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Genetics: The Science of Heredity Chapter 3

The DNA Connection: Section 4

Lab Zone Discovery Activity


Can You Crack the Code? 1.Use the Morse code in the chart on page 97 to decode the question in the message on page 97. The letters are separated by slash marks. Code: set of symbols with specific meanings used to send messages - system of symbols, letters, or words given arbitrary meanings, used for transmitting messages requiring secrecy.

The DNA Code


Chromosome are composed mostly of DNA

DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid Genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring

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DNA Molecule
DNA molecule is made up of four different nitrogen bases Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

DNA Ladder
The following bases form the rungs of the DNA ladder Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

DNA Ladder
Nitrogen Bases
A and T always pair together C and G always pair together

Different arrangements of the proteins make different messages and therefore show different traits

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Gene
Section of DNA molecule that contains the information to code for one specific protein Each gene located at specific place on a chromosome Made up of a series of bases in a row

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Genes
Working parts of DNA Humans have approximately 30,000 to 35,000 genes We share about: 98% of our genes with an ape 80% with a mouse 50% with a fruit fly 20% with a tiny worm

http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/whats_a_genome/Chp1_3_1.shtml

Bases in a Gene
Arranged in specific order A single gene on a chromosome may contain from several hundred to a million or more of these bases

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Order of Bases
Gene contains code that determines the structure of a protein Order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that tells what type of protein will be produced

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Function of Genes
Control the production of proteins in an organisms cell Proteins help to determine the size, shape, color, and many other traits of an organism

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Genes Control
how you look body functions how blood cells carry oxygen how you digest your food

http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/burgoine/cell-DNA.jpg

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/DNA-colored.gif

Protein Synthesis
Cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein Takes place on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell
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Ribonucleic Acid - RNA


Genetic material that transcribes DNA's instructions and translates instruction into construction of protein DNA remains in the nucleus, but in order for it to get its instructions translated into proteins, it must send its message to the ribosomes, where proteins are made RNA is made from DNA

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RNA is Similar to DNA Except


Has one strand instead of two strands Nitrogen Bases: Uracil instead of thymine Different Sugar: Ribose instead of deoxyribose
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Messenger RNA
Copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus Carries the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

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Transfer RNA
Carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein

nbii.gov

- The DNA Connection

Protein Synthesis

Click the Video button to watch a movie about protein synthesis.

How Cells Make Proteins

How Cells Make Proteins

Protein Synthesis
DNA provides code to form messenger RNA.
Messenger RNA attaches to ribosome. Transfer RNA reads the messenger RNA. Amino acids are added to the growing protein.
http://phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?wcprefix=cep&wcsuffix=3034&area=view&x=11&y=15

Mutations
Comes from the Latin word that means change A change in a gene or chromosome. Mutations can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during protein synthesis.

Mutations
As a result, the organisms trait, or phenotype, may be different from what it normally would have been.

Mutation in Skin Cell - Mutation will not be passed on to the organisms offspring Mutation in Sex Cell Mutation can be passed on to an offspring and affect the offsprings phenotype

Types of Mutations
Mutation is the result of small changes in an organisms hereditary materials Single base substituted for one or more bases Mutation may occur when chromosomes dont separate correctly during meiosis. Cell has too many or too few chromosomes Extra segments of chromosomes

Effects of Mutations
Can introduce changes in an organism, source of genetic variety Some can be harmful to an organism Some can be helpful to an organism Some neither harmful or helpful

Harmful Mutations
Mutation is harmful if it reduces an organisms chance for survival and reproduction May depend partly on the organisms environment White lemur in the wild harmful more visible, easier for predators to find White lemur in a zoo Not harmful, same chance of survival as a brown lemur

Helpful Mutations
Improves an organisms chance for survival and reproduction Example: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria (Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria) Gene mutations have allowed some kinds of bacteria to become resistant to certain antibiotic The antibiotics do not kill the bacteria Mutations have improve the bacterias ability to survive and reproduce

Antibiotics attack and kill off bacteria without the mutation...

Eric MacDicken

http://dev.microbeworld.org/know/mutations.aspx

The mutated ones survive after the antibiotics are gone......

Eric MacDicken

http://dev.microbeworld.org/know/mutations.aspx

...and reproduce, passing along the mutation to their offspring...

Eric MacDicken

http://dev.microbeworld.org/know/mutations.aspx

Eventually there are more antibiotic-resistant bacteria than non-resistant.

Eric MacDicken

http://dev.microbeworld.org/know/mutations.aspx

DVD Science Explorer Video Field Trip


Genetics: The Science of Heredity

Bibliography Sources
Cronkite,Ph.D., Donald. Science Explorer Cells and Heredity. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. "Gregor Mendel: Planting the Seeds of Genetics." The Field Museum. 2007.4 Apr. 2008 <http://www.fieldmuseum.org/mendel/about.asp>. Jasper, S. "Mendel and the Gene Idea." Texas University. 4 Apr. 2008 <http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/bio212/mendel.html>. "Understanding Gene Testing." 2007 National Health Museum. Jan. 2007. 4 Apr. 2008 <http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/NIH/gene03.html>. Walsh, Linda. "Genetic Traits." Dept. of Psychology,University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA. 6 Nov. 2006. 4 Apr. 2008 < http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html>.

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