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Austin Clyde APUS Summer Reading Assignment (A) Chapter 1: Worlds Apart 1. How did the Aztecs who first glimpsed Spanish ships off the coast of Mexico describe to Moctezuma what they had seen? What details most captured their attention? When a man from Mictlancuauhtla arrived at the Aztec royal palace, he shared a very strange sight. He described Hernan Cortes fleet as a small mountain or mountain range floating in the sea. When Moctezuma sent officials to check the story, they came back and described the different skin color and hair length. What caught the attention of religious leaders (who held a strong spiritual and psychological hold over the people) was a string of bizarre events. Having light-skinned strangers appear urged the leaders to believe trouble is in the near future. They were correct. 2. Compare mens and womens roles in Native American, West African, and European societies. What were the similarities and differences? How did the differences between European and Native American gender roles lead to misunderstandings? Native American West African European 1. Hunting 1. Farming Roles 1. Patrilineal society Men 2. Assumed equality in a. Prepared field 2. Assumed dominance genders 2. Hunted in grasslands over women 3. Herded cattle 1. Farming Roles 1. Stayed home for house Women 1. Dominate role in farming a. Cultivated crops wife work 2. Assumed equality in b. Harvested crop 2. Understood more as genders c. Dried for storage objects than being 3. Matrilineal society 2. Cared for livestock 3. Traded goods (essential to economy) When Europeans first came to the New World and saw the different life style that Native American women live, it was shocking. Europeans even claimed that Indian women lived a slavish life. Yet, the natives responded by asserting European men were wasting good creatures that can work. Because men participated in hunting (which cannot support a society the same way stable agriculture can), Europeans assumed that men made the women support society because they saw hunting as recreational. 3. Many of the first European colonizers in North America were military veterans. What impact did this have on their relations with Indian peoples? When Henry VIII desired Ireland out of catholic fear, he attempted to take the island. When Elizabeth commanded more invasions, they were successful and destroyed villages and many inhabitants. When many of the veterans from the campaign went to the

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New World, they saw Indians as savages just like the Irish. Even worse was when the Englishmen saw Indians possess Irish like traits like similar dress or homebuilding. This ultimately channeled the savage brutality that the Englishmen held towards the Irish out into the battle with the Indians. Also, in Ireland, the English had set up walled plantations as a form of civilization and so the men did the same in the New World. This ultimately excluded the Natives from interaction in any civilized manner. So because of the military veterans, the brutality seen towards Indians was channeled from feelings of the Irish and the exclusion from civilized activities also stemmed from that. 4. Why did Spain so quickly become the dominant colonial power in North America? What advantages did it enjoy over France and England? During this time, the Muslims expulsion was coming to the end and this left a large pool of well-trained soldiers, conquistadores, ready to fight. Because the Christians had the experience of the Reconquista, pushing all the Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula, they also had a religious reason to experience rapid colonization. Also, because of the Canary Island conquest, the political rulers of Spain had experience in dictating control over a newly gained territory. Spain also had been the first to begin the colonization followed by Portugal with whom an agreement to share the entire new world was made (Treaty of Tordesillas). The French and English were preoccupied with the protestant reformation. 5. What role did religion play in early European efforts at overseas colonization? Did religious factors always encourage colonization, or did they occasionally interfere with European expansion? First, Europeans had this idea that those who were not Christian desperately desired salvation. Because of this thought, seeing the natives not know God, it drove the Europeans to teach the natives about our Lord. Yet, when they realized they natives worshiped the earth (animism) they considered it a heinous crime against God (10 commandmentsnot following the one sole Father). Because of all the technology used in the crusades, it was almost the same mindset when conquering the Indians. Religious did encourage the colonization. They were not hurting peoplethey believed the Indians were savages as they wont inherent the kingdom of God. Even in destroying the land, religion did not interfere with colonization because the Europeans were materialistic and ultimately believed Heaven would be theres so why respect the earth. 6. In what ways were trade networks important in linking different groups of people in the Old and New Worlds? All three cultural groups (Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans) used the trade networks for their welfare. In the trade networks they not only exchanged material goods, but also marriage partners, laborers, ideas, and religious practices. Trade became a way of communication between cultures. Trade networks sometimes grew over large distances and goods came from far distances from their place of origin.

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Key Terms: a. Archaic Period The period roughly between 8,000 and 1,500 B.C., during which time Native Americans adapted to a changed continental climate, developed larger communities, and, in several regions, adopted agriculture. This period signified a major change in human life. b. Aztecs A warrior people who dominated the Valley of Mexico from about 1100 until their conquest in 1519-1521 by Spanish soldiers led by Hernan Cortes. Aztecs had major economic, political and social control over the Latin American region around the time the Spanish came and conquered them. This caused Latin American culture to still retain some of their social aspects. c. Cahokia Located near modern St. Louis, this was one of the largest urban centers created by Mississippian peoples, containing perhaps 30,000 residents in 1250. Formed a large enough settlement to rival the size of medieval London. d. Columbian Exchange The transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred after the first European contact with the Americas. This biological exchange was one of the most shaping transfers from old to new and new to old, forming the modern world. e. Culture areas Generalizations made about societies that developed within broad regions. Within each area societies shared basic patterns of life. f. Great League of Peace and Power Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas joined together to diminish internal conflict and increase spiritual strength. This group allowed the eastern woodland people to gain the massive control they did (by unity). g. Predestination The belief that God decided at the moment of Creation which humans would achieve salvation. Men who believed to be chosen would lead governments (Calvinists). h. Protestants All Europeans who supported religious reform this reformation caused the Catholic Church to lose the long grasp it had over society. i. Reconquista The long struggle (ending in 1492) during which Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim occupiers, who first invaded in the eighth century. This period right before the founding of the New World ushered the same mentality towards Natives in Latin America. j. Reformation -- a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. (see Protestants meaning in history) k. Songhai Empire A powerful West African state that flourished between 1450 and 1591, when it fell to a Moroccan invasion. Was a center for trade and government in Africa. l. Tordesillas, Treaty of Treaty negotiated by the pope in 1494 to resolve the territorial claims of Spain and Portugal. It drew a line approximately 1,100 miles west of Cape

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Verde Islands, granting all lands west of the line to Spain and all lands east of the line to Portugal. This limited Portugals New World Empire to Brazil but confirmed its claims in African and Asia. Despite the goal of calming territorial disputes, this ultimately caused more.

Chapter 2: Transplantation 1600-1685 1. To what extent was Richard Frethornes experience typical of that of English colonists in the New World? What were the causes of his distress? Frethornes experience was certainly not the glorious vision he had for the New World. First, he is suffering from many diseases which also infect all those around him. Second, he is deprived of a normal diet drinking bad water and eating peas, rarely getting bread. Finally, he has an intense fear of any Native Americans coming and invading. They would be defenseless because they are all so weak. This experience was very common among Englishmen who came to the New World with the pearly vision in Englandhealth and prosperity. Little did all the emigrants know they were arriving at a place barely surviving. 2. Comparing French, Dutch, and English colonies, which ones attracted the most settlers, and which the fewest? In what colonies were women scare? What impact did these differences in emigration have on the various colonies development? The Dutch attracted the least settlers most likely because the Dutch colonies did not last long and did not have much to offer. The colonies mostly consisted of those seeking religious freedom. The company running the colonies was too interested in money so the governance of the colony was not strong to even promote a place where a government might eventually appear. The English attracted the most settlers due to the indentured servitude and money to be made with tobacco products. By having a crop where people become addicted promoted a stable way to get funds. It proved to be the turning stone product to produce a permanent settlement. More women arrived in the New World allowing families to develop. Despite the fact these families were not the most stable, they are still stepping stones to develop stable ones. In the French colonies, mostly young men were brought to trade fur for money. Most left after making a profit and those did that stay married into Indian tribes therefore not involving themselves with the French government anymore. These immigration patterns caused the Dutch colonies to be easily conquered and the French to never prosper the same way the Britishs will. The lack of women and family building promoted in the F rench colonies meant no stable settlements compared to the British where people that came were given their own land to then produce a family with the two women for every three men.

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3. Which English Settlements were proprietary colonies? Did they share any common characteristics? What plans did the carious proprietors have for their colonies, and to what extent were those plans put into effect? Maryland, Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania were all proprietary colonies. The original owners all had similar utopian ideas for their colonies but ultimately either the plan empirically failed or was never even used. For example, when Maryland was given to Lord Baltimore, he intended it to be a place of Catholic refuge. Yet he died before his the settlement began so Cecilius had to finish. Most of the people arriving werent catholic and Lord Baltimores original plan of running it by the estate systemgiving land to Catholics who then would live on rent from tenant framers failed. 4. When Virginias settlers first arrived, they encountered a numerous and powerful confederation of Powhatan Indians. New Englands colonists, in contrast, began their settlements after epidemics had dramatically reduced the local native populations. In what ways did the presence or absence of substantial Indian populations affect each regions early history? With respects to Frethornes account of the Virginia settlement, often people lived in fear of Indian attack. This caused people to move to fortified garrisons. It destroyed the Virginia Company since colonists no longer were focused on exporting goods, but rather their own safety. The company went bankrupt and eventually became a royal colony. In New England, colonists did not have to live in fear at all. Actually, at the Plymouth colony, the Indians assisted the development of the economy. 5. In both Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, religion figured prominently as a motive for settlement. What were the religious beliefs of the settlers in each colony, and how did those beliefs help shape each colonys development? In Massachusetts, the puritans created the colony to be a city upon the hill. They werent separatists but believed the reforms to the Anglican Church were too close to Catholic practices and were rejected forcefully by the Kind. So they came to the New World and formed a new church that was to stand as a model for the English Church and all others to come. This shaped everything in the Massachusetts colonies because now the town was governed smoothly by covenants. These bound people to duties with the power of God. In Pennsylvania, William Penn created the colony to be a safe haven for Quakers and to be a place of toleration and peace. Penn tried to create a system to allow Quakers to practice which meant no military service, or social distinctions. But because Penn was a Quaker and set the laws, the townspeople grew upset and ultimately created their own legislature.

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6. Three colonial regionsthe Chesapeake, the West Indies, and Carolinadeveloped economies dependent on staple crops. What were those crops? In what way did staple-crop agriculture shape society in each region? In the Chesapeake region, a Tabaco strain imported from the Caribbean became the staple crop which the whole region relied heavily on. Tabaco became so important that land around rivers became very desirable for the ease of exporting Tabaco rising 5900% from 1627 to 1669. The society began to rely heavily on indentured servants to work the land to keep exports high. Yet, the struggle was with the indentured servants and the harsh conditions they had. In the West Indies the staple crop was sugar. The desire for larger sugar exports are clear by the fact 70% of the population was slaves. Slaves were not treated as beings but rather property and were at the will of their masters. Most of the times the plantation owners did not stay in the humid climate and moved back to England. The Carolinas relied heavily on rice which was introduced as an English crop in the 1690s. As the desire for more exports rose (like the West Indies), more slaves were imported and the region became more and more like the West Indies have a predominant slave population. 7. In what ways did events in Europe affect the founding of colonies in North America? The reforms occurring in the Anglican Church affected the beginning of many colonies in North America. The Massachusetts colonies and Pennsylvania served as safe places of religious toleration when Charles I started to oppose Puritan (or any religion against the Anglican Church) more so than before his reign. Combined with a dwindling economy in England, this inspired the movement of many to the New World. Key Terms: a. Act for Religious Toleration The first law in America to call for freedom of worship for all Christians. It was enacted in Maryland in 1649 to quell disputes between Catholics and Protestants, but it failed to bring peace. This was the first law in American of its kind. Ultimately, to become the cornerstone of American ideals. b. Anglican Of or belonging to the Church of England, a protestant denomination. Since most of the Americas were English, many came to the colonies to escape the English church. c. Coureur de bois French for wood runner, an independent fur trader in New F rance. allowed for a distillation of the French colonies. d. Covenant contract with God used to define duty among Massachusetts Bay colonists. e. Frame of Government William Penns constitution for Pennsylvania Led to the American ideals which ultimately created the ideas in our current constitution.

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f. Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina A complex plan for organizing the colony of Carolina, drafted in 1669 by Anthony Ashley Cooper and John Locke. Its provisions included a scheme for creating a hierarchy of nobles who would own vast amounts of land and wield political power; below them would be a class of freedmen and slaves. The provisions were never implemented by Carolina colonies. Written closely with John Locke, a major figure in philosophy. g. Headright system a system which gives 50 acres to anyone who paid his own way to Virginia and an addition 50 for each person he brought with him allowed the plantation system to start. h. House of Burgesses The legislature of colonial Virginia. First organized in 1619, it was the first institution of representative government in the English colonies. First legislative body in America. i. Indentured servants An individualusual male but occasionally femalewho contracted to serve a master for a period of four to seven years in return for payment of the servants passage to America. Indentured servitude was the primary labor system in the Chesapeake colonies for most of the seventeenth century. Was the first system to get people into the New World j. Joint-stock company Business enterprise in which a group of stockholders pooled their money to engage in trade or to fund colonizing expeditions. Joint-stock companies participated in the founding of the Virginia, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay colonies. Type of government in Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Haven, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Plymouth. k. Pequot War Conflict between English settlers (who had Narragansett and Mohegan allies) and Pequots were nearly destroyed in a set of bloody confrontations, inducing a deadly English attack on a Mystic River village in May 1637. Cleared the way for future settlements. l. Pilgrims Settlers of Plymouth Colony, who viewed themselves as spiritual wanderers. gave an idea of peaceful interactions with Indians. m. Proprietary Colony A colony created when English monarch granted a huge tract of land to an individual or group of individuals, who became lords proprietors. Many lords proprietors had distinct social visions for their colonies, but these plans were hardly ever implemented examples of proprietary colonies are Maryland, Carolina, New York (after it was seized from the Dutch), and Pennsylvania. n. Puritans A group who believed that Queen Elizabeths reforms of th e Church of England had not gone far enough in improving the church, particularly in ensuring the church members were among the saved. Puritans led the settlement of Massachusetts Bay colony. Colonies served as an example of the benefit of living with covenants.

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o. Quakers Members of the Society of Friends, a radical religious group that arose in the mid-seventeenth century. Quakers rejected formal theology and educated ministry, focusing instead on the importance of the Inner Light, or Holy Spirit that dwelt within them. Quakers were important in the founding of Pennsylvania. popularized Penns colony. p. Separatists Members of an offshoot branch of puritanism. Separatists believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and hence were convinced that they must separate from it to save their souls. Separatists helped found Plymouth Colony. Ushered in a wave of people to the New World q. Slave Codes Sometimes known as black codes. A series of laws passed mainly in the southern colonies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries to define the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic civil rights to them. Also, after American independence and before the Civil War, state laws in the South defining slaves as property and specifying the legal power of masters over slaves. How large populations of slave majorities were kept from uprising. Chapter 3: A Meeting of Cultures 1. The first phase of Olaudah Equianos journey into slavery took him from Africas interior to the coast. What part of this journey most frightened him? Why? How did the development of a transatlantic labor market shape Equianos experiences in the New World and the Old? Equiano had his darkest moment when he was taken seven months earlier. He had reached the sea coast and he was handled to see if he was fit enough by the sea men. This moment drenched him in terror because he felt as if he was being handled by bad sprits and saw a near deathwhich came about by their strange figure. Equiano was used as labor for those who came to the New World looking to make money. This usually meant labor was needed and cheap labor that reproduced was always desired. This is what drew the need for Africans. 2. English colonists experience more frequent, and more violent, conflicts with Indians than the settlers of New France did. Why was this so? What factors affected IndianEuropean relations in the two colonial regions? Indians thought trading was more meaningful than just simple trade. They considered it to be a bond of peace. The French understood this and treated the Indians with respect because they knew if they could get the fur from the Indians, it would reduce their labor. In return, Indians were giving products they could not produce (metal works). This caused a dependency on the French so relations had to always remain welland it worked out well for both sides. Instead of following the Frenchs idea, of course, the English did not respect the Indian idea of land rights. The Indians

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believed no one could own land, but rather use it and respect it. The Indians were nomadic, when they sued up the nutrients in the soil of a certain plot of land, they moved to another; they let the land regrow and they would go back 20 years later. The Europeans came and saw vast plots of unoccupied land, so they took the natives land. Also, the English destroyed Indian hunting with things like river dams. Also, some Indians even sold land without proper rights; this caused much anger and confusion between the English and Natives. 3. Why were Catholic missionaries more successful than Protestants in converting Indians to Christianity in early America? Due to Catholicism focus on ritual and the immediate goal of Protestants was to escape anything catholic, Protestants did not have much ritual practice. To the natives, whose religion was firmly grounded in ritual, this was bizarre and not attractive. Also, catholic missionaries often put economic power in conversation. The Indians who converted were given supplies and access to food in case of famine. In Canada, the Jesuits started with a gradual conversion, blending the native religion with Catholicism to allow for a wholesale transformation to follow. That type of conversion is a lot more appealing than the bible study the Protestants had to offer. The Jesuits had a lot of success in converting a Mohawk girl who was the first Native American contemplated for sainthood. 4. When did Chesapeake planters switch from servants to salves? What factors contributed to their decision to make this change? In Europe, the problem for farmers was the lack of land. But, because job competition was intense, cheap labor was abundant. But, with a small population compared to Europethe New World lacked the strong and cheap labor force Europe had. Most people in the Americans wanted to start a farm of their own. This meant high labor costs, along with cheap land. So the initial solution was indentured servitude (African labor was expensive and not as skilled as servants). But at the end of the 17 th century, Europeans started to emigrate as servants since Europes economy started to grow again and there was no need to relocate. This put a high demand on a low supply in the Americas. The low supply of white labor was picked up by a new high supply of African labor due to the rights being there for everyone. This caused the supply of African labor to surge after 1698. Also, slave labor began to appeal more since they were labor for life that could reproduce for generations. This led to the high population of slaves that was on the rise. 5. By about 1750, more slaves in the mainland British colonies were creoles (Americanborn) than African-born. What effects did this have on the formation of African American communities in America?

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6. Different labor systems predominated in various regions of British America. How did the economy of each region help determine its labor system? 7. Tens of thousands of European immigrants came to America in the eighteenth century, but they tended to settle only in certain colonial regions. What destination did they favor and why? Immigrants favored the Appalachian Mountains to the Carolinas because labor had value unlike in other areas. For example, they avoided New England because most of the good land was already claimed, and they avoid the southern regions since they were filled with slavery. Key Terms: a. Bacons Rebellion Violent rebellion in Virginia (1675-1676), beginning with settler attacks on Indians but culminating in a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginias government. b. Beaver Wars Series of bloody conflicts, occurring between 1640s and 1680s, during which the Iroquois fought the French and their Indian allies for control over the fur trade in eastern North American and the Great Lakes region. c. Encomienda In Spanish colonies, the grant to a Spanish settler of a certain number of Indian subjects, who would pay him tribute in goods and labor d. King Phillips War Conflict in New England (1675-1676) between Wampanoags, Narragansetts, and other Indian peoples against English settlers; sparked by English encroachments on native lands. e. Middle Passage The voyage between West African and the New World slave colonies. f. Pueblo Revolt Rebellion in 1680 of Pueblo Indians in New Mexico against their Spanish overlords, sparked by religious conflict and excessive Spanish demands for tribute. g. Redemptioner Similar to indentured servants, except that redemptioners signed labor contracts in American rather than in Europe, as indentured servants did. Shipmasters sold redemptioners into servitude to recoup the cost of their passage if they could not pay the fare up their arrival. h. Repartimiento In Spanish colonies, the assignment of Indian workers to labor on public work projects. i. Rescate Procedure by which Spanish colonists would pay ransom for free Indians captured by rival natives. The rescued Indians then became workers in Spanish households. j. Stono Rebellion Uprising in 1739 of South Carolina slaves against whites; inspired in part by Spanish Officials promise of freedom for American slaves who escaped to Florida.