JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE The Premier Jour end Source of New Knowledge end Perspective in Anined Saenice Laboratory and field evaluation of commercial feed preservatives in the diet of mursery pigs S Rahnema and S M Neal J ANIM SCI 1994, 72:572-576. The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/72/3/572 www.asas.org Downloade from wow joumalofanimalsience.org by guest on December 15,2012Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Commercial Feed Preservatives in the Diet of Nursery Pigs!?? S, Rahnema and S. M. Neal The Ohio State University, Agricultural Technical Institute, Wooster 44691 ABSTRACT: _ A two-part study was conducted to Curb inhibited microbial growth on corn the longest compare the effectiveness of 10 neutralized preserva- (12.2 d). The second part of this study consisted of tives as inhibitors of microbial activity on cracked two replieates of a randomized complete block design shelled corn at two moisture levels (15 and 18%) and experiment to evaluate the palatability, ADG, and to evaluate the performance of nursery pigs fed diets gain:feed ratio of nursery pigs fed pelleted diets containing the two most effective preservatives ontaining 1 kgt of diet of either MC, SC, or no selected from part one of this study. In part one, for preservative. Pigs were blocked by sex and weight and each of the three replications (15 d), moisture content Fandomly assigned to the treatments. Daily feed, Pre Sen oe ated ety lth vente ea Weekly feed refusals, and weekly weights were Fs recorded. Pigs consuming the MC-treated diet tended sprayed on 300 g of ground corn. Treated corn Was 45 consume more feed (P <.18) and gain more weight 500-mL. sterilized Erlenmeyer flasks, covered with ea 5 Sterile cotton plugs, and incubated at 31°C. Several than pigs fed the SC or the control diet. Gain:feed preservatives were as effective as propionic acid in Tatio was similar ( P > .87) for SC and MC and higher inhibiting microbial growth. Liquid Myco Curb (MC) —_( P <.07) than the control. Although not significant ( P and Sal Curb (SC) inhibited CO2 production by 12.7 > .05), it seems that MC may have enhanced and 13 d with 15 and 18% moisture corn, respectively. _ palatability of the feed and SC improved the efficiency Combining the data for 15 and 18% moisture corn, Sal of feed conversion in the nursery pig. Microorganisms, Molds, Preservatives, Carbon Dioxide, Maize, Pigs J. Anim. Sci, 1994. 72:572-576 Introduction 1990). Increased fetal mortality, decreased litter size, decreased fertility rate, decreased growth rate, poor At temperatures above 15°C, grains and complete feed efficiency, feed refusal, increased susceptibility to feeds with moisture levels of 14% or more and(or) diseases, and’ increased mortality are some of the stored in an environment with a relative humidity of consequences of mycotoxins present in feed consumed 75% or higher are ideal media for mold growth and by swine (Hesseltine, 1979). The traditional methods mycotoxin production (Smith et al., 1983; Russell et of grain preservation, drying by artificial means or al, 1991). Mycotoxins can cause serious health storage under anaerobic conditions, are relatively problems in swine and other livestock (Bartov et al., costly. Additionally, neither method would be useful if 1982; Harvey et al., 1989; Hamilton, 1990; Pier, _ the grain were in transit or had been mixed with other 1992). Depending on the severity of mycotoxins ingredients in a complete diet. Therefore, other means produced, the clinical signs are quite variable and, in such as chemical preservation become an attractive hiaay cases, ul even noticeable (Humillon, 1975, alternative. Chemical preservation of high-moisture grain and its feeding to livestock are well documented (Jones et al., 1970; English et al., 1973; Foster et al., 1987; Yasin and Hanna, 1989). Generally, propionic epported hy Ohio Com Marketing, Program Board. acid by itself or in combination with other organic icere, appreciation is extended to T. Meck, L- Pickle, C. seid has been used as the preservative of choice. Hmbil, © Pras and Pave rhe antancencondusing PL acct ion effective, mold, inhibiter, but Use ofthe preservatives does not constitute an endorsement by because of its volatility and irritative and corrosive the Ohio State University nature, it has not been used extensively (Jorgensen et Received May 24, 1985. al., 1980). Various buffered forms of propionic acid Accepted November 3, 1993, 572 Downloaded from wow joumalofunimalssience org by guest on December 1S, 2012MOLD INHIBITORS (dry and liquid) are currently being marketed. Only limited information is available on the efficacy of these types of chemicals (Rahnema and Neal, 1992a,b). This study was, therefore, undertaken to 1) determine the two most effective mold inhibitors used with 15 and 18% moisture corn and 2) evaluate performance characteristics of nursery pigs fed diets containing the two mold inhibitors selected from part, one. Materials and Methods Laboratory Experiment. A laboratory experiment (three replicates of 15 d each) was conducted to compare the effectiveness of 10 commercially available mold inhibitors (Table 1) on mold growth using cracked corn. Moisture content of the cracked corn was, determined using a conventional drying oven (100°C) and adjusted to 15 and 18% with sterilized, deionized water. Liquid preservatives were diluted with water (1:1) and sprayed on 300 g of cracked corn. Dry preservatives were sprinkled on the same amount of cracked corn and mixed thoroughly. The amount of 573 each preservative used was based on the manufac: turer's recommendations. Sterilized D. 1. water and propionic acid were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Treated corn samples were divided in half (150 g each) and each half was placed in a 500-mL. sterilized Erlenmeyer flask, covered with a sterile cotton plug, and incubated at 31°C. After 36 h, cotton plugs were replaced by sterile bieycle inner tubes. Twelve hours later and every 24 h thereafter, gas samples were collected from Erlenmeyer flasks using a 1,000-zL syringe for CO2 determination. Carbon dioxide production was used as a measure of mold and microbial activity (Rouse et al., 1987; N. T. Burden, personal communication). Six hundred microliters of gas from each sample flask was injected into a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector and a stainless steel column (183 om long and 3.18 mm 0.d.) packed with chromosorb 101 (80/100 mesh). Operating conditions for the GC were as follows: injection port and column temperatures were set at 85°C, detector temperature was at 95°C, and No was used as a carrier gas with a flow rate of 3 mL/min, Data were analyzed using the ANOVA procedures of SAS (1988) and means were separated using t-tests at a 95% confidence level. Table 1. Quantity of the preservatives used, effective number of days, and t-tests for the different preservatives tested* Quantity, kg Eifective days Overall Preservative 15% 18% 15% 18% ‘test | Controle Y 2 63 1 Propionic seid 1 2 130 mano pox 1 2 30 ip Early Bale 1 2 87 ‘nop Hay Proll 1 2 na mine Laprosil liquid! 1 2 11 onl Luprosil sat! 25 35 100 107 10a nino ‘Monoprop! 1 15 a7 14 37 mnop Myoo Curb dry 1 15 a7 70 93 mnop Myco Curb Liquid 1 2 27 100 118 mn Sa} Curb™ 1 2 ng 130 22 = Punch! 1 2 107 67 a7 op No dilference between preservatives with similar letters in F-test ealumn Based on the manufactnrer’s recommendations, in kilograms/ton. ‘Number of days before COp was detected. Both 15 and 18% moisture. corn combined. sGorn wes sprayed with ether 8 or tig of water por ton of soem ‘Regutared trademark of Delat Tne, LaHabra Ca. Active ingredients: propionic acid, sndium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, glycerin, rmonosedium glutamate, magnesium chloride, manganese chloride, calcium chloride, pH 68. Registered trademark of Agr-Concepts, Inc, Daleville, VA, Active ingredients: Propionic acid, ammonium propionate, dodecytary cshgalate, FD&C certifed color. pH 5.860. "WRepistered trademark of American Farm Products, Ypsilant, MI. Active ingredients: propionic acid, aete acid, ammonium hydroxide pH 60583. ‘Registered trademark of BASF Corp, Parsipanny, NJ. Active ingredients liquid form: propionic acid, ammonium hydroxide, propylene lygl. pll 68-710; solid form: ealeim propionate (T7% propionic eed and 21% calcium). pH 7.0. ‘Registered trademark of Anitox Corp, Buford, GA. Monaprop, ative ingredients propionic acid, verste granules (Me, A Fe, silicate Pupehipropione acid, ammonia, water, (gentian violet) pH 69-71 Registered trademark of Kenn Industries, In, Des Moines, IA. Myco Curb dry, active ingredients: propioni acid, natural terpens, acetic acid, sorbic eid, benzoie acid, mono- and di- esters of 12 propanediol, hydrated ammonium phosphate, amorphous silica, propyl ‘benzoate, propyl acetate, butulated hydrexyanisole. pH 50-51 (108 solution: Myco Curb Tiquid: propionic aed, acetic acid sorbie acd Bonzoie acid, mono- and di: ester of ets and fatty acids, hydrated ammonium phosphate, butslated hydroxyanisole, pH 6.05-6.15. Sal Curb propionic aid, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzcie aca, terpinene, propylene flyéo, mono- and di esters of fats and fatzy acids, ammonsum hydroxide, methyl paraben, butylated hydroxyaniscle Downloaded from www joumalofanimalsience.org by guest on December 15, 2012574 RAHNEMA Animal Experiment. Two performance trials (21 d each) were conducted to determine palatability, ADG, and gain:feed ratio (G:F) of crossbred (Yorkshire x Large White) nursery pigs (total of 252) fed diets treated with the chemical preservatives selected in the laboratory experiment. The two trials were identical except for the number of pigs used (132 in Exp. 1 and 120 in Exp. 2). Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and placed in 1.89-m x 3.78-m elevated nursery decks housed in an environmentally controlled room. After 1 wk of adaptation, pigs were blocked by sex and weight and randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (four pens per treatment per experiment, for a total of 24 pens). Corn and soybean meal-based diets (Table 2) were supplemented to meet NRC (1988) requirements. While in the mixer, either Sal Curb (SC) or liquid Myeo Curb (MC) was applied at a rate of 1 kg of preservativelt of feed. ‘The control diet ‘was identical to those of SC- and MC-treated diets except that no chemical preservative was applied. All diets were pelleted and bagged in 22.73-kg plastic- lined paper sacks for use over the entire trial. Pigs were fed ad libitum amounts of diet twice daily. At 5 wk of age pigs were weighed on test and weekly thereafter for 3 wk. Daily feed (by pen), weekly feed refusal (by pen), and individual pig weights were recorded. In each trial, three pigs were removed from the experiment due to illness. The housing and eare of AND NEAL the pigs were based on the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching (Consortium, 1988). Feed samples were ground through a l-mm screen Wiley mill_and analyzed for Cp, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, P, and Lys. Crude protein was determined using the AOAC (1990) method. Caleium, Mg, Cu, and Fe were determined using atomie absorption spectrophotometry. Phospho- rus was measured using the method outlined by Fiske and Subbarow (1925). Lysine was measured using ion exchange chromatography (Rabnema and Theurer, 1986). Data were analyzed using the GLM procedures of SYSTAT 5.2 (1992). The model included the effects of treatment, experiment, block, and the treatment x block interaction, Other two- and three-way interac- tions were pooled into the error term. Results and Discussion Laboratory Experiment. Compared with the nega- tive control (water), propionic acid (positive control) treatment effectively (P <.05) inhibited CO» produc- tion for 13 and 8.7 d with 15 and 18% moisture corn, respectively (Table 1). Several other preservatives seemed to be as effective (P > .05) as propionie acid in inhibiting CO2 production, With 15% moisture corn, MC decreased CO2 production for 12.7 d. With 18% Table 2. Composition and nutrient content of the diets fed to nursery pigs" Percentage tem ‘Control Myco Curb ‘Sal Curb Dry matter, 8791 87.98 e788 Ground corn 6115 6115 61s Soybean meal 35.00 35.00 38.00 Dicaleium phosphate 1.70 170 170 Limestone 11.05 105, 105 SE premix 15 15 15 ‘Tat salt-50° 50 50 50 SW-premix 2004 20 20 20 ‘Mecadox (2.2% active ingredient) 25 25 25 Total 100.00 100,00 100.00, Netrienta GE, kal 4,068, 4,050 4,055, CPN x 6.25) 21.6 22.46 nai Ca 9 102 99 P 7 A n Me a7 18 uv Cu, ppm 18 16 “4 Fe, ppm 505 au 478 Lys 120 19 121 As-fed basis "Meo Curb- and Sal Curb-treated diets were identical to the control except for the addition of either 1 lg of Myco Curb or Sal Curb per ton of the feed “Morton Salt Co, Rittman, OF. Contains (amounUkg of diet}: copper oxide (75%), 8 mg: ferrous sulfate (21%), 120 mg; caleium iodate (69.5%), .20 mg; manganese oxide (60%), 15 mg; zine oxide (73%), 120mg; salt, 4.22 g; mineral oil, 5 mg. ‘Contains (amount/kg of diet) vitamin A (acetate), 1,750 TU; vitamin Dg, 200 TU; vitamin E (acetate), 11 10; vitamin K (menadione), .5 mg; riboflavin, 3 mr; B-pantothenie seid, 10 mg; niacin, 13 mg; folacie 3 mg; biotin, 05 mg; vitamin B,p, 15 mg, choline, 4 Downloaded from wow joumalofanimalssience or by 2 "ng; BHT (antioxidant), 66 mg rice hulls as carrier on December 15,2012MOLD INHIBITORS 575 moisture corn, SC inhibited COp production for 13 d. Combining the 15 and 18% moisture and including the treatment x moisture and treatment x period interac- tions in the analysis, SC and MC. consistently prohibited CO» production over a longer (P > .05) period of time than did propionic acid (12.2, 11.3 d, and 10.8 d, respectively). In this study, only one preservative was found ineffective (similar to negative control) in reducing CO2 production (Table 1) with 15 and 18% moisture cracked corn. This study also shows that there are a number of neutralized and(or) noncorrosive preservatives on the market that are at least as effective as provionie acid (very corrosive) in reducing microbial activity in cracked corn. Based on the results obtained here, SC and MC were selected for evaluation in feeding trials with nursery pigs. Animal Experiment. Because pigs were fed by pen, and feed refusals were recorded by pen, all values reported in Table 3 are based on pen averages. Pigs receiving MC were heavier than those assigned to SC (P< .10) and the control (P <.54) group (108.41, 103.15, and 106.56 kg, respectively). This trend continued over the 3-wk experimental period (213.81, 227.10, and 212.20 kg for the control, MC-, and SC- treated diets, respectively). Weight gains were not affected (P > .05) by treatment (107.33, 118.69, and 109.05 kg for the control, MC, and SC, respectively), Similarly, Broke et al. (1990) and Bell et al. (1987), working with broilers, and Foster et al. (1987), working with swine, reported no adverse effect on weight gain when Myco Curb, Monoprop, or propi- onate, respectively, were added to the diets of these animals, Even though there seems to be a tendency for reduction in feed consumption by nursery pigs fed diets containing SC, feed intake, expressed in kilo- grams or percentage of body weight, was similar ( P > 05) for all three treatments (Table 3). Similar results were reported by Rahnema and Neal (1992a} with nursery pigs fed a corn and soybean-based diet treated with SC. This indicates that the MC- and SC- treated diets did not have any negative effect on the palatability of the feed consumed by the nursery pigs. In fact, pigs consuming the MC-treated diet ate 5.94% more feed than pigs on the control diet and 7.88% more than those on the SC-treated diets. The higher absolute feed consumption by the pigs on MC cor- responded to a 10.59% increase in the total weight gain over the control and 8.84% over the SC diets ‘Average daily gains were similar (P > .05) for all treatments (Table 3; 5.11, 5.65, and 5.19 kg per pen for the control, MC, and SC, respectively). Absolute average daily gain values for MC were 10.58 and 8.84% higher than those of the control and SC ‘treatment. resvectively. The ADG values noted here are similar to those reported by Rahnema and Neal (2992b) with nursery pigs fed diets containing Hay Pro Il (chemical preservative) and by Giesting et al. (1991) and Lepine et al. (1991) for nursery pigs of this size. Numerically, G:F were similar (P > .87) for SC and MC and tended to be higher (P < .07) than the control (Table 8; .54, .57, and .57 for control, SC, and MC, respectively). The G:F for MC was .35 and 4.40% higher than that for SC and control, respectively. Weekly feed intake, ADG, and G:F seemed to improve by week over the 3-wk period for the pigs on the SC- treated corn compared with the control pigs. Perhaps if the trials were carried out through the finishing phase, the differences noted here for feed intake, ADG, and G:F may have become significant. Economically, hath MC and SC seem to compare favorably with the control diet. The costs per kilogram of MC and SC, if purchased in a 205-kg barrel, are $2.420 and $4.268 per kilogram, respectively. The cost per kilogram of the control, MC, and SC diets would then be $.2145, $.2169, and $.2188, respectively. Using the overall G:F ratios for these diets (Table 3), the cost per kilogram of gain would be $.3936, $.3812, and $.3859 for the control, MC, and SC, respectively. Even though the SC-treated diet was the most expensive of the three diets, it seems to be more economical than the control diet on a cost/kilogram of gain basis. Myo Curb was calculated to be the least Table 3. Means and standard errors for performance parameters for nursery pigs! ‘Treatment Parameter Control yoo Curb___‘Sal Curb SEM Initial weight 106.56 108.41 108.15 2.09 Final weight 213.89 227.40 212.20 512 ‘Total weight gain 307.38 118.69 109.05, 4.35 ADG Sal 5.65 5.19 20 Daily feed intake oa 10.00 9.26 28 Gainsfeed BA 87 5 o1 Intake % of BW 590 5.96 587 09 Pen averages, in kilogram basis No differences between treatments (P > .05) Downloaded from www journalofunimalseience.org by guest on December 15,2012876 RAHNEMA AND NEAL expensive of the three diets (cost/kilogram of gain) due to its improved ADG and G:F over the other two diets, Implications Results indicate that there are several chemical preservatives available on the market that are effee- tive in controlling mold and microbial growth. Of the chemicals tested, Sal Curb, followed closely by Myco Curb liquid, were found to inhibit microbial and mold growth over 10 d. The feeding study showed that Sal Curb and Myco Curb could be effectively used in the diet of nursery pigs with some beneficial effects. Pigs consuming the Myco Curb-treated diet gained at an 8.84% faster rate than those consuming the Sal Curb- treated diet but showed no improvement in gain:feed efficiency. It is possible that Myco Curb improved the palatability of the feed, and Sal Curb may have enhanced performance. ‘The cost analysis indicated that both Myco Curb and Sal Curb are economical and could potentially reduce the cost of gain in nursery igs Literature Cited AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis (15th Bd_). Association of ‘Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA. Bartov, I, N. Pasteur, and N. Lisher. 1982. The nutstional value of ‘moldy graina for broiler chicks, Poult. Sei. 61:2247. Bell, D, B,J. E, Maron, and R. H, Harms, 1987. Influence of ‘Monoprop in controlling mold growth and improving chick performance shen fed high moisture corn. Poult. 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