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A survey of 40 office buildings
with long-span concrete floors

P.W. Matthew BE, MSc, MIE(Aust)

and D.F.H. Bennett BSc, MSc, CEng, MICE
FOREWORD
This publication was commissioned by the Reinforced
Concrete Council.
The Group was set up in 1988 to promote better
knowledge and understanding of reinforced concrete design
and building technology.
Its members are Co-Steel Sheerness plc and Allied Steel
& Wire, representing the major suppliers of reinforcing steel
in the UK; and the British Cement Association, representing
the major manufacturers of Portland cement in the UK.
The authors of this publication are Peter Matthew, partner
with consulting engineers Powell, Tolner & Associates and
David Bennett, Senior Engineer in the Marketing Division
of the British Cement Association.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the following organizations for
their considerable help in providing the building data for
the survey:
Anthony Hunt/YRM Partnership
Beers
Bison Limited
Bunyan Meyer & Partners
Composite Structures Limited
DGI International plc
Ferguson & McIlveen
Frank Hodgson & Associates
James-Carrington and Partners
Jan Bobrowski and Partners
Ove Arup & Partners
Powell, Tolner & Associates
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Waterman Partnership
Thanks are also due to Brian Dyer of Tower Associates
for drafting the floor plans.

97.311 Published by the British Cement Association on behalf of

First published 1990 the industry sponsors of the Reinforced Concrete Council.
Reprinted 1994, 1995
British Cement Association
ISBN 0 72101386 4 Telford Avenue, Crowthorne
Berks RG45 6YS
Price Group F Tel (01344) 762676
Fax (01344) 761214
@ British Cement Association 1990

All advice or information from the British Cement Association is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of
its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence] for any loss resulting from such
advice or information is accepted. Readers should note that all BCA publications are subject to revision from time to time and should therefore
ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 2

NOTES ON SURVEY 2

DESIGN FEATURES OF SPECIAL INTEREST 3

CHOICE OF FLOOR SLAB DESIGN 4

Solid flat slabs

Ribbed slabs
Waffle slabs
One-way spanning solid slabs and beams
Precast slabs
Composite precast slabs

CONCLUSION 6

SURVEY DATA 7

Section 1: Solid flat slabs

Reinforced - Buildings 1 to 7 8-14
Prestressed - Buildings 8 to 12 15-19

Section 2: Ribbed slabs

Reinforced - Buildings 13 to 15 20-22
Prestressed - Buildings 16 to 22 23-29

Section 3: Waffle slabs

Reinforced -Buildings 23 to 25 30-32
Prestressed - Buildings 26 to 28 33-35

Section 4: One-way spanning solid slabs

and beams 36-40
Buildings 29 to 33

Section 5: Precast slabs

Buildings 34 to 36 41-43

Section 6: Composite precast slabs

Buildings 37 to 40 44-47
 (Figure 1) indicates a braced structure where the horizontal

INTRODUCTION forces are transmitted to shear walls by the floors acting as

diaphragms. In the case of an unbraced structure [Figure 2),
stability is provided from within the frame by the
interaction of columns and floors and referred to as ‘frame
Traditional concrete designs for office building have been action’.
associated with either beam and slab or flat slab floors, All tables should be read in conjunction with the
typically with 6 to 7.5 m spans. Occasionally, longer-span corresponding floor plans and section details.
floors have been designed using ribbed or waffle
construction. In recent times, changes in the requirements
of end-users and in developers’ specifications have led to
more open-plan offices and larger floors. This has
increased spans from 6 to 9 m, even to 15 m and more.
a Shear walls

To verify the competitiveness of concrete long-span

floors, a survey has been conducted of concrete-framed
office buildings, the majority constructed in recent years.
Forty buildings of in situ, precast and composite
construction with long spans have been surveyed. In each
category, examples were found of floors designed in
reinforced and prestressed concrete to carry similar office
floor loadings.
For in situ structures, solid flat slabs and ribbed slab
designs were common, with spans varying from 6 to 15 m.
A number of precast structures with long spans, some
over 20 m, are reported, with composite in situ slabs acting
with precast ribs or other precast members.

NOTES ON SURVEY
The survey data are presented in the second part of this
publication, beginning on page 7. The information has
been arranged according to structural floor types as
follows:
Figure I: Lateral stability provided by shear walls.
Section 1 - Solid flat slabs
Section 2 - Ribbed slabs
Section 3 - Waffle slabs
Section 4 - One-way spanning solid slabs and beams
Section 5 - Precast slabs
Section 6 - Composite precast slabs
The structural information and quantities of material
for each building surveyed are presented in tabular form
and are accompanied by a typical floor plan and floor
section.
For each building studied, quantities of concrete,
reinforcement and prestressing steel are expressed in
units/m2 of floor area. All quantities related to vertical
components, i.e. columns, walls, etc., have been excluded,
thus the effect of storey height and number of storeys is
eliminated.
The span/depth ratios given in the tables are based on
the maximum spans.
Notes on the design Code of Practice, concrete grade
and method of achieving frame stability have been added
to provide useful information on the design of the
structure.
The column headed ‘Design loads’ gives the floor
loadings used in the structural design, i.e. imposed load,
finishes, partition and service loads: it does not include the
self-weight of the floor.
The method of achieving frame stability for each
building is indicated in the column headed ‘Stability’ by
‘shear walls’ or ‘frame action’. The term ‘shear walls’ Figure 2: Lateral stability provided by frame action.

2
DESIGN FEATURES c
Overall to suit column size

OF SPECIAL J--r 650

INTEREST r
Notes on a few of the buildings surveyed are given below to
highlight certain construction and design features that
provide particular economic advantages for a given floor
tY Pe.

Building 5
310 mm reinforced solid flat slab, span 9.5 x 7-3 m.
Lightweight aggregate concrete with a compressive
strength of 30 N/mm2 was used in order to reduce the
self-weight of the floor and the cost of the foundations.
As the span/depth ratio exceeded the guiding limits in
the Code (CPllO), compliance with maximum deflection
in the serviceability limit state was proved by calculation.
-A- Plan
The floor slab was designed as a beam supporting a
one-way spanning flat slab, all within the 310 mm depth of
construction. The beam, 2.5 m wide, spans longitudinally
from the interior column to the lift core. The one-way
spanning slab is simply supported at the perimeter and
continuous over the beam.

Building 7
255 mm reinforced solid flat slab, span 9.2 x 6-0 m.
The deflection of the 255 mm flat slab was checked by Section
finite element analysis, taking full account of edge
stiffening from the perimeter columns and beams in
addition to the internal columns and frame. A lateral
Figure 3: Detail of steel shearhead.
stability check was carried out on a three-dimensional
computer model of the structure. The inherent stiffness of
the perimeter beams and columns plus the internal frame
eliminated the need for shear walls.

Building 10
300 mm post-tensioned solid flat slab, span 9.4 x 9.0 m.
Steel cross-bracing, in combination with the floor slab
acting as a diaphragm, provided the lateral stability. Drop
panels were eliminated by forming shearheads within the
slab depth (Figure 3). All external columns were connected
to steel beams, composite with the slab, to cater for
punching shear.

Building 13
450 mm reinforced ribbed slab, span 9.0 m.
The wide-rib profile, spaced at 1.5 m centres, provides
adequate flexibility to accommodate small and large
service openings in the floor. The rib profile made it
possible to use table forms with integral grp rib moulds to
ensure a fast building programme (Figure 4).

Building 14
425 mm reinforced ribbed slab, span 9.0 m.
The irregular floor plan of the building and the client’s
requirement for minimum column sizes resulted in it being
inappropriate to provide stability by frame action. Shear
walls, with no returns and a minimum of cross walls, were
specified to facilitate rapid construction of walls. Figure 4: Grp rib moulds fixed to table forms.

3
Building 26
500 mm prestressed/reinforcement waffle slab,
span 12.0 X 12-O m.
The solid beam strips were post-tensioned, with the waffle
section reinforced. This allowed the waffle section to be
reinforced independently of the beams, thus speeding up
construction, whilst maintaining an economical floor
depth.
Building 31
335 mm one-way spanning prestressed solid slab,
span 12.6 m.
The frame was designed as a stacked portal, with 160 mm
precast perimeter walls supporting a 335 mm
post-tensioned solid slab. An important benefit in
post-tensioning the slab was that the end moments
transferred to the precast walls, due to dead load, were
negligible. This in turn led to manageable transfer
moments in the wall under ultimate load conditions.
The structural solution proved both economic and fast
to build, with a maximum net to gross floor area.
Building 36
200 mm precast floor slab, span 7.7 m.
The precast columns were designed as vertical cantilevers
fixed at the base to provide frame stability. The precast
floor beams were simply supported and designed as pin
joint connections to the columns.
Building 37
560 mm double-T floor units with in situ topping,
span 14.5 m.
Stability was achieved by a combination of shear walls at
the ends of the building and frame action developed from
the precast perimeter H frames. The H sections are formed
by adjacent perimeter columns and the perimeter edge
beam (Figure 5a). The precast column joints are positioned
at mid-storey height, i.e. the point of contra-flexure, so a
full moment connection to the double-T floor beam was
possible (Figure 5b). The precast frame was erected in just
under ten weeks.
2400 4800
-II/
I I
I I
(a) Elevation
Figure 5: Detail of precast H frame.
4
CHOICE OF FLOOR
SLAB DESIGN
In assessing the structural cost of a multi-storey building, it
is evident that the bulk of the cost is often for the floor slab
construction. Therefore, the overall economy of a structure
may depend on the efficiency and economy of the floor
slab’ system. While quantities of materials reflect the
efficiency of the design and structural layout, the actual
cost of the structure may also depend on such factors as
s p e e d o f construction, local market conditions,
competitive tendering, availability of labour and
equipment and cost of construction finance. Consequently
a structural design that has proved to be competitive in one
region may not always be competitive in another.
For a building to meet the needs of major financial
occupiers in today’s market, the choice of floor design is
often determined by one or more of the following
considerations:
l The need for long spans to provide floor space
uninterrupted by cores and columns.
0 A maximum floor-to-floor height which allows
adequate space for services and ducts, balanced against
planning pressure to limit overall building height.
0 An adaptable floor structure which can accommodate
future tenant alterations with maximum speed and
minimum disruption.
The wide range of floor construction in both
reinforced and prestressed concrete, highlighted in this
survey, demonstrates that concrete floors can be designed
economically to meet these requirements.
The types of floors and the reasons for choosing them
are given opposite.
2400
I/
4,
(b) Section
Solid flat slabs (with or without
drops)
The principal feature of the dropless floor is its flush soffit
which requires only simple formwork and is easy to
construct (Figure 6a). The overall depth of this floor is a
minimum and it allows great flexibility for locating
horizontal services. However, the economical span range
of a reinforced floor is limited by shear in the vicinity of the
column supports and the need to control long-term
deflection.
The provision of drop panels at the column supports
(Figure 6b) avoids the need for shear reinforcement and
increases the stiffness of the slab and the economical span
range. Alternatively, a structural steel shearhead can be
incorporated to maintain a flush soffit to allow for easy
construction and efficient use of large forming systems
(Figure 6c).
Ribbed slabs
Providing ribs to the soffit of the floor slab can reduce the
quantity of concrete and reinforcement, and thus the
weight of the floor. The deeper, stiffer floor permits longer
(b)
Figure 6: Solid flat slab: (a) without drop panels;
(b) with drop panels; (c) with shearhead.
spans to be used. Formwork complexity can be minimized
by the use of standard modular, re-usable formwork. When
flying form panels are used, the ribs should be positioned
away from the column lines. Ribbed slab floors are very
adaptable for accommodating a range of service openings
(Figure 7).
Waffle slabs
Waffle slab floors are commonly used when buildings are
subjected to heavy imposed loading. They are very
efficient in the use of materials and provide very
economical long spans, but the additional complexity of
formwork can often slow the construction. Where speed of
construction is critical, a ribbed slab or a shallow beam
solution is often preferred.
One-way spanning solid slabs
and beams
A wide, shallow beam profile is often preferred in order to
reduce the overall depth of the floor, whilst permitting
longer spans. The one-way spanning solid slab between
the beams facilitates the use of table forms for fast
construction (Figure 8).
1-2-1:::
1r-1 I-- “~~-~~-l'-' '-::-~J--,:-;:-: :-,r-
Figure 7: Ribbed slab for flexibility to accommodate openings.
Figure 8: Band beam and slab construction using tableforms.
5
Precast slabs
Precast slabs offer the advantage of off-site manufacture,
with a reduction in site labour and site formwork. When
the slabs are prestressed there are additional benefits of
longer spans and higher load capacity. A popular type of
precast floor is the hollow core slab (Figure 9). The
relatively lightweight units form a flush soffit when
placed. A shear key between units ensures load sharing
and the construction is commonly capable of developing
diaphragm action without the need for a structural
topping. The precast units are easy to remove and can
accommodate a wide range of floor openings.
Figure 9: Precast hollow core planks:flexibility for alterations.
Figure IO: Composite floors: (a) precast ribbed floor;
(b) double-T beam floor.
6
Composite precast slabs
Composite precast slabs combine precast floor elements
with in situ concrete in an economical way, eliminating
traditional formwork for floor construction, and providing
long-span floors. Thin precast concrete floor plates can be
combined with an in situ topping to form composite
one-way spanning floors up to 6 m long, or, in combination
with precast beams, to form a composite ribbed slab
(Figure lOa). For extremely long spans, double-T precast
beams and a composite in situ topping is preferred
(Figure 10b).
CONCLUSION
The buildings surveyed in this publication demonstrate
that reinforced and prestressed concrete floors with spans
ranging from 6 to 20 m, are technically feasible and
economically competitive.
This is a direct consequence of improved design and
analysis techniques, higher strength materials, better
construction methods and finally, more construction-led
design.
SURVEY DATA

Section 1: Solid flat slabs

Reinforced - Buildings 1 to 7
Prestressed - Buildings 8 to 12

Section 2: Ribbed slabs

Reinforced -Buildings 13 to 15
Prestressed -Buildings 16 to 22

Section 3: Waffle slabs

Reinforced -Buildings 23 to 25
Prestressed - Buildings 26 to 28

Section 4: One-way spanning solid slabs and beams

Buildings 29 to 33

Section 5: Precast slabs

Buildings 34 to 36

Section 6: Composite precast slabs

Buildings 37 to 40

7
SECTION 1
Solid flat slab -reinforced
SOLID FLAT SLABS

m mm ratio 1 m3 1 kg 1
I I I I I I
2 7.2x7.2 300 24 Frame
’ r ~~~~ ’ GradeC40
0.30 30.0 6-O
action Code BS 8110

Jr 3600 Ji 3600 1" 7200 'i 3600 1" 3600 I

n I-

300 slab

- 7
J n

- 7
_I

-
n

8
 Solid flat slab -reinforced

Materials per m2
No. Slab Design
of floor area
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depth Conc;ete Rebar kN/,,$
m mm ratio kg

10 7.5x6.1 3 0 0 Shear Grade C35

25 0.30 45.0 6-O
walls Code BS 8110

300 slab
I - I I I I I I I

Typical floor plan

9
Solid flat slab -reinforced

3000 5 i(J 7500 3000

A
i

8
2 400 slab 400 slab
E
mi n
1

1 / _L

Typical floor plan

10
 Solid flat slab -reinforced

Materials per m*
No. Slab Design
of floor area
of - load Stability Notes
floors Span
m Depth Span/depth Conc;ete Rebar kN/,-,-,*
mm ratio kg
7 65x45 250 26 0.25 29.0 5 0 Shear Grade C35
walls Code BS 8110

17 ccc 45 1̀
Typical floor plan
Solid flat slab -reinforced

Materials per m*
No. Slab Design
of floor area Notes
of load Stability (See page 3)
floors Span Depth Span/depth Conc;ete Rebar kNirn2
m mm ratio kg
Shear C30 lightweight
4 9-5x 7.3 310 30.6 0.31 41.5 5.0
walls Code CP 110

Typical floor plan

 Solid flat slab -reinforced

Materials per m2
No. Slab Design
of floor area
o f load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depth Co;;ete Rebar kN/r-$
m mm ratio kg

13 8 0x7.2 275 29 Shear Grade C35

0.28 40.7 5-o
walls Code BS 81 10

5800 3 irr 7200 5800

275 slab

Typical floor plan

Solid flat slab -reinforced

Notes
Stability (See page 3)

I I I I I I
I I I I
7 9.2x6.0 255 36 0.26 24.0 5.2
I
I
II I
II II
I

6200 5 ((I 6000

h 4

255 slab

Typical floor plan

14
 Solid flat slab - prestressed

Materials per m2
No. Slab Design
of floor area
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depth Con$ete Rebar Strand kN/r-$
m mm ratio kg kg
Shear Grade C40
2 8.0x8-0 275 29.1 0,275 10-2 4 8 10..0
walls Code BS 8110

,.~- . . .‘j----

(”

Gl P I i..t
X

x x :* x x x x x

0
I” m x Eico
0
X

Atrium x

m m PI m m m m P1 J
First-floor plan

Column head detail I I

15
Solid flat slab - prestressed

Stability Notes

a 7.2x 7.2 240 30.0 0.240 2.4 4.7 6.5

Shear
walls

* See Concrete Society TechnIcal Reports No 17 and No 25

3 ((I 7200 4800

0
0
cu
P-

c
n

:i,

Typical floor plan

950

’ 240
$ 50

Column head detail

I /
c ”
i 250

475
 Solid flat slab - prestressed

Materials per m’
No. Slab Design
of floor area
of l o a d Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depth Conx$ete Rebar Strand kN/mz (See page 3)
m mm ratlo kg kg
Grade C40
Steel Code BS 8110
9 9 4x9-o 300 31 3 0 300 14-l 78 50 bracing to CS TR 17 & 25*
columns Steel c o l u m n s
with shearheads

* See Concrete Society TechnIcal Reports No 17 and No 25

45000

P m B

I a
I m

Typical floor plan Cross-bracing

17
Solid flat slab - prestressed

Materials per m*
No Slab Design
of floor area
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depth Concrete Rebar Strand kN/mz
m mm ratio m3 kg kg
Grade C40
Frame
7 11 5 x 7 5 325 35 4 O-325 11 1 65 50
action
Code BS8110
CSTR 17&25*
See Concrete Society TechnIcal Reports No 17 and No 25

Typical floor plan

8
 Solid flat slab - prestressed

Slab
Stability Notes

7200 3600 7200 2400 7200 3600 7200

r c * *- II + * J

Typical floor plan

Typical column head detail

SECTION 2
Ribbed slab -reinforced
RIBBED SLABS
Materials per m*
No. Rib Beam Des
of floor area ,__ign Notes
of wad Stability (See page 3)
floors Span Depth Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Concrc ?te R e b a r kN/m*
m mm ratio m mm ratio m3 kg
10 9.0 450 20.0 8.0 1200 13.3 0.23 39.5 7.5 Frame Grade C35
x 450 action Code BS 8110

7 ((1 9000

1 I

Typical floor plan

Typidal rib section Typical beam section

20
 Ribbed slab - reinforced

Materials per m2
No. Rib Beam Notes
of floor area f$$” Stability
of (See page 3)
floors Span Depth Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth ConcJete Rebar kN/m*
m mm ratio m mm ratio kg
Shear Grade C35
11 9.0 425 21 .l 9.0 1800 21.1 0.27 38.5 5.0
x425 walls Code BS 8110

9000 6750 4 @ 7500 6750 9000

i 1

5 (u, 9000
Typical floor plan

1500
_~~ __~
125
L -t

‘T 1425 7I- :
425

I I i
l-l
250
1800

Typical rib section Typical beam section

Ribbed slab - reinforced

Materials per m2
No. Rib Beam
of floor area Dri,n Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depthSpan B x D Span/depth Conc;ete Rc??r kN/mz
m mm ratio m mm ratio
1800 Shear Grade C35
5 9.0 3 0 0 30.0 18.0 0.32 29.0 5.0
7-2 x 4 0 0 walls Code BS 8110

6 ((I‘ 7200 9000 7200

I i i

1800
Typical rib section Typical beam section

22
 Ribbed slab - prestressed

Materials per m*
No. Rib Beam
of floor area Design
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/&
m mm mm ratio m mm ratio kg kg
1800 Frame Grade C35
3 9.0 3 2 5 1200 27-7 18-5 Pt’ 0 194 12 6 3.65 6.0
6.0 x 3 2 5 action Code BS 8110
‘Prestressed

Typical floor plan

100

325

Typical rib section ki!

23
 Ribbed slab - prestressed

I No. I Rib Beam

Materials per m*
of floor area Design
Stability

-I
of load Notes
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Con;;ete Rebar Strand kN/t-$
m mm mm ratio m mm ratio kg kg
2200 Shear Grade C40
22 9.0 250 750 36.0 30.0 Pt’ 0.186 7 . 0 3 5.79 5.0
7.5 x 2 5 0 walls Code CP 110
*Prestressed

10 @ 7500
i

Typical floor plan

750 2200

125
,
A -
I-
-r - .250 250
s \

175

Typical rib section Column head detail

24
 Ribbed slab - prestressed

Materials per m2
NO. Rib Beam Design
of floor area
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Con;;ete Rebar Strand kN/m*
m mm mm ratio m mm ratio kg kg
Shear Grade C40
8 9.8 400 725 24.5 1 9 4 1200 24.2 Pt” 0.354 16.9 9.76 6.0
x 800 walls Code CP 110
‘Prestressed

I. 13000
I.
9350
I. 9350
I. 10000
I
Typical floor plan

75 c 725 725
P
725

Typical rib section

25
Ribbed slab - prestressed

Materials per m2
No. Rib Beam
of floor area Design
o f load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/r-$
m mm mm ratio m mm ratio m3 kg kg

5 10.85 450 850 24.1 12.5 1500 Shear Grade C40

28.0 Pt* 0.280 8.3 6-63 5.0
L x450 walls Code CP 110
L
‘Prestressed

Typical floor plan

Typical section
 Ribbed slab - prestressed

Materials per m*
No. Rib Beam Design
of floor area
o f load Stability Notes
floor s Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Conc;ete Rebar Strand kN/m*
m mm mm ratio m mm ratio kg kg
Shear walls Grade C40
5 135 475 1500 28 4 9 . 0 1500 18.9 Pt* 0,285 15.0 4.93 60 and frame
x475 Code BS 8110
action
l Prestressed

I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I
I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I
I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I
I II II II II II II II II I I II I I II II II I
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I w n n I
ririr riririr~r~rlrlr~r~r~r~r~r~r~r~,

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r-i r
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I I
I I
I I
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II
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II
II
II

II
II
II
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II

II
II
II

II
II
II
II
II
II

II

II

II
II

II
II
I I II
II

II

II
II
II
II
L~L~L~L~L~L~L~L~L~L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~~

II
II
II

I
II II I
II I
11
II
II II
II

II

iririr~r-lr~r~r~r1rlrlrlr~r~r~r~rlrl
II II
II
III I I I II
II II
II
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I’ II
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II
II
II
II
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L J -JLJLJ LJLJLJL-ILJLJ LJL~ILJLJLJLJLJLJLJ
n n I
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r -1 -1rir-i r Iririririrl
I I IIII II II
II IIIII I
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LA _ _J L A L A LJLJLJLJLALJ LJLJLJLJLJLJLJLJL.~J
II II II I
riririririr ll~-lrlrl
-
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10

I”
8
Typical floor plan

1500

125

‘r 1500
1 1, J:425

Typical beam section Typical rib section

27
 Ribbed slab - prestressed

Materials per m2
No. Rib Beam Design
of floor area
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/m2
m mm mm ratio m mm ratio kg kg
1200 Shear Grade C40
5 14.4 650 2400 22.2 11 .0 R.C.* 0,268 1 4 . 7 4.33 7.0
7.2 x 6 5 0 walls Code BS 8110
“Reinforced

B-
0

f
8 @ 7200
1

:
I II II II jl n n E n I7 11 r7 fl II
I II II II 11 II II II Ii II II II II II II
I II II ll II II
I II II iI II II
I II II iI II II
I II :I II II I;
I II II ll II II
H H H H H J u u u I4 M
- u .-IL Al- u -IL ii- il -IL II_ L L -IL I I - I I AIL u lb
““““““/

Typical floor plan

2400

Typical section 500

28
 Ribbed slab - prestressed

Materials per m’
No. Rib Beam Design
of floor area
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Spacing Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/m’
m mm mm ratio m mm ratio kg kg
275 Shear Grade C40
4 16.3 525 850 31 .0 6.3 6.3 R.C.* 0.225 9.8 5.66 6.0
X1000 walls Code CP 110
‘Reinforced

7 @ 6300
_
i t

Typical floor plan

850 8 5 0 850

I
%
i
100

Typical section

29
SECTION 3
Waffle slab - reinforced
WAFFLE SLABS
Materials per m*
No. Column of floor area Design
of spacing Depth Span/depth load Stability Notes
floors m mm ratio Con-v$ete R e b a r S t r a n d kN/m2
kg kg
Frame Grade C35
5 6.6 X 7.43 350 21.2 0.245 24.0 - 6-O
action Code BS 8110

5835 7425 3 @ 4950

I ---*

Typical floor plan

Ribs at 900 crs

! 4;7
125 I

1600

Section at column head

30
 Waffle slab - reinforced

Materials per m2
No. Column of floor area Design
of spacing Depth Span/depth load Stability Notes
floors m mm ratio Con;;ete R e b a r S t r a n d kN/m2
kg kg
Frame Grade C35
3 7.5x10 5 5 2 5 20.0 0.450 67.0 - 6-O
action Code BS 8110

, 7500 typical ,

Typical floor plan

Typical section

31
Waffle slab - reinforced

Materials per m*
No. Column of floor area Design
of spacing Depth Span/depth _ load Stability Notes
floors m mm ratio Conc;ete R e b a r S t r a n d kN/m2
kg kg
10.18 Shear Grade C35
3 550 18-5 0.396 37.0 - 9.0
x10.18 walls Code BS 8110

k 3 @ 10180
Typical floor plan

125 14
Typical section

32
 Waffle slab - prestressed

Materials per m2
No. Column of floor area Design Notes
of spacing Depth Span/depth load Stability
mm ratio (See page 4)
floors m Compete Rebar Strand kN/m2
kg kg
Shear Grade C40
1 12.0x12.0 500 24.0 0.349 15.9 2.52 6.0
walls Code BS 6110

4 @ ’ 12000 6000

q CIOOOOOOO
rlnnnnnnrin

Typical floor plan

125
Typical section

33
Waffle slab - prestressed

Materials per m*
No. Column of floor area Design
of spacing Depth Span/depth load Stability Notes
floors m mm ratio Cor?$ete R e b a r S t r a n d kN/m*
kg kg
Shear Grade C35
2 12.7x12.7 500 25.4 0.341 12.2 5.60 6.0
walls Code BS 8110

12700
*

Typical floor plan

Typical section
 Waffle slab - prestressed

Stability Notes

Grade C40
~c~~~ Code BS 8110
CS TR No. 17*
*See Concrete Society Technical Report No 17

5 @ 15000

1 1
,;:j; ji ‘: :’ ‘: ‘_-:
::~:: ::p::-::-:, :
. -. .: ..-.. ~.i[:lI:
:.::..:..:.::.::
‘:~::..l‘i‘: ::..LL
;.:I. :’ ij : :~::z..

‘-7..
:.::. .I! j
: :: :::.:
1 :.
.::
: li
i
a :, .,: :I.. .iilii:
: .;_;; 1_~1;.1;.1;:1:.:1~1!_. :.!:~:.~I:.::.::.::.:!.:L.::!
:-:“:.::‘I:.‘,~ . . . . .

~.. :.~:.~::~’ .~..~_. ,..,: !L :

.,

: : ::r::
__,:
Lo:!
::~::
!! :, ,,
:: :
::=::
,! ,I
‘: :, :
::-::-::.:,
,I ., ,,

.-..-. . . ..i.:

Atrium

Typical floor plan

Typical section 225

35
SECTION 4
One-way spanning
ONE-WAY SPANNING solid slab and beam
SOLID SLABS & BEAMS
Materials per m2
No. Slab Beam
of floor area Design
of . load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depth Type Span B x D Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/+’
m mm ratio m mm ratio m3 kg kg

4 7.43 200 37.2 Pt* 9.0 1 5 0 0 Shear Grade C35

18.0 Pt* 0.261 1 4 . 0 4.11 4.0
x 500 walls Code BS 8110
‘Prestressed

Typical floor plan

Typical beam section

36
 One-way spanning
solid slab and beam

Materials per m2
No. Slab Beam
of floor area Design
o f load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depth Type Span BxD Span/depth Type Conc;ete Rebar Strand kN/m*
m mm ratio m mm ratlo kg kg
1500 Shear Grade C30
6 10.30 2 5 0 41.2 Pt* 13.3 R.C.+ 0.298 13.9 3.93 6.8
6.0 x 4 5 0 t walls Code CP 110
‘Prestressed +ReInforced

250 slab

Typical floor plan

Typical beam section

37
One-way spanning
solid slab and beam

Materials per m2
No. Slab Beam Design
of floor area Notes
of load Stability (See page 4)
floors Span Depth Span/depth Type Span BxD Span/depth Type Concrete Rebar Strand kN/m2
m mm ratio m mm ratio m3 kg kg
Shear C40 lightweight
7 12.6 3 3 5 37.6 Pt* Precast perimeter wall support 0 335 11.8 8.25 6.8
walls Code BS 8110
‘Prestressed

335 slab

Typical floor plan

38
 One-way spanning
solid slab and beam

Materials pe r m2
No. Slab Beam Design
of floor area
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/dept Tyee Spnn BxD Span/depth Type Conc;et e %??r StFgn d kN/m2
m mm ratio m mm ratio
600x Shear C40 lightweight
10 6 75 220 30 7 R.C.* 10 0 6oo 16.7 R.C.* 0.26 42-O - 5 0
walls Code CP 110
*ReInforced

E0

Typical floor plan

Main beam section

39
One-way spanning
solid slab and beam

Materials per m2
No. Slab Beam Design
of floor area
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depth Type Span B x D Span/depth Type Con-$ete Rebar Strand kN/&
m mm ratio m mm ratio kg kg
1500 Shear Grade C40
5 6.0 175 34.3 R.C.* 9.0 x425 21.2 R.C.* 0.25 52.0 - 5.0
walls Code BS 8110
‘Reinforced

Typical floor plan

425
:

Typical section

40
 SECTION 5
Precast slab
PRECAST SLABS
Materials per m2 of floor area
No. Slab Beam Design
Precast In situ
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Section Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Conc;ete Rebar Strand Conc;ete Rebar kN/r-$
m mm ratio m mm ratio kg kg kg
C50, BS 8110
Shear 7% in situ
300 4.8 40 0,011 0.4 7.0
12 7.0 203 34.5 10.0 0.145 walls Hollow core
6.0 x 6 0 0 planks
No topping

6 @ 6000

. 1

Typical floor plan

Precast “yqFy= :z
300

Centre beam section

41
Precast slab

Materials per m’ of floor area

No. Slab Beam Design
Precast In situ
of load Stability Notes
floors Span Section Span/depth Span B xD Span/depth Concrete Rebar Strand Conc$ete Rebar kN/m2
m mm ratio m mm ratio m3 kg kg kg
Grade C50
600 Shear Code BS 8110
4 7.2 200 36.0 12.0 o-193 7.9 3.0 - - 7.0 Hollow core
7.2 x600 planks
I I I I I I I I I No topping

7200 7200 5400 7200 7200 5400 7200 7200

1 1 1 1 1 1

Typical floor plan

Typical section

42
 Precast slab

Materials per m2 of floor area

No. Slab Beam - Design
Precast In situ Notes
of load Stability (See page 4)
floors Span Sectlon Span/depth Span B x D Span/depth Concrete Rebar Strand Con$ete Rebar kN/m*
m mm ratio m mm ratio m3 kg kg kg
Grade C50
Frame Code BS 6110
3 77 200 38.5 7 . 4 3 ,$;o 1 2 . 4 0.157 10.5 2.55 - - 6.5 Hollow core
action
planks
No topplng

Typical floor plan

Typical section

43
SECTION 6
Composite precast slab
COMPOSITE
PRECAST SLABS
Materials per m2 of floor area
No. Rib Beam Design
Precast In situ Notes
of . load Stability (See page 4)
floors Span Depth Span/depth Span Depth Span/depth Concrete Rebar Strand Concrete Rebar kN/m2
m mm ratio m mm ratio m3 kg kg m3 kg
Grade C60
Frame
500x Code CP 110
9 14.5 560 25.9 4.8 1000 4.8 0.150 5.75 6.3 0.080 2.2 5.0 any$$ar Double Tees, wrth
(Perimeter) In situ topping
walls Precast H frame

14500
. I

4800 typical

47600
Typical floor plan

1200 , In s i t u t o p p i n g
i

-/

Typical section Precast double-T beams

44
 Composite precast slab

Materials per m” o
No. Rib Beam
Precast In situ
load Stability Notes
f10 2 Span Depth Span/depth Span Depth Span/depth Con;;ete Rebar Strand Conc;ete Rebar kN/m’
m mm ratio m mm ratio kg kg kg
Grade C60
600x Code CP 110
4 16.7 785 22.0 4.9 900 5.4 0,133 5 - 4 8 7 . 7 9 0,075 1.54 5.0 Frame
Double Tees, with
(Perimeter) action in situ topping
Precast H frame

2438 9 @ 4877 2438

8 J
‘i *

? ~f?~+kPl-rr~P~~~n’n-n n~n’n~n~n-n’n~~n~~n~nLr~~n111141ild 1’1111Vfb

111 1) 1 II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I II II II II I I II II I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II I I I I III
I I II III
‘II II II
‘I I III
I I Ill

‘II II I I II lib

‘II II Ii
I II III
z
co ‘II I I I II III

Il l II II
I II III
II II IIP
‘I I II I
II II III
‘II II II
I I II III
‘II II II
‘II II II
I I I I I I I I II II II II I I I I II I I II II I I II II II I I II I I I I II I I II II II II II II I II III I
i - + tit c- b !, L
km c hL c Lu,u--u-uLu~ u-u~u-u,u-u-uLu, u u4 Ad 4 u Am11 4 4 44 -IF

Typical floor plan

1200
In situ topping
/’
75 (average) 1

j-=-f ;710

Precast double-T beams

Typical section
Composite precast slab

Materials per m2 of floor area

No. Rib Beam Design
Precast In situ
of . load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depth Span Depth Span/depth Concrete Rebar Strand Concrete Rebar kN/m*
m mm ratio m mm ratio m3 kg kg m3 kg

In situ C35
750x
Frame Precast C45
6 / 12.0 1 610 / 19.7 j 9.0 1 ,in”;FU, 1 14.8 1 0.134 (13,751 - 1 0.111 110 721 5.7 action Code BS 8110
55% In situ

I II II II II II I

r ir’ir’ir i r ’ i r ’ i r ir’ir ir ir’ir’ir irwirlir ir

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
I II II II II II Ii II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II’

Typical floor plan

55 precast soffit plank

Precast rib

Typical rib section Typical in situ beam section

46
 Composite precast slab

Materials per m2 of floor area

No. Beam Design
Precast In situ
o f load Stability Notes
floors Span Depth Span/depth Concrete Aebar Strand Concrete Rebar kN/m’
m mm ratio m3 kg kg m3 kg

Grade C62
750 Shear Codes CP 115,
3 21.2 28.3 0,123 4.9 7.6 0.060 2-28 5.0
Precast walls CP 116
40% In situ

72000
c 1

, _
~n-=-rt-~n-“-~-un~~~~nn~~~“~h~~n~n~n~~~~~nnnunu~~~=-n~~n~~~~
,, ,, II Ii II I II II II II I I I II 1 II II II II il II II II II I I’ II II II ‘I II II II II II II ‘I II II II II I, II II II II II ,, ,,

‘1, II 11 II t
II II II llr
‘II II II ‘I ~:I~_:~ ” I’ II II ‘I Nt ~ ‘I ” I’ I’ I :! Id
11, II II II II II II lli:
8
cv AlI II II II II II II II!
i; !I, II II II IIL
‘I, I! ~~11R#
II- 11~; II v
,I Ii ;~ I IlL
JIl II II IIL
II II II IIL
II II II II II II II 1: 1: I’ II I’ I! I’ II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II !I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
vYv-Y~~Y~4_yu~~~L-L_-v~y~.~_yu_u_y-y-y _ y--y-y4~-y~y-&icy~~ 4 y u y~y-y~y--y~yy-yy

Typical floor plan

Beams @ 1500 crs.

Precast soffit planks

Precast beam

Typical section
Economic long-span concrete floors CI/SfB

I (13) I q4 I (Y6)
P.W. Matthew and D.F.H. Bennett
UDC

BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION PUBLICATION 9 7.3 11 624.073.012.4.003.1