2007 H2 Combined Solutions

2007 H2 Prelims Structured Questions
2007 AJC H2 Solutions
Solutions to AJC 2007 Physics Prelim Paper 2 Ans 1m 1(a)(i) As the apple is released from the balloon, it is traveling at the same speed of the balloon at the moment of release. Apples speed at moment of release = 2.0 m s1
(ii) (iii)
Apples acceleration = 9.81 m s2 (experiencing free fall) Using s = ut + a t2, () 200 = 2.0 t + (9.81) t2 t2 4.0/9.81 t 400/9.81 = 0 Using x =
Ans 1m Subs 1m Conversion 1m Answer 1m
b b 2 4ac , we get t = 6.59 s or 6.18 s (N.A) 2a

Incorrect for (a 1 & 2) 0 m s1 4.0 m s2
Initial speed of apple Acceleration of apple Part (a 3) marking scheme
Correct for (a 1 & 2) 2.0 m s1 9.81 m s2 Any wrong values subs subs convrs ans 1
(0, 4)
(2, 9.81) subs convrs ans 2
(0, 9.81) or (2, 4) or (0, any other values) subs convrs ans 1
Marks
subs convrs ans 2
1(b) At constant speed, net F acting on object is 0 N. Weight of object = resistive force (78) (9.81) = k (62) 2 k = 0.199 Base unit of F = (Base units of k) (Base units of v2) Base units of k = (kg m s2) / (m2 s2) = kg m1
Mthd 1m Ans 1m Mthd 1m Ans 1m
2 (a) The direction of the object changes continuously and hence there is a change in velocity of the object. [1] Based on Newtons first law, this means that there must be a force acting on the object. [1] Since the speed remains unchanged, this force cannot have a component tangential to the circle. This implies that the force is perpendicular to the velocity/displacement of object (so towards centre of circle). [1] (b) (i) Horizontal component of L must be directed towards centre [1]
centre Length of vector L must be longer than vector W and vertical components of L must equal that to W [1]
W vertically downwards from CG of plane [1]
(ii) Resultant force = centripetal force = mv2/r = (5.0 104)(0.20 103)2 / (15 103) = 1.3 105 N [1] Direction = towards centre of (horizontal) circle [1]
3(a) Two sources are said to be coherent if the waves emitted from them have the same frequency and have a zero or constant phase difference. [1]
(b) (i) slit separation 1.0 mm Use fringe separation, x = D/d x = 1.04 mm [1] [1]
(ii) 1. the bright fringes would be less intense [1] 2. the bright fringes would be less intense [1] and the dark fringes would not be completely dark [1] 3. fringe pattern will appear and disappear at every half cycle of rotation [1] 4. fringe separation would be reduced [1] colour of fringes would be yellow [1]
4(a)
I = 2.0/(1.0 + 5.0) = 0.33 A [1]
(b)(i) Vxy =
5.0 (2.0) 5.0 + 1.0

[1]
= 1.67 V
XP = 1.5/1.67 = 0.90 m [1] (ii) V10 =
10 (1.5) = 15 10 + r 10 + r
[1]
VXY 1.0 = V10 0.75
1.67(10 + r ) 1.0 = 15 0.75

r = 1.97 = 2.0
[1] [1]
5(a)(i)
0.01
/ wb
t/s
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
= BL( vt ) = (2.0)(5.0x10 2 )(1.0) t = 0.1t

Max is reached when t = (10 x 10-2)/1.0 = 0.10 s
max
10x10 2 a = 0.1 = 0.1 1.0 = 0.01 wb v
Time interval for constant magnetic flux = (15.0 -10.0) x 10-2 / 1.0 = 0.05 s 1 mark for general shape of graph, 1 mark for the correct interval (0.10 s to 0.15 s) for constant magnetic flux 1 mark for labelling the Max (ii) E/V
0.1
t/s
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
-0.1
E=
0.01 = = 0.1 V t 0.10
1 mark for general shape of graph, 1 mark for labelling the Max E (b)

When the rod QR cuts the magnetic field, an induced current flows in it. the magnetic force on QR is in opposite direction (by Flemings left-hand rule) and equal in magnitude to the applied force. [3]
(c) External force on QR, Fext = FB = BIL
I=
E 0.1 = = 0.00625 A R 16
[1]
Hence Fext = BIL = (2.0)(0.00625)(5.0 x 10-2) = 6.25 x 10-4 N = 6.3 x 10-4 N
[1] [1]
6(a) a quantum of electromagnetic energy [1] (b) - not traveling in direction of crystal - some pass through the crystal [1] for a sensible suggestion (c) (i) 1. 1.3 1.5 cm [1] 2. smooth curve drawn through points [1] acceptable line as tangent, length at least half length of curve [1] gradient = 0.07 cm-1 0.01 [1] correct unit [1] (ii) Q takes the same distance to halve in value [1]
(d) (i) fraction of total number of photons directed towards crystal [1] becomes smaller as x increases [1] (ii) for low photon energies, all photons directed towards crystal are absorbed [1] high energy photons can penetrate crystal [1] (e) (i) when S is in contact with the crystal [1] only half of all emissions move towards the crystal [1] (ii) if S is at the bottom of the well [1] some photons directed backwards will be detected [1] so efficiency will increase [1]
2007 Prelim H2 Paper 3 Solutions 1 a) (i) Work is done when a force moves its point of application in the direction of the force. The work done by a force is the product of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force. [2] (ii) power is the work done (or energy converted) per unit time. (b) (i) lead particles fall and lose potential energy (as tube is inverted), this is converted to kinetic energy. Kinetic energy converted into heat energy on impact. [2] (ii) 1. Total change in potential energy = 50 x mgh = 50 x 0.025x 9.81 x 1.2 = 14.7 J
[1]
2. Q = mc 14.7 = 0.025 x c x 4.5 c = 130.7 J kg-1 K-1 2 (a) Maximum possible upthrust = (1.0 X 103)g(0.15) (1)
[1]
[1]
(b) Weight of dinghy and n children on it = (5.0 + 30n)g, where n is the number of children in the dinghy (1) To stay afloat, Weight of dinghy and n children Maximum possible upthrust (1) (5.0 + 30n)g (1.0 X 103)g(0.15) n 4.83 n=4 (1) 3(a)(i) The gravitational force exerted on a 1kg (or a unit) mass on the surface (or near to the surface) of Mars is 3.7 N [1] and is an attractive force. [1] (ii) By Newtons 2nd Law, F = ma where F = Gravitational force on mass m and a = acceleration of free fall For 1 kg mass, 3.7 = (1)a a = 3.7 m s-2 [1]
(b)(i) Area between horizontal axis and graph
[1]
(ii) estimated no of squares = 206 (accepted range: 202-210) [1] 1 square : (0.5 106) 0.1 = 5 104 J kg-1 estimated energy required for a mass of 1 kg to escape from the gravitational field of Mars = estimated area = 206 5 104 [1] = 1.0 107 J (iii) k.e. at surface of planet = estimated energy required for a mass of 1 kg to escape from the gravitational field of Mars Hence (1/2)(1) v2 = 1.0 107 Escape speed v = 4.5 103 m s-1 [1] [1]
(iv) By conservation of energy, kinetic energy of mass is converted to gravitational potential energy as the mass travels further away from Mars. To escape from gravitational field of Mars, the mass has to travel to a large distance away from Mars, Hence, k.e. at surface of Mars + G.P.E at surface of Mars = G.P.E. + k.e at infinity ------ idea for conservation of energy [1] 2 (1/2)mv + (- GMm/r) = 0 v = (2GM/r)1/2 Escape speed is independent of mass [1] Escape speed = 4.5 103 m s-1 (c) 1. Gravitational pull from Earth is much stronger than that from Mars. So less fuel needed for rocket to accelerate towards Earth on the return journey. [1] 2. Escape speed from Mars is less than that from Earth. So less fuel needed for rocket to reach an initial speed required to leave Mars than to leave Earth. [1] 4ai) The total kinetic energy of both vehicles is conserved. OR: The relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of separation. The subsequent motion of the two vehicles are collinear. Relative spped of separation = relative speed of approach Mthd 1m vc vt = (vc vt) = [(188) 40.5] = 228.5 m s1 Ans 1m
Ans 1m
4aii) 4b)
Ans 1m
4c)
By conservation of momentum, () mt vt + mc vc = mt vt + mc vc (3200)(40.5) + (200)(188) = (3200)vt + (200) vc 92000 = 3200vt + 200 vc 460 = 16vt + vc From (a), velocity of separation = vc vt = 228.5 Solving the 2 equations, vc = 242.1 = 242 m s1 & vt = 13.62 = 13.6 m s1
----(1)
Mthd 1m Mthd 1m
----(2) Ans 1m + 1m
OR 4c)
By Conservation of Kinetic Energy (3200)(40.5)2 + (200)(188)2 = (3200)( vt)2 + (200)( vc)2 61588 = 16 vt2 + vc2 Mthd 1m
Mthd 1m
From (a), velocity of separation = vc vt = 228.5 vc = 228.5 + vt Substituting, we get vc = 242.1 = 242 m s1 & vt = 13.62 = 13.6 m s1 5 (a)
Ans 1m + 1m
At low temperature, valence band remains full, conduction band empty and the semiconductor is an insulator. [1] Conductivity increases with temperature because some valence electrons acquire thermal energy greater than the energy gap[1] and hence move into the conduction band to become free (conducting) electrons. [1] n-type silicon is doped with phosphorus (pentavalent atom) n-type silicon has free electrons (rather than positive holes) n-type silicon has a lattice of positive ions (any TWO of the above, 1 mark each) DO NOT accept n-type is negative, p-type is positive
(b)
[2]
(c)
In junction, movement of electrons to holes (and holes to electrons) leaving the n-type positive (and the p-type negative). This depletion layer is widened when the n-type is made positive with a battery, so no current but decreased when the n-type is made negative allowing continual removal of electrons from the p-type region and supply of electrons to the n-type region. [4]
OR
In forward bias, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type of the junction & the negative terminal to the n-type. The height of the potential barrier at the junction will be lowered (by the applied forward voltage). Holes cross the junction to the n-type and electrons (cross the junction) to the p-type and constitute a current. The width of the depletion region will decrease. [2] In reverse bias, the negative terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type of the junction & the positive terminal to the n-type. The height of the potential barrier at the junction will be raised (by the applied reverse voltage). Hence majority carriers cannot cross the junction resulting in no current. The width of the depletion region will increase. [2] 6.(a)(i) 1. Simple harmonic motion is a motion where the acceleration is propotional to the displacement and directed opposite to it. [2] 2
acceleration
displacement
[1] (ii) 1.
v =( xo2 x2 )1/2 0.3 = (2/T) ( 0.102 0.062 )1/2 T = (2/0.3) (0.0064)1/2 = 1.676 = 1.7 s vmax = xo = (2/1.676)(0.10) = 0.375 = 0.38 m s-1 Fnet = ma W N = ma N = W ma = m (g-a)
[1]
[1] [1] [1]
2.
(iii)
[1]
When N = 0 as the mass losses contact with the platform, [1] a=g g = 2xo xo = g/2 = 9.81 / (2/1.676)2 = 0.6976 = 0.70 m [1] [1]
(b) (i) When the frequency of wave generated by the earthquake is equal to the natural frequency of the building, resonance occurs where the vibration amplitude is the greatest. [1]
amplitude of vibration of the building
[1]
frequency of earthquake fo natural frequency of the building

(ii) The maximum aplitude will be lowered. The resonant frequency may be shifted to the left. All amplitudes at the different frequencies will be lowered. [3] (c) (i) dsin = n [1] 1/400000 (sin) = (1)(570 10-9) o = 13.179 tan = x/2 tan 13.179o = x/2 x = 0.468 = 0.47 m
[1]
(ii) Now there are 200 lines per mm, thus d will increase. With increase in d, each of the th n orders found on the screen will be closer to the central maximum/ more orders can be seen [1] and the intensity maximums are less bright. [1] 7 (a) (i) 1. Electric field strength E: force per unit positive charge (at the point in the field) [1] 2. Electric potential V: work done per unit positive charge in bringing the charge from infinity to the point in the field. [1]
(ii) E =
dV dV where is called the potential gradient (in the x-direction) dx dx
[1]
Negative sign indicates that the direction of electric field strength is in the direction of the decreasing potential. [1] (b) (i) 1, 2, 3. y
EA
[1]
x ER [1]
EB
[1]
A +Q
B -Q
Fig. 7.1
(ii)
EA = EB =
1 Q 40 r 2
[1]
ER = 2 (
1 Q cos 60) 4 0 r 2
[1]
= 8.99 x 109
Q r2
1 Q 1 Q + 4 0 r 4 0 r
[1]
(iii)
Potential at C =
[1]
=
V d
[1]
(c) (i)
E =
[1]
50,000 =
300 Vu 12 10 3 - 300 V
[1] [1]
Vu =
(ii) 1. ke lost = EPE gained 1 m v2min = eV 2

1 (9.11 x 10-31) v2min = (1.6 x 10-19) x 600 2
[1]
[1]
vmin = 1.45 x 107 m s-1 2. F = = = eE (1.6 x 10-19)(50,000) 8.0 x 10-15 N
[1]
[1]
Direction: vertically downwards. or directed vertically towards the lower plate 8(a) (i)
[1]
electron in an atom have specific energy [1] electron falls from one energy level to a lower energy level with release of electromagnetic wave of certain frequency ( or loss of energy during transition release a photon of frequency f = E / h). [1] certain frequencies only therefore line spectra [1] atoms must be in gaseous form [1] electrons at high energy states implies gas at high temperature [1] 1. E = 0.65 eV [1] 2. E = 0.65 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J x 0.65 = 1.04 x 10-19 J [1] f = E / h [1] f = 1.6 x 1014 Hz [1]
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
1. five absorption lines [1] 2. n = 2 to n = 1 only [1]
(c) (i)
Speed is well below speed of light, hence momentum can be found from its nonrelativistic formula: p = px = m v = (9.11 x 10-31 kg)(2.05 x 106) = 1.868 x 10-24 kg m s-1 [1] p / p = 0.5/100 p = 9.34 x 10-27 kg m s-1 [1]
hence
6.63 10 34 / 2 h = = 5.65 10 9 m 2 p 2 9.35 10 27
[1]
(ii)
x is about 100 atomic diameters [1] which implies the electron do not have a sharply defined position and that it is found with equal probability [1] anywhere along the x-axis.
(d) (i)
k=
8 2 m (U E ) = h2
8 2 (9.11 10 31 )(6.8 5.1)(1.6 10 19 ) = 6.67 10 9 m 1 [1] 34 2 (6.63 10 )

[1]
T e -2kd = e 10.0 = 45 10 6
(ii)
In the case of the electron, its transmission coefficient means for every 1 million electrons, 45 will tunnel through [1] but the transmission coefficient for the proton is so enormously reduced that for every 1 million protons practically none [1] will be able to tunnel through.
CJC H2 Prelim Solutions 2007
CJC Physics Preliminary Examinations 2007 Paper 1
1 2 3
C C C
v = (0.62 + 0.82) = 1.0 m s-1, s = v t = (1)(5) = 5 m Assume 1 heartbeat per second, 1 hour = 3600 sec 3600 heartbeats 103

Mg
Component of weight down the slope = Mg sin Net force = Mg sin = Ma When M = m, mg sin = ma, hence a = g sin When M = 2m, 2mg sin = 2ma, hence a = g sin . There is no change in the acceleration a. a will only change when changes. 4 B Distance traveled before brakes are applied = 13 x 0.7 = 9.1 m v 2 u 2 0 13 2 Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as, s = = = 18.8 m 2a 2( 4.5 ) Total distance traveled = 9.1 + 18.8 = 27.9 m. Hence he stops 27.9 25 = 2.9 m beyond the line.
The free-body diagrams on A and B are as below. T B 12 N 12 N 40 N A T F Since A is pulled with constant velocity, A and B does not accelerate. Hence for body B, T = 12 N For body A, F + T + 12 = 40, F = 40 12 12 = 16 N 6 D Area under F t graph gives us the impulse acting on the body. Total impulse from t = 75 ms to t = 150 ms is equal to area of two trapeziums, = (60 +80) (25) + (80 + 40 ) (50) = 4750 N ms = 4.75 N s F t = m v, 4.75 = 0.2 x (v 15), v = 38.9 m s-1 7 C Vertical height of liquid above point X = 2 x l sin 45O = l 2
gl = P g(l 2) = P, hence P = P 2
F t = m (v u) (6)(4) = (2) (v 0) 24 = 2v v = 12 m s-1 Kinetic energy = m v2 = (2) (12)2 = 144 J By definition, gravitational field strength = gravitational force per unit mass GMm/r2 = m2r GM/r2 = (2/T)2 r T2 = (42 / GM) r3 T r 3/2 The force which the hinge exerts on the shelf must satisfy two conditions. 1. Provide an anti-clockwise moment about the CG of the shelf to counterbalance the clockwise moment due to the tension in the chain about the same point. 2. Provide a horizontal force to the right to counterbalance the horizontal force to the left due to the tension in the chain. Only force D satisfies the above two conditions.
9 10 11
B B D
12
Resolving vertically, N cos = mg --------------------(1) Resolving horizontally, N sin = m2r ---------------(2) (2)/(1) tan = v2/gr All of the three equations are correct and possible. Triple point of water is precisely at 0.01oC and reproducible with simple lab apparatus easily. In one minute, energy supplied would raise temperature by 4 K In 40 minutes, energy supplied would raise temperature by 160 K That is, Q = m L = m c (160 K) c / L = 1 / 160 K A Barton's Pendulums experiment demonstrates the physical phenomenon of resonance and the response of pendulums to vibration at, below and above their resonant frequencies. E = m 2 A2 In general, Ex = m 2 (A2 x2) At A/2, E1 = m 2 (A2 [A/2]2) = m 2 (A2 A2 /4) = m 2 (3A2/4) = 3E/4 Diffraction is the "Bending of wavefronts around obstacles. During diffraction, the wavelength should remain constant. We may use Huygens rule: Each point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets. The combination of these secondary wavelets produces the new wavefront in the direction of propagation. Using Young Double Slits formula, x = D/a Increasing would increase x, the fringe spacing Time taken = 2 seconds to move one cm Speed = distance / time = 1 / 2 = 0.5 cm s-1 At P, the intensity appears 4 times as bright as a single source. The intensity alternates between bright and dark, or sinusoidally at high
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
frequency, although it is easily observable. 21 D C is incorrect because the arrows of field lines at the right-hand charge are pointing at two different directions. D is relatively correct although it only shows the upper half of the field lines between the two point charges. Using F = ma eE = m a a = e(V/d) / m = 5.3 X 1017 m s-2 Total energy dissipated = total energy generated by the battery = 2500 + 1500 = 4000 J E = W/ Q = 4000/ 2000 = 2.00 V
A 1.1l = v 1.1 1.1l l Resistance of new wire= = 1.2 R = R' = 1.12 A A 1.1 R= l A
22 23
D D
24
Since vol is constant,
25
When the resistance of the top resistor is maximised to R, potential difference between X and Y = 3.0 V When the resistance of the top resistor is minimised to 0, potential difference between X and Y = 0 V
26
Read the below from right to left.
E.m.f. 240 V internal resistance 10 Series, total 100 Parallel with 300 , total 75
Series, total 150 Parallel with 75 , total 50 Series with 10 , total 60 Parallel with 60 , total 30
Total resistance of circuit = 30 + 10 = 40 I = V / R = 240 / 40 = 6.0 A
27
Using right hand grip rule, B field at P has a component acting upwards, using Flemings Left Hand rule, force is out of the page. Using Flemings Left Hand rule, force is east wards. Speed v of the proton can be calculated using mv2 = 5 x16 x10-13. x 1.6 x10-27 v2 = 5 x16 x10-13. solve for the value of v Sub into equation F = B q v = 7.4 x10 -12 N Faradays Law of EMI, induced e.m.f. equal to rate of change of flux linkage E= change of flux linkage/time =NB(A2-A1) cos 22.5/time =8x 50 x10-6 (0.124-0.120)cos 22.5 /1.59 =0.93 x10-6 V Using equation Q= change of flux linkage /Resistance =[NAB-(-NAB)]/R =2NAB/R =2 x50 x0.02x0.25/100 =0.005 V
P I V P = I V , < P >= o = o o o o o 2 2
28
29
30
31
32
< P >= I 2 R rms 20 2 I = rms 5
rms
=2A
33
Of the three energy levels, Z is the lowest and Y is the lowest, hence produces radiation of the shortest wavelength of 200nm. Energy of photon of blue light is higher than that of red, hence the number of photons of blue light must be lesser than that of red light, since the power of both beams are the same. E = qV = hc/ = hc/qV It could be debatable that Beta Decay should be explained by Electroweak theory. (Out of Syllabus) The important concept: A barrier, may be a form of energy state, analogous to a "hill" or incline in classical mechanics, which would suggest that passage through or over such a barrier would be impossible without sufficient energy. Hence, the term used is energy barrier or potential barrier rather than physical barrier. The closer the path to the nucleus, the greater the angle of scattering. It should occur when it is relatively nearer to the nucleus. By conservation of momentum, the Thorium, the heavier nucleus, will have a slower speed and smaller amount of kinetic energy. The alpha particle, will have a higher speed, and greater amount of kinetic energy.
34
35 36
A D
37
38
39
Energy of the pulse = 40 x 30 x 10-3 = 0.12 J Let n be the no. of photons emitted E=nh n=
E
hc
= 3.74 x 1017
40
Electrons and holes are urged towards the p-n junction causing the depletion layer to narrow.
Paper 2
1(a)(i)
u = 10 ms 1, a = 9.81 ms 2 , s = 5 m s = ut + 1 2 at 2 1 5 = 10t (9.81)t 2 2
4.905t 2 10t 5 = 0 t= ( 10) ( 10) 2 4(4.905)( 5) 2(4.905) = 2.45 s
OR v 2 = u 2 + 2as = 10 2 + 2(- 9.81)(-5)

= 198.1 m 2 s -2 v = 14.1 ms -1
v = u + at v - u 14.1 10 = a 9.81 = 2.45 s 1 mgh = initial total energy 4 1 1 = mgh 0 + mu 2 4 2 2 1 u h = h0 + 4 8g t=

1 10 2 5 + 4 8 9.81 = 2.52 m = OR Let un be the velocity before the nth impact vn be the velocity after the nth impact
(ii)
KEn be the kinetic energy after the nth impact KE0 be the kinetic energy before the 1st impact KE1= KE0 1 11 2 2 mv 1 = mu1 2 42 1 v 1 = u1 2 1 = (- 14.1) 2 = 7.04 ms -1 v 2 = u 2 + 2as 0 = 7.04 2 + 2(- 9.81)s s = 2.52 m (iii)
1 1 2 mgh = mu 1 4 2 1 = mu 2 128
h= = u2 128g
14.12 128 9.81 = 0.158 m (b)(i) u x = 15 cos 45 O s x = R cos 30 O sx = ux t t= = sx ux
R cos 30 O 15 cos 45 O 1
= 0.0816 R (ii)
u y = 15 sin 45 O s y = R sin 30 O
a y = 9.81 ms 2 sy = uyt + 1 ayt2 2
1 R sin 30 O = 15 sin 45 O t + ( 9.81)t 2 2 2 R = 15 2 t 9.81 t = 21.2 t 9.81 t 2 (iii) Sub t = 0.0816 R into the above equation 1
R = 21.2 (0.0816 R ) 9.81 (0.0816 R ) 0.0654 R 2 0.732 R = 0 R = 0 (NA ) or R = 11.2 m

2(a)(i) (ii) (iii) W = sea water Ayg W = fresh water Azg sea water Ayg = fresh water Azg sea water z = fresh water y (iv) (b)(i)
Tension in string T F
1 1 1
1 1
No. Since the ship is floating, the upthrust on the ship must always be equal to its weight.
Tension in spring R
Weight = 2g
(ii)
1.2 m
0.2 m sin = 0.2 1.2
= 9.6 O R = ke = 10 (0.2 + 0.3)
=5N Resolving forces vertically, T cos = 2g

Resolving forces horizontally, F = T sin + R T sin = F R = F 5 (1)
(2)
(2) (1), tan = F5 2g
T sin F 5 = T cos 2g
F 5 = 2g tan F = 2 9,81 tan 9.6 O + 5 = 8.32 N 3(a) (i) (ii) 1. (ii) 2. (ii) 3.
(b)(i) (b)(ii)
1 1 1 1 2 (i)correct wave shape for pipe A; correct wave shape for pipe B; B1
Longitudinal wavelength = 0.5 m amplitude = 0.5 mm correct substitution into speed = frequency wavelength; to give v = 660 0.5 = 330 m s1
A A
(ii) correct marking of A and N for pipe A; correct marking of A and N for Pipe B;
A pipe A N pipe B
B1
(iii)
for pipe A, = 2L, where L is length of the pipe;

c c = f to give L = ; 2f
substitute to get L = 0.317 m;

(iv)
for 32 Hz, the open pipe will have a length of about 5 m; whereas the closed pipe will have half this length, so will not take up as much space as the open pipe Placed in vacuum so that the electrons are not scattered on its way to the anode, since mass of air molecule is so much larger than that of electron. Using the equation hf = work function + eV h x4.5 x 1014 = +1.6 x10-19 x0.25
4a (i) (ii)
1 1
h x6.5x 10 = +1.6 x10 x 1.00 Solve for values of h and work function h= 6.0 x 10-34 Js =2.3 x10-19 J 5 (a) Using PV = nRT P(0.10) = (1)(8.31)(273.15 + 40) P1 = 2600 Pa Using PV = nRT P(0.40) = (1)(8.31)(273.15 + 40) P2 = 650 Pa Or use P1V1 = P2V2 P2 = P1/4 = 650 Pa (b) (i) (ii) (c) (d) 6(a) after process 1 Change in internal energy = 0 J (No change in temperature) for one cycle Change in internal energy = 0 J (No change in temperature)
14
-19
1 1 1 3
1 1 2 3
Total work done = Area enclosed = 3610 (0.40 0.10)(650) = 1660 J U=Q+W=0 Q = W = (1660) = +1660 J (Heat flows into the system)
R/ 3800 3700 3600 3500 3400 3300 3200 3100 3000 2900 2800 2700 2600 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 T/ C
- Accuracy of Points plotted - Scale must be appropriate (Fit into space provided/ not too small) - Graph of R against T plotted - Labelled axis
1 1
(b)(i) (ii)
Best fit curve must be drawn. Curve must cover temp range from 0 C to 10 C. From graph, Resistance at 0 C = 3820 Resistance at 100 C = 2620 Straight line drawn and the variation with temp between 0 C and 10 C shown. (Straight line can be line of best fit) Temp at which resistance is 3060 = 6.3 C Difference in Temp = 6.3 5.2 = 1.1 C
1.1 100% 5.2 = 21.1%
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
(c) (d)(i) (ii)
(e)(i) (ii)
Refer to graph [Check for uncertainty in R and T] The experimental uncertainties can be linear as the uncertainty at 9.6 C takes into consideration values of the linear line. (Answer depends on the straight line student has drawn)
Paper 3A
1(a)(i) 1. T + 300 70 g = 70 a T 386.7 = 70 a 2. (ii) T 300 20 g = 20 a T 496.2 = 20 a (1) (2),
1 (1) 1 (2)
496.2 386.7 = 70 a 20 a 50 a = 109.5 a = 2.19 ms-2
Sub a = 2.19 ms-2 into (1) T = 70 (2.19) + 386.7 = 540 N (iii) (b)(i) R = 2T = 2 x 540 = 1080 N By conservation of momentum, Momentum before collision = Momentum after collision mu = (M+m)v v= (ii) m u M+m 1 1
1 1
Initial KE =
1 mu 2 2 1 Final KE = (M + m )v 2 2
10
1 m = (M + m) u 2 M+m m 2u 2 = 2 (M + m)
m 2u 2 Total KE at maximum compressio n 2 (M + m) = 1 Initial total KE mu 2 2 m = M+m (iii)
Total KE at maximum compressio n < 1 because some of the initial KE is now Initial total KE converted into elastic potential energy stored in the spring,
some of it is lost as heat when compressing the spring, manifested as the KE of the composite body. and the rest is
2a (i)
Work done on m converts to kinetic energy = F x s Kinetic energy = ma x s Since from kinematics v2 = u2 + 2as v2 - u2 = 2as Hence, kinetic energy = m (v2 - u2) /2
1 1
(b)(i)
Using power = F x velocity 180= F x15 ms-1 F friction = 12N On a slope F driving = F friction +mg sin 10 o F driving = 12 + 50 x9.81 sin 10 o Power = F driving x v =97.1 x15 =1460 W Vo = (1/4o)(Q/ro) ro = (1/4o)(Q/Vo) So ro = (9 x 109)(-2.2 x 10-11 / -10) = 0.0198 m = 1.98 cm 1 mark for curve shape; 1 mark for horizontal line
1 1 1 1 2
(ii)
3(i) (ii)
(iii)
11
- 10
4(a)
Pd across 4 resistor =
=8V
4 12 4+2
1 1
(b)
Let resistance of AB be R Pd across 3 resistor and AJ = 8 V 1 1
3 + 0.28 R 20 = 8 3 +R+ 2 20 (3 + 0.28 R) = 8 (R + 5) 60 + 5.6 R = 8 R + 40 2.4 R = 20 R = 8.33

Q5 (i)
P/ W
40
t/ s
- Correct value for max input power - Correct graph (ii)

V 240 Vrms = o = = 169.7 V 2 2 Np Vp 50 169.7 = = = Ns Vs 1 Vs
1 1 1 1
12
Vs = 3.39 V
(iii) 6(a)
Heat loss due to the resistance in the wire of the transformer. 1a. External energy source (eg. flashes of light or by high-voltage discharges) used to induce population inversion 1b. Majority of atoms are in the excited metastable state than in the grd state Population Inversion 2. The laser process begins when an excited atom spontaneously emits a photon parallel to the axis of the tube. 3. When this photon strikes an excited atom, it could stimulate the atom to emit another photon. [Explanation: These 2 photons, in turn, stimulate 2 more excited atoms, yielding 4 photons, the 4 photons yield 8, and so on. There is an exponential rate of increase.] 4. Mirrors (at both ends of the tube) repeatedly reflect the photons through the laser medium stimulation process multiply + maintain and enhance population inversion. 5. The partially reflective mirror at one end allows some of the photon to emerge from the tube to form the coherent laser beam. n-type: Electrons p-type: Holes For n- type doping, impurities with 5 valence electrons (eg. Arsenic) are added to an intrinsic semiconductor. Only 4 of the 5 valence electrons of each impurity atom will participate in the bonding. The impurities donate electrons to the semiconductor. The energy level of the extra electrons is usually very close to the base of the conduction band. Therefore, they require very little energy to transit to the conduction band. Hence n-type doping helps reduce the electrical resistivity of pure semiconductors and increase their conductivity. For p- type doping, impurities with 3 valence electrons (eg. Boron) are added to an intrinsic semiconductor. Only 3 of the 5 valence electrons of the impurity will participate in the bonding leaving a hole, associated with each impurity atom. The energy level of the extra holes is usually just above the top of the valence band. Hence it is easy for valence electrons to move into this hole as the impurities are seen to readily accept these electrons. Therefore, p-type doping helps increase the electrical conductivity of pure semiconductors.
1 1 1
1 1
b(i)
(ii)
Paper 3B
7(a)(i) (ii)
speed of object at Earths surface; so that it will escape from the gravitational field / travel to infinity; gravitational potential energy at Earths surface = ()
GMn Re
2 3
This amount of energy is required for probe to escape from earth.
13
However, the kinetic energy provided is not sufficient. (There is no need to calculate the escape velocity to obtain full marks; however if students provide the working, marks will be awarded) (b) (i) change = GMm
1 1 1 1 ; Accept GMm Re R R Re
(ii)
in orbit,
mv 2 GMm = 2 ; r r GMm 2 1 mv = ; 2 2R
(c)
idea of equating energies; Kinetic energy supplied on surface = ke in orbit + pe in orbit

3GMm GMm GMm GMm = + 4 Re 2R Re R
R = 2Re; height above surface = Re

(d) (i) probe collides with air molecules (inelastic); giving them kinetic energy and so probe loses energy; Greater density; Higher speed, Acceptable: shape, sizes, surface area, direction of flight of probe Not acceptable: mass (because question is on friction, so we are looking at factors affecting friction) (iii) Height becomes less Speed increases (e) Spin the probe Such that v = (rg) = 100 m/s The centripetal force acts on the foot of the astronaut, an equal and opposite force acts on the walls by the foot of the astronaut (Newtons 3rd Law) 8(a) (b) (i) Magnetic flux density B is defined as the force acting per unit current on a unit length of conductor placed at right angles to the magnetic field. Clock wise moment due to the mass m= anticlockwise moment due to the force acting on BC mg x AF = BIL x AB since AF = AB 2 3 2 2
(ii)
14
Hence mg = BIL B=mg/(IL) (ii) mg = BIL mg =(nI) IL 0.1x10-3 x9.81 =4 x 10-7 x 1800 x I2 x 0.025 I = 4.17A Acting down wards Fleming Left Rule BIL sin 30o = mg BIL sin 30o = (A x L x density) -3 1.8 x10 x I x sin 30 =10-6 x 7.9x103. I = 86.1 A
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(iii) (iv) (c)
(d)(i)
Flux/Tesla
(d)(ii)
1.0x102
T
1
E/V 0.1
0.1
0.15
t/s
Flux linkage = NAB = 1 x 50 x10-4 x 2= 0.01T Time take t for the coil to enter the field = 0.1/1 = 0.1 s Induced e.m.f. = gradient of the graph = 0.01/0.1 =0.1 V
(d)(iii)
Direction of induced current can be obtained using Fleming right hand rule When coil is entering current is flowing from S to Q anticlockwise When coil is leaving current is flowing from T to P current in clockwise direction. Force acting on the coil is F= BIL F =B L (E/R) = 2.0 x 0.05 (0.1/16) = 6.25 x10-4 N
1 1
(d) (iv)
1 1 1
15
9(a)(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (b)(i)
(53.7 0.3) 40 = 13.7 0.3 as (0.81 0.40) 10-8 = 4.1 10-9 m (0.81 0.40) 10-8 / 13.7 10-18 = 2.9 108 m s-1 0.1 10-8 m / (35 8) 10-18 = 3.7 107 m s-1 Initial momentum = 9.11 10-31 3.7 107 = 3.37 10-23 Ns Change in momentum = 6.74 10-23 N s to the left
1 1 1 1 2
3 1. Electron in a potential well must be considered as a wave function 2. the square of the amplitude of the wave function gives the probability of finding the electron at a point 3. the electron as a wave has a small probability of existing outside the well 4. unlike a particle which could not escape without gaining energy. 1
(ii)
(iii)
Using x p h/4 or h /2 or h E = (p)2/2m = 1.53 X 10-19 J, 6.12 X 10-19 J Gradient = 0.0857 year-1
(c)(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
= 2.718 X 10-9 s-1 e16.46 = 1.4 X 107 A = N N = A / = 5.18 X 1015 The gradient is equal to the decay rate and is independent of the amount of radioactive isotopes. What Mr. bean has recorded should be readings obtained from the GM detector. This should be regarded as count rate rather than activity K corresponds to background radiation 0.83 implies that 83% of the radiation was recorded by the GM tubes. The GM tubes are relatively well arranged, surrounding the disposed waste.
2 2 1 1 2
16
2007 HCI H2 Solutions
Hwa Chong Institution (College) 2007 C2 Preliminary Examinations H2 9745 Physics Suggested Solutions Paper 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D D C A B D B A D B 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 A D A A A C C B B C 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 C D B D D C C A D B 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B B D C B C C A C A
Paper 2
Q1 (a) Upthrust is the upward force exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in the fluid (due to the pressure difference in the fluid). (The magnitude of upthrust is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced) [1] (b) F = W U [1] [1]
= mg V fluid dg
= mg Vobj dg
m dg D d = mg (1 ) D = mg
(c) (i) By principle of moments: Fstandardx=Fsamplex [1]
ms tan dard g (1
0.17851(1
d Ds tan dard
) = msample g (1
d Dsample
[1] [1] [1] [1]
1.290 1.290 ) = msample (1 ) 8493 940.0 0.17873 0.17851 100% = 0.123% 0.17873
msample = 0.17873 kg
(ii) % error =
Q2 a) The Moon is moving in a direction that is tangent to a circle with its centre at the Earth. The gravitational attraction provided the centripetal force for the Moon to move in a circle around the Earth. [2]
Comment: Without the gravitational attraction towards the Earth, the Moon will move in a straight line. The gravitational attraction pulls the Moon towards the Earth in such a way that it keeps falling but never reaches the Earth, causing the Moon to circle round the Earth.
b) Work Done = (GPE at 300 km above the Earth) - (GPE at surface of the Earth)
GMm GMm [1] R+h R where M is Mass of the Earth, R is radius of the Earth and h is height of satellite above W =
the Earth
GMm R2 GM = gR 2 mg =
Hence
mgR 2 R W = + mgR = mgR1 (R + h ) R + h 6.38 10 6 = 8.43 10 8 J W = (300)(9.81) 6.38 10 6 1 6 6 6.38 10 + 0.3 10
[1] [1]
ci) In 12 hours, the satellite would have traversed an angle of 3 radians.
12 2 Hence orbital period, T = = 8h 3

GMm 4 2 mr 2 2 = = = m r m r r2 T2 T
2
[1] [1]
cii) Gravitational force = centripetal force [1]
GMT 2 r = 4 2
gR 2T 2 = 4 2
2
(9.81) 6.38 10 6 r = 4 2
) (8 3600)
= 2.03 10 7 m
[1]
Q3
(a)A is the intercept on the y-axis consistent with line drawn (or by implication); = 12.6 102 = 1.26 103 Pa m3 [1]
B is the gradient; (12.6 10.8) 10 2 = = 1.0 10 5 6 (0 18) 10

(b) B = 0; [2]
[1]
(c) horizontal line at PV = 1.26 103 Pa m3 (di) substitute into PV = A + BP PV = 1.26 103 + (-1.0 105 ) (6.0 107); = 660 Pa m3;
[1]
[2] [2]
(dii) difference = 1260 660 = 600 Nm;
Q4
(ai) (aii) Electric field strength E V/d = 5.0 x 106 / 500 = 1.0 x 104 V m-1 [1] The extent of the cloud (the linear dimension) is many times more than its distance from the Earths surface, so that the electric field between the cloud & the Earths surface may be regarded as uniform. [1] The charge carried by the drop must be opposite to the charge on the underside of the cloud, ie. positive, so that an upward force due to the field could be present to counter the gravitational pull of the Earth. [1] Net force on the raindrop = 0, weight of raindrop = electric force on the drop qE = mg [1] 3 -3 3 mg = (4/3) (d/2) ..g = (4/3) (2x10 /2) .(1000)(9.81)
(bi)
(bii)
q
(biii) (c)
= mg/E = 4.11 x 10-12 C
[1]
The air must be calm (which is unlikely to be the case!). There are no other forces on the drop. Upthrust, and air resistance from the air are neglected. [1] For the same height, the charge on the cloud is proportional to the potential difference between the cloud and the Earth. { QE V/d, Q V for the
same D.}
At V = 5.0 MV, Q = 475 mC, in magnitude At the verge of breakdown V = 1500 MV, Q = (1500/5)(475x10-3) = 142.5 C Mean discharge current = Q/t = 142.5 /120 x 10-6 = 1.19 x 106 A Q5 (a) [1] [1]
Lenzs law states that the polarity of the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) is such that it produces an effect to oppose the change in magnetic flux. [1] It is directly related to the law of conservation of energy because the induced current produces electrical energy due to an external force doing work against the opposing forces. By having to do work, energy is transferred from the external system. [1] As the magnet falls through the tube, at any point in the tube, there is a change in the magnetic flux produced by the magnet. Since aluminium is a conductor, according to Faradays law, this rate of change in the magnetic flux induces an e.m.f. [1] Since the tube is a closed circuit, the induced emf caused induced current to flow around the tube. [1] According to Lenzs law, the induced current is in the direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux. [1] As the magnet falls vertically, the change in flux below the falling magnet produces a repulsive force acting upwards (opposite to gravity) and the change in flux above the falling magnet produces an attractive force acting upwards. Thus, these upward forces
(bi)
slow down the fall of the magnet through the tube as there is a smaller net downward force as compared to the case of free fall magnet. [1] Alternative (using law of conservation of energy) As the magnet falls through the tube, at any point in the tube, there is a change in the magnetic flux produced by the magnet. Since aluminium is a conductor, according to Faradays law, this rate of change in the magnetic flux induces an e.m.f. [1] Since the tube is a closed circuit, the induced emf caused induced current to flow around the tube and electrical currents dissipate thermal energy as metal has resistance. [1] According to the law of conservation of energy, the kinetic energy of the magnet must have been transformed into the electrical energy of the currents, since energy can neither be created nor destroyed. [1] Thus, the magnet does not accelerate downwards but travels at constant speed as it does work to create the induced currents. [1] (bii) Use a stronger magnet. Use a lighter magnet. Use a tube of material with lower resistivity (e.g. copper, silver, gold). Use a tube with a thicker layer of aluminium. [Any two of the points - 2]
Q6
a) A laser beams power is incident on a smaller area and thus more intense. [1] A laser beams radiation energy is in the visible spectrum whereas a filament lamp radiates energy in the invisible spectrum as well. [1] b) Conduction band (almost empty) electrons holes Valence band (almost filled) Clearly labelled valence, conduction bands and small band gap [1] Indicating bands are almost empty/filled OR carriers in the bands [1] c) A electron in the valence band can absorb energy of the photon and be excited into the conduction band [1] This leads to more free electrons in the conduction band, and more holes in the valence band, reducing the resistivity. [1] d) The addition of boron which has only 3 valence electrons introduces available vacant energy levels very close to the top of the valence band. Electrons in the valence band can easily be thermally agitated to fill the acceptor energy level, creating holes in the valence band. [1] [1] Small band gap
Q7
a)
A = Ao exp( t ) ln A = ln Ao t
The gradient of the ln (A /s-1) against t graph will give the value for . ln (A /s-1) in 1990 = 16.80; ln (A/s-1) in 1997 = 16.20 [1] [1] [1]
16 .20 16 .80 7 365 24 3600
= 2.72 10 9 s 1
(b) T 1 2 =
ln 2
[1]
T 12 =
ln 2 = 2.55 10 8 s 9 2.72 10 = 8.1 yr
(c) At year 1997, ln (A /s-1) = 16.20 A = 1.10 x 107 s-1. The number of nuclei which ought to be present is
[1]
1.10 10 7 2.718 10 9 = 4.05 1015 N1 = A =
[1]
(d) The number of radioactive nuclei present at certain time is indicated by the activity, A (as A = N). To check the amount of radioactive material that has been removed, we have the check the activity of both lines at a single instance. This can be done by extrapolating any one of the two lines and checking the difference in the activity. Extrapolating the line after theft to 1997, the value of ln (A /s-1) after theft on 1997 is 16.00, corresponding to a value [1] of A = 8.89 x 106 s-1. The number of nuclei left after the theft is N 2 = The number of nuclei stolen is given by
8.89 10 6 = 3.27 1015 [1] 2.718 10 9

[1]
4.05 1015 3.27 1015 = 0.78 1015
(e) The gradient of the graph corresponds to the negative of the decay constant of the radioactive isotope. The decay constant is a characteristic that depends only on the type of radioactive isotope and is independent of the number of radioactive nuclides present. Both sections of the graph are natural log of the activity of the same type of radioactive isotope. [1]
Paper 3 Section A Q1
(a) (i) Lost in GPE = Gain in KE [1]
mgh = mv2 v = 9.9 m s-1

(ii)
[1] [1] [1] [1]
T mg = mv2 / r T = 80(9.81 + 9.92 / 5)

= 2350 N
(iii)
At this lowest position, the tension needs to support the whole weight [1] of the hero and at the same time provide the largest centripetal force [1] (v is he largest at the lowest point), hence it is most likely to break at this position. By conservation of linear momentum
(b)
(i)
mhero(9.9) = (mhero + mvillain)(vf)

(ii)
[1]
[1] In practice, friction might be present between the villain and the floor (external force), hence momentum will not be conserved in (b) (i). [1] Others: chandelier may be swinging, villain may have rotational motion.
vf = 5.28 m s-1
Q2
Tcos
T Tsin
mg
(a) (i) Horizontally, T sin = mv /r Vertically, T cos = mg Dividing 2 equations yields tan = v /rg and since v = r
2 2
[1] [1] [1]
tan = r2/g
(ii)
Since tan = r/l r/l = r2/g 2 hence l = g/
[1]
(b)
(i)
If there is a power surge we can assume that the current delivered to the motor increases and that the rotating shaft will spin faster.[1] Since increases from (a) (ii) we can see that l will decrease.[1] This means that the contact will slide up the variable resisitor thereby increasing the resistance in the circuit and reducing the current to the motor.[1] So the system has responded to the power surge by effectively chocking the increase and hence regulating the speed of the motor. Feasible If car slows down in rough terrain or uphill, more power will be delivered to the motor.[1] If car speeds up downhill, current drawn by motor will be reduced.[1] Not feasible - The system would only work effectively in a vertical position. - System could be quite cumbersome and take up a lot of space.[1]
(ii)
Q3
(a) (i) The net displacement at a given place/position is the vector sum of the individual displacements [1] which would have been produced by the individual waves. 1.
(ii)
x=
D
a
[1] (1) D>> a; (2) only for fringes must be close to the axis, or for light that are deviated at small angles from the
Two conditions: axis. 2. (b) (i) (ii) [1]
x=
450 10 9 4.00 = 2.3 10 4 m [1] 0.0080
Since the wavelength of red light is larger than blue light [1], the fringe separation will be larger, and the fringes will be further apart [1]. [background: White light is a continuous spectrum from about violet to red (400-700 nm). Each component wavelength forms its own fringe system. The fringe width increases with increasing wavelength, that is, red will have the widest fringe and blue the smallest fringe width.] The central fringe is generally white. [1]. The zeroth order fringes of all the wavelengths coincide at the centre where the path difference from the 2 slits is zero for all wavelengths! The combined central fringes remains white![1], The sides of the central fringes are likely to be more reddish. [1] This is because the wider red fringe extends beyond the narrower blue fringe. [1].
Q4
(a) (i) The electrostatic force is providing the centripetal force.
FE = FC e2 4 0 r 2 = mv 2 r
[1]
me 2 = m2v 2 4 0 r p=
(ii)
9.11 10 31 (1.6 10 19 ) 2 me 2 = = 1.2 10 24 kg m s-1 4 0 r 4 0 (1.5 10 10 )
[2]
If the momentum of the electron in the radial direction is fixed, then its uncertainty is zero. Using the uncertainty principle, the uncertainty in displacement would be infinite. However the above model has a fixed radius, has it violates the uncertainty principle. Or If the electron orbits with a fixed radius, then x = 0 . Hence xp = 0 and that violates the uncertainty principle which states that xp
h . 4
[2]
(b)
(i)
Since the total energy of the particle E is less than the potential barrier U0, the KE of the particle in region B would be negative (E U0) and hence the particle will not be able to penetrate the barrier and cannot be found at region C. 1.
(ii)
( x)
is called the probability distribution function. It describes how
the probability of finding a particle at different locations is distributed along a distance x or it gives the probability of finding a particle at a point. [1] 2. Since the wave function on the right of the barrier is non-zero [1], ( x )
2
will be positive. The particle has a small probability of penetrating the barrier and be found at C.
Section B Q5
(a) (i) any 2 of the following: monochromatic, high intensity, coherent, minimal divergence When an electron in an atom is in an excited state, it could de-excite to a lower energy level as a result of the interaction with a photon of energy equal to the energy difference between the two levels. A photon is emitted as a result. This is called stimulated emission.
(ii)
Key Point 1: excited electron interacts with photon and de-excites, emitting a photon. [1] Key point(s) 2: [1] for any one of the following points - incoming photon energy is equal to the energy difference between the excited and lower energy state - emitted photon has the same energy, phase and direction as the incident photon (iii) Population inversion is a condition where there are more atoms in the excited state as compared to ground state. [1] If there are more atoms in the higher metastable state than the ground state, on the whole, the number of photons that cause stimulated absorption is clearly much less than the number of photons that produce stimulated emission. [1] (rate of stimulated emission is larger than rate of spontaneous absorption) As such, a single stimulated emission event multiplies the number of photons by a factor of 2, and a series of stimulated emission events can cause a cascade or exponential increase in the number of photons emitted, resulting in amplification. [1]
(b)
(i)
E photon = h
3.00 10 8 J [1] 633 10 9 J
= 6.63 10 34 = 3.142 10 19
3.142 10 19 eV [1] = 1.60 10 -19 = 1.96 eV (to 3 s.f.)

(b) (ii) Let n be the rate of emission of photons.
I= n= =
nE photon A IA E photon
[1]
510010 3
10 4
)( )(0.50 10 )
4 19
3 2
3.142 10 = 3.19 1016 s -1 [1]

(b)(iii)
s -1 [1]
p photon =
6.63 10 34 = kg m s -1 [1] 9 633 10 = 1.05 10 27 kg m s -1

(c)(i) change in momentum of atom = change in momentum of photon = (1.05 10-27 0 ) kg m s-1 = 1.05 10-27 kg m s-1 [1]
(c)(ii)
v atom = =
p atom m p photon
m 1.05 10 27 = m s -1 [1] 27 20.18 1.66 10 = 3.13 cm s -1 [1]

(c)(iii) Let N be the number of photons absorbed. If each absorption slows down the atom by 3.13 cm s-1 (student can estimate 1 cm s-1 if the answer to part(c)(i) was not correct or not worked out), then
N=
v [1] v 10 5 3 N -1 10 5 s s -1 3 10 7 s -1 [1] 3 3 10 3 10
If the atom is to be stopped in 1 ms, then there must be N absorptions in 1 ms, leading to a rate of
v 10 5 Alternatively: N = 1 v rate 10 5 photons ms -1

Or rate
N 10 5 -1 photons s = photons s -1 10 8 photons s -1 3 3 10 10
(c)(iv) Key point1: Stating whether it is feasible (from data) Since the rate of absorption is about 107 s-1 and the rate of photon emission from a laser is far greater at about 1016 s-1, from this data, it seems feasible [1] for atoms to absorb enough photons from a laser beam to be slowed significantly. It is also correct to say that it is not feasible if students cite limitations, e.g. those in key point2 below. Key point2: Evidence of further thought / deeper analysis (any one of the following) - Not more than approximately 109 atoms can be cooled in 1 s. - Assuming that the probability of an atom absorbing a photon is more than 1 in 109. - Since atoms have discrete energy levels, only atoms with energy difference equal to the photon energy can absorb the laser light.
10
- After absorption of a photon, the atom needs to de-excite and emit the photon. It will then recoil with the same momentum, but at a random direction. Hence, it will speed up again and will stay cooled. - There is a factor of 109 times more photons than required for stopping the atom so the atom may absorb more than the required number of photons and gain momentum in the opposite direction and not be cooled. - Atoms need to be moving in the opposite direction to the photons momentum; if they were moving in the same direction, the absorption of the photon will make the atom speed up.
Q6
i) ii)
Irms = (48 x 10-3) /
2 = 0.034 A
2
[1] [1] [1]
mean power dissipated in the coiled copper wire, Pm = Irms R
= (48 /
iii) iv)
2 ) (8) = 9.2 mW
length of the copper wire in the magnetic field = N(2r) = (250)(2)(0.015) = 24 m (shown) [2] A current carrying wire placed perpendicular to a magnetic field would experience a force. [1] The circular magnet produces a radial magnetic field. An alternating current (signal) through the coiled copper wire results in the coil experiencing an alternating force. [1] As the coiled copper wire is attached to the paper tube, the loudspeaker cone would thus vibrate.[1] This causes the air particles around the cone to vibrate, creating regions of compressions and rarefactions. Energy is thus transferred through the air and this would be heard as sound. [1] Possible frequency of sound = 2000 / 2 = 1000 Hz [1]
v) vi)
Maximum magnitude of the force acting on the copper wire due to the magnetic field, Fmax = BImax l [1] = (3.6 x 10-2)(48 x 10-3)(24) = 0.041 N [1] To create higher frequency waves, the loud speaker cone must vibrate more quickly. [1] This is harder to do with a large cone because of the mass of the cone. [1] When a sound wave is produced by the speaker located at one end of the tube, it will propagate along the tube's volume until it hits the piston, where it is reflected back towards the speaker-end of the tube. [1] The piston can effectively alter the length of the tube, causing the incident and reflected waves within the tube to interfere in such a way as to maximize the amplitude of the sound waves. [1] When this occurs, the standing waves created within the tube are said to be in resonance and generate the loud sound. [1] When resonance first occur, L = / 4 Since v = f , [1] [1] [1]
vii) viii)
ix)
L = v / (4 f) = (340) / (4000)
= 0.085 m
11
Q7
(a) (i) 1. The half life of a radioactive isotope is the average time taken for half the number of atoms in the isotope to decay. [1] 2. The decay constant is defined as the fractional change in the number of atoms of a radionuclide that occurs per unit time. Note that
A dN 1 dN 1 = = . . . = N dt N N dt
[1]
Alternate The decay constant is defined as the probability of decay per unit time of atoms of a radionuclide. (a) (ii) The mass of -particles are much smaller than those of -particles, hence the fractional loss of kinetic energy per collision for -particles are smaller [2] and therefore -particles are more penetrating. Alternative Answer Alpha particles are doubly charged and suffer more loss due to ionising radiation. It therefore has a shorter range. (b) (i)
ln 2 ln 2 = = = 3.83 10 12 s 1 T1 5730 365.25 24 60 60

2
0.255 [1] = 6.66 1010 atoms 12 3.83 10 6.02 10 23 = 5.02 10 22 The total number of carbon in 1g = 12 6.66 1010 = 1.33 10 12 [1] Fraction of carbon-14 atoms in atmospheric carbon = 5.02 10 22
N =
(b)
(ii)
A = Ao e t A 348 (3600) ln ln Ao 0.255 = t= (365.25 24 3600) 3.83 10 12 t = 8030 years

(c) (i) Mass difference in the beta decay,
[1] [1]
m d = (89.90774 89.90715 0.00055 ) = 4.0000 10 5 u
[1]
Assuming that the energy released are in the form of kinetic energy for the daughter particles, Conservation of energy:
12
1 1 2 2 mY vY + m v = m d c 2 2 2
Conservation of momentum mY vY = m v where vY and v are opposite in direction. Solving these equations, we get [1]
v =
2md c 2 m m mY
2
= 1.146 10 8 1.15 10 8 m s 1
[1]
mY vY =
+ m
[1]
v = 699 m s 1
(c)
(i)
The half life of strontium-90,
T1 =
2
ln 2
ln 2 (365.25 24 3600 ) = 28.3 years 7.75 10 10
The half life of strontium-90 is very long. In order to have accurate measurements of its half life, one would need to take measurements for a very long period of time (a few years) or to use very large quantities of strontium-90. Using large quantities of a radioactive material would pose higher risk due to radiation hazards. [1] The daughter particle, Yttrium-90, also undergoes beta decays. It is not possible to know whether a particular beta particle is due to the decay of strontium-90 or Yttrium-90. [1] (ii) Need to account for background radiation [1] and beta decay due to the daughter particle, Yttrium-90[1]. 1. Using Flemings left hand rule, the magnetic field is applied perpendicularly into the plane of the page. 2. The estimated radius of curvature at A = 30 mm [1]
2
(iv)
v r (3.0 10 4 )(1.60 10 19 )(0.030) = 1.58 10 6 m s 1 [1] v = 9.11 10 31 Bev = m
13
2007 IJC H2 Solutions
Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided. 1 A space capsule of mass 260 kg enters the Earths atmosphere with a speed of 35 m s-1 and falls vertically downwards towards Earth. Due to the air resistance, the capsule experiences a deceleration. Assume the acceleration of free fall is constant at 9.81 m s-2. The air resistance acting on the capsule is given by: where the value of k is 5.0 kg m-1. R = kv2, (a) Calculate the initial deceleration of the capsule at the instance that it enters Earths [2] atmosphere. related to the resultant force Are you considering all the forces, which would give you resultant force? FR = R - mg = kv2 mg = (5 x 352) (260 x 9.81)= 3574.4 N FR = ma a = 3574.4 260 = 13.7 m s-2 Deceleration =.. (b) Calculate the terminal velocity of the capsule. Terminal velocity is the maximum constant velocity that an object has moving with air resistance, i.e. when resultant force = 0 kv2 mg = 0 0.5v2 260(9.81) = 0 vT = 22.6 m s-1 terminal velocity=. (c) Calculate the rate at which the capsule is doing work against air resistance when it [2] is traveling at terminal velocity. [2] C1 A1 C1 A1
Remarks
R is mistaken to be the resultant force, without considerin g weight.
P=
W E mg h = = = mgv t t t
C1 A1
= 260 x 9.81 x 22.6 = 5.76 x 104 W
OR: ONLY applicable for instantaneous power or power required for object moving at constant velocity) P = Fv = Rv = 5 x 22.63 = 5.77 x 104 W Rate of doing work=. (d) State and explain whether the value obtained in (c) is an overestimation or [2] underestimation. As the capsule approaches Earth, the average g value will be less than the 9.81 used since the distance between the capsule and the centre of the Earth is larger than its B1 radius. Since g is in general lower than 9.81, the power calculated in (c) will be an B1 overestimation.
Kinetic energy is not changing, so no work is done on it, but rather GPE.
Look at the calculation in (c), what could be affecting any of the variable. Air resistance, which caused heat loss has already been included
A model aeroplane has a mass of 0.40 kg and has a control wire of length 5.0 m attached to it when it flies in a horizontal circle. Its wings are horizontal, creating a vertical upward lift on the aeroplane. The taut wire is then inclined 60 to the horizontal and fixed to a point O.
60
5.0 m
(a) If each revolution takes 3.5 s, show that its centripetal acceleration is 8.06 m s-2.
[2]
2 = 1.80 rad s T 3.5 a = r 2 = 5.0 cos60 1.7952 = 8.06 m s

=
-1
[C1] [M1]
-2
[A0]
[2]
Tension is not the centripetal force, but its horizontal componen t is.
(b) Calculate the tension T in the control wire.
Have you considered the centripetal force (resultant force) which can be related to acceleration computed in part (a)? How does tension relate to the acceleration? Draw a free-body diagram.
Fc = mac T cos 60 = 0.40 8.057

T = 6.45 N (c) Calculate the upward lift L on the model aeroplane due to the air.
[M1] [A1]
Not all the vertical forces are considere d in the compution of F = 0
The aeroplane is moving in a horizontal circle, implying there is zero displacement and net force in the vertical direction.
=0 L = W +T sin60 L = ( 0.40 )( 9.81) + 6.45 sin60

y
= 9.51 N
[M1] [A1]
[2]
3 In an experiment to determine the characteristics of a diode, the results obtained were plotted and the graph was shown in Fig 3.1.
I/mA
12 10 8 6 4 2 -5 0 -2 0
The I-V graph is showing the variation of the diodes current vs. potential difference.
V/ V
5 10 15
Fig 3.1 The diode was then connected in the circuit as given in Fig 3.2 and a current of 6.0 mA was found to flow through the circuit.
R
The 12 V emf is connected in series to the R, 4R and the diode. Thus the current flowing through all components is 6.0 mA and the p.d. of the diode is not 12V.
4R
12 V
Fig 3.2
(a) Using the graph and the circuit above, calculate the resistance of the resistor R. Or Either When a current of 6.0 mA flows through diode, p.d. across diode = 7.5 V [C1] p.d. across 5R = 12 7.5 = 4.5 V p.d. across R = 0.90 V [C1] When a current of 6.0 mA flows through diode, p.d. across diode = 7.5 V [C1] Resistance of Diode
[3]
Rd =
Vd 7.5 = = 1250 I 6.0 10 3 E 12 = = 2000 I 6.0 103
Resistance of R = V/I = 0.90/ 6.0 10-3 = 150 [A1]
Total Resistance
RT =
[C1]
5R = 2000 1250 R = 150
[A1]
(b) Explain, using the idea of depletion layer in a p-n junction, what happens when the [3] diode is reversed. When the diode is reversed, the diode is connected in the reverse-based mode. When the p-n junction is in reverse bias, the holes and electrons are pulled away from the junction. Since only very few new electron/hole pairs are created at the junction, the existing mobile carriers are swept away to leave a larger depletion zone and the mobile charge carriers cannot flow through the depletion region. Any 3 points
4 A student sets up the apparatus in Fig.4.1 to determine a value for the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
Fig.4.1
A heater is placed in the funnel, surrounded by pure melting ice. The student measures the mass of melted ice in the beaker at regular time intervals before and after switching on the heater. The variation with time t of the mass m of melted ice in the beaker is shown in Fig.4.2. the heater is switched after some time.
THINK: Why is the gradient of the graph changing as the time increases? Why is the ice melting even when the heater is not switched on yet?
Gradient started to change.
Fig.4.2
During the heating process, the current is adjusted so that the readings on the ammeter and voltmeter are constant. (a) By reference to Fig.4.2, (i) at what time was the heater switched on? Initially, the ice is melting at constant rate due to the heat gained from surrounding. Thus, once the gradient of the curve changes, it indicates that the heater is supplying heat to the ice, increasing the melting rate. Heater is on approximately 4.0 to 4.5 min [1]
(ii)
determine the mass of ice melted in 1.0 minute 1. with the heater switched off,
mass per minute m
0.011 = 2.75 x 10 3 kg 4.0

mass per unit =..kg
[1]
2.
with the heater switched on.

mass per minute m
0.100 0.038 = 1.34 x 10 2 kg 12.6 8.0
mass per unit =..kg
[2]
(b) The readings of the ammeter and the voltmeter are 5.2 A and 11.5 V respectively. Use your answers in (a) to calculate a value for the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. The mass of ice melted in 1.0 min in a(ii)2. consists of two portion, i.e. those that melted due to surrounding and due to heater. But the power computed in only meant for the mass of melted ice due to the heater alone. Thus there is a need to compute the change solely responsible by the heater.
Q = mL VI = tm L L = VIt m 5.2 x 11.5 x 60 = (1.34x 10 2 2.75x 10 3 ) = 3.37 x 105 J kg

f f f
Mistake of includin g mass of melted ice due to heat gained from surroun ding
-1
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = J kg-1
[3]
Water waves of wavelength 4.0 m are produced by two generators, S1 and S2 as shown in Fig.5. Each generator, when operated by itself, produces waves which have an amplitude of 20 mm. The frequency of the motor of both generators is 2.0 Hz and the generators are operating in phase. Assume the speed of water waves remain unchanged. S2 S1 6.0 m
8.0 m 10 m
THINK: What happens when two waves interfere at a common point? What phenomenon is observed? A stationary wave or interference pattern?
Fig.5
(a) What is resultant amplitude at point Q? To know the resultant amplitude, there is a need to know if the waves are interfering constructively, destructively or partially. (thus look at path difference) Path difference, x = 10 8.0 = 2.0 m = , i.e. destructive interference. [M1] Resultant amplitude = 20 20 = 0 mm [A1] Amplitude = mm [2] (b) (i) The frequency of the generator is now increased to 4.0 Hz. What is the new wavelength of the water waves? velocity of the waves is constant since it is traveling in the same medium. [C1] f1 1 = f2 2 [1] (2.0)(4.0) = (4.0)(2) (2) = 2.0 m [A1] Wavelength = m What is resultant amplitude at point Q using the new frequency of water wave which is 4.0 Hz? The path difference is still 2.0 m since the geometry of the setup is not changed. However since the wavelength is change to 2.0 m, thus the new path [2] difference in term of wavelength is 1.0 , i.e. constructive interference. [M1] Resultant amplitude = 20 + 20 = 40 mm [A1] Amplitude = mm
(ii)
Freque ncy of the wave does not affect its amplitu de.
6 Fig.6.1 shows the apparatus used in an experiment to investigate the photoelectric effect. Light falls on the photo-sensitive metal, the kinetic energy of the fastest moving emitted electrons can be measured by increasing the voltage provided by the battery until no current flow. The results obtained for monochromatic light of various frequencies are show in Fig.6.2.
Fig.6.1
(a)
Fig.6.2 The graph indicates that there is a frequency below which no electrons are [1] emitted. Explain why. B1 The product of the minimum frequency with the Plancks constant is equal to the minimum amount of energy (work function of the metal) to liberate the electrons from the metal.
NAQ: talk about threshol d frequen cy
(b)
Calculate the kinetic energy of the fastest moving electron emitted by light of [2] frequency 5.5 x 1014 Hz. From the graph, stopping potential Vs = 0.60 V Max KE of electrons = Max Electrical potential energy = eVs = 0.60 1.6 10-19 = 9.6 x 10-20 J (You have to use information from the graph) B1 A1
Mistake max KE is not equal to energy of photon (hf)
(c)
Use the graph to obtain a value for the Planck constant.
E photon = + max KE
hf = hf o + eV
V= h h f fo e e
[3] B1 C1 A1
Gradient of a V-f graph is h/e
h 1.0 0 = 19 1.6 10 ( 6.5 4.0 ) 1014

h = 6.4 x 10-34 J s.
(d)
State the effect, if any, of increasing the intensity of the light on the 1. photo-current, and 2. on the graph
[2]
Current increases. (since increasing intensity will increase the rate of photon B1 hitting on the surface, thus increasing the emission of photoelectrons) No change in the gradient and intercept (since intensity does not affect the work B1 function of the method, i.e. threshold frequency). (e) The metal is removed from the setup. It is then irradiated with photons of energy [2] 3.2 eV. Loss of electrons causes the metal to acquire a positive potential. What is the potential at which no further loss of electrons from the surface occurs? As the metal is losing electrons, the metal start to acquire a positive potential. Eventually, the positive potential becomes so high that any photoelectrons emitted will be pulled back to the metal piece. Work function of metal = hfo = (6.63 X10-34 x 4 x 1014) / 1.6 x 10-19 = 1.66 eV Energy of photon = hf = 3.2 eV Potential of surface (relative to a nearly earthed potential) = (3.2 1.7) = 1.5 V B1 B1
7 The power of a car engine in watts is commonly measured in horsepower (hp), an old way of measuring engine powers in comparison to the horse technology of those days. This power represents the maximum power that the engine can produce when the car is traveling at maximum speed on a level road. The horsepower is defined as follows: 1 hp = 0.746 kW The engine produces power which is then transmitted to the wheels to drive the car, which then has to do work against frictional forces. There are two main frictional forces that the car has to go against - air resistance F and friction with the road R. Fig. 7.1 below shows the values of R and F at various speeds v for a particular model of a Toyota car. Total Resistance FT / N 280 429 689 1046 1504 Power Required / kW 2.52 7.72 18.6 37.7 67.7
v / m s-1 9.0 18 27 36 45
R/N 228 223 219 212 204
F/N 52 206 470 834 1300
Fig. 7.1 Values of F and R for Toyota
(a) Fill in the last 2 columns of the table in Fig. 7.1. 1M for each column (b) The most obvious point about the table is that, as the speed increases, air resistance F becomes the dominant energy loss but friction R is almost a constant (actually getting slightly less as speed increases). The effect of air resistance F depends not only on the speed but also on the shape and size of the car in particular the cross-sectional area. This is usually expressed in a formula: F = CAv2 where F is the air resistance for a vehicle traveling at speed v, A is the crosssectional area, is the density of the air and C is a shape constant called the drag coefficient (a dimensionless constant). You may take as 1.29 kg m-3. (i)
[2]
A Ferrari sports car with a surface area of 2.0 m2 experiences 1200 N of air resistance when it travels at a speed of 48 m s-1. Calculate the drag [2] coefficient C for the sports car. 1200 = C (2.0) (1.29) (48)2 B1 C = 0.404 B1 A lorry has a surface area of 4.0 m2 and it experiences 1200 N of air [2] resistance when traveling at 30 m s-1. Calculate the drag coefficient C for the lorry. 1200 = C (4.0 x 1.29 x 302) M1 = 0.517 A1
(ii)
(iii)
Using the data provided in Fig. 7.1, estimate the average value of the [2] product CA for the Toyota car. From table, using columns 1 and 3, CA = 2F/(1.29 x v2) Obtain a new column for CA: CA v / m s-1 9.0 0.9953 18 0.9857 27 0.9996 36 0.9977 45 0.9953 (CA)ave = 0.995 (Award 1 mark if candidate calculates a correct value of CA using 1 row of values from Fig. 7.1) Is the Toyota car likely to be a large or small car? Explain your answer. CA for Ferrari = 2 x 0.404 = 0.808 CA for lorry = 4 x 0.517 = 2.068 Since CA for Toyota car is slightly more than CA for Ferrari but much less than lorry, Toyota is a small car.
M1
(iv)
A1 [2] B1 B1
(c) A common way to analyse the resistive forces acting on a car is to assume that the resistance R is constant at 220 N and that the total resistance FT follows the formula belowFT = R + F = 220 + CAv2 (i) Use this equation and your answer in (b)(iii) to estimate the total resistance [2] FT acting on the Toyota car when it is traveling at a speed of 36 m s-1. FT = 220 + (0.995) (1.29) (36)2 = 1050 N (ii) C1 A1
Using the actual value of total resistance FT from the table in Fig. 7.1, calculate the percentage error in this estimated value calculated in (c)(i). [1] % error = (1050 1046) / 1046 x 100% = 0.382 % C1
(d) The Toyota car in Fig. 7.1 has an engine that can deliver a horsepower of 102 hp when it is traveling at its maximum speed of 45 m s-1. (i) Calculate the power supplied by the engine in kilowatts. [1]
Power supplied by engine = 102 x 0.746 = 76.1 kW (ii) The value calculated in (d)(i) is not the same as the required power stated in [2] the table in Fig. 7.1. Account for the difference.
Power required < power supplied by engine due to energy loss B1 Loss could be due to other energy uses in the car such as radiator, headlights, air- B1 con, radio or other internal frictional forces in the car along the transmission line from engine to the wheels. (iii) Calculate the efficiency of this engine. [1] C1
Efficiency = 67.7 / 76.1 x 100 = 89.0 %
3 Section A
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. It is recommended that you spend about one hour on this section. 1 When a driver brings a car to a stop by braking as hard as possible, the stopping distance can be regarded as the sum of a thinking distance, which is the distance travelled by the car during the drivers reaction time, and braking distance which is the distance in which the car stops after the brakes have been applied. The following table gives typical values: Initial Speed / m s-1 10 20 30 (a) Thinking distance /m 7.5 15.0 22.5 Braking distance /m 5.0 20.0 45.0 Overall distance /m 12.5 35.0 67.5
What is the reaction time of the driver? Reaction time = Thinking distance / Initial speed = 0.75 s A1
(b)
What constant value of negative acceleration has been used to calculate the braking distance? The deceleration = 102 / (2 x 5.0) = 10 m s-2 A1
(c)
What is the cars stopping distance if the initial speed is 25 m s-1? Thinking distance = 25 x 0.75 = 18.75 m Braking distance = u2/2a = 252 / 20 = 31.25 m Overall distance = 50 m C1 A1
(d)
Draw a labelled distance time graph for the driver initially travelling at 25 m s-1. Indicate clearly on your graph the regions of thinking distance and braking distance.
Distance / m B1: labeling of values B1: Correct shape
[2]
50.00 18.75 Time / s
0.75
3.25
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4 2 (a)
A uniform wire AB of resistance 1.5 is connected in series with a resistor of 5.0 , a cell of e.m.f. of 9.0 V and internal resistance 1.0 , as shown in Fig. 2.1. Calculate the potential difference (p.d.) across the wire AB. 9.0 V
1.0
5.0 A B
80.0 cm Fig. 2.1 Total resistance = 1.5 + 5.0 + 1.0 = 7.5 P.d. of AB = [(1.5) x (9.0)]/ (7.5) = 1.8 V (b) [C1] [A1]
A cell C of e.m.f. 1.5 V and internal resistance 0.80 is connected to the circuit of Fig. 2.1, as shown in Fig. 2.2. 9.0 V 1.0
5.0 A D B
C 1.5 V
0.80
Fig. 2.2 The moveable contact can be connected to any point along the wire AB. At point D, there is zero current in the galvanometer. (i) Calculate the length of AD. Where there is zero current in galvanometer, the p.d. of the length AD is equal to the e.m.f. of the cell C. [C1] [C1] (Length of AB) 80.0 cm 1.8 V AD 1.5 V AD = (1.5 / 1.8) 80.0 cm = 66.7 cm [A1]
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5 (ii)
State and explain one advantage of using Fig. 2.2 to measure the e.m.f. of C compared to using a laboratory voltmeter. Using Fig. 2.2 to measure e.m.f. of C is more accurate as it eliminates the systematic error of the internal resistance of C when the voltmeter is used. (1 mark per underline) [2]
3 A pendulum bob in a particular clock oscillates so that its displacement from a fixed point varies with time t as shown in Fig. 3.1. The mass of the pendulum bob is 0.100 kg. Displacement / m 0.12
t/s 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Fig. 3.1

0.12
(a)
(i)
From Fig. 3.1, find the angular frequency of the oscillations. = 2 / T = 2 / 1.0 = 6.28 rad s-1.
[A1]
(ii) Find the magnitude of the maximum velocity. For maximum velocity, x = 0 m. From the graph, xo = 0.12 m = (6.28) (0.12) = 0.754 m s-1. vmax = xo (iii) Find the maximum kinetic energy of the system. KE = m v2 = (0.100) (0.754)2 = 28.4 mJ (b)
[C1] [A1]
[A1]
Sketch, with values on both axes, the graph of velocity against displacement. [2]
v/ms
-1
1 mark each for Correct x-values, yvalues Correct shape of graph
0.754 x/m
0.12
0.12 0.754
Fig. 3.2
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6 (c)
Sketch, with values on both axis, the graphs of kinetic energy and potential energy of system against displacement. [3]
E / mJ
28.4
x/m
0.12
1 mark each for Correct x-values, yvalues Correct shape of KE and PE graph respectively.
0.12
Fig. 3.3
Using wave mechanics, we may consider electrons in a hydrogen atom as being trapped in an infinite well of width, L. Given that its total energy is given by
En =
n2 h 2 8mL2
where h is the Planck constant, m is the mass of electron and L is 120 pm. (a) If an electron is in a state of n = 2, calculate its energy.
E=
22 (6.63 x10 34 ) 2 8 x9.11x1031 (120 x1012 ) 2
C1 A1
= 1.68 x 1017 J
(b) The lifetime of an electron in the state with n = 15 is about 10-8 s. What is the uncertainty in the energy of the n = 15 state?
h 4 h 6.63 1034 E = = 5.28 x1027 J 4t 4 108 E t

(c) Calculate the momentum of the electron in (a).
C1 A1
E=
p2 2m
C1 A1
p = 2mE = 2 9.11 1031 1.68 10 17

= 5.52 1024 N s
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7 4 (d)
By making suitable approximation for the uncertainty in the momentum of the electron, calculate the uncertainty in its position.
p = p
B1
p x
h 4
C1
h 1 x = allow p to be 2p or p 4 p h 1 = 4 5.5224 = 9.56 x 10 12 m 10 pm

5 (a) Distinguish between spontaneous emission and stimulated emission. Spontaneous emission is the process by which an atom or molecule in an excited state drops to a lower state by emitting a photon without external provocation. Stimulated emission is the process by which, when perturbed by a photon, an atom in the excited state loses energy to return to the ground state, resulting in the creation of another photon.
A1
B1
B1
(b) One of the conditions for lasing to occur is that population inversion must be achieved. Explain what is meant by population inversion and state how it might be achieved. Population inversion is the situation in which there are more atoms in the excited state than in the ground/lower state. Population inversion may be achieved by supplying energy to the system using a continuous light source to raise the atoms to a higher state, optical pumping or any other appropriate means. (c) B1 B1
Pulsed dye lasers emit light of wavelength 585 nm in 0.45 ms pulses to remove skin blemishes such as birthmarks. The beam is usually focused onto a circular spot of 5.0 mm in diameter. The output of one such laser is given to be 20.0 W. (i) What is the energy of each photon? C1 A1
Energy of each photons = hc/
6.63 10 3.0 10 = 3.40 1019 J 9 585 10

8
34
(ii) How many photons per unit area are delivered to the blemish during each pulse? Power of laser = rate of photons arrival x Energy = 20.0 W B1 C1 A1
N = A
20 0.45 103 5 x103 2 ( ) 3.41 1019 2
N = 1.34 1021 A
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8 Section B
Answer two questions for this section. Each question carries 20 marks. It is recommended that you spend about one hour on this section. 6 (a) Define the following terms: (i) gravitational field strength, (ii) electric field strength and (iii) magnetic flux density. i. Gravitational field strength (at a point) is the gravitational force acting on unit mass (placed at that point in the field) ii. Electrical field strength (at a point) is the electric force acting on unit positive charge (placed at that point) iii. Magnetic flux density is the magnetic force acting per unit current in a wire of unit length placed at right angles to the magnetic field. (b) For an isolated spherical mass, the mass behaves as if it were concentrated at the centre for calculation of gravitational potential of points on the surface or outside the sphere. Measurements of the distance x from the centre of the sphere and the corresponding values of gravitational potential are given in the table below: x/m 0.15 0.21 0.26 0.32 (i)
[3]
/ 10-9 J kg-1
- 8.67 - 6.19 - 5.00 - 4.06
Without drawing a graph, use the data from the table to verify that the gravitational potential is inversely proportional to the distance x. [2] x/m 0.15 0.21 0.26 0.32
/ 10 J kg
-9
-1
x / 10 J m kg
-9
-1
- 8.67 - 6.19 - 5.00 - 4.06
- 1.30 - 1.30 - 1.30 - 1.30
Calculation of x is done. [B1]
Since all the product of x are of the same value (- 1.30 10-9 J m kg-1) [B1], therefore is inversely proportional to the distance x. (ii) The gravitational potential at the surface of the spherical mass is 9.22 10-9 J kg-1. Calculate the radius of the sphere.
GM r
9.22 10 9 =
1.30 10 9
r
[M1]
r = 0.141 m (iii)
[A1]
Hence calculate the mass of the sphere. For surface of the sphere:
9.22 10 9 =
M = 19.5 kg [M1]
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6.67 1011M [M1] 0.141

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9 (iv)
The gravitational potentials due to the spherical mass are all negative values. However when the spherical mass is electrically charged, explain why the electrical potentials can be positive values with reference to the definition of potentials. [2] Electrical potential is the external work done in bringing an unit positive charge from infinity to that point. The electric force on a charged sphere can be attractive or repulsive depending on the polarity of the charge [B1]. The external work done in bringing an unit positive charge from infinity to a positively charged sphere is positive since the external force (which is acting in opposite direction to the repulsive electric force) is acting in the same direction as the displacement [B1].
(c)
(i)
electron
Region of space where the field is acting into plane of paper
An electron is placed stationary in a region of space. A field acting into the plane of paper is then introduced into this region. Discuss the effects of the field on the electron and its subsequent motion, if any, when the field in each case is 1. a gravitational field, 2. an electrical field, 3. a magnetic field [6] 1. A gravitational force is exerted on the electron due to its mass. The direction of the gravitational force is in the same direction as the gravitational field [B1]. Thus the electron moves into the plane of paper [B1]. 2. An electrical force is exerted on the electron due to its charge. However the direction of electrical force is in the opposite direction of the electrical field [B1], since the electrical field denotes the direction of the electrical force acting on a positive charge. Thus the electron moves out of the plane of paper [B1]. 3. No magnetic force is exerted on the electron since magnetic force only acts on moving charge [B1]. Thus the electron will remain stationary [B1]. State and explain how your answer in (c)(i)3. would change, if at all, if the electron is moving to the right when the magnetic field acting into the page is introduced. [3] With the electron moving, a constant magnetic force will act on the electron [B1] in a direction that is always perpendicular to its velocity [B1] (when the electron is in the magnetic field). Thus the electron moves in a circular path in the plane of the paper [B1].
(ii)
Innova JC 2007
9745/03
10 7 (a) (i) (1) Define the term magnetic flux and
[1] 1
magnetic flux through an area A placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B, such that the direction of B makes an angle with the normal of the area is defined as = BAN cos (2) the weber. 1 Weber is the magnetic flux through an area of 1 metre square when the magnetic flux density perpendicular to the area is 1 Tesla. (ii) A coil of 300 turns with area 2.0 cm2 is placed with its plane at an angle of 30o to a uniform magnetic field of flux density 3.0 mT. Calculate the flux linkage through the coil.
[1] 1 [2] 1 1
= 2.0 x 10
3.0 x 10
300 cos 60
= 9.0 x 10 5Wb
(b) A straight conductor PQ of length L moves with speed v perpendicularly to a uniform magnetic field with flux density B as shown in Fig.4.1
L
P Q
B pointing out of page
Fig. 4.1 (i) By considering a small displacement x of the conductor in a short time t, 1. write down an expression for the flux cut by the conductor in a short time t. [1] 1 [2]
2.
show that the magnitude of e.m.f. induced across the ends of the conductor is given by BLv. By Faradays law
= BLx
=
(ii) (c)
d BLx = dt t = BLv
1 1 [1]
State which end of the conductor has the higher potential.
End P has higher potential. 1 The conductor PQ in (b) is a tiny part of a metallic string stretched between two points RS, such that the conductor is in the middle of the string, as shown in Fig. 4.2. P R
x v
Q S
CRO Fig. 4.2 9745/03
Innova JC 2007
11 7 (c)
The string is plucked at the center such that it vibrates with fundamental frequency f, cutting the uniform magnetic field at right angles. The displacement x of the conductor PQ varies with time t and may be given by the expression:
where x o is the amplitude and is the angular frequency of the vibration respectively. (i) Write an expression to show the variation of the velocity v of PQ with time t. [1] 1
x = x o sin t
v = x o cos t
(ii) 1. Using your answer to (c)(i) and the expression in (b)(i)(2), write an expression for the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. across PQ.
[1] 1 [1] 1
= BLx o cos t
2. What is the peak value of the induced e.m.f?
o = BLx o
(iii)
Point R and S are connected across the y-plates of a cathode-ray oscilloscope to monitor the e.m.f. induced across RS. The trace on the CRO screen is shown in Fig. 4.3, with the time-base set at 5.0 ms cm-1 and the y-sensitivity at 1.0 mV cm-1.
1.0 cm
Fig. 4.3
1.0 cm
Determine 1. The peak value of the induced e.m.f. [1]
o = 1.5cm 1 mV cm = 1.5 mV
-1
2.
The frequency of vibration of the string.

f
= 50Hz
1 = 4 x 5.0 x 103
[2] 1 1
Innova JC 2007
9745/03
12 7 (c) (iii) 3.
The magnetic flux density B, given the following information: L=1.5 cm, Amplitude of vibration of the string xo= 3.0 cm.
[2]
1.5 103 B = = Lx o 1.5 10 2 3.0x 102 2 50 = 1.06 x 10 2T

o
(d) A resistor of 30 is now connected across RS in Fig 4.2. (i) Estimate the maximum power dissipated across the resistor.
o = BLx o
1 1
[1] 1
Po
o2
R
(1 5 =
.
= 7.5 10 8 W
(ii)
10 3 ) 30
Describe and explain how the trace on the oscilloscope would be affected as a result of connecting the resistor across RS. As current flows in the wire RS, RS experiences a force opposite to its motion (using Flemings Left Hand Rule) as it cuts the magnetic field, i.e. oscillation is damped. The speed of cutting decrease, thus the amplitude of the induced e.m.f. decreases. Hence, the amplitude of the trace will decrease to zero after a few cycles.
[3] 1 1 1
Radiocarbon dating is possible because of the presence of radioactive carbon-14 ( 14 6C ) caused by the collision of neutrons with nitrogen-14 ( 14 7 N ) in the upper atmosphere. The equation for the reaction is:
14 7 1 N+ 0 n 14 6C + X
(a)
(i)
From the above equation, determine the numbers of protons and neutrons present in particle X. 1 proton and no neutron. A1 Identify the particle X. X is proton/ hydrogen A1
(ii)
(iii)
Using the data below, determine the mass of the particle X in u, given that the amount of energy released in one such reaction is 0.7060 MeV. The masses of the nuclei involved are listed below: Carbon-14 14.003242 u Nitrogen-14 14.003158 u Neutron 1.008665 u Energy released = mc2 = 0.7060 MeV = 1.1296 10-13 J m = 1.12511 10-30 kg = 7.561 10-4 u MN + Mn MC - MX = 7.561 10-4 u MX = 1.007825u or 1.008u C1 C1 A1
Innova JC 2007
9745/03
13 8 (b)
The mass of carbon-14 produced by this reaction in one year is 7.5 kg. 14 g of carbon-14 contains 6.0 1023 atoms. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5.7 103 years. (i) Define half-life and decay constant. Half-life is the average time taken for half the number of nuclei present in the radioactive sample to decay. Decay constant is the probability that a radioactive nucleus in a sample would decay per unit time. (ii) Show that the number of carbon-14 atoms produced each year is approximately 3.2 1026. Number produced = 7500/14 6.02 1023 = 3.2 1026 (iii) Calculate the decay constant of carbon-14 in year-1. M1 [2] B1 B1
= ln2/t1/2 = 1.21 10-4 yr-1

(iv)
A1
Assuming that the number of carbon-14 atoms in the Earth and its atmosphere is constant, then 3.2 1026 carbon-14 atoms must decay each year. Use this fact and your answer to (ii) to calculate the number of carbon-14 atoms in the Earth and its atmosphere. Number undecayed = N0 - 3.2 1026 N = N0e-t N0 - 3.2 1026 = N0e-(0.000121 )(1) N0 = 2.64 1030 C1 C1 A1
(c)
The carbon-14 dating technique for dating archaeological materials depends on the assumption that when living organisms assimilate carbon ( 12 6 C ) from the atmosphere they also assimilate some radioactive carbon-14 ( 14 6 C ) atoms. The organism thus becomes slightly radioactive, emitting -particles at a rate of 0.80 Bq for each gram of total carbon content in the organism. When the organism dies no more carbon is taken up and the carbon-14 present decays. The radioactive decay is said to be a random and spontaneous process. (i) Discuss the statement that radioactive decay is a random and spontaneous process. Spontaneous means that the nucleus decays without the need for any external stimulus. Random means there is no way of knowing when a particular nucleus will decay. B1 B1
In a dating experiment 2.5 g of carbon from a sample of ancient wood gave a count rate of 0.75 Bq after allowing for background radiation. (ii) What does the term background radiation mean? Background radiation is radiation that occurs naturally, e.g. cosmic rays from outer space. B1
Innova JC 2007
9745/03
14 8 (c) (iii)
Sketch, on axes in the figure below, a graph to show how the activity of carbon14 in one gram of sample having an initial activity of 0.80 Bq will vary with time over a period of three half-lives.
One mark for 1. correct plot of 3 points for half life, i.e. (0, 0,8), (~5.5, 0.4), (~11.5, 0.2) & (~17, 0.1) 2. correct shape of the slope.
[2] (iv) Use the graph to estimate the age of the wood. Activity of 1 g of radioactive wood = 0.75/2.5 = 0.30 Bq. C1
From graph, age of wood = 8000 years.
A1
(v)
age of wood = years [2] Suggest why an activity of 0.80 Bq would be hard to measure in a typical A Level Physics laboratory. The background radiation in the laboratory is quite significant and this will B1 affect the count rate recorded by the Geiger Muller tube. The percentage uncertainty in the count rate will be high. or Sensitivity of GM tube
Innova JC 2007
9745/03
JJC H2 Physics P2 Soln

1 (a)
2007 JJC H2 Solutions
The equation must be homogeneous. Hence the unit of kv2 = unit of p i.e [kv2] = [p] [k] = [p] / [v2] = kg ms-2 m-2 / m2 s-2 = kg m-3 [working 1 mark, ans 1 mark] (i) resultant 4.0 m s-1 [correctly labelled 1 mark, correction directions 1 mark] (ii) Magnitude of resultant velocity = Direction : 3.0 m s-1
(b)
3.0 2 + 4.0 2 = 5.0 m s-1 [1]
= tan-1 (3/4) = 370 to the bank [1]
(a) (b)
The amplitude of a simple harmonic motion is its maximum distance (or magnitude of maximum displacement) from its equilibrium position. [1] (i) (ii) It refers to an object oscillating without external periodic force OR oscillating without any driving force. [1] Damping removes energy from the oscillating system. [1] 330 = 550 = 0.60 m[1] Angular frequency = 2(550) = 3460 rad s-1[1]
(c)
(i)
(ii) (iii)
(d) 3 (a)
Maximum acceleration = (3460)2(2.010-3) = 2.39104 m s-2 [Substitution 1 mark, Ans 1 mark] (iv) Power required = (550)(0.20)(8.010-3) = 0.88 W [Substitution 1 mark, Ans 1 mark] A longitudinal wave is one in which the direction of oscillation of the wave particles is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. [1] (i) Electric potential at a point in an electric field is defined as the work done per unit positive charge in bringing an object from infinity to that point. [1] It is independent of any charges that may be placed in the field, unlike electric potential energy. [1] OR Electric potential is a property of a point while electric potential energy is possessed by a charge placed at that point. [1] Change in electric potential = 0.6 x 9x104 = 54000 V [1]
(ii)
(b)
(i)
Prelim Exam 2007
[Turn Over

(ii)
Change in potential energy = q(V) = 1.6x10-19 x (-54000) = -8.64x10-15 J [1] Gain in Ek = Loss in Ep mv2 - mu2 = 8.64x10-15 mv2 - (1.67x10-27)(0.5X106)2 = 8.64x10-15 v = 3.255x106 = 3.26x106 m s-1. [1 mark for subst, 1 mark for Ans]
(iii)
(iv)
Ep /J
A
Fig.3.2
Position / m
[correct shape-1 mark] (v)

v / m s-1
A
Fig.3.3
Position / m
[correct shape-1 mark] 4 (a) (i) Centripetal force = magnetic force me v 2 = Bev ---[1 mark for equation] r v Be ----------[1 mark for working] = r me Be = me
v Be = r me momentum = me v = Ber ----[1 mark for working] Particles with the same radius of circular motion have the same momentum. [1 mark for correct explanation]
(ii)
Prelim Exam 2007
[Turn Over

(b) (i)
(ii) (iii)
Average power = total energy dissipated over one period / time of one period 22 12 (0.002) + (0.002) 5 = 5 = 0.200 W 0.01 [1 mark for working, 1 mark for Ans] (Irms)2(5) = 0.2 Irms = 0.200 A [1 mark for working, 1 mark for Ans] 2 2 12 (0.002) (0.002) 2 5 5 (reverse bias) (Irms) (5) = (forward bias) or 0.01 0.01 Irms = 0.179 A or 0.0894 A [1 mark for working, 1 mark for Ans]
(a)
(i) (ii)
Transition between E3 and E2 [1]

The photons emitted have the same frequency, are in phase, and travel in the same direction, as the incident photon. OR Coherent and same direction/highly directional
[1 mark for 2 points, 2 marks for 3 points]

(iii) (b)
E4 E3, E4 E2, E4 E1, E3 E2, E3 E1
[any 2 points]
Thermal excitations at ordinary temperatures create a small number of electronhole pairs [1] in the semiconductor, while metals have a large number of mobile electrons [1] in the conduction band. Electrons diffuse from n-type to p-type [1] region while holes diffuse from p-type to n-type region. This sets up an electric field, pointing from n-type to p-type [1] region across the junction, which prevents electrons and holes from further diffusing into the depletion layer.
For a gas of a fixed mass, the volume depends on temperature and pressure. [1] Hence the density of a gas varies with temperature and pressure. [1]
(c)
(a) (b)
Helium [1], because at 218 C = 55 K it is the only substance in Figure 6 that exists in the gaseous phase.[1]
Liquid nitrogen is readily transportable / available / economical/safe/non-toxic. [1] Liquid nitrogen is able to maintain temperatures far below the freezing point of water. OR Boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K) is much lower than melting point of water (273 K). [1] Heat gain by 1 g of ice-then-water = heat loss by 10 g of water
(c)
(d)
m(2.060)(5) + m(334) + m(4.186) = 10m(4.186 )(20 ) ---[working 1 mark]

344.3m + 4.186m = 837.2m 41.86m 46.046 = 492.9
Prelim Exam 2007 [Turn Over

= 10.7C [1 mark]
(e)
m He LV = m N LF
20.7 = m N (25.7 )
m N = 0.805 kg -[working 1 mark]
Remaining mass = 1 0.805 = 0.195 kg [Ans 1 mark] 7 (a) (b)
Correct labeling of line [1] Since S is stable, the number of its nuclei can only increase. [1]
(i) (ii) From Fig.7, half-life of parent isotope = 3.0 years. [1] From Fig. 7, max % of D = 68 %
0.693 15 Therefore, maximum A of D = (max N) = (0.68 (1.210 )) [1] 15 years = 3.771013 year-1 [1]
(c)
The half-life of D (= 15 yrs) is much longer than half-life of parent isotope (= 3 yrs). In the initial stage, the relatively large number and short half-life of the parent nuclei results in a net rate of formation of D. [1] At t = 9 yrs, the relatively large number of D and small number of radioactive parent nuclei [1] results in rate of formation of D being approx equal to its rate of decay. After 9 yrs, the number of radioactive parent nuclei is insufficient to decay and replenish the D nuclei that decay [1], so the number of D decreases.
Prelim Exam 2007
[Turn Over
Suggested Soln for JJ Prelims 2007 Physics (H2, 9745) Paper 3 1 (a) (b) Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement (with respect to time). (i) [v = u + at] 0 = 15 sin 60 + (-9.81)t t = 1.32 s [Subst 1 mark, ans 1 mark] (ii) [v2 = u2 + 2as] 0 = (15 sin 60)2 + 2(-9.81)s s = 8.60 m [Subst 1 mark, ans 1 mark] (iii) Range = (15 cos 60)(2)(1.32) = 19.8 m [ans 1 mark] 2 (a)
2 2 = = 1.29 10 3 rad s-1 T 1.35 3600
[ans 1 mark]
(b) (c)
FC = mr 2 = (65) 8750 10 3 cos 60 1.29 10 3
)(
= 473 N [Ans 1 mark]
The resultant (centripetal) force is always perpendicular to the linear velocity / direction of motion. [Ans 1 mark]
(d) (e)
W=
GMm 6.67 10 11 2.46 10 25 65 = = 1390 N 2 r2 8750 10 3
[Ans 1 mark]
C 2 = W 2 + FC2 2 W FC cos 60 -[Method 1 mark]

C 2 = 1390 2 + 473 2 2 1390 473 cos 60 C = 1220 N [Ans 1 mark]
(f)
(i) Direction: no change; Magnitude: increases (ii) Direction: changes; Magnitude: increases
[1] [1]
(a)
Incident wave (from magnetron) and reflected wave from opposite wall [1] superpose [1] according to Principle of Superposition. Since the incident and reflected waves travel in opposite direction, with same speed, magnitude and frequency, stationary waves are formed.
(b) (c)
3.00108 = (2.45109) = 0.122 m [1]
Node Antinode
3 complete nodes 1 mark Nodes and antinodes both correctly labelled 1 mark
Preliminary Examination 2007 [Turn Over

(d)
Food placed at nodes will not be heated OR those placed at antinodes may be overcooked. [1] (i) (ii) (iii) 6 [1] (-3.4) (-54.4) = 51.0 eV [1] E=
hc
(a)
hc (6.63 10 34 )(3 108 ) = --[1 mark for subst] (51.0)(1.6 1019 ) E = 2.4410-8 m [1 mark for ans]
(b)
(i) (ii)
It means 8.510-19 J is the minimum energy required to release an electron from the metal surface. [1] KEmax = hf = =
hc
(6.63 10 34 )(3 108 ) 8.5110-19 = 3.6510-19 J 9 (163.6 10 ) [Equation with -1 mark] , [Ans 1 mark]
(iii)
=
=
h h = p 2mE 6.63 1034

31 19
2(9.11 10 )(3.65 10 ) [Working 2 marks, Ans 1 mark]
= 8.1310-10 m
(c)
hc
min
= eV
hc (6.63 10 34 )(3 108 ) = (1.6 10 19 )(3000) eV = 4.1410-10 m [Subst 1 mark, Ans 1 mark]
min =
(a)
(i) (ii)
a = 1, b = 0.
X is a neutron.
[1]
Carbon nucleus/nuclide with 13 nucleons and 6 protons. [1]

**Carbon atom is not acceptable.
(b)
(i) (ii)
Loss of mass = (9.0150 + 4.0040) - 13.0075 = 0.0115 u or 1.91 10-29 kg [1] E = (1.9110-29) (3.00108)2 = 1.7210-12 J
[1] [1]
(iii)
Not valid. The energy of the radiation emitted (1.7210-12 J) is less than the energy of the penetrating radiation (8.810-12 J). [2 or zero; practice ecf from b(ii)]
Preliminary Examination 2007
[Turn Over

Section B 6 (a)
The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force acing on it. [1] The change in momentum takes place in the direction of that force. -[1]
(b)
The total momentum of the system before the combustion is zero. After the combustion, the emitted gas and the rocket will have a momentum that are equal and opposite such that the total momentum is zero.
(c)
(i)
F a 0.7g
F - 0.7g = 0.7 (0.5) F = 0.7(9.81) + 0.7(0.5) = 7.217 7.22 N
(ii) (iii)
By N3L, Downward force = 7.22 N
F=
d (mv) d (Ax) =v = Av 2 dt dt
7.22 = 1.3 (0.4)(v2) v = 3.7254 3.73 m s-1 (iv) Thus the change of momentum by the ground on the toy will take place over a longer time, hence reducing the force on the toy. OR Longer distance travelled during the collision (which implied longer time traveled) When it is equilibrium, Weight of the submarine = Upthrust =Vg = (1025)(100)(9.81) = 1005525 1.00x106 N 1. Pressure at the water outlet = g h + 1.00 x 105 = (1025)(9.81)(20) + 1.00x105 = 301105 Energy required = V = 301105x10 = 3011050 3.01x106 J Resultant force = Upthrust - weight of the submarine = weight of seawater pumped out = 10 x 1025 x 9.81= 100552.5 Mass of submarine = (1005525 10552.5) / 9.81 = 92250 kg F = ma 100552.5 = (92250)a a = 1.09 ms-2
(d)
(i)
(ii)
2.
[Turn Over

(iii)
The weight of the submarine reduces and the upthrust on the submarine remain constant. There will be a resultant upward force. By N2L, it will accelerate upwards. OR Explain using the principle of N3L or law of conservation of momentum due to water on the submarine. OR Density of the submarine decreases. It is the energy required to convert unit mass of the liquid to vapour without any change in temperature. 1. the power supplied by the kettle = the rate of thermal energy gained by the water during the temperature rise = mc / t =2.0 x 4.2x103 x (100 20) / (8 x 60) = 1.4x103 W Rate of energy absorbed by the water during vaporisation = Power supplied by the kettle (0.7 x L ) / (20 x 60) = 1.4x103 L = 2.4x106 J kg-1 Lm = (2.4x106 / 1000) x 18 = 4.3x104 J mol-1
(a)
(i) (ii)
2.
3. (b) (i) (ii)
The internal energy of a system is the sum of the potential and random kinetic energies of all the molecules in the system. Any 2 among: Random KE of the molecules OR Temperature, amount of substance ( or mass), Volume, Pressure, Density The speed with which the entire system moves 1. 2. Raising the temperature of the gas increases the random kinetic energy of the molecules and hence increases the internal energy. Since the temperature is constant, the random kinetic energy of the molecules of the ideal gas is constant and hence the internal energy of the ideal gas is constant during this change in volume.
(iii) (iv)
(c)
(i)
The no. of moles of helium gas, n = pV / RT = (1.0x105 x 1.0x10-3) /( 8.31 x 300) = 0.04 Hence the number of helium molecules = 0.04 x 6.02x1023 = 2.4x1022
[Turn Over

(ii)
v rms T (v rms ) 600 K 600 = = 2 (v rms ) 300 K 300 (v rms ) 600 K = 2 (1.4 x10 3 )
= 1.98 x 10 3 ms -1
8 (a) (i) 6.0 // 9.0 => R = 3.6 6.0 // (3.6+2.4) Hence, Reff =
1 1 1 + 6 6
= 3.0
(ii)
1.
I=
V 15 = =1 A R 15
Vac = (1)(6) = Va Vc Hence, Vc = 9 V 2. Vd = 9 (1)(3) = 12 V By principle of potential divider, Ved = (
3.6 3.6 )(Vcd ) = ( )(3.0) = 1.8 V 3.6 + 2.4 6.0
I=
(b) (i) (ii) 1.
V 1.8 = = 0.30 A R 6.0

(49 x108 )(0.75) = 30.625 = 30.6 1.2 x10 8 30.6 )(2) = 1.82 V 30.6 + 3
R=
l
A
Pd across XY = (
2.
2.0 I = VXP = (
50.0 )(1.82) 75.0
I = 0.607 A
(c) (i)
E = I (R + r) E = (0.607)(r + 2) E = (0.382)(r + 4)
- - - - - (1) - - - - - (2)
Solve equations (1) and (2): Internal resistance r = 1.40 e.m.f. E = 2.06 V (ii) If ammeter has non-negligible resistance, current / potential difference decreases. Hence length XP decreases.
[Turn Over
2007 MJC H2 Solutions
Meridian Junior College J2 H2 Physics Prelim Paper 2 Solution 2007

1 (a) Consider motion along plane v2=u2+2as = 0+ 2(4.00)(50) v =20.0 ms-1 Using v =u +at
[M1] [A1] [A1]
t=
v u 20.0 0 = = 5.00 s a 4.00
(b)
Sign convention: horizontally to the right positive Vertically down positive uy=20.0sin 370 = 12.0 ms-1 ux=20.0cos 370= 16.0 ms-1= vx vy2= uy2+2gsy= 12.02+2(9.81)(30.0) vy=27.1 ms-1
2 2 v = vx + vy = 16 2 + 27.12 = 31.5 ms-1
[M1] [A1]
tan = 27.1
16.0
, is the angle below horizontal [A1] [M1] [A1] ]
=59.40
(c) vy= uy + g t1, t1 = time to fall from B. t1 = (27.1 -12.0)/9.81 =1.54 s total time = t + t1= 5.0 +1.54 = 6.54 s
(a)
P = WD / t =Fd/t =Fv (i) v2 = u2 + 2as a = - 0.97 m s-2 F = ma = 0.97 x 1500 = 1460 or 1500 N (negative sign acceptable) P = F v = 1460 x 12 = 17500 W On level road, WD by engine converted to WD against resistive
[B1]
(b)
[C1] [M1] [A1]
(ii) (iii)
[M1] [A1]
forces. With the same engine force, the WD by engine is still converted to [B1] WD against resistive forces, since both forces remain the same. But since the truck gains GPE, its KE will decrease. [B1] OR (or gain in GPE = loss in KE because WD by engine = WD against resistive forces)
(a)
x = D / a = (589 10-9) (2.5) / (0.8 10-3) = 1.84 10-3 m = 1.84 mm (i) (ii) increases (red light) hence fringe separation x increases.
[M1] [A1] [M1] [A1]
(b)
Diffraction grating has more slits, hence interference pattern [B1] [B1] sharper (clearer, more distinct) and/or brighter OR Using d sin = m , for grating with lines 1000 per mm [B1], d is smaller compared to double slit of d = 0.8mm, hence larger for diffraction grating, and fringe separation if greater.[B1]
(iii)
x is proportional to D. Hence fringe separation at lower part of screen is closer. fringe separation at upper part of screen is further.
[M1] [A1] [B1] [M1] [A1] [M1] [A1] [M1] [A1] [B1] [B1]
(a) (b)
The electromotive force of the cell is 1.6 V Ir = E V (0.50)r = 1.6 1.2 r = 0.80 (i) (ii) V= (0.30)(0.80) = 0.24 V V = 1.6 0.24 = 1.36 V
(c)
(d)
Bulb Y : P=(1.36)(0.30) = 0.408 W Bulb X : P = (1.2)(0.50) = 0.60 W Bulb Y : Power supplied by cell Ps = (1.6)(0.3) = 0.48 W Bulb X : Power supplied by cell Ps = (1.6)(0.5) = 0.80 W
Bulb Y : Efficiency = 85 % Bulb X : Efficiency = 75 % 5
[B1]
(a)
An atom (or electron) in an excited state can be perturbed by an incident [B1] resonant photon to emit another photon of the same frequency, in phase and in the same direction of travel as the incident photon. [B1]
(b)
There is an overlap in the valence and conduction bands in a metal, thus [B1] there are more free (mobile) electrons to conduct electricity in the [B1] conduction band as compared to semiconductors. OR Semiconductors have a gap between the valence and conduction band, [B1] as such, semiconductors have less mobile electrons in their conduction [B1] band to conduct electricity as compared to metals.
(c)
(i)
n-type semiconductor has an excess of electrons in the [B1] conduction band. These electrons are free to conduct electricity [B1] and thus increase the conductivity of the semiconductor OR p-type semiconductor has an excess of holes in the valence band. [B1] These holes are free to conduct electricity and thus increase the [B1] conductivity of the semiconductor
(ii)
S, Se or Te (They have one extra electron as compared to As)
[B1]
(d)
Acceptable answers: laser printers, laser pointers [B1] Not acceptable: laser surgery, laser cutters (they can cut and melt so would melt a CD too)
(a)
There is no way to predict which nuclei will decay and when it will [B1] decay. The decay is not affected by external physical conditions and chemical [B1] composition of the sample.
(b) (ci)
Temperature OR pressure. 1 (from Fig 6.1, it can be deduced T1/2 for Co is around 5 years and for Ni is around 90 years.) In region PQ, from Fig 6.1; AC >> AN Observe that PQ is approximately a straight line. Total Activity Amix = AC + AN AC AoC e - c t hence Amix AC = AoC e - c t Hence ln Amix against t graph should give a straight line , which is shown in the line PQ.
[B1]
[B1] [B1]
In region RS, most of Co has decayed, so activity is mainly due [B1] to Ni hence Amix AN = AoN e - n t Hence ln Amix against t graph gives a straight line. [B1] [B1]
In region QR, both Co and Ni contribute to the activity Activity Amix = AC + AN = AoC e - c t + AoN e - n t Hence ln Amix against t graph gives a curve.
[B1]
(cii)
1 2
grad of PQ = (7.63 8.87) / 10 = - 0.124 yr-1 grad of RS = (4.77 5.08) / 40 = - 0.00775 yr-1
[M1] [A1] [M1] [A1]
(ciii)
A = Ao e - t ln A = ln A0 - t
Hence = magnitude of grad of ln A vs t graph. decay constant of cobalt = 0.124 yr-1 decay constant of nickel = 0.00775 yr-1 (civ) T1/2 = ln 2 / = ln 2 / 0.124 = 5.59 yr [A1]
[A1]
(d)
Initially, both will be hazardous (as they are in large dosage) [B1] (also acceptable: if students observe that Co has very high activity at the start hence more hazardous) As half life of Co is short (5.59 years) activity will be small after that [B1] number of years, hence less hazardous. However Ni has a long half-life (about 90 years), it remains [B1] hazardous for a long time.
Meridian Junior College J2 H2 Physics Prelim Paper 3 Solution 2007 Section A : SSQ 1 (a) (i) = -2.2- ( -2.6) x 106 = 4.0 x 105 Jkg-1 Work done = m = 2 x 4.0 x 105 = 8.0 x 105 J (ii) (iii) =0 Work done = 0 C1 B1 B1 B1
d = [ 2.0 ( 2.4 )] x10 6 J
dr = (7.1 3.1)x10 5 J
g= d dr d 0.4x10 6 = 2.0x = 2.0N dr 4.0x10 5
F = mg = m
F= mv 2 r
M1 A1
2.0 =
2.0v 2 1.74 x10 6 + 4.9x10 5
M1 A1
V = 1493 ms-1 (b) (i)
Escape velocity is the minimum velocity of a mass/object needs to B1 be projected from the surface of moon (or other planet) in order to have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the gravitational field it experiences and move to infinity. The average speed of the molecules is much larger than the B1 escape velocity, hence most of the nitrogen molecules will not stay in orbit. They will more likely to escape from the moons gravitational field, hence no atmosphere can be formed.
(ii)
(a)
The mass is undergoing simple harmonic motion where its acceleration a is always directed towards a fixed point and is directly proportional to its B1 displacement x from that fixed point.
a = 2 x
(b)
B1
x = xo cos (t ) = 8.00 102 cos
2 t = 8.00 10 2 cos T
k t m
M1 A1
x = 8.00 102 cos ( 4.47t )

(positive cos is also acceptable if student defines downwards positive) (sine is not acceptable since question stated it was released after being pulled down by 8 cm)
(c)
v = xo 2 x 2 v = 4.47 0.08002 0.06002 v = 0.237 ms 1

M1 A1
(d)
0.04 = 0.08 cos ( 4.47t ) 0.5 = cos ( 4.47t ) 4.47t = 2.094 rad or 4.189 rad 0.04 = 0.08 cos ( 4.47t ) 4.47t = 1.047 rad or 5.236 rad
Shortest time is to go from 4.47t = 4.189 rad to 5.236 rad t = (5.236 4.189)/4.47 = 0.234 s Alternative answer: Due to the symmetry of the cos curve, time required to go from x = -4 cm to +4 cm is also acceptable. M1 A1 M1
0.5 = cos ( 4.47t )
(e)
B1 Answer must show amplitude getting smaller as time proceeds. (Curve must remain cosine like, sin curve accepted as ecf only if (b) was written with sine) (i)
(a)
1 mark for number of forces. 1 mark for directions

FE
M1 M1
FB
(ii)
N W FB = Fc N= mv 2 + mg + Bqv r 2.0 2.192 = + ( 2.0 9.81) + (1.5 0.20 2.19 ) 0.50 = 39.46 N 39 N
M1
M1 A1
(b)
(i)
When magnet X is pushed down towards solenoid A, it will start to oscillate in the vertical plane. This causes a rate of change of B1 magnetic flux linkage in solenoid A. By Faradays law of magnetic flux linkage, an e.m.f is induced within solenoid A and a current B1 flows. Since the direction and velocity of X is constantly changing, the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage is constantly varying, B1 thus causing an alternating current within A and hence B. When an alternating current flows in B, it induces a magnetic pole at the ends of the solenoid. Since the current is alternating, the magnetic poles induced are constantly changing in polarity. B1 Hence, magnet Y is varyingly attracted and repelled, causing it to B1 oscillate. By potential divider principle 800 6.0 = 4.0V Alternatively 400 + 800
(6.0) x 2.0 = 4.0 V
(ii)
(a)
(i)
B1
(ii)
Equivalent resistance of 800 and 400 in parallel 1 1 1 RT = + = 267 800 400 6 VPQ = x267 = 2.4V 400 + 267
VPrms = 2.4 V from (a)(ii) VSrms = 2.4 x 50 = 120V VSmax = 120 x 2 = 170V
C1 B1
(b)
(i)
NS V = S NP VP
= 50
rms
C1 B1 C1
(ii)
Pave = Ppeak
Pave =
OR
Vpeak
4R
170 = 154W 4 47
Vpeak
2
B1
Pave =
Vrms 2 = R
2 47
= 154 W
(iii)
Pnew = 2 Pave = 307 W
B1
OR Substitue Vrms = Vpeak/ 2 into Pave formula (iv) (v) D.C B1
Transformers work based on E.M.I. which requires a change in B1 magnetic flux which is provided by an a.c. not a d.c.
Section B : LSQ 5 (a) (i) The moment of a force about a point is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance between the point and the line of action of the force. B2 Total clockwise moments about any axis of rotation is equal to the total anticlockwise moments about the same axis. OR B2 The net torque about any axis of rotation is zero, Taking moments about point P,
F(2.5) =1800(0.35) F = 252 N
(ii)
(b)
(i)
M1 A1 M1 A1 Eqn 1 B1
(ii)
F + FR = 1800 FR = 1548 N = 1550 N
(c)
(i)
COM : m1v = m1v1 + m2 v2 Head-on : v = v2 v1
(ii)
Eqn 2
B1
(iii)
Eqn 3 Eqn 1 : v1
(m1 m2 ) Eqn 4 v 2m1 2 (m m ) From Eqn 4 and Eqn 2 : v1 = m 1+ m2 v 1 2

=
Multiply Eqn 2 by m1 : m1v = m1v2 m1v1
Eqn 3 M1 M1
1 1 m1v 2 m1v12 4m1m2 2 Fraction of initial K.E transferred = 2 = 1 (m1 + m2 ) 2 m1v 2 2

(iv)
A1
m2
m1
= 1.
A1 B1 B1
m1 will stop moving. m2 will move off with the speed of v.

(v) 1. 2.
u1 u2 = v 0 = 6.0 m s-1
COM : 2m2 v + m2 (0) = 2m2 v1 + m2 v2 Head-on : v2 v1 = 6.0
A1 M1 A1
v1 = 2.0 m s-1, v2 = 8.0 m s-1

(vi)
The velocities of the bodies after collision will not be along the same line of motion before collision. B1
(a)
The first law of thermodynamics states that the increase in internal energy is equal to the sum of heat transferred into the system and work done on the system
(b)
U is the increase in internal energy.

pV is the work done by system
(c)
(i)
Using PV = n R T, T = 273 + 41 = 314 K P = 780 mmHg = gh = 13.6 x 103 x 9.81 x78.0 x 10-2 = 1.04 x 105 Pa
n = 1.04 x 105 x 2.0 x 10-4/(8.31 x 314) = 0.00797 moles
(ii) (iii)
. Using PV = n R T, Tf =273 + 517 = 790 K Pf (2.9 x 10-5) = 0.00797 x 8.31 x 790 Pf= 1.80 x 106 Pa U = Q + W = 0 + 91 = 91 J The change is an increase. Internal energy is the total translational kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas.
(iv)
The work done in compressing the gas increases the internal energy of the gas, thus the kinetic energy of its molecules increases. Since the kinetic energy of the gas molecules is proportional to the thermodynamic temperature. An increase in KE is thus associated with a rise in temperature. (v) At low pressure or high temperature For low pressure, molecules are very far apart OR For high temperatures molecules move with very high speeds Intermolecular forces/interaction is negligible Given rate of water supplied to town , V/t = 2.7 m3 s-1 Let Vv/t be the rate of canal water vaporized. Area exposed to sun = 51 km x 9.2 m = 51 x 103 x 9.2 so rate of heat absorbed by water = 900 Wm-2 x Area = 4.22 x 108 W From conservation of energy, rate of heat absorbed from sun = rate of vaporization of water. 4.22 x 108 W =
(d)
Mv/t = 4.22 x 108/(2.26 x 106) = 187 kg s-1 Rate at which water needs to be supplied from reservoir = V/t + Vv/t = 2700 + 187 = 2887 = 2900 kg s-1 Or Rate at which water needs to be supplied from reservoir = V/t + Vv/t = 2.700 + 0.187 = 2.887 = 2.9 kg s-1 7 (a) (i) An electron with an initial kinetic energy Ek initial collides with a target atom. Upon collision, the electron decelerates and loses B1 an amount of energy Ek which appears as the energy of an X-ray photon that is B1 radiated. This scattered electron which now has energy less than Ek initial may have a subsequent collision with another target atom, B1 generating a second x-ray photon whose energy, in general, is different from the energy of the x-ray photon produced in the first collision. Hence all the photons generated by these collisions between electrons and target atoms form the continuous x-ray spectrum.
Mv lv , t
lv = 2.26 x 106 J kg-1
(ii)
hfmax = eV h
min
= eV
34
( 6.63 10 )
(b) (i) (ii)
( 3.0 10 ) =
8
min
(1.6 10 ) ( 40000 )
19
M1 A1 B1
min = 3.11 10 11 m
6 possible transitions
c
E = h
19 34
( 3.28 + 23.4 ) (1.6 10 ) = ( 6.63 10 )

min = 61.8 nm
(iii)
( 3.0 10 )
8
min
M1 A1
increasing wavelength
Fig. 7.3 [B1] for 3 lines and correct relative spacing (iv) A1 The atoms will not be excited. The photon energy does not match any of the differences in the M1 energy levels, hence the photon energy will not be absorbed by the atom.
1. For a given metal, no photoelectrons are emitted if the frequency of the incident light is lower than a certain frequency. Emission of photoelectrons takes place almost instantaneously after the light shines on the metal, with no detectable time delay. Photoelectrons emitted from a metal have a range of velocities from zero up to a maximum vmax.
(c)
(i)
2.
3.
[B2] for any two observations (ii)

1. The ammeter reading remains zero.
A1
As the intensity is increased, the rate of emission of photoelectrons will increase, but the KEmax of the electrons M1 remain the same. Hence the electrons will still not be able to overcome the stopping potential. The photocurrent remains zero. 2. The ammeter reading will increase to a non-zero value.
A1
When the wavelength is decreased, the KEmax of the M1 photoelectrons will increase. Some of the electrons can now overcome the potential and reach the collector. A photocurrent will be registered.
(iii)
No. of photoelectrons emitted per second I 0.34 10 3 = = = 2.125 1015 s-1 19 q 1.6 10 No. of incident photons per second P P 2.85 10 3 = = = c hf 3.0 108 h 6.63 1034 225 10 9
M1
= 3.224 1015 s-1
M1
Quantum yield =
2.125 1015 = 0.659 3.224 1015
A1
2007 NJC H2 Solutions
2007 NJC H2 Physics Prelim Paper 2 Solution

1. (a) Units of P = kg m-1s-2
(b) The Earths magnetic field The resistance of a domestic filament lamp Wavelength of visible light magnitude 10-5 to 10-6 103 10-7 Unit T
2 (a) (i)
Ft = p 60 10 3 = (1000 + 60 ) = 17667 Ns 60 60
(a) (ii)
F=
17667 = 92982 N 0.19
Therefore the crash distance is (a) (iii)
k=
F = 58114 Nm 1 l
Conservation of momentum is not applicable to the system of the block and the car as an external force is acted on the block to fix it to the ground. (b) (i)
m30 + m(80) = 2m(v) v = 25kmh 1 towards left

(b) (ii)
KEini
1 30 10 3 1 80 10 3 = m + 2 m 3600 = 298534 2 3600

2
1 25 10 3 KE fin = 2m = 51119 2 3600 Lost in KE = 247415 J
(b) (iii) At the instant of collision, both dummy drivers experienced the same amount of force. Due to Newtons 3rd law, both cars will experience the same equal amount of forces (action and reaction pair) acting on different bodies in the opposite direction. [Although both cars have different velocities, the relative speeds of approach for both cars are the same.]
3. (a)
P=
dW ds =F = Fv dt dt
(c) FD = Fappllied = 200 / 5 = 40 N (d) P = Fv = kv2 (e) P = 200 x (6 / 5)2 = 288 W (f) P = power to overcome drag + power to climb vertically = 200 + mgv sin = 200 + 100(9.81)(5) sin 1.9o = 363 W P = hg 101 000 = h(1.3)(9.81) h = 7.92 km
4.(a)
(b)
(wood)(0.90)Vg wood = 741 kgm-3
(1000)(2/3)Vg
(c) (i)
Fx = 0:
T1 sin 36.9 = T2 sin 53.1 T1 = 1.33 T2
(ii) Fy = 0: T1 cos 36.9 + T2 cos 53.1 = mg 1.664 T2 = mg
about left-hand end of rod:

mgx = T2 cos 53.1 x 6.10 mgx = mg(2.20) x = 2.20 m 5. (a)
Magnitude of net force on the body must be directly proportional to displacement from equilibrium position. Net force must also be in the opposite direction to its displacement OR directed towards the equilibrium position.
(b)(i)
The graph of force against extension yields a straight line through the origin, meaning the net force is directly proportional to the distance from it. F = - kx ma = - kx a = - kx / m = - 2x (for SHM) Hence, 2 = k/m k = 3 / 0.1 = 30 Nm-1 2 = 30 / 0.20 T = 2/ = 0.51 s k (equilibrium length) = mg equilibrium length = 0.20 x 9.81 / 30 = 0.065 m
. (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
6. (a)
WAB = FlAB = 5 x 10-7 x 20 x 10-3 = 1.00 x 10-8 J WAC = 0 J , because force and displacement in the direction of the force are perpendicular to each other. WAD = 1.00 x 10-8 J, because the displacement in the direction of the force for moving from A to D is similar to that moving from A to B. VAB = WAB / Q = 1 x 10-8 / 2.5 x 10-11 = 400 V VAB = VB VA 400 = VB 200 VB = 600 V VC = VA = 200 V VD = VD = 600 V Need to ensure correct position and also indicate which the plate is earthed or which is 1000 V.
(b)
(c)
(d) Parallel lines perpendicular to plates, equal spacing, horizontal direction to the right, symmetry in the distribution of the lines
E [1]
1000 V
Fig 6 7. (a)(i) n 1 2 3 4 5 6 Energy /eV -13.6 -3.40 -1.51 -0.85 -0.54 -0.35
(a) (ii)
(b)
Consider a transition from level 4 to level 3, Energy of photo emitted

hc
= = =
-0.85 (-1.51) eV 0.66 x 1.6 x 10-19 1.88 x 10-6 m
Or Consider a transition from level 5 to level 3, Energy of photo emitted = -0.54 (-1.51) eV
hc
= =
0.97 x 1.6 x 10-19 1.28 x 10-6 m
Or Consider a transition from level 6to level 3, Energy of photo emitted = -0.35 (-1.51) eV
hc
= =
1.16 x 1.6 x 10-19 1.07 x 10-6 m
Since 8.00 x 10-7 m < <1 x 10-4 m, the wavelength lies in the infra-red region (c)(i) The angular spacing for 2nd order spectrum is wider than 1st order spectrum, hence it will have a smaller percentage uncertainty.
(c)(ii)
dsin = d = = =
2 162.60 - 126.40 1/N

sin 36.2 2( 4.5 10 )
5
36.2o
6.56 x 10-7 m
(c)(iii)
= =
hc
(6.63 10 34 )(3 10 8 ) 6.56 10 7
= 3.03 x 10-19 J = 1.9 eV E3 E2 = -1.51 (-3.4) = X is indicated in the graph above.
1.9eV
NJC Prelim 2007 H2 Physics Paper 3 Solutions Section A Question 1: Superposition
13.5 103 = tan ( ) 1(a) (i) 5.0 x = (0.50 103 ) sin = 1.35 106 m
1
(ii) =
(2 ) = 4.5 or
(iii)
2E0 E0
S2
0 t
E0 2E0
(iv)
For maximum intensity, resultant amplitude = 2E0 At X, resultant amplitude = 1.4 E0 Therefore I = 0.49 I0
(1.4 E 0 )2 I = I0 (2 E 0 )2
or
0.50 I0
(b)
Intensity, I
I0
0.25I0 0 90 180 270 360

Angle,
Section A Question 2: Current of Electricity
V2 R 1202 2(a) 30 = R R = 480 P=

(b) V =
50000 (120) = 119V 50000 + 480

1 1 = + = 1.99 480 2
1
(c) Effective resistance of Ammeter and Lamp, Reff
I = 100 /1.99 = 50.2 A
E = V + Ir 120 = 100 + 50.2r r = 0.398

(d) Let the no. of batteries needed be N
480 N (1.5) = 120 480 + N (1.2) N = 100
Section A Question 3: Thermal Physics 3(a) (i) Heat gained by milk = Heat loss by steam 0.2 (4000)() = 0.001(2.2x106) + 0.001(4200)(15) Rise in temperature of milk, = 2.83 K (b) (i) pV = nRT
pV = constant T p V p AV A = C C TA TC 5 x10 5 (0.95) 1x10 5 (0.95) = TC 2500

TC = 500 K (ii) U = Q + W , W = 0 Q = 3/2 (PCVC PAVA) = 3/2 (5-1) x105 x 0.95 = 570 kJ (iii)U = Q + W 3/2 (0.95-3) x105 = Q + (3-0.95) x 105 Q = - 513 kJ (iv) U = Q + W For a cyclic process, U = 0 W=-Q
= - (570 + (-513)) = - 57.5 kJ (v) PAVA = PBVB (5 x 105)(0.95) = (1 x 105)(3)
ln 5 + ln 0 .95 = ln 3 = 1 .40
(v) If it is not carried out rapidly, heat supplied to the system will not be zero. Section A Question 4: Nuclear Physics 4 (a) (i) Binding energy of a nucleus is the amount of work needed to take all its constituent nucleons apart so that they are separated an infinite distance from one another. (ii) Conservation of mass and conservation of energy (iii) Energy released in one reaction = (mU + mn (mXe + mSr + 2mn)) uc2 = 2.94 x 10-11 J (iv) There are 2 methods in calculating the total number of reactions. Method 1 No of reactions that will take place in 2 kg Uranium = (2000/235) x 6.02 x 1023 = 5.12 x 1024 Method 2 No of reactions that will take place in 2 kg Uranium = 2 / (235 x 1.66 x 10-27) = 5.12 x 1024 Pbulb(t) = 1.51 x 1014 Amount of time for a 50 W light bulb to last, t = (1.51 x 1014/(50x60x60)) = 8.38 x 108 hours (b) Total momentum must be conserved. Since initial momentum is zero, final momentum must also be zero. This will only happen if the gamma photons move in opposite direction.
Section A Question 5: Laser and Semiconductor 5 (a) (i) A longer lifetime in the E3 state means that the helium atoms can stay excited long enough for energy to be transferred to the ground state Neon atoms through collision. This ensures a constant supply of neon atoms in the E2 state necessary for laser action. OR If the lifetime of the E3 state is short compared to the E2 state, there wont be enough excited helium atoms present in the medium that will excite the neon atoms to the E2 states and this will affect the degree of population inversion in neon. 5 (a) (ii) The E0 state of neon is stable and highly populated. Hence it is impossible to achieve population inversion between E0 and any excited states of neon. The E1 state has the shortest lifetime among the three states. Hence it has the lowest population among the 3 states. The E2 state has a longer lifetime than the E1 and hence it is more highly populated compared to the E1 state. Hence population inversion can exist between the E2 and E1 states.
5 (a) (iii)
P=
N (hf ) N hc = t t
N P 1.2 10 632.8 10 = = t hc 6.63 10 34 3 10 8
3.82 x 1015 s-1
5 (b) (i) Electrons in the n-type semiconductor diffuse across the junction towards the p-type semiconductor thereby combining with the holes directly across the junction. This causes an electric field to exist across the junction that slowly opposes the movement of electrons from the n-type to the p-type semiconductor. At steady state, the electric field will be strong enough to prevent the net movement of electrons across the junction. A depletion region is formed on either side of the junction characterized by the lack of mobile charge carriers within this region. 5 (b) (ii) The width of the depletion region will increase because electrons in the n-type semiconductor will migrate away from the n-type type depletion region under the action of the applied reverse bias potential, causing an increase in the overall potential difference.
Section B Question 6: Gravitaional Field (a) Work done by external agent in bringing a mass from infinity to a point within a gravitational field.
mv 2 R R2 GMm KE = mv2 = 2R
(b)(i)
Using
GMm
Total energy of satellite
= KE + GPE =
GMm GMm + 2R R GMm = 2R
(b)(ii)
GMm R2
T2 =
2 = mR 2 = mR T
4 2 R 3 GM E
(b)(iii) T R3
= =
24 x 3600s
GM E T 2 4 2
= 7.567 x 1022
R = 4.23 x 107 m Distance above surface = 3.6 x 107 = 36000 km (Shown)
(b)(iv) Total energy of satellite at geostationary orbit By COE; v (120) v 2 +

GMm RE
2007 NJC H2 Solutions GMm = - 5.676 x 108 J 2R
= - 5.676 x 108 J
= 10 752 ms-1 = 10.8 x 103 ms-1

4 2 R 3 = GM E
2
(c)
Using T Using
4 2 6.4 x10 6 + 3 x10 5 6.67 x10 11 x 6.0 x10 24 6.67 x10 11 x 6 x10 24 (6.4 x10 + 3 x10 )
6 5
= =
5447s = 5.4 x 103 s 7729 = 7.8 x 103 ms-1
GMm R
mv 2 ,v= R
(d)
T = E =
1 200
5 x 10-3 revolution
=
(2GM E ) 2 / 3 (120 )(5 x10 3 ) 3(5400 ) 5 / 3 =
(2GM E ) 2 / 3 mT 3T 5 / 3
2225 J
E 2225 = = 0.412W 5400 T
Average rate of loss of energy in 1 revolution From P = A v 3 , = (e)

P Av
3
0.412 (2.4)(7800 )
3
= 3.62 x 10-13 kgm-3
As the satellite spirals toward the Earths surface, the KE increases (i.e. it spirals faster and faster towards the Earth) and its GPE decreases. This can be shown in the graph of Energy vs orbital radius.
E/J
Ek
Note that the curvature of the 2 curves is different. r/m
Ep
Section B Question 7: EM/EMI (a) (i)

EM =
V l
potential difference, V = E M l
V R
= E lA VA = M l l
(a) (ii)
Maximum current, I M =
EM A
(shown)
(b)
Maximum magnetic force on a current carrying conductor,

FB = B M I M l sin 90
EM A = BM l
=
B M E M Al
(shown)
By Flemings Left Hand rule, the direction of FB is upwards (c) (d) (i) Upwards For vertical equilibrium: Mg = FB
BEAl
d ( Al )g = BE = dg
(shown)
(d) (ii) From
BE = dg
E2 = dg c
-1 E = 3 10 8 1.7 10 8 8900 9.81 = 667 NC
(d) (iii)
P = I2R
EA l E 2 Al = A=
2
or
P = V2/R
A E 2 lA = (El )2 l =
Since E 2 = cdg
P=
(cdg )Al
= cd ( Al )g = cMg
(shown)
(d) (iv)
Q = Mc rod
dQ d = Mc rod = Mgc dt dt d 9.81 3 10 8 = 7.55 x 106 Ks-1 = 390 dt
(e) (i) Assuming that 100% of the power supplied by the transmitter goes into supporting the reflector, minimum power required P = Mgc = 50 x 9.81 x 3 x 108 = 1.47 x 1011 W (e) (ii) Any 1 reason: Not all the transmitted power will be intercepted by the reflector

(f) -
2007 NJC H2 Solutions Some of the transmitted energy will be absorbed by the atmosphere Need to take into account the power reflected back to receiving stations Or any other suitable reason.
Shorter distance between transmitter and reflector Less power is needed to relay a signal compared to a geostationary satellite.
(g) Any one reason: Too much power is needed to support the reflector hence not economically viable. Current in the reflector (or power dissipated by reflector or rate of temperature rise of reflector) is too large may result in reflector melting. Difficult to keep the reflector in stable equilibrium because of atmospheric disturbances.
Section B Question 8: Quantum Physics Q8. (a) (i) From the graph, min = 1.2 x 10-11 m Since E K =
hc
, E K , max =
hc
=1.7 x 10-14 J (a) (ii) Using law of conservation of energy, the work done by the electric field is converted into kinetic energy of the electron eVs = E K Hence, Vs = 104 kV (a) (iii) [draw graph showing that intensity at all wavelength drops. All peaks are still at the same position and can be seen.] (a) (iv) [minimum wavelength is 3 x 1.2 x 10-11 = 3.6 X 10-11m. The K peaks should be absent; overall intensity also drops] (b) The continuous spectrum is due to the energy lost due to rapid deceleration of energetic electrons as they collide with the atoms in the target. As the electron can some or all its kinetic energy, the energy released while braking does not have discrete values. For the line emission spectrum, the energetic incoming electrons collide and ejected an inner shell electrons. An electron from a higher energy level drops to the vacant state resulting in discrete package of energy being released. (c) (i)
min
P=
n /t = 3.6 x 1016 s-1 (c) (ii) The bombardment of energetic electrons at the target will result in production of X-ray as well as other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as infra-red radiation. This will increased the temperature of the target and may even cause it to melt and breakdown. Hence a cooling liquid is required to constantly remove heat from the target.
nE nhc = t t 600 100 nEhc = 99 t
(d) Any 2 effects: Water is ionised to form free radicals that are highly reactive. Free radicals can combine to make hydrogen peroxide H2O2 which is a powerful oxidising agent and can damage the DNA of the chromosomes; At the molecular level, enzymes, RNA and DNA are damaged, and metabolic pathways are interfered with. At the sub-cellular level cell membranes are damaged, along with the nucleus, chromosomes, and mitochrondria. Cellular level, cell division is damaged. Cells can die, or be transformed to malignant growth. Tissue and organ damage. There can be disruption to the central nervous system, death of bone marrow and the lining to the gastro-intestinal system, leading to sickness and death. Cancers may arise. Whole animal can die; or life is shortened; (e) (i) XY = d sin Path difference between ray 1 and 2 = XY + YZ = 2d sin (e) (ii) For Bragg peak to occur, there must be constructive interference, i.e. path difference between rays = n Since the path difference between rays is 2dsin, 2d sin = n
2007 PJC H2 Solutions
Answers to PJC Preliminary Examination Paper 2 (H2 Physics) Suggested Solutions: No. 1(a) Solutions Remarks Base unit is a unit that can be accurately and easily [1] reproduced and is unchanging with time. It cannot be expressed as product or quotient of other base units.
1(b) SI unit resistance of a domestic filament lamp Earths magnetic field strength size of nucleus 1(c)(i)
2
magnitude 103 105 1015 [1] [1] [1]
T m
SI base units of E =
(kg m s ) m
[1]
m2 m SI base units of E = kg m1 s2
1(c)(ii)
E=
E=
FL Ae FL
e
E= 20.0 40.0 10 2
2
d 2
0.40 10 3 0.50 10 3 2 11 E 1.27 10 kg m1 s2
[1]
E
E
d e 0 .1 0 .1 0.01 0.01 = + +2 + 11 20.0 40.0 0.40 0.50 1.27 10 E 0.987 10 10 kg m1 s2
F
F
L
L
+2
[1]
Therefore, the value of the Young modulus is [1] (13 1) 1010 kg m1 s2.
2(a)
The gravitational field strength at point X due to the Earth is acting in opposite direction to the gravitational field strength at point X due to the Moon. At a certain point X, these values have the same magnitude and hence they cancel out each other.
[1] for correct explanation with reference to highlighted key ideas
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2 2(b)(i)
At point X, g Moon = g Earth .
GM Moon XM
2
GM Earth EX 2
[1] for correct use of formulae

2
XM 2 = 0.012 3.4 10 8 XM 3.7 10 7 m
[1] for correct substitution [1] for correct answer for XM [1] for correct answer for EM
2(b)(ii)
Since EM = EX + XM , EM 3.4 10 8 + 3.7 10 7
) (
EM 3.8 10 8 m
2(b)(iii)
By Netwons second law of motion, GM Earth M Moon = M Moon r 2 r2 4 2 T2 = r3 GM Earth

6.67 10 11 6.0 10 24 T 2.3 10 6 s T2 = 4 2 3.8 10 8
[1] for correct equation [1] for correct substitution
[1] for correct answer
3(a)
- total energy, or maximum kinetic energy, or [2] for any two quantities maximum potential energy, stated - maximum velocity, minimum velocity - amplitude, - period, or frequency, or angular frequency From the graph, maximum potential energy = maximum kinetic energy = 1.0 10 3 J Since 1 2 mv o = 1.0 mJ, 2
3(b)(i)
[1]
3(b)(ii)
1 m 1.0 2 = 1.0 10 3 2 m = 2.0 10 3 kg
[1] [1]
3(b)(iii)
1 m 2 x 2 2
1 2 m 2 x o x 2 2 x 2 = 0.20 10 2 x 2 x 4.1 mm
= 0.20
[1]
[1] [1]
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3 4(a)
- The electric field between both plates is uniform. [1] for any 1 statement 80 - The electric field strength is = 200 V m1. 2 40.0 10 - The electric field is in the direction QP (from higher potential to lower potential). Since F = qE ma = qE a= a= q V md 1.60 10 19 80 31 2 9.11 10 40.0 10
4(b)(i)
[1] for correct formulae
[1] for substitution [1] for answer
a = 3.5126 10 13 m s2 a 3.51 1013 m s2 towards the right
4(b)(ii) 1.
When the electron moves from point A to point B, the change in its potential energy is the product of its charge and the potential difference.
U = q (VB V A ) U = 1.60 10
19
[ 10 ( 40 )]
[1] for correct use of formulae [1] for answer
U = 4.8 10 18 J
Note that the change is negative, thus indicating a loss No marks awarded for of potential energy. correct magnitude
4(b)(ii) 2.
By conservation of energy, gain in kinetic energy = loss in potential energy 1 mv 2 = qV 2 1 9.11 10 31 v 2 = 4.8 10 18 2 v 3.2 10 6 m s1
5(a)
The decay constant of a radioactive isotope is the [2] for correct definition fraction of the total number of atoms that decay per unit time. Using A = Ao e t , 4.5 10 7 = 3.6 10 8 e 43600 1.4 10 4 s1 [1] for correct equation
5(b)(i)
[1] for correct answer [1] for correct equation [1] for correct answer
5(b)(ii)
Since A = N , 3.6 10 8 = 1.4 10 4 N N 2.5 10 12 nuclei
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4 5(b)(iii)
M , V 2.5 10 12 80 1.66 10 27 10 3 2.53 = V 3 10 V 1.3 10 cm
Since =
[1] for correct mass [1] for correct volume
6(a)(i)
When an electron collides with one of the target atoms, [1] for clear explanation it may lose an amount of energy that corresponds to the energy of an X-ray photon. The electron may continue to lose energy in a series of collisions with other atoms, thereby giving off X-ray photons of different energies. Since different X-ray photons correspond to different wavelengths, the continuous spectrum is thus formed. An electron may lose all its energy in a single collision [1] for clear explanation with a target atom, thereby emitting a photon of energy E max . that corresponds to a minimum wavelength o . The K -line arises when an electron from the M-shell [1] for clear explanation ( n = 3 ) fill the vacancy in the K-shell, and in the process emits a photon whose wavelength corresponds to the value of the K -line.
Since the electrons in the L-shell are nearer to the [1] for clear explanation K-shell, there is then a greater probability that the vacancy in the K-shell is filled by an electron from the L-shell than from the M-shell. Hence, the intensity of the K -line is smaller than that of the K -line.
6(a)(ii)
6(a)(iii)
6(a)(iv)
The lines are called the characteristic X-ray spectrum [1] for clear explanation because for different target element, the wavelengths of the K-series lines are different and thus are unique for different elements. For the energy of the photon for the K -line, E = E 2 E1
6(b)(i)
E = hf =
k (Z 1) 22
2
k (Z 1)2 12
3k (Z 1) 4 2 3k (Z 1) f = 4h f = C (Z 1)
where C =
[1] for recognizing that the energy difference between E 2 and E 1 gives rise to the energy for the K -line [1] for correct manipulation of equation
3k and is a constant. 4h
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5 6(b)(ii)
1.7
f / 10 Hz
1 2
[1] for best-fit line drawn

1.6
1.5
X
1.4
1.3
X
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
6(b)(iii)
Since
f = C (Z 1) ,
f = CZ C
[2] for stating and Since the equation is of the form Y = mX + c , the explaining the correct constant C can be obtained either from the gradient of methods using the the graph, or from the vertical intercept of the graph. equation
6(b)(iv)
From the graph, gradient 5.0 10 7
( 0.2 10 7 )
1
[1] for correct calculation for gradient or C [1] for correct units for C
Therefore, the constant C is 5.0 10 7 Hz 2 .
6(b)(v)
Since
f = C (Z 1) ,
9
f = 5.0 10 7 (29 1) f = 1.4 10 c Since = , f 3.0 10 8 = 2 1.4 10 9
[1] for correct substitution
1.5 10 10 m
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[1] for correct calculated value
6 6(c)(i)
ray 1
ray 2
d
x
Using the Pythagoras theorem, x = d sin
[1] for identifying path difference
Since the difference in the path between ray 1 and [1] for correct calculation of path difference ray 2 is 2x, the path difference is 2d sin .
6(c)(ii)
The first two peaks are the 1st order maxima and the next two peaks are the 2nd order maxima for the two [1] for correct calculation wavelengths of the X-ray beam. of the shorter wavelength Using 2d sin = m , 2 0.94 10 9 sin 0.8 = 1 1 1 26 pm 2 0.94 10 9 sin 2.4 = 2 2 2 39 pm [1] for correct calculation of the longer wavelength Subtract 1 mark for wrong conversion of m to pm.
6(c)(iii)
Using the diffraction grating expression d sin = n , and considering the 1st order maxima, 3000 10 9 sin = 1 0.1 10 9 0.0019 [1] for correct calculation of angle of diffraction using appropriate order
The 1st order maxima is too close to the central bright fringe and so is unable to discriminate between [1] for clear explanation with reference to the different wavelengths in the X-ray region. calculation made A grating with spacing approximately equal to the wavelength will be desirable, but such gratings cannot be constructed mechanically.
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1 Answers to PJC Preliminary Examination Paper 3 (H2 Physics) Qn 1(a)(i) Solution Let m be the mass of the neutron and 12m the mass of 12C. speed of separation = speed of approach u 0 =V v (u + v ) = V -------------------(1) By conservation of linear momentum, mu = mv + 12mV (u v ) = 12V ---------------(2) 2 11 Solving by (1)+(2): V = u, v = u 13 13
Ratio is
Remarks [1] for illustrating understanding
1(a)(ii)
[1] for stating equation in C.O.M.
11 . 13
[1] for answer calculated
1(a)(iii)
Fractional loss of energy of neutron is 1 m u2 v 2 2 1 mu 2 2
[1] for correct method
11 v = 1 = 1 = 0.28 (shown) u 13
1(b)
Let us first consider the collision between A and B. By conservation of linear momentum, m Au A + mBuB = (mA + mB )v AB 1(3 ) + 1(1) = 2v AB v AB = 2 m s-1
Carts A and B will combine and move off to the right. Consider it as a single body colliding with cart C. By applying conservation of momentum, (mA + mB )v + mcuc = (mA + mB + mC )v ABC 2(2) + 1( 0.5) = 3v ABC v ABC = 1.1 m s-1, towards the right.
[1] for correct answer

[1] for calculating the common speed when AB sticks together
[1] for correct calculation, having used the fact that momentum is conserved. [1] for correct answer
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2 2(a)
Vector sum of net external force acting on the object is zero to ensure translational equilibrium. Net external moment about any point is zero to ensure rotational equilibrium. [1] for mention of either condition
2(b)
Reaction force due to ground on boom
[1] for correct forces [1] for correct lines of action of forces (ensure that the point of intersection of the forces lies to the right of weight of boom)
Tension Tension in cable
Weight of boom
2(c)
Taking moments about hinge, Sum of clockwise moments = sum of anticlockwise moments L w ( x cos ) + W (L cos )= T (L sin ( - )) 2 ( 400 [1] for application of moments [1] for substitution [1] for correct answer [1] for substitution
L + 2000 L )cos 45 = T L cos 75 2
T = 6.0 10 3 N
2(d)
Power = P =
(mgh)crate + (mgh)boom 30
(2000 0.5) + (400 0.2) 30
P = 36 W
[1] for answer
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3 3 (a)(i)
The differences between X-ray and sound waves: X-ray is transverse while sound waves are longitudinal. [1] for any one X-ray can be polarized but sound cannot be polarized. X-ray has a speed of 3 10 8 m s-1 in vacuum while the speed of sound in air is approximately 330 m s-1. X-ray can travel through vacuum while sound cannot. 3 (a)(ii) The similarities between X-ray and sound waves: The equation v = f applies to both. Both waves can undergo diffraction and interference. 3(b)(i) Taking the two end points on the line shown, (20.0 2.0) 10 3 Gradient = ( 5 .0 0 .5 )
= 4.00 10 3
[1] for any one
[1] for calculation
3(b)(ii)
x=
D
a
, where x is the fringe separation, D is the distance between slit and screen and a is the slit separation.
[1] for derivation of method so that gradient from (b)(i) can be used in calculation. [1] for conversion of frequency to wavelength [1] for answer
a=
cD x , where is the gradient D fx
3.0 10 8 1 a= 14 0.004 5.0 10

a = 1.5 10 4 m
3(b)(iii) 1.
Since x =
cD , when f is halved, x is doubled. [1] fd This implies that the fringe separation in the interference pattern doubles.
3(b)(iii) 2.
c x = [1] D fd Since the gradient is inversely proportional to the frequency of the light, when experiment is repeated with half the frequency, gradient of the graph doubles.
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4 4(a) When the bulbs (cold) are first connected, the temperature is [2] for applying I-V low and the resistances are small. However, when electrical characteristics of a energy is absorbed by the filaments, the temperature and filament lamp resistance increases, and the amount of energy emitted increases. Hence, the bulbs will take some time to achieve their full brightness. 4(b) Let the currents through L1 and L2 be I1 and I 2 respectively. When the two lamps are operating at full brightness, 60 45 and I1 = I2 = 30 60 I 1 = 2 .0 A I 2 = 0.75 A Since R = R1 = 60 2.75 R1 22 30 2 .0 R 2 = 15 V ,
[1] for correct calculation of currents
[2] for correct substitutions of values into R = V
R2 =
[1] for correct answers [1]
4(c)(i)
When the filament of L1 breaks, the current through L2 increases. Hence, L2 lights up very brightly.
4(c)(ii)
As the operating power increases, the temperature of the [1] for any filament increases. However, the rate at which heat energy is reasonable answer transferred (radiation) away from the filament may be higher than before. Hence the net rate of heat energy gained by the filament is slower than what is expected. The melting point of the filament may be high, thus causing it to take some time before the filament breaks.
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5 5(a)(i) P = Ir .m.s.Vr .m.s. P Ir .m.s. = Vr .m.s. 1200 Ir .m.s. = 120 Ir .m.s. = 10 A I0 = 2I r .m.s. I0 = 14 A 5(a)(ii)
[1] Calculation of r.m.s value of current
[1] Relationship between r.m.s. and peak current
Since the current is alternating, one should expect either I = I0 sin(t ) or I = I0 cos(t ) However, the condition is that the power output is zero at the start where t = 0. Hence one should write
I = I 0 sin(t ) I = I0 sin(2ft ) I = 14 sin(100t )
Both positive and negative answers are acceptable but values must be correct. [1] for recognizing sine formula [1] for correct substitution of values
or
I = I0 sin(t ) I = I0 sin(2ft ) I = 14 sin(100t )
5(a)(iii)
[1] for correct form [1] for two cycles
1.0 1.0 Calculation shows that along y axis, 1.7 squares are taken up by peak value while along the x axis, 4 squares are occupied by each period.
5(b)
By conservation of energy, Power supplied to primary coil = Power output from secondary coil + power loss. Pp = PS + Ploss
IPVP = ISVS + Ploss IP (2400 ) = 10 120 + 600 IP = 0.75 A
[1] for C.O.E
applying
[1] for final answer
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6 6(a)(i)
PV = nRT (200 x 103)(0.25 x 0.030) = n x 8.31 x (300 + 273) n = 0.315 mol
[1] [1]
6(a)(ii)
Pressure due to piston and atmosphere =
100 9.81 + 100 10 3 0.0300
[1]
= 132700 Pa The piston starts to move down when the pressure in the cylinder is equal to the pressure due to the piston and atmosphere. To find the corresponding temperature at which this occurs, apply the ideal gas equation.
PV = nRT, 132700 x (0.25 x 0.030) = 0.315 x 8.31 x T T = 380 K (shown)
[1]
6(a)(iii)
The volume of the cylinder decreases with temperature under constant pressure.
V2 V3 = T 2 T3
0.25 0.030 V3 = 380 30 + 273 V3 = 5.98 10 3 m-3
6(a)(iv)
Since there is a drop in volume, positive work is done on gas. W = p |Vf Vi| W = 132 .7 10 3 (5.98 7.50 ) 10 3 W = 202 J
6(a)(v)
By the First Law of Thermodynamics, 3 U = Q + W where U = nRT 2
[1] [1] for substitution [1] for answer [1] for answer
3 (0.3145)(8.31)(30 300) = Q + 202 2

Q = 1.26 kJ
6(b)(i)
True.
When a solid melts, the increase in potential energy is less [1] for explanation than the increase that occurs when a liquid vaporises. Work is also done against external pressure when a liquid vaporises.
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7 6(b)(ii)
False. [1]
Pressure of a real gas is less than that of an ideal gas for the [1] same mass, volume and temperature. This is because attractive forces exist between the atoms/molecules in a real gas and not in an ideal gas.
6(c)(i)
Assuming no heat lost to surroundings, Heat supplied by water = heat gained by ice
[1] for stating the assumption [1] for substitution [1] for answer
mwater c = mice l f + mice c

900 4200 (85 ) = 100 3.34 10 + 100 4200
5
= 68.5C
6(c)(ii)
Consider the same mass of steam m and the same mass of [1] for stating the water m at 100 C. When in contact, both steam and skin difference between reaches a thermal equilibrium. The same happens for boiling the processes. water with skin. However, the difference is that for steam, the process of condensation occurs prior to the drop in temperature.
Qsteam = mlv + mc Qhotwater = mc
When steam condenses into water at 100 C, there is a [1] release of a large amount of thermal energy. Since specific latent heat of vaporisation is far greater than specific heat capacity, the thermal energy transferred to the skin due to steam condensing is greater than that due to boiling water.
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8 7(a)
Magnetic flux density of a magnetic field is defined as the [1] mark for correct force acting on a conductor per unit length per unit current definition flowing through it when the conductor is placed at right angle to the field. [1] mark for correct Its unit is tesla (T). unit
7(b)(i) 1.
V Resistance of coil needed, R = P 50 = 1000

2
2
[1]
= 2.5 No. of turns needed =
2.5 5.0 10
= 50
[1]
7(b)(i) 2.
B=
NI
0
2r
[1] for idea of P = IV
N( )
0
P V
[1] for substitution
= (4 10
50 = 6.310 T (2 s.f.)
-7 -4
1.0 10 ) / 2.0 50
3
[1] for answer ND N A
7(b)(ii)
Total resistance of coil of N turns is given by R = E 1 1 , I R R N
[1] [1]
Since I =
As N increases, R increases by the same factor, and hence I [1] decreases by the same factor. So, B remains the same.
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9 7(b)(iii) 1.
The graphs below show variation of flux and induced e.m.f. with time.
[2] for shape (either sine, -sine, cosine or cosine)

t
2.
[2] for shape being the negative of gradient of flux-time graph. (Faradays Law obeyed)
t
7(c)(i)
As the train moves towards the tunnel, there is a rate of [1] Faradays Law change of magnetic flux linkage experienced by the wirecoiled tunnel. By Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction, an e.m.f. is induced in the coil. By Lenzs Law, the induced e.m.f. will produce effects to [1] Lenzs Law oppose the increase in magnetic flux linkage. Since the circuit is closed, the induced current will flow through the coil and produce an induced magnetic field to oppose the increase in flux. Hence a North pole will be induced on the left end of the coil. Since like poles repel, the train will experience a resistive [1] force that causes it to slow down.
7(c)(ii)
If the switch is opened, no induced current flows even though [2] the same e.m.f. is induced since the diode is reversed biased. Hence, there is no repulsion and the train continues moving with constant speed. One possible application of such a system in real life is to [1] for any control the braking of the train. By closing the switch, the train reasonable answer will be slowed down and by opening the switch, the train will be able continue its journey smoothly.
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10 8 (a)(i) 1.
Electrons emitted from the surface will be emitted with the [1] maximum energies. Electrons emitted deeper from the surface will be emitted with energies less than the maximum due to collisions with atoms along the way to the surface, thus losing energy. P= nhf t nhc where S is the surface area of incidence IS = t
8 (a)(i)2.
n IS 180 0.45 10 4 300 10 9 = = t hc 6.63 10 34 3.0 10 8 n = 1.22 1016 s 1 t

8 (a)(ii) 1.
[1] for correct formulae [1] for substitution [1] for answer [1] [1] for substitution [1] for answer
= Ephoton - KEmax
= hc
KEmax
(6.63 10 34 3.0 108 ) = (0.9)(1.60 10 19 ) 9 300 10 = 5.19 x 10-19 J = 3.24 eV
8 (a)(ii) 2.
I=
Q ne = t t n I 4 10 9 = = t e 1.6 10 19 n = 2.5 1010 s 1 t Energy / eV -0.38 -1.54 -3.72 A B C
8(b)(i)
[1] for the first 3 arrows drawn correctly [1] for second set of 3 arrows drawn correctly
-13.6
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11 8(b)(ii)
Shortest wavelength is obtained from the transition that involves the largest energy difference (Transition from A to D). hc ED EA =
[( 0.38 ) ( 13.6)] 1.60 10 19 =
6.63 10 34 3.0 10 8
= 9.40 x 10-8 m
[1] for substitution [1] for answer [1]

[1] for calculation of k
UV region (Correct region according to the answer found)
8(c)
k=
8 2m(E pot E ) h2
k=
1.956 10 47 (6.63 10 34 )2 [1] for substitution

9
k = 6.67 10 9 m 1 T e 2kL = e 2( 6.6710 T = 4.5 x 10-5

)( 75010
12
[1] for answer [1] for calculating px [1] for calculating uncertainty in px
8(d)
px = mvx = (9.11 x 10-31)(2.05 x 106) px = 1.87 x 10-24 kg m s-1
p x =
0.50 (1.87 10 24 ) 100 p x = 9.34 10 27 Kg m s-1
By the Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle, h xp x 2 h x 2p x
[1] for applying H.U.P. and correct calculation.
1 6.63 10 34 1 2 2 9.34 10 27 x = 5.65 10 9 m x = 5.7 nm x
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2007 RJC H2 Solutions
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO H2 PHYSICS PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2007 2007 RJC Prelim PAPER 2
1 (a) S.I. unit for E = Pa = N m2 Base units for E = kg m s2 . m2 = kg m1 s2 Base units for
kmgL kg . m s2 . m = = = kg m1 s2 d 2e m2 . m
Since the units for the l.h.s. and r.h.s. of equation (1) are the same, the equation is dimensionally consistent.
(b)
E=
kmgL 1.273 2.00 9.81 1.874 = = 1.9736 1011 Pa 2 3 3 d 2e 0.58 10 0.705 10
E L m d e + +2 + = E L m d e 0.002 0.05 0.01 0.005 = + + 2 + 1.874 2.00 0.58 0.705 = 0.0676 E = 0.0676 1.9736 1011 = 0.13 1011 E = ( 2.0 0.1) 1011 Pa
0.1 1011 Pa
(a)
(i) Impulse, Ft = mv mu t = m (v u) / F = 0.060 (50) / 70 = 0.0429 = 0.043 s (ii)

side view of tennis racket
90
= 8.0 u = 50 ms-1
consider horizontal motion to the net: using sx = uxt s 11.5 t= x = = 0.2323 0.232 s (to 3 s.f.) u x 50 cos 8.0
consider vertical motion to the net: using sy = uyt + at2 1 2 sy = ( 50 sin8.0 ) ( 0.2323 ) + ( 9.81) ( 0.2323 ) = 1.881m 1.88 m 2
distance above the net = 3.2 1.88 1.0 = 0.32 m
(b)
consider vertical motion from point of contact to point where the ball first touches the ground
using sy = uyt + at2 3.2 = (50sin8.0 )t + (9.81)t2 2 (9.81)t + (50sin8.0 )t 3.2 = 0

( 50 sin 8.0 ) t= = 0.3656 s
( 50 sin8.0 )
9.81 4 ( 3.2 ) 2
or
9.81 2 2 1.784 s (NA)
distance opponent would have run = (3.0)(0.3656 0.30) = 0.197 m
(a)
(i) At 25 C, resistance of thermistor = 300 , Hence, total resistance = 300 + 200 = 500 12 I= = 24 mA 500
300 (ii) pd across thermistor = (12) = 7.2 V 300 + 200
(b)
As temperature increases, resistance of thermistor decreases. The total resistance decreases and current in the circuit increases causing the pd across the resistor to increase. Since the pd across both is still at 12 V, pd across thermistor decreases. OR As temperature increases, resistance of thermistor decreases Rth Voltage of thermistor, Vth = 12 Rth + R Denominator decreases less slowly than numerator, therefore Vth decreases V 2 122 P = = = 0.48 W at 25 C (i) R 300 P= V 2 122 = = 2.62 W R 55 at 45 C 0.48 + 2.62 )(10 60) = 930 J 2
(c)
(ii)
Power =
Energy . Hence, time
E = Pt = (
(iii) Since power does not vary linearly with resistance (which varies linearly with temperature and time), this method will not yield an accurate value of power dissipated when resistance change. Method assumes linearity between power and resistance.
(a)
Period = 2 5 = 10 ms
Frequency = (b)
1 1 = = 100 Hz T 10 10 3
The area under one cycle of the V2 vs t graph is
0.752 2.5 + 0.52 7.5 = 3.28
Hence, the mean-squared voltage is 3.28 = 0.328 V 2 10
Vrms = 0.328 = 0.573 V (c)

Mean Power =
Vrms2 0.5732 = = 6.56 10 4 W R 500
(a)
(i) The graph is a straight line that passes through the origin; this means that the acceleration is proportional to the displacement. The negative gradient means a and x are always in opposite direction; this shows a is always directed towards the equilibrium. Hence, the motion can be represented by a = 2x and is simple harmonic. (ii)
a = 2x
gradient = 2 =
2.2 2.2 = 55 0.04 ( 0.04) 4 2 = 0.85 s (proven) 55
2 =
4 2 T2
T=
(b)
(i)
KEmax =
1 m 2 xo 2 2 1 2 = ( 0.25 )( 55 )( 0.04 ) 2 = 0.011J
(ii)
K.E. / J 0.011
2T
(a)
(i) The two energy levels are the conduction and valence energy bands of the GaAs layer. (ii)
Eg = hf =
hc
hc Eg
(b)
The forward-bias voltage ensures a constant source of free charge carriers the positive holes moving from the p-doped GaAs to the n-doped GaAs and electrons in
the opposite direction. In the neighborhood of the junction, there is thus an increased number of excited electrons in the conduction band which will release photons when they fill up the holes in the valence band.
(c)
A significant increase in temperature implies a greater concentration of mobile charge carriers in the semiconductors which can absorb photons to transit between energy bands other than the photon-producing ones, reducing the laser efficiency. The minimal length corresponds to half the wavelength 1.15 10 7 m.
(d)
(a)
v
v
proton
v //
Fig. 7.2
The velocity v may be resolved into two components one parallel to the magnetic field B , which is v // , and the other perpendicular to B , which is v . The first component results in a translational motion of the proton along B , while the latter results in a circular motion of the proton about B. The resultant motion is therefore a spiral about B.
(b)
coil v = 1.0 105 m s1
55o central axis
Fig. 7.3 (i) The directions of the currents passing through each coil are as shown above. (ii)
Using F = Bqv sin , we get
F = 3.8 10 4 1.6 1019 1 105 sin550 = 4.98 10 18 N mid-plane = 5.0 10 18 N ( to 2 sf )
)(
and directed perpendicularly into the page
(iii)
v Bmax Using // = 1 Bmin v

tan = 1 Bmax 1 Bmin = 1
and recognizing that tan =
v , we get v //
6.3 1 3.8
= 50.950 = 510
(iv) Yes, the proton will be trapped, because its velocity is at an angle of 550 to B , which is larger than the critical pitch angle. (c)
The mass change per reaction is = 2(3.016029) 4.002603 2(1.007825) = 0.013805 u This is equivalent to an energy release of 0.013805 x 1.66x10-27 x (3x108 )2 J But in 1 reaction, the mass of
3 2
He fused is 2(3.016029) x 1.66x10-27 kg.
Therefore 1.00 kg of
3 2
He when fused, should produce
[0.013805 x 1.66x10-27 x (3x108 )2 ] [2(3.016029)x1.66x10-27] J of energy That is 2.06x1014 J is released.
(d)
(i) For excitation to be possible, the kinetic energy of the protons should be higher than the excitation energy of the oxygen atoms. Hence, calculating for KE of protons, we get
1 1 mv 2 = 1.67 10 27 1.0 105 2 2 = 8.35 10 18 J
)(
8.35 10 18 eV 1.6 1019 = 52.2 eV = Clearly, excitation is possible.
(ii) Using
E= ch
, we get
3 108 6.63 10 34 ch = = E 2.23 1.6 10 19 = 5.57 107 m
colour: Green or greenish yellow
PAPER 3 Section A
1 (a)
Newtons law of gravitation states that the force of attraction between two point masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart.
(b)
(i)
g=
GME GME = 2 r RE + 350 103

11
( ) ( 6.67 10 ) ( 6.0 10 ) = ( 6.4 10 + 350 10 )

2
24
= 8.78 Nkg 1 It is along the line joining point P and the centre of the Earth and is pointing towards the Earths centre.
(ii)
FG = m 2 r 2 gm = m T T = = 4 2 r g
4 2 6.4 106 + 350 103
8.78
= 5510 s
(a)
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the internal energy of a system depends only on the thermodynamic state of the system; the increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat supplied to the system and the work done on the system.
(b)
(i)
Using pV = nRT p= nRTA 0.20 8.31 300 = = 9.97 10 4 Pa 3 VA 5.0 10
(ii)
Work done = pV = 9.97 104 ( 5.0 1.0 ) 10 3 = 399 J 399 J of work is done by the gas. Work done on the gas = 399 J
(iii) U = Q + W 0 = Q + (800 399) Q = 401 J Heat supplied to the gas = 401 J
(a)
Q =t Q ne = 20 106 = t t n 20 106 = = 1.25 1014 s1 t e
(b)
(i) Gain the KE = Loss in PE 1 2eV mv 2 = eV v = 2 m

For sodium ion, v s =
2 1.6 1019 5000 = 2.05 105 m s1 3.81 10 26 2 1.6 10 19 5000 = 1.57 105 m s1 6.49 10 26
For potassium ion, v p =
(ii) Since p.d. applied for a very short time and ion travels with constant speed throughout the 20 m, 20 time taken for sodium ion to travel 20 m is ts = = 9.76 105 s vs
time taken for sodium ion to travel 20 m is t p = time difference = ts t p = 2.94 105 s 20 = 12.7 105 s vp
(c)
This time difference can be measured by connecting the output of the detector to the Y-plates of an oscilloscope. The time/cm control can be set to for example 10 s/cm. When the two pulses are fired by the emitter, they will appear at a distance of 2.94 cm apart on the screen. OR Connect the output to a current detector which is linked to a data logger. Set the time based logging in orders of microseconds. Two pulses of high intensity current are expected if plotted on a time based scale. The time difference could be found.
(a) (b)
p.d. across the 400 resistor =
400 4.0 = 1.6 V 400 + 600
Let Reff be the effective resistance of the voltmeter and the 400 resistor.
Reff 4.0 = 1.4 Reff + 600

4Reff = 1.4Reff + 840
Reff = 323.08 323 Hence,

400R = 323.08 400 + R R = 1680
(c)
The required p.d. has to be at least 0.99 1. 60 = 1.584 V. Hence,

Reff 4.0 = 1.584 Reff + 600 Reff = 393.4 This gives
400R = 393.37 400 + R R = 23760 = 2.38 10 4
(a) (b)
1. Random do not know when or which particular nucleus will decay. 2. Spontaneous not affected by external factors.
(i) (ii)
Alpha particles are highly ionizing and will not penetrate far in air. True count = observed count background count t / hour 0 6.0 A' C ' 801 1 = = = A0 C0 6409 2 801 1 = n lg n = 3.0 lg 6409 2 6.0 hrs = 3.0 t1/2 t1/ 2 = 2.0hrs
n
True count-rate / min-1 6,409 801

50 1 = 801 2 50 1 lg = n 'lg n ' = 4.0 801 2 t = 4.0 2.0 + 6.0 = 14.0 hrs (Ans)
n'
(a)
When the electrostatic field between the nucleus and electron is weakened, the barrier height is lowered towards the right in the above diagram. This implies a greater amplitude (in general) for the wave function on the right of the potential well. Thus a greater probability for the electron to tunnel away towards the right.
(b)
(i)
Classical electrons are attracted and held tightly to the metallic tip of the STM by electrostatic forces. Quantum mechanically, they can tunnel through the potential barrier due to the metallic surface, across the vacuum and reach the sample surface. The probability of tunneling depends on the electron density and distance between the tip and sample surface, hence the variation of the tunneling current can be used to generate surface profiles
(ii)
T = exp( 2
8 2 (9.11 10 31 )(4 1.60 1019 ) (1.5 10 10 )) 0.046 34 2 (6.63 10 )
Section B
7 (a) (i) The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. (ii) The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and occurs in the direction of the force. (b) (i)
A
0.50 m WA T NA T
spring
frictionless pulley
Fig. 7
WB
(ii) Block A: T = mA a
Block B: WB T = mB a (1) + (2):
(1) (2)
WB = (mA + mB) a 0.50 9.81 = (0.30 + 0.50) a a = 6.13 m s2
(iii) From (1): T = 0.30 6.131 = 1.84 N (iv) Using v2 = u2 + 2as, (v) Using v = u + at,
v2 = 0 + 2 (6.131) (0.50) v = 2.48 m s1 2.476 = 0 + 6.131 t t = 0.404 s
(vi) Resultant force = 0 N, acceleration is zero.

Block B: Block A: WB T = 0, T Fspring = 0 0.50 (9.81) 360 x = 0 x = 0.0136 m
(vii) By conservation of energy,

1 mBgh = k xmax2 2
Alternatively,
1 1 (mA+mB)v2= k xmax2 2 2 1 0.50(9.81)(xmax)+ (0.80)(2.48)2 2
mBgh +
1 (360) xmax2 2 180 xmax2 4.905 xmax 2.4525 = 0 xmax = 0.131 m
(0.50)(9.81)(0.50+xmax)=
1 (360) xmax2 2
(viii) After the maximum compression of the spring is reached, Block A will move back to its initial position where it comes to a rest momentarily, before moving towards the spring again to start a new cycle.
(a)
Magnetic field lines
Current flowing into the paper
(b)
(i)
R=
A R 2.00 105 = = 8.89 102 m1 L 2.25 104
(ii)
R = 8.8889 10 2 ( 0.100 + 0.100 ) = 0.01778
V R 1.0 103 = 0.01778 = 56 kA Into the page To the right OR away from the power source.
(iii)
1. 2.
(iv)
B =
=
2 2 r 4 10 7 56 103
0.040 2 2 = 1.12 T
10
(v)
F = B L = 1.12 56 103 0.040 = 2508.81254.4

= 2500 N
(vi)
The answer can be either lower or higher. Marks are only awarded for correct physics explanation. Lower - current would be smaller because the projectile has resistance. - due to the sudden surge in current when the switch is on, according to Faradays law of induction, there will be an induced emf and hence an induced current. This will reduce the net current in the circuit and hence the force will be lower. OR Higher B-field is minimum at the centre as B is proportional to 1/r.
(vii)
To the right OR same direction as the previous case.
(viii) - Use a magnetized projectile aligning it such that its B-field is in the same direction as the B-field generated by current. OR place a magnet between the rails.
- Use stronger current/voltage. - Decrease resistance of track (includes increasing the cross-sectional area of the track)
(ix)
Power supply: Generating the power necessary to accelerate rail gun projectiles is a real challenge. Capacitors must store electric charge until a sufficiently large current can be accumulated. While capacitors can be small for some applications, the capacitors found in rail guns are many cubic meters in size. Resistive heating: When an electric current passes through a conductor, it meets resistance in the conductive material -- in this case, the rails. The current excites the rail's molecules, causing them to heat. In rail guns, this effect results in intense heat. The high velocity of the armature and the heat caused by resistive heating damages the surface of the rails. Repulsion: The current in each rail of a rail gun runs in opposite directions. This creates a repulsive force, proportional to the current, that attempts to push the rails apart. Because the currents in a rail gun are so large, the repulsion between the two rails is significant. Wear and tear on rail guns is a serious problem. Many break after a few uses, and sometimes they can only be used once.
Taken from http://science.howstuffworks.com/rail-gun2.htm
11
(a)
(i)
Interference is the superposition of waves in the same region and time so as to form regions of maxima (bright) and minima (dark) due to waves meeting constructively and destructively respectively. Red light from bulb is not coherent.
(ii) (iii)
1.
Phase difference = 0 or 6 Path difference = 3 633 = 1899 nm

x=
2.
D
a x2
since D and a are constant, x is directly proportional to ,
x1
x 2 = 2 633 450
x2 = fringe spacing = 1.42 mm
(iv)
The contrast between bright and dark fringes will be less as the bright fringes will become less bright and dark fringe will not be as dark. This is because the amplitude of one of the waves reduces when the intensity reduces, and hence complete cancellation does not take place. The particulate nature of light. Rate of electrons produced = 2 10 9 = 1.25 1010 1.6 10 19 Rate of incident photons = 1.25 1010 3 = 3.75 1010 s1 E= hc = 6.63 10 34 3 108 = 8.12 1019 J 245 10 9
(b)
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
power = 8.12 10 19 3.75 1010 = 3.05 108 W Intensity = power 3.05 10 8 = = 1.53 104 W m2 area 2.0 104
1.
hf = + eVs
19 19 hf 8.12 10 4.3 1.6 10 Vs = = = 0.775 V e 1.6 10 19
2.
Increasing intensity increases the rate of photons incident on metal surface. However the energy of the photon remains the same as the frequency of UV light is constant and light is incident on the same zinc surface ( work function is also constant). The stopping potential, which is the potential to stop the most energetic electron (depends on kinetic energy), does not change.
12
2007 SAJC H2 Solutions
SAJC Prelims H2 Physics Paper 2 Solutions

1(a) Or: The rate of change of displacement (with respect to time.) [1]
Change in displacement per unit time, but NOT rate of change of displacement per unit time. = vx t = 9.0 106 t = 2.22 10-9 s
(b)(i) sx 20 10-3 t (ii)
[1]
Electric force = m a e (V / d) =ma a =

eV 1.6 10 19 160 = md 9.11 10 31 20 10 3
[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]
= 1.41 1015 m s-2 (iii) s = u t + a t2 = 0 + (1.41 1015) (2.22 10-9)2 = 3.47 10-3 m
(iv)
Displacement / m 3.47 10-3
Labelled axis with units and values Shape of graph
Time / s 2.22 10
-9
2(a)
Thrust Weight = mass acceleration 6 6 28.6 10 - 2 10 9.81 = 2 106 a Acceleration, a = 4.49 m s-2
[1] [1] [1] [1]
(b)
Contact force on astronaut - weight of astronaut = mass acceleration N - 65 x 9.81 = 65 x 4.49 N = 929.5 N Reading = 929.5 / 9.81 = 94.75 kg T 28.6 106 v =v
dm dt
1 2 106) 120
(c)
=v(
[1] [1] = relative velocity of separation = (-U) (-vf) =2U+v [1] [1]
= 1716 m s-1
(d)
Relative velocity of approach (v) (-U) Vf
SAJC 2007
Prelim/9745/02 Solutions
3(a)
Diffraction is the bending of waves when it passes around an obstacle (or through a small gap). [1]
Note: Waves do NOT split; and bending of a wave when it passes through different media is refraction. (b)(i) Light waves are transverse waves. (ii) [1] Well-labelled diagram [2] sin 1 633 = sin 2 yellow
Alt:
Using the above set up, measure 1 and use the equation (1 / N) sin 1 = 1 to obtain the value of N, the number of lines per metre for the diffraction grating. [1] Replace the laser source with sodium light (followed by a collimator or two aligned slits), repeat experiment and calculate the wavelength of yellow light with the previously calculated value of N and the new value of . [1] (iii) Applying the equation: d sin =n If the second order is just formed, (1 / N) sin 90 = 2 633 10-9 N = 7.89 105 lines / m (Value should be rounded down)
[1] [1]
4(a) Or:
The electromotive force is defined as the energy transferred by a source in [1] driving a unit charge round (NOT through) a complete circuit. The energy transferred per unit charge from other forms of energy into electrical energy when charge is moved round a complete circuit.
Note: EMF is energy per unit charge; NOT a force. (b) R =

l A
6.4 10 8 0.75 1.2 10 8
[1] [1]
= 4.00
50 4 = 75 2 3+4
(c)(i) VXP
[1] [1] = 0.762 EQ =

2 EQ 3+2
= 0.762 V (ii) VXP = V2
[1] [1]
= 1.90 V
SAJC 2007
(iii)
The resistance of a voltmeter could affect the total resistance of the circuit, [1] and therefore affect the p.d. measured across the 2 . No finite resistance in potential divider; voltmeter draws current.
Or:
Note: The resistance in a voltmeter should be as large as possible; The resistance in an ammeter should be as small as possible.
5(a)
K0 K1
hc , where K1 = K0 6.63 10 34 3 10 8 (e 50 k) =
[1] [1] [1]
(b)(i) k = =
= 4.97 10-11 m 8 2m(U E) h2
8 2 9.11 10 31 (6.8 5.1) 1.6 10 19 (6.63 10 34 ) 2 = 6.67 109 m-1

9 -12
[1]
T = e-2 k d Probability (ii)
= e -2 6.67 10 750 10 [1] -5 -3 = 4.54 x 10 (or 45 per million or 4.5 x 10 %) [1]
[1] The probability is much smaller. This is because the proton is much more massive (or has a larger mass.) [1]
Reject: larger, bigger, larger size, etc. 6(a) Cells could be killed, damaged, mutated or heated up. (b) (Any two) [2] [1] [1]
Each beam of gamma ray would have a lower dose of radiation. Thus, individually, they will not damage the cells.
Or: (c) (d) (e) (f)
If a single dose of killing radiation is directed at the tumour, all the healthy cells along its path would be killed. Beta particles have lower penetrative power. [1]
Cancer cells divide very rapidly, so they are much more likely to be killed by radiation treatment. [1] 28 protons, 32 neutrons. Rest mass = 59.933820 u - 0.00055 u= 59.93025 u 0.31 1.17 1.33 uuu 931 931 931
[1]
[2] [1]
SAJC 2007
(g)
Binding energy per nucleon = [(27 1.007825 + 33 1.008665 - 59.933820) 931] / 60 = 8.74 MeV =
(27 1.007825 + 33 1.008665 - 59.933820) 1.66 10 -27 (3 10 8 ) 2 60 1.6 10 19 10 6
[1] [1] = 8.77 Mev
Or
(h)
Binding energy per nucleon/ MeV 8.79 8.74 7.6
Shape, labelled axes with values [1] Position of Co-60 [1]

Co-60
56 60
238
Nucleon number
(i)
A
3.2 10 Ao
12
= A 0e
ln 2 t t1 / 2
ln 2 3 5.27
= A 0e = 4.75 1012 Bq
[1] [1]
=N ln 2 N 5.27 365 24 60 60 = 1.138 1021 = 1.138 1021 59.933820 1.66 10-27 = 1.13 10-4 kg
4.748 1012 = N
[1] [1]
Mass of nuclides (j)
Advantage: The activity of the source is fairly constant during treatment. [1] The source can be used for a long period of time. Disadvantage: A long storage time is needed before disposing such nuclides (so as to reduce the risk of contaminating the environment. [1]
Or:
Note: The (, or ) radiation that enters the brain kill, mutate or damage cells, but they are NOT radioactive. They will NOT decay further in the brain.
SAJC 2007
SAJC Prelims H2 Physics Paper 3 Solutions

1(a) (b) Base units are units by which all other units may be defined. [weber] = [(F / I L) A] kg m s -2 = m2 Am [1]
= kg m2 A-1 s-2 [1]
[1]
(c)
Since weber is an SI unit, it can only be defined by SI units, (i.e. unit area must be expressed as one metre-squared.) [1] = 0.125 T B = / A = (50 10-6) / (4 10-4) B A B A = + ( = : WRONG!) B A B A B 5 0.01 = + => B = 0.01 (1 s.f.) 0.125 50 4 (2 d.p) B = (0.13 0.01) T
(d)
[1]
[1] [1]
(e) 2(a)
The percentage (or fractional) uncertainty of is more significant than that of A. [1] Net power = Area of the triangle 30 = (6 2) (3 - 1) 103 30 = 120 kW [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]
(b)
Change in internal energy is 0 J. After one complete cycle, the gas returns to its original state. As internal energy is dependent on its state, it returns to its original value. Net work is done by the gas. Work done is done by the gas when it expands. Work done (= p dV) equals to the area under the graph. The area under the graph is larger when the gas is expanding It is suitable for use as an engine as work is done by the gas. The field is directed out of the paper. Applying the equation, B q v = m v2 / r 3.48 10-3 (1.6 10-19) v = 1.67 10-27 v2 / 0.03 v = 10000 m s-1 The speed remains the same. Changing the magnetic field density changes the magnitude of the force. Since the force is perpendicular to the velocity, it does not affect the magnitude of the velocity. The time taken for the motion is very short The vertical velocity (or displacement) caused by gravity is negligible. [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]
(c)
(d) 3(a) (b)
(c)
[1] [1] [1]
(d)
Reject: Since the protons mass is small, the effects of gravity is negligible, or Gravitational acceleration / force is small compared to centripetal acceleration / force. Note: Regardless of (large) mass or gravitational force, a projectile shot horizontally at high speed over a short distance can be considered to be moving horizontally because its gain in vertical velocity or displacement is negligible due to the short time of flight.
SAJC 2007
4(a)
x/m
t/s
2 cosine curves with axes labels [2] (Accept + cosine curve, with sympathies)
(b)
According to Faradays law, the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage, which is determined by the speed of the magnet. [1] Since the speed of the magnet varies with time in a sinusoidal manner, the emf also varies in a sinusoidal manner. [1] At the amplitude positions, the speed of the magnet is zero, causing the induced EMF to be zero; at its equilibrium position, its speed is highest, thus induced EMF is largest. [1] (Accept any clear explanation for the difference in phase.)
(c)
V/V t/s
Correct curves not starting at the origin along with axes labels [2]
(d)
When a resistor is connected, an induced current flows in the coil, generating an opposing magnetic field to that of the magnet. [1] When a resistor is connected, energy is dissipated in the resistor.
Or:
Note: When terminals X and Y are connected to a CRO / voltmeter, there is an induced EMF but no induced current, as the CRO / voltmeter has infinite resistance. Thus there is no opposing B-field and no damping.
5(a)(i) Volume occupied by 1 mole of carbon Separation between two atoms = 12 / 2.3 =
=
3
= 5.2 cm3
= 0.205 nm [2]
5.2 / 6.02 10 23
Or:
If assumed spherical, separation

h mv
(5.2 / 6.02 10 23 )
3 2 = 0.254 nm 4
[1]
(ii)
(iii)
Wavelength, =
6.63 10 34 = 9.98 pm 6.64 10 27 10 4
It cannot be used. Because its wavelength is too small compared with the spacing between atoms, it cannot be diffracted. [1] h f = + e Vs => 6.63 10-34 f f = (4.3 + 4.5) 1.6 10-19 = 2.12 1015 Hz Curve A Curve B [1] [1] [1] [1]
(b)(i)
(b)(ii),(iii)
Photocurrent / mA B A 4.5 Voltage / V
SAJC 2007
6(a)(i) Change in PE = GMm(
1 1 ) RE + h R
[1]
= - 6.67 10-11 5.98 1024 300 ( = - 2.84 109 +1.88 1010 = 1.60 1010 J (ii)
1 1 ) 7 6.37 10 + 3.58 10 6.37 10 6

6
[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]
Work done to move it up, W = Final GPE = 1.6 1010 J KE in orbit = 300 (3.07 103)2 = 0.14 1010 J 10 9 Total work done = 1.6 10 + 1.41 10 = 1.74 1010 J Answer in (a)(ii) would be smaller. (No credit for guessing.) Satellite would have been launched with some initial kinetic energy. Satellite would have been launched with an initial speed (or momentum). Friction of the Earths atmosphere would heat up the projectile which would then burn up before it can escape. [1] [1]
(iii)
Or:
(b)(i)
Note: Question asked what would happen. Not: What needs to be done. Suggestions to supply more energy etc. are irrelevant to the question.
(ii) The rockets speed should be lower where air is denser (at lower heights, and increased where air is less dense.) [1] This is because air resistance (or drag) increases with speed. [1] Similarity: Gravity and the electric force are both inversely proportional to the distance squared. [1] Differences: (Reject: Gravity is while electric force is not.) 1. Gravity is the force between masses while electric force is between charges. [1] The gravitational force is always attractive while [1] the electric force can be either attractive or repulsive depending on the charges of the objects. [1] =
(c)
2.
(d)(i)
mg
1 e2 2 4 o r
(1.60 10 19 ) 2 (2.0 10 15 ) 2
[1] [1] [1] [1]
= 9 10 9 m (ii) = 5.9 kg
The electric force on the proton is greater than the gravitational force.
SAJC 2007
7(a)
[2] During spontaneous emission, electron returns randomly to lower energy states, with [1] emission of a photon of energy E2 - E1. For stimulated emission, downward transition is stimulated by the presence of photon of energy E2 - E1. (2 photons with energy E2 - E1 are available.) [1] (b) (c) Stimulated emissions are coherent, (parallel or in phase). [1]
Meta-stable states are excited states which have relatively longer lifetime compared to normal excited states, (e.g. millisecond compared to nanoseconds) [1] Population inversion: situation where more atoms are in the excited states that ground states. [1]
(d)(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Energy = 20 x 1.6 x 10-19 = 3.2 x 10-18 J
[1] [1], [1], [1] [1]
15-eV, 5-eV and 10-eV

Nothing happens. Applying the equation: E =hc/ -19 3 x 1.6 x 10 = 6.63 x 10-34x 3 x 108 / = 4.125 x 10-7 m Applying the equation: d sin 0.01 sin 6000 =n = 4.125 x 10-7 = 14.3o
[1] [1]
[1] [1] [1] [1]
(v) (e)
A coloured spectrum is observed with some dark lines
At low temperature, the valence band is completely full and the conduction band empty. The semiconductor behaves like an insulator because there is no electron in the conduction band to conduct electricity. [1] Since the forbidden gap is narrow, at higher temperatures, electrons in the valence band gain energy to move up to the conduction band, creating holes in the valence band. Both electrons and holes conduct electricity. [1]
SAJC 2007
8(a)
A longitudinal wave is one whereby the oscillations are parallel to the direction of propagation and a progressive wave is one in which energy travels from source to surroundings. [1] Period = 1 / f = 1 / 2500 = 4 x 10-4 s 0.1 a Sine curve passing through 0.2 and 0.4 [2] 0.4 k Point A Point k [1] [1] [1]
(b)(i)
(ii),(iv),(v)
(iii)
= 2xo = m vmax2
= (2 2500)2 x 1 x10-7 = 24.7 m s-2 = x [(2 2500) 1 x10-7]2 = 1.23 10-6 x J
[1] [1] [1]
KE (vi)
Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum amplitude when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency of the system. [1] Due to resonance, the amplitude of the vibrating ear drum (NOT sound) reaches a maximum when sounds of about 3000 Hz reach it as it has a natural frequency of 3000 Hz. Hence, the ear picks up quieter (softer) sounds around that range. [1]
Note: Amplitude of sound is NOT amplified. But detection by ear is more sensitive.
(c)(i) Similarity: wavelength, frequency, period or constant phase difference Difference: amplitude or phase. (But NOT phase difference) [1] [1]
Note: Different phase difference means different difference which is nonsensical.

(ii) (iii) Coherent, because phase difference is constant. Since xA2 I, 32 I. Thus, resultant intensity (3-2)2 = 0.11 I Resultant displacement = xA - xB = -2.6 x 10-4 +1.7 10-4 = - 0.9 x 10-4 cm (d)(i) [1] [1] [1]
As M moves from X to Y, it will pass through equally spaced maxima and minima (loud and soft). [1] This is in line with the Principle of Superposition. When the two waves superimpose, the resultant is the algebraic sum of the two displacements. [1]
(d)(ii) Doubling the frequency halves the wavelength and according to the youngs double slit formula, x = D/a, [1] the distance between two adjacent maxima (loud) will be halved. [1]
SAJC 2007
2007 SRJC H2 Solutions
2007 SRJC Paper 2 Solutions

1. (a) The compression of spring = (6.00 3.00) 102 = 3.00 102 m The energy stored in the spring 1 1 = kx 2 = (20.0)(3.00 10 2 )2 = 9.00 10 3 J 2 2
[1]
Assume that all the energy stored in the spring is transferred to the toy car as kinetic energy. (Assume no energy loss due to friction in rotating parts of the car, air resistance and sound.) [1] By conservation of mechanical energy, Loss in KE = Gain in GPE 3 mgh (where m is the mass of the toy car and h is 9.00 10 J = the height attained by the car.) 3 9.00 10 h = (0.200)(9.81) h = [1] 4.587 103 m
Actual distance travelled along the slope =
h 4.587 10-3 = 9.17 10 3 m = sin30 sin30
[1]
(b)
In order to have the toy moving at constant speed, net force on object must be zero.
mg A force F of mgsin30 = 0.200(9.81)(0.5) = 0.981N must be acting on the object, along the slope, to keep it moving at constant velocity. [1] Power required to keep the object moving = Fv = (0.981)(5.00) = 4.91 W
[1]
Serangoon Junior College
2.
(a)
As the ball is not moving in the vertical direction, Resultant force in the vertical direction = 0 N
[1]
300 T mg
Taking force exerted by man as T, T cos 30 = mg 10.0(9.81) [1] for substitution, [1] for correct answer. T = = 113 N cos 30.0
(b)
Centripetal force = horizontal component of T. mv 2 = T sin 30.0 r 10.0v 2 = 113 sin 30 1.20 sin 30
Solving, v = 1.84 m s-1
[1]
[1]
3.
(a)
Assume that the orbit around of ISS about the Earth is a uniform circular one. [1/2] Assume that the only force acting on the ISS is the Earths gravitational pull on the ISS. [1/2] Gravitational Force = GMm = m 2 (R + h ) (R + h )2 GM 4 2 (R + h ) = (R + h )2 T2 Resultant Force
T=
(b)
4 2 (R + h)3 GM
[1]
If the definition of weightlessness is the fact that the force on the astronaut by the Earth is zero, the astronaut does not experience weightlessness as the force of the Earths pull on him in the space station is still present. [1]
If the weightlessness refers to the feeling of the astronaut when he does not feel a reaction force from the ground of the space station on him, then, the astronaut does not feel weightlessness. [1] As the ISS itself is experiencing drag forces and orbit corrections with thrusters, the ISS is not free falling towards the Earth. The astronaut in the ISS experiences a force from the ground on him. Thus the astronaut does not experience weightlessness. [1]
(c)
The golf ball initially loses KE due to atmospheric friction. The centripetal force required decreases. Gravitational force pulls golf ball nearer to Earth. Loses PE and gains KE. Spirals down to Earth with increasing speed. As atmosphere is thin, the decrease in radius of the orbit is gradual. Or
[0.5] [0.5] [0.5] [0.5]
Assuming the ball travels in circular motion, the reason is because the gravitational pull of the Earth on the golf ball acts as a centripetal force. This force is perpendicular to the direction of motion thus only causing a change in direction and no change in magnitude of velocity. [2] (Lack of consideration of the resistive forces stated in the question means that the above alternative answer does not warrant the full 3 marks.) Diffraction occurs at the single slit which produces a coherent wave [1] which then passes through the double slits where further diffraction occurs. [1/2] Beyond the double slits, superposition occurs. [1/2]
4.
(a)
If the path difference to a point P on the screen equals to wavelength, then, constructive interference produces a maxima. If path difference equals to (n+1/2) (can be expressed as p.d. = (n+1/2). Or The two slits will produce two overlapping cylindrical wave trains that have a constant phase to each other over time. [1] The phase difference between both wave trains depends on the position and distance to the two slits. [1]
Additional learning points:
Along the centre line between the two slits, the phase difference is zero because both trains travel equal distance. Superposition produces a resultant twice the displacement of each trains. Intensity is four times that of each train alone. Therefore a bright band is seen at the centre.
On both sides of the centre line are positions where the path difference is an integer number of wavelengths, so that the two waves meets in phase and also give bright bands at these positions. In between these places where crest meet trough, net displacement and intensity are zero. [1]
(b)
For Youngs Double-Slit experiment,
a Hence, [(12.6 10 3 ) / 6](1.00 10 3 ) = = 700 nm (3.00 )
x=
xa D
[1]
[1]
(c)
For diffraction grating, d sin n = n
[1]
3 = sin1
3 3(700 10 9 ) = sin1 = 57.1 d 1 /( 4.00 105 ) 2 2(700 10 9 ) = sin1 = 34.1 d 1 /( 4.00 10 5 ) [1] [1]
2 = sin1
= 3 2 = 57.1 34.1 = 23.0 5 (a)
It means that the electron, a particle, can exhibit wave-like properties. [1] A wave equation, Schrodinger equation, can be used to explain its behaviour. The square of the amplitude of this wave function gives the probability of finding that electron at a particular point. [1]
(b)
The electron may be considered to be in a well of depth equivalent to the maximum potential. [1] Classically, this electron does not possess sufficient energy to overcome this potential and hence is unable to leave the well. [1] By considering the electron as a wave, given by a suitable wave equation, there exists a finite probability that the electron may be found outside this
well. As the electron does not possess enough energy to clear the well, it must have tunneled its way through the wall of the well, the barrier. [1]
(c)
The STM has a stylus, whose end is as sharp as a single atom. This stylus moves over the surface of the material to be scanned, and a voltage is applied between the probe and the sample surface. [1] Depending on the voltage applied, electrons will tunnel through the potential barrier between the surface and probe, resulting in a weak electric current. [1] This weak electric current is detected and maintained at a constant value. As this current is exponentially dependent on the distance between probe and the surface, current is kept constant by adjusting the distance between the tip and the surface. [1] This adjustment is extremely fine and corresponds to the contours of the surface of the material. [1] In this manner, the images of surfaces on the atomic scale may be obtained. {sketch is not necessary will be considered if it aids in explanation} Electrons are excited by an external source. Some materials have energy level that electrons are able to stay there slightly longer than usual, this level is called the metastable level. [2] This enables more electrons to be excited and accumulated in that level for that duration of time. Now there will be more electrons in the metastable state than in the ground state. [1] This is the meaning of population inversion. Or Population inversion means there are more atoms in the excited state than in the ground state. [2] This is possible in some materials where there exists a metastable state where electrons stay there slightly longer than usual. [1]
(a)
(b)
When population inversion occurs, all that is needed now is for an electron to undergo spontaneous emission to produce a photon. [1] The photon that is being produced will then stimulate other electrons to deexcite and produce some more photons. [1] Together with a reflecting mirror, these photons could in turn stimulate others to de-excite producing a very intense beam. [1] Laser is highly directional, the intensity is high, and it is coherent. Laser is produced by stimulated emission. [any 2 of the 3] Note: Both are monochromatic and the production of light are fairly similar,
(c)
7.
(a)
(i) (ii)
The data shows that more energetic alpha particles are emitted [1] from small t1/2 nuclides. The more energetic alpha particles have a higher probability of overcoming the nuclear potential barrier, have a higher decay rate and hence shorter half-life. [1] The alpha particle escapes via the process of quantum tunneling. [1] Probability density
(iii)
[1] Potential well
(b) NUCLIDE 232 Th 228 Th 224 Ra 220 Rn 216 Po 212 Po
Ke / MeV 4.0 5.4 5.7 6.3 6.8 8.8
lg(Ke / MeV) 0.602 0.732 0.755 0.799 0.833 0.944
t1/2 / s 4.5 1017 6.0 107 3.1 105 52 0.16 3.0 10-7
lg( t1/2 /s) 17.7 7.78 5.49 1.72 -0.796 -6.52
(c)
lg( ke/MeV)
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
-10.0
(d)
-5.0
5.0
10.0
15.0 lg( t1/2 /s) 20.0

[1] [1]
lg 3700 = 3.56 from the graph, the lg(Ke /MeV) = 0.78 Ke = 6.0 MeV
(e) (i)
= ln 2/ t = 0.693/(90 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60) = 2.44 x 1010 s1

OR
[1]
= ln 2/ t = 0.693/90 = 7.7 x 103 yr1
(ii)
For minimum number of atoms to be present, we assume that one decay yields one alpha particle. [1] Initial activity = Decay constant x initial number of atoms
Ao = No N o = A o / = [10 x 103/ (5.1 x 106 x 1.60 x 1019)] / 2.44 x 1010 = 5.02 x 1019 atoms. [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]
(iii)
Alpha particle radiation is not penetrating, hence less harmful to the human body. OR Having long half-life, it will have a slow decay rate. It will then most probably be able to maintain a constant supply of power within the lifetime of the patient and need not be replaced.
END OF PAPER
2007 SRJC Paper 3 Solutions

SECTION A 1 (a) 2.5 = 0.80 = 0.32 m v = f = 780 x 0.32 = 250 ms-1 (b) As the wave must have an anti-node at the end, L = 2.75 = 2.75 x 0.32 = 0.88 m
[1]
[1]
[1]
(c)
Since the length of the tube and the wavelength are still the same, the standing wave might not be formed. For two end open tube, the n . [1] ends must be anti-nodes [1], and the length of the tube L = 2 But, 2.5 = 0.80 m 3 = 0.96 m [1] which is not equal to the length of the tube, thus no standing wave will be formed. Therefore, the powder will be seen moving in random motion about the tube. [1]
2.
(a)
Electric field strength at a point is defined as the electrostatic force [1] acting per unit positive charge placed at that point. Consider a unit positive charge brought from point 1 to point 2 in an uniform field as follows:
(b)
2 d
Work done on the charge = F x d = E Q x d = E d (Q=1) By conservation of energy, the work done on the charge = gain in electric pe of the charge = V2Q V1Q (Q=1) = V 2 V1 =V (where V is p.d. bet 1 & 2) Hence V = Ed Or (c) (i) E = V/d = potential gradient
[1]
[1]
[1] [1]
For equilibrium, net force = 0 mg = Eq where q is negative = mg/E mgd = V 1.20 106 9.81 0.040 = 4.0 -7 = 1.18 x 10 C hence g = - 1.18 x 10-7 C q
[1] [1]
[1]
(ii) 3 (a)
Upthrust on oil drop is negligible.
One volt is the potential difference between two points in a circuit in which one joule of electrical energy is converted into other forms of energy when one coulomb of charge passes from one point to the other. [1]
(b) The circuit is shown below.
1.5 V
0.50
1.5 V
0.50
3.0 V
2.00
3.00
(i) Current flowing in the circuit = (E1+E2)/(R+2r) = 3.0/3.00 = 1.0 A [1] (ii) Power dissipated in 2.00 = I2R = (1.0)2(2.00) = 2.0 W
[1]
(iii) Total power provided by two batteries = (E1+E2)I = (3.0)(1.0)= 3.0 W [1] Efficiency of set up =power dissipated in load/Power provided by two batteries x100 Efficiency = 2/3*100= 66 % [1] (c)
The potential difference measured across the terminals of a battery is normally lower than the batterys e.m.f because there is internal resistance in the battery. [1] Electrical energy is dissipated as heat in the internal resistance of the battery when it supplies current. [1] The potential difference will be equal to the e.m.f of the battery when no current is flowing through the battery/ internal resistance is negligible or when there is no internal resistance. (Note: It is actually not possible for a real battery to have no internal resistance.) [1] For a fixed intensity of incident radiation, a fixed number of photons strike the target metal per unit time. In doing so, a fixed number of delocalized electrons are emitted per unit time from that metal. [1] By increasing the potential difference between the plates, the emitted electrons are attracted to the collecting plate. The maximum number of electrons that will reach the plate per unit time is the number of electrons emitted per unit time. This value will remain the same even if the potential difference is further increased. [1] Hence the current, which measures the rate of electrons reaching the collecting plate reaches a maximum too.
4.
(a)
(b)
(i)
Photocurrent { mark for depicting larger current}
{ mark for depicting larger stopping potential} Serangoon Junior College

Fig. 4
Potential difference between emitter and collector
(ii)
Increase in intensity of incident radiation means that more photons are incident on target. This in turn will cause an increase in number of delocalized electrons emitted from target. [1] Larger frequency implies that each photon has a larger quantum of energy. [1] Work function is constant hence the kinetic energy of the most energetic delocalized electron also increases. To stop this more energetic electron, a higher stopping potential is required. [1]
(c)
h c h = p f p
[1]
3.00 x108 6.63 x10 34 = 1308 x1012 p p = 2.89 x10 27
Initial momentum, pi = 2.89x10-27 Ns Final momentum, pf = - 2.89x10-27 Ns Change in momentum, p = pf - pi.=-5.78x10 -27 Ns.
5 (a)
[1]
Si
Si
Si
Outer most electrons atom
[1] Si As Si
[1] to draw the normal atom Si Si Si
As: Si:
(b)
+5 +4
Due to high concentration of electrons, the electrons in the n-type semiconductor start to diffuse into the p-type semiconductor and the holes start to diffuse into the n-type semiconductor. [1] The electrons which have diffused into the p-type semiconductor will then combine with the hole there while the holes which have been diffused into the n-type semiconductor will combine with the electrons. [1] This results in the formation of a depletion zone. [1]
(c)
n-type
+ _ + _ + _
p-type
Depletion layer
When the positive end of the source is connected to the n-type semiconductor, electrons are attracted to it and move towards it. Similarly, the holes in the p-type will also starts to move towards the source. [1] When this happened, it widens the depletion layer, thus the potential difference increase. [1] n-type
_ _ ++ _ _ ++ _ _ ++
p-type
Depletion layer
Migration of the electrons/holes will stop once the potential difference of the depletion layer is the same as that of the source [1]. [1 mark for diagram]
SECTION B
Answer two out of three questions in this section.

1 (a) (i)
Upthrust is a result of the pressure difference between top and bottom surfaces of the body, resulting in a net upward force being exerted on the body by the fluid medium in which the body is located. [1] According to Archimedes principle, the upthrust is equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. [1]
(ii)
According to Archimedes Principle, Upthrust = V air g = 3500 10 6 1.28 9.81 = 0.0439 N Resultant force acting on one balloon = Upthrust weight of balloon and helium = 0.0439 [(0.180 3500 10 6 ) + 1.00 10 3 ](9.81) = 0.0279 N For lifting of the banner, Resultant force on n balloons weight of banner 0.0279 n 500 10 3 9.81 n 175.8 The minimum number of balloons is 176.
1.
[1]
(iii)
[1]
[1]
[1] [0.5] [0.5]
Net force acting on body is zero. Net moment about any point is zero.
2.
Taking Pivot about Point B By Principle of moments, [1] Sum of anticlockwise moments = sum of clockwise moments (46.7 sin )(4) + (0.500)(9.81)(2.00) = 24.2 (4.00 + 2.00) = 46.5 [1] As the setup is symmetrical, the tension within string 5 should be the same as the tension in string 4. [1] The angle of T5 should be the same as the angle of T4 as well. [1]
(b) (c)
The total momentum of a closed system is constant, provided no external resultant force acts on it. [1]
(i)
Initial speed of particle 1

2KE 2(2 10 15 ) = = = 2.45 10 5 m s 1 26 m 6.64 10 Initial speed of particle 2 = 2KE = m 2(2.5 10 15 ) = 2.74 105 m s 1 6.64 10 26 [1]
[1] [1]
(ii)
Applying Conservation of Momentum,
2.45x105 m s-1
2.74x105 m s-1
2.74x105 m s-1 Total initial momentum = Total final momentum m(2.45 105 ) m(2.74 105 ) = mv1 m(2.74 105 )
v1 = 2.45 105 m s 1
Total initial kinetic energy = 1 1 m(2.45 105 ) 2 + m(2.74 105 ) 2 = 6.75 1012 m s 1 2 2 Total final kinetic energy 1 1 = m(2.45 105 ) 2 + m(2.74 105 ) 2 = 6.75 1012 m s 1 2 2 Total initial kinetic energy = total final kinetic energy Hence, collision is elastic. OR
[1]
prove that relative speed of approach = relative speed of separation..
(iii) Total momentum is still conserved in this case.
[1]
The mass of the helium particle is much smaller than the mass of the balloon. Hence, although there is conservation of momentum, the change in velocity of the balloon is almost imperceptible. [1] During the impact, the force of the molecule on the wall is equal to the force of the wall on the molecules hence net force is still zero.
(iv) For the case of the helium particle not bouncing of the wall of the balloon, for the case of it not bouncing off, we can take the final velocity of the particle to be zero. This means that the change in momentum will not be as big as the case when the particle does bounce off. [1] As the duration of impact for both cases can be assumed to be the same, the rate of change of momentum for the case whereby it does not bounce off the wall is smaller. This implies a smaller force which the particle acts on the balloon wall, which leads to a lower pressure as pressure is the force exerted on a unit area. [1] 2 (a)
Specific heat capacity of a body is the thermal energy required to raise a unit mass of that body by unit temperature. [1] Specific latent heat of fusion of a body is the thermal energy required to convert a unit mass of that body from its solid state to its liquid state without any change in its temperature. [1] energy absorbed by ice to change from 5.00 C to 0 C heat absorbed by ice to become water heat absorbed by melted ice at 0 C to 20.0 C
(b)
(c)
heat energy lost by cola from room temperature to 20.0 C
[1]
Let m be the mass of ice needed. (mcT)ice +mlf + mcT = mcT. m(2.11 x 103)(0-(-5))+ m(3.34 x 105)+ m(4.20 x 103)(20-0) [1] = 1.00(2.40 x 103)(25-20)
m = 2.80 x 10 -2 kg.
[1]
(d)
(i)
The system expands considerably. Work is done by the system. [1] While the temperature remains constant, the potential energy of the particles increase as the system changes its state. [1] Hence the internal energy increases. [1]
(ii)
(e)
The substance increases in volume considerably during boiling. In doing so, it has to do work against the surroundings (atmosphere). [1] The change in volume when the substance melts is tiny in comparison. [1] Hence a larger amount of energy per unit mass must be supplied to boil a substance than melting it. [1] Thus, its specific latent heat of vaporization is higher than its latent heat of fusion.
(f)
When a fluid evaporates, the particles of the fluid lose kinetic energy. [1] As a result, the temperature drops and it is no longer in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding. [1] Hence, heat is transferred from the surrounding to the fluid.. When this heat is taken from the skin, the temperature of that skin drops quickly. This gives rise to the cooling sensation. [1]
(g)
D.C. source
switch rheostat voltmeter

V
A ammeter
thermometer heater Block of known mass but unknown specific heat capacity Felt jacket
Set up apparatus as shown in diagram with the solid of known mass m1 but unknown specific heat capacity c1 thermally insulated with a felt jacket to reduce heat lost to the surrounding. Initial temperature 1 is recorded. Switch is closed and a steady current is passed in circuit. Voltmeter reading V1 and ammeter reading I1 are recorded. After a time t, measured using a stopwatch, the switch is opened. Final temperature 2 is recorded. By considering the principle of conservation of energy, Electrical energy supplied = heat received by solid + heat lost to surroundings I1V1t = m1c1(2 1) + h (eqn1) To eliminate h, experiment is repeated with another similar block of known mass m2 and known specific heat capacity c2. The circuit is adjusted so that in the same time t the temperature of this known mass also increases from 1 to 2.
If the ammeter reading in this case is I2 while the voltmeter reading is V2, then I2V2t = m2c2(2 1) + h (eqn 2)
Eliminating h by simultaneous equation and manipulating the resulting equation the specific heat capacity of the unknown solid may be found as
c1 = ( I1V1 I 2V2 )t + m 2 c2 ( 2 1) m1 ( 2 1 )
{2 marks for fully, well labeled, sketch 1 mark for taking into consideration heat lost to surroundings 1 mark for correct mathematical expression for c - the specific heat capacity.} 2 marks for aptly describing the experiment.
(a)
B=
F IL sin I
[1]
Direction of force: into plane of paper.
[1]
(b)
F where = 90 BIL sin Force on opposite sides of the coil perpendicular to the field, F = BIL x N
From B =
[1]
NBIL x L NBIL
Mg
For equilibrium: Taking moments about the axis of rotation Sum of clockwise moment = sum of anti-clockwise moment [1]
2 (NBIL x L/2) thererfore
= Mg x
B=
Mgx IL2N
[0.5] [0.5]
(i)
Mgx (with left hand side being a constant) IL2N with N doubled,
from
B=
it means the length of wire making the coil has doubled l resistance of the coil is also doubled (since R = ). A since emf is constant, current flowing is halved. no net effect on x.
[0.5] [0.5] [0.5] [0.5]
(ii)
from
B=
Mgx (with left hand side being a constant) IL2N
with sides of L/2, - the perimeter of the coil is halved, - the length of wire making the coil is halved, - the resistance is halved, - therefore current is doubled (since emf is constant) - L2 is now of its original value - Net effect on x is halved, i.e. x / 2 (c) (i)
[0.5] [0.5] [0.5] [0.5] [0.5] [0.5]
The alternating current in the power cable causes a continuous changing flux linkage through the windings. [0.5] This causes an e.m.f. to be induced across the windings. [1]
By calibrating the e.m.f. induced with various known alternating currents in other power cables, the r.m.s. current of the unknown cable can be determined. [0.5] (ii) A changing flux through the iron core will induce em.f. and consequently induced current in the core, which results in heating effect. [1] To minimize heating effect, have the core made of sheets of soft iron with insulated lamination in between each sheet. [1] (iii)
B = 25.0 sin 314t
[1]
(iv)
Peak magnetic flux linkage through the windings = NBAcos0o = 100 x 25.0 x (13 x 7 x 10-6) x 1 = 0.228 Wb flux linkage, = 0.228 sin 314t
[1] [1]
(v)
[1] d = 314(0.228)cos314t [1] dt
e.m.f. is rate of change of flux linkage = peak e.m.f. = 314 x 0.228
since this is sinusoidal a.c., r.m.s. e.m.f. = (314 x 0.228)/ 2 = 50.6 V
[0.5] [0.5]
END OF PAPER
2007 TJC H2 Solutions
Temasek Junior College (Suggested Solution for Prelim 2007)

Paper 2 (SSQ) 1 a Taking upwards as positive: v = u + at = 2.5 + (- 9.81)(2.0) = - 17.1 m s-1
v/m s-1
The parcel was travelling with the same velocity of the helicopter when it was released.
2.5
0
helicopter Distance 2.0 1.0

apart
t /s
The helicopter is ascending at -1 constant velocity of 2.5 m s . But the parcel is accelerating -2 downwards at 9.81 m s .
parcel
- 17.1
c Taking helicopter as the reference, the distance between the helicopter and the parcel after 2.0 s is the area bounded by the helicopter and the parcel. Distance = 2.0 [2.5 ( 17.1)] = 19.6 m OR Displacement s = ut +
1 2 at 2 For helicopter, s H = 2.5 2.0 = 5.0 m 1 2 For parcel, s P = 2.5 2.0 + ( 9.81)(2.0 ) = 14.62 m 2
Distance apart = 5.0 ( 14.62) = 19.6 m Having a gravitational potential energy of 2.5 107 J means that the work done by an external force in bringing the body from infinity to that point is 2.5 107 J. The negative sign denotes that the external force and the displacement from infinity to that point is in the opposite direction OR the gravitational potential energy is decreasing from infinity to distance less than infinity (taking GPE at infinity to be zero). i. 1. T = 2.
24 60 60 = 6170 s 14
g = r 2 GM = r 2 r2 2 6.67 10 11 5.97 10 24 2 = r r2 6171

r = 7.27 106 m
ii. Having a vertical launch would mean that the rocket will take a shorter time to travel out into outer space, less time in the atmosphere. Thus there is less work done against air resistance, i.e. less energy loss due to air resistance.
Amplitude =
1 (0.80) = 0.20 m 4
Frequency f = b
1 1 = = 1.33 Hz T 0.75
2 t T
Since the object is pulled down to its amplitude position (0.20 m), its displacement from
equilibrium is described by x = x 0 cos t = x 0 cos
2 x = 0.20 cos 0.12 0.75

= 0.1071 m Distance moved = 0.20 0.1071 = 0.0928 m c
Amplitude of the driven system (brick) /m
a b
frequency of the driver (vibrator) 0 Electric field strength at 1.33 a point is the electric force acting per /Hz unit positive charge 3.0
(placed at that point) i. The magnitude of electric field due to +Q at B is E. The magnitude of electric field due to 2Q at B is 2E (since the charge is twice). Net electric field due to both charge, E =
E 2 + (2 E ) = 5 E
2
Magnitude of electric force at B, F = Eq = = 5 EQ ii.
+Q
-2 Q
F
+Q
The resultant force, F is the vector addition of the two forces due to the attraction of 2Q and the repulsion of + Q. The direction of F is in general not related to the geometrical setup of the 3 charges.

iii.
+Q
-2 Q
The number of electric field lines going into the 2Q is higher than that going into + Q.
+Q
The rating of 80 W is the average power given out when a d.c. current is passed through it, thus it is equivalent to the average power when an a.c. current passes through it.
Pave = I rmsVrms 110 80 = I rms 2

Irms = 1.03 A b
P0 = 2 Pave = 2 80
= 160 W
Power / W 160 80 time / s 0.020 0.040
2 = 100 T
T = 0.020 s
Note: the graph is a sin curve.
2
238 94 Pu
234 4 92 U+ 2 He
i.
The kinetic energy is produced from the decay of the 238 Pu into 234U and 4He.
KE = mc 2
m = 1.007057 10-29 kg = 0.0060644 u
5.649 10 6 1.6022 10 19 = m 2.9979 10 8
m = mPu mU - m 0.0060644 = 238.0496 mU 4.0026 mU = 234.0409 u

ii. The decay of 238Pu into 234U and 4He is an inelastic collision, similar to a bullet flying out from a rifle.

Using Principle of conservation of momentum, mPuuPu = muvu + mv Since Pu is initially at rest, uPu = 0, 0 = muvu + mv
v m = U vU m
1 2 m v T m = 2 = U (since muvu = - mv) Ratio of kinetic energy: 1 TU 2 m mU vU 2 T 234.0409 = = 58.5 TU 4.0026
iii. Total KE = T + TU = 5.649
1 T 1 + = 5.649 58.47
T = 5.55 MeV 7 a b speed = i. 54 1000 = 15 m s-1 3600
v2 = u2 + 2as 0 = 152 + 2a(1.25) a = - 90 m s-2
ii. v = u + at 0 = 15 90t t = 0.167 s c i.
F = kx = 30 3.6 10-2 = 1.08 N
ii. F = ma 1.08 = 9.0 m s-2 a= 0.12 d Assuming there is no leakage, the amount of gas in the airbag remains constant. At constant temperature, p1V1 = p2V2 250 103 0.060 = p2 3.0 10-4 p2 = 5.0 107 Pa The drop in the pressure is due to the reduced in the no of moles of gas in the cylinder. (p)V = (n)RT 0.20 5.0 107 3.0 10-4 = n 8.31 (17 + 273) n = 1.245

Change in number of molecules, N = n NA = 1.245 6.02 1023 = 7.494 1023 Average number of gas molecules leaving per sec =
7.494 10 23 = 3.1 1017 s-1 4 7 24 3600
i.
R=
l
A
1.5 10 6 2.2 10 2 = 1.2 2.75 10 8
ii. E = Pt = E = Pt = (
12 2 t 1 .2 t = 8.0 10-3 s 0.96 =
V2 )t R
Paper 3 Section A
1 a b Scale reading = 8.900 mm Every reading will have the same zero error (of the same magnitude and sign). Thus the omission introduces a systematic error. Micrometer screw gauge has a small uncertainty, i.e. the readings will differ slightly from each other. Thus the readings are precise. The mean value is not close to the true value due to the presence of zero error. Thus the readings are not accurate. A field of force is a region where a body placed in the field will experience a force. Similarity: Both are inverse square law fields. / Both are action-at-a-distance type of fields./ Both are conservative fields. Difference: A mass experiences an attractive gravitational force in a gravitational field where as a charge experiences an attractive/repulsive electric force in an electric field. A uniform electric field that is directed downwards. (This electric field provides an upward electric force on the negative charged oil that is acting in the opposite direction to its weight) Release the oil drop and apply a uniform electric field downwards until the oil drop falls at a constant speed. Then apply a uniform magnetic field (to provide a constant magnetic force) horizontally (so that the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the velocity). The magnetic force will provide the centripetal force for the drop to rotate in a vertical plane. Since it is in a horizontal circular motion, sy = 0
a b
T cos 30 = mg = 0.500 9.81
Fy = 0

T = 5.66 N
T sin 30 =
mv 2 r
0.500v 2 0.500 sin 30
2
5.66 sin 30 =
v = 1.19 m s-1 b
T sin 30 = mr 2 = ml sin 30(2f )
For greatest number of revolution, T has to be the greatest as well.
15.0 sin 30 = 0.500 0.500 sin 30(2f max )
fmax = 1.23 Hz 4 a i. Two bodies having the same temperature would mean that they are in thermal equilibrium, i.e. no net heat flow between the two bodies when they are in thermal contact.
ii. Body H having a higher temperature than body C would mean that there is a net heat flow from body H to body C when they are in thermal contact. b c Two gases having the same internal energies would mean that the sum of random distribution of potential and kinetic energies of the molecules are the same. i. Using equation of state, pV = nRT
V1 V2 for constant pressure expansion = T1 T2 0.00322 0.00550 = 300 T2

T2 = 512 K = 239 C ii. The statement is incorrect since degree Celsius is not the SI unit for the thermodynamic temperature. Thus 40 C (313 K) is not twice as hot as 20 C (293 K). 5 a i. The e.m.f. of the cell is 2.0 V (when there is no current flowing in the circuit, i.e. terminal potential difference is equivalent to the e.m.f.)
ii.
Gradient =
0.60 2.00 = 1.67 0.84 0.00
E = I(R+r) E = V + Ir V = E Ir with y-axis as V and x-axis as I. The gradient will be r. The significance of this gradient is the internal resistance of the cell. b When R is very small, V 0, hence E = V + Ir Ir

2.0 = I (1.67) I = 1.2 A Or from the graph when V = 0, I = 1.2 A. c 6 a
PR I 2R R = 2 = Pcell I (R + r) R + r
i.
I1 (out of paper)
B P
I2 (out of paper)
The magnetic field due to I1 is stronger than that of I2. Thus the resultant magnetic field is in the direction of magnetic field due to I1.
ii. Magnetic field at point P due to current I1=
o I 1 2 d o I 2 Magnetic field at point P due to current I2= 2 ( l - d)

Resultant magnetic field at point P: B =
o I1 I =0 2 2 d ( l - d)
=> b i. ii.
d =
I1 l I1 + I 2
As the conductor moves through the magnetic field, there is a change in magnetic flux linkage or cutting of flux. According to Faradays law, an induced e.m.f. is set-up in the conductor. Since the circuit is not closed, there is no induced current.

Section B
7 a i. Momentum is the product of the objects mass and its velocity. Force is equal to the rate of change of momentum and the change in momentum takes place in the direction of the force.

ii. 1. According to Newtons 3rd law, both the car and the truck experience the same magnitude of force during the collision. However, having a smaller mass, the car would experience a greater acceleration, thus the driver is more likely to suffer more injury. 2. The seatbelt helps to prolong the time of contact. For a particular change of momentum during car collision, the impact force will be decreased, reducing the injury on the driver. 3. The principle of conservation of energy is not violated as some kinetic energy lost is converted into work done in deforming the car, heat and sound during collision. 4. The helium nucleus do not physically hit the gold nucleus due to the electrostatic repulsion whereas the car and the truck physically hit each other. OR Collision is elastic between helium and gold nucleus while collision is inelastic between the car and the truck. b i. By conservation of momentum, (3m + 2m)Vo = 3m (1
3
Vo) + 2mvA
5mVo = - mVo + 2mvA vA = 3 Vo ii. Having the second stage of the launching outside the earths atmosphere helps to reduce the effects of air resistance on its velocity. The discarding of component B helps to reduce the total mass of the rocket, increasing the acceleration with the same thrust. c i. As the object is falling through liquid, it experiences a drag force that retards its motion downward. Thus the resultant force acting on the object = weight upthrust viscous force. With the speed of the object increases due to a resultant force, the viscous force increases too (viscous force is proportional to the square of the velocity). Thus the resultant force would eventually become zero, resulting in zero acceleration or constant velocity.
ii. When the object is falling through a column of liquid, it loses gravitational potential energy. However this energy loss is not transformed into gain in kinetic energy, but work done against the viscous force. iii. v a2
v2 a2 = 2 2 v1 a1
2 a2 0.25 = 0.5 2.0 2
a2 8 a i.
= 1.4 mm
coherent refers to constant phase difference between two waves 8

monochromatic refers to a single wavelength plane-polarised refers to one plane of vibration diffraction refers to the spreading of waves around an obstacle or aperture ii. Allow the beam to pass through a polariser. Then rotate the polariser in a plane perpendicular to the beam, the intensity of the beam should vary from maximum to a zero if it is plane polarised. iii. arc length = radius angle subtended = 6.0 1.2 10-3 = 7.2 10-3 m b i. 1. Point R is the second bright fringe, thus the path difference is 2. path difference = 2 = 2 633 10-9 = 1.27 10-6 m 2. Point S is the second dark fringe, thus the path difference is 1.5 . path difference = 1.5 = 1.5 633 10-9 = 9.50 10-7 m ii. Assuming that it is a coherent source, the central fringe appear white since all the wavelength will interfere constructively (i.e. path difference is zero). As for higher orders, coloured fringes are seen. The fringe separation for each colour depends on its wavelength. Larger wavelength will diffract more, leaving red fringes further apart as compared to the violet fringes. As such, there will be an overlapping of fringes. c i.
wavelength =
v 3.00 10 8 = = 880 m f 341 10 3
ii. 1. Since M is equidistant from X and Y, the signals arrive there in phase. So the signals interfere constructively.
2. Number of wavelengths between M and N =
1100 = 1.25 880
Signal from X will travel 1.25 less as signal from Y will travel 1.25 more to reach point N. Thus the path difference is 2.5. So the signals arrive at N in antiphase and hence they interfere destructively. iii.
amplitude
0 M
220
440
660
880
1100
distance/m

9 a i. ii. Ionization energy = 13.6 eV (from n = 1 to n = )
E=
hc 6.63 10 34 3.00 10 8 = 660 10 9 = 3.0 10 19 J = 1.9 eV
iii & iv.
1 2E mv 2 v = 2 m h h = = mv 2mE 6.63 10 34 = 2 9.11 10 31 13.6 1.60 10 19 = 3.3 10 10 m h ii. Et 4

i.
E=
Electron in the ground state is stable and stays there for a long time. Hence the uncertainty in the time interval t is large and from the expression above, E is small. However, in the excited state, electron is unstable and stays there for a short time. Hence t will be small and E will be large. Hence the statement is consistent with the uncertainty principle. c i. Conduction band is an empty or partially filled energy band (higher than the valence band) in which electrons can move freely, producing net transport of charge while valence band is the highest electronic energy band in a semiconductor or insulator which can be filled with electrons.
ii. The conduction band and the valence band of a metal overlap so that the conduction band is partially filled. When a small voltage is applied, electrons can accelerate and gain energy easily due to the higher unoccupied energy levels within the conduction band for the electrons to jump to. However for intrinsic semiconductors, there is a small energy gap between the conduction band and valence band. At higher temperatures, there is chance for the
10

electrons to gain sufficient energy to jump from the valence band into the conduction band. The migrated electron leaves behind a hole in the valence band. Both the electrons in the conduction band and the holes in the valence band act as charge carriers for the semiconductor.
11
2007 TPJC H2 Solutions
2007 TPJC Prelim P2 Solutions

1 (a) Radius = (10.0 0.1) mm Volume of coin, V = r2 h = (10)2 (1.5) --- (M1) = 471.2 mm3 V / V = 2r / r + h / h --- (M1) V = (2r / r + h / h) V = [2(0.1/10) + (0.1/1.5)](471.2) = (0.02 + 0.067) (471.2) = 40 mm3 (1 s.f) Therefore V = (470 40) mm3 --- (A1) (i) Linear graph, maximum s = 25 m, max time = 2 s. Gradient of graph is the horizontal velocity. (ii) (iii) (iv) Horizontal graph, v = 12.5 m s-1 until time = 2 s See iv) Maximum height can be deduced from graph of vertical velocity with time =5m v / m s-1
(b)
10
Maximum height = 5m
t/s
1 -10
(v) Maximum height lower, horizontal range shorter, non parabolic path
2 (a) distance = (4.225 - 0.638) x 107 m

width of area = 3.587 x 107 x sin 0.5 = 3.13 x 105 m . area = (3.13 x 1 0 5) 2 = 9.80 x 1010 m2 1 1 1 1 1
(b) (c)
Intensity = 8000 W / 9.80 x 1 0 10 m2 = 8.16 x 10-8 W m-2 distance travelled = 2 x 3.587 x 107 = 7.17(4) x 107 m time = 7.17(4) x 107 / 3.00 x 10 8 = 0.239 s
3
(a)(i) The same amount of energy is distributed over a larger circumference [1] so the energy per unit length decreases.
(ii)
Q = Rate of energy arrival at r/circumference [1] = P / 2r [1]
(b)(i) This is because of inteference between the ripples from the dipper and the ripples that are reflected off the slab [1]. The reflected ripples seem to originate from a point on the right hand side of the slab and equidistant from the surface of reflection. (ii) Decrease the frequency of the dipper (so bigger and so x = D/a is bigger) [1] Move the dipper closer to the slab (decrease a) [1] Move the dipper further away from AB (increase D) [1] [any two methods] ripple tank dipper water surface
a rectangular slab
a D
screen
4
4(a) State the first law of thermodynamics, indicating clearly all the terms being used. The first law of thermodynamics states that the internal energy of a closed system depends only on its state. The increase in the internal energy of a system is the sum of the heat supplied TO the system and work done ON the system.
b (i)
find the work done by the gas in pushing back the piston in stage 1 At const pressure, vol is directly proportional to T.
V T 2 = 2 V T 1 1 V = 7.5 X 10 2 4
V = 2.5 X 104
work done by gas = P
(ii)
V = 25 J
find the total heat input in stage 1 2 methods:
method 1 consider the whole process (stage 1 and stage 2)
U = q1 + q2 + w1 + w2 0 = q1 + ( 63) 25 + 0
q1 = 88 J
(where q1 and w1 are heat supplied to gas and work done on gas during stage 1 respectively)
method 2 consider only stage 2: U = q2 + w2 = -63+ 0 = - 63 J so for stage 1:
U = 63 J = q1 + (25)
q1 = 88 J
(iii)
find the ratio of the specific heat capacity when the gas is at constant pressure to the specific heat capacity when it is at constant volume.
q1 = mc1 q2 = mc2
since m and are const, c1 q1 88 = = c2 q2 63
ratio = 88: 66 or 88/63
5
(a) (b)(i) 3.6 J of energy has been converted to electrical energy for every 1 coulomb of charge passing through the battery. [1] correct parallel connection [1]
LCD GSM
(ii) Resistance of wires & internal resistance of the battery [1] (c)
V2 , resistance of the LCD = 1.44 using P = R resistance of the GSM = 6.48 [1/2] each for each correct resistance
Total power output
= power of LCD + Power of GSM at 3.2 V =

3.2 2 3.2 2 + 1.44 6.48
[1] [1]
= 8.69 W (d)(i) using

Np Ns
Np Ns
=
=
Vp Vs
220 3.6
61.1 : 1 (ii) At 3.7 V rms, the voltage will sometimes be > 3.6 V and sometimes < 3.6 V. It may even be -ve at times (if not rectified). For a significant portion of the time, the output of the charger is expected to be less than 3.6 V [1]. Whenever the chargers output voltage is < 3.6 V, the battery would not be charged. In fact it will be discharging [1]. In contrast, the steady 3.7 V of the DC supply will be charging the battery all the time. Hence the DC will charge faster [1]. 6 (i) Peak magnetic flux through 1000 turns 0 = BAN = (6.0 x 10-5)(4.0 x 10-4)1000 = 2.4 x 105 Wb [1]
Ave induced emf = Ave change of magnetic flux per second [1] = (0 0)/t = 2.4 x 105 / 5.0 x 10-3 = 4.8 x 10-3 V [1] (ii) Average induced current = emf / resistance = 4.8 x 10-3 / 23 = 2.1 x 104 A (iii) Same magnitude but opposite direction. [1] [1] [1]
7
(a) (i)
fission product
235 92
neutron
further reactions
fission product
[B1]
A chain reaction refers to a series of reactions in which one causes another to happen, and this goes on continuously. [B1] (ii) Electromagnetic radiation (e.g. gamma radiation) (b) (i)8.6 x 107 Bq kg-1 [A1] [B1]
(ii) A = AO e t For iron 55, A = 2400 1012 e

ln 2 (100 ) 2.7
[M1]
= 17000 Bq
[A1]
For nickel 59, A = 2.2 1012 e = 2.2 1012 Bq [A1] Nickel 59 is a bigger problem than iron 55 because of its much longer half life, causing it to decay much more slowly. [B1] (iii) Longer half life means a lower probability of any particular nucleus decaying per unit time (), hence it is possible for activity to be lower. [B1] (iv) A = AO e t
ln 2 (100 ) 80000
0.43 1012 = 110 1012 e

t = 96 years (c)
ln 2 t 12
[M1] [A1]
(i) No. of atoms =
mass mass of 1 atom 0.3 0.0117 1 100 100 = 39.963999 1.661 10 27

= 5.3 x 1018
[M1] [A1]
(ii) A = N =
ln 2 5.3 1018 1.28 10 365 24 3600

9
[M1] [A1]
= 91.0 Bq
(iii) Carry out the measurement in a container of lead or concrete which is able to shield off any background radiation. OR Measure background count first (without source), then subtract from the final count with source. OR Any other logical method.
2007 TPJC Prelim P3 Solutions

1 (a) The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force acting on it [B1] and the change in momentum takes place in the direction of the resultant force. [B1] (b) (i) F = Ma 50 = (2.0 + 4.0) a a = 8.3 ms-2 [M1] [A1] [B1] F FS = m 1 a FS = 50 2.0 (8.33) FS = 33.33 N FS = kx 33.33 = 12 x x = 2.8 cm 2 (a) total energy = PE + KE = (500)(9.81)(2) + (500)(5)2 = 16060 J =16.1 KJ (b) Possible answers: Consider the girder to be a system on its own. Its total energy is not conserved due to the net work done by the crane [1] motor on the girder. The total energy of a system is conserved only if there is no external net work done/energy transfer on the system.[1] Consider the entire crane as the system. Even though the girders total energy is not conserved, because there is no external net work done/energy transfer on the crane-system, [1] the total energy of the crane-system is conserved. [1] Note: there is no fixed answer to this part. As long as the student shows an adequate understanding of the identification of a system and the conditions in which the total energy of a system is conserved, full credit should be given. c) Here the efficiency of the crane-system is considered. [B1] ~ 1 mark given simply for identifying the system considered by the question although the student did not note this down. Useful output power of the crane = 16060/ 5 = 3212 W = 3.21 KW [M1] Efficiency of the crane during first 5 seconds = 3212/4000 x 100% = 80.3 % [A1] [M1] [M1] [M1] [A1]
(ii) compression (iii) Consider m1,
3(a) An astronaut in an orbiting satellite is falling freely towards the Earth. He experiences a sensation of weightlessness because all parts of his body are falling freely. [1] Normal reaction due to satellite platform on astronaut is zero. He does not exert any force on platforms. [1] (b(i) Gravitational potential at a point is the work done per unit mass in bringing the mass from infinity to the point. (ii) The potential has a negative value because the value of potential is taken as zero at infinity & the work done by external agent in moving the mass from infinity towards an attracting body is negative. Let h = 0. 12x 10 6 m above the Earth's surface Gain in potential from launch to height h
(c)
= m
GM GM ) ( ) R+h R 1 1 = GMm( + ) R+h R = m(
[1]
= (6.67 x1011 )(5.987 x1024 )(3000)( = 3.47 x106 J

Substitution [1] Ans [1]
1 1 )+ ) 6 (6.38 + 0.12) x10 6.38 x106
mv 2 GMm = R + h ( R + h) 2 GMm 1 K .E = ( ) [1] 2 R+h (6.67 x1011 )(5.987 x1024 )(3000) 1 = ( ) 2 (6.38 + 0.12) x106
= 9.22 x1010 J
Ans [1] 4 (a) 10-10 m [1] [1] [1]
(b) Crystals were used as diffraction grating as they are made up of a regular arrangement of atoms atomic spacing is comparable to the de Broglie wavelength of the electrons
Hence, diffraction effects are observable. (c) Wave nature of matter. (d)
Although the number of electrons arriving per unit time is doubled, the momentum of each electron is still the same. Therefore, the de Broglie wavelength of the electron is the same. Hence, no effect on the spacing between diffraction fringes.
[1] [1] [1] [1] [1]
(e)
Each neutron is about 2000 times more massive than an electron De Broglie wavelength for neutron is thus much shorter than atomic spacing. Consequently, diffraction effects are much more difficult to observe. Excited atom is perturbed by an incoming photon with photon energy hf corresponding to a difference in energy levels (hf = E2 E1) Releases a second photon with the same frequency. Accounts for why laser light is monochromatic. Emitted photon is in phase with the original photon. Accounts for why laser light is coherent. Emitted photon travels in the same direction as the original photon. Accounts for why laser light is collimated. Population inversion refers to having a greater number of atoms in an excited state than in the ground state. This is to ensure that stimulated emission is more favorable than stimulated absorption. (or, allow more photons to be emitted by stimulated emission so that an intense beam can be formed). Intense pulse of light from the flash lamp excite the atoms in the ruby to create a population inversion. (This is known as optical pumping as compared to other mechanisms)
(a)
[1] [1] [1] [1]
(b)
[1] [1]
(c)
[1]
6 (a)(i) S1P - S2P = n where n is an integer [1] (ii) The principle states that the resultant displacement at a point where two or more waves of the same type meet [1] is given by the vector addition of the individual displacements [1].
(b)(i) (Here, the waves from speaker S travel by 2 different paths to reach the microphones M1 and M2. Then the electrical signals travel to the CRO and get added.) When the speaker is moved from A to B, the path difference is varied [1], leading to alternate constructive and destructive inteference of the signals[1]. (ii) In this case, the path difference is constant, hence there is no variation.
(c)(i)
= 10 cm = 0.10 m v = f v = 3000(0.1) = 300 m s-1
[1] [1]
(ii)
Intensity of waves drop when they are further away from the source [1] due to loss(attenuation) and the fact that the wave energy is spread over a larger area. The waves from S1 and S2 travel different distances to reach M [1], hence they dont have same amplitudes and hence do not cancel completely at minima points [1]. Because the presence of resistive forces would cause the oscillations to die out. [1] Energy Total energy [1] KE [1] PE [1]
(d)(i)
(ii)
t / ms 0.25 (iii) a0 = 2x0 = (2/T)2x0 = [2/(2.5 10-3)]2 (0.00012) = 760 m s-2 [1] for shape of curve [1] for labelled axes if curve correct [1] for formula [1] for formula [1] for answer
Amplitude
(iv)
Resonant frequency
Driving frequency
The presence of a resonant frequency in the operating range would mean that for different signal frequencies, the amplitudes of oscillation are different [1] leading to different loudness for different frequencies given the same electrical signal amplitude [1]. Or membrane will rupture [1] 4
Parabolic path
V 80 = = 2 x103Vm1 d 40 x103 FE = eE E= Fnet = FE = ma => a =
-------------------------------------[1]
-------------------------------------[1]
eE 1.6 x1019 x 2 x103 2 = = 3.513 x1014 ms-------------------------------------[1] m 9.11x1031 -------------------------------------[1] Direction :
80 x103 -------------------------------------[1] = 5.33x109 s 1.5 x107 ----------------[1] Vy = u y + at = 0 + 3.513x1014 (5.33 x109 ) = 1.87 x106 ms 1 t= Vx = 1.5 x107
-------------------------------------[1]
1 Find v = Vy 2 + Vx 2 = 1.51x107 ms-------------------------------------[1]
tan =
(d)
Vy Vx
1.87 x106 => = 7.10 -------------------------------------[1] 7 1.5 x10
Horizontal component unchanged Vertical component increased. [1] When the separation decreases, the electric field strength between plates is increased and since the electric force is acting vertically upwards, there is not change in the magnitude of the horizontal component but it results in larger vertical acceleration. [1] The velocity is comprised to vsin and vcos By Flemming LHR, there is a magnetic force perpendicular to vsin and this makes the electron go in circular motion. [1] The horizontal component of the velocity vcos is unaffected by the magnetic field and is unchanged. The combined effect results in helical motion. [1]
(i)
-------------------------------------[1] m(v sin ) 2 R mv sin 9.11x1031 (1.51x107 ) sin 7.10 = = 0.0656m -------------------------------------[2] R= Bq 1.62 x104 (1.6 x1019 ) 2 R 2 (0.0656) -------------------------------------[2] T= = = 2.2 x107 s 7 0 v sin (1.51x10 )sin 7.1
FB = Bqv sin =
A circular patch of light is seen on the screen.
[1]
(a)
(i)
Transition from Level 1 to 2, or 1 to 3.
[1]
(ii)
For 1 to 2, KE left is 2.1 eV. For 1 to 3, KE left is 0.3 eV. No transitions will be made. The incoming photon must be absorbed entirely or not at all. However, no energy transition is exactly 7 eV.
[1] [1] [1] [1]
(iii)
(b)
(i)
When an electron (having sufficient energy) collides with an atom in the metal target, the impact could remove an electron from the inner shells of the atom. This vacancy will be quickly filled by an electron from the higher energy levels. An X-ray photon is emitted, whose energy is equal to the difference in energy between the two levels. As there are fixed energy transitions that are allowed in the atoms of the metal target, a line spectrum (rather than band spectrum) is formed, that is characteristic of the metal target. Electrons in the L-shell (compared to the M shell) are nearer to the K-shell, hence There is a greater probability that the vacancy in the K-shell is filled by an electron from the L-shell than from the M-shell. (Or: At any instant, the number of transitions of electrons from the L-shell to the K-shell is more than from the M-shell.) With a higher potential difference, accelerated electrons gain more K.E. When the electrons with higher K.E lose ALL their K.E upon impact to emit an X-ray photon, the photon emitted will be of a higher maximum frequency, which corresponds to a lower minimum wavelength Classically, the particle whose energy is less than the peak potential energy will not be able to escape without gaining energy and so will be stuck in the potential well on the left. However, an electron with wave properties obeys the Schrodinger wave equation. The solution of the equation is a wave function that is non-zero inside the barrier and beyond. Recall that square of the amplitude of the wave function gives the probability of finding the electron at a point That means that the electron has a non-zero probability of existing inside the barrier and beyond, thus it has a chance of tunnelling through the barrier.
[1] [1] [1]
(ii)
[1] [1]
(iii)
[1] [1]
(c)
(i)
[1] [1]
[1]
(ii)
Materia l
Empty Space
Probe
Fig. 8.3
(d)
U E = (10 4.0) eV = 6 eV = 6 1.6 10-19 J = 9.6 10-19 J For d = 0.20 nm = 0.20 10-9 m,
k= 8 2 m(U E ) h2
8 2 (9.11 10 31 )(9.6 10 19 ) (6.63 10 34 ) 2
= 1.25 1010 m-1 [1]
2kd = 2 (1.25 1010 ) (0.20 10 9 ) = 5.01

2 kd Hence, tunnelling probability T = e = e 5.01 = 0.0066
[1] [1]
and reflection probability R = 1 T = 1 0.0066 = 0.99
2007 VJC H2 Solutions
VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO 2007 PHYSICS PRELIM EXAMS PAPER 2 H2 Q1(a) Point A has the highest potential. [1] The farther a point is away from the Earth, the higher the potential. [1] (b)(i) Work done by gravitational field in bringing mass from A to C = loss in GPE as mass goes from A to C = UA - UC = mA - mC [1] 7 7 = 5000 (-4.0 x 10 [-5.0 x 10 ]) J = 5.0 x 1010 J [1] (b)(ii) No work is done by gravitational field as C and D are at the same potential. [1] (c) The gravitational field strength is not constant but decreases as one goes away from the Earth. [1] (d) B =
7
v T r
mv 2 At top of circle, T + mg = r 2 mv T = mg r 3.25(3.23) 2 = (3.25)(9.81) 0.950 3.81 N
[1]
[1] [1]
GM GM and C = rB rC
[1]
(6.67x10 -11 )(6.0x10 24 ) 4.5 x 10 = rB 6 Hence rB 8.89 x 10 m Similarly, rC 8.0 x 106 m [1] The distance BC = 8.9 x 105 m Q2(a). Consider rope, bucket and water as a single system and let the tension in the rope be T. For circular motion of bucket of water, net force towards the centre of motion = centripetal force
(b) If the speed of rotation is high enough, the weight of the water alone in the bucket is not enough to provide for the centripetal force required. A force will be exerted by the bottom of the bucket on the water for the water in the bucket to continue to move in a circle. By N3L, the water pushes against the bottom of the bucket and thus stays in the bucket. Alternative: By N1L, if the speed of rotation is fast enough, the water in the bucket tends to move strongly away from the center of the circle, resulting in it pushing against the bottom of the bucket. Thus, the water will not fall out. [2]
(c)
R mwg Consider the circular motion of the water only. mw v 2 [1] r m v2 R = w mw g r 2.25(3.23) 2 = (2.25)(9.81) 0.950 2.64 N [1] R is towards the center of the circle. [1] R + mw g = Q3(a) Initial electric PE = =
1 (1.67 10 27 )(2.0 10 4 ) 2 2 1 + (4 1.67 10 27 )(5.0 10 3 ) 2 2 = 4.2 10-19 J = (d) Initial total energy = final total energy KE1 + PE1 = KE2 + PE2 0 + 4.6 10-19 = 4.2 10-19 + 0.4 x 10 -19 =
[1]
[1]
q1q2 4 o r
(+1.6 10 19 )(+2 1.6 10 19 ) 4 (8.85 10 12 )r
separation of particles at this point = r = 1.1 10-8 m [1] Q4(a) The net emf of the wire structure between points P and Q is given by L L L E net = B( )v + B( )v + B( )v [1] 4 2 4 Hence E net= BLv [1] By Flemings Right Hand Rule, end Q is at the higher potential. [1] (b)(i) As the loop is crossing the boundary of the two magnetic fields, the magnetic flux through the loop changes with respect to time. According to Faradays Law, an emf that is generated drives a current around the loop. [1] The induced current flows counterclockwise around the loop. [1] (b)(ii) X X X E1 X X X
P
q1q2 4 o r
[1]
(+1.6 10 19 )(+2 1.6 10 19 ) 4 (8.85 10 12 )(1.0 10 9 ) = 4.6 10-19 J
[1]
(b) By the law of conservation of momentum, Total initial momentum = total final momentum 0 = mpvp - mv [1] -27 4 0 = (1.67 10 )(2.0 10 ) - (4 1.67 10-27)v speed of -particle = v = 5.0 103 m s-1 [1] (c) Total KE =
X X X X X
Q
1 1 2 2 m p v p + m v 2 2
[1]
X
T
X X
X E2 X X X X X
S
The rods QS and PT behave as sources of emf of magnitude BL2v and BL2v respectively. The net emf is thus (B-B)L2v. [1] The induced current is then (B' B)L2 v [1] I= R (iii) The flux through the coil remains constant and hence no net emf is induced (Faradays Law). [1] Q5(a). When a nucleus is separated into its individual components, the sum of the masses of its individual constituents is greater than the total mass of the nucleus. [1] This difference in mass is called the mass excess. [1] 5(b)(i) ME 0 = Pt where E0 = energy produced per kilogram of coal M P = t E0 Mass of coal burnt per second = 40 000 / 20 = 2 000 kg s-1 [1]
Q6(a)(i) E = I(r+RL) E RL = r I
RL / I /A
[1] [1]
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
0.590 0.420 0.330 0.270 0.230
1 1 /A I 1.69 2.38 3.03 3.70 4.35

L
[1 mark for correct headings, units and computations]

R/ohm
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 Graph of R L vs 1/I
= 1.51(1/ I ) - 0.563
2 (1/I )/A
-1
[1] [1] [1]
[1 mark for correct plottings and axis labeling] The gradient of the graph is E = 1.51 V (accept 1.36 V E 1.66 V) [1] The negative intercept of the graph is I = -0.563 r 0.563 [1] (accept 0.507 r 0.619 ) (a)(ii) When RL is dissipating maximum power, it resistance is equal to r = 0.563 (maximum power transfer theorem). [1] Current flowing in the circuit is E I= RL + r
Pt c2 6 = 40 000 x 10 (1.0)/ (3.0 x 108)2 = 4.44 x 10-7 kg

(b)(ii) m = E / c2 or m =
(b)(iii) Power Input = (40 000 x 106) / 0.20 = 2.0 x 1011 W [1] Mass of coal burnt per second = 2.0 x 1011 / 20 x 106 = 10 000 kg s-1 Extra coal that needs to be burnt per second = 10 000 2000 = 8000 kg s-1 [1]
[1]
1.51 1.34 A 0.563 + 0.563 (accept 1.21 I 1.47 A)
[1]
(c) Below the temperature TC , the specimen has no resistance and is basically superconducting.
[1]
(b)(i) When the temperature of a metal or alloy specimen increases, its atomic kernels vibrate with bigger amplitudes. [1] Charge carriers, namely electrons, will experience an increased incidence of scattering as they drift through the specimens under the action of an external electric field. [1] As a result, less current flows for a fixed potential difference. This translates to an increase in electrical resistance with rise in temperature. [1]
R R0 Ro Looking at the graph, when = 20.0 0C, R20 = 30.0 . When = 60.0 0C, R60 = 34.5 R = R0 ( + 1)
When an induced current flows in the ring, practically no energy is dissipated to the surroundings via Joule heating. In consequence, the current flows in the ring for months on end. [1] ********* END *******
(b)(ii)1. Given =
Hence 30.0 = R0 (20+1) (1) 34.5 = R0(60+1) (2) ( 2) 34.5 60 + 1 Taking gives = (1) 30.0 20 + 1 690+34.5 = 1800 +30.0 4.05 x 10-3 (0 C)-1
[1] [1]
[1]
(b)(ii)2. The graph will cut the vertical axis at a value of R = R0 . [1] In equation (1), 30.0 = R0 (20 x 4.05 x 10-3 + 1) R0 = 27.8 [1] (b)(ii)3. A negative value for indicates that the semiconductor resistance decreases with rise in temperature. [1]
VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO 2007 PHYSICS PRELIM EXAMS P3 H2 Section A Q1(a) Using s = ut + (1/2)at2 For vertical motion and taking downwards as positive, 20 = 0 + (1/2)(9.81)t2 Thus, t = 2.02 s [1] [1]
Q2(a) The amplitude is x0 = 0.15 m [1] (b) One-quarter of a period later, the diver would be halfway between the highest and lowest points, where his speed is at the maximum.
=
v max
k = 4100 = 7.39 rad s-1 m 75 = x0
[1] [1] [1]
= (0.15)( 4100 ) = 1.1 m s-1 75 (c) Since = 2 , T = 2 T 2 = = 0.85 s 7.39
[1] [1]
(b) Horizontal distance traveled by package backwards = (14-8.0)(2.02) = 12.1 m Horizontal distance traveled by helicopter forwards = (8.0)(2.02) = 16.2 m [1] Thus, distance between them = 12.1 + 16.2 = 28.3m [1] (c) Horizontal velocity of package just before hitting the ground is 14-8.0 = 6.0 m s-1 backwards. [1] For vertical velocity, Using vy = uy + ay t vy = 0 + (9.81)(2.02) = 19.8 m s-1 vx
(d) When the diver just ceases to remain in contact with the platform, the force the board exerts on the diver, R = 0. By N2L, mg R = ma or a = g Numerically, 2 x = g Or f =
1 2 g x 1 2 g x0
Hence f lowest =
f lowets = 1 2
[1] [1]
[1]
9.81 1.28 Hz 0.15
vy
[1] Q3(a) At B, pV = RT 6 3 (4.3 10 )(1.2 10 ) = 3.0 8.31 T T 207 K [1] (b) At C, pV = RT (2.2 10 6 )(3.8 10 3 ) = 3.0 8.31 T T = 335 K For monatomic ideal gas, Internal energy, U = total KE of all molecules, since PE = 0 3 U = RT 2
Thus, magnitude of the velocity,

v = (19.8) 2 + (6.0) 2 = 20.7 m s-1
[1]
vy 1 19.8 at angle = tan 1 v = tan 6.0 x 0 73.1 with respect to horizontal. [1]
change in internal energy, 3 U = RT [1] 2 from B to C, 3 U = 3.0 8.31 (335 207) 4790 J 2 [1] (c) Work done from B to C = W = area under graph from B to C [1] 1 = (4.3 + 2.2) 10 6 (3.8 1.2) 10 3 2 = 8450 J [1] (d) By 1 Law of Thermodynamics, for process BC, U = Q + W [1] 4790 = Q + (8450) heat absorbed by gas in process BC, [1] Q = 13240 J 1.32 x 104 J Q4(a)(i) When forward biased at V = 3.0 V, the current flow is I = 55 mA. [1] Thus, the resistance, R = V/I = 3.0/(0.055) = 54.5 [1] (a)(ii) At V = -1.5 V, the current increases to a very large value. The resistance of device T has possibly dropped to a zero value. [1] (b)(i). From the I-V characteristic curve, the current flow through T at 3.0 V is 0.055 A. The current through the 40 resistor is 3.0/40 or 0.075 A. [1] Hence the total current drawn from the d.c. source is 0.130 A. [1] (b)(ii) If the polarity of the power supply were to be reversed, a very large current will be drawn from the d.c. source due to the shorting of T.The d.c. source will likely be damaged. [1]
st
(b)(iii). The component T can be used for rectification of an alternating voltage. [1] Rectification is, however, limited to peak value of less than 1.5 V in the reverse direction. Device T will be shorted and damaged for a negative voltage whose magnitude is 1.5 V or larger. [1] Q5(a) Applying N= No e t ln 2 0.0925 N o = N o exp (t ) 5700 (1 mark for N = 0.0925 N o and 1 mark for ln 2 = ) 5700 t = 1.96 x 10 4 years [1]
(b) =
ln 2 5700x365x24x60x60
[1]
Probability of decay per sec is given by the decay constant = 3.86 x 10-12 s-1 [1] (c) A charged particle moving in a B-field perpendicular to it will have a circular path. For circular motion, mv 2 Bqv = r mv r= Bq Taking v 1.0 x 108 m s-1 , (9.11x10 31 )(108 ) r= (0.20)(1.6x10 19 ) r = 2.85 x 10-3 m Section B 1(a) The Law of Conservation of Momentum states that the total momentum of a system of interacting bodies is
[1]
[1]
[1]
constant provided no external forces act on the system. [2] 1(b)(i)1. An elastic collision is one in which both total momentum and total kinetic energy of the system of interacting bodies are conserved. [1] (b)(i)2 An inelastic collision is one in which total momentum of interacting bodies is conserved but not the total kinetic energy of the system. [1] (b)(ii) An inelastic collision involves loss of KE from colliding bodies. The bodies do not necessarily stick together. [1] This is different from a perfectly inelastic collision in which the bodies coalesce and stick together as a result of the collision. [1] (c)(i)
226
4u 2 55.5 = 55.5 = 222 u [1] 1 2 (d) (i) K = m v 2 [1]

v = 2(9.2 x10 -13 ) 1.66 x 107 m s-1 - 27 6.64 x 10 [1] (d)(ii) Point of closest approach
m = m Rn
v v Rn
Au
energy KE of -particle
Ra 222 Rn + 4
[1]
(c)(ii)
Ra
pi = 0 +ve v [1 mark for each curve] (d)(iii) [1] Point of closest approach Electric PE
vRn
Rn
After decay From conservation of momentum, 0 = mv m Rn v Rn v m 222u = 55.5 = Rn = v Rn m 4u
Au
[1] A B r0 [1] [1] Consider motion from A to B: Loss in KE of particle = gain in EPE q q 1 2 m v A 0 = Au [1] 2 4 0 r0
(c)(ii)
K K Rn
1 2 m v = 2 1 2 m Rn v Rn 2
r0 =
( 2e)(79e) 2 2 0 m v A
-12
2(79)(1.6x10 -19 ) 2 2 (8.85x10 )( 4x1.66x10 -27 )(1.66x10 7 ) 2
3.97 x 10-14 m
[1]
(d)(iv) It would still be possible for the particle to pass through the fields undeflected. [1] The first situation would be when the particle passed through crossed magnetic and electric fields in such a way that the magnetic force Bqv exactly equalled the electric force Eq in magnitude but opposite in direction. The second situation would be if both fields were aligned parallel or anti-parallel to each other, and the particle passed through both fields along the field lines. [1] [Accept either situation] Q2(a) The Principle of Superposition states that when two or more waves of the same kind meet at a point in space, the resultant wave displacement is given by the vectorial sum of the individual wave displacements at the point. [2] (b)(i) The wavelength of the water waves set up = 0.20/40.0 = 0.0050 m. [1] The path difference of the waves from dippers 1 and 2 to D = 0.130 - 0.120 = 0.010 m. Since p.d. = 2 and the 2 sources are 180 o out of phase, the interference at D will be destructive. [1] Hence, resultant wave at D will have minimum amplitude. [1] (b)(ii) In increasing the frequency to 80.0 Hz, the wavelength would decrease from 0.0050 m to 0.0025m. [1]
At a wavelength of 0.0025m, the path difference = 4, hence a destructive interference would be produced at D. [1] A minimum would also be observed when the path difference was 3. [1] Maxima would be observed when the path difference was 2.5 and 3.5. [1] (c)(i) Upon striking the barrier, the plane waves are reflected and will interfere with the incident waves. This leads to the formation of stationary waves. [1] There will be regions of nodes and antinodes. [1] The fine sand will settle along the nodal regions resulting in the formation of regularly spaced ridges. [1] (c)(ii) The successive ridge separation corresponds to nodal separation which is = = 0.018m. Thus, wavelength = 0.036 m. [1] The wave velocity is now v = f = 12 x 0.036 = 0.432 m s-1. [1] Hence, time taken to travel a distance of 0.300 m = 0.300/0.432 = 0.694 s. [1] (d)(i) The first order maximum is diffracted at and angle = tan-1 (0.46/2.00) = 12.95 o. [1] From d sin = n or (sin )/N = n, [1] 3 -1 where N = 300 x 10 m and n = 1: sin 12.95 0 = 1x 300 x10 3 = 7.47 x 10-7 m. [1] (d)(ii) Using the second-order diffracted light to measure the wavelength is more accurate. [1] This is because the larger angle of diffraction can be measured experimentally with a lower percentage error for a given precision of the measuring instrument used. [1]
Q3(a)(i) E = h c / [1] = (6.63 x 10-34 x 3.0 x 108) / (254 x 10-9) = 7.83 x 10-19 J [1] (a)(ii) Ptotal = 210 x 12 x 10-6 = 2.52 x 10-3 W Rate of incidence = Ptotal / E = 2.52 x 10-3 / 7.83 x 10-19 = 3.22 x 1015 per second N a(iii) Current = e t =2.7 x 1013 x 1.6 x 10-19 = 4.32 x 10-6 A
[1] [1] [1] [1] [1]
[1] (c)(ii) Since the frequency of radiation = 3.0 x 108 / 254 x 10-9 = 1.18 x 1015 Hz, it was higher than the threshold frequency of the new metal surface used. [1] Hence, there would still be photoelectric emission. [1] (c)(iii) h f = h f0 + Kmax Kmax= 6.63 x 10-34 (1.18 x 1015 1.0 x 1015) = 1.19 x 10-19 J (c)(iv) Vs e = K max Vs = 1.19 x 10 0.75 V 1.6 x 10 -19 ********* END ********
-19
[1] [1] [1] [1]
(b)(i) Stopping potential refers to the minimum reverse potential difference that must be applied across the electrodes so that the most energetic photoelectron emitted will just fail to reach the collector electrode [1] (b)(ii) The energy of photons hitting the silver surface would decrease with increase in wavelength. [1] The energy of the electrons emitted would also decrease, [1] hence the stopping potential would decrease. [1] (b)(iii) i/A
for = 254 nm 0 for > 254 nm [1 mark for each graph] (c)(i) It is the minimum frequency of radiation for a given metal below which no photoelectrons will be emitted from the metal surface. V/ V
Yishun Junior College 2007 Preliminary Examinations H2 Physics Paper 9745/2 Suggested Solutions 1 (a) Horizontally, Vertically, Working Solving, (b) Energy needed prior to transfer to trebuchet projectile = 0.5*2*29.12/0.6 = 1409.17J Energy at cliff A top = Energy just before landing on trebuchet 0.5*40*u2 + 40*9.81*[3.5] = 1409.17J u = 1.34 m s1 (c) 71 u + 0 = 71*0.371 u + 40*1.34 u =1.20 m s1
Kinetic energy is NOT conserved for this question.
10 = u cos30 t 5 = u sin30 t + 0.5 (-9.81) t2 u = 29.1 m s1
2 (a) (i) P.d across AB = 150 x 0.01 =1.5 V Current = 1.5/50 = 0.03 A R = 0.5/ 0.03 (p.d across R is 0.5V since r = 0) R = 17 Power = IV = 0.03(2) = 60 mW
(ii)
(iii) Power dissipated = I2R = V2/R = 1.52/50 = 45 mW (b) (i) Yes. When the potentiometer is balanced, the resistance seen by the driver cell is due to the potentiometer wire and the variable resistor only. However, when the potentiometer is not balanced, R1 and the internal resistance of the cell Y is in parallel to the resistance of the length AC. The effective resistance seen by the driver cell varies with the position of C. Thus the power delivered by the driver cell varies. At balance point, no current flows through R1. Thus, its resistance does not affect the balance point.
(ii)
2007 YJC H2 Solutions
Yishun Junior College 2007 Preliminary Examinations H2 Physics Paper 9745/2 Suggested Solutions 3
I
Wire Coil
(a)
Scalp
Fig. 3.1
(b)
Change in current in the coil Change in magnetic flux linkage in brain e.m.f induced in the brain according to Faradays law induced current flows due to presence of conducting ions in the brain
(c)
d ( NBA ) B = NA = (1) 1.13 10 2 3.00 10 4 = 339 V dt t
)(
(d)
Increase number of turns in the coil; Increase the current in the coil; Increase the frequency of the a.c. in the coil; Increase the area of the coil (Any two of the above statements). Description and explanation of any one of the following observations: - no photoelectrons emitted if frequency is below a certain minimum - maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is independent of the intensity of the incident light - graph of KEmax / stopping potential versus frequency of incident light is a straight line - photoelectric emission is almost instantaneous, even if intensity of light is very low (i) current, i = Ne N 4.8 10 10 = = 3.0 10 9 s 1 t t 1.6 10 19
(a)
(b)
(ii)
P = IA nhf = IA n= 210 12 10 6 = 3.2 1015 s 1 8 3 10 6.63 10 34 254 10 9 3.0 10 9

3.2 1015
(iii)
ratio =
= 9.4 10 7
Yishun Junior College 2007 Preliminary Examinations H2 Physics Paper 9745/2 Suggested Solutions (c)
h is less than the '
By de-Broglies relation, the momentum of the scattered photon momentum of the incident
h , since is longer than .
This is consistent with the conservation of linear momentum if we treat the photon as a particle in a collision the incident photon loses some of its momentum as a result of collision with the electron. 5 (a) (i)
Et t
h 4
h ( 8.0 1014) = 6.59 1022 s = 7 1022 s 4
(b)
A voltage is applied between the surface and the conducting tip of the STM probe so as to enable electrons to tunnel between surface and tip. The magnitude of the current detected is exponentially dependent on the distance between the tip and the surface (actually T = e 2 kd ). The current is monitored and kept constant by adjusting the distance between the tip and the surface as it sweeps across the surface. By measuring the relative distances as the tip moves across the surface, the surface structure of the material can be reconstructed. The system must undergo population inversion. The excited state of the system must be in a metastable state. Emitted photons are confined between two reflecting surfaces long enough to allow them to stimulate further emission from other excited atoms.
n=
(c)
(a) (i)
f f film
film =
(ii)
Path difference = 2t For constructive interference, 2t = ( m + ) film (phase change of radians)

n 2nt = ( m + )
2t = ( m + )
Yishun Junior College 2007 Preliminary Examinations H2 Physics Paper 9745/2 Suggested Solutions (iii)
thickness/10 m 1.10
-7
1.00
0.90
0.80 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 /10 9 m
For minimum value, m = 0 2nt = 1 t= 4n (1.00 0.80) 10 7 1 = gradient = 4n (600 480) 10 9 n = 1.50 (b) (i) Since film is thin, t is small m is small Hence, at any one viewing angle, only one or two values of will satisfy the equation in (a)(ii) At different viewing angles, the wavelength(s) that reinforce will be different Thus, a spectrum will be observed
(ii)
Yishun Junior College 2007 Preliminary Examinations H2 Physics Paper 9745/3 Suggested Solutions
1 a) (i)scalar (ii) vector (iii) vector (iv) scalar b) P = (297 + 209) x 2 = 1012 mm P = 1 x 4 = 4 mm P = (1012 + 4) mm A = (297 x 209) = 62073 mm2
1 1 A l b = + = + A l b 297 209 A = 500

A = (62100 500) mm2 2a) 22.8 1 = 0.5*9.81*t2 Time of drop, t = 2.108 s 5 = ux (2.108) Horizontal speed = 2.4 m s1.
b)
k = 50/0.001 = 50000 N m1 Total Energy (initial) = Total Energy (final) PEg + PEe + KE = PEg + PEe + KE mg(21.8) + 0 + 0 = mg (x) + 0.5 k x2. x = 0.8158 m = 0.82 m
Advanced solution
Energy initial = Energy final PEg + PEe + KE = PEg + PEe + KE 75*9.81*(21.8) + 0 + 0.5*75*2.42 = 75*9.81 (-xsin ) + 0.5 k x2. k = 50000 N m1. x = 0.8128 m = 0.81 m
= tan 1 (2.4/5) = 25.641

Let reference level be the level of un-depressed net,
.c)
Force exerted by net ranges from zero to maximum value at max depression. Average force exerted by wire = (0 + kx)/2 = 20000 N (2 sf)
d)
Elasticity of material Cannot extend too much Safety limit of weight of person and the height from which he jumps must also be considered. Impact force on victim Tensile strength of material Speed which person lands on net (any 2 of the above)
3a)
An object remains at rest or continues along a straight line motion at constant speed if there is no net external force acting on it.
b)
F = 0 F FR = 0 F = 45(3)2 = 405 N
ci)
COM: 100 (v)= 0.06*0.75*1050*(2.24) v =1.06 m s1.

(We are not told that the mechanical energy is conserved in this question nor can be assumed since final velocity is given)
cii)
Strokes needed = 3/v Min Rate = 2.8 per sec Drag from water does not act on the boat when paddle is transferring momentum to water Or resultant force acting on system is zero, etc. To balance the turning moment on the canoe such that the canoe travels straight. wavelength = 4 m speed = 10 m/s v = f 10 = f (4) f = 2.5 Hz Constant phase relationship/difference (Also accept same frequency) 1. I a2 a1/a2 = (0.36)/ (0.81) a1 = 0.667 a2 aR = a1 + a2 = 1.667 a2 IR = I2 aR2/a22 = 0.81 1.6672
d) e) 4ai) ii) iii)
bi) bii)
= 2.25 W/m2
2.
aR = a2 a1 = 0.333 a2
IR = I2 aR2/a22 = 0.81 0.3332 = 0.0898 W/m2
3. I = 0.36 + 0.81 = 1.17
W/m2
[1]
5a)
NP Vp = N S VS NP 12 1 = = = 0.0500 N S 240 20
Power supplied by power station, P = IV Hence increasing the voltage will reduce the current since power supplied is a constant. Because of the long distance, the resistance of the cable transferring energy from the power station to our home, R is significant. Power loss, PL = I2R Higher current will mean higher power loss. Alternating voltages give rise to change in magnetic flux which allows transformer to stepped-up or stepped-down the voltage. P = IV 700 = 240 I I = 2.92 A Vo = V x 2 =339 V
bi)
ii) c)
d)
P/W
e) 1400
P = V2/R which is the square of a V-t graph
0.02
t/s
Fig 5.1
6ai)
F=
GM 2 GM 2 = (2 R )2 4 R 2
F GM = M 4R 2
6aii)
a=
6aiii)
a = R 2 =
GM 4R 3
6aiv)
a=
v2 GM v = R 4R
6bi) 6bii)
Gravitational potential energy of satellite, Ep = GMEm/r For a satellite in circular orbit, GMEm/r2 = mv2/r eqn (2) Sub. Ek = mv2 (kinetic energy of the satellite) into (2): GMEm/r = 2Ek, therefore Ek = GMEm/2r eqn (3)
eqn (1)
6biii) Comparing eqn (1) & (2): Ek = Ep eqn(4) Also, ET = Ek + Ep = Ep + Ep = Ep eqn (5) 6biv)
6bv)
1. correctly indicating ET (it is a decrease) correctly labelling r2 to be smaller than r1. 2. EP is a decrease (twice as large as ET) EK is an increase (equal in magnitude to ET) 3. Satellites speed increases.
7a)
The depletion layer does not have any mobile charge carriers (or consists of fixed ion cores), unlike the p-type and n-type semiconductors with holes and electrons respectively as majority mobile charge carriers Or Depletion layer has an internal electric field The mobile holes are attracted/pulled towards the negative junction X while the mobile electrons are attracted/pulled towards the positive junction Y, The depletion layer is enlarged. A single p-n junction or diode can be used to convert an a.c to d.c.
bi)
ii)
a.c input
d.c output
During one half-cycle, diode is functioning in the forward-biased state where X is positive w.r.t Y. Current flows through as resistance is low since depletion layer has diminished/collapsed. For next half-cycle, diode is functioning in the reverse-biased state where X is negative w.r.t Y. Current does not flow through because resistance is high since depletion layer is enlarged.
ci)
Ep = k(0.3 x 10-6)/ 0.5 2 k(0.9 x 10-6)/1.22 = 5170 V m-1 p = k(0.3 x 10-6)/0.5 k(0.9 x 10-6)/1.2 =1350 V E=
ii) d) ei) ii)
dV dr
The proton initially moves in a straight line towards the right. Initially, as its velocity increases (because it accelerates, its associated kinetic energy increases. Its electric potential energy hence decreases (by conservation of energy).
f)
3Q
+Q
Fig. 7.2 8ai)
is most ionising and the least.
is the most penetrating and the least.
ii)
is the least massive Thus it interacts the least with matter and thus loses the least amount of energy during its travel As a result, it is least ionising and hence most penetrating.
High energy barrier width shorter transmission coefficient greater (as T = exp(-2kd)) shorter average waiting time before tunnelling shorter half-life
0 1
b)
ci)
40 19
40 20
Ca +
e
= 1.00728 + 0.00055 1.00867 = 0.00084 u
ii)
1. Change in mass
2. Energy released =
0.00084 1.66 10 27 (3 10 8 ) 2 6.02 10 23 13 1.6 10

= 4.72 1023 MeV
d)
(Any two of the following three for short-term, damage is immediate rather than delayed, symptoms are burns and sickness rather than cancer and hereditary defects, and cause is by large dose as opposed to small dose.) Suggested answer: Short-term: Ionising radiation can cause immediate damage to human tissue and could be accompanied by radiation burns, radiation sickness, etc. Short-term effects usually occur when theres a large amount of exposure to radiation. Long-term: On the other hand, delayed effects such as cataracts, hair loss, leukaemia, cancer, etc. could appear years after the exposure. Hereditary defects may also occur in succeeding generations as a result of gene damage. These effects take longer to become apparent and can be caused by much lower levels of radiation.
e)
-particle
target nucleus
(e)(ii)1.
Fig. 8.2
i)
State: The majority of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a very small positively charged region (nucleus).
Explain: As shown by its path, the -particle experiences a strong electrostatic repulsive force at a certain distance from the core which causes it to deviate significantly from its original direction.
ii)2.
hc = 50 10 3 1.6 10 19 min
min = 2.49 1011 m

2007 H2 Combined Solutions

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2007 H2 Prelims Structured Questions

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

Ans 1m Subs 1m Conversion 1m Answer 1m

b b 2 4ac , we get t = 6.59 s or 6.18 s (N.A) 2a

Initial speed of apple Acceleration of apple Part (a 3) marking scheme

(2, 9.81) subs convrs ans 2

subs convrs ans 2

Mthd 1m Ans 1m Mthd 1m Ans 1m

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

W vertically downwards from CG of plane [1]

I = 2.0/(1.0 + 5.0) = 0.33 A [1]

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

5.0 (2.0) 5.0 + 1.0

XP = 1.5/1.67 = 0.90 m [1] (ii) V10 =

VXY 1.0 = V10 0.75

1.67(10 + r ) 1.0 = 15 0.75

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

= BL( vt ) = (2.0)(5.0x10 2 )(1.0) t = 0.1t

10x10 2 a = 0.1 = 0.1 1.0 = 0.01 wb v

0.01 = = 0.1 V t 0.10

(c) External force on QR, Fext = FB = BIL

Hence Fext = BIL = (2.0)(0.00625)(5.0 x 10-2) = 6.25 x 10-4 N = 6.3 x 10-4 N

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

(b)(i) Area between horizontal axis and graph

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

[1] [1] [1]

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

amplitude of vibration of the building

frequency of earthquake fo natural frequency of the building

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

dV dV where is called the potential gradient (in the x-direction) dx dx

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

(ii) 1. ke lost = EPE gained 1 m v2min = eV 2

vmin = 1.45 x 107 m s-1 2. F = = = eE (1.6 x 10-19)(50,000) 8.0 x 10-15 N

1. five absorption lines [1] 2. n = 2 to n = 1 only [1]

2007 AJC H2 Solutions

6.63 10 34 / 2 h = = 5.65 10 9 m 2 p 2 9.35 10 27

8 2 (9.11 10 31 )(6.8 5.1)(1.6 10 19 ) = 6.67 10 9 m 1 [1] 34 2 (6.63 10 )

CJC H2 Prelim Solutions 2007

CJC Physics Preliminary Examinations 2007 Paper 1

CJC H2 Prelim Solutions 2007

CJC H2 Prelim Solutions 2007

Since vol is constant,

Read the below from right to left.

Total resistance of circuit = 30 + 10 = 40 I = V / R = 240 / 40 = 6.0 A

CJC H2 Prelim Solutions 2007

< P >= I 2 R rms 20 2 I = rms 5

CJC H2 Prelim Solutions 2007

u = 10 ms 1, a = 9.81 ms 2 , s = 5 m s = ut + 1 2 at 2 1 5 = 10t (9.81)t 2 2

4.905t 2 10t 5 = 0 t= ( 10) ( 10) 2 4(4.905)( 5) 2(4.905) = 2.45 s

OR v 2 = u 2 + 2as = 10 2 + 2(- 9.81)(-5)

v = u + at v - u 14.1 10 = a 9.81 = 2.45 s 1 mgh = initial total energy 4 1 1 = mgh 0 + mu 2 4 2 2 1 u h = h0 + 4 8g t=

CJC H2 Prelim Solutions 2007

14.12 128 9.81 = 0.158 m (b)(i) u x = 15 cos 45 O s x = R cos 30 O sx = ux t t= = sx ux

CJC H2 Prelim Solutions 2007

a y = 9.81 ms 2 sy = uyt + 1 ayt2 2

R = 21.2 (0.0816 R ) 9.81 (0.0816 R ) 0.0654 R 2 0.732 R = 0 R = 0 (NA ) or R = 11.2 m

0.2 m sin = 0.2 1.2

= 9.6 O R = ke = 10 (0.2 + 0.3)

CJC H2 Prelim Solutions 2007