PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Cellular Respiration vs Photosynthesis

Process What happens to glucose? What happens to energy? What happens to CO2? What happens to O2? What are the reactants? What are the products? What is the formula? What organelle is involved? Cellular Respiration Used Created Used Created Glucose, oxygen Carbon dioxide, water, ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Mitochondria Photosynthesis Created Used Created Used Carbon dioxide, water, light Glucose, oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 Chloroplast

The Structure of a Flower

Stamen Anther Filament Stigma Style Carpel Ovary

Ovule

Petal Sepal

STAMEN MALE sex organs made up of ANTHER and FILAMENT

Anther: produces pollen containing sperm Filament: stalk that supports the anther

PISTIL/CARPEL FEMALE!

Female part made of sticky STIGMA (where pollen grains land) STYLE (transports sperm to egg) OVARY which contains OVULES with eggs inside

Leaves are specialized for photosynthesis they contain chlorophyll which is responsible trapping light. *Shaped to trap light energy *Gas exchange occurs here
Organ of photosynthesis is the leaf! What is the Organelle responsible for carrying out photosynthesis?

Cross Section of a Typical Leaf

Responsible for preventing water loss and contains cuticle Regulates the opening and closing of the stomata Opening that allows CO2 in and O2; and water out Open during the day closed at night

MESOPHYLL Ground tissue full of chloroplasts

ADAPTATIONS TO SURVIVE ON LAND

What is the function of stomata? a. sugar production b. protection c. gas exchange d. water storage

3. Stems - specialized for transporting materials

3 Main Tissue Systems

1. DERMAL Protection EX: guard cells 2. GROUND- Growth, photosynthesis, storage 3. Vascular- transport

3. VASCULAR Transport
*XYLEM *PHLOEM

A. XYLEM Cells in tubes that transport water and minerals

B. PHLOEM Tubes that transport food

Phloem Transport
Phloem Xylem Sugar molecules

Source cell

Movement of water Movement of sugar

Sink cell

How Materials Move Through Vascular Tissue A. Water and Minerals As water is lost by transpiration, it is pulled upwards through the xylem by capillary action TENSION-COHESION THEORY

4. Roots
Two types of root systems:
A. TAPROOT SYSTEM Large central roots, Ex: Carrot! (most dicots)

B. FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM Highly branched (Most monocots)

Water Transport in a Root

Active transport brings minerals into the roots then water follows by osmosis
Casparian strip prevents backflow of water

Structure of a Root
Epidermis
Endodermis Root hairs

Ground tissue (cortex)

Phloem Xylem

Vascular Cylinder

Ground tissue (cortex) Epidermis Endodermis Vascular cylinder

Zone of maturation

Zone of elongation

Apical meristem

Root cap

Cross Section of Plant Root

(magnification: 40x)

ROOT HAIRS increase surface area for absorption

ROOT CAP - Covers tip of the root and protects it MERISTEM Growth area just behind the root tip

Growth and Development

Plants respond to stimuli from the environment This process is called TROPISM POSITIVE TROPISM growth towards the stimulus NEGATIVE TROPISM growth away from the stimulus 1. PHOTOTROPISM Response to light 2. THIGMOTROPISM Response to touch 3. GRAVITROPISM Response to gravity

Plant Response Comprehension Check

What do phototropism and geotropism enable plants to do? A Grow toward needed resources B Prevent invasion by insect colonies C Defend themselves against herbivores D Develop pesticide resistance by exchanging DNA

PLANT HORMONES
HORMONES Chemicals made in one part of an organism that cause a change somewhere else

*Produced in ROOTS!
AUXINS Growth hormones; cause cells to elongate, inhibit growth of side branches

GIBBERELLINS dramatic increase in size in plant structures CYTOKININS growth of lateral buds, sprouting of seed ETHYLENE ripens fruit

Absorption

Support; transport

Photosynthesis

Contain xylem and phloem