="comment-11937951" class="comment"> <td></td>
<td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">I don't really want the certificate - but I need to do one of these Codility Tests over the wee kend for a job application so want to practice. I got 100% on one of the other sample tests but this one has me stumped.</span> <a href="http://stackoverf low.com/users/843437/kev847382" title="26 reputation" class="comment-user owner" >kev847382</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><a class="comment-link" href ="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codility-fibonacci-solution/9439806 #comment11937951_9439352"><span title="2012-02-24 23:35:10Z" class="relativetime -clean">Feb 24 '12 at 23:35</span></a></span></div></td> </tr> <tr id="comment-11938079" class="comment"> <td></td> <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">Two things: 1. Do not use any floating point numbers for this. 2. Learn some basic number theor y if you really want to solve this problem. 3. Good luck.</span> <a href="h ttp://stackoverflow.com/users/1011995/daniel-fischer" title="99353 reputation" c lass="comment-user">Daniel Fischer</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><a c lass="comment-link" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codility-fi bonacci-solution/9439806#comment11938079_9439352"><span title="2012-02-24 23:42: 27Z" class="relativetime-clean">Feb 24 '12 at 23:42</span></a></span></div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <a id="comments-link-9439352" class="comments-link" data-comments-count="1" title="expand to show all comments on this post">show <b>1</b> more comment</a> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div id="answers"> <a name="tab-top"></a> <div id="answers-header"> <div class="subheader answers-subheader"> <h2> 3 Answers </h2> <div id="tabs"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codility-fib onacci-solution?answertab=active#tab-top" title="Answers with the latest activit y first">active</a> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codility-fibonacci-solution? answertab=oldest#tab-top" title="Answers in the order they were provided">oldest </a> <a class="youarehere" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codilityfibonacci-solution?answertab=votes#tab-top" title="Answers with the highest scor e first">votes</a> </div> </div> </div>
<a name="9439806"></a> <div id="answer-9439806" class="answer accepted-answer" data-answerid="9439806" style=""> <table> <tbody><tr> <td class="votecell"> <div class="vote"> <input type="hidden" value="9439806"> <a class="vote-up-off" title="This answer is useful">up vote</a> <span class="vote-count-post ">24</span> <a class="vote-down-off" title="This answer is not useful">down vote</a> <span class="vote-accepted-on load-accepted-answer-date" title="load ing when this answer was accepted...">accepted</span> </div> </td>
<td class="answercell"> <div class="post-text"><p>Start by thinking about the range of the problem:< /p> <blockquote> <p>Given two non-negative integers N and M, returns a remainder of F(N^M) modu lo 10,000,103. N and M are integers within the range [0..10,000,000].</p> </blockquote> <p>So max, that is F(10<sup>100000000000000</sup>). Your solution is to (1) do t hat many additions, which will take some time, and (2) store the result, which i s far, far larger, in a double, that has a maximum range of about 10<sup>308</su p> and is only accurate to 15 significant digits anyways.</p> <p>You need to come up with a better solution. <strong>Start by learning about m odular arithmetic.</strong> Here's a hint: Suppose you want to compute 10<sup>1 00000000000000</sup> mod 9. I'll tell you right now: it's one. <strong>How did I do that so fast?</strong> Because if a mod b = c and d mod b = f then a*d mod b is congruent to c*f. And similarly, a+d mod b is congruent to c+f. These sor ts of facts are crucial when solving these kinds of problems.</p> <p>Once you've got that, then look into <strong>what are the properties of congr uences that involve primes</strong>? They told you that the modulus was a prime number for a reason; you're going to need that fact.</p> <p>A few more thoughts:</p> <ul> <li><p>When faced with these sorts of programming challenge problems, <strong>us e meta reasoning</strong> about the problem itself. You were given the problem " compute fib(a perfect power) modulo a given prime". You decided to try to solve the more general problem of "compute any_recurrance(something) and then compute something modulo something", which is a far, far harder problem. Don't make it h arder on yourself. It is not an accident that the problem is restricted to the f ib recurrance on perfect powers modulo a prime; if you are not using <em>all</em > of those facts in your solution, you're probably doing it wrong.</p></li>
<li><p>The learn-it-yourself-the-hard-way approach: For example, try solving the problem "compute fib(n) modulo 2 for any n". <strong>Solve it by hand.</strong> You should be able to do that with pencil and paper in a few minutes. Then try solving "compute fib(3<sup>m</sup>) modulo 2". Once you know the solution to th e first problem, that should be easy. Then try "compute fib(n<sup>m</sup>) modu lo 2". Again, that should be straightforward given the solution to the previous problem. Once you've solved the problem completely for a modulus of two, try it with a modulus of three. Then five. Then seven. Then eleven. Then for an arbitra ry prime number. And then you will have an algorithm that you can actually turn into code.</p></li> <li><p>The stand-on-the-shoulders-of-others approach: there is an efficient algo rithm (that does not use floating point) for computing fib numbers as "powers" o f a tuple with a special multiplication rule. However, when doing that the numbe rs in the tuple rapidly get <em>huge</em>. You can modify the power rule using t he rules of modular arithmetic to keep the numbers small while still producing t he right answer quickly.</p></li> </ul> </div> <table class="fw"> <tbody><tr> <td class="vt">
<div class="post-menu"><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/a/9439806" title="short permalink to this answer" class="short-link" id="link-post-9439806">share</a><s pan class="lsep">|</span><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/posts/9439806/edit" c lass="suggest-edit-post" title="">improve this answer</a></div> </td> <td align="right" class="post-signature"> <div class="user-info "> <div class="user-action-time"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/posts/9439806/revi sions" title="show all edits to this post">edited <span title="2012-02-25 15:23: 24Z" class="relativetime">Feb 25 '12 at 15:23</span></a> </div> <div class="user-gravatar32"> </div> <div class="user-details"> <br> </div> </div> </td>
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<div class="user-info user-hover"> <div class="user-action-time"> answered <span title="2012-02-25 00:03:1 4Z" class="relativetime">Feb 25 '12 at 0:03</span> </div> <div class="user-gravatar32"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/88656/eric-lippert"><div cla ss=""><img src="./c# - Codility Fibonacci Solution - Stack Overflow_files/6fbdff 3ffb6f111d172759b4f05bea0e" alt="" width="32" height="32"></div></a> </div> <div class="user-details"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/88656/eric-lippert">Eric Lip pert</a><br> <span class="reputation-score" title="reputation score 233115" dir=" ltr">233k</span><span title="51 gold badges"><span class="badge1"></span><span c lass="badgecount">51</span></span><span title="514 silver badges"><span class="b adge2"></span><span class="badgecount">514</span></span><span title="1290 bronze badges"><span class="badge3"></span><span class="badgecount">1290</span></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="votecell"></td> <td> <div id="comments-9439806" class="comments"> <table> <tbody> <tr id="comment-11938660" class="comment"> <td></td> <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">very nice answe r.</span> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/416926/saeed-amiri" title ="15569 reputation" class="comment-user">Saeed Amiri</a> <span class="comment-da te" dir="ltr"><a class="comment-link" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9 439352/codility-fibonacci-solution/9439806#comment11938660_9439806"><span title= "2012-02-25 00:25:58Z" class="relativetime-clean">Feb 25 '12 at 0:25</span></a>< /span></div></td> </tr> <tr id="comment-11945435" class="comment"> <td></td> <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">Great answer th anks! Relieved to say that the two questions I had to do before my job intervie w were nowhere near as hard as this one and I scored 100% - still haven't got th is one sussed but I'll get there!</span> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/ users/843437/kev847382" title="26 reputation" class="comment-user owner">kev8473 82</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><a class="comment-link" href="http:/ /stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codility-fibonacci-solution/9439806#comment 11945435_9439806"><span title="2012-02-25 14:40:23Z" class="relativetime-clean">
Feb 25 '12 at 14:40</span></a></span></div></td> </tr> <tr id="comment-11945851" class="comment"> <td></td> <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">@kev847382: You 're welcome. This is quite a tricky problem. I cogitated on it a bit and worked out two algorithms; both require some knowledge of (1) how to calculate fib quic kly, much more quickly than doing all the additions, and (2) how to use modular arithmetic correctly and safely to keep the numbers small enough so that every s ub-calculation fits into a long. Good luck!</span> <a href="http://stackove rflow.com/users/88656/eric-lippert" title="233115 reputation" class="comment-use r">Eric Lippert</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><a class="comment-link" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439352/codility-fibonacci-solution/94 39806#comment11945851_9439806"><span title="2012-02-25 15:16:57Z" class="relativ etime-clean">Feb 25 '12 at 15:16</span></a></span></div></td> </tr> <tr id="comment-11946524" class="comment"> <td></td> <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">This explains a lot <a href="http://blog.codility.com/2012/02/its-not-easy-to-get-codility.html " rel="nofollow">blog.codility.com/2012/02/its-not-easy-to-get-codility.html</a> Only 6% of people actually pass these tests and only 1% get Gold. Suddenly I d on't feel so bad.</span> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/843437/kev 847382" title="26 reputation" class="comment-user owner">kev847382</a> <span cla ss="comment-date" dir="ltr"><a class="comment-link" href="http://stackoverflow.c om/questions/9439352/codility-fibonacci-solution/9439806#comment11946524_9439806 "><span title="2012-02-25 16:12:03Z" class="relativetime-clean">Feb 25 '12 at 16 :12</span></a></span><span class="edited-yes" title="this comment was edited"></ span></div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="everyonelovesstackoverflow adzerk-vote" id="adzerk3"><a href="http://engine.adzerk.net/r?e=eyJhdiI6NDE0LCJhdCI6NCwiY20iOjI5MTEsImNoIjoxM Tc4LCJjciI6NTkxNiwiZGkiOiI2YTNlNWVlOTUyMGU0NTRkYmJjYzQ3M2I2N2RmNTMyNSIsImRtIjoxL CJmYyI6MTAxODEsImZsIjo3NDcyLCJrdyI6ImMjLGZpYm9uYWNjaSxjb2RpbGl0eSIsIm53IjoyMiwic mYiOiJodHRwOi8vc3RhY2tvdmVyZmxvdy5jb20vdGFncy9jb2RpbGl0eS9ob3QiLCJydiI6MCwicHIiO jE2MDQsInN0Ijo4Mjc3LCJ6biI6NDQsInVyIjoiaHR0cDovL2NhcmVlcnMuc3RhY2tvdmVyZmxvdy5jb 20vIn0&s=H8F0WV5mIra9mH2cTyUrMRI_6bU" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title=""><i mg src="./c# - Codility Fibonacci Solution - Stack Overflow_files/d31c8d7d3cf640 a6b29d9ad71788dd4a.png" title="" alt="" border="0" width="728" height="90"></a>< div class="adzerk-vote-controls" style="display:none;"><div class="adzerk-vote-o ption adzerk-vote-up"><div class="adzerk-vote-icon"></div></div><div class="adze rk-vote-option adzerk-vote-down"><div class="adzerk-vote-icon"></div></div></div ><div class="adzerk-vote-survey" style="display:none;"><form><span>No problem. W e won't show you that ad again. Why didn't you like it?</span><ul><li><label><in put type="radio" value="12" name="downvoteReason">Uninteresting</label></li><li> <label><input type="radio" value="13" name="downvoteReason">Misleading</label></ li><li><label><input type="radio" value="14" name="downvoteReason">Offensive</la bel></li><li><label><input type="radio" value="15" name="downvoteReason">Repetit
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<a name="9559311"></a> <div id="answer-9559311" class="answer" data-answerid="9559311"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td class="votecell"> <div class="vote"> <input type="hidden" value="9559311"> <a class="vote-up-off" title="This answer is useful">up vote</a> <span class="vote-count-post ">1</span> <a class="vote-down-off" title="This answer is not useful">down vote</a> </div> </td>
<td class="answercell"> <div class="post-text"><p>Below is my code, that seems to work on all my tes ts, but the Codility.com says it do not pass their tests. It has O(log(max(N,M))) time complexity and O(1) memory use.</p> <pre class="lang-cs prettyprint prettyprinted" style=""><code><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">typedef</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">long</span><sp an class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">long</span><span class="pln"> tlong</sp an><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="com">#ifndef</span><span class="pln"> swap </span><span class="com">#define</span><span class="pln"> swap</span><span c lass="pun">(</span><span class="pln">a</span><span class="pun">,</span><span cla ss="pln">b</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> \ </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">a</span><span class=" pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">^=</span><span class="p ln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">b</span><span class="pun ">);</span><span class="pln"> \ </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">b</span><span class=" pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">^=</span><span class="p ln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">a</span><span class="pun ">);</span><span class="pln"> \ </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">a</span><span class=" pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">^=</span><span class="p ln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">b</span><span class="pun ">);</span><span class="pln"> \ </span><span class="pun">};</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="com">#endif</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class= "com">// !1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span clas s="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">FastLn</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span> <span class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> n</span><span class="pun">){</spa n><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> k</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="pun">(</span><span class="pln">k </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class= "pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="p ln"> n </span><span class="pun">>=</span><span class="lit">2</span><span clas s="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> k</span><span class="pun">++)</span><span cla ss="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> n </span><span class="pun">>>=</span><span class="pln"> </span ><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">return</span><span class="pln"> k</span><span c lass="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">};</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span clas s="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Reduce</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span> <span class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> N</span><span class="pun">,</span ><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> < /span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> M</span><span class="pun">) {</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">const</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cla ss="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><s pan class="pln"> mod </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span> <span class="lit">10000103</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">const</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cla ss="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><s pan class="pln"> rep </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span> <span class="lit">2</span><span class="pun">*</span><span class="pln">mod </span ><span class="pun">+</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">2</span>< span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> MM </span><span class="pun">=</span><sp an class="pln"> M</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> tlong NN</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">TOT</span><sp an class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> NN </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> N </span><span cl ass="pun">%</span><span class="pln"> rep</span><span class="pun">;</span><span c lass="pln"> TOT </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cla ss="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">while</span><span class="pun">(</span><span cla ss="pln">MM </span><span class="pun">>=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pun">){</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">(</span><span cl ass="pln">MM</span><span class="pun">%</span><span class="lit">2</span><span cla ss="pun">){</span><span class="pln"> TOT </span><span class="pun">*=</span><span class="pln"> </span> <span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">NN</span><span class="pun">);</span> <span class="pln">TOT </span><span class="pun">%=</span><span class="pln"> rep</ span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> NN </span><span class="pun">*=</span><span class="pln"> NN</span><sp an class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> NN </span><span class="pun">%=</span><
span class="pln"> rep</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> MM </span><span class="pun">/=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> NN </span><span class="pun">*=</span><span class="pln"> TOT</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> NN </span><span class="pun">%=</span><spa n class="pln"> rep</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">return</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cl ass="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><sp an class="typ">int</span><span class="pun">)(</span><span class="pln">NN</span>< span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">};</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span clas s="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Fn</span><span cla ss="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><spa n class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> N</span><span class="pun">){</span><s pan class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">switch</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cl ass="pun">(</span><span class="pln">N</span><span class="pun">){</span><span cla ss="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">case</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">):</span><span class="kwd">return</span><s pan class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">;</span><spa n class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">case</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">):</span><span class="kwd">return</span><s pan class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><spa n class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">case</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pun">):</span><span class="kwd">return</span><s pan class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><spa n class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">case</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">3</span><span class="pun">):</span><span class="kwd">return</span><s pan class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pun">;</span><spa n class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">case</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">4</span><span class="pun">):</span><span class="kwd">return</span><s pan class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">3</span><span class="pun">;</span><spa n class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">const</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cla ss="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><s pan class="pln"> mod </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span> <span class="lit">10000103</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> M</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">l</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">a</span><span c lass="pun">,</span><span class="pln">b</span><span class="pun">,</span><span cla ss="pln">n2</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> tlong ta</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">tb</span><spa n class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> M </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="lit">2</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> a </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">b </span><span class= "pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="p un">;</span><span class="pln"> l </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="typ">FastLn</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">N</span><span cl
ass="pun">);</span><span class="pln"> n2 </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span clas s="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun"><<</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">l</span><span c lass="pun">-</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">);</span><span cl ass="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">while</span><span class="pun">(</span><span cla ss="pln">M </span><span class="pun"><</span><span class="pln"> N</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cl ass="pun">((</span><span class="pln">M</span><span class="pun">+</span><span cla ss="lit">1</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="pun">*</span><span class="pln"> n2 </span><span class="pun"><=</span><span class="pln"> N</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> swap</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">a</span>< span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">b</span><span class="pun">);</span><s pan class="pln"> a </span><span class="pun">+=</span><span class="pln"> b</span>< span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> a </span><span class="pun">%=</span><span class="pln"> mod</span ><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> M</span><span class="pun">++;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">(</span><span cl ass="pln">M </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> N</span><span c lass="pun">){</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">break</span><span class="pun">;</span>< span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">};</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cl ass="pun">(</span><span class="pln">M</span><span class="pun">></span><span c lass="pln">N</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> M</span><span cl ass="pun">/=</span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">;</span><span cla ss="com">//A kind of assert, that should throw a DivisionByZero exception, to as sure we don't have computational problems</span><span class="pln"> ta </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> a</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> ta </span><span class="pun">*=</span><span class="pln"> ta</span><sp an class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="com">//ta %= mod;</span><span class="pln"> tb </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> b</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> tb </span><span class="pun">*=</span><span class="pln"> tb</span><sp an class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> tb </span><span class="pun">+=</span><span class="pln"> ta</span><sp an class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> tb </span><span class="pun">%=</span><span class="pln"> mod</span><s pan class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> ta </span><span class="pun">+=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">*</span><span c lass="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">tlong</span><span class="pun">)(</span><span class="pln">a</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">*</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cl ass="pun">(</span><span class="pln">tlong</span><span class="pun">)(</span><span class="pln">b</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln"> ta </span><span class="pun">%=</span><span class="pln"> mod</span><s pan class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> b </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> tb</span><span
class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> a </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> ta</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="com">//Using F(2*n) = F(N)*(F(N) + 2*F(N-1)) i dentity</span><span class="pln"> M </span><span class="pun"><<=</span><span class="pln"> </span ><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> n2 </span><span class="pun">>>=</span><span class="pln"> </spa n><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">return</span><span class="pln"> a</span><span c lass="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">};</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> power_fib </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> N</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="typ">int</span><spa n class="pln"> M </span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><spa n class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> a</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">b</span><span class="pun">;</span><span c lass="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">const</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cla ss="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><s pan class="pln"> mod </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span> <span class="lit">10000103</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> a </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> b </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class ="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class= "pln">N </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class= "lit">0</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="kwd">return</span><span cla ss="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class ="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class= "pln">N </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class= "lit">1</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="kwd">return</span><span cla ss="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class ="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class= "pln">M </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class= "lit">0</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="kwd">return</span><span cla ss="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class ="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pln"> NN</span><span class="pun">;</span><spa n class="pln"> NN </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span clas s="typ">Reduce</span><span class="pun">((</span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span ><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pun">)</span ><span class="pln">N</span><span class="pun">,(</span><span class="kwd">unsigned </span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pun">) </span><span class="pln">M</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">return</span><span class="pln"> </span><span cl ass="pun">(</span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pun">)</span><span cl ass="typ">Fn</span><span class="pun">((</span><span class="kwd">unsigned</span>< span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">int</span><span class="pun">)</span>< span class="pln">NN</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">}</span></code></pre>
<p>What do you think could be wrong with this solution?</p> </div> <table class="fw"> <tbody><tr> <td class="vt">
<div class="post-menu"><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/a/9559311" title="short permalink to this answer" class="short-link" id="link-post-9559311">share</a><s pan class="lsep">|</span><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/posts/9559311/edit" c lass="suggest-edit-post" title="">improve this answer</a></div> </td>
<div class="user-info "> <div class="user-action-time"> answered <span title="2012-03-04 22:13:2 3Z" class="relativetime">Mar 4 '12 at 22:13</span> </div> <div class="user-gravatar32"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/691343/asu"><div class=""><i mg src="./c# - Codility Fibonacci Solution - Stack Overflow_files/195087f49b0cb3 3b7bf4b35b32b7c0f0" alt="" width="32" height="32"></div></a> </div> <div class="user-details"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/691343/asu">asu</a><br> <span class="reputation-score" title="reputation score" dir="ltr">16 </span><span title="3 bronze badges"><span class="badge3"></span><span class="ba dgecount">3</span></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="votecell"></td> <td> <div id="comments-9559311" class="comments dno"> <table>
<tbody> <tr><td></td><td></td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <a name="9439574"></a> <div id="answer-9439574" class="answer" data-answerid="9439574"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td class="votecell"> <div class="vote"> <input type="hidden" value="9439574"> <a class="vote-up-off" title="This answer is useful">up vote</a> <span class="vote-count-post ">-1</span> <a class="vote-down-off" title="This answer is not useful">down vote</a> </div> </td>
<td class="answercell"> <div class="post-text"><p>It looks like you're overflowing the int value for the return type of ModFib and for the modfib variable. Try using a long instea d.</p> </div> <table class="fw"> <tbody><tr> <td class="vt">
<div class="post-menu"><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/a/9439574" title="short permalink to this answer" class="short-link" id="link-post-9439574">share</a><s pan class="lsep">|</span><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/posts/9439574/edit" c lass="suggest-edit-post" title="">improve this answer</a></div> </td>
<div class="user-info "> <div class="user-action-time"> answered <span title="2012-02-24 23:34:5 7Z" class="relativetime">Feb 24 '12 at 23:34</span> </div> <div class="user-gravatar32"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/223970/natethegreat"><div cl ass=""><img src="./c# - Codility Fibonacci Solution - Stack Overflow_files/1d4ec da86a8b62df15663b961b83a423" alt="" width="32" height="32"></div></a> </div> <div class="user-details"> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/223970/natethegreat">NateThe Great</a><br> <span class="reputation-score" title="reputation score" dir="ltr">1, 387</span><span title="4 silver badges"><span class="badge2"></span><span class= "badgecount">4</span></span><span title="6 bronze badges"><span class="badge3">< /span><span class="badgecount">6</span></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="votecell"></td> <td> <div id="comments-9439574" class="comments"> <table> <tbody> <tr id="comment-11938053" class="comment"> <td></td> <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">Well the soluti on requires that power_fib returns an int.... x mod 10000103 should be a valid i nt</span> <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/843437/kev847382" title=" 26 reputation" class="comment-user owner">kev847382</a> <span class="comment-dat e" dir="ltr"><a class="comment-link" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/94 39352/codility-fibonacci-solution/9439806#comment11938053_9439574"><span title=" 2012-02-24 23:41:05Z" class="relativetime-clean">Feb 24 '12 at 23:41</span></a>< /span><span class="edited-yes" title="this comment was edited"></span></div></td > </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td>
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