Metrology House Halesfield 13, Telford Shrops. TF7 4PL.

Welcome to Brown & Sharpes Telford Technical Centre

e

Level 1 Training
Developed By: Ryan Stauffer Application Engineer Commercial Operations Measuring Systems Group Additional Information Peter Hughes Training Officer Measuring Systems Group

Course Objectives

Course Objectives

Understand why and how a Probe Qualification is performed Get a thorough understanding of how we create Part Alignments Understand how PC-DMIS handles Solid Geometry Learn how to Edit your part programs Write a logical, organized part program from beginning to end

The Cartesian Coordinate System

Z

Y X X

The Cartesian Coordinate System

Z
The measurement VOLUME of a CMM can be represented by a cube. Each direction within the cube is an AXIS. The ORIGIN is the location where all three axes intersect. ORIGIN

The Cartesian Coordinate System Z

Each axis is divided into equal divisions, representing the units of measurement. Any point in the measurement cube can be defined in terms of a unique X, Y, and Z value.

10

Y
5 10 5 0 | | | | 5 | | | | 10

The Cartesian Coordinate System

What are the coordinates of: 10

10 X=0 Y=0 5 10
5

Y
10 5 | | | | 0 | | | | 5 10 00

0 Z=5

Probe Head (Wrist) & Touch Trigger Probe (Ttp)

Articulating Probe Head

The A axis rotates from 0 to +105 in 7.5 increments

Articulating Probe Head

B axis rotates from -180 to +180 in 7.5 increments

Touch Trigger Probes

Contact Broken

Mechanical Probes such as the TP2 contain 3 electrical contacts. When the stylus is deflected, at least one of the contacts is broken. At this instant, the machines X, Y, and Z scales are read. These values represent the ball center position of the stylus at the time of contact.

Touch Trigger Probes

Touch Probe Example #1 : Measuring point on side of part Recorded point

Touch Trigger Probes

Touch Probe Example #2 : Crashing into part with high velocity Bent probe tip OUCH !!!

Probe Qualifications

Probe Qualification

PROBE QUALIFICATION is the process of defining effective probe diameter and position of the probe tip for measurement. To accomplish this, a qualification artifact with a known diameter is measured with the probe tip to be qualified.

Probe with Unknown Position and Diameter to be Qualified Artifact with Known Diameter, Traceable to National Standards

Probe Qualification

Ball Centre coordinates at each measurement point around the artifact are compared to the known artifact diameter. The effective probe diameter is calculated from the difference between this diameter and the diameter of the spherical pattern of the measured points.

Effective Probe Radius

Building The Probe

Probe Qualification

Working Planes Of PcDmis

PC-DMIS Working Planes

Z
Z PLUS In PC-DMIS, it is important that the correct WORKING PLANE is specified for measuring circles, calculating 2D distances, etc. The available working planes are:

Y PLUS
X MINUS

X PLUS

Y MINUS Z MINUS

ORIGIN

PC-DMIS Working Planes

What Is A Working Plane The working plane is the view that you are currently looking from, for instance if you wish to measure the top surface of a part, then you are working in the ZPLUS working plane. If you are measuring features in the front face you are in the YMINUS working plane. This selection is important when you are working in polar coordinates, because PcDmis uses the working plane to decide where Zero Degrees (start point) is for that work plane.

PC-DMIS Working Planes

* In the Zplus plane, zero deg is in the +X direction and 90 deg is in the +Y direction. * In the Xplus plane, zero deg is in the +Y direction and 90 deg is in the +Z direction. * In the Yplus plane, zero deg is in the -X direction and 90 deg is in the +Z direction.

Circle Measurement Direction

90 deg 135 deg

45 deg

180 deg

0 deg

+Y

225 deg 270 deg

315 deg

+X

Vectors
K

Directional Cosines
J

Vectors
Z (+K direction)

The directions of a Directions of features vector relate to for the three and directions axes ofapproach the coordinate probe to a system. The I direction point are represented is the direction of by VECTORS. Athe X axis, can J direction is the vector be thought direction of 1 Y,unit andlong, K is of as a line the direction of the pointing in the Z axis. of the vector. direction

Y (+J direction)

X (+I direction)

Vectors
ZZ (+K direction) (+K direction)

What is the vector direction of :

I = 0.0 0.7071 1.0 0.7071 J = 0.0 0.0 K = -1.0

Y Y (+J direction) (+J direction)

X X (+I direction) (+I direction) 45

Cosine of 45o

Incorrect Vector = cosine error

Approach Direction

Angle
Normal Vector

Nominal Contact Point Expected Contact Point

Introduced Error

Probe Dia Angle Error 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

0.5 0.0000 0.0010 0.0039 0.0088 0.0160

1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 Magnitude of error introduced by not probing normal to surface 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0019 0.0038 0.0057 0.0076 0.0077 0.0154 0.0231 0.0309 0.0176 0.0353 0.0529 0.0709 0.0321 0.0642 0.0963 0.1284

6.00 0.0005 0.0115 0.0463 0.1058 0.1925

Alignment

Alignment
Alignment is the process of establishing a part coordinate system, where the Axes of the part and CMM are the same. Three things are needed to complete a part alignment:

A LEVEL (Any measured feature with a vector direction). The level feature controls the orientation of the working plane.
A ROTATE AXIS (Any measured feature with a vector direction). The rotate feature needs to be perpendicular to the level feature. This controls the timing or rotational position of the axes relative to the working plane. An ORIGIN (Any measured feature or features which define the X, Y, and Z zero point of the part).

Alignment
STEP 1 : Level= ZPlane Axis to Plane Level Feature STEP 2 : Rotate X Axis to Line Rotate Feature = Lineto Circle STEP 3 Axis : Translate X Origin STEP 4 : Translate Y Origin to Circle Origin Feature = Circle STEP 5 : Translate Z Origin to Plane

ALIGNMENT
COMPLETED!!!!
Machine Home Position

Desired Part Coordinate System

Alignment
STEP 1 : Level Z Axis to Plane Level 2 Feature Plane STEP : Rotate=X Axis to Line STEP 3 Axis : Translate X Origin Rotate Feature = Lineto Point STEP 4 : Translate Y Origin to Line Origin = Corner STEP 5 Feature : Translate Z Origin to Plane

ALIGNMENT

COMPLETED!!!!

Machine Home Position

Required Part Origin Position

How To Align a Part

Measure 3 Points To Create Plane
Measure 2 Points To Create Line Measure 1 Point On Side Face

Building The Alignment

Alignment How To Do It

Click The Utilities Option

And Then Select Alignment

Alignment How To Do It

From The Features List Select PLN1 LINE1 PNT1

Click On Auto Align PcDmis will automatically align the part by Levelling and setting Z zero to PLN1

Measured Features

Rotate and set Y zero to LINE1, and then set X zero to PNT1.

Geometric Elements

Basic Geometric Elements

Z
Element: POINT 5

EXAMPLE

Min Points: 1 Position: Vector: Form: XYZ location None None

Y
5

X
5
Output X = 5 Y=5 Z=5

2D/3D:

3D

Basic Geometric Elements

Z
EXAMPLE

Element:

LINE

Min Points: 2 Position: Vector: Form: 2D/3D: Centroid From 1st to last point Straightness 2D/3D Output 5

X
5 X = 2.5 Y=0 Z=5 I = -1 J=0 K=0

Basic Geometric Elements

Z
Element: CIRCLE 5

EXAMPLE

Min Points: 3

Position:
Vector*:

Centre
Matches reference plane 5
1 2

Form:
2D/3D:

Roundness
2D Output

X
5 I=0 J=0 K=1 D=4 R=2

X=2 Y=2 Z=0

* The vector of a circle is only for measurement purposes, and does not uniquely describe the features geometry.

Basic Geometric Elements

Z
2

EXAMPLE

Element:

PLANE 5
1

Min Points: 3
Position: Vector: Form: 2D/3D: Centroid Perpendicular

Y
5
3

Flatness 3D Output 5 X = 1.67 Y = 2.50 Z = 3.33

X
I = 0.707 J = 0.000 K = 0.707

Basic Geometric Elements

Z
4

EXAMPLE
5

Element:

CYLINDER

Min Points: 5
Position: Vector: Form: 2D/3D: Centroid From 1st level of hits to last level Cylindricity 3D X = 2.0 Y = 2.0 Z = 2.5
1 2

Y
5
3

I=0 J=0 K=1

5 D=4 R=2

Basic Geometric Elements

Z
Element: CONE 5
4 6

EXAMPLE

Min Points: 6
Position: Vector: Form: 2D/3D: Apex From 1st level of hits to last level Conicity 3D X = 2.0 Y = 2.0 Z = 5.0
1

5
3 2

I=0 J=0 K=1

5 A = 43deg

Basic Geometric Elements

Z
Element: SPHERE 5
2

EXAMPLE
1

Min Points: 4

Position:
Vector*:

Centre
Toward North Pole of Hits

Y
5
3

Form:
2D/3D:

Sphericity
3D X = 2.5 Y = 2.5 Z = 2.5 I=0 J=0 K=1 5 D = 5.0 R = 2.5

* The vector of a sphere is only for measurement purposes, and does not describe the features geometry.

Constructed Features

Points

Constructed Features
POINT : AT ORIGIN A point is constructed at the origin of the current alignment system. Coordinates of the point will be 0, 0, 0. Z

X
POINT

Constructed Features
POINT : CAST A point is created at the centroid of the selected feature. Its coordinates (x y z) are equal to that of the Circle INPUT : CIRCLE1 POINT CIRCLE1

Constructed Features
POINT : CORNER A point is created at the intersection of three planes. INPUT : PLN1 PLN2 PLN3 POINT

PLN2

PLN3 PLN1

Constructed Features
POINT POINT : PIERCE A point is created where feature 1 pierces the surface of feature 2. The order of selection is Important PLN1

Y CYL1
5

INPUT : CYL1

PLN1

Constructed Features
POINT : OFFSET Z A point is created at the specified offsets from the selected feature. INPUT : PNT1 X Offset = 0 Y Offset = 4 Z Offset = 1 PNT1 5

POINT

5 5

Constructed Features
POINT : INTERSECT A point is created at the location where the two selected features cross. INPUT : LINE1 LINE2 LINE1 LINE2

POINT

Constructed Features
POINT : DROP A point is created by projecting the first features centroid onto the second feature (line, cone, cylinder, or slot). CIRCLE1

INPUT : CIRCLE1
LINE1 LINE1

POINT

Constructed Features
POINT : MID A point is created at the midpoint of the two selected features. CIRCLE1 CIRCLE2

INPUT : CIRCLE1
CIRCLE2 POINT

Constructed Features
POINT : PROJECT A point is created by projecting the feature onto the selected plane. POINT

PLN1

INPUT : PNT1 PLN1 PNT1

Constructed Features

Circles

Constructed Features
CIRCLE : BF A best-fit circle is created through the selected features. CIR1 INPUT : CIR1 CIR2 CIR3 CIR4 CIR3 CIRCLE

CIR4

CIR2

Constructed Features
CIRCLE : CONE A circle is created inside a cone at the specified diameter. INPUT : CONE1 DIAMETER = 2 2 CONE1 CIRCLE

Constructed Features
CIRCLE : INTERSECT A circle is created at the intersection of a plane and a cone, cylinder, or CIRCLE sphere. INPUT : CONE1 PLN1

CONE1

PLN1

Constructed Features

Lines

Constructed Features
LINE : ALIGNMENT A line is created along an axis of the current coordinate system, perpendicular to the current working plane. Z

Z+ PLANE CURRENT WORKPLANE = Z+ LINE X

Constructed Features
LINE : BF A best-fit line is created through the selected features. CIR1

INPUT : CIR1
CIR2

CIR2

LINE

Constructed Features
LINE : INTERSECT A line is created at the intersection of two planes. LINE

PLN2

INPUT : PLN1 PLN2 PLN1

Constructed Features
LINE : PERP A line is created perpendicular to the first selected feature, passing through the second feature

CIRC1

INPUT : LINE1
CIRC1 LINE1 LINE

Constructed Features
LINE : PARALLEL A line is created parallel to the first selected feature, passing through the second feature.

CIRC1

LINE INPUT : LINE1

CIRC1 LINE1

Constructed Features
LINE : REVERSE A new line is created in the opposite direction of the selected line. LINE

LINE1 INPUT : LINE1

Constructed Features
LINE : OFFSET A line is created through the centre of the first feature, passing by the second feature at the specified offset. CIR1

INPUT : CIR1
CIR2 OFFSET = 1

CIR2 LINE

Dimensioning Features

Location

Dimensioning Features
LOCATION The dimension LOCATION option reports the specified characteristic of the selected feature. Characteristics that can be reported are:

rad

ang

Dimensioning Features
LOCATION EXAMPLE: Reporting CIR1 X=2 Y=2 Z=0 D=2 R=1 2 2 1 1 0 1 2 3 3 CIR1 Z Y 2 1

Dimensioning Features
LOCATION EXAMPLE: Reporting CONE1 A = 60 V = 0, 0, 1 (I, J, K) 2 3 Z Y

CONE1

2
1 1 0 1 2

60

Dimensioning Features
LOCATION EXAMPLE: Reporting POINT1 2 Prad = 2.828 Pang = 45 1 1 2 3 Z Y POINT1

45
0 1 2 3 X

Dimensioning Features

True Position

Dimensioning Features
TRUE POSITION

The following is an example of normal tolerancing of a Circle: 0.1 1.00 .05

0.1 1.00 .05

2.00 .05

Dimensioning Features
TRUE POSITION

Zooming in on the theoretical circle centre... 1.05 Location of measured circle centre: GOOD
OUT OF TOLERANCE

.95 1.95

2.05

Dimensioning Features
TRUE POSITION Why are two points the same distance from nominal not both in tolerance? OUT OF TOLERANCE GOOD

True Position tolerance zone True Position tolerancing creates a circular tolerance zone, which better judges parts based on the fit and function of mating parts

True Position
MMC Maximum Material Condition 20+/- 0.2 0.15 A Dia Bonus 19.80 19.90 20.00 20.10 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

MMC 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55

30

20.20
40
Sizes in MM

NB: The bonus will not be applied if the Dia of the hole is out of tolerance

True Position
MMC -MMC Maximum Material Condition - Maximum Material Condition 20+/- 0.2 MMC 0.15 A Dia A Dia 2 MMC 19.80 19.90 20.00 20.10 19.80 19.90 20.00 20.10 20.20 20.20 0.15 0.35 0.55 0.75 0.95

30

40 20+/- 0.2
NB: The bonus will not be applied if the Dia of the hole is out of tolerance

True Position
LMC Least Material Condition 20+/- 0.2 0.15 A Dia 19.80 19.90 20.00 20.10

Bonus 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.

LMC 0.55 0.45 0.35 0.25 0.15

20.20
40

NB: The bonus will not be applied if the Dia of the stud is out of tolerance

True Position
LMC - LMC Least Material Condition - Least Material Condition

0.15

Dia A Dia 2 19.80 19.80 19.90 19.90 20.00 20.00 20.10 20.10 20.20 20.20

LMCLMC

0.95 0.75 0.55 0.35 0.15

40

20+/- 0.2
NB: The bonus will not be applied if the Dia of the stud is out of tolerance

Dimensioning Features

2D Distances

Dimensioning Features
DISTANCE 2D The 2-dimensional distance option calculates distances between features within the current working plane.

TYPICAL 2D DISTANCE USAGE : Point to Line or Circle to Circle or Circle to Line

Dimensioning Features
DISTANCE 2D When calculating a 2-Dimensional distance, you have many options to determine which distance to report. For Example, you could report these distances from CIR1 to CIR2 : Y CIR2

DIST2

CIR1 X DIST1

Dimensioning Features
DISTANCE 2D The options available are: Centre to Centre To Feature Parallel to To X Axis To Y Axis & Perpendicular to To Z Axis DIST1 can be created using: DIST2 can be created using: DIST3 To X Axis, Parallel to To Centre Y Axis, to Centre Parallel to ToTo Y Axis, Perpendicular (no axis selected) To X Axis, Perpendicular X DIST1

DIST2

Dimensioning Features
DISTANCE 2D The To Feature option can be used when a distance to be calculated is not parallel or perpendicular to an axis of the current coordinate system. The order of feature selection is important for this option. The distances are calculated to either Perpendicular or Parallel to the SECOND feature, based on your selection.

Dimensioning Features
DISTANCE 2D How can you report the overall length of this part? Measure a line on one side, a point on the other. Report the 2D Distance from PNT1 to LINE1, using the To Feature option, Perpendicular to LINE1. LINE1 DISTANCE PNT1

Dimensioning Features
DISTANCE 2D If you just click on PNT1 and LINE1, and choose no To option, the distance will be straight from the lines centroid to PNT1. THIS IS NOT WHAT YOU WANT!!!!!!!!!!!!!! LINE1

PNT1

Dimensioning Features
DISTANCE 2D When calculating 2-Dimensional distances, it is very important that the correct WORKING PLANE is selected. In the last example, the working plane was set to Z PLUS. Y Z PLUS Working Plane

Dimensioning Features
DISTANCE 2D The ADD RADIUS and SUB RADIUS option modifies the calculated distance to include or subtract the radii of dimensioned circles. Y Normal Distance ADD RADIUS SUB RADIUS Distance Distance

Dimensioning Features

3D Distances

Dimensioning Features
DISTANCE 3D 3-dimensional distances calculate the shortest distance between two features, regardless of the working plane.

TYPICAL 3D DISTANCE USAGE: Point to Plane

Dimensioning Features
DISTANCE 3D EXAMPLE: PLN1 3D Distance from PNT1 to PLN1

DISTANCE

PNT1

Dimensioning Features
ANGLES An angle is created at the intersection of two lines

LINE 1

LINE 2

60

ANGLE

Perpendicularity
0.15 Wide Tolerance Zone

0.15

Possible orientation of the actual surface

Parallelism
0.15 Wide Tolerance Zone

0.15

Possible orientation of the actual surface

Angularity

0.5 Wide Tolerance Zone

0.5

A
Possible orientation of the actual surface

35

35