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1. Gender
2. Number
3. Case
Gender
1. Masculine Gender for words
representing males: boy, man,
duke, son.
2. Feminine Gender for words
representing females: girl, woman,
mother.
3. Neuter Gender for
inanimate objects: table, book,
umbrella, door.
4. Common Gender for either sex:
student, reader, cousin, friend.
Gender
Numbers - Pluralization
• A) The plural of nouns is
generally formed by
adding "S" to the singular.
Numbers - Pluralization
• B) Add "ES" to nouns ending in
ch,s,sh,ss,x and z.
Numbers - Pluralization
• Add "S" to nouns ending
in ch which have the sound of k.
Numbers - Pluralization
• C) Nouns ending in "y“ preceded
by a consonant: change
the "y" into "IES", but if
the "y" is preceded by a vowel,
only "S" is added.
Numbers - Pluralization
• D) Most nouns ending in “o”
preceded by a consonant, add
"ES".
Numbers - Pluralization
• D) Exemptions:
Numbers - Pluralization
• E) All nouns ending in "o“
preceded by a vowel take "S" in
the plural.
Numbers - Pluralization
• F) Nouns ending in "f“ or "fe“
drop the "f" or "fe" and add
"VES".
Numbers - Pluralization
• G) Nouns which retain their
original Greek or Latin forms
make their plurals according to
the rules of Greek or Latin.
Numbers - Pluralization
• H) Irregular Plurals
Numbers - Pluralization
• I) Compound Nouns
1. Normally,
the last word is made plural in
compound nouns.
Numbers - Pluralization
• I) Compound Nouns
2. Where man or woman come
first, both parts are made plural.
Numbers - Pluralization
• I) Compound Nouns
3. Compound nouns formed
with prepositions or adverbs
make only the first word plural.
Numbers - Pluralization
• I) Compound Nouns
4. Compounds finishing in
"ful“ take "S".
Numbers - Pluralization
• J) Some nouns in English are
used only in the singular form
and so the verb remains
in singular.
• Accommodation
• Advice
• Furniture
• Information
• Knowledge
• News
• progress
Numbers - Pluralization
• K) Some nouns have the same
form for both plural and singular.
• Deer
• Fish
• Series
• Sheep
• species
Numbers - Pluralization
• L) The names of many sciences
ending in "ics“ are singular. The
verb remains in the singular
form.
Numbers - Pluralization
• M) The following nouns are
always plural and are followed by
verbs in the plural:
Numbers - Pluralization
• Nouns denoting value, weight,
time, measure, etc., when used
as adjectives are singular in
form, as:
• a twelve pound book
• a thirty day month
• an eleven inch ruler
• eight mile walk.
Case
• The CASE of a noun indicates the
position of that noun in a sentence.
• Nominative case
• Objective case (or Accusative case)
• Dative case
• Possessive case (or Genitive case)
• Vocative case
Case
Nominative case:
A noun is said to be in the Nominative
case if it is the subject of a verb.
(SUBJECT is the person or the thing
who or which carries out the action of
the verb in the sentence)
Examples:
Mr. Ram is an intelligent boy.
Case
Objective case (or Accusative case):
Nouns or pronouns are said to be
in Objective cases if they are the
direct objects of verbs or if they are
the objects of preposition. (Direct
object is the person or the thing upon
whom or upon which the action of the
verb is carried out).
Example:
I met your sister.
Case
Dative case:
A noun is said to be in dative case if it
is the Indirect object of the verb.
(Indirect object of the verb is the noun
for whom or for which the action of
the verb is carried out).
Examples:
The teacher gave the students few
exercises.
Case
Possessive case (Genitive case):
A noun is said to be in possessive
case, if it denotes possession or
ownership.
Examples:
This is your pencil.
Case
Vocative case:
A noun or a pronoun is said to be in
Vocative case if it is used to call (or to
get the attention of) a person or
persons.
Example:
Mr. Bill, students are waiting for you
in the main hall.
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