b. UW. KYAPVH kKcHAyaTANMH, TeXHHYe- cKOM mepesoopy2keHHH, Tlo”po6Ho paccMoTpeHb! pacueTEI 3NeKTPHYeCKHX Harpy- 30K, BEIGOP S7eKTPOOGOpysOBAHHA, CXEMBI HM KOMTOHOBKH nlogcTaHuml, cnocobEL kavanmauMn aneKrposuepran, OecneyeHHe KayecTBa INeKTPOCHAGKeHHA H KOM- NeHcallMA peakTHBHO MOUIHOCTH, CTPyKTypa yMpaBeHHA SNeKTPHYeCKUM Xo3sii- cTBOM, Boyan aneKTpopeMoHT. HisnoxeHBI TpHHUNTB OpranwsallMH HHBECTHTL- OHHOTO MpoexTupoBaHia, COCTaB MpoeKTHOM NOKYMeHTALIHH S1eKTPHYeCKOM YacTH. PaccMoTpeHb! CHCTeMa NOTOBOPHBIX OTHOUIEHHH H MeponpHATHA MO 3HeprocGepe- 2KeHMO. Tina cryeHToe BbICMIHX yYeOHBIX 3aBeNeHHA, H3yYAIOWWMX AMCUMTIMHY «SreK- ‘Tpocha6xeHve NpoMBIUIEHHEIX NpenMpuATHi, YJIK 621.31(075.8) BBK 34.29273(2) ISBN 5-89594-128-1 © Kyapun B.H., 2006 © Opopunenne. «Hurepmer Minxnnupunr», 2006Ozaaeaenue Ornassenne Tpeanenosne Baenenue Taapa 1. Inexrpuueckoe xosauctBo noTpeGurereii 11 3uexrpka B cicTeme sneKrpH¥eckHx Hayk H mpaKTHYeckoll gesTenbHOCTH: 12 Octioss! muposo33peHua 3u1eKTPHKOB IIeKTPHKH 13° Tepmuner 4 onpenenenin aneKtpHKH 14 Tlpomsiumnersioe asexrponorpeGuense H KonuYecTBeHHoe OnHcaHKe neKTpHYECKOrO xossiicrsa Bonpocei ana camonposepkit Taapa 2. Yposuu (crynens) cucTembi saeKTpocnaGxKeHun 21 MonpeGiresn anextpaecxoi oHepran 22 Ocnosnue tpeGonanns x cucremam aneKtpocHabwenns 23 Letoaormueckue orpauuvenux nocrpoeuna H PynkuMOHMpoBAHA sneKTpHeCKOrO ‘xosaiicTBa Tarapa 3. Morpesaenne saektposneprin 4 saekrputeckne Harpy3KH 31 Xapaxrepuute anexrponpuesunkit 32. Mapamerput snexrponorpeGnenna H pacuerHpie KoacbunMeHTEn 33 Dopmannayempie Mero pacueta WeKTPHYeCKHX Harpy30K 34 Onpegenenue snekrpueckux Harpy30K KOMIVIEKCHBIM METOJOM 35 Tipaxtuxa onpesenenis pacvernoro # orosopHoro MaKcHMyMa Bonpoce: sua camonponepkt Taapa 4, BuiGop cxem, Hanpaxenuii pexHMos NpHCOEAMHeHHA NPOMBUMTEHUEIX npeanpuatnit « cyGbektTaM s1eKTpooHepreTHKH 41 Cxembi npncoeaunenis 1 abiGop nirarouux Hanpaxennit 42. Herounwxn nuranus norpeGuteneli u noctpoenie cxeMbt SieKTpocHaGaxeHHs 43 Hanextocrs snexrpochaGxeuns norpeGurenelt 44 BuiGop mecra pacnonoxenix HcrosHHKoR nitTaHHA Bonpocsi ana camonponepxn Taapa 5. Cxembt 4 KOHCTpyKTHBHOe HenOsHeHHe FaBHbIx TONMIHTENLHEIX pacnpeneauTenbHerx nogeTanunit 51 Hexontnie annie 4 BsiGop cxes PTT 52 BuGop H Henomsosaune casiopeix TpaxterpopMatopos 53° Cxembi Guownsix nogetanuait netoro yposis 54 Cxemsi cheunbuyeckix noacranihit 55 Komnowoska orxpertsix 4 sakpbiTHlx pacrpemenuTenbubrx yerpolicts (nosctanuMit) Bonpocki 2a camonponepki Taapa 6. SueprocGeperatoman sHepretusteckas aexrpoulika B cHcTeMax 3exTpocHaGaKeHH 61 Kaacenpuxauua ycrpoiicta sHepreriueckoil sneKrponnKs 62. Yerpoiicrea Ges npeoGpasosauns actors 63. Yerpoticrsa c onHoxpaTHsiM npeoGpazoBaHHem acTOTEI 64 Ycrpoiicraa c asykpatHbim ( Gonee) npeoGpasoBaHHeM YacTOTHI Bonpocus a camonposepKHt Tapa 7. Cxemst saexrpocnaGxenus p cerax Hanpaaxeiiem fo 1 KB nepemensioro w 70 1,5 KB noctosHHoro ToKa 71 Lexopbie nogcranusn tpeTbero yposiia cHcTeMbl snexTpocHaGKeRHs 72 BuiGop tparicbopmaropos su1a uexoBbix noacratunit 73 Pasmeuienue # KoMnOHOBKa noacranuuit 3YP 74 Pacnpenenutensunie yerpoiicraa 2YP 75. TipeoSparorarennune yeraHouKn a nogcraHunu Bonpocst a camonponepku Taasa 8, Tpancnopr (kataasanus) 21ekTpH4eckoil 9HeprHn 81 OGume caenenna o cnocoGax nepena4H H pactpenenenHs sneKTposMeprHH 82 Bosaywnuie annua anexrponepenay 10 15 15 23 3 40 SI 53 53 75 87 97 7 107 120 128 139 147 148 148 160 165 172 178 179 179 183 191 204 212 220 221 221 223 235 247 250 251 251 256 261 267 281 285 286 286 2894 Oznaeaenue 83 KaGeasbie nHann 84 Tlpoxaaaka xaGeneii » tpanmiesx 85. TMpoxnaaxa xaGeneit a GnoKax 86 Mpoxnagka xaGeneit 8 xaGenne 87 Toxonposons: Bonpocst aia camonposepKit Paapa 9. Pacuer Toxos Koporkoro saMBIKaHUs, 91 Koporkoe sambixanine 8 cuMMETpHUHON TpexasHol Wen npombuuAeHHOrO. npeanpurtus 92 Onpeaenenne sHaveHiii ToKos KOpOTKOTO SAMBIKAHHA B 9neKTpoycraHtoBKax Bailie 1 KB 93. Koporkoe sambikanne 8 cetax HanpaxenHem 20 1 KB Bonpocsi 21a camonposepKu Taapa 10. BesGop annaparos 4 ToKoBenyuHX YcTpOlicTB B IEKTPOTEXHH4ECKHX YCTAHOBKAX 101 BuiGop annapatos no Homusansibim napamerpaM 102 BuiGop asicokononsTHbix suikmouateneli (a4eek) 103 BuiGop passeaunuteneli, otaenuteneii, KopoTko3ambtkateneli 104 BsiGop apixmouarenelt narpysku u npeaoxpanuteneit 105 Bui6op peaxtopon 106 BuiGop tpanchopmatopos ToKa u Tpancdbopmaropos HanpaxeHHs 107 Thposepka toxoseaywnx yerpoiicrs Ha TepMuueckyto # AMHAMHUEcKyl0 crojiKocrs Bonpocki ana cawonposepkit Taapa 11. Myck m camosanyck 2slexTpu4eckHx apHraTenelt 111 OGuas xapaxtepicrika acntixponnuix s1ekrpomBHraresell € KOPOTKOSAMKHYTBIM POTOPOM H CHEXpOHHEIX ABHraTeneii 112. Tiycx w camosanyck acnnxpounix M cHHxponsbix aBHratenel Bonpocts naa camonposepxnt Taapa 12, Kavecrso saektpayeckoil 9uepriun 12 | Hopmet kavectea snextpHieckoii HeprHi H OGnacTb HX NpHMeHeHHs B CHCTeMaX sneKtpocnaGxKeHHs 122 Orknonenus 4 xoneGains Hanpaxenis 123 Hecnuycoumanbocrs H HecuMMeTpHa HanpsoKeHiCA 124 Orknowenus yacrorsi, nposan H MMnyabc HanpaxkeHHA BpemenHoe HanpmxeuHe 125 TIpawnior x crounnkn Hapyurenns noKasateneli KalecTaa as1eKTpHYECKOiI IHeprHH 12.6 Choco6ts # Texnndeckme cpencréa Nopuiltiena KavecTBa 9.eKTpOOHEprHH Bonpocs: ana camonponepkn Taasa 13. Komnencauns peakrusnoli moumocr# 13.1 Banaue axtaaibix m peaxTHBusix MouiMocTel 132 TlotpeSurean peakrHauoli MoutoctH 133 crown peaxrasioit mousocri 134 BuiGop MoutHocTa KomnencupytoulHx ycrpoiicrs Bonpocti via caMonponepki Paasa 14, Pestelinas sauura 8 cucteme stekTpocHaGxeHus MpoMBILIeHHOr NpeANpHATHs 141 Haswasenne, rpeGosanus 1 npHHunnt peneiinoii saumeTbt 142. Peneiivas samura tpancibopmaropos rasiix NoHHsHTeABHBIX HomcTaHUMi (SYP) 143 Penelinas sauura aburatenei nanpoxennem Boule 1 KB 144 Penelias sauura tpancopmaropos 3YP 145 Peneiitas samura xaGensunix anu 146 Peneiiuas samura apurareneii Hanpaxenuem 20 1 KB 147 Asromarnueckuii spog pesepsa 148 Muxponpoueccopias sauura sneKrpoycran Bonpocti 18 camonponepkit Paapa 15. Yeraoaxu Hapyaxsoro # Buytpenuero ocneutenua 151 Cucremsi 4 sHab ocsewjenna 152 Hopmuposanne 1 yetpofict#0 ocpemenns 153° Pacuer ocserutenbaoli yoranoBKH coopy2ennax, BOK 294 297 303 306 316 325 326 326 333 337 342 343 343 344. 348 349 351 353 355 358 359 359 364 373 374 374 378 385 390 395 400 410 4ll all 416 421 az 430 431 431 435 444 443 450 452 452 455 462 463 463 465 468Ozaaeaenue 15.4 InexrpocnaGxenne oonerirenbiibix yoTAHOBOK Bonpocsr ya camonposepxn Paapa 16. 3amuruete mepbi 31eKTpoGesonacHocTH H JazeMAeHHe 161 Kaaccuduxauna sneKrpotexHitieckHx yCTaHOBOK OTHOCHTeIBHO Mep anexrpoSesonacHocrH 162 3azemasioume yctpoucTBa 163. Pacter MoniinesaunTHeIx yerpolicrs, 3naHHii 1 coopyxkeHuii Boupocti 118 camonposepKit Paapa 17, Oprannsanus s1exrponorpeGsenis 171 TlorpeGurens u sneKtpocnaGxaiomas opraHHsauns 172 Hopmst pacxoma 21ekTposHepriit 10 ypoBHaAM npoH3BozcTBa 173. TMpornosnposanue anexTponotpeénenna 174 Tenonornieckoe annsine Ha snextponorpeGaewne npeanpusTuit Bonpocwt 414 camonposepkit Tapa 18. Jueprocbepexeue Ha npomMULTeHHEIx npeanpHATHsX 18 1 OcHosusie Hanpassienns sHeprocbepexcHus 182. Tipuiunnes v otanbi sHeapenia cHcTeMbi 3HepromeHcsvKMeHTa 183. Sveprenieckne Ganancnt 184 Komnaexcumit noaxon x coxpamtenitio 2xeKTponorpeGaenns 185 Cosepurencrsonanue paGorn o6uxenpombiustenneix cHCTeM H OGopyAoBAHHA 186 Tlopsimenne xppexrusuocra sexrpocGepexenHa MHOrOOTpACEBLIX TEXHOsOTHYECKHX npoueccos 4 oGopysowanna 187 Tlorepu anexrpooHepriu B aneKrpHeckHx cerax Bonpocst 21% camonporepKit Tapa 19, Hunectaumonnoe mpoektuponanue o6bekTon 91eKTpHKH 19.1 Tipoexrposanne kak (bopma HinkeHepHOH jexrestsHOCTH 192 Sranu # cranui npoextuposania 193. Tpoexrnponanne oGbextos crpowrensersa 194 Smextpuyeckas wacts npoektaposanus Bonpoci aa camonposepKit Taapa 20. Pexomenganun no ouenke aepexTHBHOCTH HHRECTHIMONHMX MpoeKTOB 201 O6wecrsennas H KoMMepYeckan 3ipeKTHBHOCTS 202 Jlenexnbe noroKH 4 noKazarenu sfceKTHBHOCTH HHBECTHUMOHHEIX NPOeKTOB 203 Pacver noxasateneii oGuectBeHHoi 1 KoMMepHecKoit afipexTHBHOCTH 204 JloKanbunie TeXHUXO-2KOHOMMMECKHE pacueTEI B-IeKTPHKE Bonpoce! ana camonposepxu Tapa 21. Menemament 2lextpuxi: opraniaauis Ynpapnenus 21eKTpHMecKHM XO3aiCTBOM 211 Crpykrypiaa nepectpolixa mewewxmenta 22eKrpHKit 212 Apyinuimus opratwsaunn ynpasnenna cHcTeMaMH s1eKTpHKiK 213 Oprannsauns okcnayaraunin m peMoHTa cHoTeb saeKrpocHaSKeHHa 214 Oprannzauns onexrpopemorra cnnonoro astextpooGopynoxanns 215 Lenrpaapuas snexrporexunueckaa saGopatopna 216 Onpenenenne sucnennoctn aneKrpotexHHueckoro nepconana 217 Ontamusauna crpyktypt ycraHopnentioro H peMoHTHpyemoro oGopynonaHus cHCTeM 9s1eKTPHKH Bonpocsi x08 camonposepxn Pekomenayempiit 6u6auorpaduyecknit ciucok Cnucox npuatsix coxpamennit TIpeameruuiii yxasatent 4m 474 475 475 489 495 499 500 500 510 520 528 539 540 544 546 552 559 566 570 572 573 573 579 587 593 601 603 603 603 612 619 625 626 626 634 639 642 645 648 650 660 661 663 6646 5. H. Kydpun Fpupoda mydpa, omxpoieana yenosexy Mamemamuueckue dopmynuposKu, cmpozocmb Komopbix He oxeamvigaem pearexyio acusne. J[aa ycnewnoii unoice- Hepnoit Oeamenonocmu noasmomy nado 3adymambca He monsKo Had 3aKOHAMU passumua oxpyowcaroujezo u oco3Name npoGnemy Hezayccosocmu, Ho u noHAM> qbaxmei cezoOnnunezo yenocmnozo mupa coobiyecme, 6 KomOpoM Ona cobcmseHHOZO golocusanua mpebyiomca yem HaKONTeHHOZO YenOseYeCKOzO ONbIma, UCNONe306aHUe coBcmeennoii unmyuuipun, pedi: naxodox u osapenun. Aemop NPEQUCOBME B Hactosiuem yueOuuKe OnMCana TeOpHsA H MpakTHKa 31eKTpooGecneyeHHA N0- TpeOutestei, cbakTHYeCKH abl OCHOBbI 2IEKTPHKH Kak OGNaCTH TeXHMYeCKON eATeNbHOCTH. OGsacTb H3y4eHHA — IeKTPHPHKaUHA HapogHoro xo3aiicTBa (OT- pacneBoi SKOHOMHKH): CYLMECTBYIOMIME H MePCeKTHBHBIe MOAXOMb K 3eKTPO- cHaOxKeHHIO BHH3 OT ONpezenMBuleiica C HaYaIOM MHAYCTpHaNK3alMK rpaHHUbl Pasgesla cyObeKT 21eKTPOSHEpreTHKK — NoTpeGuTerb (sHeprocucTema — npeanph- atve). Mony4win JanbHelwee pasBuTHe MOoMOxXeHHA YYeOHBIX M CMpaBONHbIX H3- gaHnit mpod. A. A. Megoposa, KOTOPbie NO pasMH¥HbIMH HaMMCHOBaHHAMH M3a- sanuch c 1951 no 1987 Fr. H ABHAHCE OCHOBOM cchopmupoBaBUelica B XX peKe CNeUMaNLHOCTH, TPANMUHOHHO Ha3biBaeMOli «OneKTpocHaOxKeHHe NPOMBILLUICHHBIX, npeaznpuatnii> B yweGHuke yTeHbI NPHHUMNHAIbHbIe H3MCHEHHA, BbISBAHHbIE KOMMYECTBEH- HBIM YBEAMYEHHEM H KaYeCTBEHHBIM MpeoGpazoBaHHeM MocTynaiuleit sekTpoTeX- HH4eCKOH MpoAYKUMH, BKIIOYad OOopyAoBaHHe (TEXHUKy), TeXHOMOrHIO, MaTepHa- ‘bl, 9KONOrMYeCKHe orpaHHyeHua. [ToaBHKCch HOBbIe NpaBOBbIe OCHOBaHHA 9neKTponotpe6teHua, Onpedenaempie Ppaxganckum Kogekcom PoccuiicKoii De- AepayHv W SHepreruyeckou ctpatervei Poccum Ha nepwog fo 2020r., a TaKxe @enepanbHsim 3aKOHOM «O6 aneKTpo3HepretHKe>. VismMeHeHHa, BKIO4AA COUMANbHBIC, AMKTYIOT HOBbIC YCNOBHA HCMOAbIOBAHHA QNeKTpOsHeprun (27eKTpocHaOxeHHA), Apyrme Tpe6oBanHa K ObecneyeHMIo dp- (PeKTHBHOCTH MOCTpocHHA M cPyHKUMOHMPOBaHKA SNeKTpHYeCKOrO XO3HiiCTBa B uesom. Morpe6osanca HHO NonxXOA K H3yYaeMOMy MaTepHally — HCNOAb3IOBaHHE KilaCCH4ECKHX 3AKOHOB CHSHKH (Npexe BCerO — TeOpeTH4eCKHX OCHOB 371eKTPO- TEXHHKH), © YUCTOM BEPOATHO-CTATHCTHNECKHX CHCTEMHBIX B3TAALOB M LeHOAOTH- “ecKHX NpesCTaBAeHHi. Pewb HDET O NPHHUMMMAIbHO HOBOM H3OXKEHHH psia Ma- TePHANOB NO SAeKTPOCHAOXKEHMIO, OTAMMAIOMIEMCA OT TPA_MUMOHHOTO.Inexmpocha6ocenue npombluaenno« npednpurmutt 7 Ecav ropopHTb 0 MOBBILIEHHH IKOHOMMYECKON IeheKTHBHOCTH BIeKTPHYeCKO- ro Xo3AiicTBa (BKIOYAA IeKTPONOTpeGTeHHe) B COBPEMEHHBIX yCAOBHAX roGamH- 3ALIMH, TO HEsb3A HE MCMOMbIOBATL TEOPHiO, ONMCbIBAIOULYIO COBpeMeHHDIit M0- CTMHAYCTpHabHbIit MHP, Mpesiarad aleKBaTHble EMY KPUTepuH acdeKTHBHOCTH. Ho 31a Teopua (caMoopraHH3auiMi, ¢bpakTanbHOCTH, TeXHOUeHO30B, KaTacTpod) 1 Ap.) ewe HegOcTAaTOUHO NpeacTaBneHa B 6NOKe OOulec6pasoBaTeDHbIX DMCUMILIMH M He M3y4aTaCh HbIHELUHHM MOKOJeHHEM HHKEHePHO-TeXHHYeCKHX PaGOTHHKOB. Tlostomy B yYeGHHKe MpHBOMATCA OCHOBbI WEHONOFHYeCKHX MpeacTaBeHHii (cenology) H MaTemMaTH4eckHii aninapat rMnep6onn4eckux H-pacnpegeneHHit, Me- TOAMKH MO HOPMMpoBaHMio, SHeprocbepexeHHiO, MPOTHO3y MapaMeTpoB 31eKTPO- noTpe6NeHUA, @ TAKKE METOAUKH, BKMOYAIOUIMe OUEHKY acpeKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM QNeKTPOCHAOXKEHHA H OGECMeYHBAIOLUHE MOBBILICHME MPOM3BOAMTEbHOCTH Tpysa Tp 21eKTpopeMonte. Hacrosutee W3iaHve yYHTbIBAeT NeATeEMbHOCTS CMeUMATHCTa Kak HCCHeMOBaTe- aA CHCTeM a7eKTpocHaOxeHHaA (371eKTPHKH); KaK MpOeKTHPOBLUMKa, 2/1eKTPOMOH- TAXKHHKA, HalaQka MPH MHBECTHLUMOHHOM CTPOHTeABCTBE HM TEXHHYECKOM nepe- BOOPYKeHHH MpesNpHATHH; Kak SKCMYaTALMOHHHKAa WIEKTPHYECKOLO XO3AHCTBa H SNEKTPOPEMOHTHHKa, OMpeqeAAOWHX Hapaay ¢ HaYYHBIMM HCcHeDOBAaTeTAMH MpOeKTHpOBLIMKaMH AabHeiiee pasBHTHe S1eKTPHKH, BKMOYad TpeGOBAHMA K KOHCTpyKTOpaM HM CUPMaM—H3POTOBHTEAM SEKTPOTEXHHYECKON NPOLYKUMK KH TpeOopaHua K cyGbeKTaM aAeKTpooHepreTHKH; HaKOHel, KaK MeHemXxepa, nporHo- 3HpylOUlero, MIaHMpyloUlero, OpranH3y!Oulero, pykOBOAALLETO H KOHTPONMpyioule- TO 3aka3, MonyYeHHe, pacnpedencHHe MU MCNONbIOBAHHE SNEKTPOTEXHHYECKHX YCT- poiicTs (M3aenHit) H aeKTpH4ecKOi 9HEprHH. Tlepsbim By30BCKHM 9/eKTPOTEXHHYECKHM KypcOM B PoccHH cratH AeKUMH nO TanbpaHuke M 31eKTPOMArHeTHaMy, KoTOpbie Ber B.C. AkoOu ¢ espana 1849 r. B TnapHomM uWxkeHepHOM yuHsHue. Teppaa Kadbeapa 31eKTpHduKaUHH MpoMbILI- AeHHbIX Npeanpuatui Gbiia co3zgzaHa B Mapwxe (1890 r.), nepByio KHMTY No 31eK- TpocHaOxeHH10 4 ObopyzoBaHuiO NogroToBuiH 9. Kanke v JI. ToGocr (1885 r.). Tlepsbim anextporexHu4ecKuM By30M B Poccuu cram Metep6yprekuii anekTpoTex- Huyeckuii wHcTHTyT (1891 r.). TT. JL. BoitHapsocknit BBen (1898 r.) Kype no g7eK- TpocHaOxeHHWw, TAre HW MpHBOy; Mocobue no s1eKTpOcHaOxKeHHIO BbINYCTHA (1901 r.) M.A. Warenen. B Mockse B 1905 r. Ha MexaHH¥ecKOM oTqeneHHH MBTY Onin BeeneH Kypc AeKUNii Mo SneKTpOTeXHHNECKMM CreuMaNbHOCTAM (cTaH- UHH, OCBeWeHHe, TpaMBait). Tlepsyio AeKUMIO MO 3N€KTPOTEXHHKe NMpOYHTal B 1898 r. B.W. Yrpumos, no Kypcy «PaiionHble aneKrpuyeckHe cTaHuMM> — M. K. Moansaxos (1916 r.). B 1918 r. K. A. Kpyr opranusopan 8 MBTY onextpo- TexHHyeckHit cbakyabTeT, a k 1925 r. Mpow30ulN0 passeneHHe SHEpreTHKOB H 3Ne- ktpuxos. B 1921 r. 3neKtponpombiuaennblit dakysbTeT OTKppiica B MxcTuTyTe HapogHoro xo3aiicraa uM. ITnexaHosa. B cepeqnue 20-x rogos yxe paspaGaTbiBan- CA Kype «. Boixon B 1937 r. kHurn A.C. JIMGepmana «TMoactaHunv Maio MOULHOCTH B aveKTpocHa6- 2XCHHH MPOMBILITEHNDIX NpeaNpHsTHii> KOHCTATHPOBAN OcopMaAeHHe HayKH «KeHHlO NPOMbIWeHHBIX MpezNpHATHt (BHH3) OT rpakuubi paszena JHEprocncreMa—NpegnpHATHE OTAMYAIOTCA MOZXOOM Of peweHHit No «aneKTPOCHAGXeHHIO NPOMBILUICHHEIX NpeANpHATHii>, KOTOPBIC MpwHHMana « 9HepreTHKa (BBepX — ZO COOCTBeHHDIX MOACTaNUHit u re- HepHpyloulHx MoulHocTeii). DTo oGHapyxXHBaNOCb B Haweit CTpaHe Mp pasBepTbI- BaHHH c 1926 r. MHAYCTPHANH3aUMH, OcyulecTANeHHOH B 30—-80-e rom. HayKe u mpakTuke aeKTpocHaOxkeHHa NoTpeboBasocb peuiHTb B 20—50-e rogbl pal OCHOB- HBIX MpOGNeM: pacdeT 9NeKTPHYECKHX Harpy30K, BbIGOP 3HaveHHA HanpsxKeHHA; onpegzemeHHe KOAMYECTBA, EAHHHYHOH MOULHOCTH H pa3MelleHHA TpaHccopMaTo- pos H nogctanunit; opmyzMpoBka TpeGoBaHnit kK OGopyAOBaHHiO H CeTAM DNeKT- pocHaGxeHHA; KOMMeHCauMA peaKTHBHbIX Harpy30K; CO3aHHe METOAHK MpoeKTH- POBAHHA H OLIEHKH pesybTATOB TeEXHHKO-39KOHOMHYECKHX pacueToB. Cnycta 75 nev MOXHO OBOPHTS O pasBHTHH NpeaAcTaBAeHHi, O CHeUMaATH3alHH M AeTaNH3auMH NocTpoeHHA, @YHKUHONMPOBAHHA H pa3BHTHA BWeKTpoTeXHHYeC- KHX KOMIVICKCOB, BKOYAIOUIMX AHMCUMIVIMHBI: «DeKTpoobopyaoBaHve MpoMbiL- nenHoctu»; «lotpe6utern 2neKTpHuecKoii 2Hepruny; «BUyTpHIAaBOACKOe 3/eKTPO- cHaGKeHHe H pexXHMBI>; «ABTOMATHIALLMA yNpABIeEHHA CHCTeMaMM a7eKTpocHab- 2XeHa>; «MOHTax, Haayka, IKCIIyaTauMA HW PEMOHT CHCTeEM aeKTpocHaGxKeHHA MPOMbIWeHHEIX MpeaNpuaTHii>; «I]poeKTHpoBaHHe 21eKTPOTeXHHYECKUX YCcT- poiicrs MW aneKTpHYecKOli YacTH OGbeKTa>; «MeHemKMEHT 3eKTPHYECKHM Xo3Ait- cTBOM». OcHosHoe ormmuve HacTosuulero yueOHUKa 3akmOUaeTCH B KOMIIEKCHOM yueTe MIPOMCWEALUMX HSMCHEHH, XapaKTEPH3YHOUWWHX BACKTPHYECKOE XOBAHCTBO (3NCKT- pHky) B yCIOBHAX BCTYMIeHHa PoccHH B NocTHHAyCTpHanbHoe (uHtpopMaLHoHHoe) obuectBo. Msnoxenve Matepvana OpHeHTHpoBaHo Ha peanbHble YCAOBH HHBep- THPOBAHMA, NpoeKTHpOBAHHA, SKCMIyaTALMM CHCTEM QNeKTpOCHaGxXeHHA, IeKT- POpeMOHT, CHHxeHHe SKOMOFHYECKOrO BOsLeliCTBUA byHKUMOHMpyIoulels 31eKTpH- kn. OcoGoe BHHMaHHe yAeAAeTCA pacCMOTPeHH10 BONPOCOB BIaMMOOTHOWEHH C oHeprocnaGxkaloulet opraHuaauelt 4 nporHosy (3a1BKe) NapaMeTpos 91eKTpono~ TpeOenns; yueTy, HOPMMpOBAHHIO, DHeprocbepexeHHw. Acumnanna «SnextpocnaGxeHne npoMBIIeHHBIX MpeaMpHATHii> H3yyaeTcA nocwe TaKMX JMCUHIIMH, Kak «DeKTpHyecKad YaCTb CTaHUMH M NoOAcTaHUMi», «QneKTpHYeCKHe MalUHHbI>, «IneKTpHYECKHe annapatb, «Biekrpwyeckue mare- pablo, «OQnekrpyyeckve H3MepeHHa>. Tlostomy nmpH w310%KeHHH MaTepvana GbLIO yuTeHO 3HaKOMCTBO YHTaTeA C yKa3aHHbIMM JIMCUMIUIMHaMH, KypCaMH rpa- buku, MaTemaTHKH (BKIIOUaA TEOpHIO BepOsATHOCTH), NporpaMMupoBaHha. Kaye- CTBCHHOE OCBOCHHE MaTepHaila KHHIH HEBO3MOXKHO Takxe 6e3 3HaHHA AMCUMILI- Hb) «TeopeTuueckHe OCHOBbI 9/eKTpOTeXHMKM> — 6a30B0ii B MOXTOTOBKe QNeKTPHKOB BEICUIerO Opas0BaHuA. Muorme yyenbie 4 npakTWkKH, HaYMHad CO BpeMeH HHAYCTpMaNMgauHH, Kora cTann opMuposareca SaeKTpHYecKHe Xo3MiiCTBa, M BKMOYAT NoceAHHe roabl, Korma Norepnena Kpax WieA LEHTPAIH3OBAHHO <1OHTH» JO KaKHOFO 3/IeKTPOABH-Daekmpocna6scenue npomeunenner npednpusmuit 9 TaTenA M HarpeBaTesAa, NO KAKLOH KHONKM H poseTKH, CNOcobcTBOBAIN POxkTEHHIO MW CTaHOBJeCHHIO Hay4Horo HanpaBAeHna «DaextpHka» (c 2001 r. usqaeTca OpHeH- THPOBAHHBI Ha NOTpeGHTeENA OAHOMMEHHIH %KYpHaN «OeKTpuKar). Cpeaw yueHbix 1 npaxTHKOB, CTOSBUIHX y HCTOKOB MPOMBILeHHO! 3neKTPO- SHepreTHKH M pa3BMBaIOUIMX IZIeKTPHKy cefiyac, xoyeTca oTMeTHTb: B. H. ABwsio- pa-Kapnayxopa, B.JI. Afisen6epra, M.A. Byasko, [. A. Barua, B. .Beitua, A. H. Bepemaruna, C. J. Bono6puxckoro, C. A. BosorKoscKoro, C. H. Tama3una, B. HM. THatioxa, B. H. Popaeesa, M. B. [peticyxa, C. E. Tpogckoro, H. A. Jynb30- wa, A.A. Epmunosa, W.B. XKexenenko, I. 3. 3aiuesa, 10.H. 3axaposa, B. C. Msanosa, HW. WM. Usanosa, 9. M. u A. 9. Kaxaanpi, H. A. Kazaa, . M. Ka- simopa, WM. 11. Kapacepa, Tl. H. Kae, B.W. Kuasescxoro, B.A. Kosnosa, B.A. Koncrantunosa, H. B. 4 10. H. Konpirossix, H. Jl. Kyrasuna, A. A. Jlaspo- Ba, B. A. Jlesutauckoro, M. H. Jlesuuxoro, T. B. Jlewnuckyio, A. C. JIn6epmana, C.M. 4 A. C. Jimpumu, JIB. JIureaxa, A.B. Jlockyropa, C. P. Maiimuna, A. A. Maxcumosa, B. I. Mentburosa, B. C. Mewenb, I. P. Musepa, B. B. Muxait- stopa, 10. JI. Myxoceesa, H.W. Hantoxy, A.A. Hukyauna, M. H. Osepxoro, M. M. Tlepenpmyrepa, I. P. TMusuaxa, B. K. Monona, C. A. Mpecca, A. B. Mpa- xosnnka, 10. I. Pasymuoro, E. A. Posenmana, MW. A. Coipomatnxona, A. A. Taii- ua, B. Il. Tuxonosa, B.W. Tpanuutina, A.A. @egoposa, B. B. Dyaeza, M.K. Xapyesa, 10. Xoxnopsa, B.B. Lllesyenko, A.K. LlluanoscKoro, O. 11. Wnhuikwna, A. H. UWnyn6epra, B. MW. Lyukoro. Coxpanut 1M HcTOpHA QAeKTPHKH 9TH H DOGaBHT “1H HoBbIe HMeHa? Ho B s10- 6om cayyae xoTeNOcb 6bl, YTOGbI NpenomaBaTeMM M CTYACHTbI KAKMOTO TEXHM4EC- KOrO YHHBEpCHTeTa M10-CBOEMY AONOAHHK WIM MONMCAIH 3TY CTPAaHMuKy. Uactb riaB, OTpeakKTHPOBAHHEIX B COOTBETCTBHE C OOLIMM 3aMBICIOM y4eO- Huka, Oba NogroToBnena J. T. H., npod. 10... Xoxnoshi (ru. 6); K. T.H., HOW. C.A. Lspykom (ra. 11); a. 7. #., npow. H.B. Kexxexenxo (ra. 13). B nanucanwn pazgenos npuHann yyactue: kK. T. H., Mou. A.C. Mcaer (4.3); k. 7. H., nou. T.B. Anuaposa (ra. 15); K. 7. H., Qou. 1O.B. Mationmna (17.1); «. 7. 4., fou. O-E. Jla- ryrkuu (2.3 4 17.4); a. 7. H., mpodeccopa B.M. 3acnaseu, IB. Huxndopos, B.K. Oneiinnxos (17.2, 17.3), a. 7. 4., npop. B.B. Dydaes (17.4 ui 21.7). Tepmuner 4 onpe- Aenenua yrourenbi k. T. H. M.D’. Ouypkosbim. Asrop MpH3HaTeneH 3a TeXHHY4eCKyIO NOMOUIb B MOATOTOBKE PyKONHCH C.B. Kuukuny, A.M. Wapany, P.A. lMerposo#, M.H. Mos3uKosy, A.E. Cou- HHKoBY. Asrop BbipaxaeT GnarogapHocTh peleH3cHTaM 3a NosesHbIe 3aMC4aHHA H PekoMenyauMh, KoTOpbie Gb11H yuTeHbI Mp ZOpaborke pyKonHcH. Astop 6narogapHT 3a MpescTaBAeHHble MaTepHalbl pa6OTHMKOB MpOMBILUAeHHO- SA. AGpamosy, 10. C. XKenesKo, E. A. Kyp6auxoro, T. B. Jlewmy- Kal, @. A. Pomatioka, A. M. Ciociokuua, B. MH. UnnascKuna. 3amMeyaHua WH NOxelaHMA NO KHMre Npowy HanpaBuTb no ampecy: 111250, Mocksa, Kpachoka3zapmenuan, 14, Kacbeapa «OnekTpocHaGsKeHHe NPOMbILLICHHBIX Npeanpuatnii».10 5_ Hi. Kydpun BBEQEHME Yrny6nenne sneKTpHuKauHH OTpacneit IKOHOMHKH OObEKTHBHO IIH BCeX crpait H coxpatutca B XXI sexe. Banosbiii BHYTPeHHMit NpoAyKT H KOM@oprHOCTh OKW3HK KOPPCAAUMOHHO ONpeseAAWTCA SNeKTpONOTpeGcHHeM, NPOH3BORHTEb- HOCTb Tpyla — 3/1eKTpoBoopyxeHHOcThIO. PayHoHatbHoe yBeAMYeHHe noTpebse- HMA SEKTPOSHEPCMM Ha AYU HaceAeHHA akTyaIbHO AMA Poccun, re ronoBoe anektponotpesienne (6,1 KBru/uen.)* Base HWE, Ye B CILIA (12,0 KBT4/4en.). YposeHb Xe YAeAbHBIX M OGILHX pacXONOB SNeKTPOSHEPrHH HEmONyCTHMO BbICOK MpakTH4ecKM Ha BCe BHAI BbINyckaeMoH NpogyKUHH (BBIT). DHeproemKocTb Ha- UMOHabHOrO 1Oxofa B 2—4 pa3a BbILe, 4eM B Pa3BHTbIX CTpaHax, y KOTOPbIX, YTO cyuwecTBeHHO, 3a mocneaHHe 25 et 9HeproemKoctb BBIT ymeHbuimaach Ha 20-30 %. B Poccuu xe 3a Bpema pedbopm c 1990 r. sHeproemKocTb nposomxKana BOSPACTATb, AMLIb OTHOCHTEABHO CTAOHAM3HPOBABLIMCE ¢ 1999 r., Kora pocT Mpo- MbBILWICHHOPO MPOHSBOACTBA MpeBbICHs POCT BbIPAGOTKH BWleKTPOSHEPrHH (3MeKT- poemkocr BBIT mo naputety noxynatenbHoli cnocobHocTH cocTapaasa B 1990 r. 1,08 4 Bospocaa cettuac no 1,4 KBr4/non.). SekTHBHOCTh MCNOMbIOBAaHHA BWeKTPOSHEPrHK — BaxHeMuan YacTh OGec- MeyeHHA dHepreTH4ecKon Ge3onacHocTH cTpaHbl. B 2002 r. B Poccun BbipaboTaHo 875,1 4 norpeGneHo 685,2 TBry (1990 r. — 885,4), B TOM YHCAe NpoMbIUTIEHHOC- tbo: 1990 r. — 529,3; 1997 r. — 325; 1999 r. — 334; 2000 r. — 357; 2001 r. — 364; 2002 r. — 362 TBru. Suepreruueckoit ctpateruet Poccum Ha nepuon po 2020 r. MpeaycMoTpeHo cileayiouee morpeGrcHne — Mponss0gcTBO aNeKTposHeprHn (B ckO6Kax MaKCHMaMbHOe 3HayeHHe): B 2005 r. — 995 (1020), 2010 r. — 1135 (1180), 2020 r. — 1545 (1620) TBru. Qnexrpuku-norpe6uresin, pean npoGsembl sneKTpocHaGxKeHHA, DODKHBI HC- XOMMTb M3 pada OGbeKTHBHbIX cbakTOPOB, Ha KOTOPbIX GyseT OCHOBaHa rocysapcT- BeHHat NOMMTHKa SHeprocbepexeHHA. ITO, npexie Bcero, HeM36eKHBI pocT UcH Ha aHepronocuTesiM. Onn Gynyr pacTH Ha 15-20 % B rog (6e3 yueTa HHAAUMH), Tak YTO aeKTpHYecTBO K 2005 r. nogopoxaeT B 1,6—2 pa3a NO OTHOIICHHIO K 2001 r., ak 2010 r, TapHippl Ha Hero yBemMYaTCA NO cpaBHEHiO c AeHCTBYIOWLAMH B 3,5 pasa, B pe3yabTaTe sHepreTH4ecKaa COCTaBIAIOUAA B 3aTpaTax 3HEproeMKHX oTpacneit MpOMBILUeHHOCTH GyfeT pacTH H BepOsTHO MpHGNWxKeHHe K YPOBHIO MMPOBBIX UH C YMCHbLCHHeM BHYTPMPOCCHICKHX UH Ha BeAMYMHY TpaHcropT- Hot CocTapraloMel. * Cywecreyer yorovumean TeMReHUMA, KapAKTEpHaYOUAR PASBMTHE PYCCKOrO sbiKa BO BPEMEHH H CBRGAHHAA CO CTpeMnenveM ynpocTis HaniicaHve (370 Tak HaSbIeZeMbii NPHAUAN . CTOMMOCTb COOCTBEHHO I/IeKTPHYeCKOTO XO-~ 3alicTBa NPOMBILIACHHBIX NpeANpuHaTH coctapiaet 6—10 % (BKMIONaA COOpyxe- Hua). B oGwei BeNMYHHe HHBECTHULMM B 9HEPrOeMKHX H HaCbILUCHHbIX 31€KTPO- MpHBOAOM oTpaciax MOxeT gocTHraTb 15% (B TOM 4MCHe co6cTBeEHHO anektpocHa6xenHe 2-5 %), coctapnaa 50% ana OTMeNbHEIX OGbeKTOB. Mona 9HepreTHyecKHXx 3aTpaT B CeGecTOMMOCTH NpoayKuMH ZocTHraet 20-40 %, B TOM uucne aieKTposHeprua oT 2-4 zo 10-12 %. Toaosaa cTOMMOCTb 9KCIyaTallMH WH PeMOHTa, OTHECeHHas K IKBT ycTaHOBACHHOM MOLLHOCTH SIEKTPHYeCKOM MaLUKHbI B 2000 r., Gbina Ha yposHe 1900 py6., cyMMapHble 3aTpars1 — 2400 py6./mauimHy (ua 3aBoga co cpeAHeii MOLIHOCTBIO sneKTpogBHratena 20 KBr). [nara 3a | KBT 3AaNBNCHHOFO (NOAKMOYaeMOrO) SHEProcucTeMe MaKCHMyMa — 120 py6., 3a pacxo- ayembiit 1 KBry — 60 Kon. Croumoctb ctpoutenbcrsa | KBT reHepHpyemMoit MOU!- Hoct — 600-1000 aoa. 3HaHHa MHXKeHepa-aeKTpHkKa — CNeuMaMcTa MO seKTpocHaGxKeHHIo — on- PeAenAwWTCA O6s1aCTbIO EFO HEATEABHOCTH: Ha NPOHSBOACTBE OH MOXET BbIPACTH DO TaBHOFO 3NeKTpHKa (9HepreTHKa) NpeANPHATHA, B MHBECTHUMOHHOM HHCTHTYTE — AO HayambHUka oTseNa (r1aBHOrO HHXKeHepa MpoekTa), B BY3¢ — 10 Mpocecco- Pa, B HayYHO-HCCTeEAOBAaTeMbCKOM MHCTHTYTe — 10 BeAyUero Hay4HOTO COTpyAHK- Ka, B KOHCTpyKTOpcKOM Oiopo — 10 reHepAIbHOrO KOHCTpykTopa, Ha PUpMe—Mpo- M3BOAMTEe 31CKTPOTEXHHYECKHX M3NeNKii M ycayr — 20 reHepanbHOro AMpeKTOpa. Ha kaxkaoi cTyneHH aMHHHCTpaTHBHOFO KM MpotbeccHoHarbHOro pocta NpHxoaKT- CA pewaTb pasmMYHble 3alauH, BHaYase YaCTHbIe KH MaccoBbie (HanpHMep, BbIGOp cCe4eHHA NpoBona K Mpvemuuky 0,4 KB), a 3aTeM OOuIMe HAM CnelManbHBIe. Ha- TIpHmep, pewerMe CXeMbI 91eKTPOCHAGKCHMA Uexa, MPOM3BOUCTBA, 3aBOa Ha Nep- CNeKTMBY, BKMIOUaA ypaBeHHe IIeKTPONPHBOZOM GombUIO eAMHKYHO MOLIHO- CTH, S1eKTpOTePMHYeCKHMH H CheuMHYeCcKHMH aneKTPONPHEMHHKaMM.12 5H Kydpun B ycoBuax HeNOAHOT! H HeOMpeseMeHHOCTH MCXOAHDIX MaHHbIX CHeWMaNKcT AOKEH YMeTb paspaGaTbIBATb H MPHHMMATh pelicHHA, ONpemeTAOUIMe KAK Kax- Abii sneMeHT, Tak M CHCTeMy SiekTpocHaGxeHha B UenOM. B ”aHHOM yyeOHUKe paccmaTpuBaiores KlaccuyeckHe lo TOD csolicrBa cHcTeM aleKTpOCcHaOxKeHHA, O6ycIOBeHHbIe EAMHCTBOM Mpouecca BLIPAGOTKU, NepetauM MK NoTpeGseHHA S1eK- TPOSHEPrHH, H CHCTEMHBI€ — UeHOOTHYECKHE, OMpemeNseMble NOCTHHAYCTPHaTb- HbIMM TpeOoBaHHaMH. FIpHMeHHTenbHO K HHBeCTHUMORHOMY UMKAy aNeKTpHKK NOKa3aH UHK 2BOMOUMM TeXHHKH M TeXHONOFHH, Te BbIeTeHbI KOHCTpyHpOBa- He, NpOeKTHPOBaHHE H MpOrHO3HOe MpOeKTHPOBAHHe KaK BHAbl HHXKEHEPHO! e- ATEAbHOCTH, OMPeMCAAIOLUNE Hay4HO-TEXHMYeECKHA Nporpecc. B oG6nactu cuctem 31eKTpocHaGxeHHA MOXHO CYUTATh PelicHHbIMH MpoGeMbI, o6cyxkaaBuineca 20-40 ner Ha3aq: NOBBILICHHe ypoBHA HanpsxeHHi — BEICOKOTO {c 35 go 110(154)—220(330) kB], cpeanero [c 6 Ha 10 KB u Bbtwe] MH HH3KOrO [AHK- BHAaUKA cHCTeMbI 220/127 B, nepexon k 380/220 u 660 BJ; coopyxeHue raBHEIx NOHM3MTCABHBIX MOACTAHUM HK BHEApeHHe rmiy6oKuX BBODOB; pasykpynHeHHe NO- HH3HTEABHDIX MOACTAHUMM H MaKCHMabHoe MX MpHOMKeHHe K OObEKTAM 3/1eKT- ponorpeGnenua; yBeMYeHHe ypOBHA H M3MeHeHHe KNaCca H30TANKH NoacTaHUHit H CeTei; pasMeLCHHe HCTOYHHKKOB MMTAHHs C y4eTOM LeHTpa Harpy30K; NpHMeHe- HME CHEUMAIbHEIX CXEMHbIX PeLcCHH WI MPMeEMHHKOB C pe3komepeMeHHOK yaapHoit Harpy3KaMH, BHEAPeHHe NpAMOrO Nycka HM CaMO3aNycKa SCKTpPOABHTaTe- ae; ycTpoicTBO aBTOMaTHY4eCKOTO BKJUOYEHHA pesepBa; BbIMeTeHHe NoTpeGuTeneit oco6oi rpynnbi nepsoi KaTeropuu vu oGecnexeHHe HasexHOH pa6oTbl CHCTeMbI SNeKTPOCHAOKEHHA; AMCHeTYepH3AUMA H ABTOMATH3ALIMA yrIpaBleHHa CHCTeMOi ONeKTpOCHaOKeHMA; HOPMMPOBAHHe, AMMUTMPOBAtHe, KOHTPOb HM y4eT BWieKTpO- NoTpeGneHua; mpoekTHpopative; opranusauua aaeKrpopemonta. Vncbopmatisa- UMA HK MOGaIM3allHA NPHHUMMMATbHO He H3MEHHJIM MOLXOMa K NOCTPOeHHIO, odecneveHHto PyHKUMOHHpOBaHHA M PasBHTHIO CHCTeM 31eKTpOCcHaOxeHHA KM OW1e- krpoobopysopaHia. B Hactosuee BpeMa HaMOOMbLIYIO 9KOHOMMIO AaeT He OLLEHKA 9THX OTACMbHBIX pellleHuii, KOTOpan TOxXe HEOGXOAMMa, a MeHe”XxepcKHi NozXoA, OLeHHBAIOUIMiA pesysibrar NocrpocHua, yHKUMOHMpoBaHHA H pasBHTHA B UeOM Npeanpustua, NpOM3BO4CTBa, UeXa HM HX MOACHCTeMbl — 3Q1eKTpHyeckoro xo3AiicTBa. MosTomy OcOBeHHO BaKHO H3YYeHHe SMeKTPHKH, MMeIOLIe! CBOM cHeUMHKy, MHTepecsl, MeTOAbI H3yYCHHA. K paxkueiiuinM mpo6semaM aeKTpHKH, KOTOpbie NomexaT pewleHHio, cnezyeT OTHECTH: HH(opMal|MOHHoOe OGecneyeHHe CeuUMaTMCTOB-3EKTPUKOB JIA a¢pcpek- THBHOTO MeHeMXKMeHTa; OMpeueAcHMe MapaMeTpos, BKTOYAA a7eKTPHYeCKHe HaIPy3KM M ONTHMH3AUMIO QICKTPHYECKOFO XO3AHICTBAa NO yPOBHAM HepapxH; op- TaHH3auMio yueTa pacxosa WeKTPOSHEprHu OT arperata (BbIeNMeMOH aMMHHCT- PaTHBHOK, TeppHTOPHAIbHOM WIM TeXHOMOFMYECKO CAMHHLUbI) LO NpeAnpHaTna, oHeprocbepexeHHe; OGecneyeHHe HallexHOrO geKTpOcHaGxeHHA, AOCTAaTONHOK KOMMIeHCaLMM peakKTHBHOM MOUIHOCTH Ha BCeX YPOBHAX 2eKTPOCHaGXeHHA, Kaye- CTBa QEKTPOSHEPFHH y S1eKTPONPMeMHHKOB; OGecrteYeHHe rpyMMOBorO HK OLMHOY- Hora caunranuckaR anekTnanRuratened: NaculMDeHHe OOMACTH YaCTOTHOFO MPHBO-DackmpocaBwcenue npomouuaennesx npednpuamutt B fa; ypaBileHHe CTpykKTypoi ycraHoBeHHoro OGOpynoBaHHA C LieuIbIO ero yHKGH- KalKH, OpMyAMpOBAHHA TPeOOBAHNit K SACKTPONPOMBILIEHHOCTH, yryYWeHHs opraHn3aulMi a1eKTpopeMonta. Tlostanubiit BBO NPOM3BOACTBEHHBIX MOLHOCTeli, YCMOXKHEHHE CHCTEM 3AeKT- POCHAGAKEHMA, POCT KOAHYCCTBA SNEMCHTOB, CAMHMNHO M CyMMapHO MOULHOC- Teli MpHBeIM K TOMY, YTO pewweHHA MO W1eKTpOCHaGxeHHW NpeaNpHATHH B UeIOM (HOMHHA@JIbHOe HanpwAxKeHHe, YHCNO H MOLUHOCTb HCTOYHHKOB MMTaHHA, KX pasme- lWeHHe HM Jp.) CTA NpHHKMaTb AO NPHHATHA pelleHHA COGCTBEHHO NO 21eKTpO- cHaGXKEHHWO OTAENbHOrO 3/eKTPONPHEMHHKa WIM MX rpynnbl. ToHsaTHA pacueTHaa MouHocTb P, HAH TOK /,* craim MHorosHayHuIMH. Hapaay c uaBecTHEIM no TOS MCMOMb3OBAHHEM STHX TEPMHHOB, HANPUMEP, ALIA BEIGOPa MPOBOAHMKa Mo Harpe- BY, OHH CTAIH YacTo O6O3HaYaTS YCHOBHBIE NOHATHA (AOTOBOPHBIE, PeryAMPOBOY- HbIe, CTOMMOCTHBIe M Ap.). Hanpumep, pacuetHaa Harpy3Ka Wexa, a Tem Gonee NpeanpHATHA, ABAAeTCH B GONILMHCTBE CAYYaeB MOHATHEM YCAOBHbIM, TaK KaK (busnueckn Her KaGel9 HAM KOMMYTauMOHHOTO annapata, m0 KOTOpoMy mpoTeKa- eT TOK, COOTBETCTBYIOWIMi PacHeTHOM Harpy3ke (COBpeMeHHBIA UeX Bceraa NuTaeT- CA MO HECKOABKHM BBOaM). C Weblo BHIABIEHHA CHOKHOCTeM, CTOALLMX Meped, 9CKTPHKON, CpaBHHM KOJH- YeCTBeHHbIe MoOKa3aTeIM COBpeMeHHOrO SNeKTpHYecKOrO xo3alicTBa M Mana TOSJIPO, npeaycmatpuBasuiero coopyxkeHHe anekTpoctaHuMii CyMMapHOit MOUI- Hoctb 1750 MBr. Tpu npuustom P.M. KpxwxkaoscKuM Ycie 4acoB Hcrionb- 30BaHHA YCTaHOBNeHHOH MouHOcTH 3550 sneKTpocTaHuni OGecneynMBann BbIpa- Gorky npumepHo 6200 [Bru. B To Bpema aneKtponorpebacHHe HososmneuKoro MeTasuyprayeckoro KOMOHHaTa AocTHrao 6700, MarHutoropcKoro — 6300, Yepe- noseukoro — 6200 [Bru. B HacTosaulee Bpema noTpeGsleHHe OAHOFO aMIOMHHHeBO- ro 3apoga coctasnsaer 15000 PBr4 (notpeOuteneit-a6oHCHTOB, naaTALHx no cyeT- 4HKy, HaC4MTbIBaeTCA OKOO 45 MAH), M B CTpaHe cable 100 npeanpuaTHi, MMeIOLIMX YCTAHOBIEHHYIO MOLIHOCTS 3/1KTPOPHEMHHKOB, MpeBOcXOssUty!o MOUI- HocTb no naaty TOSJIPO. Ho ocHosrbie mpoOsmembl NopoxAaloT He KpyMHble, a CpemHHe H MeNIKHe OGBEKTEI NPOMBILIIEHHOCTH (Hx cBbIUe 50 THIC.), TpaHCnopra, CeMbCKOrO XOSAHICTBA, ALMHHHCTpaTHBHO-ObITOBOrO CeKTOpa, KOTOPLIX abcoMOTHOE SombUIHHCTBO. Tlostomy cneumasncty 10 3leKTpocHaOkKeHHIO HEOOXOAMMbI COOTBETCTBYIOLUME 3HAHMA, OH DOMKEH ObITb FOTOBLIM ynpaBAATL ITOK GonbWOH (cAOXKHOM) TeXHH4e- CKO# cHCTeMOl, ONepaTHBHO pelam BCe BONPOCKI H YBA3KIBAI BCE TPH KPyMHBIe coctapraroune (pasqenbi) siekTpHukaunn: |) s1eKxTpocHaSxenne; 2) s1eKTpo- MPKBOA; CHAOBOE IZeKTPOOGopyAoBAaHHE M ABTOMATH3AUMIO; sIeKTpOOCBEMeHHeE; 3) opraHH3aunio H ynpaBreHHe 21eKTPHYeCKHM XO3AiiCTBOM, BKIOYAA I1eKTpOpe- MOHT. TIpH 3TOM JOMKHO BBITIOAHATKCA UeNeBOe Ha3HaYeHMe 3QIeKTPUHYeCKOrO xo3aiicrba — oGecneyeHHe NoTpebuTese aieKTposHeprHel OnpezeeHHOrO Kaye- CTBa HM (HM) MpeoGpazoBaHue ce B APyrve BHAbI SHEpr4n NpH 3aqaHHbIX Gecnepe- * B cooreercrann ¢ npoeccuonantybim ASHKOM SNEKTPHKOB BMECTO BbiPAKeHHh «CHna TOKa BENHYMHO! SA...», SBEAMYAHA TOKA...», CHa TOKA...» @ YNEOHMKE UCTIOASSOBAHE GbIPAKEHHR «TOK 5 Av, eHOMMHANBHBIM TOK Nae KOM gcraBKu...»14 BH. Kyopun GoitHocTH (mpouecca o6ecneyeHHA H NpeoGpazoBaHHA) H XKHByYeCTH (CHCTeMBI SEKTPHYECKOLO XO3AHCTBA MH OTMCJIbHBIX €€ YaCTeH) C OrTPAHMYEHHAMM MO pacxo- Ay pecypcos. Muoxecrso v32e1Hit COBPeMeHHBIX OGbCKTOB SACKTPHKH, OMHCHIBAIOUIHe HX MapaMetphl, YCNOBHA M CBA3M OOpa3yloT CBOeOHpa3zHOe COOHUIECTBO — mexHoueHo3, Tae KOMYECTBO H3MeMMA MH MX COCTABIAHOLUMX MpakTHYeCKH GeckoHe4HO. JLtA Tex- HOLIEHO34 XaPakTEPHb! YCTOMMMBOCTS CTPYKTYPbI M 3AKOHOMEPHOCTh pa3sBHTHA. CregopaTenbHo, Ha MpHHHMaeMble TeXHMYeCKHe pellleHHA HakMaQbIBalOTCA He- KOTOpbie OrpaHHYeHHA, XOTA H He BbITEKAIOU(Me M3 MOOKEHHH KaccHyeckoit 37e- KTPOTeXHHKH H TEOPHH BeposTHOCTeH, HO TeM He MeHee onpemenaiomMe axxpeK- THBHOCTD (YHKUMOHHPOBAHHA 3IEKTPHYECKOFO XOSAHCTBA, B YACTHOCTH CHCTEMEL amekTpocHaGxeHua. MHorHe TeXHH4eCKHEe peleHHA OMpeMeNAOTCA MO Ha3BaHHIO NpeanpusTHa (3aB0 C MOAHBIM METALIYPrH¥eCKHM LMK/OM, MPOH3BO;CTBO Kayc- THYecKOl combi AKatparMeHHbIM cnocoGom). BosHHkaeT JAMHTBHCTHYecKad He- onpeseneHHOCTh — HeONpeseNCHHOCTb 3HAYeEHHi COB M HEOMHOSHAYHOCTE CMBIC- fla pa3. B HayanbHOi cTaMM M3yY4eHHA 3a1a4M HeONpemeNeHHOCTh NposBAAeTcA Kak HeH3BeCTHOCTS, OTCyTCTBHe HHopmMauMH. Hanpwmep, BaxkHEeHWIHe BONpOCbI No NpHcoeqnHeHHO NOTpeGuTeAA K OGbEKTY IMEKTPOSHEPeTHKHK PeulaloTcA, KaK NpaBHsIO, 10 NoyYeHHA CBeReHHA no BCeM OGREKTaM NpeaNpHaTHA (Tem Gonee — HEHSBECTHBI BCe 3eKTPONPHEMHHKH). B npoecce peweHva 3aga4n Heonpesesen- HOCTb PaCKPbIBaeTCs KaK HELOCTOBEPHOCTb: COBpata He BCA BOIMOXHAA HHCoOpMa- uHsA (HeEMONHOTa), HE BCA HeEOGXOAMMad KHCOpMallHA (HEOCTATONHOCTS), PA QaHHbIX MpHBezeH MO aHanoraM (HealeKBaTHOCTS). B aTHx ycnopuax paGoTa MFDkeHepa, ONMpaioulleroca Ha COBpeMeHHble CpemcT- Ba BBINMCATeNbHOM TeXHHKH, HANHHaeT MpHOOpeTaTb TROPYeCKHi xapaKTep: He- OGXO24MO NPHHUMaTb NPHHUMNMAAHO HealropHTMM3Mpyembe peweHHa. TosTo- My y4eOHHK Hapaly Cc PYTHHHBIMH MaCCOBBIMH HHKeHepHbIMM 3aqa4amn Mpemmaraet OCROHTS MeTOAOMOTHIO IPHHATHA HEopMannayeMbIx Mpodeccnonamb- HO-NOPHYECKHX PeWCHH NO SACKTPHYECKO! YACTH TeXHMYeCKHX CHCTeM THM: MpeANpHaTHe, NpousBorcTsBo (xo3AiicTBO), UeX, OTMEMeHHe, yYACTOK; EMHHHYHbIH kpynubiit Textonornuecknii arperat HAM OTRETBHOE COOpy>KeHHe; NyCKOBO! KOM- mek (ovepenb crpontenscrsa). B npouecce u3y¥eHHA AHCUMMAMHbI HYKHO HayYHTbCA BHZETb TAaBHOe — pK hepexoge or 3ala4m K 3aMa¥e HCNOML30BATL H NOpoxgaTb WHopMaUMio, NpHMe~ HsTh Ha MIpakTHKe MonyYeHHble 3HaHHA. HEOGXOAHMO NOHATb OCHOBHBIC 3aKOHbI 3AKOHOMEPHOCTH NOCTpOeHHA, ebyHKHHOHMPOBAHUA MW Pa3BATHA CHCTEM IACKT- PocHaOxeHHA MoTpeGuTeNA, OCOsHATL OCOGEHHOCTH COGCTBEHHO 2/CKTPHKH Kak PeaNbHOCTH H HaYKM, MpeaCTABHTb ee MECTO B PAY APYTHX SEKTPOTEXHMYECKHX AMCUMMLMH.1.1. Jnexmpuxa 6 cucmeme anekmpuneckux Hayk 15 Tnapa 1. SIEKTPAYECKOE XOSAMCTBO MOTPEBMTEJIEN 1.1, Snextpuka B cucTeme aneKTpuyeckux HayK Ww npakTuyeckod QesaTenbHOCTH Dnexmpurecmeo — oGurmpHeiiuiad oOnacTb TeopeTHYecKoro 3HaHHA M MpakTH- ueckoro MIpHMeHeHHs (cBOficTBa, NpOsBIeHHe, onyYeHHe, npeo6pasoBaHue, ne- peaaya H pacnipedemenne, 4, HaKOHeU, HCMOmB30BaHMe Kak MaTepHala H 9HeprHH BO BCeX BHax). XOTA CHOBO YMOMHHaeTCH B AHTHYHBIe BpeMeHa, MLUb B XIX Be- ke 6bL1a ccpopmysMposana (1800-1830 rr.) aneKtpHyeckad Hayka M co3qaHa K 1880-mM rogam aeKTpHyeckaa TexHHka. Tleppaa mpeppaTHmach B TeopeTH4ecKHe OCHOBbI 3eKTpoTeXHHKH — TOS, Bropad — B 31eKTPOTeXHHKy, KaK OTPac.lb Mpo- MBILICHHOCTH M Cchepy AeATEMBHOCTH, B YACTHOCTH, B HanpaBreHHe BBICUIeTO 06- pasopaHna. QneKTpoTexHHYeckaA MPOMBILICHHOCTb BCerMa paCCMaTPMBaNaCb Kak OCHOB- Ha TexHMYecKan 6a3a sneKTpHuKauun. Fpw stom peyb wa 06 H3roTOBIeHHH H30e1MH, KOTOpbie 3aTEM BMECTE C APYFMMH OGpa3ylOT 91eKTPHYECKOe XO3AlCTBO norpe6uteneit — aneKTpuky ceromHAUIHero TexHOreHHOrO OGuecTBa. IneKTpHe- CKOe XO3AliCTBO MOXXHO paccMaTpHBATb MoSMeMeHTHO, HaNpHMep ycrpolicTBO paGory OTeAbHOFO SACKTPOABHTATEAA, 3ATEM BbIMeEAT IEKTPHYeCKHe LENH H CH- CTeMbI, ONMpasch Ha KeCTKHe KlaccHYecKHe 3aKOHbI TOS, MOXHO Take paccma- TPHBaTb Kak HEKOTOPOE COOHULECTBO (UeEHO3 — cenosis, coenose u3nemMii — ocobeit (eamnuu, wTYK), KAKNOe H3 KOTOPIX B ONPeMeACHHOM CMBICNe MOKHO CUMTATD He@esMMbIM (31eMeHTAapHbIM) H KOTOpbie CTAIM 4YaCTbIO aeKTpHYeCKOrO XO3AiicT- Ba He B OHO BpeMA, MOCTYNMAH He OT OAHOTO H3roTOBHTerA, GonbUlelt 4aCTbIO He NO KaKHM-TO (nycTb H KilaccH4ecKHM) opMynaM, HO NO Cy6beKTHBHBIM NPHBA- 3aHHOCTAM, OObEKTHBHBIM OOCTOATEMCTBAM, a TO H CY4AaiHO. Tak MbI MpHXOdHM K 3a0a4aM 3/1eKTPHKH: H3 CKOHCTPYMPOBaHHbIX H Ye H3P0- TOBIEHHDIX 3AeKTPOTEXHUKOM H3MeMHi NpeACTaBUTh HeKOTOpBIi O6pa3 — 6ymyiAMit OGbeKT, YTOGbI AOKYMEHTAIbHO OGOCHOBATh HHBECTHUMH HK paspaboTaTh pabouyio AOKYMCHTAUMIO Ha QICKTPHYECKYIO YaCTb OGbEKTA; BLINOAHATh CTPOHTeAbHBIE, MOHTA@XKHBIC, HAALOUHbIe, NPHEMO-CLATOYHbIe paGoTbl; OCyLECTBANTb IKcHAyaTa- UWMIO SNeKTPOTEXHHYECKHX H3NeAM WH UX SACKTPOPEMOHT; OOeCNe4HBaTb 31CKTPO- SezonacHOcTb WH 9KONOrHYeCKHe OrpaHMyeHHA, MpesyCMaTPHBaTh yTHAM3ALLHIO MPOAYKTOB %KH3HELCATEABHOCTH SNEKTPHYECKOrO XOsAiICTBA H CFO JMKBHZALKIO (B WenOM WAH NacTH). Snektpotexuka HAYMHANaCh C U3FOTOBACHMA HM 3KCrepuMeHToB. M306peTenne A. Bonbtom ranppannueckoro anementa (1799 r.) H HccneaoBaHna (1800 r.) Haka- AMBAHHA MPOBOAHHKOB TOKOM NO3BOAHAM NpeAckazaTh NOABTEHHE 31eKTPOOCBe- WEHMA H QeKTPOTEPMHM, H3YYaTb BCKTPOANS, ralbBaHOCTerHlo M ra/lbBaHOruiac-16 Inaea 1. Inekmpureckoe xoaniicmao nompebumeneit THKY, OTKpbITb silekTpHueckyio Ary (B. B. Metpos, 1802 r.) 1 HavaTb ee MpHMeHe- hve ayia ocpelleHHs, CBapKH, naikH. BeeaeHue A. Amnepom (1820 r.) moHaTHA o HanpapneHun ToKa, Hapaay c MccaenoBanHamn 2K. Buo ®. Capapa (1820 r.) no B3aKMogelicTBKIO TOKa M MarHHTHOTO Mos, CbopMysMpoBKa 3akoHa Oma (1827 r.) v 3axoHoB Kupxrora (1845 r.), pa6ors! M. Mapanen no BpauleHiio MpoBomHHKa c toxom (1821 Fr.) HM 9/eKTpoMarHHTHOH MHaykuMH (1831 r.), HccaemoBaHHe 9. X. Jlenuem o6paTuMoctH smeKTpayeckux MalWwHH (1833 r.) npHBeaK K Npoo6pa- ay reHeparopa (Papaneit, 1831 r.), u3rorornenmio M. Muxcu (no 3aKaay A. AMne- pa) 9eKTpoMarHHTHOrO reHepatopa (1832 r.) MocToAHHOrO MH MepemMeHHoro TOKa, B.C. Axo6v — ovekTpogpurarena c HeMOcpeaxCTBeHHbIM BpallleHHemM sAKOpA (1834), Jk. Byrpusem — revepatopon 1a NHTaHHA ranbBaHMUcCKOi BaHHBI (1842 r.). CaMosos6yxXleHve MalIHH, oTkpBITOe B.CuMeHcom (1866 r.) Hapaay ¢ T. Yarinaom (1863 r.), orkpsirHe aBNeHHA Bpallaiouleroca MarHHTHOFO Nowa, CO- 3laHHe CUCTeMBI AByxdpa3Horo ToKa (I. Peppapuc, 1885 r.) u ee pasBuTHne (H. Tec- na, 1886r,), u306petenue II. H. A6n0uxoppm (1876r.) nH. ®. Ycarnnpim (1882 r.) Tpancdbopmatopa, M. O. Jlornso-flo6poponbcKHM acHHxpoHHoro 2BHra- Tena c «Genuubei KneTKoii> (1882 Fr.) M TpextbasHoro TpakccpopMatopa c napas- ACIHBIMH cTepkKHAMH (1891 1r.), H30TKpoBaHHe npoBona wenkom (IDk. Tenpu, 1827 r.), mpHMeHeHHe GecioBHO pe3sHHoBoli H30NaUHH NpoBosoB uM KaGereii (B.Cumenc, 1847 r.) # KaGe1a co CBHHUOBOI OGoOYKOI (D.Bopenb, 1879 r.) on- PeACAMIM NpaKTHYECKY!O OYEBHAHOCTh WeKTPHYECKHX HCCHeAOBAHHiK. Takum 06pa30M, OTKPBITHA B (PU3HKE M MOMCKM TeXHMYeCKHX peweHHit npe- BpaTwiv yxe K KoHUy XIX Beka S1eKTpOTeXHMKy BO BIONHE 3HAMMMyIO Hayky H TeXHHKY. 3aBePpUlEHHOCTb OCHOB 2€KTPOTeXHHKM OTPa3zHsaCb B YCTAHOBEHHK Ha- wMeHopaHuA aneKktpHyeckux eamHnu (CGS — 1881 r., SI — 1960 r.), xapaxte- PHCTHK NepemeHHoro Toka (1889 r.), CHCTeMbI CHMBONI0B H OOO3HaYyeHHii (1893 r.), HakOHeU, B O6pazosannu (1904 r.) MexayHapomHoit sneKTpoTexHMuecKoit KOMHC- cun — MOK (aektpotexH4eckuit orem Pycckoro TexHH4eckoro ObulecTBa OBIT opraHH30BaH B 1880 r. Toraa xe Ha4al BbIXODHTb %*YpHal «. MoXHO BbIeAUTh HeKOTOpHe sTanbl ee craHoBeHus. 3.7. Tpamm (1873 r.) H3FOTOBH/ AOKOMOOMIbHO-9eKTporeHepaTOpHYy!O YCTAaHOBKY MIA QIeKT- pocua6xenua npeanpuatua. T. Yaiina uccneqopan CMHXpOHH3allHIO AByX reHepa- TopoB MepemeHHoro Toka (1868 r.). [leppas 3aBogckan sfeKTpoctraHunsa B Poccun 6bula NocTpoeHa Ha COpMOBCKOM MaLUMHOCTPOHTeALHOM 3aBoue B 1876 r. B ITe- tepOypre Ha Moiike B 1883 r. Gbiia BkKAIoYeHa NepBaa B Poccuu aneKTpocTaHuMA o6uiero nomp3oBpanua. ®. A. [Inpouxnit vccnegosan nepenayy, a J]. A. JlaynHos TeOPeTHYECKH OGOCHOBAT BO3MOXKHOCTS Nepenayn GonbULOTO KONHYECTBA 3AeKTPH- yecTBa Ha 3Ha4HTesIbHOe paccTosHHe. Ha Teppom BcemMpHOM KoHrpecce 3vIeKT- puxos (1881 r.) c AoKnan0M «O nepemaye H pacnipeseneHHH INeKTPHYeCKHX TOKOB» sbictynua M. Jlenpe, koroppiit no3qHee (1882 r.) nocrpowt nepsyio AHHHIO Mepe- a4 TOCTOSHHOTO TOKa BBICOKOTO HanpsxeHHa (2,4 KB, 57 KM). M. O. JlonnBo- Hlo6posospeKuii coopyann (1891 r.) tpexdasxyio JISTI ¢ mexaydbasHbim HanpAxKe- uuem 13760-15200 B aaa nepenaun 200 KBr (revepatop 210 KBA, 86-95 B, NoBbiuiaiouMit TpaHccopmatop 150 KBA) Ha 175 KM. Jk. JTeitH-DoKe (1880 r.) w306pen nepsble cueTHHKH aeKTposHeprun. B AFM GOBLIN BBegeHbI nepBbIE mpasuaa yerpoiicra axektpoycranoBok (1882 r.). P, Peppapuc (1884 r.) BBen No- HATHe KOSpiuUMEHTA MoUIHOCTH, 9. ToMcoH B 1886 r. IpHMeHHA 3aluMTHOe 3a- semaenne, A. 9. Kenvean B 1889 r. nomyynn 3aBKCHMOCTb MexAy CeyeHMeM Npo- BODHMKa WM AMTEMbHO AONYyCTHMBIM TOKOM Harpy3KH. P. KpomnTou snepspie npumenna (1891 r.) nowsTHe KoadbuuMeHTa cnpoca npH onpeeneHHM as1eKTPH- 4ecKHX Harpy30k. IT. Byuwiepo yctraosua (1898 r.) KoHZeHCaTOpbI AIA KOMMeHCa- WHM peakTHBHOH MouHocTH. B. Merepcen npeaioxua (1917 r.) cacTeMy KoMneH- CalMH €MKOCTHDIX TOKOB 3aMbIKaHMA Ha 3eM/K0. OOsacTh ycTod4unBocTH NapanienbHol paOoTEl 3HeprocucTeM B 20-x rogax OCHOBOMOMAralOLMMH Teope- THYECKUMH paGotamH onpenenut A. A. Topes. B. M. Montcunrep (1930 r.) ccbop- MY/IMPOBAI OCHOBHbIC 3aKOHOMEPHOCTH MeExy TeMMepaTypoli OOMOTKH, Harpy3- Koi WH CpOKOM cAyxGbI CHAOBBIX TpaHcdopmatopos. MV. A. CripomaTHHKOB BHeapua (1937 r.) caMosanyck 3neKTpomBHraTeseit pH KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM repe- pbipe NMTaHHa. PasBHTHe 2€KTPOSHEpreTHKM B CTpaHe OcyLeCcTBAATOCh MocneaHHe 80 eT Ha OcHoBe npHHUNNOB Miaka TOOJIPO (co6crseHHo man, paccuntannprit 10 1935 r., Obin BbINOAHEH K cepeaMHe 1931 r., 3a KoTOpHIH GBLIO NpoHsBeLeHO 10 687 FBry — MeHbule rogoBoro noTpeGreHHA KpynHoro aIOMMHHeBOrO 3aBoza). OueBnaHa NOAOXKHTeIbHAA Pond naaHa TOOJIPO Kak ocHOROMONaraioulero MaHa pasBHTHa HaposHoro Xo3AlicTBa, NpesycMaTpHBaioUlero «3eKTPHUKAaUMIO BCE CTpaHbl> (B. M. Jlenmn). Ho ecam o6parnteca K peanbiolt KH3HM Gombutei YactH TeppuTo- pun Poccun, To k Havany XXI Beka s1eKTpHuKauMA He OcyulecTBNeHa, STO Ka- CaeTes He TOMBKO CeBEPHBIX M1 APKTHYCCKHX perHOHOB, 3aHHMalOMIMx 2/3 teppHTO- PHM CTpaHbi (re MpoxuBaeT «MUIb» 9 MH YemOBeK), HO M LleHTpanbHo yacTH Poccun, Cesepo-3anana, Ypana u opomxbs, He ropops yxe 0 Cu6upu u Jlans- nem Boctoxe. B ryGHHKe HanpakeHHe AHEM MOXeT 3alliKaHTb 3a 250 B, a Beye- pom ynacts 10 190 B uw Hwxe, ceno Ge3 cBeta B TynbcKO ryGepHun B 2001 r. c 11 anpeas no 20 word — panosoe apnenne. Peub wer o TpaHcdbopMaunu H pac-18 Inasa 1. Snexmpureckoe xosaiicmao nompebumenelt MpeAeNeHHH BZEKTPOSHEPrHH Hepes BOSAYLIHY!O OAHOLIENKy HJM OMHOTPaccoBy!O JISN 35-110, 6-20 KB, Tpexcasxyto annuio 0,4 KB, anHMtO chasa-Honb 380/220 No Mocenky WIM MexXAY NOCEMeEHMAMM AIA paccpeMOTOYEHHbIX OTMAIEHHBIX HeEGOJbLUNX CAHHHYHIX HArpy3OK C pe3KHMM CYTONHO-KAMMaTHYeCKHMH OLHOBpC- MeHHbIMM KomeOaHHAMM Harpy3KK Ha BCeM MHOXeCTBe NoTpebuTenei. Perynupo- paHve HanpsxeHna no ITY9, ocyuecteasemoe Ha wnHax 6—20 KB, He oGecne4n- BaeT y 9e€KTponpvHemMHHKoOB TpeGopanni [OCT k kavectTBy s1eKTpoaHeprHn. STO HM TeXHHYECKM peaM3yeMad HbIHe CXe€Ma 31CKTPMCMKALWH OT CHCTEMHBIX 3CKT- pHYeCKHX ceTell, cbaKTHYECKKe MaHOBO-PeMOHTHBIe, ABAPHitHbIe, a celiyac M Mia~ TEXHbIC OrPaHHYCHHA, a TAKKE NPEAYMPCAMTEAbHbIE OTKMOYCHHA M OGpbIBbI NPM rpo3e, BeTpe, AOXTE H CHEFe HE NOIBONAIOT FOBOPHTb O 3aBEPUIEHHOCTH 31eKTPH- qukaunn. Cpesteromopad MPOMOMKMTEABHOCTS OTKTMYUCHHA CebCKOXO3ACTBEH- HbIX NoTpeGuTeneH 100 YacoB He AaeT BO3MOXKHOCTb FOBOPHTb O TOBAPHOM MpoK3- BoacTBe, OOpeKaeT Ha MHrpalluio MONOseXb, OCTaBIAR ee Ge3 I1eKTPOHHOH uHdopmaunn. Tia TOSJIPO 6pit npasuaen W HeOGxoguM (Ge3 nocnegywoulero paspyweHHa 8 30-x rogax aeHcTsoBaBie ceTH MemKHX H B 50-e rombl CpeaHHx 9HEproncTod- HHKOB), NOKa CTosta NpoGNeMa MHAYCTPHANH3aUIMH, PeLMTb KOTOPyIO GELTO He- BOSMOXHO Ge3 rHraHTOB MeTAJJIYPrH, XHMMH, MalMHOCTpoeHMA. OHH, B CBOIO ouepedb, Tpe6oBaiK coopyxkeHHA rHraHTOB sHepreTHKH. TonoxKeHHe H3MeHHAOCE B MOCAeAHHe ACCATHNETHA, KOrMa MIPHOPHTETHBIMM CTaNH TpeGoBaHHA noTpeOuTe- aa. Mupopas aneKTpoTexHuka 1aBHO 370 yusa, GyKBaNbHO 3aBanKB NoTpeOuTenA He TOsbKO TeM, 0 YM OH 3HAET, HO H TEM, Yero OH HM MpedcTaBHTh He Mor. Tepe CMeuMaNMCTaMH QAeKTPHKH BCTaeT 3afa4a yMeTb (popMyMpoBaTb TpeGoBaHKsA 0- Tpe6uTeAA K H3POTOBMTeENAM 3/IeKTPOTeEXHKYECKMX H3MeTMi WK 3HeprocHaGxalo- wen OpraHH3allMn, a 3aTeM HM OTCTAKBaTb HX. Tlpaktru4eckh 9TO O3HayaeT peamu3allMio yrepxgaemoro TpaxaaHcKuM Kogex- com P@ pasenctaa TakHX IOPHAKYECKHX JMU, KaK 3HEprocHaGxaloulan OpraHH3a- UMA M NoTpeSuTeNb, Mepexog oT aGcomOTH3Ma GONbULIOM SHEPreTHKU K Te3HCy «m0- Tpe6uTeab scerga npab». Jia mosbiueHua 2pdeKTMBHOCTH MCnoAb3;OBaHHA SHEPIM BAKHO MOHATE: YTO B HACTOALICe BPEMA KaYeCTBEHHO OTAMYAeT 3/1eKTPH- Yeckoe XO3AMCTBO NpearpHATHA (OpraHH3allMK) OT W1eKTPHYeCKOrO XO3HMCTBa 3a- Boz0B (KOMGHHaTOB) BpeMeH Havana HHAyCTpHANH3aUHH (06 21eKTPHYECKOM XO- salicTBe KBapTHpbl, KOTTeD%KAa WIM O*PHCa CTAIO BO3MOXHbIM [OBOPHTb JIMLUb B NocHeAHMe HeCATHeTHA: 10 60-x rogoB ero npocTo He 6pin0). [pyrMmMu cOBaMH: 4TO ecTb M Kakaa OygeT B XXI BeKe aaekmpuxa npomeumennocmu u Gouna? CyulecrByloT Moka ele MaslO H3BECTHBIC LIMPOKOMY Kpyry 9/1eKTPHKOB MocTy- JaTbl (3aKOHBI), KOTOpBIe OBecreyHBaIoT CaMO CYIeCTBOBAHHe 3AeKTPHU4eCKOTO XO- SAHCTBA M YKa3bIBAIOT KOMMYECTBCHHbIC NapaMeTpbl ero ycTow4MBocTH H addeK- THBHOCTH. Oka3biBaeTCA, Q/IeEKTPHYECKOe XO3A/CTBO (MbI 10 KOHUa 9TO ele He ocosHaem) CosfaeTca (npoekKTMpyetcsa, CTponTcs), cbyHKUMOHHpyer (9kcrIyaTHpy- eTCA MH PEMOHTHpyeTCA) MH pasBuBaeTcA (MOMCPHM3MpyeTCA HW TEXHMYECKH MepeBo- Opy:kaeTcA) He CTONbKO Ha OCHOBe K/ACCH4eCKHX 3aKOHOB MexaHHKH HM TO9, CKOMBKO Ha OCHOBE HeKOTOpbIX MeHONOrMYeCKHX orpaHHycHHit (orpaHHuennit1.1. Saekmpuka 6 cucmeme aaekmpuseckux nay 19 caMoopraHH3aliMH). OHH yTBepxkalOT HEOOXODHMOCTb MaTeMaTHYECKH OMpeneseH- HbIX COOTHOUICHH MO KONMYeCTBY MexXXY KPYNHBIM, CpeMHHM HM MeAKHM, WK M@XLy YHMKAIbHBIM (CAMHMYHbIM, HoesoLM) MW CTaHJapTH30BaHHbIM (MaCCOBBIM, capanuéeoim). Uctopuyecknit onbiT CBMeTebCTByeT, YTO HOBAaA Teopua, KakHe Obi MpakTH- YeCKHE pe3ysbTaTbI OHa HH AaBasla, a Tem Gonee — HOBOE MbILLIEHHe, He Cpasy OB- aagepaeT MaccaMH. DopmuposaiHe (nocTpoeHHe) ameKTpH4ecKoro xo3alicTBAa 3aKOHOMepHOCTH ero tbyHKUMOHHpOBaHUA — CPaBHHTCbHO HOBbI OObEKT KCCe- nopanua. JIMub B 1944 r. np TocyzapcrseHHOM KOMHTeTe OGOpoHEI Obima co3fa- Ha TocHHcnekuMA MO MpOMbILUIeEHHOM SHEpreTHKe MK SHEproHag30py, OCHOBaH kypHasl «IIpoMbiliseHHad IHEpreTHKa», BBEAEHA JOJOKHOCTb MaBHOrO 9HEpreTHKa Ha mpeanpuaTHax c MoUlHOcTHIO 1000° KBr (celi¥ac 9To mo 9neKTpHyecKoit Harpy3kKe MeIKOe NpeaNpHATHe, rae B1eKTPHKa MOxeT He GbiTb CoBceM). ITIpu nog- TOTOBKE CTYJCHTOB 3aFOBOPHAM O BHYTPH3ABOACKOM 3/1eKTPOCHaOXKCHHM, HH XKEHe- Pax-3/IeKTpOMexaHuKax, aneKTpHdHKauMH (0 Orpactam). TlocrpoeHue aneKTpn- Yeckoro XO3HiiCTBa MepBEHUEB MATHAETOK OCHOBbIBaIOCh Ha KJaCCH4YeCKHX NpencTapaeHHAX, Korda MOXHO GbiUIO MOACHMTAT BCe PexXHMb! AA KAKOFO ABH- ravens (9/eKTponpHeMHHka), @ CYMMMpOBaB, NOAYYHTS aTeKTpH¥ecKyIo MOU- HOCTb, pacxOA 9HEprHn, OGbeMbI SHeprocbepexeHHa. M 9TO Gbi0 NpaBHAbHO HM peaiu3yeMo, eC B Ky3HEYHOM Lexe B 30-X roflax ycraHaBiHBanoc’ 11 aBnrate- ae, B MexaHH4eckom — 34, B exe BOmOCHaOxKeHHA — 25, a B BIEKTPOPEMOHTHOM — 20, B TennoanektTpouentTpann (TOLL) — 40 (Ha kpynHeiimux 3aBomax ceituac B 100 pa3 Gonbule), a copraMeHT bin enMHHYEH. KosnyectsenHoe yperuyerne H KayeCTBEHHOe YCAOXKHEHHE YCTaHaBIMBaeMOrO ayleKTpoobopyAoBaHHs H ceTelt 9meKTpHKH B 50—60-x romax MpMBeMH K BeposT- HOCTHBIM CMCTEMHO-KHGepHETHYeCKHM MpesCTaBIeHHAM, OCHOBaHHbIM Ha yGex- ACHHM B BO3MOXHOCTH NOMYYEHHA ZaHHBIX M10 KaKLOMY I1CKTPONPHEMHHKy H M10- AYYEHHA pesybTaTa Ha OCHOBEe fpyNNOBbIx KOSPPHUMEHTOB, Ha CyLeCTBOBAHHH CpeaHero, HAIMYHM OTpacteBbIX HOPM Ha eAMHMLy BbINycKaeMOd NpoAyKUMH (Ha- JIMMHe MaTeMaTHYeCKOrO OKHMaHHA) HK BO3MOKHOH HEOOMbIOH OLIMGKH (KOHe4- HOCTb AKCrepcHn), @aktTHYeCKH %Ke KONMYECTBO yCTaHaBAKBaeMoro OGopyNOBaHHA CTPeMHTeAbHO yBeMYHBalock (Kak HM ero pa3sHooOpazve), cocraBisaia K Hayany XXI Beka ThIcauH ABHraTesei LIA MPpOM3BOUCTB, AECATKM TBICAY (HM MHJUIMOHbI eaHHHU HBA) aa 3a- BOOB; K 9TOMY Halo 106aBUTb Takxe: a) BXOXKACHME MpeANPUATHA B PbIHOYHYIO Cpely, CeAOBATEbHO — H3FOTOBIEHHE TOAbKO MOAb3y!OUerOCA CMpOCoM (YTO Be- eT K pasHoobpasui0, Tpe6yiouemy 2Hepro3aTpaT); 6) H3MeHeHMe OTHOWeHHH C SHeprocHaGxawlleH opraHHsauMeit MH MOcTaBLIMKaMH OGopyfoBaHHs; B) HOBbIi NOMxOA K MHBECTHUMAM H HX OWEHKe, BKIIOYaA 3aTpaTbl Ha 9HEprocbepexcHHe NOBbILUEHMe SddeKTHBHOCTH 31eKTPHYeCKOrO XO3AlicTBa; T) YCHeHHe ponK Mpen- MpOeKTHbIX CTaqHit HW CormacoBaHHit, KOPMa NPHHMMAIOT pelleHHA, He 3Haa B Ya- CTHOCTH AaHHbIX MO 31eKTPONpHeMHHKaM. Yeroitunpoe u Ka¥ecTBeHHoe 27eKTpoobecneYyeHHe NoTpeGHTEseH (HM He TOABKO OTMAICHHDIX) Pa3PeLUMMO, €CIH ODHOBPeMeHHO C CeTEBbIM CTPOHTEABCTBOM 120 Tnaea 1. Inexmpureckoe xossitcmeo nompebumeneit PeKOHCTpyKUMe 6ysyT COOpyxKaTbCA MeJIKHe MCTOUHHKH 3IeKTpOSHepruh, pado- TaloulMe MapasienbHO C 9HEPrOcHcTeMO WIM ABTOHOMHO, DakTHYeCKM 9TH Ba HanpaBieHna (KpynHoe KaK OCHOBa 31€KTPOSHEPeTHKH, HEKpyMHOe KaK COCTAB- Had YACTb 21EKTPOCHAGXKEHHA IEKTPMKH) AOUDKHE! GEITL rapMOHHYHO YBA3AHEI. CrpontenbcTBo COGCTBCHHBIX HCTOWHHKOB 2CKTPOHEPrHK TecHO CBAaHO C TeHAeHUMeH, XapakTepHO! AIA CpeMHHX H KPYMHBIX MeTAJUIYPTHYECKHX, XXHMHYEC- KUX, MaLUMHOCTPOMTEIbHEIX M APyPHX MpeAIIPHATHH, OTMEABHBIX MoceKOB HK TOpoO- os. Hanullo cTpeMAeHHe YMeHbILMTbh CBO 3aBACMMOCTh OT 3HEProcHcTeM B O6ec- NeeHHH BAEKTPHYECTBOM (HM TeMIOM — BOCCTAHOBACHHE H CTPOUTeNBCTBO COOCTBEHHBIX KOTEIbHBIX) MyTeM HcnonL30BaHHa BOP mu ycTaHOBKM reHepaTOpoB HeOoMbUIO! MOLIHOCTH Ha HanpaxeHue He TONbKO 6(10) KB, Ho u 0,4 KB. Ha oc- HOBaHMH HaYKH SAeKTPHKHK NOLOOHaA ACUCHTPaIM3allMA OGocTpAeT NpoGmemy Tex- HHYECKHX YCNOBKA, ChOpMyMpoBaHHbIX B 60-e rombl NOL B3ATHIC Ha CeGA, HO HE BBINONHEHHble 3ACKTPOIHepreTHKOH OGs3aTeAbcTBa OGecne4yHTb BCex nNoTpeOu- Tele 9NeKTposHeprveit MpX MMHMMyMe MpHBeACHHEIX 3aTpar. «Ipapyta nomb30- BaHMA SQIeKTPHYeCKOl oHeprHeii> (HIKE OTMeHeHHBIe) GbLIM OGs3aTeIBHEIM ROKYMEHTOM JIA BCEX MOAbIOBaTeTeH (BKMIOYAA MpOeKTHPOBLIHKOB). Beiaya Tex- HHYECKHX YCNOBUH MpeBpaillanach B MpoUeAypy, 3avacTyio yULeMABUIyIO HHTepe- bl noTpe6uTeseli. CTponTesbCTBO COOCTBEHHBIX KCTOUHMKOB I/IEKTPOIHEPrHH, PaclMpeHHe Ht pe- KOHCTPYKUMA B1eKTpHYECKOrO XO3AliCTBa, HOPMUpOBaHHe KH SHEprocHepexeHHe BO MHOTOM CBA3AHBI C MePeXOMOM B MOAHOM OGBEME KO B32MMOOTHOLICHHAM, OCHO- BaHHbIM Ha TpeOoBatinax TpaxaarcKoro Kogexca P®. [Moxa xe paBeHcTBo 2Hep- rocHaGxkaloweH OpraHv3alHH HW MoTpeOuTeAA KaK IOPHAHYECKHX TMU COGmIOAaeT- cA He BCerda, a Nepexo OT paspelllTeNbHOrO Ha perucTpauMOHHbli NpHHuKN NOAKMOYeHHA AMLIb HauMHaeT OOcyxgaTECA. Bes BOIMOXHOCTH CBOOOAHO Mmpo- MAX MOTPEGUTETEM SAeKTPODHEPrHH OT COBCTBEHHBIX HCTONHUKOB MO UCHE HIDKE TapHdpa B AAHHOM perHOHe C OFOpol Ha SIEKTPOCTAHLMH B CAMHMUbI M COTHH KH~ AoBatT, TpyAKO OGecheyHTb 3HeproGesonacHocTb Poccuu. BaxHaa npo6sema — KaYecTBO a1eKTPHYECKOH SHeprHv. DneKTpoTexHMuecKas NPOMBILLICHHOCTS BbINYCKaeT, HANpHMep, AYTOBYIO INEKTPOCTAEMABHABHY1O Te M mpumaraemoe K Heli Apyroe cepruduunpoBanHoe OGopynoBaHHe. DreKTposHep- TeTHKa oGecneyMBaeT Momady BIeKTPOIHeprun TakxKe B CooTBeTCTBHK ¢ TOCTom. Tloyemy xe notpe6uTerb, ycTaHOBMBLIMH Meub, CTanKuBaeTcA C NpoOseMoli Hapy- meHua TOCTa? 310 orHocuirca M K ycraHoBKe peryMpyeMoro aieKTponpHBosa, M apyroro a1eKTpooGopyzoBaHia. Tlotpe6neHne sHepropecypcos — ocoOplii BHA KYMIH-nposwaxK, He OTHOCA- wMiica K Ccbepe ycayr; sHeprocHaGxkeHHe MOMKHO OCYLUECTBAATECA MO NyGAMYHO- My JoroBopy. B3aMMOOTHOUIeHHA noTpeGHTeb—aHeprocucrema — BaxkHeliMaR, HO He MONHOCTHIO PbIHOYHO ynopagoYeHHad OGNacTb (B OTAM4HE OT Napbi NoTpe- 6uTeMb—sTeKTpOTeXHHYeCKOe H3seNMe), KOTOPad BO MHOFOM OnpesenAeT ocdpex- TMBHOCTb 3CKTPHYCCKOFO XO3AHCTBA B LeIOM HM K KOTOPOH MpHMbIKaloT: mpoOse- Mbl MIpOrHo3a NapaMeTpoB sneKTpoNoTpebmeHHA Ha pa3TH4HbIe BpeMeHHbIe wurensanhi HONMUNORAHHE M0 MDOM3BOACTBAM H UeXaM; ONpefeneHHe NOCTOAH-1.1. Saexmpuka @ cucmene anexmpuseckux nayk 2 HOM CocTaBIAOUleH, OTKMOYeHHH MO OYepeAM M JMMHTOB; OpraHH3allMa Mepap- XH y4eTa K MpHOOpHo-mporpaMMHoe ObecheveHHe, 9HEproayAMT; CO31aHKe CHCc- TeMbI SHeprocbepexXeHHA H OUCHKH PesyAbTATOB, CyIECTBEHHO BIMAIOLIHX Ha ce- GecTOHMOcTS nposyKUMH. Bosbuloe npaktwueckoe 3HayeHe MMeeT TaKKe NPHMCHEHMe HOBOTO aueKTPO- oGopynoBaHus, TexHonOrHit, MaTepHajos H MX MoaepHMsauHA, BKAIOYaA palHoHa- AM3AUMIO CXEM 3/eKTpOCHAGXeHKA M ceTei, BHeApeHMe perynupyeMoro IQ1eKTpo- MpuBoga, 3Heprocbeperaioulero 31eKTpoTepMMYecKOrO M MHOTO O6opyszoBaHHA. Shbexrusxocrs aiekrpHYecKoro XosAitCTBa HepaspBIBHO CBAZAHA C 3eKTPOpe- MOHTOM, IIOHHM@€MOM KaK KOMILIeKC mpoOyleM, CBA3aHHBIX C OGcAyxKMBaHMeM, pe- MOHTOM HM YTHIM3aLHelt S1eKTpOOGopynoBaHHA. OeKTPOpeMOHT He Hcye3HeT, HO CO BPEMeHEM OH AOsDKEH CYLICCTBEHHO H3MeHKTbCA, YIHTbIBAA MHTeeKTYAIHsa- UMIO TEXHHKH HM TexHOMOTHH, GONbULyIO HaLeXHOCTE Noctynawoulero ceiiyac O6o- PpyAOBaHHA, pacnpoctpaHeHHe upMeHHOrO OGcAYKMBAHHA, H3MCHEHHE COOTHO- WeHHA Me@X2Y pa3IHYHbIMM (OpMaMH eHTpaiM3alMM, HeOOXOAHMOCTD KaPAMH@IbHOTO M3MCHEHHA CHCTeMbI MaHOBO-MpeayMpeaMTeNbHOFO PeMOHTA, T10- ABNCHHE HOBBIX 9TCKTPOPeMOHTHBIX TEXHOAOTHMi, H3OTALMOHHBIX MaTepHaioB 4 WaKOB, KOMMNbIOTEPH3alLH0 HHPOPMaUMOHHOTO OGecneyeHHA 91eKTPOPeMOHTa. TIpo6zemnl 21eKTpHKH — npo6embi NoTpe6uTera. SaekrpuKa c HeOOxOZHMoO- cTbIO BOSHHKIa BMecTe C S/eKTpOsHepreTHKOM. Duszn4eckad MpMpona STeKTpHYe- crBa TpeGopata 9TOrO: SieKTpuYeCTBO B OObEMAX NPOMBILWIEHHOTO SmeKTpono- TpeOreHMA XpaHHTb HeNb3A, a pasIMMe BPeMeHH BbIPASOTKM OT BpeMeHH NloTpe6seHHA ONpesenAeTcA CKOpOCTBIO cBeTa. CaMo 2xKe 97eKTPOCHaOxeHHe B tpaktosxe T. M. KpxXwKaHOBcKoro M HBIHEWHeM MHpoBO 9HepreTHKK MOHUMa- NOC HM OHMMaeTCA Kak BbIPAGOTKA H TpaHCNOprHpoBKa S/1eKTPOSHeprHH AO Tpa- HMUBI pasnena Npennpustue (KBapTHpa, ocuc, bupMa, opraHH3auna) — sHepro- cHaOxkalollad OpraHH3alia. SHeprochcTemy, MOXHO yTBepxaTb, He MHTepecye;r, Tae M KaK MpOHcxO‘AT JanbHehad Nepesaya 4 MpeoGpasoBaHe 21eKTpoIHeprnn B ApyrHe BHUbI SHEPrMH WIM B S/IeKTPOSHEPTHio 2e, HO C APYTMMH MapameTpaMn. Takum o6pa30M, Ha noTpeOHTese KIHOYEBBIE BOTIPO- CbI MOCTpOeHHA CX€MbI DIeKTpOCHaOKeHHA BHYTPH 3aBOMa (KBapTHpbl) HK spdpek- TMBHOCTH 3/eKTPHYeCKOTO XO3siicTBa OGbeKTa B UeOM (KaK Obl BCe 9TO HU Ha3blBalocb B XX Beke B pa3HO€ BPeMA M Pa3HbIMM YYCHBIMM HM MIpaKTHKaMH, OCO- SHABLUMMH CheuMPMKy 91CKTPHYeCKOM YaCTH BHM3 OT rpaHHUbl passevla noTpeGu- Tenb—3Heprocuctema). Ha mpakTHKe 970 MpHBemO K CO3MaHMIO Ha 3aBOaX cAY KO rlaBHoro 9eKTpuKa. Ha ypopHe MMHHCTepcTs 6bIM Co3zaHbI Pnapakepro (m0 oT- PacasiM), OMHAKO He CyMeBLUHe COCTaBHTb eLMHbIi OpraH, opMyMpyIOUHit H OT- cTaMpalouwMit MHTepece! NoTpeGuTera. PasmM4HbIMM NO WeIAM H 3ala4am GBLIH, B YacTHOcTH, SHeprocersnpoekt, Teronpoekt, IIpomaHepro, c ofHOi cTOpoHEt; Taxknpomasiekrponpoekt, Saektponpoekt, BHMMaanextponpuson, BHAMSTO, SaekrporexHnyeckue oTaenb! TAIIPO, c apyroit. Tipu BetyneHHMH B HOBOE TEICAYeNETHE HM CTONKHOBEHHM ¢ HEOOXOAMMOCTbIO yapaeaams cosqanveM, PYHKUMOHMpOBaHHeM HW pa3sBHTMeM I9ICKTPHYeCKOrO XxO- 3aHicTBa, IPH OXKMAAHHM PeBOMOLMH Ha MMPOBOM pbIHKe 9Hepro6M3HeECa, 3aKMIO-22 Tnaea I. Daekmpureckoe xoraticmeo nompe6umeneit 4atouleiica B 6e3ycROBHOM MpHopHTetTe HHTepecoB noTpeGuTena (B TOM YHCIE HB pesybTaTe Toro, YTO Ha CMeHY 937eKTpocraHuHsmM 1000-2000 MBr npuxoanT CTPOHTEbCTBO 3EKTPOCTAHUMi, PaCCYHTAHHbIX Ha OOCAYKMBAHHe eMHMYHBIX TIPOH3BOACTB, OprahH3allMit, AOMOB), NPaKTHYeCKK CTaHOBHTCA BaKEH BOIPOC: YTO BCe STO OSHaYAeT TEOPETHYECKH, YTO HOBOTO 1O/KHO NOABUTHCA B HaUleM 3HaHHH, K YeMy MbI JONKHBI alanTHpoBaTEcs. Bex 3aekmpomexxuku onupaica Ha Knaccu4eckHe npeactaBieHua HbiwToHa— Makcseia—JIopenua: Tela (moa) H ABH2KEHHE MOXHO MpeACTaBHTb B HCabHOM Bue, CyeCTBYIOT KECTKMe NPHUMHHbIe CBAZH Mi CregcTBHa. MatemaTHyeckHit an- Napat — AMdepeHuMabHoe HM MHTerpanbHoe UcunceHHe. IIpn 3aaHHbIX HCxOd- HbIX JaHHbIX PeleHHe OAHO3HAYHO H HEOTIMYHMO OT Apyroro © TaKMMH >%Ke HC- XOZHBIMM JaHHbimMu. CyulecrsyeT OG6paTHMOcTb H He3aBHCMMOCTb PeLIcCHHA OT BPeMeHH NPOK3BOLMMbIX BLINHCIEHHH. Bee BbIXOAMBLUME paHee yueOHKKH NO 3.1e- KTpOCHaGXEHHIO MPOMBILLIEHHbIX NpeAIPHATHH ONMpaIMCh HMCHHO Ha 9TH Npel- cTapneHna. Bex 22ekmpoaHepeemuKu UMeN Jes0 yKe C TIpOLeccaMM WM CMcTeMaMMH (KsIaccH4e- CkHe NpevcTaBleHHA MepBol Hay4HOH KapTHHb! MMpa HMEIOT CONOAYMHEHHOe 3Ha- ueHne). Tocnogcraylouee MHpoBo33peHHe — BepoATHOCTHBIE NpescTaBIeHHs, BOC- xomauime K SiHwTeiHy—Bopy, 1 cuctemHo-kwGepHeTHyecknHe B3riagb (BorgaHos, Buxep, Sui6u, Bepranandn), peanu3yemple TeopHeit GoNbUINX HK CAOXKHBIX CHC~ TEM, CHCTEMHBIM aH@H30M, CHCTEMOTEXHHKOM, HCCeMOBaHHeM onepaulMit, TeopH- eH HagexXHOCTH M MaccoBoro O6cAYxKHBaHHA, MHOrOUeneBO ONTHMH3aUMeH. Bce 3TO OCHOBbIBANOCh Ha TEOPHH BEPOATHOCTH H MaTeMATHYECKOI CTATHCTHKE, KOTO- pbie npeanonarann gelicTaMe 3akOHa GOAbUIMX YHCe MH WeHTPAIbHOM NpemenbHO Teopembl. PeweHve s1060i 3ama4H onpenenaOcb NapameTpaMH pacnipegeneHua, c 3alaHHO BePpOATHOCTbIO HaXOMWICA HEKOTOPbIii HHTEPBAT, B KOTOPOM H CYLeCTBO- BAO peluecHHe. STO MApOBO33peHHe 3aTPOHy.10 (HO B Malo cTeMeHH) yYeOHHKH NO SNEKTPOCHAGKEHHIO NPOMBILIEHHBIX MpeaANpKATHit. Bex anexmpuxu yer UMeTb eNO CO CTPyKTypaMH UeHO30B H OTGOpoM (jn TeXHOWCHOSOB — HHPOpMalHOHHbIM). B 3TOM cAyyae SeKTPHYeCKOe XO3AiCTBO. ecTb cna6o cBAaHHOe H caGo BIAMMOLeliCTByIOWee MpaKTHYecKH GecKoHeYHOe (C¥eTHOe) MHOXECTBO H3eNHii (LEMOCTHOCTL), KOHBEHUMOHHO BbIDeAeMBIX Kak cooGuiecTBO (UeHO3), aleKBaTHO HE ONMCbIBaeMOe CHCTEMOM MOKa3aTeNei, TOKTE- CTBEHHO He paBHOe APYOMy MpH coBnageHHH NoKazaTenelt, HeEO6paTHMO pa3sBHBa- jouleeca (2BoOTIOUMOHHpyloulee). MatemaTuyecknit annapat — runepSommyeckne H-pacnpesenenua (8 TeXHUKe) B BAZOBON, paHrOBMAOBO! M paHroBoii mo napaMe- Tpy (popMax, KOTOpble He MalOT peuleHHA B TOUKE H3-3a TeEOPeTUYECKOrO OTCYTCT- BHA MaTeMaTHYeCKOrO OMAHA (CpeaHero). OnHakO ONepHpoBaHue Cc pacnpene- J@HHeM B UeNOM MO3BOMAET pelllaTh MpakTH4ecKHe 3ama4H onpesenenua NapaMeTpos 3AeKTponoTpe6reHHs, HOPMUpoBAHUA H SHeprocbepexeHHA, U3MeHe- HS OPraHH3alHH BAEKTPOPeMOHTA H NOBLILIEHHA IpceKTHBHOCTH I1CKTPHYECKO- To xo3aicTBa B LIEsIOM HM MO OTMEABHBIM COCTABIAIOULMM.1.2, Ocnoses mupososspenun 2nexmpukos anexmpucu 23 1.2. OCHOBb! MAPOBO33pPeHKA BNeKTPHKOB BNeKTPHKN @opmuposanne coBpeMeHHOTO MHPOBO33PeHKA 3NEKTPUKOB OCOGEHHO BaXKHO WIA DaibHeHwen ycnewHOM eATebHOCTH M NpodeccHOHaMbHOrO pocta B M3Me- HMBUeMcA Mupe. YeTBepTb BeKa Ha3a TPYAHO GbUIO MpesCTABHTb, HACKOABKO 3TO aKTYabHO, MOTOMY YTO 3IeKTPHYECKOe XO3AHCTBO (31eKTPHKa) Kak CaMOCTOATEMb- Hb OOEKT MCCHeAOBaHHA M YNPaBICHHA AMWIb copMupoBanach HapAay c MOHATHAMH CaMoopraHHsauHa, :bpakTaIbHocTb, TexHoucHos. ToresHo GbLi0 3aay- MaTBCA, HACKONBKO MOG60e yTBEpXICHMe, 3alaHHe, PelleHMe COOTBETCTBYET MelicT- BHKTCAHOCTH, MIPHBAZAHO AM 3TO K KOHKPeTHOMY BpeMeHH, MecTY H JeiicTBuWw. B OGleM Bue yTBepxXZEHHe He CBODHTCA K YHCAY, HO OMepHpoBaHHe He KOAMYECT- BeHHBIMM, @ KAM€CTBCHHBIMH pazH4HAMH BO3MOXHO JIMLUb Mp 3HaHHH OCHOB HO- Boro MupoBo3speHun. Cnenyer HMeTb B BHM, 4TO OObACHEHHE TeXHOUeHONOrHYe- CKMM 3aKOHaM HM OrpaHH4eHHaM He HaiigeHo, KaK H CaMOMy MexaHH3My OpMupoBaHHA 37eKTpHYeCKOrO XO3AiiCcTBa, YTO OCTABAAeT WHPOKHH Mpoctop M18 (PYHMaMCHTaIbHbIX MccAeLOBaHHii. CyulecTByloT MHpOBbI€ KOHCTaHTbI, HaNPHMep CKOPOCTb CBeTa, M TaKHe MOCTO- AHHbIe, KaK Macca 31eKTpoHa. AHTPONHbI NPHHUMN yTBepxAaeT, YTO H3MeHEHHe NOMOGHBIX BEMYHH ake Ha JOMM NpoueHTa He NpHBeNO Gb K NOABNEHHIO %KH3HH, B TOM 4HCJe H YeOBeKa (TaK 4TO HHTATb 9Ty KHHTy Bol MoxkeTe, B TOM 4HCIe H MO- Tomy, TO Macca 91eKTpoHa m, = 9,1093897-10' kr). Onmpaacb HMeHHO Ha MocTo- AHHbIC H He MEHAIOUIMeCA CO BpeMcHEM YHCIOBbIe NapaMeTpsl MaTepHa/bHOTO MH- pa, BOSHMKAa Hayka, NpeOXMBIAA MexanuyecKkyio (nepeyio) HayuHyo KapmuKy upa. HavGonee nornyHo u cTporo efi cooTBeTcTByeT MexaHHKa HploToua Ht 3/1ek- TpognHamuka Makcsersa. Cuntanoce, To AucbdepeHUMAIbHbIMM H HHTerpalibHbl- MH ypaBHeHHAMH MOXHO ONHcaTb BCe Tesla (MONA) H BCe ABHOKEHHA (TpackTOpHH), OnMpasch Ha 3aKOHBI COxpaHeHHa (NPHHUMN HaMMeHBUero AevicTBHA). 3akoubl Kynona, Oma, Kupxrodpa W Apyrve ecTb YaCTHble pelicHHA, BbITeKalo- lee 3 NOCTyAaTOB NepBoM Hay4HOH KapTHHbl. B HeKOTOPOM CMbICNe 3aKOHbI e- AAIOT ABHBIM TO, YTO Y>KE MPHCYTCTBYeT B HavaIbHbIX yCAOBHAX. B AMHAMHKe «BCe 3aaHo», HM4erO HOBOTO He MOXET HH «CYYHTCA», HM He O3Ha4aeT OCTAHOBKY M HCYepmaHve HaykH 06 SieKTpHYecTBe, a TaKxKE OTCYTCT- BHe pocta TeopeTHYecKOrO 3HaHHA. B Hayane XX Beka cocTosnacb M3BecTHad QucKyccua Bopa—Siinuiteiina, Kor- 2a BbIACHHJIaCh 6epoAMHOcmHaA Kapmuna Mupa (6mopaA Hay4HaA): HeNb3A CKAa3aTb, Kyaa GyneT ABMTATbCA SMEKTPOH, NpOAK y3ky!O Web, HO HCYepnbiBaiole ACHA AMCpakuMOHHas KapTHHa MpaKTHYecKH GeCKOHeYHOrO MHOXecTBa «mpH3eMAHB- WHXcA> oneKTpoHOB. TlonoBHHa aTOMOB pafMoaKTHBHbIX BeUIeCTB pacnafeTca 3a CTporo onpeneneHHoe Bpemsa, HO pacrlaqeTCA IM MMEHHO 3TOT ATOM — cKa3aTb Hesb3a. TeopHa BeposTHocTell CHMMaeT NpoSseMy, BBOAA MaTeMaTHYecKoe OHLa- HHe H OXHMZaeMyIO OUIMOKy (aHcrepcHi). O6patumca K ITY9, Koroppie orpaHH4nsaior, HaNpHMep, NPOXog No WHpHHe H BBICOTe B PAaCNpeACAMTEbHBIX YCTPOHCTBaX: He KaXKNOFO B CTECHEHHbIX YCOBHAX YAOBETBOPHT WHpHHa Mpoxoga 0,6 M. Uucrosbie 3HayeHHA NapaMeTpoB YesOBe- 4eCKOFO pOcTa HOPMasIbHO pacnpeqeneHb! M AOMKHSI YAMTbIBATECA IPH pasMeie- HHH OpraHos yipaBleHHa, paGounx 30H H Op. Tayccopo pacnipeserenve 18 pocra yenopeka (95 % MYyX4HH BbILe 163, HO HMxKe 187 CM; LIA KEHUIMH — COOTBETCT- BeHHO 159 w 177 cM) WHPOKO McnomB3yeTcA B CaMBIX Pa3MMYHbIX OGNacTAX. Orkpbitble Kora~TO (u3HKO-XHMHYECKHE CBOMCTBA YHCTOH Me~H NOCTOAHHbI, HE MCHANMCh HW HE H3MCHATCA, MOKa CyulecTByeT Halwa BceneHHas (3TO uM eCTb Kiac- cHYeckoe mpencrapieHHe nepsoi Kapruubi). [Ipupogaa Men» cocTouT 43 cMecH ABYX CTAaGHIbHBIX H3OTONOB C MaccoBbIMM YncnaMH 65 (30,96 %) n 63 (69,04 %), yTo onpemenser aToMHy!o Maccy 63,54, noTHOCT 8,96 (20 °C), aneKTpH4ecKoe co- nporuenenne 1,68-10- mkOm-cm (20 °C), remnepatypHbiit KoadUuMeHT o1eKTpH- yeckoro conporupnenus 4,3-10-? (0-100 °C). B nefictautenbHocTH MHOXeCTBO cbakTOpoR, HAaNpuMep NpH BbINNABKe MeAM, H3TOTOBNEHHH MPOBOa WIM OKHCIEHHM ero IPH KCHIyaTALMH, H3MeHAIOT bU3H- KO-XHMMYECKHE CBOMCTBA MEAHOTO NpOBOAHHKa (TAK, HAKIENOM 3IeKTpONpoOBOA- HOCTb yMeHbilaeTcA Ha 1-3 %). B pesynbraTe BeAHYMHbI AKTHBHBIX CONMPOTHBIE- HMM WM MaCCbl UBeTHOFO MeT@LIa, NPKBOAMMbIe B TAaOMMUAaX HM CNpaBOYHMKkax, M3MAHHBIX pa3HBIMM ABTOPAMM WIM ODHHM, HO B pa3HOe BpeMA, MOryT He3Ha4H- TeNbHO pasnHyaTéca (BO BTOPOM 3HaKe). HanpuMep, Mo cnpaBOuHUKy yAenbHoe conpoTHBleHve Mean p 8 1932 r. pasHo 0,0166 (np 15°C); B 1954 Tr. p = 0,0157 (npn 20°C); B 2001 r. p = 1,62-10-* On-m?/m (nip 0°C). ONEKTPHKH B MaCCe CBOE «He 3aMeTHIM> Nepexosa K NpesCTAaBeHHAM BTOpOi Hay4HOH KapTHHbl MMpa, K PeBOJIOLMOHHDBIM CJIECTBMAM B TeXHHKe M TeXHOJO- THM, CBAZAHHBIM C STHM Mepexotom Creunanicrs! 3HakoMbl ¢ npeseAbHbIMH TeopeMaMH TeOpHH BeposaTHOCTeii, KO- Totti tear imanwe venanuG BAIUUKHOREHUA HEKOTODIX (CTATHCTHYECKHX) 32KOHO-1.2. Ocnoses MupososzpeHunt ateKmpuKos aneKmpuKU 25 MepHocteit B pesyibTaTe AelicTBHA Gombuoro 4HCcAa cAy4alHbIx cbakTopoB. Teope- MbI YCTaHaBMBaM (PakT H YCAOBHA CXOAMMOCTH MO BEPOATHOCTH TeX WIM HHBIX cay¥aitHbIx BeAMYHH. Boe opMbI LEHTPaNbHO MpexeNbHOH TeopeMbI NOCBAUICHEI YCTaHOBIEHHIO YCAOBHi, NPH KOTOPLIX BOSHUKAaeT HOPMabHBIi 3aKOH pacnpee- jews. Tak Kak 9TH YCIOBHA Ha MpakTHKe BeCbMa YaCTO BbINOMHAIOTCA, HOPMaIb- Hplit 3aKOH ABAAETCA CaMbIM PACNPOCTPAHCHHbIM M3 3aKOHOB pacripeseneHUsA, Ha- wOoNee YaCTO BCTpeyalOLUMXCA B CHyYaliHbIxX ABIeEHHAX. TlooTOMy He HaAO ObIIO 4TO-1H60 MCHATh B CBOei NMpakTHYCCKOM DeATeAbHOCTM H3-3a Hepa3/IMYHMOCTH «HCTHHHOM» BeAMYMHbI, pacCHHTaHHO CormacHo KaccHY4ecko U3uKe, MH BeH- 4HHbt MaTeMaTHYeCKOrO OxHAAKHA (CpeAHero), NONyYeHHOH aKcnepHMeHTanbHo- cTaTHCTHYeCKH, M H3-3a MpeAcKasyemocTH owMOKM (uMCNepcHn). 3HayHMbI pe- 3YAbTAT PASAMYHBIX CPeMHHX YACAbHBIX PAaCXOMOB IAeKTPOIHEPrHH ABYX SNEKTPOCTANEBAPOB YBEMYHBACT HEOGXOAMMOCTD HCHOMbIOBAHMA BTOpOH HayYHO KapTHHbI Mpa JIA Weneli seKTpocGepexenna. PaccMoTpHM TeXHH4eCKHe JaHHble MeAHbIX KaGeseli (Maccy, COnpoTHBieHHe, cHaY ToKa) no cnpaBouHbIM MaTepHanam 1937 r. (ra6a. 1.1). OHM TakHe Xe, Kak H B HOBOM Beke. JleiicTBHTeABHO, AOMYCTHMbIM WIMTeAbHbI TOK JIA 9THX KaGerei C cede OHO xMWIbI 16 MM? cocTaBiseT 120 A, 97a BEAMYHHa HE H3MEHHJach C Hawaia HHAYCTPHaANM3aLMH (TOrMa OHA Ha3bIBAlach HOMMHAsbHOH) H COOTBETCTBY- et ITY9 1999 r. Stor mpumep H MHOXeCTBO EMy MOAOGHEIX LEMOHCTpHpytoT Ksac- CHYECKHe MpeACTaBICHHA ameKTPOTeXHHKH. 3aMeTHM, 4TO B 30-x romax BbINYcKa- such KaGenn ceyenuem 1,5; 2,5 4 4 MM’, orcyrcrayroume celivac B ITY, Kak H TPeEXKHAbHbI Ka6etb 300 MM’. Otw Ka6enH He NpoUWM ucnbITaHuA HHCOpMalH- OHHBIM OTGOpoM H ceituac He BBINYcKaloTcs: C MANILIMH Ce4eHUMH — 13-3 Hem0- CTaTOYHOM MexaHUYeCKOM MpOYHOCTH; TpexXxKWIbHbIi ceweHHem Sonee 240 MM? — W3-3a TpyGHOcTel MOHTaxKa (He cruGaeTca). B ra6a. 1.1 npupeseHa Takxke CTOHMOCTD KaGeJIbHbIX NPOKaOK, ONpeseAeHHaA Mo MeTOAHKaM HK UeHaM 1937 r. OueBHaHO, YTO 9Ta BeNM4MHa (HM et NOZOGHDIe) He HMeeT CMBIGIA, ECT He 3acHKCHpoBAaHa Bo BpeMeHv. OHA HUKOMM 06pa30M He onpegenseT CeronHAHiolo (41H m0Goro Apyroro BpeMeHH) CTOMMOCTb, KOTOpaA TaGnnya 1.1. Nloxasatenn xa6ensnoi nponyKynn , Cevenne onHom Kun, MM? Tloxasarent 15 16 95 300 Tlonkaa cronmocte npoxnankn Ha 100 w Tpaccu’, py6.: pw onHoM KaGene 195 344 1000 2570 npn tpex 1677 1704 3479-7762 npw weet 31944724 9940-22789 Macca yaetHoro meranna, Kr/km 40 415 2488 ©7855 AxtusHoe conpotusnenne npn 80 °C, OM/Km 147 1,38 0,233 0,074 Hommmanbras cra ToKa* cinostix Ka6enei, AY* 30(-) 120(120) 340/340) 650(-) * Bipw xaGens CBC-6000 (ana HesazeMneHHon Helirpana) npn npoKnagKe B SeMNSHEX TPaHWeRX, BKNOYAA BCE CTpouTenbHble PaGore. ** Das xaGena CB-1000 1 CBC- 1000 no OCT 6260 (mncopmauna Snextponpoma, 1936). B ckoBkax ~ Aonycrumbil AniTenbHbi TOK ana KaBeneli C MeBHbIMM xifiaMi C yMaXHOM NPONMTaHHOM MaChOKaHMONbHO M HECTeKaIO- UWMA MaCcaMM W30/ALWMelt B CaMHYOBON OGoNONKe, NpoKAagbiBaeMDKxX B semne no NYD (1999 r.).26 Faaea I. Snexmpureckoe xosaticmeo nompeCumeneit ake B Mpefenax OAKOFO pervoHa WAH OTpacAH MOxeT paznHyateca B 2, 3, 10 Gonee pas. Ho ocHoBHoe He TO, YTO BeEMYMHA CTOMMOCTH MeHAACh CO BPeEMeHEM. TnapHoe — Ha Bce BHbI paboT cyuuecTBOBAIH B BICOKOM CTeNeHH AeTANIH3HpoBaH- HbI€ CAWHbIC D1 Bei CTPaHbl pacueHKH — HOPMbI (paHOHHble KospuUMeHTb! KH Ppa3IMYHbIe NONpaBKH MpHHUMMMANbHO He MeHSM STY CHTYaLIMO, Kak M BBemeHHe BeJOMCTBEHHBIX HOpM). FloayepKHeM — eAHHbIe M OAMHAKOBbIe HOpMbI LIA paGoT OAMHAKOBOTO HaMMeHOBaHHA. Tak peabHy!0 XKH3Hb MbITAIMCh CBECTM K MeXaHH- 4eCKOli KapTHHe , npesnosarapuiei BOIMOXHOCT BCe H3MEPHTb, a NOYYHB OHO- SHAYHbIe HCXOAHbIe MAHHbIe — Bce paccunTaTb. TIpH4em M CaMa MeTOAHKa onbiTa W 3aMepos (HaGmlogeHHit) Guia cTporo pacnucaHa, He MONYCKana ABOMHOTO TOA- kopanna. PacetHble (POpMYIbI, CHATAIOCb, HalOT OMHOSHAYHbIC pesyAbTAaThI, OOb- €KTHBHO He 3aBHCALUMe OT BbINMCAAOWerO cyObexTa. ITonaranoc, ¥TO eCTh «HC- THHHOe» 3HaYeHHe CTOMMOCTH MpOKNafKH KaGela, TpysO3aTpaT Ha PeMOHT SMEKTPOMBHTATENA, BPEMCHH MeXy ABYMA KanHTabHbIMH PEMOHTAMH, BeAMYHHbL PacteTHOM MOLHOCTH HAH MoTepb, pacxona 3ieKTPOSHEprHH, OGLEMOB INeKTPO- cOepexenua. Mpennosaranocb, 4To OTNMYHA NoKa3aTenei Manbl M aHanorHyHbl PasMH4HiO B BEAHMYHHE MPOBOAUMOCTH WIM YAeAbHOFO 3eKTPHYECKOTO COMPOTHB- JIeHMA Mean. CregopaTeAbHO, B MpaKTHKe MpoekTHpoBanhs H MeHeIKMeHTA, B 4a- CTHOCTH NpH pacueTe aneKTPHYCCKHX Harpy30K HM SMeKTPOCbepexeHHH, MMH MOXK- HO Mpene6pes. B gevicrBuTenbHOCTH KCNOAb3IOBaHKe CpeAHHX HOpM B TaKHX pacueTax He OTpa- .kaeT HCTHHHOTO NonoxeHHA Beulei. Pasnuune (pasHooGpa3ne) — cbyH*aMeHTanb- Hoe CBOMCTBO, OOuee JIA BCeX peaIbHOCTeH, B TOM YMCe M BNeKTPHYECKOH. Harioe nonoxeHHe — HeBOSMOXHOCTb OMMpaTECA Ha cpeaHee (mpemea Kapmu- a Mupa) — MOXHO NPOMAMOCTPUpOBATS Ha NPUMepe YACABHBIX PAcXoNOB aNeKT- PooHeprHn A,, Ha MpOMSBOACTBO OCHOBHbIX BHAOB NPOAYKUMM YepHO MeTanyp- raw (Ta6a. 1.2), cocTapieHHoi Ha OcHOBe MHOpMal|MOHHOTO Ganka 4 Ha MOpaADKH NO KaxMOMy M3 NapameTpos (cp. 7/74) TO BCeM CTpOdKaM) OObIYHO (UIA UWeHONOrHYeCKHX KccNesoBaHM. Dro 3Ha4HT, yTO TOG60e 3HayeHHe pala = 1,...,140 HeaL3a MpHHATb ana Haulero KOHKpeTHOTO peuleHHs 6e3 aHanu3a KOH- KpeTHoro nomoxeHHA Ha NpeaNpHATHH. Pasimuve MaKCHMAJIbHbIX, MMHHMA@IbHBIX HM CPeqHeOTpacneBbIx 3HaveHHit He MOXET ObITh OOBACHEHO CYYAMHOCTbIO WI BEPOATHOCTHBIMH OTKOHEHHAMH OT cpeanero. TeopetH¥eckH 9TO o3Ha4aeT OTCYTCTBHe MaTeMAaTH4eCKOrO OKMTAHKA M GeckoHeuHocTs aNcnepcun. TosToMy NPHBOAMMBbIe BO BCeX CNPaBOYHMKaX H yue6- HuKax TAaGMLUbI C packeTHBIMH KOIPPMUMEHTAMH (HCMOsb30BaHHA, CpOca, MaK- CMMYMa, OJHOBPeMeHHOCTH, 3arpy3KH, 3aNonHeHHA rpaduka MT. 1.), YCAbHIMH PacxoaMH S/KTPOSHEPFMH Ha eMHMUY MPOAYKUHH AA OTpacneit SKOHOMMKK MOXKHO MCNONb3IOBATb MIIb KAK WLUUOCTpaTHBHbIi MaTepwal WIM KaK MaTepualt JUIA y4eOHEIX uereii. Tlyctb onpentenenbi a6comorHas, yAeAbHan MIM OTHOCHTEABHaA BeEAMMHHbI M0- TpeOneHua aHepreTH¥ecKHx pecypcos. JIpyrMMH COBaMH, NonyYeH NMoKka3zaTeb HepreTH4ecKoH SdPeKTHBHOCTH, H HalO OTBETHTb Ha MpocTOH BoNpoc: KTO Go- Hee adbextHBHo ucnonb3yet snektposHepruio (B Enakneso, rae Ha IT 4yryHa pacxoaytor 3,5 KBru, HM B JIMneuke — 43,3 KBru/t, cm. Taz. 1.2). Pasnmune Ha HecKOAKO nopankos (B pass) — HeH3GexXHOe UeHONOrHYeCKOE CBOHCTBO 9NEKTPHYECKOrO XO3siicTBA NO JOHOMY H3 MapaMeTpoB, ero XapakTepH- 3ylOlunx (pH paccMOTPeHHH LlexoB — NO pa3HOoOpa3Hio MHOXECTBa YCTAHOBIEH- HOFO 31eKTpooGopyAOBaHHA; AA 3aBOLOB — MO BEAMYMHE CTOMMOCTHBIX 3aTpaT Ha OMHY MaLUMHY; BeEAMYHMHE OXBaTa KaNHMTAIbHbIMM M CPpeqHXMH PeMOHTaMH, Mo WTa- TaM H Ap.). STO Ke MO%KHO OTHECTH H K MapaMeTpaM 93/1eKTporoTpeOreHHA OLHOH OTpacsH HIM OLHOFO perHoua, K MoKa3aTeAM peHTHHTa M0 sneKTponoTpebreHHIO Pervonos Poccun. Hanpumep, ecim 3aiaTbca uenbio onpenenuTs ana JIMneuKa PeHTaGenbHOCTb M YMCACHHOCTA MepcoHasa M0 AaHHbiM 3a 2000 r. no Cepepcrann 4 MarnutKe (29,7 w 15,5 %; 44,5 w 33,4 ThIC. uen.), 3Haa OObeMBI peamH3aNMHTa6anya 1.4. Hayate KapTaHes Mapa Tlepsas xaptava Bropas KaptuHa Tpetoa KapTiHa Knaccnseckne (duanvecne) K-nocrynare! 1K. Cnpagepnueti npnnunn oTHocHTenbHocT, TPMHUWN HEBOSMOXHOCTH: B MOMeHT CO3qaHHA ea OpMHAKOBLIX npopykra-wanenun (OCo6H on- Horo BuNfa), USrOTOBNeHHbIe Ha ODHOM TeXHAKe, No OAHOA TexHoNOrMH, 43 OAMHAKOBLIX MaTepH- afo8, HepasnusuMel 8 Npenenax nacnopTHEm xapakTepncTux Ba, 8 TOM HACNE MNO 9KONO- Tuveckomy soaneiicreno (oTKonaM) 2K. Vanenwe-ena (neiicreyouas TexnuKa, npn- MeHaeMan TexHonorua, HenonbayeMbe MaTepH- antl, BLINYCKAeMAR NPOAYKUNA, BOSHAKAOUIME OTxoAH!) NonHOCTBIO M OAHOSHa¥HO OnpemenseT- A KOHeYHEIM Ha6OpoM NapaMeTpoa B PAccMaT- Puigaemulh MoMeHT apeMeHn 3K. Mpoctpaticteo Gearpanu4to, a6comoTHo, ‘OAHOpORHO W WaOTPONHO, a BpeMA BuIpaxaeT AnuTenbHocT GoiTiA; ypasHeHinn MexAKiKA HoioTona m anextponunamnkn Maxcaenna — o6parames Tlocrynater Bepostuo-crareruveckne B-nocrynaret 1B. Cywiecrayet seposTHocTs coBbiTHA Kak 4ucno, BAZAHHOE C STHM COBLITHEM Tak, 4TO BePOATHOCTA B TeOpeTHMeCKYIO MOAeNb BXOAET B KaNeCTBe CBOOAHLK NapaMeTpos, W MOXHO FOBOPHTb O YMCNEHHOA NpaKTH- YecKoii MOCTOBepHOCTH, KOTOPAR 2aKOHOM GonbuHKX Wwcen W UeHTPaNbHO! npepenbHon TeopeMolt onpene- set pasninne Wn HepaanHMMMOcTe OCobeli (OBReK- ToB) OHOrO BMAa M pasHLX 2B. Napamerput paga wanes onHoro aypa onpene- sIOTOR 3aKOHOM pacnpenencHus (8 npenene — HOp- MafibHbIM) Tak, 4TO MPH COCTORTENBHOM, HECMeLIEHHON W abeKTHBHOM OUeHKe M NpHATO AOBepUTENLHOA BEPORTHOCTH CYMIECTBYIOT HW BBIYICAM MaTeMaTHNeC- koe oxuanne (cpenHee) M aucnepona (unm cpenHee KBagpaTu4oe OTKnOKeHMe — oWwM6Ka) 3B, Npocrpaxcrao Moxer GtiTb moGoi auwncnuTenb- HO-NPHEMNeMOl pasMepHOCTH Ui NOGO reoMeTpun, a BpeMsA — AnWWe nocTasnenHan Ha6nionaTenem MeTKa coBuTHA, CeRZaHHaR Hn He CBRSaHHAR C PeanbHbiM BpeMeHeM, HO xapakrepwsyioulan nocnepoBaTenbHoCTs MEH! COCTORKHi HNK DMTeNbHOCTe Yer0-M1460 Uerononieckne (Textermeckne) T-noctynarel 1T. Moxer 6uiTb npeanoxeHo AocTaTo4HO MHO- Fo cucTeM oTCNéTa, OTHOCHTeNLHO KOTOPEK ABA eHosa Moryr ObiTb pasHonpasHbl M HepaBHO- npasHbt, a CaMV CHCTeMbI PasNH4Hb! NO ObbeK- TWBHOCTH aHaHHA, UKCHPYeMOrO LOKyMeHTaNb- HO W OHTONOrHYECK OTpaxalowlero duauueckyio, 6uonormueckylo, TexHeTHYECKyIO, MHcopmauMOHHyio, CoUMANBHY!O PeaNbHoCTH 2T. Cocrorune yeHioaa 8 moGoi dbuKcHpyeMbit MoMeHT BpeMeHH He ONpenenHMO nOSOH Hane- PEA sanaHHO cHcTeMon NoKasaTeneit ToxAe- CTREHHO TOsHO: 4eM Gonbwe napamerpos TOYHEE KAKAbIA M3 HAX KOHBEHUMOHHO ONnpefe- AReTCA, TeM MeHee TONHO ANA Kax~AOrO MOMeH- Ta BpeMeHn onMcuIBaeToA UeHOS 3T. Ana yeHos08 cywecTayer HanpasneHHocTs Pa3zevTHA B OFPaHMYeHHOM HEOAHOPOAHOM eBK- ‘AMpOBOM NpOCTpAHcTBe M eHOMeHONOrMHeC- KOM BpeMeHH, KOHYeNTyaNLHO MoKnIoNaOUIAA oGparumocts, a6comoTHocTs BpeMenH Mero ‘cpHOpoRHOCTE Npononxenne Ta6n. 1.4 Tlepean kaprnvia Bropan kapTuna Tpetea kapTaHa AGcrpaxrume (ygeansnste) OGbeKTH MCCNEACBAHHA H ynpaBneHHA Tena (nona) 4 asiexerue (TpaexTopni) HOKP u warotoanenme (cosnaHne) eanHiaHEX TeXHHKH, TeXHONOrMM, MaTepHana, KOHeSHOM NpopyKuml, NopoxaeHne BbI6POCOB (exonormeckoe soaneticrene) Mpoueccu w cuctemsi Yanoawle Town HayuHo-Texnnveckoro nporpecca Viusectuumontioe npoextuposanme m nocTpoeHHe (coaganne) o6vexros oTpacneit SKOHOMUKA (npoussoncreo, yenyru, norpeGnexwe), aknioNas ‘o6ycTpolicTeo NpoxMsaHHA Ha OCHOBE HeNpMpopHOrO UeHoaui 4 crpykTypes Vibopmaynonnuii or6op HMOKP 1 wagennit, MHBECTHUMOHHEX NpoeKTOR 1 SyHKYMOHUpYOUIX YeHOSOB Ha OCHOBe ToraNbHOl OUeHKH KaxsOrO TexHETHMECKOrO, Mi opwauMOHHOrO, COUMANBHOrO MRAMBMAA kKaxaoro peweHwa Kak Bla Tipenmywecraennan o6nacrs AeiicTans 8 Hayke m npaKTHKe NPHMeHeHMA SNeKTpHYecTea H MaTeMaTHYECKHi annapaT ‘Snexrporexnnka Envnwuibie anexrporexauyeckve wanenis, KOMMMeKCHI H KOHe4HBIe SmeKTpHNeCKHe Yen; AudepenunansHoe H unTerpanbHoe MoHNcneHne, MexaHnKa HeioToHa 1 snexTpoanHamuxa Makceenna, npHHyvn Hanmesbuero neVicTeA B MaTeMaTH¥ecKo opme Narpanxa u TamuneToHa SnexrposHeprernca Snexrpaeckne CeTH H CHCTeMEI, PEXMMEs, OUeHKA yoroaunsocTa; Teopua sepoatHocTel MaTeMaTa¥eckan CTaTHCTUKa, KMBepHETHKa, TeopHA GoneWX WAM CHOXHEIK CHCTeM, CHCTeMHBIT aHania, wccnenosalne onepaunit, TexHMNeckKt anann3; MHOroKpWTepHaNbHaR ONTHMHGAUMR Snexrpuka Snexrpuyeckoe xosniicTs0, anextpoTexHmecKoe M anekTposHEpreTHecKoe oGecnevenne ¢ OueHKO anexrpocbepexeHus; runepGonmueckne H-pacnpenenenus, paktanbhaa reomerpur, YeHOnorMyecKHi avanwa, orpannveHna caMoopraHnsauuin, CTpyKTYpHO-ToNoONOrMHECKAR ONTHMMSALIAR 87 igadiuou oouionscox sowsanndunave “| DBD] navaun. nanduave soxnduave unwadccovodnw m90HQ TI 6t30 Tnasa 1. Snexmpuseckoe xosaiicmeo nompedumeaeit COOTBeETCTBEHHO, 38,9; 59,1 Mapa py6., TO, OMMpasch Ha KnaccHYeckHe MpescTaB- JI@HHA NepBOi Hay4HOH KapTHHbI MUpa KWAK Ha BEPOATHOCTHBIe — BTOpOH (maxKe C MHKeHEPHO! TOYHOCTHIO), €4Ba IM MONYYHM MpaBHbHbIii OTBET: 27,2 % KH 46,6 TbIC. Yen. O6paTuM BHUMaHHe, KaK MOTryT ObITb HCNOMb3OBaHbI AaHHBIe KOPpeALHOHHO- PerpeccMBHOTO aHann3a HIM APyrHx MeTOZOB NporHosMpoBaHHA (B COOTBETCTBHM ¢ KlaccuyecKolt TeopHeil BeposTHOCTH — BTOpoK Hay4Holt KapTHHEI Mupa): cpea- HMii PaCXog SAeKTPOSHeprHH MO OTpacIH H BAY MpoayKuMM — MMHMcTepcTBOM 9KOHOMHKH H JPYfMMM BIaCTHBIMH CTpyKTYpaMH; CpegHHe JaHHble no Mpon3Bon- cTBY Ha 2aHHOM NpeaNpHATHH — AMpeKuHeH npeanpuatHa (cnyx6oH riaBHOrO 9HepreTHKa, 9HEpreTHKOM Uexa) H cayxKOamH TocaHepronam30pa. OzHaKo Bcerma CHAVET YUHTHIBATh HEHONOTHYECKOE CBOHCTBO — OAHOPOMHAA NPOAYKUMA ANA pas HbIX 3ABO20B XapaKTepH3YCTCA PASNM4HEM B YLEABHbIX PACKXOMAX IACKTPOSHEPrHH B 2, 5, 10, 100 u Gonee paz (paxin4ne, HEBOSMOXHOE AIA FAayCCOBOTO M CBOLALLMX- cA K HeMy pacnpefeeHHit: B pealbHOCTH He1b3A BCTPeETHTb YeOBeKa pocToM 16 M wan 16 cm). KaaccnueckHMH MeTogaMH, OOpalladch K KOHKpeTHOM 9KcIIyaTH- pyemoii eanHuue (oco6H, 6yab TO HIZeIMe HIM MpeANPHATHE B LiENOM), MOXKHO, 3aTPaTHB 3HAYHTebHbIe CPeACTBA, MONYYUTS PeuleHHe (BEAMYHRY Pacxosa I21eKT- posHeprHuv) «B TouKe». Ho 3TO pellieHHe He pacnpocTpaHseTcA He TOMbKO Ha Ta- KOH xe CTaH (cTaHOK) Apyroro uexa (3aBoga), HO H Ha STy Xe CaMylO CMH B Apyroii MOMeHT BpeMeHH (Ba NpeaNpHATHA c GAW3KHMHM OCHOBHBIMM 3J1eKTpHue- CKMMM MOKa3aTEAAMH TEXHOMOFHYECKH H S/EKTPHYECKH MOTYT pasIMYaTbCA CyUle- eTpeHHo). V1 ecan pacdeTHyl0 aQAMTHBHOCTD pacxoa 3/EKTPOSHEPrMH MOXKHO Kak- TO MPeANONOXUT, TO OTCYTCTBMe CYMMMPYeMOCTH IACKTPHYECKHX Harpy30K 3a su060H BpeMeHHOH MHTepBan (BKMIO4ad 30-MMHYTHBIM) MOXKHO C4KTaT O4eBHO- ubiM. Urpy B KoppeAAUHOHHbIC H ABTOKOppesALMOHHbIC (PYHKUHH, B ITOM Crlyyae, Maxe Wa ncaa anekTponpHemHuKoB 3YP (3a OAHHM TpaHctopmatopom 630— 1000 KBA) — cnenyeT oTHecTH K TeopeTHYeCKMM YXHLIPpeHHAM, He HMEIOLLMM MpakTH4ecKOro BbIXONA. ‘Takum o6pa30m, CylecTByloT TpH rpynnbi ancen (3aKOHOB), (PyHAaMeHTAIbHbIe cBOfICTBA M OCOGEHHOCTH HCNOMBIOBAHMA KOTOPBIX CesyeT YYHTHIBATS B NpaKTH- yeckoi geatenbHoctn. Kaxkaaa rpylina orpaxaeT MombiTKy OMHCaTb Kaky10-1H60 H3 CTOpOH MaTepHambHOrO H HgeanbHOro Mupos. i sto onicaHue cooTBeTCTByeT ono! M3 Tpex Hay4HDIX KApTHH Mupa (Ta6z. 1.4). CoapemeHHble 9neKTpOTeXHMKy, 9ACKTPOSHEPreTHKy, H OCOGEHHO SNEKTPUKy, Ye HE/b3A CO3MABATb, H ClO HEMb3A ypaprsTb, ONMpasch TOALKO Ha 3HaHHA, ONpeneAeMble NepBoi KapTHHOH. Heno- cTaTOUHbI M BepOATHOCTHBIE NpeacTaBienHa. HeoGxoaMmMo HoBoe — UeHONOTHYe- ckoe (cM. pazuen 2.3) — MMpONOHMMaHHe, aleKBaTHOe MPOHCUeAWKM K3MeHeHH- IM H NPOHCXOUAeMy HHopMauMoHHOMy Hepeycrpoiicrsy. Tlogsenem KTorn: 1) cymiectByloT (PPU3HKO-XHMUYECKHE CBOICTBA, H€ 3aBMCALIHE OT KOHKPeTHOTO HCCAeAOBATEA UM CTO MCTOAHKH, He MeHAWOUIKecA CO BpeMeHeM (neppaa Hay4Had KapTHHa Mupa); 2) axTHyeckh Henb3a %KECTKO OGFECNEYHT OAMHAKOBOCTS UCHONEsyeMOi TeX-1.3. Tepmunet u onpedenenun aaekmpuku 31 HHKH (Ha KOTOpOM H3roTaBIMBaeTCA, HANPKMep, NPOBOA) HK MPHHATOM TeXHONOrHK (OAHOPOAHOCTE CbIPbA), MOITOMY KOHEYHBI NPOAYKT M OTXOMb PaxIMYHE!, HO 3TH pasMYHa HesHadWTeMbHEI, TAK YTO Ha MpakTHKe HM (M CBAZAHHOM B CBASH C THM OUIMOKOi) MpeHeOperaior (Bropad BepoATHO-cTaTHCTHYeCKaA KapTHHa); 3) ecTb, HaKOHeLL, BENHYMHBI, KOTOpbIe CleAYeT MOHHMATb HU OLEHHBATh TOMb- KO C YHTOM 3HaHKA MHOXECTBA MOLOGHOTO HM 3HAHHH, COMYTCTBYIOMLNX OObEKTY B WeNOM. Craba Bonpoc 0 MHpoBO33peHHH, MBI XOTHM, YTOOBI MeHemKep-3/1eKTPHK, NpH- HMMAIOWUMH PeLieHHa, HaNpaBAeHHble Ha NOBbILEHHE ScptbeKTHBHOCTH IeKTpHYe- CKOTO XO3AHiCTBA B LeOM H OTMEMbHEIX ef CHCTeM, 3a/lyMamcn Hall TeM, KaK 4ac- TO OH MpHHHMaeT peuleHHe, OMMpadch Ha 2%eCTKHe pacueTbI, ompemensemBle 3AKOHAMH TEOpeTHYECKMX OCHOB S1EKTPOTEXHHKH; HIM — BepOATHOCTHO onpese- JAA HEKOTOPYIO BEAHUMHY-MOKa3aTeNb, COOTBETCTBYIOIYIO (NYCTb HK C HeGoNBUIOH OUIMOKOIt) YeMy-To eMy H3BECTHOMY paHee; HaKOHeL — ONMpasch Ha HHTYHUHIO (o3apeHHe) H He pykOBOUCTBysACb cpeJHHM. JIMub B MocneaHeM cAy4Yae NPHHATOe peuleHve MoxeT GbITb AYLIMM H3 BCEX MpeAOXeHHBIX HW MoAYYHT HaHGombulee npu3Hanne. 1.3. Tepmunei 1 onpefenenua snexTpuKn BaxueiiuiMe TepMMHbI HW ONpeseneHHa ycTaHaBIMBaloTcA cbeqepalbHbIMH 3aKO- HaMH, CTaHdapTaMH M OOA3ATeIBHEI WIA NPHMeHEHHA B OKYMeHTaUMM BCexX BH- OB, B Hay4HO-TexHHY4eCKOH, yueOHOH H clpaBouHol AuTepatype. J[pyrve onpese- ATCA AMPEKTHBHBIMM AOKYMeHTaMH, Hanpumep «I TpaBHsaMK ycTpojicTBa 3NEKTPOYCTAHOBOK»; OTPACHEBbIMH HHCTPYKUMAMH H WMpKysIapaMH; HOPMaMH, Me- TOAMKaMH M CNpaBOYHBIMM MaTepHaslaMH HayYHO-HCCeDOBAaTEABCKHX, MPOCKTHBIX M Apyrux opranv3auHid. CyulecTBytT H TOAKOBbIe, TEPMHHOOFHYECKHE, SHUMKIO- MeMMYeCKHe, TIONMTEXHMYECKHe HM CIIeLMabHbIe CAOBAPH, KOTOPbIMM CjlemyeT TONbIOBATECA ANA YTOUHCHHA NOHATHA PH O*PHUHANbHbIX OOpalleHHAX H IOpHAH- MECKHX HCTOAKOBaHHAX, MPH CO31aHHH KHOpMAaLMOHHOTO HM NporpaMMHO-MeTO- Auyeckoro o6ecnexeHua. C 2001 r. KypHan «OzektpHKa> nyOAHKyeT NOHATHA, ON- PeneneHHA HM TePMHHbI BICKTPHKM, Ha OCHOBe KOTOPbIX H3laeTcA «CnoBapb SAEKTpUKM», conepxauiMii 10000 cnoB-noHATMA, CHOBOCOYeTAHHi, Mpoceccno- HanbHbIx H KaprOHHbIX BbIPAxeHHIi. Inekmpuka — OOnacTb HapozHOro xo3siicTBa (HM HayKM), pewlaloulad 3aa4H M0- Crpoenus, OGecriexeHHa byHKUHMOHHPOBaHHA WH Pa3BHTHA STeEKTPHYECKOH 4aCTH O6beKTOB NPOMbILICHHOCTH, TpaHcnopTa, OpraHH3auHit M yupexneHHi, CembcKO- TO xosaiictBa M HaCeNeHHA OT rpaHHUbl pasnena NOTPeGuTeb — SHEPrOCHCTeMa 2O CMHHMYHOTO SNeKTPOMPHEMHHKa WIM KOMILIeKCa, NOCTABEHHOTO H3TOTOBHTENeM. BosHukHopeHve 31eKTPHKH Kak HayKH ONpemenMTOCh HaHYMeM OGbeKTa HcCIIe- AOBAHKA KH yNpaBleHua (31eKTPOXOsAcTBO MoTpeOuTeIA); paspa6oTKOIt COOcTBEH- HBIX MeTOMOB pacteTa 9TEKTPOTEXHHYCCKHX U SHEPreTHYECKHX NapaMeTPOB OGECK- TOB SNeKTpOXO3AiicTBAa, CO3MaHHeM aleKBATHOrO OOBEKTY MaTeMaTHYeCKOTO32 Lnaea 1. Iaexmpureckoe xosaticmao nompeSumenett alnapata rMnepOommueckux H-pacnpezeseHHit; BOSHAKHOBEHMeEM CreLtMpAyecKHx Balad M MeTOLOB IIeKTPOMeHE/YKMEHTA, BKTIOYAA NOLXOMbI K pellleHHio pob1em HOPMHpoBaHHA M 9HEprocbepexeHHA. 3anaya QICKTPHKH — ONTHMM3AaL\KA (B WI POKOM CMbIcAe) POpMMpOBAHHA (H3 FOTOBbIX H3LEJHit Z1EKTPOTeEXHHKH) HK 9KCMLIy- aTauHn (Cc HCMOb3OBaHHEM TOTOBO DHEPrH INCKTPOSHEPreTHKH) IeKTPOXO3Aii- cTBa MoTpe6uTemA C yYeTOM HEH3O6exXHO TEXHOSBOMIOUMH. TIpH nomssobaHvu NOHATHAMH cienyeT YYHTEIBATE: H3MCHEHHe HX BO BpeMe- HH (CTapeHHe, cyxXeHMe HIM pacuIMpeHe), HecOBMaleHHe TepMHHa MO pa3iH4- HBIM JOKYMeHTaM (pa3HOUTeHMe), pasiM4HOe HCTONKOBaHHe Np HecoBnazeHHH HHTepecos, CHHOHMMMWO (CXOACTBO COB WAM BbIPAKeHHi MPH pasnM4nn HanH- aH), OMOHMMHIO (CXO/ICTBO B HallHcaHHH MpH pasIM4Hv 3HayeHHit). Ha kaxk- OM MpeampHaTHH (OpraHH3alHH) CyWlecTByIOT DOKYMeHTALKA MK TpalHuMOHHoOe MPHMeHCHHe TepMHHOB, KOTOPHIe HEOGXOAMMO 3HaTb, paboTaN Ha KOHKpeTHOM pa6ouem Mecte. CucTema TepMHHoB, Onpemenmolad ypoBeHb 11060 HayKH, He MoOxeT ObITD MoaHOH, HcuepmbiBaoUleh, 3aMKHyTOH. Tegetb fat MOKa3aTebCTBO HEMOAHOTbI (bopmanbHbix cucTeM: MMeIOTCA HCTHHHBIe NpeMIOKeHUA, KOTOpBIC B PAaMKAX STHX CHCTeM HeMb3A HOKa3aTb, HO HeNb3A M ONpoBeprHyts. Teopema Tegena o HenonHO- Te YTBEpkMACT NPHHUKNMANbHY!O HEBOSMOXHOCTS (OpMaAH3aUHH Hay4HOrO 3Ha- HMa. TO OsHayaer, YTO pal NOHATHI He MOXET ObIT ONpemeNeH B paMKax 31eK- TpocHaGxeHHA KaK AMCLIMMIKHbI, Tpebya mepexoga K Goee WMpoKOMy Kpyry TowaTHit. OHM B CBOIO ONepenb TPeOyIoT NPHBNeYeHHA HHTYHTHBHO BOCNPHHHMa- eMbIX MH KOHLNTYAMBHBIX (NO CornauleHHio) TepMHHOB. TlosTomy He GyzeM onpe- ENATb TePMMHbI <9ACKTPOSHEPIMA>, «SNCKTPHYECKAA WeMb>, , «COBO- KYNHOCTb», H pa ApyrHx. BBULEAHM KiOyeBBIC. DnekmpocnaSxenuem HaspiBaioT OGecneYeHHe NoTpeOuTere aneKTposHepruelt, cucmemoli 9aeKmpochab#KceHuA — COBOKYNHOCTb IACKTPOYCTAHOBOK, NpeqHa3zHaveH- HBIX UIA OSecrleveHHA NoTpeGuTencit snekTposHeprueii. CucTema 3neKTpocHabxe- HMA MOXeT ObITb OMpeseMeHa H KaK COBOKYNHOCTb B3AMMOCBASAHHBIX BHeKTPoyc- TaHOBOK, OCYIECTBIAIOWIMX BeKTpOcHaGxKeHHe paiioHa, ropoga, npexNpHaTHa (opranws3aunn). HompeGumens — npeanpusatue, opraHvsauvs, TeppHTOpHabHO O6ocobseHHbIit Lex, CTPOHTeAbHaA MIOWaaKa, KBApTApa, Y KOTOPbIX NPHeMHHKM 2/eKTPOSHEprHn MPMCOCAMHEHbI K ACKTPHYECKOM CeTH H HCHOMB3yIOT SNeKTPHYECKyIO SHEPrHio. Bygem npuaepxusatoca atoro onpeneneHua, CuTas ero Gosee MpaBHABHBIM H T0- Jara, YTO ASOHeHT HeprocHaSxalouleli OpraHW3auHH — NoTpeOHTeA a1eKTpO- 9HeprHi, 9HEProycTaHOBKH KOTOpOrO NpHCoeaHHeHbl K ceTAM 3HeprocHaG:kalo- wei opraHv3auMM HM KOTOpbIii Ha rpaHHle MmpeanpuHaTHe-3Heprocucrema MMeeT MHCTpyMeHTaIbHBIA KAM MHOH yueT MapaMeTpoB a1eKTponoTpebseHha. Onpeaene- Hue ITY9: notpe6uTeneM sneKTpHyecko JHEprHH Ha3blBAeTCA S/eKTPOMPHeMHHK WAM Ppynina 3eKTPONpHeMHHKOB, OGbeAMHEHHbIX TEXHOAOPHYECKMM MpOLeCCOM H PasMelaOWUMXcA Ha ONpeseneHHOM TeppHTopHn, — MeHee yZayHO. Bo-nepsbix, OHO CTaBUT 3HaK paBeHCTBa MeXAY NOTPCOUTENeM H BIeKTPONPHEMHHKOM, TO usn4ecku MH IOpHANYECKH OWMGOYHO; BO-BTOpbIX, rpylilly MpMeMHHKOB Kak OT-13. Tepmunes u onpedenenua saekmpuxu 33. AeMbHOFO NOTPCOHTeNA CACAYET BLULENATH AMHHHCTPATHBHO, H OHA He BCerda O6b- eMHEHa TEXHOMOFHYeCKH HAM TeppHTOpHaibHO, CaenyeT CUNTAaTbCA C YCNOBHOC- TbIO, HE*POPMAa/M3YEMOCTbIO NOHATHA «Ilex» HM BOSMOXKHOCTHIO BbIAECHKAA M3 HETO OTAENEHH, YYACTKOB, OTAEADHLIX COKHLIX arperaToB, Tpe6yIOWMX OTAeAbHOTO NMTaHHA HM yueTa aleKTposHeprHn. 3aKoH «O6 aieKTposHeprerHKe> Ha3biBaeT noTpeOHTeeM aieKTpHYECKOH H TennoBoi SHEPrHH aMUa, NpHOGpeTaoUMe ce ANA COGCTBCHHBIX ObITOBLIX HAH MpOw3BOACTBeHHbIX Hy. TIpasHabHee CYHTATb, YTO NoTpeOHTeNb OcTaeTCA MM, €CAM MPOMS3BOAHT, OCyUIeCTRAAeT NPomaxy, MOcTaBKy, Nepeayy I1eKTPosHeprHn (4 CBA3AHHBIe C STHM YCYTH, ECMH 9Ta MEATENBHOCTA He ABNAETCA OCHOBHOI). Tipuemnukom 22exmposvepeuu Ha3biBaioT YCTporicTBo (anmapat, arperat, ycta- HOBKY, MEXaHH3M), B KOTOPOM NPONCXOAMT NpeoSpazoBaHHe aneKTPHYECKOH SHEP- THM 8 Apyrolt BAL SHEPrHH (HIM B S/eKTPHYECKyiO, HO C APyrHMM mlapaMeTpaMH) Jia ee HcrloAb3OBAHMA. To TeXHONOFHUECKOMY Ha3HAYeHMWO NPHeMHMKH 3NeKTpO- SHEprHH KNACCHHUMPYIOT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHAA IHEPrHH, B KOTOPbIit AAHHBIi NIpHeMHHK npeobpasyer aneKTpHYeCKYIO SHEPrHio, B MACTHOCTH: MeXaHH3MBI pH BOOB MaLUMH M MexXaH3MOB; 31CKTPOTEPMHYECKHE H IIEKTPOCHOBLIE YCTAHOB- KH; Q/@KTPOXHMMYECKHE YCTAHOBKH; YCTAHOBKH 3ueKTPOOCBEUIEHHA; YCTAHOBKH SNeKTPOCTATHYCCKOTO H QICKTPOMArHUTHOFO Noms, 3eKTPO*MABTPEI; yCTAHOBKH HcKpoBOi OGpaGOTKH; 3NCKTPOHHLIC H BBIMMCAHTeNbHbIe MalHHbI; yeTpolicraa KOHTpOAA WM MCHbITAaHHA H3MenKit. Daekmpoycmakoskanu Ha3biBalOT COBOKYNHOCTS MalIHH, afmapatos, AMHKH H BCHOMOraTesbHOTO OGOPYAOBAHHA (BMECTe C COOpy:KCHHAMH H MOMeLIEHHAMH, B KOTOPbIX OHH YCTaHOBMEHbI), MpeLHa3HayeHHbIX WA MPOH3BONCTBa, NpeobpasoBa- HHA, Nepean, HAKOTLICHHH, pacnipedeseHHa BeKTPMYeCKOH SHEprHn H/HIK Mpe- oOpasoBaHHa ce B Apyroii BH 2HEprHu. DiekrpoycTaHOBKa — KOMIMIeKC B3aHMO- cBx3aHHOrO «O6OpyazoBaHHA nM coopyxeHHii. TIpumeppl 921eKTpoycTaHoBoK: SNEKTPHYECKAA MOACTAHLMA, MHA deKTPOMepemayM, PacnpemeAHTenbHaA MOD- CTaHUHA, KOHACHCATOpHad ycTaHOBKa, MHAYKUMOHHbI HarpeBarenb. Cneumaiucty-3eKTpHky MpHXOQHTCA cO3MaBaTb M IKCIWIyaTHPOBaTbh pa3zAn4- Hble OGbEKTH!, HE Ha3bIBAeMbIC BIeKTPOyCTAHOBKaMH (CKai Naka, MHCTPYMCHTANb- Hav, MIOWAAKa XpaHeHHA KaGebHOM MpOAYKUHHM, ICKTPOTeXHMYeCKH KOHCT- PYKTOPCKHH OTIeA, yCTaHOBKH MOxapoTyUeHha, BO3LyXO3aOOp HM BO3LYXOBOMbI). Ha Hux pacnpoctpansiorca apyre npapnaa GezonacHocTH M ycrpoiicrs, crpon- TebHbIe HOPMbI H MpaBwia, YacTb Takux OObeKTOB paccmatpuBaetca B ITYS, Ha- MIpHMep MHeBMaTHYecKoe HK MacAAHoe xo3aiicTBo. {ia HHX ONeKTPHKH BbICTYMAaIOT kak TexHonorH (Tpe6osanusa ITY9 aBasiotcs OcHOBOM 3alaHit Ha NpoeKTHpoBa- Hwe HM crpontesbcrso). Bpegem onpenesenne azexmpuyeckozo xo3Alicméa MIPOMBILICHHbIX MpeaNpHsA- THH, NpeAcTAaBAAOUeTO COBOKYNHOCTS reHepHPyIOUIHX, Npeobpasyioulx, Nepesa- JOUIMX QNeKTPOYCTAHOBOK, MOCpeACTBOM KOTOPbIX OCylLecTBIAeTCA CHaGxKeHHe NpeANpHATHA SeKTpOSHeprveit HK Id(peKTHBHOE HCMOMb3IOBaHMe ee B Npouecce TEXHONOTHYECKOFO NpoH3BOACTBa. DreKrpHYecKoe xO3AiicTBO BKMOYAeT B CEOs: CoGcTBEHHO aNeKTpocHadxeHMe (HHOra Ha3bIBAIOT BHYTPH3aBOLCKUM 3/eKTPO-34 Fraga 1. Inexmpureckoe xozaticmeo nompeCumeneit cHaOxKeHHeM), CHIOBOe B1eKTPpOOGOpyzoBaHHe MH AaBTOMATH3ALLMIO, 21eKTPOOcBe- WeHHe, SKCMAyaTAUMIO M PeMOHT IWIEKTPOOHOpysOBAHHA. DeKTpHYeckoe XO3AlCT- BO NpeacTaBaseT coboit copokynHocTb: 1) ycTaHOBNeHHbIX H pezepBHbIX 31CKTPO- TeXHH4YeCKHX YCTAHOBOK, IACKTPHN€CKHX MH HEIICKTPHYECKHX H3LeNHH, He ABAAIOWMXCA YACTLIO WeKTPHYecKOH CeTH (EMM), HO OSecne4MBaloUlMX ee CPyHK- uMOHMpoBaHne; 2) s1eKTPOTeXHHYCCKKX UM APYPHX MOMeLLEHHH, 3naHHi, coopyxKe- HHH HM CeTeH, KOTOPbI€ SKCIyaTHPy!OTCA BIEKTPOTeEXHMYCCKMM HI MOAYHHEH- HbIM eMy TepcoHasiom; 3) (HHaHCOBbIX, JOACKHX, BeLECTBEHHDIX H QHeEpreTHYeCKHX pecypcoB H MHOpMalMOHHOrO ObecneyeHHA, KOTOPBIe HEOOXO- AMMbI JUIA KUSHELEATENDHOCTH S/EKTPHYECKOFO XO3AHCTBA C IKONOTHYECKHMH OF- PaHM4eHHAMH Kak BbLIEMeHHO WeOCTHOCTH. DAekKTpHYecKoOe XO3HHCTBO BKIOYa- eT TaKXKE YACTb INEKTPOIHEPFeTH4ECKOH CHCTEMbI, OTHECEHHYIO kK NpeANpHATHIO. Dnepeemureckan cucmema (snepeocucmema) — COBOKYMHOCTb 31eKTpocTaHunit, ‘QUICKTPHYCCKHX HM TEMIOBbIX CeTe, COPAMHEHHDIX MExAy COGOM H CBASAHHbIX OOUI- HOCTBIO pexXHMAa B HETIpepbIBHOM Mpouecce NponsBoAcTBa, NpeoSpasoBatna M pac- NpesxeseHus INCKTPOSHEprHy M TeENJOTE MPH OGLUEM YMpaBIeCHHH 3THM POKKMOM. Dnekmpuueckoil xacmvio sHepeocucmeMb! HA3bIBACTCA COBOKYMHOCTb IIeKTPOyCTaHO- BOK 3IEKTPHYECKHX CTAHUMA HW 9MeKTPMY4ECKHX CeTet 9HEProcHCTeMBI. Cucmema anexmpocnabacenun o6ugeco HaIHaXeHUA — COBOKYNHOCTS 3seKTPOYCTa- HOBOK H SN€KTPHYECKHX ycTpoiicrs SHeprocHaGxaloulei Opranw3auMH, npeaHas- HaveHHbIX WIA OGecneveHHA WIeKTpH4ecKON SHeprhe pazMMYHBIX NoTpeGuTereH aneKTpHueckol SHeprHn. Cy6sexm anexmposkepeemuku — MUO, NIpOMsBO_ALee, Nepesatolee, pacnpeae- AMOULCE BTCKTPOSHEPFHIO M OKa3bIBAIOLee YCAYTH NO ynpaBNeHHIO. Daekmpuneckan cemb — COBOKYNHOCTS BEKTPOYCTAHOBOK JIA Mepenayn Mi pac- TIpeAeAeHMA BICKTPHYeCKOH SHEprHH, COCTOALAA M3 NoACTAHUM, pacnpeAerH- TeAbHbIX YCTPOCTB, TOKONPOBOAOB, BOSMYWHbIX HW KaGenbHbIX AMHK 9AeKTpoNe- peaa4n, paSoTaiouiMx Ha OnpeaeneHHOU TeppHTOpHH. SAeKTPHYECKy!O CeTb MOXHO. OMpeseAUT M KaK COBOKYNHOCT NOACTAaHUMM MH pacnpedeAMTeAbHbIX ycTpoHcTB KH COCAMHAIOULAX HX DNEKTPHYCCKHX AMHHii, PaIMeleHHBIX Ha TeppHTOpHH paiiona, HaceneHHoro nyHkta, NoTpe6uTeas aeKTposHeprHn. Todcmanyued Ha3biBaloT 3NeKTPOyCTAHOBKY, CAYKALLYyIO WIA Npeo6pasoBarina pacnpeseneHUa SEKTPOIHEPrHH HM COCTOALUYIO H3 TpaHCcopMaTOpoB MK Dpyrux npeoGpa3osareseii 3Hepruu, pacnpesenuterbHoro yerpoiicrBa, ycTpolicrBa ynpaB- JIHMS HM BCHOMOraTeENbHBIx CoopyxeHHii. B 3aBMCHMOCTH OT Npeo6pazoBaHua Toit WIM HHO CbyHKUMM OHH Ha3biBalotcA TpaHcdopmaTopHbimn (TIT) wan npeobpa- 30BaTeMbHbIMH (IIIT). TpaxcibopmaTopHy!o NONCTaHUHIO Ha3bIBaloT KOMIUTeKTHOI — KTM (KTM) — npu nocrasxe Tpanchopmatopos (npeo6pazosatenei), wHTa HH3KOTO HaNpsxXeHHA H APyrX BQIeMeHTOB B COOpaHHOM Bue HK B BHAE, noO.- HOCTbIO MOATOTOBEHHOM JIA COOPKH. Pacnpedeaumeasnoim ycmpoticmeom (PY) Ha3blBaloT 31eKTpOycTaHOBKy, C/ly>Ka- ilylo 1A MpHema M pacnpeneneHHa aileKTposHeprHl HM ComepxKallylo KOMMYTALIH- OHHbIC anmapatsl, COOpHble HM COCAMHMTEABHEIC LIMHbI, BCMOMOraTelbHbIe YCTpOH- cTBa (KOMNpeccopHbie, akkyMynaTopHble HW ap.), a Takxke ycrpolictBa 3allMTbI,1.3. Tepmunes u onpedeaenua snexmpucu 35 ABTOMATHKH HM H3MepHTebHbIe MpHGopbl. Ecam Bce HIM OCHOBHOe OOopyzoBaHHe PY pacnonoxkeHo Ha OTKPbITOM BO3JYXe, OHO HA3blBaeTCA OTKPbITbIM (OPY), B 3fa- HM — 3aKxpbiTbIM (3PY). PacnpeaeautenbHoe ycTpoiicTBo, cocTosusee 43 NOTHO- CTbIO WI YACTHYHO 3aKPbITBIX WKacpOB HK 6AOKOB CO BCTPOCHHBIMM B HHX alimapa- TaMH, YCTPOMCTBaMH 3aLMTbI H aBTOMATHKH, MOCTaBAdeMOe B COOpaHHOM HK NONHOCTbIO NOATOTOBEHHOM JWI COOPKM BHC, Ha3bIBalOT KOMILICKTHBIM H O60- 3Hayalor: aia BHYTpeHHelt ycranoBKu — KPY, sa HapyKHo — KPYH. Lenmp numanua — pacnpenenutessHoe yctpolictso redepaTopHoro Hanpaxe- HUA MAM pacnpenenutenbHoe YcTpolicTBO BTOPMYHOTO HanpsxXeHMA MOHM3HTENb- HOH MO“CTaHUMM, K KOTOPbIM NMpHcoeaAMHeHbI pacnpesenvTeMbHbIe CeTH JaHHOrO paiionia. PacnpedeaumenbibiM NYHKMOM Ha3bIBalOT WICKTPOYCTAHOBKY, NpeHasHayeHHy10 JUIA NIpHeMa M pachipeacAeHHA aNeKTpO3HeEprHk Ha ODHOM HanpsxkeHHH Ge3 mpeob- pa30BaHHA HM TpaHcopmalun (Yale 3TOT TepMHH CooTHOCAT ¢ PIT go | KB). 1a HanpaxeHna 10(6) KB B MpakTHKe 3AeKTpOCHaGKeHHA LWMPOKO MPHKMeHAeTCA 3K- BUBAIEHTHO NOHATHE «pacmipeseAMTenbHad nogcTanuna» (PIT). Pacnpeaeantenb- HbI MYHKT HanpsxkeHHeM oo | KB Ha3biBaloT, KAK MpaBHs0, CHOBbIM (cOopKoit). Pacnpedeaumenbuoim wumom Ha3biBaloT pacnpesleAuTeAbHOE ycTpoitcrBo 10 | KB, NpeaHasHayeHHOe JIA ynpaBICHMA AMHMAMM CeTH HM HX 3allMTbI. Cmanyua ynpaeaenua — KommseKtTHoe ycTpolicTso Ao | KB, mpeaHasHayeHHoe JUIA AUCTAHUMOHHOTO ynpaBNeHHA 2eKTPOYCTAHOBKaMM WIM HX YaCTAMH C aBTO- MATH3MPOBAHHbIM BBINOJHeHHeM cbyHKUM YnpaBAeHHA, peryAMpoBaHHA, 3allHTbL M curHamH3auMH. KoHcTpyKTHBHO cTaHUMA ynpaBleHHaA Mpeactasiset co6oit 610k, naHeab, wiKad, WT. Baok ynpasaenua — cTaHuna ypaBsleHHA, BCe 9CMECHTbI KOTOPOrO MOHTHPpy!OT Ha OTMCAbHOM MAMTe HIM Ha OTOCAbHOM KapKace. Haveab ynpaeaenua — cTaHUMA ypaBAeHMa, BCE IEMEHTbI KOTOPOM MOHTHpy- oT Ha UINTAX, peiKax HH APyrHX KOHCTPYKTHBHBIX 3/1e¢MeHTAX, COGpAHHBIX Ha O6- Wei pame WIM MeTaUIH4ecKOM JIMCTe. Iium ynpaeaenua (uit cranunit ynpasnenua — LUCY) — cOopKa 43 HecKomb- KMX NaHenei WIM O0KOB Ha OObeEMHOM Kapkace. Ika ynpaeaenua — cravuna ynpaBneHHa, 3aLHUleHHaa co BCex CTOpoH Ta- KHM O6pa30M, YTO MpH 3aKPbITBIX ABEPAX H KPbILLIKAX HCKJOYAeTCA AOCTYN K TO- KopeayuMM 4acTaM. TloscHvM TepMHHBI HM onpedeveHHa Ha mpHMepe CxeMbI Ha puc. 1.1, re Mak- CMMaNbHO YMPOUleHHO npescTaBleHa HepapxM4eckaA CXeMa 3IeKTPOCHAOKeHHA KpynHoro MpoMbiuwwieHHoro npeanpustua. Mpeanpusatve apnsetca noTpebuTenem SueKTposHeprHH (a6oHeHTOM). C TOUKM 3PeHHA I1CKTPHKOB MpesNpHATHe H KBap- THpa HepazIH4HMbl — 06a noTpe6uTern. CrpemaeHHe CBecTH MpeanpHaTHe K TOU- ke, He pasnm4aTb CneuM@u4eCKHX Mpo6seM 3IEKTPHKM OLLYWATIOCh M MPH co3ia- HMH TeOpHH GONbUIMX (CAO%KHBIX) CHCTEM 3NCKTPOSHEpreTHKH. Ha cxeme nokasaH wectoit yposenb 6YP cHcTeMbI aneKTpocHa6xeHUA — yc~ AOBHaA rpaHMua pasuesa npeanpuatHe—sHeprocuctea. Yepe3 Hee npeanpuaTue OGecneunpaetca sneKtposHeprueit:36 faaea 1. Daexmpuueckoe xo3aticmeo nompebumenett Mloncranunn w T9U sHeprocucremt! 220330}, 110(154) xB 500(750) xB 3yP 2yP 1yP Ornenbisie anextponpuemHiKn Puc. 1.1. Yoosnu cuctems! snektpocna6xeHun1.3, Tepmunel u onpedenenua saekmpuru 37 1) no aMHuH oneKTponepezayn JI-1, Kak mpaBysto, BosayuHol JISTI, or noz- cTaHuMu aHeprocucrembi Wim PY 110 KB TOLL aHeprocuctemel (B 3TOM cutyyae AIA NoTpeOuTeIA HE H3BECTHLI HIM He MpedcTaBIsOT MHTepeca TaHHbIe MO MCTOYHH- ky nutaHua HI1-1, 1 on orpanuunpaetcs cBemeHHaMn mo JI9T); 2) or aprotpanctpopmatopa AT paiioHHoli nonctanumn (uHOrda Ha3BIBaeMoit ysnopoi — YPII, koropaa uMeer, Kak mpaBHso, coOcTBeHHOe MMs, Haripumep Ce- sepHas, Metasypruyeckaa, Hopoky3Heukas), BO3MOXHOe HalipsxkKeHHe — BbIC- lee B SHEprocucTeMe, MOACTaHUMA ylaneHa Ha paccTosHHe, OGycMOBNeHHoe He- SNeKTPHYeCKUMM TpeOoBaHHaMH (cOxpaHeHMe sneKTpocHaGxKeHHa paiioHa mp KPYNHBIX aBapHAX Ha MpeANpHATMH H Op.); 3) or Tpalcbopmatopa T-1, ycTaHoBAeHHOrO Ha MOscTaHUMH IHeprocHcTeMBl, KOTOpad MHTaeT OMHO HIM HECKONBKO NpeaNpHATHit (noTpeGuTenei), pacronoxe- Ha BONHSH, a MHOIMa Ha TeppHTOpHH NpeANPHATHA H MIpaeT Posb, GAM3KyIO K po- 1M MaBHoit NOHM3HTeNbHOM NomcranuMn (ITI) npeanpusrna; 4) no annnn JI-2 of ogHoii u3 PY 10(6) kB ua or TOLL sHeprocuctemb! Ha reHepaTopHoM HanpaxeHHM, B 9TOM cmyyae 6YP MoxeT MPOXOAMTS NO WIMHaM 10(6) KB H, cHeaopatenbHo, mMHMA JI-2 GyzeT noTpeGuTeRbCKO. 6YP — kmo4ueBoit yposeHb. Bie — 30Ha OTBETCTBEHHOCTH, OOaCTb UccHenO- BaHHA, NPOCKTHPOBAHMA, SKCIIyaTauMM, OG6yYeHHA CyOBeEKTa 9CKTPOIHEpreTHKH (neKTpH4eckHe craHuMH, SeKTpHYecKHe ceTH H cucTeMBI). HipKe — 30Ha OTBeT- CTBEHHOCTH 9/eKTPHKOB 37eKTpHKH. Yacth oT rpaHHubl pasdena npeznpHaTue — sHeprocuctema 0 TIT 10/0,4 kB, skmioyaa IIIT, PIT 4 cern, co6crBeHHo u ecTb aneKTpocHaGxeHHe. SnekpoycTaHoBKK Hi ceTH 0,4 KB MHOTONHCIEHHBI H pasBeTB- aeHbi, OHH onpesensores 91eKTponpHemHuKamu. Ha cxeme (1YP) ycnosHo noKa- 3aHbl OCBETHTE/IbHad Harpy3Ka, BbITIPAMHTe/bHOe YCTPOHCTBO, ABHTaTeMb, HarpeBa- TenbHoe yerpoiicrso. Sty yacts (or TIT 20 oTmembHOrO STeKTPONPHeMHHKa) Ha TpeANPHATHH MB NpOeKTHIX OPraHH3aUHAX Ha3bIBAlOT CHJIOBBIM 3eKTPOOGopy- Jopanvem, a ceTH (JI14—JI16 u ap.) — uexosbimn. YNcAO BBOLOB MpPHCOeAMHEHHA NpesANpHATHA K 3HEprocucTeMe OT AByx MH Go- Jee (B HEKOTOPBIX CAy4aeB HECKOKO JeCATKOB) MPH MMTAaHKM Ha reHepaTOopHOM Hanps@keHHM aHanorM4Ho JI-2 U BbICOKOM HanpaxeHMM 110(154), 220(330) KB aHanoru4no JI-1, AT (ganee 6yzemM yKa3bIBaTb TOMbKO HanpsxeHHe 110 KB). Bo3- HMKaeT 3aa4a onpeseAeHus Harpy3KH NpeANpMATHA: pacueTHOrO 3HaYeHHA, Ha- MpHMep MpoeKTHOTO HAH AOFOBOPHOFO; CYMMHpOBaHHA NOKazaHHit CYeTYHKOB HU bakTuyeckoro cyMMMpoBaHa, OcyWecTBAAeMOrO MpHOopaMu B pexXHMe pearbHo- To BpemeHH. TIpucoeauHeHne co cropoHbl NpeANpHATHA K SHEProcHCTeMe MOXHO Ocyule- ctaaatb: 1) vepes OPY (3PY) 110 KB, Kak aa T-2 (moxerT 6biTb riyxoit BBO” Ka6eabHoit anne 110 KB); 2) yepe3 PIT 110 xB npeanpustus, ot KoToporo MMTAaIOTCA CHeUMANbHEIe MOACTaHUMH, HanpHMep meunat T-3, H OObI4NHBIC TTIM, Hanpumep c tpanccbopmaropamn c paculeneHHoi O6MoTKOH T-4; 3) 4e- pes TPY 10(6) KB co6ctBeHHoi TSI (B nocueaHue rogbl y noTpeOuTeaeit yc- TaHaBAMBalOTCA OTLeMbHBIe reHepupyloulMe MoUIHOCTH, He O6pasyroulne TSLL), Tae yetanopnenbi Tpanciopmatopsi cBasm T-5; 4) vepes PII 10(6) KB npea-38 Faaea 1. Snexmpuneckoe xoralicmso nompebumeneit NpHATHi, KOTOPHIE MHOTMa Ha3BIBaloT UCHTpaNbHBIMH — LLPIT (ax MoxeT OITb HecKOMbKO). 3aBoackue nogcranunn 110/10 KB (3necb mM Qanee NOApa3syMeBaeTcA BO3MOXx- HocTb TpaHc*opMaunH Ha 6 KB) HOcAT pa3Hble HaHMeCHORAHHA: rnaBHbIe MOHH3H- Tenbubie (nipeo6pazoBarembHbie) — TTIIT, noacratuun ray6oKoro BBowa — TTB, onopHble NogctaHunH — OFT. Bo3moxHbI M OpHrMHabHble Ha3sBaHHA, HaNpuMep AP3 — A3osckas paioHHas 3aBogckas. MoactaHuMH HyMepyloTcd No MopanKy. O6piuHas cxema pacnpegenuvTesbHOH NoszcTaHuMH 10 KB — ape ceKunn (PIT-1). Cxema c oaHoi cexuneii (PIT-2) scrpeyaetca peako W NpHMeHseTCA AIA HeOTBET- CTBEHHEIX NOTpeOHTeNeH HAM AIA HECKOBKMX 3eKTPONPHEMHUKOB OHOIt TEXHO- HOTUMECKOH JIMHHH; PeMOK TAKKE H CAYYait HECKONBKUX BBOOB Ha OAHY CeKUHIO (PIT-3) — (noactanuna B «kobUe» OCyLIeECTBAeT TpaH3HTHOe IWIeKTPOCHAaOxKeHHEe (cyuecrByloT oco6ble TpeSopaHua No HawexHOCTH seKTpocHaOxeHHsa). OT PIT MMTAOTCA BLICOKOBOMBTHbIE BeKTpOABHratem Mo JI-13 4 TpaHcdopmaTopsl 10/0,4 KB, Kak npaswo, KTM. Yactb OT rpaHHubl pazsena npeanpuaTHe—sHeprocuctema 0 TIT 10/0,4 kB (skniovaa TIT, PI u cern) coGcrsenHo uM ecTb anekTpocHaOkenue, Nompasnens- eMoe Ha MIpeJMpHATHAX Ha yYaCTKM: NOACTAHUMH MYOOKMX BBODOB, BOSZYWHbIe AMHMM 9aeKTpONepemayn BCeX HANpAXxeHHit, MeXUEXOBbIe KAGeNbHbIe CeTH BCEX HanpaxeHutit, yCTaHOBKH H CeTH HapyxKHOro OCBeUeHHA TeppUTOPUH 3aBoNa, BHe- UeXOBbIe PacnpeseAMTeEbHBIe TpaHchopMaTopuble H NpeoSpasoBarerbHble mog- cranumn. CoopyxkeHus (610KH, KaHalbl, TYHHeNH), B KOTOPbIX MpoOxeHbI CeTH or FMM x PIT u TH pasniunix uexos, Ha3biBaloT MarHCTpanbHBIMH. SnexrpoycranoBKn H cerH 0,4 KB He TOKO MHOFONKC/ICHHbI H pasBeTBNeHBI. Onpenensembie sneKTponpHeMHUKaMH (OCBETHTEAbHaA Harpy3Ka, BbITIPAMHTEBHOe YCTpOlicTBO, ABHraTeIb, HarpeBaTeMbHOe ycTpolicTBO) OHM HanGosee NOABHXKHbI, W3MEHYHBBI BO BpeMeHH (C YYeTOM 3aMeHbI MO YCIOBMAM TeXHOOPHH HAK 3KOJIO- THM, YBEMMMEHHA STEKTPHYECKOM MOUIHOCTH WIM COBepIleHCTBOBAHHA pexuMa Ht np.). Tipu pewennn omenbubix BonpocoB CHuOBOrO sneKTPOOOpyLOBAHHA OrpaHH- CHUA MO Pa3SMeLUCHHIO, YCTAHOBKe M 3NeKTPOCHAOXKeHHIO yKa3bIBalOT CNeWMANHc- Tl MO SACKTPONPHBOAAM, SAEKTPOTEPMHYECKHM YCTAHOBKAM, OCBELLEHHIO. YrouHUM moHsTHE NoTpeGHTeEN’ H SneKTPONPHeEMHUK Ha NpuMepe npeacraR- AeHoro Ha puc. 1.2 TexHoorM4ecKoro YepTexka ycTaHOBKH 25-TOHHOM ayroBoit ONEKTPOCTANEMAABMALHOM New, paspe3a NOACTAHUMM WM OMHOAMHEHHOH CXeMbI PY-10 kB. PopmanbHo ACM — sacktponpuemunk, cbaktuueckn — norpe6uTenb. Tosopa 0 afekTpocna6xkeHHH Ney, Nozpa3syMeBaloT HAIMUNe ApyrHx aleKTponpH- e€MHMKOB C pa3MH4HbIMA MOUJHOCTAMH H HaflpsxkeHHeM (MexXaHW3M MarHHTHOTO: NepeMeiuHBaHHA, NOABEMA HM OTBOPOTA CBOMA, KPaHOBOe XO3AHCTBO, OCBEUICHHE H paxiH4Has aBTOMaTHKa H H3MepeHHa). C apyrov cTopoHbl, HACTOAbHDI BEHTHAATOP, OTACAbHAA AAMMONKA, 3NCKTPO- ABHFATeNb MOLLHOCTbIO, CKaxkeM, 10 Br He MOTArMBaIOT 10 NOHATHA BeKTpONpH- eMHMK. Bce sTo — nposBieHHe UeHONOrH4ecKOl 3aKOHOMEpHOCTH, He CyLecTBOBaB- wei B Havane HHAYCTPHANH3aUHH: NpeANpHATHE-rHraHT C HEH36EXHOCTLIO OKpy-39 1.3. Tepmunes u onpedenenua saexmpuxu suoxeenmanadau AdoLeL9 x YoROdUONOL WngK — g ‘buoLesAManadaU kdo1eL9 X HoRoduOX01 — 4 ‘MnaUOd.xaUe x YoBOdUONOL yNXQHA — 9 ‘1190 woxLodox Wouoduoro1 — ¢ “fq BEIM 10 AdoueMdodoned » Yostou — p ‘ieJadJe waHaweLesoredgoadu — ¢ :dolendodoueds — z ‘anauodiroUe — 7 219) eadeed (0) ewaxo — gz-YOt! MhaLOdixeUE MOHUMBeNUAVELO HOBOIAL WAMHELOUOL) “Z"b “OMe y £ x \ we 1 | I wt | es I é | Whol i we #0 | | eiiedie 0 | I Ll 1 Wee WISHHAMEYy iy | | | = ws - as byneuaeduA D in enHeeHoL) : i : — ( fidd @ Yoog we T ® HL 3 3 20 | 9 : } Seal fedoven eet: a oe at PO asi40 Tnasa_I. Inekmpureckoe xosaticmao nompebumenett 2KaeT ce6A BCIOMOraTeABHBIMM YCTPOlCTBAMH M MeXaHH3MaMH; MesIKHe nloTpeOH- TeAM, HepawIM4HMble Mia ueieh aieKTpocHa6xeHua, rpynnupylorca, YTOGEI GpiTD 3aMeveHHbIMH. 1.4, Mpompiunennoe anextponotpeGnenuve vu konnyectBeHHoe onucanue aneKTpuyeckoro xo3siicTBa C 20-x rogoB GbiN0 BBeACHO CoxpaHHBUeeca no 60-x ronOB nompa3zneneHHe NPOMbILJIEHHOCTH Ha MPOM3BOZCTBO cpeACTB NPOH3BO“CTBA UM MpOH3BOLCTBO NIpeAMeTOB noTpeGeHMA, NOCAeAHEe CUMTANOCk BTOPOCTeNeHHBIM H BbINAZato H3 PACCMOTPeHHA B OGNACTH NPOMBILLEHHOTO S7eKTpOCHaSxKeHUA (BKMIOVAaA y4e6- HukH). Co Bropoit nososunel XX Beka cHTyauMa HaMeHHAacK. MoaBMHch Ue- Able MODOTPACAM, OPHEHTHPOBAHHbIe Ha HY2KMbI HACeNeHHA (HaNpHMep, OMOCT- POHTeNbHBIe KOMOMHATHI, OGecneuMBIIMe CTPOHTeNbCTBO «xpyLleBOK»). Crpouanch uexa Tak Ha3blBaeMoro WWMpNoTpeba, NpeAHA3ZHayeHHble, HaNpHMep, UIA BbINYCKa PHJ1b3 CHAPAZOB M MHH, HO BbINYCKaIOWMe KaCTpIONM M KpyXkH. B pesyAbTaTe AMBEPCHUKAUHH MpOH3BOACTBa OGOPOHKa CTala BbINYCKaTb XOT0- AMAbHUKH, MbiNecocel, aneKTporMUTEI. C 90-x roOB NOHATHe «npoMbIUIAeH- HOCTb» WEHOMOFH4eCKH pa3MbIBaeTCA NOABACHHEM MaNbIX MpeANPHATHH (MaI0- WHX B pa3BUTHIX CTpaHax 6onee NONOBMHEI BaNOBOrO BHYTPeHHerO NpovyKTa), BOSHUKHOBEHHEM HM pa3BATHeM cibepEI ycryr. Hayanoch aKUMOHMpoRaHve ApobseHve KpyNHbIx npeaNpHaTHi (KOMOMHATOB) Ha }OPHAMYECKH HW NpoH3BoA- CTBEHHO CaMOCTOSTEABHIC CAMHMUBI. Bce 3TO HECKOADKO H3MeHHO MOaXOd K SAEKTPOCHAGXKEHHW, Tak KaK CTA1O pa3MbITbIM CAMO MOHATHE «MpoOMbILIeHHbIit notpe6ureab». Konxeuno, kK npoOseMe anekTpocHaGKeHHA HECKOMDKUX NoTpe6H- Tene, nuraiounxca ot 3YP, 4YP, SYP (cm. puc. 1.1) Hagzo noa~xXOAMTb KOM- miekcHo. Paxbule TpeGoBanocb yYHTbIBaTh OGULKit HAPOMHOXO3AHCTBEHHbI ad- ext. Ho ceiiyac mpv HanH4HH HeKoTOporo MonOXKHTeAbHOFO pesynbTaTa oT OGbeAMHEHHA noTpeOuTeNb, NOHECUIMi GonbUuMe 3aTpaTel, mo FpaxnaHcKomy Kogexcy P® snpase tpeGopatb ux KomneHcaunn. Ho Kak 3TO CalemaTe B XKECT- KMe CPOKH, OTNYLICHHble Ha NPHHATHE peuieHuA? Ha npakruke pewenne npoGsem anektpocHaGxKeHHa norpeGuTens ocyulecTBAs- eTCA Ha OCHOBE ero BO3MOXHOCTeH H ero ycnoBHii. HeoGxosuMo, YTOObI 9TH yCuO- BUA HE Hapywann NpeACbHbIe TpeGOBAaHHA AMPEKTHBHBIX AOKYMEHTOB, OCOKEHHO: MY9. Tak, 3aKa34nk MoxeT norpeGoBars TpeTHit BBOA, rae No TY cneayer spa; NPOMOKUT KAGEAM OHOTO CEYEHHA, TAK YTO OTACMbHBIC U3 HHX OyayT HeAOrpyxe- HbI B 2 pa3a HK Gonee; coopyanTb oTAebHy!O CeKUMIO WIA cyGaGoHeHTOB. Panbie NOLoGHOe, CO CCbINKOM Ha rocymapCTBeEHHbIe MHTepecbl, 3aMpellasocb, Kak HM, Ha- mpwMep, npokjagka KaGesei C MeAHBIMH XKH1aMH B OOLUEMPOMBILUJIEHHBIX CETAX H HCTOABSOBAHHE MEAM B XKHJIMLLHO-KOMMYH@IbHOM CeKTOpE. Ouerb cneundwuno s7eKtpocHaGKeHHe rocynapcTBeHHbIX H OGOPOHHEIX O6b- €KTOB (40 CEMM HCTOUHMKOB BEKTPONHTAHHA ANA ONHOFO OObeKTa-NotpeGuTess); KPYNHBIX 6aHKOB, Mara3HHOB H TOPFOBBIX LEHTPOB, NpeACTaBHTesBCTB M OCpHCOB;1.4, Mpomeuusennoe 2nekmponompebnenue 41 OObeKTOB KY/ITYpbl, HaYKH, OOpas0BaHNA, MEAMUMHBI, CNOpTa; SIHTHOTO XKH/AbA H KoTTesxkeii. CHCTeMbI 31€KTPOCHAGAKEHUA MOLYT COMEPXaTb 3ACMEHTbI HOY-Xxay HB Ue10M MAM YaCTHYHO ABIATBCA POcysapcTBeHHOH WM KOMMepYecKoOi TaiHol. On- HakoO BCe MHOFOOGpa3ve OOBEKTOB HE C TOUKH 3peHMA CyObeKTa IeKTpOSHEpreTH- KH, aC NOSHUKM 2eKTpOCHaGKeHHA BWIEKTPHKH MOXHO KaCCHPHUMPOBATD, ONH- Pasch Ha YPOBHM CHCTeMbI ameKTpocHaGxcHHA (cM. pie. I.1.): yuacrox — 2¥P, otaenecHue — 3¥P, uex — 4¥P, nponssoyctso — SYP, npeanpuaTue B ueOM — 6YP. Torna asnektpocHa6xeHue notpe6utenet Poccun (a Hx KaK aGOHEHTOB AO 45 man) onpegenutca aia o6ulero cnyuast ypoBHeM, OT KOTOpOrO OHH NosyUawOT nuTaHue. PasHad MaCLUTAOHOCTh H COXKHOCTb WIeKTPHYeCKOrO XO3AicTBa NoTpeOuTeneii Mpeanonaraet pasnu4tble pewieHUA Mo aleKTPOCHaOXKeHHW, a TAKXKC OpraHH3allH- OHHO-TeXHHYCCKHE H IKOHOMHMYECKHE NOAXOAbI K PeLICHHIO NpOGNeM HX 3B1eKTPO- oGecneyeHHs 4 avleKTpocbepexeHHA. MOXHO BbLENHTL CeAYIOWHE KOHKpeTHbIe rpynnsi notpe6uTen 1) MHHH-norpeOuTenb, NHTAIOUHiicA Ha HU3KOM HanpsxKeHHH co 2YP (~90 % Bcex moTpeGuTenei P®) uv He MMe a1eKTpocayxOnI; 2) MenkHii noTpeGuTens, HMeIOUMit TpaHCdopMaTopHEIe (OAMH TpaHcopmaTop WAH HeCKOsbKO) MOACTAHUMH C BBICLIMM HanpsKeHHeM 10 (6) KB (oKon0 9 %); 3) cpeannit notpeGuTenb, HMeIoUlMi pacnpeAcATeAbHDIe NoACTAHLMM HW pa3- BHTOe IIEKTPOXO3AiicTBO CO cBOeli NeKTpocryxGoi (~0,9 %); 4) KpynHbli noTpeOuTerb, HMCIOWIH MiaBHyO NOHM3HTeAbHYIO MOACTAHUMIO (nogctaHunn) ¢ BbICWHM HanpaxeHHem 35-330 KB H cneunanH3HpoBaHHble Wexa (nonpagneneHua B cocrase sneKTpocayx6). TIpeniaraemaa KnaccnuKauna OTMYaeTcA OT KlaccHcbHKauHit, OCHOBAHHBIX Ha BeAMYHHE NOTpeGrsemol (pacueTHO) anekTpH4eckoi MouLHOCTH. TloTomy, 4TO BO-NepBBIX, B KaXx/Oll OTPAaCAM «KpyNHOCTh> NO MOWAIH, WITaTAaM, OObEMy NpoaykuHH HW MOTpeOAeMbIM PecypCaM MOHMMAIOT PazIHYHO; BO-BTOPbIX, H BHY- TPM OTpacaM cHemyeT CUNTATLCA C TeppHTOPHAAbHBIMH Mi aMMHHCTpATHBHLIMH ocobenHoctamu. Tak, mo Haweit rpanaunn, npeanpuatue c Harpyskoii 30 MBr, Nutaouleeca Ha TeHepaTOpHOM HanpaxeHun 10 KB oT oaHOH XH M0 6 KB or apy- rol TOLL — cpequee (uTo ANA MeTannypruu CoBnamaeT c TexHomOrM4ecKo rpa- AMauNeii, HO UIA MACOMOOYNHOM NPOMbUUACHHOCTH Takoe mpeaNpHATHe — Kpyn- Heiuee). TIpeanpuatne c narpy3koii 10 MBr (texHonormyecKH —- mesKoe) CheayeT OTHECTH K KPYNHLIM MOTpeGHTeENAM, CCIM OHO H3-3a yMaeHHOCTH OT HC- TOUHHKOB nHTaeTcA Ha 110 (35) KB, ABsAeTCH rpadoobpasyiOWLUM H OcyuLecTBsA- eT nuTanve ropoaa. Cnoxnsuasca B cTpaHe crpyktypa noTpeGeHHa aneKTposHeprun xo3aiicTBeH- HBIM KOMMUIeKCOM H HaceneHHeM PoccHu npuseneHa HwxKe, TBTY: 1990 r. 2001 r. 2002 r. Tpombuunennocrs scero ....... Bee S093 364,3 361,8 B TOM 4ucze: Hedreno6biBaiouiag .... . ee 405, 39,9 41842 Taaea } Pnexmpureckoe xosaucmao nompeGumeneit nedrenepepaGarsisaiouran 144 10,7 12.2 ras0Bas 115 19 14 yronbiaa 13,7 87 8,2 epitas metanaypria 746 58,56 58,5 upetHan meranaypris 86,7 83,9 834 xUMHMeCKaH H HedrexuMuyecKast 69,9 2.2 39,2 NauliHoeTpoeHie H MeTannooGpaGoTKa 99.2 46,7 45,3 aepeaoobpa6arsiparouias n Gymaxran 193 19.8 20.0 cTpotimarepanos 25.6 13,2 136 aerkas 15,7 5.0 48 ceabekoxo3siicTaenHoe npo#sHoneTBO 13 247 2,3 Tparicnopr 1 coxa 98,5 66,2 10,9 Crpowreaserso 14,6 8,3 83 Hacenesine TA 104 1018 O6uwaa Beipadorka 2nekTpoctaHunamn P® B 2001 r cocrasaana 875,8 TB AHasH3 MPHBEACHHBIX AAHHBIX NO3BOAKET BEILENUTD HaMGoAee SHEproeMKHe OT- PACAM M OTMETHTb H3MCHCHHE CTPyKTypbI NoTpedseHHA B90-e rons HecomHeH- HbIii POCT INeKTponoTpeGAeHMs HACeMeHHeM, — OTPaXeHHe PbIHOYHOM TeHJeHUKK COBMeMIEHHA Mpon3BonCTBA M GbITA (9EKTPHYECKAA MOLLHOCTb MPH 3TOM He BbI- XOAMT 3a NpenenbI, OGecneuMBaeMbIe HanpwKcHHeM 380/220 B, re 2YP) TaKux notpeGuTesei (ASOHEHTOB) TPyAHO OTHECTH K HaCeCHHIO, Kya OHH MomalaioT m0 TOcyAapcTRcHHOii CTATHCTHKe, HO HCAb3A OTHECTH H K NpOu3BOACTBY Or OUcHKH MecTa OTPACAM B NPOMBILIAEHHOM 3eKTponoTpeGreHHH uM oGMel TeHACHUMM €e pasBHTHA MepeiineM K KOHKpeTHOMy KOAMYECTBCHHOMY ONHcaHMIO SNEKTPHYECKOLO XO3AHCTBA IA OUCHKH ero 3tpeKTMBHOCTH, ALIA ero HEOOXOAMM: AHaNIM3 CHCTEMbI 3/IEKTPOCHaOXKCHHA H CTPYKTYPbI YCTAHOBIeHHOTO OOOpylOBAaHHA HanGonee oSuMii aHANKS MOKHO BbITIOAHMT Ha OCHOBE CHCTEMbI MOKa3aTeneH BneKtpuyeckoe XO3AHCTBO COBpeMeHHOTO NMpOMBILIIeHHOrO MpexnpuaTHA hpeacrapaser coGoli, ¢ OHO CTOPOHbI, COXHYKO CHCTeMy CO MHOXECTBOM B3aH- MOCBA3AHHBIX M B3AHMOACHCTBYIOLUHX M@XDY COGOM I1eMeHTOB, OpraHH30BaHHbIX B MOgcKCTeMbI, C Apyroli — cooGuiectBo cAa6ocBsA3aHHbIX HK CaGOB3aMMoselicTBy- TOULMX H3Le1KH (TEXHOWEHO3), CBOCTBa KOTOPOrO HaYHHaeT MPORBAATKCA C ONpe- ACNEHHOTO KOMMMECTBA STEMEHTOB HM CTeMeHH COXKHOCTH, TOUHEe, C ONpemeneH- HOO YpOBHA 3HaHHA O HEM Onncanne (matemaTuueckas Monesb) SeKTPHYeCKOH YaCTH OTpacAM, NpeANpH- ATHA, NPOMSBOLCTBA, UCXA, OTACICHMA, YYACTKA, OTACADHOM ENMU! OGOpysoBa- HMA Kak OObeKTa NPOeKTHPOBAHMA MOXHO PeaTH30BaTh Yepes CHCTeMy MOKasaTe- new (O6pasos — rpadu4eckux, LMdpoBbIx, TAGIM4YHO-TeKCTOBBIX) C COGJOACHHEM WepapXuk CHCTEM HM BbILeEpAKOM MPHHUMNOB LEOCTHOCTH, ABTOHOMHOCTH, AOMO- HATEBHOCTH (CO%KHAA CHCTEMa BO B3AMMOMEMCTBHH CO CpesO NpeAcTaBAAeT pas- Hble CBOVCTBa B pa3MHYHbIX CHTYAUMAX), NelicTBHA, HaYMHaloerocA C MOporoBo- TO 3HaYeHHA, HEOMpeseeHHOCTH, BbIGOpa, CTPyKTYPHPOBaHHOCTH (yCTOM4MBOCTH CTDYKTYPbI M40G0ro UEHO3a) H ycTOl4MBOCTH pasBuTHA14. Mpomeuunensoe saexmponompebaene B OueHHM KonHYecTBeEHHO I7eKTPHYECKOE XOBAlICTHO Kak CHCTEMy Ha MIpHMepe KpynHoro MeTaN- aypriveckoro Kom6uHata Ha Hem ycraHosneno 101 TbIC SmeKTPHYECKHX MaUIHH cpeaHell MoU- Hoctbio 50,1 KBr (akcnayatupyetca BkmoNaA peseps ITI711 wT, 48,4 KBr), 8 TOM 4HcNe a0 100 KBr (nioaxmouatorca k 2YP) 76,7 reic , 10,4 KBr, tpaxeopmaropos I-III raGapxton, npaktH MeckH coorreTcTayIoWHx 3YP, yeraHowneno 2626 wT cpeaHer MouHocTHO 854 KBA, IV raGapura i poe — 165 wt, 28500 KBA (SYP), BsICoKOBOABTHBIX BbIKMOYaTene — 6136 wT, wKacboR 4 Apyroro OGopyzoBaHHA BTOporo YpoBHA OKONO 10 THIC WT, HM3KOBOABTHOH anmapatypb BCeX BH- gop — oxos0 10 IT Ha OAH SneKTpoABHraTeNs Takoe KOAHYECTHO 3eMEHTOB CHCTEMBI 3s1eKTPO- cHaGKeHKA HE LaeT BOSMOXHOCTH HI0GPasHTb MonHy!o cxeMy SeKTpocHaGKeHHs sanona Jaxe aus 6YP 4 SYP ona Moxker GbiTs aMUIb ynpouteHa (CM ¢ 58, puc 21H 22) OGmee KonMYECTBO uanennit, yanoB, neraneit, o6pasyiowlHx sHeKTPHYECKOE XO3RItCTBO KPYNHbIX MpeaMpHATHIE H yKa- 3AHHBIX B KaKOH-AHG0 cheunduKaLNH, OUeHHBAeTCH B 10! (OFUIee KoAMYECTBO, OGpasyloMee Aipeanpustue 8 uenoM, 10") Bro 4 ecTb TexHoUeHos — cooGuiecTBo HaneaMsi JLia cpeaHHx nped- ApHATHH KOAHNECTBO 3neMeHTOB MeHbuIe B10 pas, aA MenKHX — 8 100 pas Baeaem mepy f s3aMMogelicraMa a1eMeHToB x MHOxecTBa Xu Yepes x, O603Ha- MMM KOMMMECTBO QEMEHTOB, Mepa BIaMMOseHCTBHA KOTOPLIX HMeeT HaHGomDUIMit nopanox f(x) Tipm koanuectse aaeMeHTOs x, ,, Mepa B3aMMOAeHICTBHA KOTOPDIX Ha nopan0k nue f(x,,),1= 1,2, , n, MoxeT 6bITb OGpa3zoBaHa cHcTema S, coctos- man 3 HaGopa anemMeHToB x, +x, + +x, + +x, roe k c yAenbHbIMH Pacxonamu A,,= 100 KBTi/r, a KBaapat «60» — 4,,= 54 KBra/T. Ouesuno, 470 MPakTHYECKH HEAbIA BLINOAHHTb BCE H3MEPEHHA HAH MpOCHHTaTb BCE BOSMOXHDIE Coueranua. Tipaxtaueckaa CucTHOCTh MHOXCCTBA BIEMEHTOB, OGpasylOllHXx aICKTPHYECKOe XO3AHicTBO, HeVicdepnaeMocTD KaxXNOTO SNeMeHTa BIG HM BLIMPb jeaoT HeEOGXxo- AMMbIM CHCTeMHOe ONHCaHHe, onMpatouleeca Ha Hepapxn4eckylo CHcTeMy NoKa3a- Teneit (puc. 1.3), FIpH BbINOAHEHHM npoeKTOB BENHYMHY BeKTPHYECKHX MoKazaTe-46 Irasa | Pnexmpureckoe xosaticmeo nompeCumene net (COOTBETCTBYIOLUHX YPOBHAM CHCTEMbI 91CKTPpOCHaGKeHHA, OObEKTAM HM CTa- SIM TlpoeKTHpoBaHHsl) MOKHO NpOrHOsHpoBaTh, a iA AelicTByIOMMx MpeaNpHATHii BOSMOXHA peain3auMA MOKaZaTeA H3 MHOXECTBA 3HACHH (MpPOeKTHBIX BapHaH- Tos). CucTeMa TeXHHKO-SKOHOMHYECKHX NOKa3aTeelt ONpeAeNeHa OCHOBHbIMH 3IeKT- PHYECKMMH NOKa3aTeENAMH, KOTOPbIe ONMCbIBAIOT |NeKTPHYECKOe XOSAIICTBO NO 6YP cuctempi aeKTpocHaGxeHua. K HMM oTHOCATCH: P,,,, — MOyYaCOBOl MaKCH- MyM Harpy3K4, MBr; K, — KooduunenT cnpoca — OTHOLWIeHHe MaKCHMabHO!t Harpy3KH K YCTaHOBNEHHOH MOLIHOCTH aneKTpONPHEMHHKOB No sawoay (P,, MBr); T — rogoBoe 4HCAO YacOB MCMOAb3OBAHKA MaKCHMyMa, (4) — OTHOLeHHe ros0- Boro pacxoga afeKTposHeprun (A, MBru) no npeanpuHaTHio K MaKCHMaabHOl Ha- rpyske, J — KonuecTBO ycTaHOBNeHHbIX SteKTpogBHratencit, wWT.; P., — cpeaHAd MOLLHOCTb aeKTpoABHTaTeNei(ycnOBHbIli sieKTpoaBuratens), KBT ; A, — 9/eKT- POBOOpyxXeHHOCTL Tpysa (rogoBoe noTpe6seHHe SeKTPOSHEprHH, NpHxogAeecs Ha OgHoro Tpyasuseroca), MBr4/4en; A, — NpOoHSBOAMTeEABHOCTb 37eKTpOTeXHHYe- ckoro nepcoHaa (roxoBoe noTpebseHHe S1eKTPOIHEPrHH, NPUXOAAUIeeCA Ha O;- Horo aiektpuka, MBrs/uex). OcHoBHbie noKazaTeAH byHKUMOHAMbHO ONpeseNMOT pad APyrHx NoKasareneit OcHosHwe nokazamenu: — moy4acogoii MakcuMym Harpy3kH P,,,, — koadepuunent cnpoca K, (OTH. €f.), — fOMOBOE YNCNO YacoOB HCNOAbIOBAHUNA MaKCHMaNbHOH Harpy3kH T,,,, (4); = KonMYecTBO ycTaHOBAeHHEIX aeKTpogBHrateneit J (wT.); — CpeAHs MOIHOCTb SneKTpogBHratens P., (YCAOBHbIi SneKTpOABHTATENb, KBr), — aieKTposoopyxeHHocts Tpyga A, (MBru/4en); — MpOM3BOUNTeMbHOCT Tpyla BeKTpoTexHH4eckoro Nepconata A, (MBr4/ven) Onpedeasemvie noxazamenu: — o6miee anextponorpeGnenne A (TBru); — cpeatiaa norpeGasemaa npeanpustHem MouHocre P., (MBr); — YcTaHOBAeHHas MOWLHOCTE I7eKTPONPHEMHHKOB Npegnpustusa P, (MBr); — MOULHOCTS YCTAaHOBACHHBIX BpAllaloUlXca SNeKTPHYECKHX MaLIHH (ABHraTe- aeii) P,, (MBr); Koadpuyuenmet (omn. €0,): HCNOsb3OBAHHA AKTHBHOH MOWHOCTH MpeanpuaTHa K,; MaKCHMYMa akTHBHOH MoulHocTH K,; 3anoaHeHHA rpadHka Harpy3kH No aKTHBHOM MouHOcTH K,, TexHonoruueckoit HarpysKit K,. Coomuowenua meoedy nokasamensmu: A= P,,.Trys P, = A/8760, K,= Pyy/ Pro P= Palle Ky= Po/Pyy Ky = Poul Py Ky = Toyyp/8760 = Po/ Prascs Ke =Py/ Pa SHaYeHHs OCHOBHBIX NMOKa3aTeNeH ist HEKOTOPbIX NpeANPHATHH NpHBeACHO HWKe: (MBr), Pox K Tay A Py A, Merannypriveckun KoMOMHaT 336 0,19 7949 53.014 30,6 99,0 830 Sabon cenbxosMauiMi 68,5 0,14 4094 43964 7,8 12,8 20214 Mpomeiunennoe a2exmponompebaenue 47 HewrenepepaSaTbisalownii 3aB0a Rebar ceeuemecceet a MeeceeR@assceeQacecce Gene :eeOMe: 3apoa KOpMoBbIx ApOAKeli 55,7 0,27 8050 3195 62,6 439.6 3932 3aBoa WCKycCTBeHHOTO BOAOKHA wo ek ee ee Ha yncnosoii och KaxKblit MoKa3aTeb M306paxaeTcs TOUKOli, a BCe BMeCTe OC- HOBHBIe ToKa3aTeMH OOpasyioT MHOroMepHoe MpoctpaHicTBo {Pag x Kx Tx Ix Px Ap x A}, (4) onpemenamtoulee SneKTpHYeCKoe XO3AlicTBO KaK CHCTeMY. Tipeacrasue (14) B sHiae MaTpHui {P}, MOKHO CpaBHHBaTb pasiH4Hble npen- npuatHa Mexay coGoi, NpHMeHMB TeOpHiO pacnosHaBaHHA OOpaz0B, KlacTep HW TeXHHYECKHH AaHAIH3, NpoctbeccHOHaMbHO-sOPHYeCKHe MeTOMbI KM IKCMepTHble CHC- TeMbl SACKTPHYECKHe NOKa3aTeAH NPH COIMAHHH HHOpMaLHOHHOrO Ganka , = LA} x {Ph x{B} x {Ch x {77} (15) NeperpyNNMpOBbIBalOTCA COOTBETCTBEHHO Ha MaTPHUb! (yZebHbIX H OGWUMX pacxo- OB 3NeKTposHeprHu {A}; 91eKTPHYeCKHX JaHHbIX, OTHOCALUHXCA K CHCTeMe 31eK- TpocHaOxkenua {P}, KomH¥ecTBa as1eKTPOOGopynoBaHHa {B}, CTOHMOCTeii M WITaTOB {C}; mpoekTHbIx AaHHbIx {/7}). B GaHK NoMeulaior 4 MatpHuy {M} TexHosorHyec- KHX MoKasaTeneit. 7lna npeactapnenus 06 21eKTpuKe CoBpeMeHHOFO NPOMBILAeHHOTO Npeanpus- THA paCCMOTPHM cBeMeHHA (Ha Hayao BeKa) NO NOKa3aTenaM H CocTaBy 3/1eKTPO- oOopyZoBaHhA OHOTO, He CaMOrO KpyNHOTO, 3aBoga, xXapakTepHsyloulerocsa Paw = 336 MBr, T,,,. = 8247 4, K,= 0,19 0. , P, = 35,6 KBr (aleKtponpuratens)” Yneno, wt — Mowocrs, MBr(MBA) nexrpiveckie Maui! (Bcero) 59352 2013.7 Tepementioro ToKa 20 100 KBr 52052 6216 To xe cabiuie 100 KBr 1849 972.1 noctoauHoro ToKa ao 100 KBr 4471 659 To xe commie 100 KBr 980 454.0 Tpariccbopmatopst citaopbie raGapiTos in 1348 (1338.74) IV-VI 47 (1677.8) anextponewiie 2 (723) Mpeopasopatentt nonynposoainkosute (Bcero) 1890 7 Capoutice anexrpooSopynosanite (acero) 669 (67,9) BoiKnioatenit ciMoBbe Ha HanpaxeHite, KB 3-10 3098 = 35. poe 2 - UWkarper un seiikn KPY (pcero) 3762 >48 [naga I. Inexmpureckoe xoasiicmeo nompeGumeneit Boaryuninre aun: Beero . 3 ea 213 (km) - oie eo. 158,8 (ka) - KaGeau (scero): CWIOBBIE eee eee eee ee vs « 7257,63 (KM) - KOHTPOMBHBE oe eee eee cece - 10387,3 (ka) - Eca 9neKTpHueckoe Xo3siicTB0 HH ero 4aCTb BbIMMeMeHbI KaK CHCTeMa (1.2) 1 onucanb (1.5), TO Wid MpHHATHA pewieHHii Mo s1eKTpocHaGxkeHHIO H AIA ONTH- MH3ALIMH ICKTPHYECKOE XO3HHICTBO OMMCHIBAIOT C NOMOLIbIO TpeX KlaccoB Mosle- nei: 1) arperaTupxiie; 2) 2KOHOMHKO-MaTeMaTH4ecKHe; 3) TeEXHOUEHONOTHYECKHe. B ycnosuax mpoeKTHposaHna OOulee 21eKTponoTpeGreHMe A HaXOAT, Kak Npa- BHO, JIA IpeANpHATHA KM MpOM3BOACTB (UEXOB) B LIEIOM MH OMpesesAIOT BMECTe C Pg, YCOBMA NIPHCOeMMHeEHMA kK SHeprocucTeme. 3Ha4eHHe P,,,, PACCHHTbIBAIOT JIA BCeX ypoBHeli CHCTeMbI SueKTpocHaGxKeHHA, HAYMHaA OT rpyninbl d1ekTponpHem- HukoB, uexoBoii TI wT. 2. 20 Mpeanpuatua B uen0M. IlocKoAbKy npH npoeKTH- popaHun P,,, YCTaHaBIMBalOT A111 KAKMOFO YPOBHA CHCTeMbI 3/IeKTPOCHAOKeHHs Ha OCHOBAHHHM pacdeTOB, B COOTBETCTBHM CO COXMBUIelicA TepMHHONOTHe STOT TloKa3zaTeAb Ha3biBaloT pacueTHOM Harpy3Koi. lia AevicTByIOWWMx NpeznpuaTHii Pg, YKASbIBAIOT B AOTOBOPE Ha NOMbIOBAHHE S/ICKTPOSHEprHeli HM Ha3bIBaHOT 3aAB- JCHHBIM (OrOBOPHIM) P,,,,..), a MPH KOHTPosle NapaMeTpos s.ekTponoTpebNeHHA ONpeneMAOT CFO aKTHYCCKOE 3HAYEHHE Poy...) Ycno YacoB HCNONb30BaHHA MaKCHMYMa Harpy3KH onpesensoT no aHatorHn ¢ 3Heprocuctemamn. Ecan noxasatenb 7... HaXOAAT wid AelcTByIOWero NpeaNpH- satus, 10 Aut P,,, 6epyT C YAeTOM COBCTBEHHDIX HY, MoTepb B CeTAX, Tpakcrbop- MaTopax H mpeobpazoparenax. B 3ailayax 110 aileKTpocHaxeHuio T.,,, TAKE HC- NOAb3YIOT AIA BLIUMCACHKA NOTepb B1eKTPOSHEprHnt (Yepe3 BPeEMA MAKCHMAAbHbIX Notepb T) B 31eMeHTAX CHCTeMbI IIeKTpocHadxeHHA (MHTaOWMX JIS, Tpanccop- atopax [TIM), a Takxe 21a OUEHKH HepaBHOMepHOCTH pexXHMoB noTpedreHHA aneKTposHeprHnu. Koadxpuunent cnpoca onpereaaior uepes P,,, P,. Tip 9T0M non P, noHH- MaeTCA YCTAHOBICHHaA MOUHOCTh 3eKTPONPHEMHMKOB, T.e. CYMMa HX HOMH- HaMbHBIX (MaCNOPTHBIX) AKTHBHEIX MOWLHOCTeH. 3Hax¥eHHA KOSDuUMeHTA cMpoca K, aan paanuneix rpyrin aacktponpueMHMKos, MpoH3BoAcTR M NpeALpHATHi B Ue~ JOM pa3HBIX OTPAcueM NPOMBILIEHHOCTH MpHHHMaIOT NIpH NpoeKTHPOBAHHH NO CnpaBouHbiM MaTepHasiaM. YcTaHOBeHHad MOWWHOCTb 91eKTPOMPHEMHHKOB Mped- IpHATHA MOXeT ObITh ONPeAeNEHA NO OTYETHBIM AAHHBIM. Toxasarenn Ju P., (ycaoBHbii nekTpoABMratenb) — OcHOBHBIC KPHTEpHH, TO KOTOPbIM OMpederA1OT 21eKTpopeMoHTHyi0 Gazy H cHcTeMy OOcAyxKHBAHHA 21eKT- PHYecKOrO XO3AiICTBA, BKIIOYAR YHCHCHHOCTb 21eKTPOTeXHHYECKOTO NepcoHata. DNekTpoBoopyxKeHHOCTb Tpyla 3aBHCHT OT CpesHeCMHCOUHOM cbakTHYeCKO! YHC- JIHHOCTH NPOMBILWIEHHO-MpPoH3BOACTBEHHOLO MepcoHala 3a OTYeTHHI roa. Heob- XOMMMOCTh MaKCHM&JIbHOFO HCNOb3OBAHHA 3NeKTPOOGOPysAOBAHHA, NpHMeHeHHE SNeKTPOSHEPrHH B TEXHOTOFHYECKHX Mpoueccax OGycAOBAMBAIOT UeMecoobpas~