Martin Austin ENC 1102 Professor Leslie Wolcott October 23, 2013 Annotated Bibliography

The issues that concern firearms is a discussion that is continuously gaining more and more attention over time. With all of the campus shootings and mass murders being committed in a place where education is taught, many people fear guns. However, there are still those who are pro-gun and think that carrying concealed handguns on college campuses should be legal. As of 2013, studies show that there are at least 19 states that have introduced legislation to allow concealed carry on campus. Also, as of 2013, 5 states have introduced legislation to prohibit concealed carry weapons on campus.

Those that make up a population of a university include the students, faculty, staff, and other people that work within the community such as campus police officers, etc. All coming from different backgrounds and being in different positions within the educational institution, theyre views obviously vary. Many researchers have conducted studies on the perceptions and attitudes of these distinct groups regarding their views on guns being allowed on campus. It is interesting to learn how these different groups, all belonging to a public institution, can have such strongly opposing views from one another. With so much research being conducted about how students and faculty feel about guns legally being permitted on college campuses, state legislators could take action.

A large majority of the articles used in this annotated bibliography are academic journals, with references to case studies. Although only a state legislator, or somebody that can affect laws being made, would be able to ban or pass this specific gun law, any person attending a college or knowing someone that attends college, would find these articles interesting. Not every college campus around the country has made this law legal at their school, so by researching the policies, a parent would find interest in this subject before letting their child attend college there. With how touchy this subject is and how much attention it has received, just by knowing somebody that attends college, this information should automatically catch your attention. Many people tend not to be too welcome of the possibility of there being a law that prohibits the carrying of a firearm on campus. Aronowitz, Teri, and John A. Vaughn. How Safe Are College Campuses? Journal of American College Health. Feb/Mar2013, Vol. 61 Issue 2, pp. 57-58. Web. 19 Oct 2013. Dr. Teri Arnowitz is an assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts and John A. Vaughn is now the Director of Student Health Services at Duke University and together they wrote this academic journal article. Just as Dr. Reginald Fennell said, Teri and John feel that there is no event scarier than a murder, more-so a mass murder. What the article is mainly stating is that we, as a nation, need to take these violent occurances more seriously, as if it is a public health emergency. Teri and John use examples of different researches to show the reader how important it is to take this topic of firearms seriously. This article was more bland than the others, not providing too much information, in comparison to the other articles in this annotated bibliography. However, it is of relevance to my research project in its discussion of what spreading awareness of the subject on guns on college campuses can do.

Bennett, Katherine, John Kraft, Deborah Grubb. University Faculty Attitudes Toward Guns on Campus. Journal of Criminal Justice Education. Sep 2012, Vol. 23 Issue 3, pp. 336-355. 15 Oct 2013. Dr. Katherine Bennett and Deborah Grubb are professors of criminal justice in the Department of Criminal Justice at Armstrong Atlantic State University, where Dr. John Kraft is a Psychology professor. These professors use an opinion survey to examine the attitudes of faculty at a southeastern Georgia university, toward expanding the places where concealed handguns may be carried to include college campuses. Results showed that a substantial majority of faculty opposes such legislation, but support or opposition is significantly determined by political party and gun ownership. This article is important and relevant to my research project because the findings of how the faculty perceives firearms on campus directly relates to how the others from the population of a university may feel. Birnbaum, Robert. Ready, Fire, Aim: The College Campus Gun Fight. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning. Sep/Oct 2013, Vol. 45 Issue 5, p6-14. Robert Birnbaum, the author of this scholarly article discusses the situation on the legislation allowing guns on college campuses in the U.S. and analyzes the arguments both for and against weapons on campus. Robert Birnbaum is a professor at the University of Maryland, College Parkhas served as vice chancellor at the City University of New York and the New Jersey Department of Higher Education and as chancellor at the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh. This article differs from others that are in the annotated bibliography in that rather than conducting research on a certain topic, the author pulls together different types of data that has already been researched, and presents it to the reader. Recent campus crimes involving firearms are presented and the author discusses why pro-gun

and anti-gun arguments are likely to persist in the future even in the absence of empirical data to support either position. This article is more complex than most of the other articles in this bibliography, as the information being given constantly changes throughout the reading. Robert Birnbaums logic that he used to support his claims was very well inputted. He provided many statistics and facts throughout the reading, many of which can be seen in the tables used. Bouffard, Jeffrey A., Matt R. Nobles, and William. Wells. Differences Across Majors in the Desire to Obtain a License to Carry a Concealed Handgun on Campus: Implications for Criminal Justice Education. Journal of Criminal Justice Education. Sep 2012, Vol. 23 Issue 3, pp. 283-306. Web. 15 Oct 2013. Dr. Jeffrey Bouffard, Dr. William Wells and Dr. Matt Nobles, researchers at the College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University analyze whether students' course of study is related to their desire to carry a concealed handgun on campus. Criminal Justice majors may have more interest in carrying a concealed handgun on a college campus "simply because they are more attuned to the potential for criminal victimization given their field of study". Nonetheless, this article helps the reader understand the attitudes and perceptions that CJ majors have concerning guns. All students, faculty members and staff at two separate universities were solicited by email to participate in an anonymous online survey about the topics of guns and crime on campus. Results indicate that students at the two campuses were moderately concerned about the issue of violence on college campuses and they generally reported relatively low levels of confidence that the police could prevent violence on campuses. Criminal Justice majors were more likely than other majors to express interest in obtaining a CHL and carrying a concealed handgun on campus, if allowed. By this

article specifically looking at how Criminal Justice majors typically feel about firearms on campus, a glimpse of the factors that might influence a students perception of concealed handguns on campus is being presented. There is a good amount of qualitative, as well quantitative data presented in this article, with the tables breaking down the data collected to a tee. Bouffard, Jeffrey, Matt R Nobles, William Wells, Michael R. Cavanaugh. How Many More Guns?: Estimating the Effect of Allowing Licensed Concealed Handguns on a College Campus Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Jan 2012, Vol. 27 Issue 2, pp. 316-343. Web. 17 Oct 2013. Michael Cavanaugh, Dr. Jeffrey Bouffard, Dr. William Wells and Dr. Matt Nobles, whom all have been authors of other articles in this annotated bibliography, also authored this scholarly academic journal. The authors use data conducted in a survey administered to students at a university in Texas. Five academic buildings were chosen and paper-and-pencil surveys were given to students, asking questions about demographics, personal backgrounds, experiences with crime victimization, and opinions on campus crime. Most importantly, they were asked if they held a valid CHL (Concealed Handgun License). The empirical research that is used in this article can be displayed through the tables provided. The test is one of the first to provide large samples and "statistical testing rather than anecdotal or attitudinal information alone" (23). Results varied depending on the building that the survey was given, meaning that the likelihood of increasing the overall prevalence and the average number of legally carried handguns present in a given classroom following a change in policy is dependent on many factors. Building C had the highest percentage of current license holders (82%) while Building C had the lowest (10%). This could be because of the types of students that occupied these

buildings, where Building D contained a lot of criminal justice majors while Building D offered math and physical science classes. An important implication that this article suggests is that based on the results, the possible impact of any change in law prohibiting concealed handguns on campus is unknown and possibly very volatile across different buildings on campus. Cavanaugh, Michael R, et al. Student Attitudes Toward Concealed Handguns on Campus at 2 Universities. American Journal of Public Health: December 2012, Vol. 102, No. 12, pp. 2245-2247. Web. 11 Oct 2013. In this scholarly journal article, Michael Cavanaugh, Dr. Jeffrey Bouffard, Dr. William Wells and Dr. Matt Nobles, all researchers at the College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, evaluated the attitudes students have towards handguns being allowed on campus. As a result of the numerous shootings on college campuses, many states are considering passing a law that would allow individuals that have a handgun license to carry concealed handguns on college campuses. These four researchers went around to two universities, one in southeastern Texas and one in eastern Washington and surveyed random classes of undergraduate students, measuring attitudes and characteristics related to the carrying of concealed handguns on campus. Based on the findings of this research, it was concluded that students from both universities didnt feel comfortable at all with concealed handguns on campus. This article is being used in my annotated bibliography because perceptions of guns on college campuses are widely varied depending on the person that is being affected.

Fennell, Reginald. "Concealed Carry Weapon Permits: A Second Amendment Right Or A Recipe For Disaster On Our Nation's Campuses?" Journal Of American College Health.

58.2 (2009): 99-100. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Oct 2013. Dr. Reginald Fennell, an executive editor for the Journal of American College Health and also a professor of health education in the Department of Kinesiology and Health at Miami University of Ohio. Dr. Reginald sees a shooting as one of most feared acts of violence and one that can strike fear into somebody in higher education. By citing different studies concerning how people feel about guns being allowed on campus, and by discussing different organizational groups that talk about a legislation concerning guns on campuses, the author is showing how opinionated people can be when it comes down to this topic. The format of this article is easy to read because it starts off by presenting the topic at hand, then goes on into explaining the different views on the matter, and at the end Dr, Reginald gives his opinion about firearms on college campuses. Miller, Matthew, David Hemenway, and Henry Wechsler. Guns and Gun Threats at College. Journal of American College Health. Sep 2002, Vol. 51 Issue 2, pp. 57. Web. 15 Oct 2013. This academic journal, which focuses on gun possession and gun threats at college, was published in the Journal of American College Health. The authors of this article, Dr. Matthew Miller, Dr. David Hemenway, and Dr. Henry Wechsler are all affiliated with the Harvard School of Public Health. Dr. Matthew and Dr. David are with the Harvard Injury Control Research Center in the Department of Health Policy and Management, and Dr. Henry is with the Department of Health and Social Behavior. The researchers mailed out two separate questionnaires to the participants, with key questions such as "Do you have a 'working firearm' with you at college?" and "While you have been at college, has anyone used, displayed or brought out a working firearm against you in a hostile manner?" The results indicate that 4.3% of the students reported that they had a working

firearm at college, and 1.6% of them have been threatened with a gun while at school. Results also show that students are more likely to have a firearm at college and to be threatened with a gun while at college if they are male, live off campus, binge drink, and engage in risky and aggressive behavior after drinking. Having a firearm for protection is also strongly associated with being threatened with a gun while at college. This article is very important to my discussion of the views that people associated with a university have on carrying conceal handguns because students are directly responding to why they feel the way they do and the factors that may influence their perception. Price, James, Adam Mrdjenovich, Amy Thompson, and Joseph Dake. (2009). College Counselors Perceptions and Practices Regarding Anticipatory Guidance on Firearms. American Journal of College Health 58:(2) 133-139. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. Dr. Price, Dr. Mrdjenovich, Dr. Thompson and Dr. Dake are all Health professors at the University of Toledo in Toledo, Ohio. The research presented in this academic journal focuses on college counselors' anticipatory guidance on firearms for student clients. By obtaining the membership list of the Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors, they then randomly selected one counselor from each center to participate in the research. All participants received a four-page survey in the mail, which was designed to assess college counseling professionals' perceptions and practices of initiating discussion about firearm safety issues with clients that have received various mental health diagnoses (135). The research concluded that only 6% of the respondents indicated that they discussed firearm safety issues regularly with their clients.

The information that was collected in this research sums up to be that not too many counseling centers will address firearm issues with students. The aforementioned in fact makes this article of relevance to my research project in that how counselors of the universities can have an affect on students perceptions of guns by simply speaking with them about firearm safety. By counselors not communicating with their clients about the effects that firearms safety knowledge brings, students are more likely to have a negative view of firearms. This article's format is fairly simple and easy to read, outlining the main steps that were used in the research. There was a myriad amount of quantitative information presented in this article, specifically in the form of tables. This use of logos broke down (in percentages) the responses from the counselors in every question they were asked. Thompson, Amy, James Price, Joseph Dake, and Karen Teeple. Faculty Perceptions and Practices Regarding Carrying Concealed Handguns on University Campuses. Journal of Community Health. Apr 2013, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp. 366-373. Web. 15 Oct 2013. Karen Teeple, who is a researcher at the University of Toledo, wrote this academic journal. Other. The other three authors, Dr. Amy Thompson, Dr. James Price, and Dr. Joseph Dake, are all professors at the College of Health Sciences at the University of Toledo, Ohio. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the perceptions and the practices of college faculty in regard to their support of carrying concealed handguns on their campuses. 1,125 faculty members from 15 randomly selected universities in five Great Lake states were sent a questionnaire in the mail. 70% of the faculty responded and the majority (98%) felt safe on their campus and was not in favor of people carrying concealed handguns on their campuses. Among those that were more likely to perceive there to be

disadvantages to carrying concealed handguns on campus were Democrats or Independents, did not own a firearm, or were females. The majority felt as if carrying concealed handguns on campus creates more risks than benefits to the environment. A potential limitation that this study presents is that the faculty was from five Great Lakes states. This may limit the "geographic generalizability of the faculty responses".

The format of this article followed as most of the academic journals tended to be, simply laid-out, in order of how the study was conducted, with tables to display the quantitative data from the survey results. The section labeled Discussion speaks most to the audience and can provide the most information that a typical reader can relate to. This article relates to my project because it analyzes the perceptions that the faculty holds to carrying concealed handguns on campus. Thompson, Amy, James Price, Adam Mrdjenovich, and Jagdish Khubchandani. Reducing Firearm-Related Violence on College CampusesPolice Chiefs' Perceptions and Practices". Journal of American College Health. Nov/Dec 2009, Vol. 58 Issue 3, pp. 247254. Web. 14 Oct 2013. This article, analyzing police chiefs perceptions and practices when regarding firearm related violence on college campuses, was written by Dr. James Price, Dr. Adam Mrdjenovich, Dr. Amy Thompson and Dr. Jagdish Khubchandani. Dr. Thompson, Dr. Mrdjenovich , and Dr. Khubchandani are with the Department of Health and Rehabilitation Services, and Dr. Price is with the Department of Public Health, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio. This study was conducted like many of the others, with a questionnaire being sent in a 2-wave mailing procedure. The results show that 1 out of 4 campus police chiefs have reported experiencing some form of firearm event on

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their campus within the last year. 80% of those police officers believe that they should take lead responsibility in minimizing firearm violence on college campuses. Like other articles that were written in academic journals, the tables display the numerical data in which the police officers responded to a certain question. The perceptions that the police officers have surrounding firearms being on campus is just one factor of the bigger picture that makes up a whole university population and their feelings and attitudes towards the matter. Wasserman, Lewis M. GUN CONTROL ON COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES IN THE WAKE OF DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA V. HELLER AND MCDONALD V. CITY OF CHICAGO Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law. 2011, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp. 1-57. Web. 19 Oct 2013. This academic journal is written by Lewis Wasserman, an associate professor of the Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, at the University of Texas. This article examines the capacity of public colleges and universities to enact campus gun control policies affecting students, faculty, staff, and others, in light of the landmark Heller and McDonald decisions and judicial interpretations of those cases, along with state constitutional and statutory constraints on the ability of public college and university officials to act autonomously in fashioning campus gun control policies (1). Unlike many of the other academic journals, this one did not include any tables or much numerical data at all. It is formatted to discuss policies and regulations of guns in how they fall under the law. Observations about areas in which campus officials should feel secure in enacting firearm controls, as well as where ambiguities remain are spread out through this informative article.

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Weinberg, Cory. 2 States Expand Gun Rights on Campuses but Resistance Grows Elsewhere Chronicle of Higher Education. 12 July 2013, Vol. 59, Issue 42. Web. 20 Oct 2013. Cory Weinberg is an author for the Chronicle of Higher Learning, in which he wrote a periodical discussing a couple of states that expanded gun rights on campuses and the effects of it. Mr. Weinberg quoted many sources in his article, showing opinions from both those who opposed guns being allowed on campuses, as well advocates. With many bills about expanding gun rights on campuses being bought up around the country, only two states, Arkansas and Kansas, have enacted them into law. Although state legislators constantly fight to make these bills turn law, many states are opposed to such a touchy subject in law. This periodical contains a good amount of qualitative data and examples of past violent crimes, which can help the reader better understand why a person opposed to guns being on campus, is coming from. By providing these examples, the author is also somewhat bias, because while providing examples that might sway the reader into becoming opposed to guns being on campus, examples advocating guns are not displayed. Whitford, Ben. Armed For Class; Students can carry guns legally at a handful of schools. And advocates are pushing for more. Newsweek. 11 August 2008, CAMPUS LIFE; Pg. 62. Web. 20 Oct 2013. Ben Whitford is a freelance journalist, who writes for the Guardian, Newsweek and Slate. This article is one out of two in this annotated bibliography that does not require a study being done, but simply discussing and addressing a situation. The author uses pathos, or emotional appeal, in this article, to attract the reader and connect him/her to the stories he presents. For example, Whitford introduces the reader to a student who lost her best friend in the 2007 shooting at Virginia Tech and by listening

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to her explain that day, the reader has no choice but to have sympathy for her. Everybody that is quoted in this article seems to be against the idea of guns being allowed on college campuses, which serves as a bias.

Wiseman, Rachel. "Campaign for Right To Carry Concealed Guns on Campuses Gains Traction." Chronicle.com. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 14 Oct. 2011. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Rachel Wiseman is a writer for The Chronicle of Higher Education, who put together this educational article about the campaign for the right to carry concealed guns on campus. A group, Students for Concealed Carry on Campus, which began on Facebook, has grown very popular amongst those in favor of the right to carry concealed weapons on college campuses. With chapters on multiple campuses throughout the country they seek to send a message about how important guns are and maintaining a safe campus is, as well as working to change state policies and make it legal to be able to carry on campus with a permit. However, with this touchy subject has came resistance, a lot of administrators are against allowing guns on their campuses. Also, starting up chapters at some schools has been a challenge because faculty is hesitant to sign on "as advisers to pro-gun student groups, even if they support the idea" (55). This source was necessary for my annotated bibliography because it displays the efforts from a certain group and their stance on subject of guns being on college campuses.

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