Energy Losses in Pipelines Energy losses in a pipeline are due to: (a) (b) Frictional resistance to flow Shock

losses due to disturbance to normal flow due to sudden changes in section, bends etc.
V$ $g

These energy losses are con eniently e!pressed as a head loss in terms of fluid elocity head. "ead loss # k (a) Frictional Head Loss
hf = & fl V $ d $g

k % head loss coefficient

% 'arcy formula

f ( 'arcy friction factor generally depends on )eynolds *umber )e =

flow and )elati e )oughness of the pipe. d ,& f = +aminar Flow: ()e - $...%$/..) )e

Vd

of fluid

0n fully de eloped turbulent flow, friction factor depends on relati e roughness only. (b) Shock Losses Loss of Head due to Sudden Enlargement

The flow pattern at a sudden enlargement is as shown. The pressure p . in the dead storage area is e!perimentally found to be numerically e1ual to pressure p2 . The loss head due to sudden enlargement ( hL ) can be computed by applying control olume continuity and momentum e1uations and 3ernoulli e1uation accounting for energy loss.
hL =

(V2

V$ ) $g

V$ =k 2 $g

4hen a pipe discharges into a large reser oir through a sharp e!it, V$ ..

a2 k = 2 a $

hL =

V$ $g

0f the e!it is rounded this loss is greatly reduced and usually negligible. Loss of Head due to Sudden Contraction

The flow con erges to form a vena contracta at section (/). The loss of head due to contraction from section (2) to section (/) is small compared to loss of head due to e!pansion from section (/) to section ($) and therefore ignored.
V$ hL = k $ $g
2 k = C 2 c
$

Cc =

ac a$

Loss of Head at Pipe Fittings The loss of head at pipe fittings is usually e!pressed in terms of a fitting loss coefficient K.

Head Loss Coefficients for a Range of Pipe Fittings