Honors Chemistry _________________________

Name ________Lila Szweda Period ___ Date ______/______/______

Single Replacement Reactions Lab

U n i t 3 : C h e m i c a l R e a c t i o n s

Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to determine which metals are most reactive and to create an order from most reactive to least reactive. Part I: Reactions with Aqueous Solutions Materials: Metals: Copper Lead Zinc Magnesium Silver Calcium

Solutions: Copper (II) sulfate Silver nitrate Lead (II) nitrate Zinc sulfate Magnesium nitrate

Procedures 1. Using a well plate and the chemical given, determine which reactions will occur between the metals and the solutions. 2. Add to each of the wells a small piece of the appropriate metal which has first been cleaned with sand paper. Note: Your teacher will provide the calcium when you are ready for it. 3. Create a data table to record your observations of before and after reactions. 4. Observe and record any evidence of a replacement reaction (i.e. a thin coating appears on the surface of the metal) occurring each of the test tubes. If no change is visible within five minutes, record this as no reaction Solutions Cu ( brown shiny metal) No Reaction Mg (grey shiny metal) A greenish blackish coat appeared on the Magnesium. Zn (silver dull metal) Yes a reaction occurred. A greenish blackish silverish coat appeared on the metal. Pb ( Shiny silver metal) Yes a reaction occurred. The metal turned a dull brown, instead of a shiny brown, and a cloudy haze appeared around the metal. No reaction Occurred. No reaction Occurred. Ag (shiny silver metal) No reaction occurred. Ca (white powdery metal) Yes bubbles formed and the metal turned bluish black, and shrunk.

Cu(N03)2

Mg(N03)2

No Reaction

No Reaction

No Reaction

No Reaction Occurred. No reaction Occurred.

Zn(N03)2

No Reaction

A reaction occurred.

No Reaction

Pb(N03)2

No Reaction

Bubbles appeared and metal frizzed a little.

Yes a reaction occurred. A grey color coated the metal.

No Reaction occurred

No Reaction occurred

Yes the metal turned black, and shrunk. Yes tiny like white bubbles appeared and then the metal dissolved. Yes white bubbles appeared and the solution became cloudy.

Ag(N03)

A dark green silver coat appeared on the Copper metal.

Yes a reaction occurred, the metal turned slightly brown.

Yes a reaction occurred. A silvery coat appeared as well as tiny green crystals.

A reaction occurred

No reaction Occurred

Yes bubbly brown steam was given off.

Part II: Reactions with Acids Materials: Metals: Copper Magnesium Zinc Silver Lead Calcium

Solution: hydrochloric acid

Procedures: 1. Determine where H+ should be placed on an activity series by comparing the relative amount of bubbling when added to metals. 2. Create a data table and record your results.

Acid HCL

Cu No reaction occurred.

Mg Yes a reaction occurred. Tiny bubbles appeared, and so did a little bit of steam.

Zn Yes a reaction occurred. Yes white bubbles rapidly appeared.

Pb Yes a reaction occurred. Tiny bubbles formed. .

Ag No reaction occurred.

Ca Yes a Reaction occurred.

Part III: Demonstration Your teacher will demonstrate Calcium metal in acid. Write down your observations Observations: The metal dissolved quickly and went all cloudy. Steam was immediately given off and the steam felt warm. The metal sped around before it dissolved and made a hissing sound while it was dissolving. Also a huge about of while cloudy bubbles appeared as if the calcium was in a bubble bath.

Discussion Questions 1. From Part I: Which of the metals gave (a) four reactions (d) one reactions (b) three reactions (e) no reaction (c) two reactions Use the answers from above to list the five metals in order of decreasing reactivity. a) Calcium gave five reactions and Magnesium gave four reactions b) Zinc, gave three reactions c) Lead gave two reactions.

d) Copper gave one reaction e) Silver didn't react with anything. Order of React Metals 1) Calcium 2) Magnesium 3) Zinc 4) Lead 5) Copper 6) Silver

2. From Part II: Describe the order of metals from those that bubble most to those that bubble least, or not at all. List the five metals in decreasing order of reactivity. Place hydrogen into the list. Order of Bubbly Metals 1) Calcium 2) Magnesium 3) Zinc 4) Lead 5) Hydrogen- there were some bubbles 6) Copper + Silver - zero bubbles

3. Compare the order of reactivity of metals from Part II with all of the metals in Part I and describe any relationships you can discover. Create a final list of reactivity in order of decreasing reactivity. 4. I discovered that the amount of bubbles formed in a reaction matches up with how many reacts the element gave. Calcium for example gave five reactions and it also gave the most bubbles. Silver for example didn't give any reactions, and it turns out it didnt' give any bubbles. Based on both lists. I propose that this is the final list of reactivity. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Calcium Magnesium Zinc Lead Copper - it did form one reaction, even though it also didnt' form any bubbles like silver Silver - zero reactions, zero bubbles.

5. From Part III: place calcium in your list of reactivity. - Done so all along. 6. Compare this order with that of the reactivity series from your notes. Outline similarities and differences. Suggest several reasons for what might explain any differences. My reactive notes match up with my observations and conclusions. However the list included hydrogen in the list and I didn't. The difference for that is because in the beginning we were only working with the element Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Lead, Copper, and Silver. I didn't feel like I should include hydrogen because it never exists as a solid as far as my knowledge goes, so I now realize I should've included hydrogen. Other then that all of my results match up to my notes.

7. Write net ionic equations for all the reactions that occurred (highlighting the ones that were supposed to occur that you may not have observed) 1) Cu0(s) + Ag2+(aq) (pretend there's an arrow in this space) Ag0(s) + Cu2+(aq) 2) Mg(s) 0 + Cu(aq)(Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Mg0(aq) + Cu0(s) 3) Mg0(s) + Zn2+(aq (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Mg2+(aq) + Zn0(s)

4) Mg0(s) + Pb2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Mg+2(aq) + Pb0(s) 5) Mg0(s) + Ag2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Mg2+(aq) + Ag2+(s) 6) Zn0(s) + Cu2+(aq) ( Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Zn+2(aq) + Cu0(s) 7) Zn0(s) + Pb2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Zn2+(aq) + Pb0(s) 8) Zn0(s) + Ag2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Zn2+(aq) + Ag(0s) 9) Pb0(s) + Cu2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Pb2+(aq) + Cu0(s) 10) Pb0(s) + Ag2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Pb2+(aq) + Ag0(s) 11) Ca0(s) + Cu2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Ca2+(aq) + Cu0(s) 12) Ca0(s) + Mg2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Ca2+(aq) + Mg0(s) 13) Ca0(s) + Zn2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Ca2+(aq) + Zn0(s) 14) Ca0(s) + Pb2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Ca2+(aq) + Pb0(s) 15) Ca0(s) + Ag2+(aq) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Ca2+(aq) + Ag0(s) 16) 2H+(aq) + Mg0(s) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Mg2+(aq) + H20(g) 17) 2H+(aq) + Zn0(s) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Zn2+(aq) + H20(g) 18) 2H+(aq) + Pb0(s) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Pb2+(aq) + H20(g) 19) 2H+(aq) + Ca0(s) (Please pretend there's an arrow in this space) Ca2+(aq) + H20(g)

8. For each of the reactions, determine which substances has been oxidized and which one has been reduced as well as which is the oxidizing agent and which is the reducing agent. The following substances that have been oxidized and reduced will be matched up to the list above. For example 1) would be Cu was oxidized and Ag was reduced. This goes along with the equation Cu0(s) + Ag2+(aq) (pretend there's an 0 2+ arrow in this space) Ag (s) + Cu (aq) 1) Copper metal was oxidized. The Silver in the Silver Nitrate was reduced. 2) Magnesium metal was oxidized. The Copper in the Copper Nitrate was reduced. 3) Magnesium metal was oxidized. The Zinc in the Zinc Nitrate was reduced. 4) Magnesium metal was oxidized. The Lead in the Lead Nitrate was reduced. 5) Magnesium metal was oxidized. The Silver in the Silver Nitrate was reduced. 6) The Zinc metal was oxidized. The Copper in the Copper Nitrate was reduced. 7) The Zinc metal was oxidized. The Lead in the Lead Nitrate was reduced. 8) The Zinc metal was oxidized. The Silver in the Silver Nitrate was reduced. 9) The Lead metal was oxidized. The Copper in the Copper Nitrate was reduced. 10) The Lead metal was oxidized. The Silver in the Silver Nitrate was reduced. 11) The Calcium metal was oxidized. The Copper in the Copper Nitrate was reduced. 12) The Calcium metal was oxidized. The Magnesium in the Magnesium Nitrate was reduced. 13) The Calcium metal was oxidized. The Zinc in the Zinc Nitrate was reduced. 14) The Calcium metal was oxidized. The Lead in the Lead Nitrate was reduced. 15) The Calcium metal was oxidized. The Silver in the Silver Nitrate was reduced. 16) The Magnesium metal was oxidized. The Hydrogen in the HCl was reduced. 17) The Zinc metal was oxidized. The Hydrogen in the HCl was reduced. 18) The Lead metal was oxidized. The Hydrogen in the HCl was reduced. 19) The Calcium metal was oxidized. The Hydrogen in the HCl was reduced.

9. A metal was found in the lab that was missing its labeling tape. In order to determine the identity of the metal several reactions were performed. When the metal was placed in hydrochloric acid, it bubbled. No reaction was noticed when placed in a solution of calcium nitrate. A reaction was observed when placed in a solution of zinc chloride. What could the metal possibly be? What further test could you run to determine the identity of the metal? The metal could possibly be Sodium, Magnesium, or Aluminum. You could take the mystery metal and see if it reacts with a nitrate salt that is either Calcium Nitrate, Sodium Nitrate, Magnesium Nitrate or Aluminum. If for example the metal reacts with the Magnesium Nitrate that means the metal is Calcium or Sodium. If the metal doesn't react with the Magnesium Nitrate then that means that the element is either magnesium or Aluminum. Conclusion: A statement about the activity series you discovered.

The active series which I have discovered ranges from the most reactive to the least reactive from Calcium to Magnesium, to Zinc, to Lead, to Copper, to Silver, respectively. The most reactive metals in my series such as Calcium and Magnesium will react violently in a reaction, releasing fast moving bubbles and hissing steam. The least reactive metals such as Silver and Copper will not form bubbles, but will barely react if at all.