Air-Standard Dual Cycle

The pressurevolume diagrams of actual internal combustion engines are not described well by the Otto and Diesel cycles. An air-standard cycle that can be made to approximate the pressure variations more closely is the air-standard dual cycle. The dual cycle is shown in Fig. 9.7. As in the Otto and Diesel cycles, Process 12 is an isentropic compression. The heat addition occurs in two steps, however: Process 23 is a constant-volume heat addition; Process 3 4 is a constantpressure heat addition. Process 34 also makes up the first part of the power stroke. The isentropic expansion from state 4 to state 5 is the remainder of the power stroke. As in the Otto and Diesel cycles, the cycle is completed by a constant-volume heat rejection process, Process 5 1. Areas on the Ts and pv diagrams can be interpreted as heat and work, respectively, as in the cases of the Otto and Diesel cycles.

CYCLE ANALYSIS Since the dual cycle is composed of the same types of processes as the Otto and Diesel cycles, we can simply write down the appropriate work and heat transfer expressions by reference to the corresponding earlier developments. Thus, during the isentropic compression process 12 there is no heat transfer, and the work is