XLIX

Engineering Design Firm 9201 University City Blvd Charlotte, NC 28223 TO: Dr. Blackmon and Ashley Kronstedt FROM: Mohammad Albusairi DATE: December 2, 2013 SUBJECT: Project Summary This project was to use resistors to have a specific voltage drop in each resistor combination. Resistors given in class must be the only resistors used. 25 different resistors were given, five of each, namely; 220 , 330 , 2200 , 3300 and 10000 . At least one parallel connection must be made in the electrical circuit. Each student had a different circuit to build by using an 18 V power supply, they were all made of 5 nodes but with different node voltages, with a specific loop current for each student. Different calculations were made, starting by calculating the voltage drop at each node from the proceeding node, and then calculating the required resistance from the calculated voltage drop and known circuit current (0.0009A). Once the required resistance across each node was determined, then by reading the colored bands on the resistors, the resistance of each was known, and were matched in series/parallel configurations to attain the required resistance between voltage drops. All resistors given in class have a tolerance of 5%, which indicates that the resistance in the electrical circuit will not be as exact as it was calculated. In testing, the electrical circuit will be connected to an 18 V DC power source. The voltage drop at each node will be measured by using a multimeter during testing, and compared with theoretical values The voltage drop measured must be within 5% of the voltage drop given in the assignment sheet. The voltage drop at a node is defined as the drop in voltage from the proceeding node.

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Beam Technical Report (12/02/2013)

Prepared for: XLIX Engineering Design Firm 9201 University City Blvd Charlotte, NC 28223 ENGR 1201-017

Prepared by: Mohammad Albusairi

I have neither given nor received any unauthorized help on this assignment, nor witnessed any violation of the UNC Charlotte Code of Academic Integrity. Date: December 2nd

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Table of Contents Summary Introduction Background Methods and Procedures Calculations Observations and Results Discussion Conclusion References 4 4 4 5 6 7 7 7 8

Equations Equation 1 Ohms Law Equation 2 Total Resistance (Series) Equation 3 Total Resistance (Parallel) Equation 4- Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Equation 5- Percent difference 5 5 5 5 5

Figures Figure 1 Photo image of the electrical circuit Figure 2 Electrical circuit drawing Tables Table 1- Electrical circuit worksheet 7 6 9

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Summary: The electrical circuit is based on calculations from the first begging on the assignment. At first when the assignment was given, each student had different numbers for the voltage drop and the current. The voltage for each node was given and the voltage drop in the each node was calculated by subtracting the node voltage from voltage of the pervious node, followed by calculation of required resistance to attain the needed voltage drop at the given circuit current. After figuring what the voltage drop for each node is, calculating the resistance between each two nodes is ahead. It is recommended not to start working on the breadboard before having all calculations done and figuring out what resistors will be used. Only five resistors of each are given and no others are allowed to use, in some cases it might be a must to go back and change resistors used in the first nodes to meet requirements other nodes. Building the electrical circuit comes next, the five resistor combinations must be separated by jumper wires to help distinguishing where the resistor combination starts and ends. Some skills are needed while building the electrical circuit, connecting resistors in parallel is totally different that connecting them in series and any mistake in connecting will result of having a wrong total resistance which will result an different voltage drop that the one needed. The electrical circuit must be closed, if not the electric current will not go through the breadboard. It must be taken into consideration that the resistors have a 5% tolerance, so it is acceptable to use resistors in a combination even if their total resistance does not exactly match the resistance needed. It is recommended to test the project before the testing day to insure that the circuit is closed and the voltage at each node as given in the assignment sheet matches the measured node voltage in the actual electrical circuit. Introduction:
The electrical circuit must be built with the resistors given in class only, and no other resistors can be used. Five values of resistances are given 220 , 330 , 2200 , 3300 , and 10000 . Five of each resistance is provided and no extra resistances can be used. The Voltage in the electrical circuit is 18 V and the current is 0.0009 A, hence the node voltage at the positive side of the DC power suppy is 18 V There is a specific voltage required at each of the other five nodes. Voltages at the five nodes were: 16.12 V , 15.396 V, 7.5942 V, 2.2738 V and 0 V at the last node, all relative to the negative side of the DC power supply, which is basically node 5. After the calculations, the voltage drop across each resistor combination stood out to be: 1.88 V, 0.724 V, 7.8 V, 5.3204 V and 2.2738 V, respectively. The resistors given have a tolerance for 5%. The resistors were arranged with an assumption that the tolerance would be a zero or the closest it could be to a zero.

Background:
In order to fully understand the electrical circuit and the terms used in the field of electrical engineering, a research was done to define some of the major terms used. Voltage drop is defined as the amount of voltage needed to push a given amount of current through a given amount of resistance (Birkby 1995). Resistor is a device that restricts current flow and produces work, such as heat. (Kupis 1999). There is a big difference in the two available ways to connect resisters. Resisters can be connected either in parallel or in series. The total resistance is different even if the exact same resisters were used in the two different connections. One more difference between the resistors connected in parallel and in series, resistors in series are connected in a single line which means that if one of the resisters is not functioning or it was taken off, the electrical circuit will stop functioning, on the other hand resistors in parallel are the exact

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opposite. If a resistor in a parallel was not functioning, the electrical circuit will still work. (McPartland 1985) but with the equivelant resistance of the remaining functioning ones.The resistance increases with the increase of temperature. If the same resistances were used in two different circuits, one in room temperature and another in a warmer place, the resistance in the electrical circuit placed in the warmer room would be higher (Cao 2007). Resistors convert electrical energy to heat (Rudenko 2009). If resisters are used for a long period without stopping the electricity from going through, the resister will be warmer that it was before adding it to the circuit.

Methods and Procedures:

In order to build an electrical circuit that meets the specific requirements, i,e, the given voltage drops acroos each nodes under 0.0009 A circuit current at the specified 18 V DC power supply. The resistance needed must be calculated by using formula (1) for each resistance combination. The following step should be figuring out what resistors can be used to meet the needed voltage drop. Different calculations are needed, till the total resistance meets the total resistance required to get the voltage drop with keeping in mind that the resisters have 5% tolerance which means that the number calculated could not be the exact number required, it can be slightly more or less. The total resistance of resisters can be calculated using formulas (2) and (3) depending on how they were connected. Equation used:

Ohms Law Total Resistance (Series) Total Resistance (Parallel) Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Percent difference

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

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Figure 1- Photo image of the electrical Circuit

Calculations:

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Table 1- Electrical Circuit Worksheet Theoratical Voltage Voltage V Drop V Node 1 16.12 V 1.88 V Node 2 15.396 V 0.724 V Node 3 7.5942 V 7.8 V Node 4 2.2738 V 5.3204 V Node 5 0V 2.2738 V

Current I 0.0009 A 0.0009 A 0.0009 A 0.0009 A 0.0009 A

Calculated Resistance 2089 804.5 8667 5911.5 2526.5

Resistance added 2090 808 8630 5921 2530

Actual Voltage V 16.08 V 15.34 V 7.74 V 2.33 V 0V

Observations and results:

Actual voltage measurements at each node were compared with theoretical values as shown according to below formula:

Node 1

Node 2 Node 3

Node 4

Node 5

Discussion:
The difference occurred because the resistance needed and the resistance added to the electrical circuit was not the exact same numbers as shown in table 1. One more reason which is that the resisters have a tolerance of 5%, so the total resistance might either increase or decrease by a maximum of 5%. Accuracy of the mutimeter may have also contributed partially to the percentage change between the actual values and the thoerratical ones.

Conclusion:
The electrical circuit had specific requirements that must be taken into consideration. The only resistors that can be used are the ones given in class and at least one of the resistors combinations must be connected in parallel. The electrical circuit starts with 18 V and ends with 0 V. Voltage drops across each resistor combination was calculated from the given nodes voltages, which had to be met during project testing. Only five of each resistor are given by the instructor and no others can be used, so in some cases it might be needed to resolve a node with different resistors to solve all nodes. The resistors have tolerance of 5% and that resulted in creating a difference between the actual voltage and the theoretical voltage, but well within an acceptable range of a maximum error of 2.272%

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References
Kupis , G. 1999. Electronic circuit design uses SI (Signal Integrity) software." Elektronik Praxis. 13: 84-96. Birkby, John. 1995. Voltage Drop and the National Electrical Code." (online forum message). Mike Holt Enterprises . http://www.mikeholt.com/technical.php?id=technicalvoltagedrop (accessed November 17, 2013). Cao, Rui. 2007. Digital circuit design based on the EDA technology." Microcomputer Information. 20: 2735. Rudenko, S. 2009. Experimental exploration of the heat physical characteristics of high voltage resistors TVO-60." Bulletin of the National Technical University of Kharkov Polytechnic Institute . 39:162-8. McPartland, J.F. 1985. Basic design of electrical circuits." Electrical Construction and Maintenance. 12: 61-7.

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Appendix: Electrical Circuit Drawings Network 39

VN2=15.396 V VN1=16.12 V 10000 10000

VN3=7.5942 V

3300 330 330 330 220 10000

330 3300 3300 220

2200 10000

220 3300 220 I=0.0009 A VN4=2.2738 V VNs=18 V 2200

2200

330

Figure 2- Electrical circuit drawings VN5=0 V Calculations:

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