Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 33 The Cell in ction
5ECIION 1 Ihe Ce|| Cyr|e The Cell in ction Namo Class Dato After you read this section you shouId be abIe to answer these questions
How aro now colls mado?
What is mitosis?
How is coll division difforont in animals and plants?
How Are New CeIIs Made! As you grow, you pass through difforont stagos in your lifo. Colls also pass through difforont stagos in thoir lifo cyclos. Thoso stagos aro callod tho ceII cycIe. Tho coll cyclo starts whon a coll is mado, and onds whon tho coll dividos to mako now colls. Boforo a coll dividos, it makos a copy of its DNA (dooxyribonucloic acid). DNA is a moloculo that con- tains all tho instructions for making now colls. Tho DNA is storod in structuros callod chromoaomea. Colls mako copios of thoir chromosomos so that now colls havo tho samo chromosomos as tho paront colls. Although all colls pass through a coll cyclo, tho procoss diffors in prokaryotic and oukaryotic colls. How Do Prokaryotic CeIIs Divide! Prokaryotos havo only ono coll. Prokaryotic colls havo no nuclous. Thoy also havo no organollos that aro sur- roundod by mombranos. Tho DNA for prokaryotic colls, such as bactoria, is found on ono circular chromosomo. Tho coll dividos by a procoss callod bnar fsson. During binary fission, tho coll splits into two parts. Each part has ono copy of tho coll's DNA. acteria reproduce by binary hssion. 8EFDRE D0 RE40 NationaI 5cience Education 5tandards L5 1c, 2d
5ummarize s you read this section, make a diagram showing the stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle. RE40INC CHECK 1. ExpIain What must happen before a cell can divide!
2. CompIete Prokaryotic cells divide by . ChAPIk 2 Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod. Interactive Textbook 34 The Cell in ction 5ECIION Namo Class Dato The Cell Cycle How Do Eukaryotic CeIIs Divide! Difforont kinds of oukaryotos havo difforont numbors of chromosomos. Howovor, complox oukaryotos do not always havo moro chromosomos than simplor oukary- otos. For oxamplo, potatoos havo 4S chromosomos, but humans havo 46. Many oukaryotos, including humans, havo pairs of similar chromosomos. Thoso pairs aro callod homoIogoua chromoaomea. Ono chromosomo in a pair comos from oach paront. Coll division in oukaryotic colls is moro complox than in prokaryotic colls. Tho coll cyclo of a oukaryotic coll has throo stagos: intorphaso, mitosis, and cytokinosis. Tho first stago of tho coll cyclo is callod nlerjhase. During intorphaso, tho coll grows and makos copios of its chromosomos and organollos. Tho two copios of a chromosomo aro callod chroualds. Tho two chromatids aro hold togothor at tho cenlrouere. This duplicated chromosome consists of two chromatids. The chromatids are joined at the centromere. Chromatids Centromere Tho socond stago of tho coll cyclo is callod miIoaia. During this stago, tho chromatids soparato. This allows oach now coll to got a copy of oach chromosomo. Mitosis happons in four phasos, as shown in tho figuro on tho noxt pago: prophaso, motaphaso, anaphaso, and tolophaso. Tho third stago of tho coll cyclo is callod cyIoIineaia. During this stago, tho cytoplasm of tho coll dividos to form two colls. Thoso two colls aro callod davqhler ce||s. Tho now daughtor colls aro oxactly tho samo as oach othor. Thoy aro also oxactly tho samo as tho original coll. IHE CELL CYCLE Tho figuro on tho following pago shows tho coll cyclo. In this oxamplo, tho stagos of tho coll cyclo aro shown in a oukaryotic coll that has only four chromosomos. ,-...e-! J-.--.-_ J. Compare What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid! RE40INC CHECK 4. Identify What are the three stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle! Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod. Interactive Textbook 35 The Cell in ction 5ECIION Namo Class Dato The Cell Cycle Interphase efore mitosis begins, chromosomes are cop- ied. ach chromosome is then made of two chromatids. Mitosis Phase Prophase Mitosis begins. Chromatids condense from long strands to thick rods. Mitosis Phase 2 Metaphase The nuclear membrane dissolves. Chromosome pairs line up around the equator of the cell. Mitosis Phase Anaphase Chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis In cells with no cell wall, the cell pinches in two. Mitosis Phase IeIophase nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromo- somes. The chromosomes unwind. Mitosis is complete. In cells with a cell wall, a cell plate forms and separates the new cells. Hath focus 5. CaIcuIate Cell takes 6 h to complete division. Cell takes 8 h to complete division. fter 24 h, how many more copies of cell than cell will there be!
6. List What are the four phases of mitosis! 7. Identify What structure do plant cells have during cytokinesis that animal cells do not have! Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod. Interactive Textbook 36 The Cell in ction Namo Class Dato Sertoo 1 kevew N5E5 L5 1c, 2d 5ECIION VOCAULAkY cell cycle the life cycle of a cell cbromosome in a eukaryotic cell, one of the struc- tures in the nucleus that are made up of DN and protein in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DN cytokinesis the division of cytoplasm of a cell bomologous cbromosomes chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure mitosis in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes Compare How doos tho DNA of prokaryotic and oukaryotic colls diffor? 2 5ummarize Comploto tho Procoss Chart to oxplain tho throo stagos of tho coll cyclo. Includo tho four phasos of mitosis. Mitosis begins with prophase. The chromosomes condense. During telophase the nuclear membrane forms. The chromosomes lengthen and mitosis ends. ExpIain Why doos a coll mako a copy of its DNA boforo it dividos? Infer Why is coll division in oukaryotic colls moro complox than in prokaryotic colls?