Hydrate Lab:

Pre-lab Problem Cobalt (II) Chloride is a hydrated crystal in its solid form. In the lab, you want to determine the formula of this hydrated compound (ie. How many water molecules attach to a formula unit of CoCl2? CoCl2 X H2O?) In the lab, you find the mass of the test-tube to be 12.443g, and the mass of the compound and the test-tube to be 17.122g. After heating and mixing multiple times to drive off the water, you find the mass of the ionic compound (also known as the anhydrous compound) and the test-tube to be 14.992g. The hydrated compounds is always a 1: X ratio. Write a balanced equation: CoCl2 X H2O Create a data table to organize the data: Item Test Tube Test Tube with Salt Mass (grams) 12.443 17.122

CoCl2*XH2O

4.679

What is the mass of the ionic compound without water (also called the anhydrous compound)? How many moles is this? The mass of the dehydrated salt is 2.549 grams, The amount of moles in 2.549 grams of the dehydrated salt is:

0.01963 Moles of CoCl2 (Author: Saul) What is the mass of the water heated away? How many moles is this? The mass of the water evaporated is 2.13 grams, The amount of moles in 2.13 grams of water is;

0.118 Moles of H2O (Author: Saul)

What is the mole ratio of the ionic compound to the water? CoCl2 = 58.93 grams + 35.45 grams + 35.45 grams = 129.83 grams H2O = 1.01 grams + 1.01 grams + 16 grams = 18.02 garms

2.13 grams is the mass of water evaporated Moles of water evaporated; 2.13 grams / 18.02 grams = 0.118 Moles 2.549 grams is the anhydrous compound Moles of anhydrous compound; 2.549 grams / 129.83 grams = 0.01963 Moles 0.118 Moles / 0.01963 Moles is equivalent to 6. Ratio is 1:6 (Author: Saul Edited: Sammy) What is the formula of the reactant hydrate compound? What is the name of this compound? CoCl2 Part II You will be given a hydrated compound by your teacher, however the number of water molecules in the hydrated compound is missing from the label. Your job is to determine the formula of the hydrated compound by determining the number of water molecules that attach to a formula unit. Then state the formula of the hydrated compound and name this compound. Calculations:

- Show all work of how to determine the formula of the hydrated compound. CuSO4 = 63.55 grams + 96.06 grams = 159.61 grams H2O = 1.01 grams + 1.01 grams + 16 grams = 18.02 garms 1.116 grams is the mass of water evaporated Moles of water evaporated; 1.116 grams / 18.02 grams = 0.06193 Moles 1.319 grams is the anhydrous compound Moles of anhydrous compound; 1.319 grams / 159.61 grams = 0.008264 Moles 0.06193 Moles / 0.008264 Moles = 7.494. Ratio is 1:7.494 Ratio Rounded is 1:7, Ratio is higher than the rounded one. CuSO4 7H2O Copper (II) Sulfate and Hydrogen Dioxide (Water)

- Research the correct answer online (make sure to include the reference of where you found it. There are three steps one must take to find the formula of a hydrated compound. -Determine the mass of water driven off. -Determine the moles of the formula and the water -Find a whole number molar ratio. Source: http://www.chemteam.info/Mole/Determine-formula-of-hydrate.html - Determine the % error of your lab for the X

Item Crucible Crucible with CuSO4*XH2O

Mass (grams) 16.886 19.321

CuSO4*XH2O CuSO4 (Anhydrous compound) with Crucible CuSO4 (Anhydrous compound)

2.435 18.205 1.319

Discussion Questions: Make sure to address the following questions in your discussion section: Would the error cause your ratio to increase or decrease?

1. What was the actual ratio you obtained (with all significant digits)? What was your rounded ratio to whole numbers? Is your actual ratio higher or lower than the rounded ratio? Research what the actual ratio should be. Is your answer too high or too low? What is the percent error? CuSO4 = 63.55 grams + 96.06 grams = 159.61 grams H2O = 1.01 grams + 1.01 grams + 16 grams = 18.02 garms 1.116 grams is the mass of water evaporated Moles of water evaporated; 1.116 grams / 18.02 grams = 0.06193 Moles 1.319 grams is the anhydrous compound Moles of anhydrous compound; 1.319 grams / 159.61 grams = 0.008264 Moles 0.06193 Moles / 0.008264 Moles = 7.494. Ratio is 1:7.494 Ratio Rounded is 1:7, Ratio is higher than the rounded one. (Author: Saul Edited: Sammy)

2. How would your ratio change if you did not dehydrate the compound fully? If we did not dehydrate the compound fully it could change our final ratio dramatically depending on how much water was left in the compound, if we left some water in the ratio of water molecules to copper (II) sulfate molecules would be lower. Our masses of both substances would also be incorrect. We would think that there was quite a bit of copper (II) sulfate and not as much water. (Author: Saul Edited: Sammy) 3. Suppose some of the compound fell out of the test tube before heating but after massing. How would that change your ratio? We would be led to believe and our data would show that the mass of the original mixture was much higher than the actual hydrated compound. We would believe that there was a large

quantity of water in the mixture because the hydrated compound would be so much heavier than the dehydrated one. This would drastically change our ratio of water to copper (II) sulfate making it so that the amount of water would be much higher than it should be/even higher than the amount of copper (II) sulfate. (Author: Sammy) 4. How would your ratio change if the test tube was wet when the hydrated compound was added to it at the beginning of the experiment? If the test tube was wet before adding the compound to it, it would change the final ratio as now the compound is even more hydrated than it should be, which would mean that the ratio of water molecules to copper (II) sulfate would be lower. More water would be added to the mixture and therefore there would be more water than copper (II) sulfate and the ratio would be thrown off once again. (Author: Saul Edited: Sammy)

5. How would your ratio relate to another groups who used the same compound, if you used 2.0 grams and they used 2.5grams? The ratio would not change as there is still 7 times the amount of copper (II) sulfate molecules as there are water molecules. This is because the mixture is homogenous and therefore no matter the quantity of the substance, the ratio of water to copper (II) sulfate is the same even if our group used 2.0 grams of the mixture and another group used 52.34g of the same mixture. The ratio is still the same. (Author: Saul Edited: Sammy)

6. Suggest what might happen if you left the anhydrous compound to sit overnight before weighing it for your data? If we left the dehydrated compound overnight without massing it, we could have different data than if we didn't leave it out. The data might be heavier because the compound could have mixed with the humidity in the air, which would also mean the compound isn't completely dehydrated anymore. (Author: Saul Edited: Sammy)

7. If you could improve this lab, what you do differently and why? Discuss at least three feasible improvements and why with reference to the other discussion questions and errors. (Note: relate this to #1 and the answers for the other questions). The three improvements we would make would be; 1. Do more than one trial, as then our final ratio would be more accurate concerning the amount of water compared to the amount of Copper (II) Sulfate. 2. Heat the compound more than once so that we know that there is no water inside the compound at all.

3. Finally, mix the compound with a stirring rod, while it is getting heated up (being dehydrated), so that we can make sure that there is no more water anywhere in the compound. (Author: Saul)

Pictures:

The stand that we used to hold and heat the crucible with the mixture inside. This is after assembly. The burner was places on the blue slab and the crucible on the circular piece of metal between the three cylindrical objects.

The crucible containing the hydrated compound of copper (II) sulfate and hydrogen dioxide.

The mixture while being dehydrated.

The mixture now about 95% dehydrated.

Conclusion Statement: Write a one to two sentence statement to conclude what you did in your lab, what was your actual and how did it compare to your theoretical. We believed that there would be a larger amount of water in the mixture and the ratio would be more even. However, this was not the case as there was only 2.13 grams of water in the mixture and the ratio of water to copper (II) sulfate was 1:7. (Author: Sammy) Link to Google Doc: https://docs.google.com/a/hkis.edu.hk/document/d/1HKPyrOF_amc88XZA8jOU4B1IlNVFeR6oeUntYH3V38/edit