CentrifugalPumpDesign

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I
I
KSB Aktiengesellschaft engages in the manufacture, marketing
1
and sale of pumps and valves and ranks as a world leader in
this field.
KSB's manufacturing programme covers an extensive range
of products for the water supply sector, power stations, marine
and offshore applications, building services as well as process
and environmental engineering.
KSB employs around 10.000 people worldwide and is repre-
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Copyright by KSB
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Contents Page Page
Symbols, Unitsand Designations 4 8 General 22
8.1 National and International Standardsfor
2 Design 4
Centrifugal Pumps 22
2.1 Pump Capacity 4 8.2 ShaftDeflection 24
2.2 Pump Head 4 8.3 ImprovingtheNPSH Requirement 24
2.3 System Head 4 8.4 ImpellerTypes 25
2.4 Speed 4 8.5 PumpTypes 26
2.5 Selecting thePump Size 6 8.6 Pump Installation Arrangements 27
2.6 Calculating thePowerConsumption 6 8.7 Pump SumpContiguration 28
2.6.1 Pump PowerInput 6 8.8 Suction PipeLayout 28
2.6.2 Caiculating theDriveRating 6 8.9 ShaftCouplings 30
2.7 PumpCharacteristicCurve 6
2.8 System Characteristic(Piping Characteristic) 7 9 Technical Data 31
2.9 OperatingPoint 7
9.1 VapourpressurePo and DensitypofWater 31
2.10 Parallel Operation ofCentrifugal Pumps 7
9.2 Vapourpressure Po of Various Liquids 32
9.3 Density p ofVarious Liquidsat Atmospheric
3 Suction Characteristics 8
Pressure 33
3.1 NPSH Required 8 g.4
ExtractofMain Legal UnitsforCentrifugal
3.2 NPSH Available 8 Pumps 34
9.5 Conversion ofBritish and U.S. Units 35
4 Pressure Losses Pv 9 9.6 Graph for Calculating FlowVelocityv 37
9.7 Graph for CalculatingVelocityHead v'/2g 38
4.1 Head LossesH, in StraightPipes 9
9.8 Graphfor CalculatingVelocityHead
4.2 Head Losses H
v
in Plastic Pipes 11
Differential I!. v'/2g 39
4.3 Head Losses H
v
for Viscous Liquids
9.9 GraphforCalculating Head Losses H, 40
in StraightPipes 11
9.10 Graph for Calculating Conversion Factors
4.4 Head Losses H
v
in Valves and Fittings 13
fa,w, fH,w and fTI,w for Viscous Liquids 41
9.11 Graphfor Calculating Conversion Factors fo,l
5 Changing thePump Performance 16
and fH,z for Viscous Liquids 42
5.1 Changing theSpeed 16
9.12 GraphforCalculating SpecificSpeed n
q
43
5.2 Trimming theImpellers 16
ScheduleforCalculatingtheOperating Point
orPump Size for Viscous Liquids 44
6 HandlingViscous Liquids 17
7 Typical SelectionExamples 18
7.1 Selecting thePump Size 18
7.2 Calculating thePowerConsumption 19
7.2.1 Pump PowerInput 19
7.2.2 Calculating theDriveRating 19
7.3 Calculating theNPSH" 19
7.3.1 Suction Lift from Open/ClosedTank 19
7.3.2 PositiveSuctionOperation from Open/Closed
Tank 20
7.3.3 PositiveSuctionOperation fromClosedTank
at VapourPressure 21
7.4 ChangingtheSpeed 21
7.5 Trimmingthe Impeller 21
7.6 Handling ViscousLiquids 21
7.6.1 CalculatingtheOperating Point 21
7.6.2 Establishing thePumpSize .22
3
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1Symbols,Unitsand Designations
A
a
b,
D
DN
d
F
f
H
fa

g
H
H
A
H
geo
H
o
Hsgeo
Hzgeo
H,
Hv.s

K
k
L
n
NPSH
req
NPSH"
n
q
P
p
Pb
Po
p,

Q
Q
min
R
Re
U
v
y
Z
I'
v
p
Indices
a
B
d
e
G
geo
K
s
opt
R
sch
W
Z
1,2,3
4
m
2
mm
m
mm (m)
(mm)
mm
N
m/s:2
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
1
mm
m
llmin
m
m
1/min
kW
bar(N/m')
bar(N/m')
bar(N/m
2
)
bar(N/m
2
)
lis(m
3
/h)
lis(m
3
/h)
lis(m
3
/h)
mm
1
m
mls
mm
llh
m
1
m
2
/s
kg/m
3
(kg/dm
3
)
1
o
Area
Width
Impelleroutletwidth
Impellerdiameter,
pipediameter
Nominal boreofpipe
Smallestinnerdiameter
Force
Conversion factorfor head
Conversion factorforflowrate
Conversion factorforefficiency
Gravitational constant= 9.81 m/s
2
Head
System head
Statichead
Shut-offhead
Staticsuction lift
Static positive suction head
Head loss
Head loss- suction side
Differential head
Coefficient
Absolute roughness
Length ofpipe
Speed
NPSH required
NPSH available
Specificspeed
Pump powerinput
Pressure
Barometricpressure
Vapour pressureofliquid
Pressureloss
Differential capacity
CapacitylFlowrate
Minimumflowrate
Radius
Reynolds number
Circumference
Flowvelocity
Stroke
Switchingfrequency
Heightdifferential between pump
suctionanddischargenozzles
Losscoefficient
Pumpefficiency
Pipe friction coefficient
Correction coefficient
Kinematicviscosity
Density
Temperaturefactor
Opening angle
at outietcrosssection ofthesystemlbranching off
at operating point
atdischargenozzleofpumplflowingthrough
atinletcrosssection ofplant/branchingoff
forcast iron
geodetic
tor plastic
suction side, atsuction nozzleofpump
atbestefficiencypoint
radial
forsulphuricacid
for water
for viscous liquids
consecutive numbers, items
2 Design
2.1 PumpCapacity
The capacityQ istheexternal volume flowperunitoftime in
m
3
/s (lisand m
3
/h arealso commonly used). Balance water,
leakagewater etc. do notcountas partofthecapacity.
2.2 PumpHead
The head Hofapumpistheuseful mechanical energytrans-
mitted by the pump to the medium handled, related to the
weight ofthe medium, expressed in m. It is independent of
the densitypofthe medium handled, i.e. a centrifugal pump
will generatethesame head Hforall fluidsirrespectiveofthe
density p. The density pdetermines the pressure within the
pump
p=pgH
and influencesthepumppowerinputP.
2.3System Head
Thetotal head ofthe system H
A
is made upofthe following
(seeFigs. 1 and 2):
H"a. Static head = heightdifference between the suction
and discharge fluid levels. If the discharge pipe emerges
abovetheliquid level, then H
geo
isreferred tothecentreline
oftheoutflowsection.
Pa- Po, the pressure head difference between the suction
p.g
and dischargefluid levelsin closed tanks.
the sum of all pressure head losses (pipe friction,
friction in valves, fittings etc. in suction and discharge
pipes).
2 2
V
a
;gV
e
, thedifferencein velocityheadsin thetanks.
Thesystem head H
A
isthus:
Pa - Pe va
2
- va
2
HA = Hoe, +-p.g + +
In practicethe differencebetween thevelocity headscan be
ignored,leaving
forclosed tanks
= H + p, - p, +
HA gao --
p.g
foropentanks
H
A
= H
geo
+
2.4 Speed
With three-phase motor drives (asynchronous squirrel cage
motor) theapproximatepumpspeedsareas follows:
No,ofpoles
Frequency
Aororenca speeds In curvedocumentallon In l/mln
al 50 Hl
2900 11450 I960 1725 1580 1"0 1
415
at60 Hl 3500 1750 1160 875 I700 5aO 500
In practice, however, motors usually run at slightly higher
speeds which - upon consent of the customer - are taken
into account bythe pump manufacturer at the design stage
(seesection 7.4).
Different speeds are possible using a speed adjustment
device, gearboxorbeltdrive.
nb, P"mp.
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H
geo
~ I t s . ======;-)---4
d
H
sgeo

Fig. 1 Pumping system with suction lift
H
geo
P.
Fig. 2 Pumping system with positive sucllon
5
C"'lb, Pump.
Q.Jv8lves
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2.5 SelectingthePumpSize (see 7.1)
Thedataneededforselectingfhepumpsize- capacityQand
head Hatthe requireddutypoint- isknown, as isthemains
frequency.The pumpsizeandspeedcan bedeterminedfrom
the performance chart (also called selection chart) (see 8.0
Fig.26);thentheotherparametersolthepumpseiected,such
as efficiency inputpowerPand NPSH, can beestablished
from the appropriate individual performance curve (see 8.0,
Fig. 3).
Unless there is a particular reason to the contrary, arrange
theoperatingpointnearQ
opt
(b.e.p.).
Forpumpshandlingviscousliquidssee sections6and 7.6.2
2.6 CalculatingthePowerConsumption
2.6.1 PumpPowerInput
(see exampiein 7.2.1)
ThepumppowerinputPofacentrifugalpumpisthemechan-
ical energy at the pump coupling or pump shaft absorbed
from thedrive. It isdeterminedusing thefollowing equation:
pgQH.
P 1000. tn kW
with p in kg/dm
3
9 in m/s
2
Q in lis
H in m
between 0 and 1
oranotherequation which isstill used:
pQH.
P= 367. In kW
with p in kg/dm
3
Q in m
3
/h
H in m
367conversion factor (constant)
Thepump powerinputPin kWcan alsobedirectlyread with
sufficientaccuracyoffthecharacteristiccurves(see2.7)where
the depsity p= 1000 kg/m'. The pump power inputPmust
becdnverted (see 7.2.1) forotherdensitiesp.
2.6.2CalculatingtheDriveRating
(see exampleunder7.2.2)
Sinceitispossiblethatthesystemvolumeflow, andthusthe
operatingpoint, will fluctuate, which couldmean an increase
in the pump power input P, it isstandard practiceto usethe
following safety margins when determining the motor size,
unlessthecustomerspecifiesotherwise:
upto 7.5 kWapprox. 20%
from 7.5 to 40 kWapprox. 15%
from 40 kWapprox. 10%.
If extreme volume flow fluctuations are expected, the motor
sizemustbeselectedwithreferencetothemaximumpossible
pumpcapacityonthecharacteristiccurves,takingthefollow-
ing intoconsideration:
impellerdiameterrequired,
condition NPSH"<: NPSH"q(see 3.2),
permissible Pin valuesforthe bearings.
Handling liquids with a high proportion of solids, as well as
handling pulp, means using special pumps andlor special
impellers.
6
2.7PumpCharacteristicCurve
Incontrasttopositive-displacementpumps(e,g,reciprocating
pumps) at constant speed (n =consl.) centrifugal pumps
have a capacityQ whichwill increase ifthe head decreases.
They are thus capable of self-regulation. The pump power
input P, and therefore the efficiency plus the NPSH"q
dependon thecapacity.
Thebehaviourandrelationshipofallthesevariablesareshown
bythe curves (see Fig. 3) which thusillustrate the operating
characteristicsofacentrifugal pump.
Thecharacteristiccurvesapplytothedensitypandkinematic
viscosityvofwater, unlessstated otherwise.
=
100 \!SqGPr1411 180 180 200 Z20
=
eoIG13l14O 180



""
=
&2,5_
"'
,
I"
"
= ""
E
"
I;:
57 ,
"
=
I
"
"

""
=

=
"
"
,
,
,
J"
,
"

,
=

/9'W1112U
"'3,M:J:l '"
u
=
"
=

I;:
"
;

, .
.=
-=

"
,.=
-
,.=
9101112131.<1:1
Flg.3 Centrlfugel pumpcharacteristiccurves
The dutyconditions determine which isthe more favourable
- a flat or a steep curve. With a steep curve the capacity
changes lessthan with aflat curve underthe samedifferen-
tial head conditions t.H (see Fig. 4). The steep curve thus
possessesbettercontrol characteristics.
nb, P.mp.
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Pumpcharacteristic curves

Flatcurve
Sleepcurve
l!.Qsleep aOUal
CapacityQ
Fig.4 Steep and lIe\ pump characteristic curves
2.8SystemCharacteristic (Piping Characteristic)
The system head H
A
is plolted againstthecapacityQ to give
the system curve (piping curve) (Fig. 5). This curve is made
upofthestaticanddynamiccharacteristics01theinstallation.
The static part consists of the static head H
geo
, which is
independent ofthe capacity, and the difference in pressure
head between the system inlet and outlet section PB- Pe.
p.g
The lalterdoesnotapplywith opentanks (seeFig. 1and 2).
ThedynamicpartconsistsoftheheadlossH",whichincreases
quadraticallywith thecapacity (see 4.1) andthedifferencein
velocity head between the system inlet and outlet section
va?- Va?
2g
-- f
SY51em curve HA
slatic pari = H + De - Pe
geo
p 9
'------------------------'1=-
CapacityQ
Fig. 5 System (piping) characteristic
2.9Operating Point
Every centrifugal pump will establish an operating point B
which is the point of intersection between the pump curve
(QH curve) and the system curve H
A
, I.e. the operating point
B (and with it the capacity Q and head H) can with radial
impellers generallyonlybechanged byaltering the speed n
(see 5.1), the impeller diameter 0 (see 5.2) or by modifying
the system characteristic H
A
, always assuming this does not
increasethe riskofcavitation (see Figs. 6 and 7).
The only practical ways to modifythe system characteristic
when handling solid-free, normal viscosity liquids are to
increaseorreducethepipefriction (i.e. byopeningorclosing
a valve, changing the piping diameter, incrustations etc.) or
to alter the static part (e.g. by increaslng'orredUcing the "
tankpressureorthe waterlevel).
r-----__
I I ,/'
,-------
/OHlines
BOperating point
n Speed

CapacityQ
Fig.6 Changing the position althe operating point/rom 81 to 82 on the system curve
HAby raising the pumpspeed n1 to n2
Galevalve I
furtherclosed I
y
Gate valve open
BOperating point
11"
Capacity Q
QIOQ
Fig. 7 Changing the position ofIhe operating point trom e, to 82 on [he QH line by
progressively closing thevalve
2.10ParallelOperationofCentrifugalPumps
Whereone pumpisunableto delivertherequiredcapacityQ
at the operating point B, it is possible to have two or more
pumps working in parallel in the same piping system. The
pumpsshould preferably (for economicoperation) be ofthe
same type (see 8.5 pump types) and havethesame shut-off
head.
In the example (Fig. 8) each pump isdesigned for0.5 XQ at
thesamehead.
7
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Pump IIPumpe II curve
F
Hp r=::::::::::::t:- JPoc""'m"'p'" II curve
H
____--"""
8 Operating point
HO Shut-offhead

CapacityQ
Fig. 8 Paralleloperation altwosimilarcentrllugal pumpswiththesameshut-oilhead HO
Fig. 9 showsanalternativesolution:two pumpswiththesame
shut-offhead H
o
butdifferentcapacities Q
1
and Q
II
pumping
at a given operating point B in one piping system. Q
1
of
pump I and 011 of pump II combine to produce the total
capacityQ
1
+II atthesame head H.
Pump Icurve
// Pump II curve
HO
__ // I+II curve
/'
H
System curve
B Operating point
HO Shut-oilhead

01 all a"OI+OIl
Capacity Q
Fig,9 Paralleloperation of2 pumpswith the same shut-oilhead HO
3 SuctionCharacteristics
3.1NPSH Required (=NPSH,,,)
(NPSH = NetPositiveSuction Head)
Centrifugal pumpswillonlyoperatesatisfactorilyifthereisno
build-upofvapour (cavitation)withinthepump.Thereforethe
pressure head at the NPSH datum point must exceed the
vapour pressure head of the medium handled. The NPSH
datumpointistheimpellercentre,Le. thepointofintersection
between the pump shaft centreline and the plane at right
angles to the pump shaft and passing through the outer
pointsofthevane inletedge.
TheNPSH"qisthevaluerequiredbythepumpandisexpressed
in meterson the pumpcharacteristiccurves.The valueoften
includesasafetymargin of0.5 m.
B
3.2 NPSH Available(=NPSH,,)
The datum point for the NPSH..is the centre of the pump's
suction nozzle.Withstandard,horizontalvolutecasingpumps
the centrelines ofthe suction nozzleand impellerare on the
same level (Figs. 10 and 11), Le. the geodetic height is O.
However, iI there is a difference of geodetic height (e.g.
withvertical pumps), ithasto betaken Intoaccount.
NPSH"is calculatedasfollows:
a) Suction 11ft operation; the pump is above the liquid level
(Fig. 10)
NPSH
av
isdefined as:
Pe+Pb-PD+ ve'2 _ H _ H
NPSH..
p.g 2g V,s. 9geo'
However,withacoldliquid,e.g. water,and an opentank,
i.e.Pb = 1 bar (=10'N/m')
p, = abar
p = 1000 kg/m
3
g = 10mis' (incl. 2%erroron 9.81 m/s')
v
e
2
/2g can beeliminated becauseofthenegligible
velocityhead in thetank.
Thefollowingsimplifiedversion isusedin practice:
NPSH = 10- H - Hsgeo,
"
'.'
level
I
I


J
Opan H,g.o
lank IClosed
Pb jlank
Pe = 0
Pe t Pb
,
I I
1
'1-',' ....
::-..::-_'--;:----:----.::---- =- --=------=_:=-_-=-
t-- Po't,s,v.
./
Fig. 10 NPSH
av
lor suction liftopemtlon
b) Suction head operation;the pump isbelowthe liquidlevel
(Fig. 11)
NPSH..isdefined as:
Pe + Pb- PD v
a
'2
NPSHav = + -2- Hvs +Hz,,,.
p.g g'
Thefollowingequationisusedin practice,assumingthesame
conditionsasina):
NPSHlIv = 10- Hv,s + Hzgeo
Open
tank. Closed
Pb lank
Pe=O Pe+Pb
H,g.o
Datum level
Fig. 11 NPSH
av
'or suction headoperation
In all cases the following is a prerequisite for cavitation-free
operation:
NPSH
av
;;;;; NPSH
req
I
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Q..IV8IV8S
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4. PressureLosses Pv Straight lengths of circular cross-section piping are defined
bythe following equation:
The pressure loss Pv is the pressure differential arising as
a result of wall friction and internal friction in piping runs, J.L pv'
fittings, valvesandfittings etc.
P'=D'-2-
where
The generallyvalid formula for the pressure loss ofaflow in
D boreofpipe.
astraightlength ofpipe is:
The pipe friction coefficient Avaries with the state of flow
J.UL pv'
ofthe medium and the internal surface finish ofthe pipeline
p,= ----;jA'-2-
throughwhichthemediumisflowing.Thestateofflowisdeter-
where
mined bytheREYNOLDS number(model laws):
Pv pipe friction loss,
v'D
A pipefriction coefficient,
Re=--
v
U wetted periphery of section A through which the fluid
fiows,
for non-circularsections
L length ofpipe,
v4 A
e ~
p densityofthemedium pumped,
vU
v flowvelocityacrossasectionAcharacteristicofthepres- where
sure loss. v kinematic viscosity.
Table 1:Mean peak-to-valleyheightsk (absolute roughness)
Material Condition ofpipeinterior 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 0
4
5000 1
Steel new, seamless, skin
acid-cleaned
galvanized

straight- skin
welded, bituminized
galvanized
cemented

riveted
used, moderatelyrusty
I-
slight incrustation
~
heavyincrustation
aftercleaning

Cast iron new, with skin

bituminized
~
galvanized
1-
cemented
used, moderatelyrusty
slightincrustation
~

heavy incrustation
aftercleaning
Asbestos-cement new
Heavy-clay(drain.) new
Concrete new, unfinished
with smooth finish
Spunconcrete new, unfinished
withsmooth finish
~
Reinforced concrete
All concretes
new, with smooth finish
used, withsmooth finish
~

1)
drawn
I-
Glass, plastic
Rubbertubing
Wood
new,
new
notembrittled
I-

Masonry
after long exposuretowater

k in ~ m 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 10

4
I) Nonferrousmetals, lightalloys
9
210
2
r"""\b, Pump.
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Acan be calculated for smooth bore pipes (new rolled steel
pipes):
in the region of laminar flow in the pipe (Re < 2320) the
friction coefficientis:
64
A=-
Re
In the region of turbulent flow in the pipe (Re >2320) the
test results can be represented by an empirical equation
byECK:
A= 0.309 .
(Ig
In theregion of2320<Re <10'the deviationsare lessthan
1%.
Fig. 12 shows, that Ais solely dependent on the parameter
D/k atrelativelyhighREYNOLDS numbers;kiDisthe"relative
roughness",obtainedfromthe"absoluteroughness"kandthe
pipe bore diameterD, where k is defined as the mean depth
ofthewall surface roughness(coarseness).
Accordingto MOODYthefollowingapplies:
A= 0.0055+0.15.

Table 1gives rough approximationsofk.
4.1 HeadLossesH.in StraightPipes
Fig. 13 givesthe lossesofhead H, per100mofstraightpipe
run forpracticalusage.The headlossesH"inthiscontextare
calculated accordingto '2
v
H,=(2g
Fig.13:HeadlossesInstraightpines(casllronpipe,nawcondition)from DN 15102000mm
and forCapacitiesQfrom0.5to 50000m
3
/h(flowvelOCityv inmis, nom.boreIn mm,waler
al200).
0.100
1\
'I'
, 210
"E ,
;
,
,I"
0.050
\
1':'-.
",
,
,
R
t=::::
I S10
1
i
I:::::c
0.020
"I
:Ii
2-10)
S-10
l
13 laminar!lurbulent
.. 19" ...

; 0.010 +-e
"
0,

--<"<-I-
C>
1--- F':
Nt
t-''.oL
ii:
t-.J'I --
,
,
"
0.005
2 468 2468 2468 2468 2 4 6 B
10' 10' 10' 10
6
10' 10'
REYNOLDS numberRe = vJl.
v
Fig. 12: Pipe trlcUon coolliclonl),. In function 01 REYNOLDS number and otrelative wall
roughness D/k
where
( losscoefficient,
v flowvelocity,
g gravitational constant.
Thevaluesin Fig. 13applytocleanwaterat20Candtofluids
ofequalkinematicviscosity,assumingthepipingiscompletely
filled, and consistsofnewcastiron pipes, withan internal bi-
tumen coating (k = 0.1 mm). The head losses H, of Fig. 13
should be multiplied by:
0.8 for newrolled steel pipes,
1.7 for pipes with incrustations (the reduced pipe cross-
sectionduetotheincrustationsisthedeterminingfactor),
1.25 for oldslightly rustysteel pipes.
10
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In the case ofpipeswith veryheavyincrustations,the actual
headlosscanonlybedeterminedbyexperiments. Deviations
fromthe nominaldiameterhave aprofoundeffectonthehead
loss, e.g. an actual bore of0.95 times the nominal bore (Le.
only a slight bore reduction) pushes upthe head ioss H, to
1.3 times the "as new" loss. New rubber hoses and rubber-
lined canvas hoses have H
v
values approximately equal to
those indicatedin Fig. 13.
HowtouseRg. 13- an example:
AssumingarateofflowQ = 140m
3
/h andanewcastironpipe,
inside diameterD= 150 mm, weobtain: head lossH, 3.25
m/100mpipelength,flowvelocityv 2.2 m/s.
4.2 HeadLossesH
y
inPlasticPipes
HeadlossesInplasticpipesH
v
K' TheheadlossesofPVCand
poiylhene"hard"and"soft"(drawn) plasticpipesareapproxi-
matelyequal.ForthepracticalcalculationofH'K'therespective
headlossesforcastIron pipesH
VG
(Fig. 13) should bemulti-
plied bythecorrection coefficients ofRg.14,whicharede-
pendenton the flowveiocityv. The head losses evaiuated in
thiswayapplytowateratatemperatureof10C.
Ifthewatertemperatureisotherthan 10cC, theseheadlosses
mustin addition be multiplied byatemperaturefactor<jl (Fig.
15).
Thus
where
H
VK
head losses in plastic pipes,
H
VG
headlossesin cast iron pipesacc.
to Fig. 13,
correction coefficientace. toFig. 14,
Ip temperaturefactorace. toFig. 15.
1.0
-- - - -
i-
0.9
>=
-
'0
f-
- - I-
i'-

0.8
Q
c 1- - -
o
'.:::
-
I--
0.7
r---.-
-
l- f-
--I-
<3
,
,
0.6
0.2 0.5 1.0 2 mls 5
Flowveiocityv
Fig. 14: Correction coellicient I-l for convarsion 01 head lossas in a cast Iron pipe at
20CweIer temperature to value:> In aplsstic pipe at 10C walertemperalura; ploUed
in lunctlonoillowvalocilyv
1.1
-
-
I-I-- r-
f-
I--1-
-
l- I- I--
I-- I-I--
1- -1--
-
I-I--
9-
r\
'"
-
1.0

1'\ -
1--
- 1--

r-
1--

I-- i'"
'(
- -
I--
I-- I-- I-
Ii'-
-
1i0.9
E
,-
-I-
l-
'" I--
'k
t-- 1
f-
f- I--
T
--- :
I
0.8
o 20 40 cC 60
Temperaturet
Fig. 15: Temperature factor <f> lor calculallon 01 head losses in plastic pipes al water
lemperaturesbetween0arld 60 C
Incrementsof20to 30Ofo shouldbe addedforsewageorun-
treatedwater.
4.3 HeadLossesH
y
forViscousLiquidsinStraightPipes
The head ioss ofa viscous fluid (subscriptFI) can be ascer-
tainedforpracticalpurposeswiththeaidofFig. 16,afterhaving
obtained the head lossforcold water (20 cC, v = 10-' m'/s)
(subscriptW) from Fig. 13:
H - AFI' Hvw

Seeviscosityforconversion ofviscosityvalues.
"
JZ
"
50
o
65"'
80 l
100
".
ISO mm
00
0.015
J

::S
'"
"E
'0
'"
lffi
o
Q 0.025
. ::
10-6
't3 C 0.030
,
; .5 0.035
>
a:::
0.
0.0(,0
llJ'hrn

0,045 0
'"
Q
O,OSO
,a'

nOS5
,

E
c
'"
'"
OI'O'UI1
Fig. 16:ResisJence coefficIents}, lorflow ofviscousfluidsinstraighl pipes
Howto usefigure 16- an example:
Given: capacity a = 100 m'lh, new cast iron pipe, inside
diameterD= 250mm, kinematicviscosityv= 2 .10-
4
m'/s.
Found in figure 13:H,w= 0.14 m/100m.
Itfollows from figure 16that: AFI = 0.08, Aw = 0.021.
Thus, H
YFI
=0.08.0.14"'- = 0.53 m/100 m.
0.021100m
OneqUite commonviscousfluid is celluiose (pulp pumping),
theviscosityofwhich dependsonthe fiowvelocity.sincethe
materialinquestionis"non-NEwrONian"!Figures17athrough
17 fofferreferencevalues for theheadlossesH, per 100 m
iength of straight steel pipe run plotted against capacity a
(H,= flO);nominalbore: 100,150,200,250,300and350mm)
for conveying unbleached sulfite cellulose at 15 "C, 26 cSR
11
---
(grinding state, SR -- Schopper-Riegler degree of freeness) 200
Pulpdensity
and withapulpdensity(pulppumping)of1.5to7%bonedry.
--!!l.-
ON 250
100m
in % bonedry
Ifthepumpslurryconcerneddiffersfromthatusedforthepur-
A
100
poseofplottingthecurvesofFig. 17,thenthevaluesobtained
10
5.5
from Fig. 17should be multipliedbythefollowing factors:
5.0
50 5.5
5.0
K O.gforbleachedsulphite- sulphatecellulose,wastepaper
40
4.5
:i
30
pulp 4.0
K 1.0forboiled (digested) wood pulp, 20
3.5
r-- I-
.Q 30
K= 1.4for whiteand brownrawwood pulp.
m10 --
1-1-
l-
f--
I-
A lS
A
2
I
300
- Pulpdensity 7, 1.5 f----- 1-
ON 100 5
200
in % bonedry
5
--!!l.-
4
A
5,5
100m
"" 3
,0
100 2
.0
r--
-
- ,5 ,.-
!
50
3,0
1
10 20 30 50 100 200 m
3
/h 500 1000
40
A
:i 30
Fig.17d Rate offlowQ
20
.Q ---
-
-
---
"
"
r--
I--
-
--
\5
"0
10

--
-
1----.
I
100
f----- A.Pulp density
m
ON 300f-- f-
5
100m
in %bone dry
4

,



1=
1=
50
3
, 40
2
30
5.0-
f-
1 2 3 5 10 20 m
3
/h 50 100 4.5
,20 4.0- f-
Fig. 17a Rate offlowQ I-
I V
3,5_
f-
I--
300
l-
I-
3.0
10
ON 150 ---
"0 - A A 2.5-
f-
200
A
7.0
m
--
- -_...
-

5.5
I 5 2.0_
f- 100m 50
100
5.5
4
5.0 1.5_
f-
-- -- - 4.5
3
-_...
4.0 A
50
-- 3.5
2
:i
40
;:::;
3.0
'" 30

"
2.5
---
.Q '" 20
-- I-
I-
--
A A
y
1
-
.
-g 20 30 50 100 200 m
3
/h 5,00 1000 2000
j!! 10

H
Fig. 17e RateofflowQ
1.5
Pulpdensity
5
-._.
in %bonedry
, 4
3
100
!
2 ON 350
Pulpdensity
in % bonedry
10 20 30 50 100 200 m
3
/h 500 1000
t
Fig. 17b Rate offlowQ 50


40
;,....5.0_
_5.5_
200 30
Pulpd

5,0-
--!!l.-
ON 200 -- -- f-- --
ry
in%b
one 4.5_
100m
. 1.0
,20
_4.0
100
5.5 I
5.0 __3.5
5.s
'"
5.0
10
3.?-==
50
_.' -
4.5
"0
40
4.0
A
3.5
:i30
3.0
I 5
2.?-==
20
1 4
.Q A
2.S
- A 3
1.5-
-g 10
V -:::::
_l-
I-
I
I-
2.0 A
---
- - 2H---:b4-1"fH+-t>-""""'I-H--+-:bH-Ft++++-t--I,
I
" 1.5
V

A 1-
3
20 30 50 100 200 m
3
/h 500 1000 2000
Fig, 171
2
Rate offlowQ
!
,
,
1
Figs. 17a-f:sllowa plotolthahead losses H
v
lorconveying sulphite cellulose a/various
10 20 30 50 100 200 m
3
/h 500 1000 pulpdensitiesatatemperalure01 150QC andagrinding grade0126QSR (piPedlameter6
DN 10010 DN 350)
Fig. 17c Rate offlowQ A-A=maximumvelocity(2,44 or3.05m/s) inthedischargepipeloreconomicaloperation.
12
---
- -
I
nb,Pumps
Q.JValvoe
_KSB
Furthermore, the head loss obtained from Fig. 17, and if ne-
cessarycorrected by one ofthe factors listed above, should
be corrected additionally ifthe pulp slurry concerned is at a
temperature higherthan 15C.In this case, 1% ofthe head
loss value which applies to 15C should be deducted for
every 2 DC oftemperature difference. In the case of plastic
pipes,the H'Kvalue is obtained bymultiplyingtheH,valuefor
steel pipesby0.9.
The head lossvalue is reduced even further if fillers such as
kaolin(Chinaclay)arecontainedinthepulpslurryconcerned.
Foran 18%kaolin content,the head lossvalue will decrease
by 12%, and for a 26.5 % kaolin content, it will decrease by
16%.
4.4Head LossesH
y
inValvesandFittings
10
,,"'/
,
/ '/
2
II/
V
I
....
/-
/ 1/ V /7
'1

/ /
/ IV / / 1
5 O:::>'rl\
/ / 1/
-j-
/ /
4
/ <:>'.... '?j
V V IV
,y
,'t
IV
II /
IIV IVIV / /
I;
II 1/
II
/ )
Y'

/ I
..,,,
-/--I
1/
1/ /
/ VIV vv
/ / IV Vv I I I
,-
1--
,Ltt 7"-;1/

IV V V V vv
V V
L
-I
0.5
IV 1/ / / 1/ /
.;
._.
/ / /

0.4
/ 1/ /
7
0.3
-/
Iv
V IV
/IV / 1/ Vv
.'.
0.2
I
/1/
/1

f
,

0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 m 2.0 3.0

Head loss H,
Fig. 18: 01 losses H
v
In valves and fillings: flow velocity v relating
\0Ihe croBB-sectlonal areathroughwhleh the fluid flows
Knee piece
,
45' 50' 90'
Surface Surlace Surlace
smoothl rough smoothl ,rOUgh smoothl rough
. I
( 0,25 0.35 0.50 0.70 1.15 1,30

Combinationswith goo knee pieces
,=2.5 (=3 (=5
Tpieces(subdivisionor 1I0w)


&
0100'10 ---..,
r= ;
CCI?
with sharp edges rounded wllh spherical with spherical
straight bollom Inward-rounded
(=1.3 (=0.7 neck (=2.5104.9
I; =O.g
Fig. 19:illustration ofIllIingswllh relaled 105S coeffiCients I;
For pressure losses in valves and fittings the following equa-
tion applies:
P
v'
p,=(- -2-
where
( losscoefficient,
p densityofpumped medium,
v flow velocity across a section A which is characteristic
ofthehead loss.
Tables 2 to 4 and Figs. 18 to 24 give details of the indivi-
dual loss coefficients ( and head losses H
v
in valves and fitt-
ingsforoperationwith water.

1.2
I
-'
" t
"-'
c \ -aoORK _
'" 0.8
'13 Outside radiused
iE
\
()

"-
r--
0.4
.3
- -f-------_a
Cl

with guide I Inside radiused

.
vane cascade
o

g
o 0.4 0.8 1.2
Elbowradius R
K
Ductwidth aD
Fig. 20: Influence of rounding orr ofconcave and convex side on the 1055 coelflclent 01
elbowswithquadrallccr05S section
10'
\\
.
1\
5
I-
-l- I-
2

I-
-0- 'PO= 45 .
_ 50 c" , "" "
10' ,- 60
0
\
-.-
74
0

i'-,

"-' 5
-.
90
0
_._-
--
1\-
-l- I-
C
1-\
\\-'r--
I-
2
iE
k\
10
'
,
()
'\,
[\
i2 5

0
2
"-
.3
I-
I'"

1 ,

9
i_
0.5 "
,
0.2
--v
- I'
t=:v ytJ to -
=::e
....... <jJ-
-0 ',-
l-I-
1-, , ,', , , " T
0.1 0
0.5 1.0 0 0.5 1.0
Relative opening Degreeof
angle ('1'0- '1')/'1'0 openingy/a
Fig. 21 Loss coelficients 01 butterlly valves, globe and gate valves in function 01 ope-
ning angleordegrea01 opening (position number5according10 Table 2, design)
13
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t
s

2
)

h
y
d
r
o
s
l
o
p
s

m
l
s

1
7

0
.
9

3
.
0

3
.
0

2
.
5

2
.
5

1
.
2

2
.
2

v
=

m
l
s

1
.
8

4
.
0

4
.
5

4
.
0

4
.
0

1
.
8

3
.
4

v
=
2

m
l
s

5
.
0

6
.
0

8
.
0

7
.
5

6
.
5

6
.
0

7
.
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f
i
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.
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1
5

I
r"""lIb, Pump,
Q.Jvalv8s
_KSB
,
<=i c=
1
!-
I+_i_
1"
+
O ~ J ~ ~
~
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
Designsaccordingto Table2
The minimum and maximum values listed in Table 2 include
figures taken from the most pertinent trade iilerature and
applytofullyopenvalvesandfittingsunderuniformconditions
offlow. Thelossesattributabletoflowdisturbancesin alength
of pipe equalling ca. 12 x DN downstream of the valve or
fitting arealsoincludedinthosevalues(cf.VDIIVDEguideline
2173). Nonetheless, the actual values are subject to wide
variance, depending on the conditions of inflowand outflow,
the model in question, andthedesignobjectives.
Table3: Losscoefficientsfor fittings
Elbows:
Castelbowsgoo, R= D+100mm,
all nominalsize,= 0.5
Pipe bendsgoo, R= 2to 4x D
Nominal size DN 50 100 200 300 500
, = 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18
Ifthe deflectionangleonly
amountsto the above,values
should be multiplied by 0.85 0.7 0.45 0.3
Knee pieces:
Deflectionangle
goo
60 45 30 15
,
~ 1.3 0.7 0.35 0.2 0.1
Combinationsofelbowsandpipebends:
The,value ofthe single goo elbow should not be doubled,
but only be multiplied bythe factors indicated to obtain the
pressurelossofthe combination elbows illustrated:
~
1.4 1.6 1.8
Expansion joints:
BellowsexpansionjointwithI without
guidepipe , = 0.3/0.2
Smooth bore pipe harpbend , =0.6 to 0.8
Creased pipe harpbend , = 1.3to 1.6
Corrugatedpipe harpbend , = 3.2 to 4
16 17 18 19
Inletpipefittings:
GOllA D'1
!" ...'Of
t t t +
Inletedge
sharp , = 0.5 3 for"=
,=
7560 45
0.6 0.7 0.8 chamfered, =0.25 0.55 0.20 0.05
Discharge pieces:
,=1 downstream of an adequate length of straight pipe
with an approximately uniform velocity distribution in
theoutletcross-section.
, = 2 in the case of very unequal velocity distribution, e.g.
immediatelydownstream ofan elbow,avalve etc.
Loss coefficients of flow meters:
Shortventuritube a = 30 Standard orificeplate
ffit[[J fJJDJ
I ~ O : l l
, is related tothevelocityvatdiameterD.
Diameter
ratio diD 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
Aperture
ratio m= (diD)' o.Og 0.16 0.25 0.36 0.49 0.64
Shortventuritube , = 21 6 2 0.7 0.3 0.2
Standard orifice , = 300 85 30 12 4.5 2
plate
Water meters (volumetric meters) , =10
In the case ofdomestic water meters, a max. pressure drop
of 1bar is prescribed for the rated load, and in practice the
actual pressure loss is seldom belowthisfigure.
Branchpieces: (Branch ofequal bore)
The resistance coefficients " for the diverted flow a,or 'd
respectivelyfor the main flowad= a- a,relateto the velo-
cityofthetotalflowain the nozzle.
On the basis of that definition, " andlor 'd may take on
negative values, in which case they are indicative of pres-
sure loss. Not to be confused with reversible pressure
changes according to BERNOULLI's equation (cf. annota-
tion toTable 4).
15
: ,
b:)pum
p

Vailles
_KSB
0,/0= 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Qd---- a
(, = -0.4 0.08 0.47 0.72 0.91
---r
a. (d = 0.17 0.30 0.41 0.51
a .1 ad (, = 0.88 0.89 0.95 1.10 1.28
a,
(d =
-0.08 -0.05 0.07 0.21
Qd-Q
(,
=
-0.38 0 0.22 0.37 0.37
'W-
a, (d = 0.17 0.19 0.09 -0.17
Q Qd (,
=
0.68 0.50 0.38 0.35 0.48

(d =
-0.06 -0.04 0.07 0.20
Table 4: Pressurechange coefficients in transition piecefor
arrangementsillustrated in Fig. 14
Acoefficientf: inaccordancewiththevaluesinthetablebelow
appliestoeach otthe illustrated shapesoftransition pieces/
reducers. If the pressure rises across the transition piece in
thedirectionofflow(divergentsection),E ispositive,and ifthe
pressuredrops(reducer), E is negative.
Coefficients:
Expansion IReduction
rn
v[t
'0100:24'
Form I II III IV
Form diD = 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
(= 0.56 0.41 0.26 0.13 0.04
(= 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01
r= 8
II for a = 15 (= 0.15 0.11 0.07 0.03 0.01
ct = 20 (= 0.23 0.17 0.11 0.05 0.02
III (= 4.80 2.01 0.88 0.34 0.11
IV for20<a <40 ( = 0.21 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01
Note:
In the case of branch pieces as per Table 3 and transition
piecesasperTable4,differentiationismadebetweenirrevers-
iblepressureloss (=pressure reduction)
P
'v'
P'=('T
on theonehandandreversiblepressurechangesinvolving
frictionlessflowasperBERNOULLI'sequation(fluiddynamics)
p, - p, = (vl - v;)
on the other. In the case of accelerated flow, e.g. through
apipeconstriction,P2 - Pl negative.Conversely,itispositivein
pipeexpansions.Bycontrast,thepressurelossesascertained
by way ofthe loss coefficients ( are always negative, if the
overall pressure change is calculated as the arithmetic sum
ofP... andP2- Pl'
In the case of water transport through valves and fittings,
the loss coefficients ( is occasionally neglected in favour of
the so-calledk",-value:
- (0)' p
P,- k; '1000
16
where
Q volume flowin m
3
/h,
p density of water in kg/m
3
(effective temperature vapour
pressure,Table 1),
P.... pressurelossin bar.
The k,-value [m
3
/h] representsthevolume flowofcold waler
(p =1000 kg/m
3
) at p, 1 bar through a valve or fitting; it
thereforegivesthe relationship betweenthe pressure lossP...
in barandthevolume flowQ in m
3
/h.
Conversion: d
4
(=16-
k;
where
d reference diameter (nominal diameter) of the valve or
fitting in em.
5 ChangingthePumpPerformance
5.1 ChangingtheSpeed
Thesamecentrifugalpumphasdifferentcharacteristiccurves
for differentspeeds; these curves are interconnected bythe
similarity law. 11 the values for 0
1
, H
1
and P1 are known at
speed nj,thenthenewvaluesfor n2 will beasfollows:
A change in the speed also causes the operating point to
shift (see 2.9). Fig. 22 plots three OH curves for the speeds
n1, n2 and n3, each curve is intersected bythesystem curve
H
A
at points B" B,and 8
3
respectively. The operating point
will move along the system characteristic H
A
from 8
1
to 8
3
whenthespeed ischangedasindicated.
B,
,/
r
/Hllnes
r
BOperating point
n Speed

CapacityQ
Fig.22 Eltec\ofchange in speed
5.2TrimmingtheImpellers
Permanentlyreducingtheoutputofacentrifugal pumpoper-
ating at constant speed (see Fig. 23) entails reducing the
impellerdiameterD. Thecharacteristiccurvebookletscontain
the pumpcurvesofselected impellerdiametersin mm.
When trimming radial flowimpellers(see8.4) (trimming isnot
a geometrically similar reduction of an impeller since the
outlet width normally remains constant), the relationship
between 0,Hand impellerdiameterDis:
D - 2 1 D
1
-.
0, H,
I
r"""tb, Pump.
a.Jv8lves
_KSB
Theactualdiametercanbedeterminedasfollows(seeFig.23):
Run a line in the QH graph (linear graduation) passing from
the point oforigin (take into consideration with curveswith a
suppressed point of origin) through the new operating point
B
2
and intersectingatB, thefulldiametercurve0,.TheQ and
Hvalues1and2canthenbeplottedandusedintheequation
toobtain theapproximatediameterD
2
.
82
H2 ..
I

I
CapacityQ
Fig. 23 InfluenceofImpellerdiameter
6HandlingViscousLiquids
As the viscosity v ofthe medium handled increases (at con-
stantspeed)thecapacityQ,headHandefficiency fall;atthe
sametimethepump powerinputPrises. The bestefficiency
pointshiftstosmallerflowrates.TheoperatingpointB
w
drops
to B
z
(see Fig. 24).
I

I
CapacityQ
Fig. 24 ChangeIn operating pointwhen handlingviscous liquids (Z) endwaler(W)
The standard operating point for water B
w
with Q
w
H
w
and
(W = water) is converted to the viscous liquid operating
point B
z
with Qz, Hz and (Z = viscous liqUid) using the
conversion factors forviscous liquidsfa, f
H
and fl] (see Figs.
25aand25b).
'I
Thisconversion processcan beused
to convert from B
w
to operating point B
z
using Fig. 25a
(see 7.6.1)
and to select the appropriate pump size from the given
operating pointB
z
viatheoperatingpointB
w
usingFig.25b
(see 7.6.2).
The conversion isvalid for
single-stagevolutecasing pumpswith radialflowimpellers
(see8.4),
specific speeds n
q
of 6 to 45 1/min (see 7.6.1 and 9.12),
kinematicviscosities V
z
of1to4000.10-
6
m
2
/s(kinematic
viscosities below22.10-
6
m
2
/s are normallydisregarded).
10
",.

1::f-H--f+I+++i-=

::
" ... " ","
m' I
CapacityQZ,Betr.QW,opllnh;;
Fig. 25a Determining the conversion factors fa,w, [H Wand ['l,W lor handling viscous
liquids (enlargedversion sae9.10), IItheoperating porntlorhandlingwatar Is given
17
-- -
-----
- - --- -- -- -
----- -
-- ----------
L
Fig. 25b Determining the conversion faclors fa,z and fH,Z lorhandling viscous liquids
{enlargedversionseeg,11}, If the operating pO,lnt lorhandlingviscous liquids IS given
200
10
I
U.S.gpm 20
10 20
30
I
40
I
30
50
I
40 50
'00
, I
'00
- -- ---
--- --
r--
100
!
I

1/
_ .. -
-r-.
80
H
m
I
I
-
32-250

1/ 40-250
L
1/
i'.
-.I.
i'--
50
3Z -ZOO 40-200
40
/
.. _.. -
- -- --- ----- --- - ------ ------ t'---
"
30
32-160 /"0-160
/
/
--
;--
'-
r-
"-
20
---
"-
J
32-125
---- --- --
_
-
1/
,...... I
t--
r-
10
/
1
Q[/s
2 3 4 5
2 4
,
c'
Fig. 26 CPK/HPK,selection chartn= 29001/mln
18
7 TypicalSelectionExamples
7.1 SelectingthePumpSize(see 2.5)
Thefollowing variablesareknown:
Q = 25 lis (=90 m
3
/h)
H=80m
Frequency 50 Hz
Medium 60%sulphuricacid (indexsj
Density p, = 1.5 kg/dm
3
Temperature t
s
= 20C
Kinematicviscosity V
s
= 3.8 '10-6 m
2
/s(can be
disregarded. see6)
(p,and v,takenfrom standard referencetables)
The pump selected for this particular liquid is a CPK series
standardized chemical pump.
TechnicaldataandcharacteristiccurvesfortheCPKaregiven
inthecharacteristiccurvebookletandselectionbooklet(Figs.
26and 27 areextracts) .
Selecting thesizeofthe pump:
Using the CPK/HPKcharacteristic curve bookletfor 50 Hz
theselection chartsgivethefollowing pumpselectionsfor
thespecified operating data:
CPK 65-250 atn= 2900 1/min and
CPK 150-250 atn= 1450 1/min.
The CPK65-250isselectedfor reasonsofeconomy.
200 300 400 500 1000 2000
I I, I ! I
, 200
I
300 400 500 1000
+--
500
I"'"
-r--:
i'-
r--. i'--
400
----
---
T---
1/ 50-315 65-315 80-315 125-315 ,
7 I
f '--
1--- /
I
300
"'N
I"<
t', K.
-
50-250 65-250 80-250
1/ --
j
----
/ 100-250
1
125-250
"-
/
H
It

f:::::
-
k
-.......,
'--
t--r--( / 1/
200
50-200 )._65-200 'J
80-200
- "'-
/ 100-200 A
/
,......
11-_____..
1/
r--
K
/
---
N
100
50-160 65-160 60-160
1/
l
/
/ /
---
["';
-

/
"-
--
- -
rv
'v

f
50
- 40
f---
'0
20 2 30 40 50 '00 14
4p 5.0
I
t"""'lIb, Pump,
a.Jvatva8
_KSB
7.2 Calculatingthe PowerConsumption
7.2.1 PumpInputPower(see 2,6.1)
Using the known variables and pumpselection from 7.1 the
powerinputiscalculatedasfollows:
1.59.812580
P= ",p'",,'
43,3 kW
1000.0.68
1
)
with p, in kg/dm
3
9 in m/s
2
Q in lis
H in m
P in kW
oran alternativefrequentlyusedin practice:
p,QH 1.59080
P= 367 = 367.0.681) = 43.3 kW
with p, in kg/dm
3
Q in m
3
/h
H in m
P in kW
ThepumppowerinputPcanalsobeestablishedwithsufficient
accuracyfrom Fig. 27.
Pis interpolatedas= 29kWforwater, thevalueforsulphuric
acid is:
P= 29.f'.L-=29 43.5 kW,
Pwater 1
'}Efllciency11 (from Fig. 27) interpolated


:oqo
LL L L .
""
..
..,
.. ..
1M GPM
..,
'"
. "t . '"
..
..
..
.: F
..
!;:
"
'"
'" ..
..
- -
.,
...
..
.,
..
..
,
..
.,
;
0
..
" "
.. ..
" s
,'" '"
...

'" '"

"
!;:
,
"


!l! '" "
...
..
.,
'"
..
II!
;;:
50

;;:
..
..
"
'"
"
, "
..
",
..
.,
0
" '" '" "
Fig. 27 CharaclarlallccurvasCPK/HPK65_250
7.2.2CalculatingtheDriveRating (see 2,6.2)
Taking the pumppowerinputP(see 7.2.1)
a10%safetymarginisaddedtothe43.3kWattheoperating
point.
So thedriverating mustbeatleast47,6 kW:
theselectionisastandard 55kWmotor,2pole,IP54/1P44,
type B3.
Pin value mustbeChecked (seeselection booklet,section
Technical Data).
Iftheoperating pointtemporarilychangestohigherflowrate,
the motorrating must beincreased accordingly,ifnecessary
uptothemaximum possiblepumppowerconsumption.
A recheck of the Pin value then becomes important as a
criterion forthebearing bracket.
7.3Catculatingthe NPSH..(see 3,2)
To achieve cavitation-free operation ofthe pump the limit of
maximum possible suction lift He gao, max. or the minimum
requiredsuction head Hz gao, min. must be adheredto.
7.3.1 SuctionLiftfromOpen/ClosedTank
Herethepumpisabovethe liquid level (seeFig. 10).
Selected pumpisaCPK65-250,technical datasee 7,1.
Calculation of H
s
gao, max. is based on following system and
pumpdata:
p
= 1500kg/m
3
Pb
=1 bar=110'N/m'
Po
= 0,0038bar= 0.0038'10'N/m'
(from referencetable)
(60%sulphuricacid at20"C)
Hv.s
= 1.5 m(estimated from Fig. 13for 10msuction
pipe ON 100,inci. fitlingsandvalves)
v, can bedisregarded because negligible
NPSH"q=3.3 m(interpolated from Fig. 27 inci.0.5 msafety
margin)
19
t""""IIb, Pump.
Q.JValv88
_KSB
Opentank
Given: P. = 0 bar
Closedtank
Given: Po + Pb = 1.5 bar= 1.5 . 10' N/m'
Datum level
I

I
I

II-==p-
J
HOg.,
,


p
'I
i
Po?"
I
J

t-- Po,t,s,v,
/
Hegeo, max =
Pe+Pb-PO .
Pe.g - Hv,s - NPSH
r8Q
(ace. to3.2 with NPSHreq = NPSH
av
)
0+110'-0.003810' 1.510'-0.003810'
H"",, m" = 1500.9.81 - 1.5 - 3.3 H,goo,m,,= 1500.9.81 -1.5-3.3
6.77-1.5 - 3.3 = 10.17 - 1.5 - 3.3
= 1.97 m. =5.37 m.
With Hegeo, max = 1.97m. NPSH
sv
= NPSH
req
= 3.3 m; With Hegeo, max = 5.37 m, NPSH
av
= NPSHraq =3.3 m;
therefore NPSH
av
NPSH
req
requirementissatisfied. therefore NPSH
av
NPSH
req
requirementsissatisfied.
7.3.2 PositiveSuctionOperationfromOpen/ClosedTank
Herethe pumpis belowtheliquidlevel (seeFig. 11).
Selected pump is a CPK 65-250, technical data see 7.1 to
7,3.1,
::o,ep::::e:..on-.::ta"n"k"----:c-;- I.::C"loo::s:::;eood-.::ta"n"k'-----,c-::-:---,-::--:-:c::-:-:-:-:-------
Given: p,= 0 bar Given: p,+ Pb = 1.5 bar= 1.5 . 10' N/m'
I P.+Pb
i i
j
,
I I
---==,
t-v.,po
H'Qeo
Datum lavel
I iIJl3::3- e--.-JtoII
.....
-J

H
zgeo,min =
NPSH
req +
H
V,8 - Ps'g
0+110'-0.003810' 1.5 10' - 0.003810'
H, "0,ml' = 3.3 + 1.5 - 1500.9.81 H, "0, m" = 3.3 + 1.5 - 1500.9.81
= 1.5 +3.3 - 6.77 =3.3 + 1.5 -10.17
= -1.97 m. = -5.37 m.
Negative heads -H
zgeo
ere suction lift heads +H
aQeo
of the
same value. The minus sign in the result tells us that the
centrifugal pump, with an open or closed tank. could draw
roughly the absolute amounts as in example 7.3.1 where the
requirement NPSH
av
NPSH
req
is just about satisfied. This
requirement would be more than satisfied in example 7.3.2
with apositivestaticsuction head (asshown in thediagram).
20
I
nb,Pum
a."V8IV9a
_KSB
7.3.3 PositiveSuctionOperationfromClosedTankat Actual (now):
Vapour Pressure
Q , = 25.56 lis
(Internaltankpressure Vapourpressureofliquid, H, = 73.2 m
Le. P. + Pb = PD) 0, =240 mm.
The pumpis belowthe liquidlevel (see Fig. 11). Desired:
TheselectedpumpisaCPK65-250, see7.1 fortechnicaldata.
Q, = 25 lis
See 7.3.1 for system and pump data required to calcuiate H, = 70 m
Hzgeo,min butwith Pe +Pb = PD,
Le.
H H
z geo, min = reQ+, "',e- Ps.g
0, 0
,
. = 240 . V;;.56 = 237 mm.
= 3.3 +1.5 - 0
=4.8 m. Turning the impellerdownfrom 240 mm (0, ) to 237 mm (0,)
restorestheoriginal dulygiven in 7.4.
From4.8mupwards(Hzgeo,mln)thecondition
is fulfilled. It is, however, standard practice not to make such minor
changes (lessthan 5mm) tothe impellerdiameter.
7.6 HandlingViscousLiquids(see 6)
7.4 ChangingtheSpeed (see 5.1)
Scheduleonpage44.
The CPK 65-250 selected in 7.1 butwith the following per-
formancedata(presentduty: index1, newduly:index2)
0 , 25 lis (=90 m'/h)
7.6.1 CalculationtheOperatingPoint
H, 70 m .
at n, = 2900 1/min
The prodUct is amineraloil with akinematicviscosityVz of
and 0 , = 240 mm (impellerdiameter)
500 . 10-
6
m'ls and densitypz= 0.897 kg/dm'.
isdrivenbya55 kWthree-phasemotorwithanominalspeed
Weknowthecharacteristiccurveandoperatingdataofapump
(n,) of 2965 1/min. The higher speed shifts the operating
handling water, where:
point, without considering the system characteristic H
A
, as
followsto: Ow = 34 lis (= 122.4 m'/h)
H
w
= 18 m
2965
n 1450 1/min
0, = 2900 . 25 = 25.56 lis (= 92.02 m'/h)
To obtain the new data for mineral oil, the pump data atthe
2965)') b.e.p. must also be calculated and the following additional
H, =
(
2900 . 70 = 73.2 m.
information mustbe known:
If this increase is not acceptable, the original duty can be
Capacity Q
Woot
31 1) lis
restored bye.g. reducingthe impellerdiameter(see 7.5).
Head Hwoot
20
1
) m
Efficiency
llw oot
0.78
1
) -
Speed n 1450 1/min
Kinematicviscosity
Vz
500.10-
6
m
2
/s
7.5 TrimmingtheImpeller(see 5.2)
Density pz 0.897 kgldm'
The unacceptablyhigh pumpoutput(see 7.4) caused bythe
Gravitational constant g 9.81 m/s
2
higher motor speed is rectified as follows by trimming the
impeller(presentduty:index 1, newduty:index2). 1) IromIndividual characteristiccurve (aeeFig.27)
4 pointsonthe newcharacteristic curvecan beestablished usingthecalculationchartbelow:
nQ,W from graph in 9.12 27 1/min

from Fig. 258 0.78 -
M
ffl,W
orsect. 9.10,
page 41
0.83
0.49
-
-
0/0
0
t 0 0.8 1.0 1.2 -
"""-
from charact. 0 24.8 31 37.2 lis

curve booklet
25 21.6 20 18.2 m
'1w
for4 points
on curve
0 0.74 0.78 0.73 - H
, HwBot
Qz= Ow'fQ,w 0 19.3 24.2 29 lis
Hz =

HwfHW1.03 = HwfHW HwfftY'
Thesevelues meen
4pointeon OH
z
end

HzBtlr.
TJz = Tlw' f.."w
25'
0
') 18.5
0.36
16.6
0.38
15.1
0.36
m
-
Q"1z line plus:3 points
onthe QP
z
lineere
establishsd,
Plotted overQ
,.
Pz=pzgHzQz
IX
8.7 9.3 10.7 kW
(see Fig. 28)
0'0""
QzStir, Q wBII.
Q
2) ifHz>Hw, useHz= Hw Calculation in graphicform
21
7.6.2 EstablishingthePumpSize
The product is mineral oil, we are looking for the size ofthe
pump capableofmeetingthefollowing operating data:
Capacity
Qz Selr 31 lis
Head
HZ,Selr
20 m
Kinematicviscosity
Vz 50010-
6
m
2
/s
Density
pz 0.897 kg/dm
3
Usethefollowing calculationtableto converttooperating datawith waterand therebyfindtheappropriatepumpsize.
nselected 1450 1/min
n,.w 3) from graph in 9.12 27 1/min
H
from Fig. 25bor 0.8 -
, HWlhtr.
~
section 9.11,
fH,l 0.86 -
page42
Q _ Qz Selr
W,Belr - f
38.8 lis
az
H _ Hz Selr

W,Belr - 1
23.3 m
HZ
3) where QZ,Betr = Qopi ) approx.

Hz,Betr =HOpl
Calculation in graphicform
The definitiveoperating datawhen handling waterarethus:
25,,__
Qw.",= Q
W
= 38.8 lis (=139.7m
3
/h)
H
m HW,Belr = H
w
= 23.3 m
20
Based on these data a suitable pump is seiected from the
salesdocumentsselection chart. Usingthecurvethusestab-
lished, follow section 7.6.1 to establish 4 pointson the new
H
w characteristiccurve.
15 These 4pointscan nowbe usedto establishthecurveto be
H,
1)
expected for handling mineral oil,see Fig. 28.
I
'1.
"0
ro
<I) 80
I
10 70
~
60
""
~
<I)
50
c
'0
5
40 w
"'
8 General
~ ~
30
8.1 Nationaland InternationalStandardsforCentrifugal
Pumps
0 20
0 10 2001/530 40
A series of national standards have been introduced in
Germany since the early sixties governing the manufacture,
0- design, procurementand useofcentrifugal pumps.
P
'5
0.
kW Thesestandards are drawn upbyboth operatorsand manu-
.S facturers and are now established in virtually all sectors of
15
P,
industryusing and producing pumps(see Fig. 29, page23).
~
0
10
_ --:::::::-- P
w
ThisisparticularlytrueofDIN 24256"Endsuctioncentrifugal
0.
0.
pumps (PN 16) (chemical pumps)" which even in its first
5
E edition was virtually identical to the international standard
0-
::J
0
ISO 2858 "End-suction centrifugal pumps (rating 16 bar)
40 0101:1
- Designation, nominal dutypointand dimensions".
0 10 20 0 115 30
Thesetwostandardsoccupyacentral position becausethey
CapacityQ
form the basis for a range ofstandards already in existence
and under preparation covering centrifugal pumps, access-
Fig. 26 Characteristic curveslorboth water (W) andVISCOUS liquids (Z) (see 7.6.1) ories,guidelinesand specifications.
22

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-- - --
--
------
I
nb,Pump.

_KSB
\
ThehighdegreeofsimilaritybetweenDIN24256andISO2656
0,5
meansthataseriesofnationalstandardsanddraftstandards
suchas:
DIN 24259 "Pump baseplates".
DIN 24960 "Mechanicalseals; shaftseal chamber.
principaldimensions,designationsandmaterial
codes",
VDMA24297"Centrifugal pumps;technical requirements,
specifications"
needminorornochangesincontentevenafterthepublication
ofthe correspondingISOstandard,
8.2ShaftDeflection
Shaftdeflectionisprincipallycausedbyradialforcesresulting
from the hydraulicthrust in the impeller plane generated by
the interaction between the impeller and pump casing (or
diftuser). The magnitudeand direction ofthethrustchanges
withthe rate offlowand affectstheshaftand bearings.
The pump maker can favourably influence these hydraulic
radialforcesbyselectingtherightcasing(seeFigs,30and31),
Thisguaranteesconformitywith thespecified maximum per-
missibleshaftdeflection(e,g. API 610orISO)andalsomeans
cost-effective sizing ofshafts, especiallysealsand bearings.
The radial thrust F
R
can be calculated with the help of the
equation
F
R
Kp' g .H.D,.b,
with
F
R
Radial thrust
K Radial thrustcoefficientace, toFig, 31
p Densityofthe medium pumped
9 Gravitational constant
H Head
D, Impelleroutsidediameter
b, Impelleroutletwidth
Circular casing
Volute casing
-- """"- Specialcircular
volute casing
, -=:::::::::=.. Doublevoluta
casing
Q/Q
o
PI-1.0
FlowlevelQ
Combined
Singlevolule cirCUlar Doublevolute
calling volute caelng Circularceslng casing
Fig. 30 Radiallhtulltin centrifugalpumpll with various calling typell
24
-_._-
I"
rZ
0,4
0.5
0,3
/ '"
'"
/
0,2
/7
/'
0,7

I--G
-
f-
fI71:1
'"
0,1
V, V q -1.0
W-
I
I
10 20 30 40 rnln-
1
60

Spezlficspeed nQ
Fig. 31 Magnitude of lhe radial thrust coefficient K lor volule eaelng pumps es a
luncllonorthespecificspeed I1Q and the pump!low level q= Q/QoPI
8.3 ImprovingtheNPSH Requirement
It is possible in special cases to reduce the NPSH require-
ment of a pump to approx, 50-60% ofthe original level by
fitting an inducer in front of the impeller, for example when
\
a plant is extended and the available NPSH isinadequate or
where economic factors prevent the available NPSH being
I
increased (by raising the suction tank) or a lower speed
larger-sized pump (with lower NPSH requirement) being
fitled,
Fig. 32 Centrlrugel pumptitled With inducer
It must be noted thatthe reduction in the NPSH requirement \
applies only to aparticularsection ofthe flow range and not
the complete range ofthe pump concerned (see Fig, 33),
J
i------ "'-pump characteristiccurve
I
1ij
0"
.c
Ie.
CfJE
a. ::>
za.
b
CapacityQ
a = NPSH
req
- withoutinducar
b = NPSHrllQ- with InducerA
c = NPSHreq- with InducerB
I
A and Baredlflllrontlypesorinducers
Flg.33 NPSH raqulremanlwith and withoutInducerplotted egainstthecapacily
I
Mb, Pump.
Q.Jvalves
_KSB
\\
8.4 Impeller Types
8.4.1 Vaned Impellers
Centrifugal pumps handling clean products have standard
impellers fitted with vanes. Such impellers go from the radial
flow type through the mixed flow type for higher flow rates
up to the axial flow impeller for high flow rates and low heads.
Radial flow impeller")
\\
ft
Mixed flow impeller"J closed
Mixed flow impeller open
Mixed flow impeller") closed, double enfry
Axial flow impeller
O} Front view with coverplate removed
H} Single-vane Impellers ere also available with slightly reduced passage for greater
oHlciency
8.4.2 Non-clogging Impellers
Large-clearance impellers are used on pumps handling con-
taminated liquids containing solids, the single-vane impeller
has an unrestricted passageway from inlef fa outlet (so-called
free passage) "").
Single-vane impeller"J closed
Two-passage impeller") closed
Three-passage impeller"J closed
8.4.3 Special Impellers
For contaminated and gaseous liquids.
Three-vane impeller open
Free flow impeller
25
n.,m.,
Q.JValv8a bo
_KSD
8.4.4StarWheels
Mainlyused in self-priming pumpshandlingclean media.
Fig. 36 Multistage, suction and discharge side bearings, e.g. ringsectionhigh pressure
centrifugal pump
Starwheel forsidechannel pump
8.4.5 PeripheralImpellers
Usedforclean media, lowflowratesand high heads.
Flg.37 Close-c6upled,e.g. In-linepump
Peripheral impeller
8.5 PumpTypes(typical examples)
Figs, 34to 39showthevarious main design features:
Fig.36 Verllcelshaft-driven sump pump, e.g.SUbmersiblechemical pump
Fig. 34 Single-entry,single-siege,overhung, e.g.elanderdlz:edchemlcel pump
Fig.35 Double-entry,suction and dischargesidebearings,e.g. pipeline pump Fig. 39 Submersible close-coupledpump,e.g. sewage pump
26
----- ---
I

Q."VaIV8e
_KSB
8.6 Pump InstallationArrangements
The factors which determinehowapumpis installed are:
the position oftheshaft, i.e. horizontalorvertical, thearrangementofthedrive,
the position ofthefeet, i.e. underneath orshaftcentreline, theweightdistributionofthepumpand drive
(seeFigs. 40and41).
_____ _ _
Mb.. horizontal underneath coaxial with coupling >l!lIJ\fRno I
_ orgearbox IbcoaSmemPolante
horizontal centreline coaxial with coupling
orgearbox baseplate
-aX-i-s-a-bo-v-e-p-u-m-p-,+c-o-m-p-a-ct-,---

horizontal

horizontal
:1;
L
Fig. 40 Examples or horizonlallnslallaUon
Alternative installation 'Shaft
a b c
vertical
1\
l-

'i'> >
vertical
\'

.J>bo

I
vertical
, .
.if


FIQ.41 Examples01 vertical mounting
underneath
underneath
Feet
-
soleplate
beneath
discharge
nozzle
beltdrive simpiespeedvariation
with parallei axisabovepump
withbeltdriveand outboard
bearing orjackshaft
close-coupled, forming a
watertightunitwith pump
L
Drive
aboveground on drive stool
a) abovegroundon drivestool
b) abovegroundon drivestool
through cardan shaft
I c) belowsurfaceon drivestool
a) automatic submersibleclose-coupled
engagement I unit
with claw
b) on support
stand
compact,
simplespeed variation
fullysubmersible
L
Remarks
wet installation
al surfacelevel dischargepipe
dryinstallation
I wet installation
a) permanent
b) portable
I
27
nb,Pumps
Q."Valve9
_KSB
8.7 PumpSumpConfiguration
Pump sumps are designed to receive liquids and be inter-
mittently drained. The sump size depends on the capacity
Q and permissible start-up frequency Z of the pump set,
Le. theelectricmotor.
Thestart-upfrequenciesofdrymotorsareas follows:
Start-upfrequencyZ
Motorrating upto 7.5 kW max. 15/h
Motorrating upto 30 kW max. 12/h
Motorrating above 30 kW max. 10/h
Start-upfrequencyiscalculated using:
3600.Q
w
(Qm - Q
w
)
Z
V
N
Q
m
whereZ no. ofstartsper hour
Q
zu
inletflow in I/s
Qe+Qs,
Q
m 2
Q
s
capacityatswitch-on pressurein I/s
Q, capacityatswitch-offpressurein lis
V
N
useful volume of pump sump including possible
flowbackvolumein I
The maximum start-up frequencyoccurs when am = 2 xOw.
Le. when thecapacityam istwicetheincoming flow Q
zu
.The
max. start-upfrequencyistherefore:
With dirty liquids, soiids must be prevented from being de-
posited and collecting in dead zones and on the floor. 45
0
walls, or better still 60
0
walls, help preventthis (see Fig. 42).
- Suctionpipe
Flg.42 Inclinedsumpwalls10 preventsolidsfrom being deposited and collecting
8,8SuctionPipeLayout
The suctionpipeshouldbeasshortas possibleand run with
agentleslopeuptothepump.Thesuctionpipeandinletpipe
must be sufficiently wide apart to prevent airentrainment in
thesuction pipe. Furthermorethemoutholtheinletpipemust
aiways liebelowtheliquid level (seeFig. 43).
Suctionpipe
-'
,

-
,... \
Inle( L
' ..-
pipe
f-
"
Sump
e-'
'-

pas. deflector
"
Fig. 43 Piping arrangementto preventairentrainment
The medium handled must cover the suction pipe inlet to a
suitable depth, otherwise rotation of the liquid could cause
air-entraining vortices (hollow vortices) to form; startingwith
a funnel-shaped depression at the liquid surface, a tube-
shaped air cavity forms instantaneously, extending from the
surfacetothesuctionpipe.
By ensuring that the medium handled always has a suitable
level (see Figs. 44 and 45) orbytaking measurestoprevent
vortices (see Figs. 46 to48) this can be prevented. which is
themoreimportant,thehighertheflowrate is.
- 0

!.---_.----.J /
-Suctionpipetopump
Fig. 44 Arrangementofpipes in the suction tank (eump) 10 preventvortices
The minimum liquid cover 8
mln
in m must be the velocity
head plus a 0.1 m safety margin for non-uniform velocity
distribution.The maximumflowvelocityVii! in thesuctionpipe
or inlet pipe should not exceed 3 m/s; we recommend 1to
2 m/s.
v'
2
S
8 mIn = 9 +0.1
withv, flowvelocityin mls
8
m
In minimum liquidcoverin m.
28
I
I
2
m
t1,0
0,8
(/)
~
8,6
0,5
0,4
- t r-+-
Thisispreferred rr ~
0,3
arrangement, > ~ i J ~ +-+-
--Jr--._.-1-7 j j ~
0,2 f----/---I---I--I---Ic-+++-+-+-H-I----II----+--+ /' ~ ~ +-1-
,
Curvesarefor ---- /; ~
thissuction pipe ~ W ~
arrangement -I- -1-1-
0.1
100
5 6 7 8 9 1000 2
CapacityQ ------
Fig. 45 Liquid coverS 8S a function ofthe piping bore DlII andcapacityQ
Fig. 45 shows the interdependence between liquid cover S, Figs. 46 and 47 show typical arrangements used to prevent
I piping bore ON and capacity Q. The values obtained give air-entraining inlet vortices where the minimum liquid cover
sufficientprotection againstvortices.The graph can be used is either notavailable orcannot be ensured.
forthesuelion pipelayout illustrated.
Fig. 48 shows a speciai arrangement which Is frequently
used - around tankwith atangential inletpipewhichcauses
thecontentsto rotate.
r
(
/" Suction
'-.I......,.----,P'P'
'-- -=....J
D
/
Fig. 46 Raft \0 prevent lormElUon 01 vorHeBS
_ 10 pump
Bema
Baffle
Radial baffle to pump
8affle
\ )
Inlet ___
T,"',""@
Suction
I II I
pipe
o
U
Axial b&ffle
Fig. 47 Use 0'sWlrl-prevenling bellies Flg.46 Use01 bafflee in thelank10 ensuredisturbance-freeflow 10 pump
29
~ Pump.
Q.Jv8/vee
_KSB
8.9 Shaft Couplings
Shaft couplings used with centrifugal pumps can be divided
into rigid and flexible types. Rigid couplings are mainly used
to connect shafts in perfect alignment. The smaliest degree
of misalignment will cause considerable stress on the coupling
and on the shafts. The following types are used:
Sleeve couplings,
Muff couplings,
Serrated couplings,
Split couplings (DIN 115),
Face plate couplings (DIN 758, DIN 759),
Flange couplings (DIN 760).
Flexible couplings to DIN 740 are elastic, slip-free connecting
elenlOnts between drive and driven machine which accom-
modate ax-lal, radial and angular misalignment (Fig. 49) and
damp shock loads. The flexibility is usualiy achieved by the
deformation of damping and rubber-elastic spring elements
whose life is governed to a large extent by the degree of
misalignment.
Fig. 50 shows the most common types of flexible couplings.
Fig. 51 shows a spacer coupling between a pump and drive;
its function is to permit removal olthe pump rotating assembly
without disturbing the pump casing or drive (back-puli out
design).
. -I .
' ""'.11
9JfP
ttl!}
,!l
Fig. 49 Misalignment
FIQ. 50 Typical couplings
Flg.51 Pump with spacer coupling
30
---1
I
i
9 Technical Data
9.1 Vapour Pressure Po and Density p of Water
npumo,
a.JV8lves bo
_KSB
t T
C
K
Po
bar
p
kg/dm
3
t
C
T
K
Po
bar
p
kg/dm
3
t
OC
T
K
Po
bar
p
kg/dm
3
0 273.15 0.00611 0.9998 138 411.15 3.414 0.9276
1 274.15 0.00657 0.9999 61 334.15 0.2086 0.9826 140 413.15 3.614 0.9258
2 275.15
3 276.15
4 277.15
5 278.15
6 279.15
0.00706
0.00758
0.00813
0.00872
0.00935
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
62
63
64
65
66
335.15
336.15
337.15
338.15
339.15
0.2184
0.2286
0.2391
0.2501
0.2615
0.9821
0.9816
0.9811
0.9805
0.9799
145
150
155
160
418.15
423.15
428.15
433.15
4.155
4.760
5.433
6.181
0.9214
0.9168
0.9121
0.9073
7 280.15 0.01001 0.9999 67 340.15 0.2733 0.9793
165 438.15 7.008 0.9024
8 281.15 0.01072 0.9999 68 341.15 0.2856 0.9788
170 433.15 7.920 0.8973
9 282.15 0.01147 0.9998 69 342.15 0.2984 0.9782
175 448.15 8.924 0.8921
10 283.15 0.01227 0.9997 70 343.15 0.3116 0.9777
180 453.15 10.027 0.8869
11 284.15 0.01312 0.9997 71 344.15 0.3253 0.9770
185 458.15 11.233 0.8815
12 285.15 0.01401 0.9996 72 345.15 0.3396 0.9765
190 463.15 12.551 0.8760
13 286.15
14 287.15
15 288.15
0.01497
0.01597
0.01704
0.9994
0.9993
0.9992
73
74
75
346.15
347.15
348.15
0.3543
0.3696
0.3855
0.9760
0.9753
0.9748
195
200
468.15
473.15
13.987
15.55
0.8704
0.8647
16 289.15 0.01817 0.9990 76 349.15 0.4019 0.9741
205 478.15 17.243 0.8588
17 290.15 0.01936 0.9988 77 350.15 0.4189 0.9735
210 483.15 19.077 0.8528
18 291.15 0.02062 0.9987 78 351.15 0.4365 0.9729 215 488.15 21.060 0.8467
19 292.15 0.02196 0.9985 79 352.15 0.4547 0.9723 220 493.15 23.198 0.8403
20 293.15 0.02337 0.9983 80 353.15 0.4736 0.9716
225 498.15 25.501 0.8339
21 294.15 0.02485 0.9981 81 354.15 0.4931 0.9710 230 503.15 27.976 0.8273
22 295.15
23 296.15
24 297.15
25 298.15
26 299.15
0.02642
0.02808
0.02982
0.03166
0.03360
0.9978
0.9976
0.9974
0.9971
0.9968
82
83
84
85
86
355.15
356.15
357.15
358.15
359.15
0.5133
0.5342
0.5557
0.5780
0.6011
0.9704
0.9697
0.9691
0.9684
0.9678
235
240
245
250
508.15
513.15
518.15
523.15
30.632
33.478
36.523
39.776
0.8205
0.8136
0.8065
0.7992
27 300.15 0.03564 0.9966 87 360.15 0.6249 0.9671
255 528.15 43.246 0.7916
28 301.15 0.03778 0.9963 88 361.15 0.6495 0.9665
260 533.15 46.943 0.7839
29 302.15 0.04004 0.9960 89 362.15 0.6749 0.9658
265 538.15 50.877 0.7759
30 303.15 0.04241 0.9957 90 363.15 0.7011 0.9652
270 543.15 55.058 0.7678
31 304.15 0.04491 0.9954 91 364.15 0.7281 0.9644
275 548.15 59.496 0.7593
32 305.15 0.04753 0.9951 92 365.15 0.7561 0.9638
280 553.15 64.202 0.7505
33 306.15
34 307.15
35 308.15
0.05029
0.05318
0.05622
0.9947
0.9944
0.9940
93
94
95
366.15
367.15
368.15
0.7849
0.8146
0.8453
0.9630
0.9624
0.9616
285
290
558.15
563.15
69.186
74.461
0.7415
0.7321
36 309.15
37 310.15
0.05940
0.06274
0.9937
0.9933
96
97
369.15
370.15
0.8769
0.9094
0.9610
0.9602
295
300
568.15
573.15
80.037
85.927
0.7223
0.7122
38 311.15 0.06624 0.9930 98 371.15 0.9430 0.9596 305 578.15 92.144 0.7017
39 312.15 0.06991 0.9927 99 372.15 0.9776 0.9586 310 583.15 98.700 0.6906
40 313.15 0.07375 0.9923 100 373.15 1.0133 0.9581
315 588.15 105.61 0.6791
41 314.15 0.07777 0.9919 102 375.15 1.0878 0.9567 320 593.15 112.89 0.6669
42 315.15
43 316.15
44 317.15
45 318.15
0.08198
0.08639
0.09100
0.09582
0.9915
0.9911
0.9907
0.9902
104
106
108
110
377.15
379.15
381.15
383.15
1.1668
1.2504
1.3390
1.4327
0.9552
0.9537
0.9522
0.9507
325
330
340
598.15
603.15
613.15
120.56
128.63
146.05
0.6541
0.6404
0.6102
46 319.15 0.10086 0.9898 112 385.15 1.5316 0.9491
350 623.15 165.35 0.5743
47 320.15 0.10612 0.9894 114 387.15 1.6362 0.9476
360 633.15 186.75 0.5275
48 321.15
49 322.15
50 323.15
0.11162
0.11736
0.12335
0.9889
0.9884
0.9880
116
118
120
389.15
391.15
393.15
1.7465
1.8628
1.9854
0.9460
0.9445
0.9429
370
374.15
643.15
647.30
210.54
221.2
0.4518
0.3154
51 324.15 0.12961 0.9876
52 325.15 0.13613 0.9871 122 395.15 2.1145 0.9412
53 326.15 0.14293 0.9866 124 397.15 2.2504 0.9396
54 327.15 0.15002 0.9862 126 399.15 2.3933 0.9379
55 328.15 0.15741 0.9857 128 401.15 2.5435 0.9362
56 329.15 0.16511 0.9852 130 403.15 2.7013 0.9346
57 330.15 0.17313 0.9846
ij1.15
59 332.15
0.18147
0.19016
0.9842
0.9837
132
134
405.15
407.15
2.8670
3.041
0.9328
0.9311
60 333.15 0.19920 0.9832 136 409.15 3.223 0.9294
31
C""pump.
Q.J1valves
_KSB
9.2 Vapour Pressure Po of Various Liquids
S J;'
II 'i1,
d"
9:
'-'
x
'-'
0 w
'i\ x :E 0 x
x"

N
"i.

z S '-'
""
:f: }j ro

If
0 '-'

"
x
z }j

'iJ,

'-' 0 "

01
0
"i.
'='
0
'-'
'-'

.,.
u
x

1;! '-'
.,.
u w
w '-' '-' "i.
"
ro ."
ro ro
e S
w w
0 w '-' u a
0 0
E
ro fj E >,

,



iii
a

0
0
0
'" u >,
E
'"
0

w u E w 0
u S ro " ro
r-
I,j

I,j
CO 0 <n
'-' '-'
"
1 T
Vapour pressure Po in bar
C K
-50 223 5.517 0.00319 0.409 0.103 0.0127 0.707 0.1157
-45 228 6.574 0.545 0.890 0.1598
-40 233 7.776 0.718 0.179 0.0255 1.115 0.2157
-35 238 9.129 0.932 1.379 0.2883
-30 243 10.65 0.0149 1.195 0.294 0.483 0.050 1.672 0.3805 0.0335
-25 248 12.34 1.516 2.017 0.4942
-20 253 14.23 0.0293 1.902 0.469 0.748 0.0883 2.423 0.6355 0.0609 0.0129
-15 258 16.31 2.363 2.889 0.8071 0.0180
-10 263 18.59 0.0516 2.909 0691 1.103 0.150 3.405 1.014 0.1047 0.0246
- 5 268 21.10 3.549 4.015 1.2611 0.0330
O 273 23.76 0.0856 4.294 0.0159 1.039 1.613 0.0354 0.247 0.0044 4.684 0.0381 1.554 0.1697 0.0439
5 278 26.86 0.115 5157 0.311 5.453 1.899 0.0576
10 283 30.16 0.1542 6.149 0.0306 1.50 2.201 0.0606 0.389 0.0245 0.0085 6339 0.0699 2.302 0.2648 0.017 0.0746
15 288 33.76 0.196 7.283 0.481 7.298 2.768 0.0956
20 293 37.75 0.246 8.572 0.0568 2.069 3.119 0.0996 0.589 0.0419 0.0156 8.334 0.1227 3.305 0.3996 0.0298 0.1213
25 298 42.15 0.306 10.03 0.716 9.489 3.9197 0.1527
30 303 47.07 0.377 11.67 0.1008 2824 4.232 0.1578 0.864 0.0688 0.0275 10.807 0.2068 4.619 0.5848 0.0489 0.1907
35 308 0.462 13498 12.219 5.411 0.2349
40 313 0.562 15.54 0.1722 3.765 5.609 0.2412 1.228 0.1097 0.0464 13739 0.336 6.303 0.8306 0.0784 0.2876
45 318 0.681 17.81 15.455 7.303 0.3499
50 323 0.817 20.33 0.2836 4.98 7.257 0.3589 0.00319 1.702 0.1696 0.0754 17.269 0.5283 8.417 1.1466 0.121 0.4228
55 328 0.5057
60 333 1.118 04519 6.37 9.267 0.5188 0.0075 2.306 0.2549 0.1186 20.89 0.8095 1.549 0.1863 0.6010
65 338 0.7078
70 343 1.55 0.6979 8.14 11.719 0.7301 0.0139 3.061 0.3733 0.1812 25.79 1.1954 02689 0.8296
-
75 348
80 353 2.08 1.047 10.20 1.0052 0.0239 3.991 0.533 0.269 31.38 1.7298 2.700 0.3818 1.1169
85 358 34.127
90 363 2.76 1.531 12.55 1.355 0.0389 5.121 0.7439 0.3915 36.58 2.445 0.5369 1.4828
95 368 39.91
100 373 360 2.184 15.40 1.795 0.0609 6.478 1.0159 0.556 3.384 4.333 0.7354 1.9505
105 378
110 383 4.65 3.045 1834 2.331 0.0922 8.092 0.774 4.595 0.9924 2.5164
115 388
120 393 5.89 4159 21.77 2.984 0.1327 9.992 1.059 6.131 6.999 1.267 3.1911
125 398
130 403 7.38 5.572 25.69 3766 0.1926 12.209 1.423 8.050 1.7407 3956
135 408
140 413 9.15 4.694 0.2719 14.768 1.885 10399 2.2457 4.945
145 418
150 423 11.28 17.711 2.499 2.824 6.073
L
32
~ Pump.
Q.J1valves
_KSB
I
I
9.3 Density p of Various Liquids at Atmospheric Pressure
.2
C; U
<E
u
0 8 8 ~ I
u
m :g
m
I
9, "<
I ~
u 0
0 ~ u
I
N
:
u
I
u u
u
:g ~
~
~
~ M
S "i.
~ u
:c
J" 8
"0 u I
z
OJ
~ u 0 ~
OJ
I
di: s 0 OS
'"
u
= '"
m
~
u ~
u
~
u
m U ~ c 'i5
i
m c
m
0
E
c
m U
'"
~
~
~ ~
"e
c
co
c
~
~ >,
i'l.
!'l
u " ~
"
0 "0
0
E
iii E
"
>, ~ ~
E
10
~
e
'!j
~

~
m ~ E "? "
~ ." ~
;;;;
" ~
>-
w w c ~ ~ ~ W
,j'
~ u U I
'" '"
t T
'"
"
"
Density P In kg/dm:.J
c K
-100 173 0.5569 0920 06900 0.642 1.432
- 90 163 0.5479 0.6627 0.9697
- 60 193 0.5367 0.6744 0.6240 0.9604
- 70 203 0.5250 0.6663 0.6134 0.9509
- 60 213 0.5125 06577 0.6025 0.9419
- 50 223 0.4993 0.868 0.695 0.6492 0.790 0.5910 1.555 1.362 0.9327
- 40 233 0.4650 0.655 0.6400 0.5793 0.9234
- 30 243 0.4700 0.6306 0.6156 0.5660 1.509 0.9141
- 20 253 0.4526 0.632 0.6210 0.6052 0.5555 0.9049 1.670
- 10 263 0.4339 0.6107 0.5940 0.5430 1.460 0.6956
0 273 0.4117 0812 0.636 0.8080 0.6008 0.5635 0.9001 1.039 0.736 0.5300 0.610 1.435 1.292 0.6863 1.630 (1.105)
10 283 0.3665 0.7990 0.5696 0.5716 0.6920 0.5160 0.601 0.8769 1.107
20 293 0.3502 0.791 0.609 0.7902 0.5786 0.5590 0.6790 1.022 0.714 1.220 1.049 0.5015 0.792 1.380 1.262 0.8677 1.565 1.105
30 303 0.2860 0.7815 0.5665 0.5462 06675 0.4860 0.783 0.8563
40 313 0.765 0.7726 0.5546 0.5340 0.6576 1.192 1.026 0.4690 0.774 0.8469 1.545 1.100
50 323 0.756 0561 0.7634 0.5422 0.5196 0.6460 0.996 0.676 1.164 1.018 0.4500 0.765 0.8395
60 333 0.740 0.7546 0.5264 0.5052 0.6357 1.169 1.003 0.4326 0.755 0.6301 1.505 1.090
70 343 0.7452 0.5146 0.4900 0.6246 0.4090 0.746 0.8205
60 353 0.7357 0.5003 0.6145 0.980 0.3764 0.736 0.6110 1.460 1.070
90 363 0.7260 0.4848 0.6041 0.3230 0.725 0.6012
100 373 0.456 0.7156 0.4660 0.7927 0.951 0.611 0.960 0.714 1.110 0.7914 1.420 1.040
110 363 0.7046 0.4492 0.7609 0.702 0.7813
120 393 0.6927 0.4272 0.7692 0.691 0.7710
130 403 0.6791 0.4003 0.7566 0.676 0.7606
140 413 0.3620 0.7440 0.7501
150 423 0.2900 0.7310 0.518 0.896 0.7392 1.310
n.,m.,
a.JValves bo
_KSB
9.4ExtractofImportantlegalUnitsforCentrifugal Pumps
Legalunits No.longer Recom- Remarks
authorized
dimension \symbol
mended
units
legal
units
(not
complete)
Length m Metre km. dm, em, m Basic unit
mm, ..
Volume V
3 3 3 3
I m dm
3
, cm , mm , . Em,cdm,.. m
_____+-__-+__+ Fli_t-r"e'-(1'.:..1= 1dm
3
) ---- -----------
Capacity, Q, jm
3
/s m
3
/h, lis lis and
volume flow '(f m
3
/s
--f------f----- ------- --=---+c-c--c-----------
Time t s\Second s, ms, ns,... I s Basicunit
_______ Illin,h,
speed n 1Is __f--__1.'1C-'/m=in'--__--l _
Mass kg Kllogramme g, mg, Pound, kg Basicunit. III
I ton houndred- The mass ofcommercial
(1 t= 1000kg) weight commodityis described as
__c----, ___,--c---------
Density p kg/m
3
kg/dm
3
kg/dm
3
The designation
and "specificgravity" mustno
kg/m
3
longerbeemployed,
because it is ambiguous
(see DIN 1305).

Momentof J kgm' kg m' Momentofinertia
inertia 2 grade

/vIass flow m tis, tlh,kg/,,-- _
Force F N INewton kN, mN, kp, Mp,... N 1kp=9.81 N. Theweight
(=kg m/s') force isthe productof
mass mbythe local
i
----L gravitationalconstantg. _
Pressure !p Pa IPascal bar kp/cm',at, bar 1at= 0.981 bar
(=N/m') (1 bar=10
5
Pa) mWS,Torr,.. = 9.81'10
4
Pa
1mmHg = 1.333mbar
r
I
k 1mm WS = 0.098 mbar
Mechanical cr,' IPa - Pascal -- N/mm', N/cm', .. kp/cm',... N/mm' 1kp/mm'= 9.81 N/mm'
I
stress +" (=N/m')
(strength) --f-----
Bending M, N m kp m, ... Nm 1 kp m= 9.81 N m
moment, T
torque
Energy, W, J Joule kJ,Ws,kWh,. .. kpm JundkJ 1kpm=9.81 J
work, quantity Q (=Nm 1kW h= kcal, cal, WE 1kcal = 4.1868 kJ
ofheat s) __1
600
k.J........... f----I-------------
Head H m Metre m.l.c. m The head isthework
done in J = N mapplied to
themass unitofthemedium
pumped, reiated tothe
weightforce ofthis
I
mass unit in N.
Power
P 1W -- Walt -- MW,-kw' ..--1kpmis, ps- 'kw
1 kp mls = 9.81 W;
(=J/s 1 PS = 736 W
__-r=:-:-N,m..l.. s=-)-c------+:---'---'--TCC----- f---------------
Temperature T K Kelvin "C oK, deg. K Basic unit
-t-
difference L-___ __,
Kinematic v I m'ls St(stokes), m'ls 1Sf= 10-
1
m'ls
viscosity I E,... 1cSt= 1mm'ls
34
I
!""'b, P,mp.
Q.Jvalv8s
_KSB
9.5 Conversion 01 British and U.S. Units
British U.S.
Length 1 mil 25.4
I"m 25.4 I"m
1 point 0.3528 mm 0.3528 mm
1 line 0.635 mm 0.635 mm
1 inch (in) 25.4 mm 25.4 mm
1 hand 10.16 em 10.16 em
1 link (Ii) 20.1168 em 20.1168 em
1 span 22.86 em 2286 em
1 loot (ft) = 12 in 0.3048 m 0.3048 m
1 yard (yd) = 3 ft = 36 in 0.9144 m 0.9144 m
1 fathom (lath) =2yd 1.8288 m 1.8288 m
1 rod (rd) 5.0292 m 5.0292 m
1 chain (eh) 20.1168 m 20.1168 m
1 furlon9 (fur) 201.168 m 201.168 m
1 mile (mi)
(statute mile) = 1760 yd 1.6093 km 1.6093 km
1 nautical mile 1.8532 km 1.8532 km
Area 1 circular mil 506.709
I"m'
506.709
I"m'
1 circular inch 5.067 em' 5.067 em'
1 square inch (sq in) 6.4516 em' 6.4516 em'
1 square link (sq Ii) 404.687 em' 404.687 em'
1 square foot (sq ft) 929.03 em' 929.03 em'
1 square yard (sq Yd) 0.8361
m'
0.8361
m'
1 square rod (sq rd) 25.2929
m' 25.2929 m'
1 square chain (sq eh) 404.686 m' 404.686
m'
1 rood 1011.7124
m'
1011.7124
m'
1 acre 4046.86
m'
4046.86
m'
1 square mile (sq mil 2.59 km' 2.59 km'
Volume 1 cubic inch (eu in) 16.387 em' 16.387 em'
1 board foot (fbm) 2.3597 dm' 2.3597 dm'
1 cubic foot (eu ft) 28.3268 dm' 28.3268 dm'
1 CUbic yard (eu yd) 0.7646 m' 0.7646
m'
1 re91ster ton (RT) = 100 eu ft 2.8327
m' 2.8327 m'
1 British shipping ton = 42 eu ft 1.1897
m'
-
1 US shipping ton =40euft - 1.1331
m'
Basic unit gallon 1 minim (min) 59.1939
mm' 61.6119 mm'
for fluids 1 fluid scruple 1.1839 em' -
1 fluid drachm (11.dr.) 3.5516 em' -
1 fluid dram (fl.dr.)
- 3.6967 em'
1 fluid ounce (f1.oz.) 28.4131 em' 29.5737 em'
1 gill (gl) 142.065 em' 118.2948 em'
1 pint (liq pt) 0.5683 dm' 0.4732 dm'
1 quart (liq qt) 1.1365 dm' 0.9464 dm'
1 pottle 2.2730 dm'
-
1 gallon (gal) 4.5460
dm' 3.7854 dm'
1 peck 9.0922 dm' -
1 bushel 36.3687 dm' -
1 US oil-barrel (for crude oil) - 0.159 m'
1 quarter 0.291 m' -
1 ehaldron 1.3093 m' -
Basic unit bushel 1 dry pint (dry pt)
- 0.5506 dm'
for dry goods 1 dry quart (dry qt)
-
1.1012 dm'
1 peck (pk) - 8.8098 dm'
1 bushel (bu) 36.3687 dm' 35.2393 dm'
1 dry barrel (bbl) - 0.1156 m'
Mass and Weight 1 grain (gr) 64.7989 mg 64.7989 mg
Avoirdupois system 1 dram (dr avdp) 1.7718 g 1.7718 g
(trade and commerce 1 ounce (02 avdp) 28.3495 g 28.3495 g
weights) 1 pound (lb) 0.4536 kg 0.4536 kg
1 stone 6.3503 kg -
1 quarter 12.7006 kg -
1 eental 45.3592 kg
-
1 short hundredweight (sh ewt)
- 45.3592 kg
1 hundredweight (ewt) 50.8024 kg
-
1 long hundredweight (I cwt)
-
50.8024 kg
1 short ton (sh tn)
-
907.1849 kg
1 ton 1016.0470 kg -
1 long ton (I tn)
- 1016.0470 kg
Troy system 1 pennyweight (dwt) g 1.5552 g
~ 1.5552
(for precious metals) 1 troy ounce (02 tr)
3 ~ 1 3 5
g 32.1035 g
1 troy pound (Ib t) 0.3732 kg
35
C'1p,mp.
Q.J1v8Ives
_KSB
British U.S.
Density 1ounce(av) percubicfoot (ollcu It) 0.0010 kg/dm' 0.0010 kg/dm'
1pound percubicfoot (Ib/cuIt) 0.0160 kg/dm' 0.0160 kg/dm'
1ounce(av) percubicinch (ozlcu in) 1.7300 kg/dm' 1.7300 kg/dm'
1poundpercubicinch (Ib/cu in) 27.6799 kg/dm' 27.6799 kg/dm'
1shortton percubicyard (shtn/cu yd)
-
1.1865 kg/dm'
1longton percubicyard (Itn/cuyd) - 1.3289 kg/dm'
1pound pergalion (Ib/gal) 0.09978 kg/dm' 0.1198 kg/dm'
Velocity 1foot persecond (lt/s) 0.3048 mls 0.3048 mls
1foot perminute (lt/min) 0.00508 mls 0.00508 mls
1yard persecond (yd/s) 0.9144 mls 0.9144 mls
1yard perminute (yd/min) 0.01524 mls 0.01524 mls
Capacity 1gallon persecond 4.5460 lis 3.7854 ils
(rateofvolume.flow) 1gallon perminute (gpm) 0.07577 lis 0.06309 lis
1cubicfootpersecond (cusec) 28.3268 lis 28.3268 lis
1cubicyard persecond 0.7646 m
3
/s 0.7646 m
3
/s
Massflow 1ouncepersecond (olls) 28.3495 gls 28.3495 gls
1ounceperminute (ollmin) 0.4725 gls 0.4725 gls
1pound persecond (Ibis) 0.4536 kg/s 0.4536 kg/s
1pound perminute (Ib/min) 0.00756 kg/s 0.00756 kg/s
1shortton per hour (shtn/h) - 0.2520 kg/s
1ton per hour 0.2822 kg/s -
1longton perhour (Itn/h) - 0.2822 kg/s
Force 1ounce(force) (Ol) 0.2780 N 0.2780 N
(weightforce) 1pound (force) (Ib) 4.4483 N 4.4483 N
1shortton (force) (shtn) 8.8964 kN 8.8964 kN
1longton (force) (Itn) 9.9640 kN 9.9640 kN
Pressure 1pound (force)
('b(force))
47.88025 Pa 47.88025 Pa
squarefoot sqIt
1pound (force)
('b(force)) ( si)
68.9476 mbar 68.9476 mbar
squareinch
sqIn ,P
1shortton (force)
(Shtn (fOrCe)
137.8951 bar 137.8951 bar
square inch sq'ln
1inch H
2
O (in H
2
O) 2.4909 mbar 2.4909 mbar
1foot H
2
O (ItH
2
O) 29.8907 mbar 29.8907 mbar
1inchHg (in Hg) 33.8663 mbar 33.8663 mbar
Mechanical 1pound (force)
('b
N N
0.006895 0.006895
stress squareinch sq In mm' mm'
1shortton (force)
(Sh tn (fOrCe)
N N
13.78951 13.78951
square inch sq In mm' mm'
Work, energy, 1foot-pound (ItIb) 1.3558 J 1.3558 J
quantityofheat, 1Horsepowerhour (Hp h) 2.6841 MJ 2.6841 MJ
internal(intrinsic) 1Brit.Thermal Unit (BTU) 1.0558 kJ 1.0558 kJ
energyandenthalpy
Power 1foot-pound (av)
(It 1.3558 W 1.3558 W
(heatfiow) persecond
1Horsepower(Hp) 0.7457 kW 0.7457 kW
1British Thermal Unit
(B:U)
1.0558 kW 1.0558 kW
per second
Dynamic 1pound (mass)
('b(;:SS) 1.4882 Pas 1.4882 Pas
Viscosity footxsecond
1pound (force)xsecond
('b(force) s)
47.8803 Pas 47.8803 Pas
squarefoot sqIt
Temperature Conversionoftemperature points: Conversion oftemperaturedifferences:
5 5 5
T= 9 t
F
+ 255.37; t= 9 (t
F
- 32)
5 5 5
T=4tR+273.15; t=4tR /IT=/lt=4/ltR
Where:
T thermodynamictemperature in K
t Celsiustemperature in C
t
F
Fahrenheittemperature
in OF
t
R
temperatur
inOR
Conversion ofthespecificspeed (type number) Kcustomarily
used in English-speaking contries inton,acc.toISO 2548:
K=n,/52.919
36
I
9.6 Graph for Calculating Flow Velocity v
as a Function of Capacity Q and 1.0.of Pipe 0
.

0

a {
a
. ~
~
n
n

';

u
'b,
~ E
0 < ~
"..
."

'!! CD a> ....

\
37
_
_
9.7 Graph for Calculating Velocity Head v'/2g
as a Function of Capacity a and I.D. of Pipe D

u
i
o

{] 0
U
,
+'
"::
".-.h- .
I-i,: I j + . H 1
,
" "
E
38
I
_
L

9.8 Graph for Calculating Velocity Head Differential tI v
2
/2g
as a Function of Capacity a and Pipe 1.0. Differential 0 ,/0,
BlI,A V le!luaJ811IP pea4 "1!:J0la/l
39
Mb, P,mp,
a."vaIV8S
_KSB
9.9 Graph for Calculating Head Loss H.
as a Function of 1.0. of Pipe 0, Flow Velocity v and Capacity Q
tlZS 0010 ."
.... 'f..... I
40
I
C"'lb, Pump.

_KSB
9.10 Graph for Calculating Conversion Factors fa,wI fH,w and fll,w for Viscous Liquids
Available: dataforoperation with water
Required: dataforoperationwith viscousliquid
Calculation example: seepage21

Calculation chart: see page44

I
....;
:-" ::0-
......
......
"
"'-
l'
"-
I
O.9t-+
0.1-1-+
lo. +-H-+-+-H-+-+-
law
a
.
s
+-+-HH-+-+-+-t-++-+-ttt-H"'TI"'l""''''''-+-+-1
I
i
"
nq.w 30 20
'10
-
'"0

;:
...... I I
0.'

o"t-t-t-f-H-t-t-t-+++-++++-+"'l-Plf",I"'Ir!-I
0.'
I
0.'
0.7t-t-t-r-HH--+'
0.8 Q
wopl
Q
wopl
1.20
Wopt
Q
0.6
...
1/ 1/ Yr/ '/
1/ / 1/ /,
/ / 1// r/1/
/ 1/
.J' (/
1<\./
l/
1/
r/
1/
/:
'/,
r/
1/
1/
r/
1/.
1/,
'/
'/
'/
1/
/.
1/ 1// '/1/
/ 1/
/ 1)</ 1/,
/ 1/
/ /
/ f/
/ / /
/ /X/V '/ 1\:7-
/ '// / '/.'7'
/.'/ 1/ '/J /
1// /. 1/ '/.
1/ / 1// /,
'/
'/
/
// 1/ /.
1/ 1/
/ I/V
/ I/o V
/
//.1/
/ / / V f/
"//'/
y/ /
',( ////
'r /
/ 1/ '/.'/f/
1/ 1/V /// /, /!/.I/
1
"
0,1, 0.5
I ! I I I
,
,

,
I I
'"
10

I I I I
30 40
f 10
II)
m"h
II. 20
I I
IDa
30
,I
40 80
I,I "
200
100
,I
JOO 400 500
:too
I
2000 3000 5000 1000
300 400 1000
I,I ,I [! .J
'""'"
"""
I
m' I
CapacityQZ,Belr,QW,optl nh;;
41
'..

_
9.11 Graph for Calculating Conversion Factors fo,z and fH,z for Viscous Liquids
Available: data for operation with viscous liquid
Required: data for operation with water
Calculation chart: see page 44

0.9+-+ r-.
H
I't:--t:-- I---
0.' +-+--H-i--+
,
,,1''-
0.'
r-:: I'-. '- "
Io't-H-+-+-+-H-f--I-I- -- - I-- --- """,;;C-f-.2I'-d-+-H

0.4 --- --- -10
,.
0
28
.". we.t'
-
Qwopt Q
,I,::
-'0.' t-H--+-+-+--I
45 30 "120'
0.'
nq.w
'"0
1/ / ,X/ r/ 1/
,,,
1/ / 1/. /
000
/ / / 1/. r/ V
1000
/
G./
.J' (/
1/
1500
2000
'"00
1/
1/,
. -ff!AIf--Jt-t

N l/ r/ ./
1/
/
1/
3000

r-..:
1/
'Ii' '/
r/ y//
1/
/
/ 1/ '/ /
;<''''
'/IA
-
/(7
,/ r/,
/.V 1/,
/,1/.
1//1/,
/ '/V/
/
//
/ / 'I,
'/ '/ /
'IXI
/ /1/ 1/ 1/ 'I.
/
, , .
1//, /.
"
20 30 40 50 '" Ih
iI! /,r/
100 200 300 400 1000 2000 3000 4000 10000
0.3 0,10 0.6
-.L! I ! I! !
1
I I
4
, I
5
,! ,
10
"I
lis :10
I,
30
I

I
50
I
100
,I
200
!
100
I
400 6DO
! I
1000
I
lODO
I
rna I
Capacity QZ,Belr, OW,opt in h;;
42
nb,Pumps
Q.Jv8lves
_KSB
9.12 GraphforCalculatingSpecificSpeedn
q
I
..

I
I
960 1450 2900
3000
10000
1/
8000
2000
/
I
6000
1.

s
h
4000
1000
3000
800
800
2000
400
"
'"'
IX'/
300
1000
800
" 't-
0

200
_p.-rr;o
800 ,,-,'
o? ...::1.
500
C:!-...'Ii
"
<>
'00

300
80
,
300
400 400
a
a
a
80
200

200

0 "- 'l.
lImln
0

40
V
30
100
"-
"
IV
"
'00
80

X
"
v 60
/0:
20
60 "

60
,<>
3
40
40
IA"
10
'"
30
30
8
it)

8

20 'l
20
=-
vv

./
-
4
'y

,
3
:/ '0
10
8
"V
,
,<><>

6
2
-
6
8

4
4
500 600 700800 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 4000lImin 6000 6000 10000 15000 20000 25000
I I 1 Speed n
960 1450 2900
Equations Units
Qapl HOPI n n
q
9 9.81
n = n .-/Oopll 1
q
m
3
/s m l/min l/min
(H
opt
11) 31'
n 333. n.-v'Qopt
m
3
/s m 1Is 1 m/s
2
DIN 24260
q (g .H
opt
)31'
n
q
5.55 . n .-v'Qopt
m
3
/s m l/min 1 m/g
2
(g .Hopt)31'
All equations give numericallyequal results.
With multistagepumpsusethestage head.
1 With double-entryimpellerpumpsuseonlyhalfthecapacity.
Example: Q
opt
= 66 m
3
/h 18.3 lis; n= 1450l/min;Hopi = 17.5 m. Established: no = 23 l/min
43
n Pomp'
a.Jvalvee bo
_KSB
Typeseries QuotationNo.
C'""1b. Pumps
Q.Jvalves
Rated speed Item No.
KSB
1/min
SchedulelorCalculatingtheOperatingPointandPumpSizelorHandlingViscousLiquids.
Operating Point
To determine the newoperating data it isalso necessaryto
Availabledata: calculatethedataatb.e.p.
Capacity Q
w
lis Capacity OWOO!!) lis
Head H
w
m Head HW,ODl
1
) m
Speed n 1/min Efficiency
tlw oot 1) -
Kinematicviscosity
Vz m
2
/s I) lromIndividualcharacteristiccurve
Density
pz
kg/dm
3
Gravitational constant
9
9.81 m/s
2
Procedure
n
q
,w from graph in 1/min
section 9.12

from section -
9.10
-

fn,w
-
0/00 I

0 0.8 1.0 1.2 -

from curve 0 lis
H
I::IYL

bookletfor
4 points
on curve
0
m
-

------.........
Qz=Qw'fa w
H
z
=
0
=H
w
= Hwf
H
w1,03 =Hwf
HW
=Hwf
HW
lis
H
w
T)z = T)W'f
11
,w
pz=pzgHzQz
0
') m
-
kW
Theee values mean
4 pointson QH
z
and
Q11z line plus 3 points
on theOP
z
line are
established.
PloUed overQ.
'lIwopt
'w
."
'Hz
o.aQ
WOpl
QWOPI 1.2Q
wopt
Q
2) IfHz>H
w
, useHz= Hw Calculation in graphicform
Pump Size
Availabledata:
Capacity
Q z Selr
lis
Head
Hz Setr
m
Kinematicviscosity Vz m
2
/s
Density
pz
kg/dm
3
Procedure
nselected 1/min
na.w 3) from section 9.12 1/min

,
from section 9.11
-
1
Hz - H
w

HzBev.
Q _ QZ,Betr
lis
W,Betr - 1 Z
0
'w
H - HZ,Betr
W,Setr - 1 Z
m
OzBlv. Ow Bltr.
H
3) whereQZ,Selr = Q opt ) approx.
Q
Hz, Belr = Hept
Calculation in graphic form
44
I
nb,Pum
Q.JV8lvea
_KSB
Notes
I .
-------------------------_. __._-
i
45
-
Notes
,
46
Divisions
Gate and Globe Valves Division
Globe valves with soft or metallic seat, gate valves, ball valves,
swing check valves, non-return valves and actuated valves
for building services, industrial applications, chemical and
process engineering as well as for conventional and nuclear
power stations.
Sector: Building Services
location and factory: Frankenthal
Sector: Industrial Enginnering, Conventional and Nuclear
Power Stations
Location and factory: Pegnitz
Butterfly Valves Division
Butterfly valves with soft and metallic seat, swing check valves
and actuators for building services, industrial applications,
chemical and process engineering as well as for conventional
and nuclear power stations.
Location: Bagnolet
Factory: la Roche Chalais
Building Services Division
Heating and industrial water pumps. Submersible motor pumps
for the handling of sewage, eftluent and faeces lifting plants,
pumps for water supply, complete pump sets for pressure
boosting and fire-fighting, pumps for irrigation and sprinkling,
garden pumps. Systems for pump speed control.
Location: Courbevoie
Factories: Frankenthal, Neuvy, Pegnitz
Engineered Pumps Division
Centrifugal pumps for conventional and nuclear power plants:
boiler feed and circulating pumps, condensate pumps, main
coolant pumps, reactor feed pumps, cooling water pumps,
pumps for seawater desalination plants, pumps for onshore
and offshore applications as well as for refineries and the
petrochemical industry.
location: Frankenthal
Factories: Frankenthal, Annecy
New Technologies
Development and manufacture of new pump types, valves,
systems and electronic controls as well as engineering
services in the fields of hydrodynamics, materials technology,
measurement techniques, open and closed loop control,
plastics technology, cold-drawing methods for chrome nickel
steel, machine dynamics, product and packing design, patent
rights.
location: Frankenthal
Factories: Frankenthal, CMteauroux
Environmental Engineering Division
Pumps for the treatment of municipal effluents (purification
and transport), industrial ettluents, surface drainage (shore
protection, locks, lifting plants), aquaculture, agriculture
(storage and transport of liquid manure), drainage In deep
mining, delivery of cooling water and clean water. Planning,
optimization, rehabilitation, supply, installation and commis-
sioning of pumping stations for clean water and effluents.
Components and systems for sewage treatment. Services to
the planners and operators of the plants.
location: Frankenthal
Factories: Pegnitz, Bremen, Lille
Industrial and Process Pumps Division
Standardized pumps and mUlti-stage pumps tor heat transfer
and industrial water. Process pumps for the chemical and
petrochemical industries, for refineries, high-temperature
heating systems and cryogenics. Pumps for flue gas desul-
phurization plants and for air and gas purifiers. Non-clogging
centrifugal pumps tor paper, cellulose, sugar and foodstuffs
industries and for the handling of solids.
Location: Pegnitz
Factories: Pegnitz, CMteauroux, Deville, Frankenthal
Water Pumps Division
Multi-stage submersible motor pumps for municipal and
industrial water supply, irrigation, building services, offshore
and mining applications as well as all special appliccdions.
Borehole shaft-driven pumps for irrigation, water supply, fire-
fighting, and industrial applications.
Single-stage bearing pedestal mounted pumps for irrigation
duties.
Vertical propeller pumps for irrigation, water supply and
agricultural drainage duties.
Horizontal and vertical multi-stage pumps for irrigation and
water supply systems.
Location: Courbevoie
Factories: Homburg (Saar), CMteauroux, Annecy
Telephone: (06233) 86-0
'b.)'" """,",.",,,,""
Postfach 1725 Fax: (06233) 863401
D-6710 Frankenthal Teletex: 62333=KSBFT