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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 3 HISTORY................................................................................................... 4 RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT .............................................................. 5 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS .............................. 6 FINGERPRINTING ................................................................................... 7 FINGERPRINT CLASSES ....................................................................... 8 ARCHES .............................................................................................. 9-10 PLAIN ARCHES ...................................................................................... 11 TENTED ARCHES .................................................................................. 11 LOOPS ............................................................................................... 12-13 PATTERN AREA ..................................................................................... 14 LOOPS .................................................................................................... 15 TYPE LINES ........................................................................................... 16 DELTAS ............................................................................................. 17-18 CORES .............................................................................................. 19-20 FOUR TYPES OF WHORLS .................................................................. 21 WHORLS ................................................................................................ 22 PLAIN WHORLS ............................................................................... 23-24 CENTRAL POCKET LOOP WHORLS .............................................. 25-26 DOUBLE LOOP WHORLS ................................................................ 27-28 ACCIDENTAL WHORLS ................................................................... 29-30 THE IMPORTANCE OF FULL FINGER ROLLING ........................... 31-33 SCARRED PATTERNS .......................................................................... 34 FINGERPRINT CARD EXAMPLES .................................................. 35-57
HISTORY
Ancient History
1000 BC; archaeological evidence of ancient Chinese and Babylonian civilizations using fingerprints to sign legal documents.
Beginnings
Early 1880s; William Herschel, Chief Administrative Officer of Bengal used thumb impressions to identify workers. 1880; Dr. Henry Faulds, an English physician working in Tokyo, published a letter in the journal nature suggesting the use of fingerprints for identification purposes. 1892; after some years of research the English scientist Sir Francis Galton published a book entitled Finger Prints in which was laid out a classification method of fingerprints. 1897; Sir Edward Henry proposed a modified classification system which was adopted by Scotland Yard in 1901 which is still the basis for taking fingerprints in most English speaking countries. 1901; First official use of fingerprints in the USA by the New York City Service Commission. 1930 national fingerprint file set up in America by the FBI.
The Present
Fingerprints are still the primary method for the identification of criminals. Technology has improved tremendously with time, such as the storage, search, retrieval and matching of prints using computers (automated fingerprint identification systems; AFIS).
RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT
Magnifying Glass Inking Plate (Metal or Glass) 6" wide x 14 long Card Holder Hardwood stand 2 length x 1 height and width Cleaning Fluid or Cream Paper Towels Roller Inking Plate Cleanser Printer Ink/Stamp Pad Ink (heavy black paste), Note: Printing Ink, Ordinary Ink or Other colored inks are not suitable for use in fingerprinting work. They are too light, thin and do not dry quickly. Retabs
First Principle: A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. No two fingers have identical ridge characteristics. Second Principle: A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individuals lifetime. Third Principle: Fingerprints have general ridge patterns which make it possible to systematically classify.
FINGERPRINTING
RIGHT HAND
FINGERPRINT CLASSES
All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general patterns.
Distribution of Classes
60 to 65% 5% 30 to 35% 1%
ARCHES
Arches are the least common of the three general patterns and are subdivided into two distinct groups, Plain and Tented.
Arch Frequency
Tented 40%
Plain 60%
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PLAIN ARCHES
The Plain Arch is the simplest of all fingerprint patterns and is formed by ridges entering from one side of the print and exiting on the opposite side. These ridges tend to rise in the center of the pattern, forming a wave-like pattern.
TENTED ARCHES
The Tented Arch is similar to the Plain Arch except that instead of rising smoothly at the center, there is sharp upthrust or spike, or the ridges meet at an angle less than 90 degrees.
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LOOPS
Right Loop
River
Delta Delta
La ke
Left Loop
ke a L
Delta
River
Delta
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LOOPS
The most common of the three general patterns are Loops. You will see both Right Loops and Left Loops.
Loop Frequency
Radial 6%
Ulnar 94%
Left Hand
Right Hand
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PATTERN AREA
The most important characteristics to capture from any pattern are Loops and Whorls. Why? Because, we must capture the Cores, Deltas and Ridges which are used in the classification process.
PATTERN AREA
CORE DELTA
Pattern Area includes Core, Delta and Ridges which are used in the Classification of a Loop.
RIDGES
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LOOPS
A Loop is a type of pattern in which one or more ridges enter either side, recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line between Delta and Core, and tend to exit the same side as the ridge entry. Right Loops
Important to Remember, Loops have two focal points: Delta and Core
Left Loops
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TYPE LINES
Type Lines are the two innermost ridges. Type Lines start parallel or run parallel to each other then, diverge and tend to surround the Pattern Area. T
Core
PATTERN AREA
T T T D T T T T D
T T T D T T D T
T T
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DELTAS
The Delta is the first point on the first characteristic. Deltas can also be any point upon a ridge nearest the center. They are located between two diverging Type Lines and are located on or directly in front of their point of divergence.
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DELTAS
D D
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CORES
Cores, as the name implies, are located in the approximate center of the pattern.
C D D C
Cores are located where the innermost recurve begins and curve to exit the same way they came in. C C
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CORES
C D
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Plain Whorl
Double Whorl
Central Pocket
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Accidental Whorl
WHORLS
The second most common of the three general patterns are Whorls. Whorls are subdivided into 4 distinct groups: Accidental, Double Loop, Central Pocket Loop and Plain.
Whorl Frequency
Accidental 3%
Plain 71%
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PLAIN WHORLS
A Plain Whorl pattern must have Type Lines and a minimum of two Deltas. A Plain Whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. This ridge may be in the form of a spiral, oval, circle or variant of a circle.
For a pattern to be a true Whorl, it must be composed of two Deltas with a recurve in front of each.
To help discern whether a pattern has two Deltas and might therefore be a Plain Whorl draw an imaginary line between the two Deltas along any one of the spiral ridges inside the Delta nearest the core.
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PLAIN WHORLS
Plain Whorls are the most common and simplest of the Whorl subtypes. It is important to remember that Plain Whorls have two Deltas and at least one recurving ridge in front of each. In a Whorl pattern, the ridges are usually circular.
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All Whorls, Deltas and areas between them must be captured when taking fingerprints.
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A Double Loop pattern consists of two separate Loop formations with two separate and distinct sets of Shoulders and two Deltas.
The two recurves of the Double Loop Whorl may be connected if they re formed by separate ridges and if neither is spoiled by an abutting ridge.
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The S type Loop Whorls are not considered Double Loop Whorls
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ACCIDENTAL WHORLS
Accidental Whorls consist of a combination of two different types of patterns (with the exception of Plain Arches).
Accidental Whorls have two or more Deltas and fall into their own category.
Accidental Whorls may occur in some of the combinations listed below: Loop and a Whorl Loop and a Tented Arch Loop and Central Pocket Loop Double Loop and Central Pocket Loop
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ACCIDENTAL WHORLS
Accidental Whorls are very rare and unique and occur with a frequency of only one to three percent.
The fingerprint (bottom left) is an example of an Accidental Whorl because it does not conform to any other definition, pattern or category type.
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Can you tell whether or not the two examples to the right (same finger) have been fully rolled from nail to nail?
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Ridge Ending
Enclosure
Bifurcation
Island
Ending Ridge
Bifurcation
Arch (A) Tented Arch (T)
Spur
Loop (U or R)
Whorl (W)
Eye (Island)
Trifurcation
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SCARRED PATTERNS
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Review Each Fingerprint Card To Ensure that Each Card Contains the Following Printed Last Name Printed First Name Printed Full Middle Name If Applicant does not have a middle name NMN If Applicant middle name is initial only __ Signature of person fingerprinted Alias (AKA) Maiden Name of previous married names ORI (Originating Request Identification Number) NM920160Z NM Department of Health Santa Fe, NM Date of Birth Residence of person fingerprinted Street Address P.O. Box City, State, Zip Code Citizenship Sex Race Height & Weight Color of Eyes Color of Hair Place of Birth (City and State) Date fingerprint taken Signature of official taking fingerprints
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Review Each Fingerprint Card To Ensure that Each Card Contains the Following
Race
A B I W U ASIAN BLACK AMERICAN INDIAN WHITE UNKNOWN
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