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The tool life is smaller than obtained in oblique cutting (for same conditions of
cutting)
There are only two mutually perpendicular components of cutting forces on the
tool
The cutting edge is bigger than the width of cut.
Cutting tool is device with which a material could be cut to the desired size,
shape or finish. So a cutting tool must have at least a sharp edge. There are two
types of cutting tool. The tool having only one cutting edge is called single point
cutting tools. For example shaper tools, lathe tools, planer tools, etc. The
tool having more than one cutting edge is called multipoint cutting tools. For
example drills, milling cutters, broaches, grinding wheel honing tool etc.
A single point cutting tool may be either right or left hand cut tool depending
on the direction of feed.
Primary Cutting Edge
The geometry of a cutting tool consists of the following elements: face or rake
surface, flank, cutting edges and the corner. Face or rake is the surface of
the cutting tool along which the chips flow out. Flank surfaces are those facing
the work piece. There are two flank surfaces, principal and auxiliary flank
surfaces. Principal cutting edge performs the major portion of cutting and is
formed by the intersecting line of the face with the principal flank surface.
Auxiliary cutting edge (often called end cutting edge) is formed by the
intersection of the rake surface with the auxiliary flank surface. Corner or cutting
point is the meeting point of the principal cutting edge with the auxiliary cutting
edge.
Tool axis
Shank of tool
Auxiliary Rake or Face
cutting edge
Principal cutting edge
Principal flank surface
Corner
Auxiliary flank surface
Side clearance
angle (αx)
Back rake
angle (γy)
End
clearance Note: All the rake and
angle (αy) clearance angles are measured
in normal direction
The references from which the tool angles are specified are the
Reference plane (πR)
Machine longitudinal plane (πx)
Machine transverse plane (πy)
Principal cutting plane (πc)
Orthogonal plane (πo) and
Normal plane (πn)
The reference plane (πR) is the plane perpendicular to the cutting
velocity (Vc). The machine longitudinal plane (πx) is the plane
perpendicular to πR and taken in the direction of feed (longitudinal
feed). The machine transverse plane (πy) is the plane perpendicular to
both πR and πX or plane perpendicular to πR and taken in the direction of
cross feed. The principal cutting plane (πc) is the plane perpendicular to
πR and containing the principal cutting edge. The orthogonal plane (πo)
is the plane perpendicular to πR and πc. The normal plane (πn) is
perpendicular to the principal cutting edge.
Department of Industrial & Production Engineering 25/13
Department of Industrial & Production Engineering 25/14
American Standard Association System
Zm
Xm
γX Tool Character
ΠX γy γx αy αx φe φs r
αx
Ym Section B-B
50 100 70 80 200 300 1/32
A γy Back rake angle
B B Ym γx Side rake angle
αy Back or end clearance angle
Xm αy Zm αx Side clearance angle
φe φe Auxiliary or End cutting edge angle
φ γy
φs Side cutting edge angle (90o-φ)
A ΠY r Nose radius (inch)
Section A-A
φs
ΠR
Zo Yo
Xo Zo
αo / γo / Tool Character
ΠC
Πc/ αo λ γ0 α0 α0/ φe φ r
λ
Section M-M ΠO
Yo γo
50 100 70 80 200 300
0.8
N Xo M Section N-N mm
λ Inclination angle
γ0 Orthogonal rake angle
φe α0 Orthogonal clearance angle
φ Auxiliary orthogonal
α0/
clearance angle
N Auxiliary or End cutting
M φe
edge angle
Principal cutting edge
φ
angle (90-φs)
r Nose radius (mm)
φs ΠR
Interrelations can be established between ASA and ORS and vice versa.
Various methods are used for developing such interrelationships such as
Method of projection
Method of slopes
Method of master line
Circle diagram
Vector methods, etc.
Zm
Xm OA=T cot λ
γx
OB=T cot γy
T
ΠX OC=T cot γo
αx D/
Xo
OD=T cot γx
Zo
Zm
Yo OM=T cot γm
γm
γo
Xo
Yo αo ΠO T=Depth of the cutting tool
Ym φs Xo M
λ G Xm O
C /
For T=1
F D
ΠC αy
Zm OA= cot λ
φ OB= cot γy
E
M
C γy OC= cot γo
ΠY
A/ B B/ OD= cot γx
φγ OM= cot γm
H
A ΠR φγ Setting angle for grinding rake surface
γm Maximum rake angle
Master line
tanγ o
Xm OA=T cot λ
γy
OB=T tan αy
T
ΠX
OC=T tan αo
αy
D/
Xo
OD=T tan αx
Zo
Zm
Yo αm OM=T an αm
αo
ΠO
Yo C/ T=Depth of the cutting tool
Xo γo
Ym φs Ym
For T=1
λ Xm O
D αx
Zm OA= cot λ
ΠC
φ B C OB= tan αy
B/
M γx
OC= tan αo
ΠY
A/ OD= tan αx
φα
OM= tan αm
A ΠR φα Setting angle for grinding principal rake surface
αm Maximum rake angle
Master line
(i) cot α o = cot α x sin φ + cot α y cos φ (i) tan γ o = tan γ x sin φ + tan γ y cos φ
(ii) tan λ = −cot α x cos φ + cot α y sin φ (ii) tan λ = − tan γ x cos φ + tan γ y sin φ
(iii) cot α x = cot α o sin φ - tan λ cos φ (iii) tan γ x = tan γ o sin φ - tan λ cos φ
(iv) cot α y = cot α o cos φ + tan λ sin φ (iv) tan γ y = tan γ o cos φ + tan λ sin φ