Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between Pressure and Volume of a Gas

As P (h) increases

V decreases

Boyles Law

P a 1/V P x V = constant P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

Constant temperature Constant amount of gas

2

A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154 mL?

P x V = constant P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 P1 = 726 mmHg V1 = 946 mL P2 =

P2 = ?
V2 = 154 mL

P1 x V1
V2

726 mmHg x 946 mL = = 4460 mmHg 154 mL

3

Variation in Gas Volume with Temperature at Constant Pressure

As T increases

V increases

Variation of Gas Volume with Temperature at Constant Pressure

Charles & Gay-Lussacs Law

VaT V = constant x T

Temperature must be in Kelvin

T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15
5

V1/T1 = V2 /T2

A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C. At what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the pressure remains constant?

V1 /T1 = V2 /T2 V1 = 3.20 L T1 = 398.15 K V2 = 1.54 L T2 = ?

T1 = 125 (0C) + 273.15 (K) = 398.15 K T2 = V2 x T1 V1 = 1.54 L x 398.15 K 3.20 L = 192 K

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Avogadros Law
V a number of moles (n) V = constant x n V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
Constant temperature Constant pressure

Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO) and water vapor. How many volumes of NO are obtained from one volume of ammonia at the same temperature and pressure?

4NH3 + 5O2 1 mole NH3

4NO + 6H2O 1 mole NO

At constant T and P 1 volume NH3 1 volume NO

Summary of Gas Laws

Boyles Law

Charles Law

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Avogadros Law

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Ideal Gas Equation

Boyles law: P a 1 (at constant n and T) V Charles law: V a T (at constant n and P) Avogadros law: V a n (at constant P and T) Va nT P nT P =R nT P R is the gas constant

V = constant x

PV = nRT
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The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard temperature and pressure (STP).

Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L.

PV = nRT (1 atm)(22.414L) PV R= = nT (1 mol)(273.15 K) R = 0.082057 L atm / (mol K)

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What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl at STP?

T = 0 0C = 273.15 K P = 1 atm

PV = nRT nRT V= P V=

n = 49.8 g x

1 mol HCl 36.45 g HCl

= 1.37 mol

1.37 mol x 0.0821

Latm molK

x 273.15 K

1 atm

V = 30.7 L
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Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the vaporization of the filament. A certain lightbulb containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18 0C is heated to 85 0C at constant volume. What is the final pressure of argon in the lightbulb (in atm)?

PV = nRT

n, V and R are constant

P1 = 1.20 atm
T1 = 291 K

nR P = constant = T V P1 P2 = T1 T2

P2 = ?
T2 = 358 K

T2 = 1.20 atm x 358 K = 1.48 atm P2 = P1 x 291 K T1

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Sample Problem 5.2 PROBLEM:

Applying the Volume-Pressure Relationship

Boyles apprentice finds that the air trapped in a J tube occupies 24.8 cm3 at 1.12 atm. By adding mercury to the tube, he increases the pressure on the trapped air to 2.64 atm. Assuming constant temperature, what is the new volume of air (in L)? SOLUTION: P1 = 1.12 atm P and T are constant P2 = 2.64 atm

PLAN: V1 in cm3 1cm3=1mL V1 in mL 103 mL=1L V1 in L xP1/P2 V2 in L V2 = gas law calculation

unit conversion

V1 = 24.8 cm3
24.8 cm3 P1V1 n1T1 P1V1 P2 1 mL 1 cm3 = P2V2 n2T2 L

V2 = unknown
= 0.0248 L 103 mL

P1V1 = P2V2
1.12 atm

= 0.0248 L

2.46 atm

= 0.0105 L

Sample Problem 5.3 PROBLEM:

Applying the Pressure-Temperature Relationship

A steel tank used for fuel delivery is fitted with a safety valve that opens when the internal pressure exceeds 1.00x103 torr. It is filled with methane at 230C and 0.991 atm and placed in boiling water at exactly 1000C. Will the safety valve open? SOLUTION: T1 and T2(0C) K=0C+273.15 P1 = 0.991atm T1 = 230C P1V1 n1T1 0.991 atm T2 T1 = 753 torr = P2V2 n2T2 P2 = unknown T2 = 1000C P1 T1 = P2 T2

PLAN: P1(atm)

1atm=760torr P1(torr) x T2/T1 P2(torr)

T1 and T2(K)

760 torr = 753 torr 1 atm 373K 296K = 949 torr

P2 =

P1

Sample Problem 5.4 PROBLEM:

Applying the Volume-Amount Relationship

A scale model of a blimp rises when it is filled with helium to a volume of 55 dm3. When 1.10 mol of He is added to the blimp, the volume is 26.2 dm3. How many more grams of He must be added to make it rise? Assume constant T and P. We are given initial n1 and V1 as well as the final V2. We have to find n2 and convert it from moles to grams. SOLUTION: n1 = 1.10 mol V1 = 26.2 dm3 V1 n1 = V2 n2 P and T are constant n2 = unknown V2 = 55.0 dm3 n2 = n 1 55.0 dm3 26.2 dm3 V2 P1V1 n1T1 = P2V2 n2T2

PLAN:

n1(mol) of He

x V2/V1
n2(mol) of He subtract n1 mol to be added xM g to be added

V1
4.003 g He = 2.31 mol mol He = 9.24 g He

n2 = 1.10 mol

Sample Problem 5.5 PROBLEM:

Solving for an Unknown Gas Variable at Fixed

Conditions A steel tank has a volume of 438 L and is filled with 0.885 kg of O2. Calculate the pressure of O2 at 210C.

PLAN:

V, T and mass, which can be converted to moles (n), are given. We use the ideal gas law to find P. V = 438 L n = 0.885 kg (convert to mol) T = 210C (convert to K) P = unknown 210C + 273.15 = 294.15K x 294.15K = 1.53 atm

SOLUTION:

0.885kg

103 g kg

mol O2 32.00 g O2 24.7 mol

= 27.7 mol O2 x 0.0821 438 L atm*L

P=

nRT V

mol*K
=

Sample Problem 5.6 PROBLEM:

Using Gas Laws to Determine a Balanced Equation

The piston-cylinders below depict a gaseous reaction carried out at constant pressure. Before the reaction, the temperature is 150K; when it is complete, the temperature is 300K. New figures go here.

Which of the following balanced equations describes the reaction? (1) A2 + B2 (3) A + B2 PLAN: 2AB AB2 (2) 2AB + B2 (4) 2AB2 2AB2 A2 + 2B2

We know P, T, and V, initial and final, from the pictures. Note that the volume doesnt change even though the temperature is doubled. With a doubling of T then, the number of moles of gas must have been halved in order to maintain the volume. Looking at the relationships, the equation that shows a decrease in the number of moles of gas from 2 to 1 is equation (3).

SOLUTION: