NERVOUS SYSTEM

Ahmad aminuddin

NERVOUS SYSTEM

STRUCTURALLY

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

FUNCTIONALLY

NERVOUS TISSUE

NEURON

CELL BODY WITH DENDRITE AND AXON. SYNAPS.

NEUROGLIA

C.N.S

OLIGODENDROGLIA. ASTROCYTE. EPENDYMAL CELL. MICROGLIA. SATELLITE CELL. NEUROLEMMA ( SCHWANN ) CELL.

P.N.S.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CONSIST OF

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.

NUCLEUS TRACT COMPOSED OF

GRAY MATTER WHITE MATTER

- NERVE CELL BODIES. - TRACT.

MENINGES

PIAMATER. ARACHNOID. DURAMATER.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERIPHERAL N

CRANIAL N SPINAL N ENDONEURIUM. PERINEURIUM. EPINEURIUM.

SUPPORTED AND PROTECTED

CRANIAL AND SPINAL P.N.

SOMATIC FIBERS

GENERAL SENSORY F. ( G.S.A.)

EXTEROCEPTIVE SENSATION. PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATION.

SOMATIC MOTOR FIBERS ( G.S.E.)

VISCERAL SENSORY FIBERS ( G.V.A.) GENERAL MOTOR FIBERS ( G.V.E.)

VISCERAL FIBERS

PRESYNAPTIC FIBERS. POSTSYNAPTIC FIBERS.

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

CONSIST OF

SOMATIC PART OF THE C.N.S. SOMATIC PART OF THE P.N.S. ALL PART OF THE BODY ,EXCEPT
VISCERA IN THE BODY CAVITY. SMOOTH MUSCLES. GLANDS.

INNERVATION TO

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

PROVIDES

THE SOMATIC SENSORY SYSTEM

TRANSMITS SENSATION OF TOUCH, PAIN, TEMPERATURE AND POSITION.

THE SOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEM

INNERVATES ONLY SKELETAL MUSCLES.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

DIVISION

SYMPATHETIC. PARASYMPATHETIC.
THE LOCATION OF THE PRESYNAPTIC CELL BODIES. WHICH NERVES CONDUCT THE PRESYNAPTIC FIBER FROM THE C.N.S.

THE ANATOMICAL DISTINCTION

THE FUNCTIONAL DISTINCTION

THE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON LIBERATE -NOREPINEPHRINE - SYMPATHETIC. -ACETYLCHOLINE - PARASYMPATHETIC.

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

THE CELL BODIES OF THE PRESYNAPTIC NEURON ARE FOUND IN THE INTERMEDI OLATERAL CELL COLUMNS. THE CELL BODIES OF THE POSTSYNAP TIC NEURON OCCUR IN

PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA. PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA.

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

PRESYNAPTIC NEURON CELL BODIES ARE LOCATED

IN THE GRAY MATTER OF THE BRAIN STEM, THE FIBERS EXIT THE C.N.S. WITHIN THE CRANIAL N. III, VII, IX AND X - CRANIAL PARASYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW IN THE GRAY MATTER OF THE SACRAL SEG- MEN ( S 2-4 ) THE FIBERS EXIT THE C.N.S THROUGH THE ANTERIR ROOTS OF SACRAL SPINAL N S 2-4 AND THE PELVIC SPLANCHNIC N THA T ARISE FROM THEIR ANTERIOR RAMI SACRAL PARASYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW

CRANIAL NERVES.

C.N. CARRY ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING FIVE MAIN FUNCTION ;

MOTOR ( EFFERENT ) FIBERS.

MOTOR FIBERS TO VOLUNTARY (STRIATED) MUSCLE

SOMATIC MOTOR. BRANCHIAL MOTOR.

MOTOR FIBERS INVOLVED IN INNERVATING INVO LUNTARY (SMOOTH) MUSCLES OR GLANDS FIBERS CONVEYING SENSATION FROM THE VSCR FIBERS TRANSMITTING GENERAL SENSATION FIBERS TRANSMITTING UNIQUE SENSATION

SENSORY ( AFFERENT ) FIBERS

STRUCTURE OF THE SCALP

SKIN. CONNECTIVE TISSUE. APONEUROSIS. LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE. PERICRANIUM.

CLINICAL ASPECT

SCALP WOUND

SUPERFICIAL S.W. DEEP S.W. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IS THE DANGER AREA. EMISSARY VEIN. ECHYMOSIS.

SCALP INFECTIONS

SEBACEOUS CYSTS CEPHALHEMATOMA

CRANIAL MENINGES

PROTECT THE BRAIN. FORM THE SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK FOR ARTERIES, VEINS AND VENOUS SINU SES. ENCLOSE A FLUID-FILLED CAVITY, THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE, WICH IS VITAL TO THE NORMAL FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN

MENINGES

DURA MATER. ARACHNOID MATER.

SUBARACHNOID SPACE WITH C.F.S.

PIA MATER.

DURA MATER

DURAL INFOLDINGS

CEREBRAL FALX. CEREBELLAR TENTORIUM. CEREBELLAR FALX. SELLAR DIAPHRAGM

CLINICAL ASPECT

BLUNT TRAUMA TO THE HEAD

FRACTURE OF THE CRANIAL BASE USUALLY TEARS THE DURA AND RESULTS IN LEAKAGE OF C.F.F. TENTORIAL HERNIATION, THE TEMPORAL LOBE MAY BE LACERATED BY THE TOUGH CEREBELLAR TENTORIUM AND THE OCULOMOTOR N. MAY BE STRECHED, COMPRESSED PARALYSIS OF THE EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES.

TENTORIAL HERNIATION

BULGING OF THE SELLAR DIAPHRAGM

PITUITARY TUMOR SUPERIOR EXTENSION MAY CAUSE PRESSURE ON THE OPTIC CHIASM VISUAL SYMPTOM.

DURAL VENOUS SINUSES

SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS. INFERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS. TRANSVERSE SINUS. OCCIPITAL SINUS. CAVERNOUS SINUS. SUPERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES. INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES.

EMISSARY VEINS

FRONTAL E.V. PARIETAL E.V. MASTOID E.V. POSTERIOR CONDYLAR E.V.

VASCULATURE OF THE DURA MATER

ARTERIAL SUPPLY

ANTERIOR BRANCH AND POSTERIOR BRANCH OF THE MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY. ACCOMPANY THE MENINGEAL A.,THE MIDDLE MENINGEAL V.- PTERYGOID PLEXUS

VENOUS DRAINAGE

LEPTO MENUNGITIS

USUALLY CONFINED TO SUBARACHNOID SPACE AND ARACHNOID-PIA. THE BACTERIA FROM

AN INFECTIOUS OF THE HEART, LUNG AND OTHER VISCERA. NASAL SINUS.

BRAIN

THE CEREBRUM

THE DIENCEPHALON

FRONTAL LOBES. THE PARIETAL LOBES. THE TEMPORAL LOBES. THE OCCIPITAL LOBES.

THE THE THE THE

EPITHALAMUS. DORSALTHALAMUS. HYPOTHALAMUS.

MIDBRAIN PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA CEREBELLUM

THE BRAINSTEM

THE MIDBRAIN

LIE AT THE JUNCTION OF THE MIDDLE AND ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA. C.N. III, C.N. IV.
LIE IN THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA. C.N. V. LIES IN THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA. C.N. IX, C.N.X, C.N.XII
- C.N.VI C.N.VIII AT THE JUNCTION OF PONS AND MEDULLA.

THE PONS

THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA

CEREBRAL INJURIES

CEREBRAL CONCUSSION

CEREBRAL CONTUSION

CONSCIOUSNESS MAY BE LOST FOR ONLY 8 10 SEC., IN MORE SEVERE INJURIES CONS SCIOUSNESS MAY BE LOST FOR HOURS AND EVEN DAYS.

CEREBRAL LACERATION

THE PIA IS STRIPPED FRON THE INJURED SURFACE OF THE BRAIN AND MAY BE TORN, ALLOWING BLOOD TO ENTER THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE, MAY RESULT IN AN EXTENDED LOST OF CONSCIOUSNESS DEPRESSED CRANIAL FRCT RUPTURE BLOOD VESSEL BLEE DING INTO THE BRAIN AND SUBARACHNOID SPACE, CAUSING INCREASE INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE AND CEREBRAL COMPRE SSION.