Monday, 10 December 2012 cation and anion present in coconut water Project of chemistry

Aim :- To find the cation and anion in coconut water . Requirement :- Test Tubes ,Test Tube Holder, Test Tube Stand ,Stop Watch Beaker Bunsen ,China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath Chemical Required:- coconut water,FeSO4 solution, concentrated H2SO4 ,AgNO3 Solution, lead acetate ,Ammonium molybdate, concentrated HNO3 ,Potassium dichromate, NaOH solution, methylene blue, Benedicts solution, uSO4 solution , Sodium cobaltinitnite Solution, !isodium Hydrogen "hos"hate , NH4 l, NH4OH, #NH4$2 O3 Potassium "yro antimonate uni%ersal &ndicator Theory :Abstract: oconut water #coconut li'uid endos"erm$, with its many a""lications, is one o( the world)s most %ersatile natural "roduct* +his re(reshing be%erage is consumed worldwide as it is nutritious and bene(icial (or health* +here is increasing scienti(ic e%idence that su""orts the role o( coconut water in health and medicinal a""lications* oconut water is traditionally used as a growth su""lement in "lant tissue culture,micro"ro"agation* +he wide a""lications o( coconut water can be -usti(ied by its uni'ue chemical com"osition o( sugars, %itamins, minerals, amino acids and "hytohormones* +his re%iew attem"ts to summarise and e%aluate the chemical com"osition

and biological "ro"erties o( coconut water* .eywords/ coconut water0 "hytohormone0 au1in0 cyto2inin0 gibberellin0 inorganic ion0 %itamin Introduction The coconut ( ocos nuci(era L.) is an i portant !ruit tree in the tropical regions and the !ruit can be ade into a "ariet# o! !oods and be"erages ($igure %). The edible part o! the coconut !ruit (coconut eat and coconut &ater) is the endosper tissue. 'ndosper tissues undergo one o! three ain odes o! de"elop ent, &hich are the nuclear, cellular and helobial odes (%) and the de"elop ent o! coconut endosper belongs to the nuclear ode. *nitiall#, the endosper is a li+uid containing !ree nuclei generated b# a process, in &hich the pri ar# endosper nucleus undergoes se"eral c#cles o! di"ision &ithout c#tokinesis (the process in &hich the c#toplas o! a single eukar#otic cell is di"ided to !or t&o daughter cells). C#tokinesis then occurs, progressing !ro the peripher# to&ards the center, thus !or ing the cellular endosper la#er. ,t !irst, the cellular endosper is translucent and -ell#.like, but it later hardens at aturit# to beco e &hite !lesh (coconut eat). /nlike the endosper s o! other plants (e.g., &heat and corn), the cellulari0ation process in a coconut !ruit does not !ill up the entire e br#o sac ca"it#, but instead lea"es the ca"it# solution. !illed. This solution is co onl# kno&n as coconut &ater and it is o! c#toplas ic origin . 1utrients !ro coconut &ater are obtained !ro the seed apoplas (surrounding cell &all) and are transported s# plas icall# (through plas ode ata, &hich is the connection bet&een c#toplas s o! ad-acent cells) into the endosper .

Fi ure !. Foods and be"era es made from coconut: #a$ coconut mil% and dried coconut mil% &owder' #b$ canned coconut water(juice and trimmed youn coconuts. Coconut &ater should not be con!used &ith coconut ilk ($igure %a), although so e studies ha"e used the t&o ter s interchangeabl# . The a+ueous part o! the coconut endosper is ter ed coconut &ater ($igure %b), &hereas coconut ilk, also kno&n as 2santan3 in 4ala#sia and *ndonesia, and 2gata3 in the 5hilippines ($igure %a), re!ers to the li+uid products obtained b# grating the solid endosper , &ith or &ithout addition o! &ater . Coconut &ater is ser"ed directl# as a be"erage to +uench thirst ($igure %b), &hile coconut ilk is usuall# used as a !ood ingredient in "arious traditional cooking recipes ($igure %a). The ain co ponents o! coconut ilk are &ater (ca* 678), !at and protein , &hereas coconut &ater contains ainl# &ater (ca* 9:8, Table %). /nlike coconut &ater, coconut ilk, &hich is the source o! coconut oil, is generall# not used in plant tissue culture ediu !or ulations . Co pared to coconut &ater, there are onl# li ited studies on the a+ueous e;tract o! coconut solid endosper (coconut eat or copra). 4ariat et al* used coconut eat e;tract in orchid tissue culture to stud# its e!!ects on orchid seed ger ination . Subse+uentl#, 4aune# et al* puri!ied a gro&th !actor !ro the a+ueous e;tract o! coconut eat &hich &as !ound to be "er# potent in pro oting gro&th o! tissue cultured plants . ,nother group, Sha& and Sri"asta"a de onstrated the presence o! purinelike substances in coconut eat e;tract . The purine.like substances &ere able to dela# senescence (the process o! ageing in plants) in detached cereal lea"es, &hich e;hibited si ilar kno&n ph#siological e!!ects o! c#tokinins. <akaria et al* sho&ed that the a+ueous e;tract o! coconut eat

e;hibited anti.in!la ator# and &ound healing properties &hen tested on ice . Con"ersel#, coconut &ater has been e;tensi"el# studied since its introduction to the scienti!ic co unit# in the %9:7s. *n its natural !or , it is a re!reshing and nutritious be"erage &hich is &idel# consu ed due to its bene!icial properties to health, so e o! &hich are based on cultural=traditional belie!s (>,6?@,%A?%6). *t is also belie"ed that coconut &ater could be used as an i portant alternati"e !or oral reh#dration and e"en so !or intra"enous h#dration o! patients in re ote regions . Coconut &ater a# also o!!er protection against #ocardial in!arction . *nterestingl#, a stud# has sho&n that regular consu ption o! either coconut &ater or aub# (a li+uid e;tracted !ro the bark o! the aub# tree, olubrina arborescens), or particularl#, a i;ture o! the , is e!!ecti"e in bringing about the control o! h#pertension . ,part !ro that, coconut &ater is &idel# used in the plant tissue culture industr# . The e;tensi"e use o! coconut &ater as a gro&th.pro oting co ponent in tissue culture ediu !or ulation can be traced back to ore than hal! a centur# ago, &hen B"erbeek et al* !irst introduced coconut &ater as a ne& co ponent o! the nutrient ediu !or callus cultures in %9:% . $ro a scienti!ic "ie&point, the addition o! coconut &ater to the ediu is rather unsatis!actor#, as it precludes the possibilit# !or in"estigating the e!!ects o! indi"idual co ponents o! the ediu &ith an# degree o! accurac#. The +uestion o! &hich co ponents cause the gro&th sti ulation arose i ediatel#. Besides its nutritional role, coconut &ater also appears to ha"e gro&th regulator# properties, e.g., c#tokinin.t#pe acti"it#. So e o! the ost signi!icant and use!ul co ponents in coconut &ater are c#tokinins, &hich are a

class o! ph#tohor ones. The !irst c#tokinin, NC.!ur!ur#ladenine (kinetin) &as isolated !ro an autocla"ed sa ple o! herring sper D1, in %966 . *n %9CA, Letha isolated trans.0eatin, the !irst naturall#.occurring c#tokinin, !ro a plant source (unripe corn seeds) (>:). *n addition to "arious plant.related !unctions, it &as also !ound that so e c#tokinins (e.g., kinetin and trans.0eatin) sho&ed signi!icant anti.ageing, anti.carcinogenic, and anti.thro botic e!!ects. $urther ore, icronutrients (nutrients needed in s all +uantities) such as inorganic ions and "ita ins in coconut &ater pla# a "ital role in aiding the hu an bod# antio;idant s#ste . H#per etabolis gi"es rise to an increased production o! reacti"e o;#gen species (or !ree radicals), as a result o! increased o;idati"e etabolis . Such increase in !ree radicals &ill cause o;idati"e da age to the "arious co ponents o! the hu an cell, especiall# the pol#unsaturated !att# acids in the cell e brane, or to the nucleic acids in the nucleus . $ortunatel#, li"ing organis s ha"e &ell de"eloped antio;idant s#ste s to neutrali0e the ost detri ental e!!ects o! these o;idi0ing species. 4icronutrients ha"e i portant !unctions in this aspect. $or e;a ple, the# act directl# to +uench !ree radicals b# donating electrons, or indirectl# as a part o! etallo en0# es (a di"erse class o! en0# es that re+uire a catal#tic etal ion !or their biological acti"it#) such as glutathione pero;idase (seleniu ) or supero;ide dis utase (0inc, copper) to catal#se the re o"al o! o;idi0ing species . Bther co ponents !ound in coconut &ater include sugars, sugar alcohols, lipids, a ino acids, nitrogenous co pounds, organic acids and en0# es, and the# pla# di!!erent !unctional roles in plant and hu an s#ste s due to their distinct che ical properties. The #riad o! co pounds,

both kno&n and unkno&n, pro"ide coconut &ater &ith the special biological properties that is kno&n to the t#pical la# an. *n this paper, &e &ill present a su ar# on the che ical co position o! the kno&n co pounds in coconut &ater. Chemical Com&osition of Coconut )ater *.!. Phytohormones 5h#tohor ones are a group o! naturall# occurring organic co pounds that pla# crucial roles in regulating plant gro&th in a &ide range o! de"elop ental processes. *nitiall#, the ter ph#tohor one &as s#non# ous &ith au;in. Later on, the other plant gro&th regulators such as gibberellins (G,s), eth#lene, c#tokinins, and abscisic acid (,B,) &ere categori0ed together &ith au;ins as the 2classical !i"e3 hor ones . Coconut &ater contains au;in, "arious c#tokinins, G,s and ,B, PR+C,-.R,:Analysis of cation:3g24 /5+o small amount o( coconut water ,add NH4 l 6 NH4OH in e1cess* Add NH4# o3$2 solution 6 disodium Hydrogen "hos"hate solution* 78S9:+/5;hite crystalline ""t* .4 +est/5<$add (reshly "re"ared sodium cobaltnitrite solution to =ml o( coconut water >ellow ""t* 2$+o the second "ard o( coconut (orm add "icric acid solution* R,/.0T:- >ellow shiny ""t * Na4+est/5 Add "otassium "yro antinionate to =ml o( coconut water * R,/.0T:- ;hite mil2 incss /odium:2Na l 4 .2H2Sb2O? #"otassium "yro antinoconate$ 2. l 4Na2H2Sb2O?#mil2iness white ""t$ Potassium:2. l 4Na3@ o#NO2$AB .2Na@ o#No2$AB42Na l 4 . 4No3@ o#No2$AB .2Na@ o#No2$AB#yellow ""t$42Na4

.44 AH2#No2$3OH >ellow ""t$ 1a nesium:3g24#a'$4HPO425#a'$4NH44#a'$ ""t*$4H4

H l4 AH2#No2$3O.#sodium "icrate 3g#NH4$PO4#s$ #;hite

Anion:/il"er nitrate Test:Add AgNo3 sol to coconut water* +hen add e1cess o( NH4OH solution * Fine ;hite ""t* which dissol%es in e1cess o( NH4OH R,/.0T:- l5 con(irmed Chromyl chloride Test:Add solid "otassium dichromate to coconut water 6 heated it with conc*H2SO4 *Pass the e%ol%ed gas through NaOH solution* Acidi(y this solution with acetic acid 6 then add lead acetate solution* >ellow ""t a""ear* R,/.0T:- l5 con(irmed Ammonium molybdate Test:Added ammonium molybdate 6 conc* HNO3 to coconut water* A""ear canary >ellow ""t* R,/.0T:-PO4 35con(irmed Phos&hate:Na2HPO4 4<2#NH4$23oO4423HNO3 #NH4$3PO4*<23oO342NaNo342<NH4No34<2H2O Chloride:a$Sil%er nit /5 AgNo#a'$4Na l#a'$ Ag l#s$4NaNo 3#a'$ Ag l#s$42NH3#a'$ @Ag#NH3$2B l# a'$ b$ hromyl/5 4Na l#s$4.2 r2O?#s$43H2SO4#l$ .2SO4#a'$ 42 rO2 l2#g$43H2O#l$42Na2SO4#a'$ rO2 l2#g$44NaOH Na2 rO4#a'$42Na l#a'$ 42H2O#l$ Pc# r3 OO$2#a'$4Na2 rO4#a'$ Pb rO4#s$#yellow ""t*$ 42 H3 OONa

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