ELEMEN MESIN

(RI.1232)

LECTURE II

Tegangan
Konsep Tegangan Tegangan Tarik dan Tekan Tegangan lentur Tegangan geser dan puntir
Dosen: Fahmi Mubarok, ST., MSc. Metallurgy Laboratory Mechanical Engineering ITS- Surabaya 2008

http://www.its.ac.id/personal/material.php?id=fahmi

Definition

Fahmi Mubarok

V Start with internal system of forces as shown below to get proper signs for V, N and M.
- Tegangan (stress) intensitas gaya persatuan luas - Regangan (strain) deformasi (perubahan bentuk) akibat tegangan yang bekerja

P Ao l = lo

Jenis-jenis tegangan 1. Tegangan tarik dan tekan (Tensile dan compression stress). 2. Tegangan Geser (Shears stress) disini termasuk tegangan puntir (Torsional Stress ). 3. Tegangan Bending / lengkung ( Bending stress ). 4. Tegangan kombinasi ( Combination stress ).
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya I 2

Various of Average Normal Stress

Fahmi Mubarok

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Tegangan Tarik dan Tekan

Fahmi Mubarok

Untuk membandingkan spesimen dengan berbagai ukuran, maka digunakan konsep tegangan teknik

F = beban yang diberikan tegak lurus terhadap penampang spesimen Ao = luas penampang awal sebelum beban diberikan

Tegangan dan regangan akan memberikan nilai positif pada kondisi tegangan tarik sedang pada kondisi tegangan tekan akan memberikan nilai negatif

l = perpanjangan lo = panjang awal sebelum beban diberikan

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Normal Stress due to Bending Moment

Fahmi Mubarok

Key Points: 1. Internal bending moment causes beam to deform. 2. For this case, top fibers in compression, bottom in tension.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya I 5

Normal Stress due to Bending Moment

Fahmi Mubarok

Internal bending moment, lb-in Bending stress, psi Distance from NA to point of interest, in

My = I

Moment of inertia, in4

I 6

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Design of Beams

Fahmi Mubarok

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Tegangan Geser dan Puntir

Fahmi Mubarok

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Average Shear Stress

Fahmi Mubarok

Forces P and P are applied transversely to the member AB. Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of section C and are called shearing forces. The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is defined as the shear of the section and is equal to the load P. The corresponding average shear stress is,
ave =
P A

Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the member surfaces to maximum values that may be much larger than the average value. The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be uniform.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya I 9

Average Shear Stress

Fahmi Mubarok

Single Shear

Double Shear

P F ave = = A A
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

P F ave = = A 2A
I 10

Torsion

Fahmi Mubarok

Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis.

4 J=1 c 2

4 4 J=1 c c 2 1 2
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

)
I 11

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

Fahmi Mubarok

Variation of shear and bending moment along beam may be plotted. Determine reactions at supports. Cut beam at C and consider member AC, V = + P 2 M = + Px 2 Cut beam at E and consider member EB, V = P 2 M = + P (L x ) 2 For a beam subjected to concentrated loads, shear is constant between loading points and moment varies linearly.

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

12

Sample Problem Bending and Shear

SOLUTION:

Fahmi Mubarok

Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine the reaction forces Section the beam at points near supports and load application points. Apply equilibrium analyses on resulting free-bodies to determine internal shear forces and bending couples Identify the maximum shear and bending-moment from plots of their distributions. Apply the elastic flexure formulas to determine the corresponding maximum normal stress.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya I 13

For the timber beam and loading shown, draw the shear and bend-moment diagrams and determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.

Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:

Fahmi Mubarok

Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine the reaction forces
from

= 0 = MB :

R B = 46 kN

R D = 14 kN

Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses on resulting free-bodies

Fy = 0 M1 = 0 Fy = 0 M2 = 0 20 kN V1 = 0 V1 = 20 kN M1 = 0 V2 = 20 kN =0 M 2 = 50 kN m

(20 kN )(0 m ) + M 1 = 0
20 kN V2 = 0

(20 kN )(2.5 m ) + M 2
V3 = + 26 kN V4 = + 26 kN V5 = 14 kN V6 = 14 kN

M 3 = 50 kN m M 4 = + 28 kN m M 5 = + 28 kN m M6 = 0
I 14

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

Sample Problem 5.1

Fahmi Mubarok

Identify the maximum shear and bendingmoment from plots of their distributions.
Vm = 26 kN M m = M B = 50 kN m

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to determine the corresponding maximum normal stress.
2 1 (0 .080 m )(0 .250 m )2 S =1 b h = 6 6

= 833 .33 10 6 m 3 MB 50 10 3 N m m = = S 833 .33 10 6 m 3

m = 60 .0 10 6 Pa

Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya

15

ELEMEN MESIN
(RI.1232)

LECTURE III

Sambungan
-Sambungan Keling Dosen: Fahmi Mubarok, ST., MSc. Metallurgy Laboratory Mechanical Engineering ITS- Surabaya 2008