9.

1: USE TRIGONOMETRY WITH RIGHT TRIANGLES

Sin theta= opposite/ hypotenuse Cos theta= adjacent/ hypotenuse Tan theta= opposite/ adjacent

Csc theta= hypotenuse/ opposite

Sec theta= hypotenuse/ adjacent Cot theta= adjacent/ opposite Csc theta= 1/sin theta

Sec theta= 1/ cos theta

Cot theta= 1/ tan theta

EXAMPLE
Evaluate the six trigonometric functions of the angle theta. From the Pythagorean theorem, the length

of the hypotenuse is:

5^2+12^2= 169=13
Sin theta= opp/hyp=12/13 Cos theta=adj/hyp=5/13 Tan theta=opp/adj=12/5

Csc theta=hyp/opp=13/12
Sec theta=hyp/adj=13/5 Cot theta=adj/opp=5/12

TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES FOR SPECIAL ANGLES

EXAMPLE
Find the value of x for the right triangle shown. Write an equation using a trigonometric function that involves the ratio of x and 8. Solve the equation for x. Step 1: Write a trigonometric solution. Cos 30 degrees=adj/hyp Step 2: Substitute: 3/2=x/8

Step 3: Multiply each side by 8: 43=x

SOLVING A TRIANGLE
Finding all unknown side lengths and angle measures of a triangle is called solving the triangle. Solving right triangles that have acute angles other than 30, 45, 60 degrees may require the use of a calculator. For example, B= 45 degrees, c= 5 Step 1: Find the measure of A: 45+90=135, so, 180-135=45, meaning A= 45 degrees. Step 2: Find the measure of a: sin 45=a/5. Multiply both sides by 5 and get a app. 3.536.

Step 3: Find the measure of b: sin 45= b/5. Multiply each side by 5 and get b is app. 3.536

9.2: DEFINE GENERAL ANGLES AND USE RADIAN MEASURE

Angles in Standard Position: In a coordinate plane, an angle can be formed by fixing one ray, called the initial side, and rotating the other ray, called the terminal side, about the vertex. An angle is in standard position if its vertex is at the origin and its initial side lies on the positive x-axis. The measure of an angle is positive if the rotation of its terminal side is counterclockwise, and negative if the rotation is clockwise. The terminal side of an angle can make more than one complete rotation.

EXAMPLES
Draw an angle with the given measure in standard position. 1. 500 degrees

A: Because 500 degrees is 140 degrees more than 360 degrees, the terminal side makes on whole revolution counterclockwise plus 140 degrees more.
2. -50 degrees A: Because -50 degrees is negative, the terminal side is 50 degrees clockwise from the positive xaxis.

CONVERTING BETWEEN DEGREES AND RADIANS

For example, Convert 125 degrees into radians:

125( /180) -25/36 radians.

Convert -/12 into degrees. (-/12)(180/)= -15 degrees.

CONTERMINAL ANGLES
Conterminal angles are angles with terminal sides than coincide. An angle conterminal with a given angle can be found by adding or subtracting multiples of 360 degrees. For radians, add or subtract 2. For example, find one positive angle and one negative angle that are conterminal with -45 degrees: A: -45+360= 315 degrees -45-360=-405 degrees Find one positive angle and one negative angle that are conterminal with 9/2. A: 9/2+2= 13/2 9/2-6=-3/2

SECTORS OF CIRCLES
A sector is a region of a circle that is bounded by two radii and an arc of the circle. The central angle theta of a sector is the angle formed by the two radii. There are simple formulas for the arc length and area of a sector when the central angle is measured in radians.

The arc length s and area A of a sector with radius r and central angle theta (measured in radians) are as follows:

9.3: EVALUATE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ANY ANGLE

Sin theta= y/r Cos theta= x/r Tan theta= y/x, x is not equal to 0 Csc theta= r/y, y is not equal to 0 Sec theta= r/x x is not equal to 0 Cot theta= x/y y is not equal to 0.

These functions are sometimes called circular functions.

EXAMPLE
Let (-4,3) be a point on the terminal side of an angle theta in standard position. Evaluate the six trigonometric functions of theta. A: Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the

value of r.
R= x^2+y^2= (-4)^2+3^2= 25=5 Using x=-4, y=3, and r=5, you can write the following: Sin theta= y/r=3/5 Cos theta= x/r=-4/5 Tan theta=y/x=-3/4 csc theta=r/y=5/3 sec theta=r/x=-5/4 cot theta=x/y=-4/3

THE UNIT CIRCLE

It is convenient to use the unit circle to find trigonometric functions of quadrantal angles. A quadrantal angle is an angle in standard position whose terminal side lies on an axis. The measure of a quadrantal is always a multiple of 90 degrees, or /2 radians.

REFERENCE ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

EXAMPLE
Find the reference angle theta for (a) theta=5/3 and (b) theta= -130 degrees. a. The terminal side of theta lies in Quadrant IV. So, theta= 2-5/3= /3 b. Note that theta is conterminal with 230 degrees, whose terminal side lies in Quadrant III. So, theta= 230 degrees-180 degrees+ 50 degrees.

EVALUATING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Use these steps to evaluate a trigonometric function for any angle theta Step 1: Find the reference angle of theta Step 2: Evaluate the trigonometric function for theta Step 3: Determine the sign of the trigonometric function value from the quadrant in which theta lies.

EXAMPLE
Evaluate cos (-210 degrees) without using a calculator. Step 1: Find the reference angle: -210 degrees+360 degrees= 150 degrees Step 2: Evaluate for theta: theta= 180 degrees-150 degrees= 30 degrees Step 3: Determine where the original degree lies on a coordinate plan and if its positive or negative: -cos 30 degrees= -3/2 REMEMBER: ALL STUDENTS TAKE CALCULUS.

9.4: EVALUATE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE
Evaluate the expression in both radians and degrees. 1. Arc cos 3/2 A: When 0< or equal to theta< or equal to or 0 degrees< or equal to theta < or equal to 180 degrees, the angle whose cosine is 3/2. Theta=arc cos 3/2= /6 2. Arc tan (-3) A: theta= arc tan (-3)= -/3 theta=arc tan (-3)= 60 degrees theta= arc cos 3/2= 30 degrees.

EXAMPLE