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bp, =h
are negligible and quasi-steady conditions are assumed, determine a 2in. |ho.isin,
the time at which the pop stops draining from the top hole. he Sal T
Assume the pop surface is 2 in, above the top hole when ¢ = 0. hy ein. |
Compare your results with the time you measure from the video. zim | (2
Ns
| (3)*
b—+»—4
Sosy
a 1. dh B FIGURE P3.46
Q= 9, + +Q, = -
Oud:
where Qe = Vly = (ah Az and h,-A, =A, = B(2EH
(64,22) a ale ae
A= E(#4)°= 0.0873 ff?
Thus, T 2 "=
Vg A[Th +¥h +0h, | = “A, He where hy=h,h,=h+L, hy=h#2b
Hence, and L=2in,
oa PBA, = dh i, Lis te 4j Pi
(54 Aaa if CW iar ama) he i he hie
a : - . the yppor hole
fe dh
a (Yh +h +Yhe2L)
0.0873 ft : dh
“ir 227416 TH" )i(2) (32.2 H/s* a7 Ve +VarL +Vhear)
(7)
This
0
dah 2
= 88. rae Ra ~2tHeg
£ 8.7 Ch 4yE pa) where L=7z fl = 0.1867 ft
Note: With Linteet, this equation gives t in seconde.
(con't)
B=4y3.46 | (con't)
The numerical yalve of the integral is obtained by using the
trapezoidal rule since the closed form analytical solution
is not given in integral tables. The EXCEL spread shee! vsed
for this is given below,
42 88.7 ( fth)dh_ where {(h)= a ey
= s0.7/28(f, aa Mhey he) | =(8.7 jadlo2o¥ |= 10.78
hin, hy ft fr), UDI fs) *Cay =H)
0.0 0.0000 1.015, 0.00804 1
01 0.0083 0.914 0.00743 2
02 0.0167 0.870 0.00714 3
03 0.0250 0.837 0.00686 4
04 0.0333 0.810 0.00665 5
05 0.0417, 0.786 0.00646 6
06 0.0500 0.764 0.00629 7
07 0.0583 0.745 0.00614 8
08 0.0667 0.728 0.00600 9
09 0.0750 0.712 0.00587 10
1.0 0.0833 0.697 0.00575 1
11 0.0917 0.684 0.00564 12
12 0.1000 0.671 0.00554 13
13 0.1083 0.659 0.00544 14
14 0.1167 0.647 0.00535 15,
15 0.1250 0.637 0.00526 16
16 0.1333 0.627 0.00518 17
‘ 0.1417 0.617 0.00510 18
18 0.1500 0.608 0.00503 19
19 0.1583 0.599 0.00496 20
2.0 0.1667 0.591 21
‘Sum of column = integral = 0.12011
Thus, t= 88.7°0.12011 = 10.7 s
Sa)347
oy)
3.47 Water (assumed inviscid and incompressible) flows steadily
in the vertical variable-area pipe shown in Fig. P3.47. Determine
the flowrate if the pressure in each of the gages reads 50 kPa.,
From the Bernoulli equation,
Ait ze +02, = +20 +02,
where Pcp <50KPa MFIGURE P3.47
Thus,
$e (2 -Wi?) = ¥ (2-42)
i ie: “Ack, or
Me (Sqr Me = (Fy Cay th
ae i (becomes
delut-nk ut] = ap (2,~#.)
or
SE Vy = 2g(Z,- 22) = 2(4.81-E)(/om)
or
VY=/4sF2
Thus,
Q = Avy = Flim) (452) 2 1.43.48
3.48 Airis drawn into a wind tunnel used for testing auto-
mobiles as shown in Fig. P3,¥6, (a) Determine the manometer
reading, h, when the velocity in the test section is 60 mph, Note
that there is a 1-in. column of oil on the water in the manome-
ter. (b) Determine the difference between the stagnation pres-
‘sure on the front of the automobile and the pressure in the test
section,
ay
W FIGURE P348
(a) Fitz; +e -H6# faz,
where
2-2, , f,<0, 4nd V=0
ie with Ve = 60 moh = sett
fae ba = (0.00238 S48) (¢9 By” =~ 9.22 fe
But pt hgh bile) =0 where Oy = 29 bigg 0.9(62.4#,)
Thus = 56,2 8,
v
~92298 +62, (ht) ~ 56.2.3 att) = a, or f=0.223 ff
Ve yr
(b) Binig = 4 +2 ge
where
22%; and V,=0
This, .
a8 = B or
Pe faz EME = d (0.00030 SME (ee BY = 9 22-43.49
349 Small-diameter, high-pressure liquid jets can be used
to cut various materials as shown in Fig. P3.4 If viscous ef-
fects are negligible, estimate the pressure needed to produce a
0.10-mm-diameter water jet with a speed of 700 m/s. Deter-
mine the flowrate.
O
D, = 16m
@
Vo = FIGURE P3.49
ye (As
Hed +Z,= FF rt ap where V~0, 2,22, and p,-0
+z,
Zee = 4(9978 (700%) = 2.45105 AE
eg?
Q=4A = 7008) (10m) ] =$.50x/0 ee:3.50
3.50 Water (assumed inviscid and incompressible) flows
steadily with a speed of 10 ft/s from the large tank shown in Fig.
P3.50. Determine the depth, H, of the layer of light liquid
(specific weight = 50 Ib/ft) that covers the water in the tank.
From the Bernoulli equation,
50 tbat
HB FIGURE P3.50
Stag pols +Z,= +e +2,
ae Pa GH, =O, pe, 2-44, and Zz, 75H
Thus,
Sy +2, Bex, so that with y= lone,
so b/ fl? (lo Hi/s*
Setapi )H+ 4H = sree Hay tH
There fore,
H= 30a ft
lofts3.5)
3.51 Water flows through the pipe contrac-
tion shown in Fig. P3.51. For the given 0.2-m
difference in manometer level, determine the flow-
rate as a function of the diameter of the small
pipe, D.
FIGURE P3.5!
a 2
1. Ve Le is . _ a
Abt 2g +2, =i +2, or with 2,222 and =o
4 =4 Ler fs)
aa =0h and py= th, so that py-f2 = Clh-he)= 0.28
Thos,
Vy =] 29 22% =/2gco.r
or
o
Q=ALY, = £0, = Lo ~2eganio2y = 1.56 L* & when D~m
3-473.52
3.52 Water flows through the pipe contrac-
tion shown in Fig. P3.52. For the given 0.2-m
difference in the manometer level, determine the
flowrate as a function of the diameter of the small
pipe, D.
FIGURE P3.52
Heat ee, of ag,
2g with Ay =AaVa
#24) ) _ ory
Thos, a 2-2, i; or (Epa, Ve (24) Vv
fi-pe _ Ve-v2 _ LG) - y*
Tem reg 2g
bot
A= th and fre th, so that p,~p, = Ch hy) =02¥
Thos,
oat IM, y= 5/92 Ga)
oe ee
and
= ee 2 | 0.2(2 (9.81)
OHA, = F (as) Ta]
or
2
Q= ese _ when D~m
Ss
3-483,53
3.53 Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in
Fig. P3.53,For the given 0.2-m difference in the manometer
level, determine the flowrate as a function-of the diameter of
the small pipe, D.
MFIGURE P3.53
ieee “Bie +h
me 2,-2, and V2=0.
This,
Hilts
But
Alex and Pe=0.2m4x 50 that
x + 2 0.2m tx or
y
Vi=Vagtoam) = (2(98%)(o2m))*= 1.982
Thus,
Q= AM, = Blom (198-2) = 0.0156 2 for any D
3-49B55#
3.54% —A0.15-m-diameter pipe discharges into a 0.10-m-di-
ameter pipe. Determine the velocity head in each pipe if they
are carrying 0.12 m*/s of kerosene,
Ven 12 Be
Ay Z (015m) ee ey
and ae
a. one
Wea = ES = is278
2° A, 2 (e.10n)* s
Thos,
2 my
MP. L608 _aasm
2g 20914) — =———
and
Vi, s.7 BY |
29 219.814)
3-503.55
3.55 Carbon tetrachloride flows in a pipe of
variable diameter with negligible viscous effects.
At point A in the pipe the pressure and velocity
are 20 psi and 30 ft/s, respectively. At location
B the pressure and velocity are 23 psi and 14
ft/s. Which point is at the higher elevation and
by how much?
‘ A
Be Whos ay Fay tte with E9795 te
or 22 Ib ee 2 gaye
5. Pache , WE-Ve _ (20-23)in (v4 fi), (307-4 het
2g Zg= Re tag 99.5 8, 2 (32.2)
.
Zantn= 50H Bis abate 43.56 The circularstream of water from a faucet is observed
to taper from a diameter of 20 mm to 10 mm in a distance of
50 cm. Determine the flowrate.
2 2
Ai +2, = Gre +h
where ~,=f,+0, 2,=0, 2, =0.50m
and
Wray Wee
Thus, L
(£)+ 2g2, =(4)'or Q [tts
or since
& =(2/y we obtain
oy) er
2
= 2.54 xo
29% | Aa Yagz,
ge |” _ Aa figs
Rm!” Tame
—/ az: \e
I~ (yiaR0
Zz a 2
1-(D,/0 From] eer]
214,
ao
| D,=0.020m
Osom
=
(2) D,=0.0/0m
Q
thaoer
3.57 Water is siphoned from the tank shown in Fig. P3.57 The
‘water barometer indicates a reading of 30.2 ft. Determine the
‘maximum value of A allowed without cavitation occurring. Note
that the pressure of the vapor in the closed end of the barometer
equals the vapor pressure.
S-in, diameter
B FIGURE P3.57
ait Hpez, «fee ae ae, where fy=0,V =9, ~2=Pyaper
Thus, Zneds Beet
= Paper, Me
Ore “ + a 6ff
but ptso2H Y=" or since o* vapor , Prsper = -30.2 ff
Hence,
2
0 = ~s02 +e Waste op # = 2424 on Vy =p Goat aprsl]
Thos,
A = 39.5 Ht
2 2
Since VAs = YA, K=Fhe h (395 #)
or
V=“42
However,
2 2
Site, = B+ Bsa, or % = J29h
Thos,
42 = i222 ht or f= su2 Ht43.58
3.58 As shown in Fig. P3.58, water from a large reservoir flows
without viscous effects through a siphon of diameter D and into a
tank. Itexits from a hole in the bottom of the tank as a stream of di-
ameter d. The surface of the reservoir remains H above the bottom
of the tank. For steady-state conditions, the water depth in the tank,
+h, is constant. Plot a graph of the depth ratio A/H as a function of the
diameter ratio d/D.
(0)
C)
@
BFIGURE P3568
From the Bernoulli equation,
Gea, < Ge 4%,
where f= \=0, 2-H, and at the “tres jet’end of the siphon,
f 7 Oh).
Thus, Eq, becomes
He (h-m)tde ta = het
or
Va. =yf2g(H-h)
Also,
ye (sh eZ, =f, «#,2 Zyzh
Bi zy Gibran, where y= Vp “fa £20 and Zp
Vy = V2gh
Allsa, for constant liquid levels mthe tanks, Q, =@s
or
AM oAs V3
so that
BOY, Ba,
From Eqs. (0), (23, and (3): .
Bag -V*) where 0 = Fr (2077 2 \(273420) K
rn
p= 0.329 4,
Also, ie
m = 04, I; = 0-308
pi paae
1 PAL (0,329 )Z(0.3m*
and
AN, = Ase on
: ;
Me (G) = (Gita) (298) = 0.62
Thus, from Ep. 1):
~p, =2(0.329 4) (19.67-12.97) = 29.5 Pa
Pr bz = (0 ie) =
3-623.66 Water is pumped from a lake through an 8-in. pipe at a
rate of 10 ft'/s. If viscous effects are negligible, what is the pres-
sure in the suction pipe the pipe between the lake and the pump)
atan elevation 6 ft above the lake?
Ar ae Pez Ae +22
ae A-?, hae 2/20, 2,76.0 fF
and a
y-£ - 40... BH ite) ae
aE ae CE)
Thus,
28.6
"
-02, -£ ply = - 624 8, (6.04) ~ £ (198 Fi) (28,6 )*
-1168 f,
he
BH pss
3-633.67
b = width = 0,06 m
3.67 Air flows through a Venturi channel of rectangular cross @ Free jet
section as shown in Video V310 and Fig. P3.67. The constant :
width of the channel is 0.06 m and the height atthe exit is (0.04m, «(2 +)
Compressibility and viscous effects are negligible. (a) Deter-
mine the flowrate when water drawn up 0.0m in asmall tube —[—J— fl
attached to the static pressure tap at the throat where the chan- 9,94 ;430.10 m |]
nel height is 0.02 m. (b) Determine the channel height, h, at iy
section (2) where, for the same flowrate as in part (a), the water
is drawn up 0.05 m. (c) Determine the pressure needed at sec-
tion (1) to produce this flow.
+2) thy wir Se oy)
0.05 m= fy OA
Water
m FIGURE P3.67
(a) For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow: (¥= 12.0 ig
m fe tag = Ae where fy=0, fa=~U, sf, = 28exi0", (0,1)
Also, Fi = -960L,
“AM, = Aaa so that Ve al ‘
Thus, E@n. (1) becomes
Ne 2
= 9808, AVE Vp 7
72.02, * 209818) “ae Wy= 23.2
Hence,
Q= A, Vg = (0.04mx0.06m) (23.1%) = 0.0554 2
fe v3
(2) (b) a + = & tag where py =O, Prabal = 280x164 (o.05m)
=~ 490
From part (a), \j= 23.12 ”
Thus, Eqn. (2) becomes
- 490 Aue vy = 23. 2
12. 20% 248%) 204.8%)
But “Gh © Vy Ag so that
(36.52) (0.06m)h, = (23.2) (0.06m)(0.0%m) or hy, = 0.0253
(3) (©) Alse, i of = 4 e where fi,=0 and A,V, = hy Vg
But since A, =(0.0¥mx0.06m) = Ay then Vee Ve and Egn. (3) gives
= fra
or = 36.5%
3-43,68
3.68 Water flows steadily from the large open tank shown in
Fig. P3.68. If viscous effects are negligible, determine (a) the
flowrate, Q, and (b) the manometer reading, h.
(3)
Mercury
010m 08
BFIGURE P3.69
ca) From the Bernoulli egvation,
ptteW +t% = p, they? +2. where Pit f2z0, M20, 2, <4, and 22-0
Thus,
vz, =tel,’, or pg Z, = tee so that Ve = /29 4,
or
Va =Y2(9.8I1m/*)(¥m) = 8.86 m/s
Hence,
Q= A, Vi = E (010m) (8.85 m/s) = 0.0696 mie
(1) From the Bernoulli equation,
fs ae =f thee +l2,, where 22-2: and p,=0
so a
fa = £e(Ve'- Ve) :
2
Also, AsV, = Aa Vs sothat 4% Vee %) Ve (9) 8. 86 m/s= 13, 24m/s
Hence,
Ps = (444 bg Jw) [(8.86m 45) -(13.84m/2)*] = ~ 6,500 V/n* a
Also, from the manometer,
fs = 4h +h, (2m+(0.08/2)m)
= (133x10° W/m) h +(9,80x10 Vimy?) (2.04m)
= 123x10°h + 499x/0" Mn*, where h~m @
Thus, from Eqs, (and (2):
= 5.65xj0% Vim? = -133Xs0%h #1,99X10" W/m?
ir
i = 0.574m
cy3:69
3.69 Water from a faucet fills a 16-oz glass
(volume = 28.9 in.’) in 20 s. If the diameter of
the jet leaving the faucet is 0.60 in., what is the
diameter of the jet when it strikes the water sur~
face in the glass which is positioned 14 in. below
the faucet? 4@
a
D,= 0.600.
4+ +2, -Grbex
with pane 4) 2, = bin. , 2220
Thos,
=
V.=|24( 4 ap) where Wea a
é
= ga.sint}l aa
PGE) (20
= 0.426 #
AV= AV. so that OVu=ah
°D, (4 Ly = (pay (0.80in) =3.70
3.70 Air flows steadily through a converging-diverging
re'ctangular channel of constant width as shown in Fig. P3.70
and Vicleo V3.10.The height of the channel at the exit and the
exit velocity are Hy and Vo, respectively. The channel is to be
shaped s0 that the distance, d, that water is drawn up into tubes
attached to static pressure taps along the channel wall is lin-
ear with distance along the channel, That is, d = (dnyy/L) x,
where L is the channel length and dma is the maximum water
depth (at the minimum channel height; x = L). Determine the
height, H(x), as a function of x and the other important para-
meters,
w FIGURE P3.70
piztttev’- = fytZobtz teh” where 0 = air density
where
Faz), fox0, P=-Yyod = - Ugo Ase x
Thus,
i aaa
But
AV=Aae, or Va B= Hy, co thet
~ Yo Har +40(Hy,) Sale
or
He
Ho 1 (2 Hs daa one y Typical shapes are shown below.
VE eet
HiHy vs x/L
3-673.7] The device shown in Fig. P3,71 is used
to spray an appropriate mixture of water and in-
secticide. The flowrate from ‘tank A is to be
Q, = 0.02 gal/min when the water flowrate
through the hose is Q = 1 gal/min. Determine
the pressure needed at point (1) and the diam-
eter, D, of the device. For the diameter deter-
mined above, plot the ratio of insecticide flowrate
to water flowrate as a function of water flowrate,
Q, for 0.1 <= Q <1 gal/min. Can this device
be used to provide a reasonably constant ratio of
insecticide to water regardless of the water flow- 1 Ve
rate? Explain. a
Vie oi, Le «
Ap+ae +Zo -4 +28 pa a7, r0 ret
2,=0, 2-054, and k= Ze with
1 =
= 0.03 Bt (5 Br (lai) = a8 216° F
7) 5
i veo
Ft,
0.10 in. diameter
=96.9H
Hence,
pax ~F0M- 82, =- £09 $h98) (26.3) (o2.4 fa(0st) =
Mow assume f,=f2 and neglect the kinetic energy of the insecticide
ps to that of the water af (!). That is,
Bik bz, 2 Ait +2; , where Z,*% , Vz, and ek a
Thos, i
Q= “1 gal (23 gal £)( dat) = 2.23010 P we have
2.23x/0 53 P
Ya Z(22y = 40.8 50 that Ee.) gives
= 13/0; Val _ (40,88 : it
ai * ye22 8 “ZGz2y 9% y= s49s
Thus, ED°V,=Q or
53.62)
D= Saal at ser ee = 7/9x16" ft = 0.0863 in.
With this diameter determine $2 with 01
fad
Ue ra = (15m) (130 Be )CT RE) _ 204m
‘ 60s =
Min Jad
UL = bw =Cogsm 030 Hs GT rey )
(60 ee )
The tangential velocities, Vy, and Vg, may be obtained
with the help of the yelocity triangles sketehtd below.
100
G. y
Section (2) }
1
6m
fe
Ve.1
(con't )
+705.78 (con't)
With the velocity triangle for section (1) we see that
%, = U, # Ww, Sin 10° G@)
Also
W, @s 0° = Vi,
and G 2)
oO ie
vy 7 Be B_ .TF__ _yo7m
A any h, 27 (I.5m)(0.45m) S
Thus ;
wee MeL = 07 (707 F) = 219 2
' @sto" cos ye 55
Qand_ with &4.2
= ah L189) Sin jo? = 21.6
Vey p= macontae + (718 & ) sin to 3
with the velocity triangle tr section(2) we conclude that
Vz = U- Wa Sin 0° (3)
(con't )
715.76
con't)
Also 3
3o @
W, cos 4o’ = V,,= Ze @& = G ow) = 125m
2 -
Ar 2arh, — 2% (0.85mYa4sm)
and
V, of
Wo= Ma , EF) gs om
C05 t0° COSY? Si
Thus from £4. 3
= m)sinyo’ = LIZ ™
Ya, 2s ~ (16.3 2 ) sin to EZ
Finally , with 4.1 we obtayr
isgy “Elim Borge names 2
é
= -/28xj0 Mm _ ~129x10° W =-12.¢ MW
Ss ———<$<—_ ee
Ww.
shat}
The minus sign means power out of the contol volume.
5-72,Saag
5.79 A water turbine with radial flow has the dimensions shown in
Fig.P5.79.The absolute entering velocity is 50 fs, and it makes an
angle of 30° with the tangent to the rotor. The absolute exit veloc-
ity is directed radially inward. The angular speed of the rotoris 120
1pm, Find the power delivered to the shaft of the turbine,
Section (1) ceaen te)
@ FIGURE PS.79
The stationary and non-detormpg control volume shown tin the
sketch adbwe is used. We use £3. 5.53 to dekrmme the
shatt power Involved. Thus
= -m UN, A a
w.
shatt
The mass towrate may be oblamed fon (2)
m= pV, A, = PY, err h,
where
Vip, = radial component of velocity at sectin())
The blede velocity at schon (I) /s
= arr vad) |
Uz rw 2 mene eee Oe aay
ic)
Prin
The values of Vy, and Y may be oblarntd with the help of
a velocity triangle for te tlw at section (1) as skethed bolo,
225,
Voi (con't )
5-735.79
(con't)
With the velocity triangle we conclude that
V4, = Vy 330° = V cosso° = 60 th YGing0") = 26 ft
Then trom £g.2
= (+94 slags \(25 ft) 29 (2 tt)(1 Ft) = 60 slags
(99 Yes #) tp
Abo with the triangle we see that
Wy, = Yes 3° = ¥ sinso® =(50 ff ) cos 30° = 43.3 tt
Then, With &g.1 we dbtam
Y a
- (610 rigs peer i ft 39% 3 ft (SE z)
Ww.
shat
Ww. ze 603x100" ft. Ie
shat} —— s
In horse pavtr we have
3x10 ft-lb
5
What oa
i
) (590 #4
s-hAp
5-745, 80 .
5.80 Shown in Fig. P5.¢0are front and side
views of a centrifugal pump rotor or impeller. If
the pump delivers 200 liters/s of water and the
blade exit angle is 35° from the tangential direc-
tion, determine the power requirement associ-
ated with flow leaving at the blade angle. The
flow entering the rotor blade row is essentially
radial as viewed from a stationary frame.
FIGURE P35. 30
To determine the power, Wenafe » we use the moment-of-
momentum power equator (BE '2 65) fo abtein
Wrgtt = UY, = pAaUY, a
net in
We obtain U, from +s
U. = par = (Sem )Cz000rm ) (Cem fat nan
A ee,
(ee BD Ces)
To determine Ye, we use the velocity tangle sketched bela.
,
Uz
Ve 2
to get
4.x U-“Rm
is Tan 3s? oF)
es
For V4 We use
2. a | alge yio wy tee
¥2 AL 2Teh ((000 oe) 29 (1BemYzem)
”
7.074 mm
(con't )
5-75= 8
(on? )
From 3.2 we obtain
a _ 7074 @
Vo, * #72 m S = 3702 m
tan 35°
4
Thus with Eo./ we get
; + ;
Wear 7 (194 & \Ge0 likes, 12. BG 202 NS)
ners (1000 &
or
Wriatt =
s
BHEXIO Nim
net tn a
ana
Wo, = 398 RW
shatt
net tn
5165.81
each
tion.
8/
through a radial pump rotor are as indicated in
Fig. PS. 1. (a) Determine the energy added to
the rotor. (b) Sketch an appropriate blade sec-
stationary
contro!
The velocity triangles for water flow a eitlumen,
unit mass (kg) of water as it flows through
FIGURE P5. 1
(a) To determne the energy per unit mass added 10 the water
Flowing through the roto we use the moment. of. momentum
work eguation (&g. 5.54) to get
Ysnape = UG, * LY, 0
neti
We note fram the section (2) velocity triangle that
Yer UY,
To ascertain VY, We note tam the sechon(s) velocity Triangle that
_
Vea tan 30 (2)
From conservabon of mass behveen sectons () and (2) we Cnthd.
that
Ve Via a Waa:
1
Vee Ww, Ae. Ww, AL
m A,
With Egzr, Ver ed ) Pea Nig
Deh Apa oa”
One ~ (Cm) (e412) + ai «ss )- fot he
net tn
(con? )
Fn5.61_|
(Con'*)
(6) An appropriate blade section would be opprximately tangent
to tne section (1) and sechon(2) velahive velocities, w and
W,, The relative flow angle trom the radial direction af
Section (1) is
B= tan fUt Lee] = a (pate) = 396°
a2
The relative flow angle trom the radial eclvection at sechor(2)
jis 0°. Thus, the blade sechon js as sketched below.
5-78mee
1, = (I
5.82 An axial flow turbomachine rotor involves the upstream (1) Ww.
and downstream (2) velocity triangles shown in Fig.P5.82. Is this y }U, = 30 fs W2/ Ju, =30 tts
turbomachine a turbine or a fan? Sketch an appropriate blade sec-
tion and determine energy transferred per unit mass of fluid. Veo.
Vy=200 @gA/
@FIGURE Pss2
We can determne whether the axial How furbernachne
involved is a turbine or a tan by comparing the direction
of the sift force on the vetor blade s€cton with the
divecton of the blade velocity U. JF the lift fore and
the blade velocity are ii the same direction a turbine is
involved. If the lift farce and blade velocity ave in
opposite duections , a fan is nvolved. the divecton of the
litt force can be smferred from the shape of the rotor
blade section sketched to be tangent the relative Hows entering
and leaving the votor row.
The entermg relative How angle, £ ,
Box tan ee tax GOH) gg?
y (20 zt)
Thus, the rotor blade sections sketehed Gelns are appropriak
(con't )
=F(sz | (con'?)
Since the lift force acting on each roby blade section
js in the same divechon as the blade velocity we
conclude that this turosomachine /s a turbine,
The energy transhyred per unit mass is the shaft-
Work por unjt mass , ep eit Which Wwe can dekrmne
with Eg. 5.54. Thus
“haty = ~ U, Voy a)
From phe velocity triangles we. obfapa
ye = Ww. sth bo" — UL
and
Wo = We ay Vr+ Vy
Thus
2 sin bo" - U,
pais -Y Wry sin 60 )
ft 1 lb
- - (of #)II/( / (cott} + + Gott) singo° — 30 #t il(= Z|
my = — 368 ft lb
shat} oes shig
or
a le _ 14g FAA
agp 28 FA de FEE ia
Slug (32:2 ley lom
slag
[oe eak eee
5 Bo5.83
5.83 An axial flow gasoline pump (see Fig. P5.83) consists of a ro-
tating row of blades (rotor) followed downstream by a stationary row
of blades stator) The gasoline enters the rotor axially (without any an-
gular momentum) with an absolute velocity of 3 m/s. The rotor Blade
inlet and exit angles ate 60° and 45° from the axial direction. The
pump annulus passage cross-sectional area is constant. Consider the
flow as being tangent to the blades involved. Sketch velocity triangles
for flow just upstream and downstream of the rotor and just down-
stream of the stator where the flow is axial. How much energy is
added to each kilogram of gasoline? this an actual or ideal amount?
~ HB FIGURE P583
the velocity triangle for tow just upstream of the votoy is
sketched below tor the arithmetic mean radiiys.
w, u
V2 3m
5
With the triangle we conclude that
we we = G ee) = 6m
‘cos 60° Cos boe =
and
U = W,3in 60° = (6 m) singo" = 5.2 m
1 i: s tcon't) Ss
- Bl5.83 | ont)
The velocity triangle for flow just downstream ot the rotor is
sketched below for the arithmetic mean radus. ly
incompressible flay Vy, = V. For mean raduis tlav UY.
Thus tor relative How lange! to the blade we dbtan the
velocity tviangle sketched below.
y Mo
With the triangle we conclude that
Vor = Ui - Wa = UAV tents" = 5.2.01 fm) tentss 22
Oz
Also F
g = tan (#) = tan! [22 8)
4. == eee
Y
E Ke fe (7 2)
Wie ee eet
cos 4s? Cos 45° a
v, = Mer = 3H) = 3.72 4
0s @ cos 36.2" a
Ustiig the statronary and nan-detorming contol volume showp
above in the first sketch of this solution and &g. 5.54 we
can calculate the energy added 1? each kg of Gasdine.
pape = Ulor = (52 B22 Ee ar
This is the actual amount of energy detvemd’ yo he vai
However, not all of it is absorbed by the gasoline come “is lost.
= U4 Meme
ay
S- 825. 84
St Sketch the velocity triangles for the flows entering and
leaving the rotor of the turbine-type ‘low meter shown in Fig.
P5%4. Show how rotor angular velocity is proportional to aver-
age fluid velocity.
@ FIGURE PS.8% (Courtesy of EG&G Flow Tech-
nology, Inc.)
Fo a section of the turbine blade at radius r, the blade
moves tangentially with a velocity t= +@. The velocity
triangles may be sketched @5, Shain.
Wi
Wr |
U Von |
Using &3. §.50 We get
ap Bee eee
Few nearly 3010 Tehaft
O =e PAU = Vi fone
Z a
4 Gos Vy 2 tan Be
Y
5-83585 |
5.95 By using velocity triangles for flow upstream (1) and
downstream (2) of a turbomachine rotor, prove that the shaft
work in per unit mass owing through the rotor is
V3 - Vi + UF - U} + Wi We
Ca a
where V = absolute flow velocity magnitude, W = relative
flow velocity magnitude, and U = blade speed.
Any set of velocity triangle for flew throvgh a turbemachire rot
row would give the same result, We use the tangles of Fig. P57.
a yu ty
Ty. we U
[ere ° yu,
From the inlet flow velocity triangle we get
2 2
Ms Wave, i)
and
a 2 is 2 x »
K, = W-(Ktu)= Wave -2yy-y (2)
xo ,
Combining 645. 1 and 2 we obtam
- Weve
Vegas Meise (3)
From the outiet flow velocity rangle we get
2 ai jt
Van = Yo Yee )
and :
iz bs 2 2 a:
Vow i (Ly) WEE UG
(con't)
5+ 545.91
5.91 A 1000-m-high waterfall involves steady flow from one large
body to another. Detemine the temperature rise associated with this
flow.
This is like Example 5.22.
To determine the temperature change we use the velahonship
Ep de, ti)
. She
where the specific heat, C = 1 7 ap. We use the energy
im
equation C&g. 5.70) te obtain
t-G = 9 C,-t) @
Combining Eps. (| andz yields
Eq = g9(2,-%)
c
or
oe Gal 2 \(1ow mCi B ese k =a)
Bis a
a Cink) E )
Eaten Setk
5-87585] (con't)
Combyning &gs. and § we obtam
2
- SWity ()
& Yer Zz
Fov the set of velocity diangles
sna ~ Ue, + Oe, fa)
het in
Combining &35. 3,6 ana 7 we obfan
2 2 2 ® a
RY e UU WwW,
spat
net in Z
S-85§, 90.
5.90 Is anecessary condition associated with
application of the Bernoulli equation zero heat
transfer? Explain.
From Eg. 5.78 , we contlde that to application of the
Bernoull’ eguation (loss = 0)
ee te,
Gnet = ae ~
Thus the heat” transtor, J yep, with application of the
Bernoulli equation js met necessarily 30r0. No.
S- 86Lye
5.92 A 100-ft-wide river with a flowrate of 2400 fi°/s flows over a
rock pile as shown in Fig. P5.92. Determine the direction of flow
and the head loss associated with the flow across the rock pile.
ay
GFIGURE P592
To determine the direction of flaw we will assume a Adirtchin
2
Use the energy efrahor (Eq. S84) and cakulak the | |
Aead loss, If the teadl lass is poosifive, our assumed dyrech,
of flow (5 cowed. If the head loss 18 néqative which is not
Physicallg possible, our assumed director “ot How js wong.
So, assuming the flow js tum right to let) o tam
part (i) to Point (2) tn the sketch above, we get |
using Eg. 594
line : 4 0,79 shabt werk,
v |
aiee Bye = By oe toh
(mee 2 (2-229 - ee
a a eae
"Ay, “Gen(wF) =
a
AL
and | a Bl (ate Beats sas
4 Gate /
a a
Se ES yolk to (6f) _ CD ug ag
ee 29 29 are 2(%2#) 2ff22ft) +
h = 0.32 Ft and since bh, 1s postin, aur assumed
— ca
right left flow js cowect
a |
————
5-88OS
5.93 Air steadily expands adiabatically and without friction from
stagnation conditions of 690 kpa (abs) and 290 K to a static pres-
sure of 101 kpa (abs). Determine the velocity of the expanded air
assuming: (a) incompressibie flow; (b) compressible flow.
This is rimilar to Example §.27.
@) For theompressible Hav, the Bernou/|) equation (Eq. 5.104)
applied to adlabatic and frictionless How from the stagnation
State fo the sfafic state leads to
Vas /2CR, - P) a)
where the ideal En equation of State yrelds
eee
fe = ay, @)
Combining &s. (and2 result mm
Ve /2&-P)RT
x
or
y 2 [2 E80 Pm Cats
690 Kfa(abs) (7
and
Vs 377m
= 5
(b) For compressible tn, yg. 5.3 applied te adiabatic anol
trictionless tlow tam the Stagnation state +p the shake shite
leads to
v= FEVE- 2) a
However for this process
ue = Constant
aa (Cont )
S895.93 | (Eon't)
qi -2/2\
hus = fe (2) 4)
combining £91. Zand + feads
and
a < VE: ae ©
With the ideal equation of state C&q. 2) &]. 5 becomes
[G£)%[-)*]
V
i ae in 2
or
V 2 (1-40) (289 GE aul
a. a co
(1-40 -1)
rr
1
aud
V = 5¥O m
—s
S- 90.[3.74 |
5.94 A horizontal Venturi fiow meter consists
of a converging-diverging conduit as indicated in
Fig. P5.94. The diameters of cross sections (1)
and (2) are 6 and 4 in, The velocity and static
Pressure are uniformly distributed at cross sec-
tions (1) and (2). Determine the volume flowrate
(ft/s) through the meter if p, — p, = 3 psi, the
flowing fluid is oil (p = 56 Ibm/ft), and the loss
per unit mass from (1) to (2) is negligibly small. FIGURE P5.94+
Dy = 6 in. Section (1)
Ss
Section (2)
The contal volume shown in the stetth above is used.
Application of the conservahon of mass eguithinn
(6g. $13) to the sheompressible sadly How through this
conto! volume leads fo
Q=AyV ez hy a
Application of the energy equation CEg. 5:79) 10 the Haw shrough
this control volume yields
4 £ x oe oe yr (2)
ee 2 Ce a
Combining &ys. 1 and 2 we dblan
2
Z + a. e @
a See
Ph
or ; _
A-P.
i “fe Neal J hee aT |
P CIN) |
Q= PAGS fin Voz2 Be BF, ! e
(56 be) a
wp ("tts
("Spe Py)
[:
&
"
&
~
_N
ork
S97BGS
5.95 Oil (SG = 0.9) flows downward through a vertical = |
pipe contraction as shown in Fig. P5.95. If the mercury section()
manometer reading, h, is 100 mm, determine the volume
flowrate for frictionless flow. Is the actual flowrate more or less
than the frictionless value? Explain,
=
The volume flowrate’ may be obtained with FIGURE P5.95
Q= AY = A = Hy. wey a)
To determine either VY, or V, we. apply the energy eguaton (€4.582)
to the flow between sections (i) and (2). Thus, mee
Es = Bry Poot -
at 2 tI 2 et I% ce hat lbs (@)
eh &gs. | and 2. we obtain
D. 3
oP 1-(B J - (3)
To determine P-P. we use the manometer eguation tam
Sechon 2.6 fe cobain
a B - 7 “
a 1) - 9@,-%) (4)
Combining £95. 2 and 4 ve a
Sm
ve = [294 Cah
a fe aa
zd
- (01 m)( Be
v= 2481 B)(O1 Maa 0) 5 ae
/ 100 mm q
300 mm ,
700 mm
and trom &.1 we have
ae norm) (5.292 ) = a.042 m
4
Actual flowrate wonld be Jess than the trichenless valuc because
the loss would be sreakr than the 3¢ro amount used above.
B-925:36
5.96 An incompressible liquid flows steadily along the pipe
shown in Fig. P5.96. Determine the direction of flow and the head 0-75 m
loss over the 6-m length of pipe.
SFIGURE ps6
Assume fow from (1) to (2) and use the energy
equation (E. 5-84) to get for the contents of the.
Control volume Shown : -
2
A Te oe a +24 Kh
5 29 a 29 esl sd
Ths
hoz & Rt 2-t = Bm ~ Om 15m = 25m
iy alee =
Aad smce h >0, the assumed direchon of flow is correct.
a
The Flow is uphill.597
5.97 Water flows through a vertical pipe, as is indicated in
Fig. P5.97. Is the flow up or down in the pipe? Explain, ft
h
Mercury
FIGURE PS.97
The control volume shown in the sketth above is used
for steady, incompressikle tlw downward frm (A) 40 (8)
we obtain fam €g. 5.7
2 2
& o bs Zeno Be Lt 9%, cy
From conservaton of mass we conclude that
Va = Me
Thus tram E41
(055, + gH + ant
However the manometer eguation (se Section 2.6) yields
Ae - g[Ali- 5G,)-4]
P
and
1055, = gh (- 56yy)
which is a negative quantity since SGy = 13-6 . A negative
Joss js not Physically possible so the How must be
Ypward from 8 A. For upward flow the abdve andysis
leads to ere Ssc=
4/55, = gh (s6,,-1)
which is positive and there tore physically yeasonatle.
5-94$.978 |
5.98 A circular disk can be lifted up by blow- be
ing on it with the device shown in Fig. P5.98.
Explain why this happens.
FIGURE P5.98
Applying the energy eguation (&g.582) to the flow tam section(1)
anywhere within the space between the two circular oisks fo
section (2) at the exit of the flow between the two disks we obtain
2,%
Aa y ~ loss
2 Ci 2
We rote that the exit pressure, RB, is py - Thus, Ey.) becomes
.
P= Pam + P(4~4") 4 hess )
With conservahion of mass * we Conclude that
= Ar D,
yekoe.yus
te 7D
Which when combined with &.1 yields
P* Paty, t eb [1- (pp) 4 ®
We Conclude with &.2 that the presswes Within the How behiten
the 2 disks are waastly less thar p= By Sie 2h and
loss is 9mall. An exctyhon is The stegnatim pressure where he
tebe How wmpacts on Phe later click. The less than atm osphane
pressure value of p vesult tn the disk being Lifted Yo.
$295.3.97
5.97 A siphon is used to draw water at 20°C
from a large container as indicated in Fig. PS.99.
Does changing the elevation, h, of the siphon
centerline above the water level in the tank vary
the flowrate through the siphon? Explain. What
is the maximum allowable value of h?
FIGURE P5.99
The volume tovrak through the siphon is yelated velocity by
the eguation
Q2=VA
where A is the Constant cross sechon area of the siphon. Thus
V ts Constant throughout the siphon,
Assuming Steady, incompressible flow without fictton allows us to
use the Bernoulli eguation between any two points Along &
pathling, Thus re
and i+ appears as TF Y and thus Qi ts constant and independent
of the vahe of A.
Howtver, if the Bernon/l, equation “2 wrilfen ty flaw between pom
2 and 3 we tbfasn
ZB Br Brey
sip B 7
= BRO,
2
and we conclude or Since B= P, , as h beanes lager, B becomes smaller.
The maximum vahe of tr is associated with the minimum value of 2 which is
the vapor pressure of water. Thus pte 62 °
3
4 2 BR. (72140 Bi) — (238400 4)
twat, (PORVOO =
2S oH.
= %.06m
5-965, 100
5./00 A water siphon having a constant inside diameter of 3 in,
is arranged as shown in Fig. PS. lol. Ifthe friction loss between
Aand B is 0.8V?/2, where Vis the velocity of flow in the siphon,
determine the flowrate involved.
FIGURE P35. 100
To determine the towrak, Q, we use
Es
a= Av= toy oe
To obtain V we apply the energy eguation (EG. 5.82) behuen
Points A ani & 1A the sketh above. Thus,
fbr ' be 9% fiifen, + Hyp — Joss
Ct in
or
Ve 79%,- 08Y*
7 **% I%
Thus
V= 9% ~%) Z 2.2 f(g A) - 19 ft
oF 04 =
and with &g.]
a
Q- TY Gin.) 16.9 fy. 0,530 #7
4 (14% to” )
ooS101
5.101 Water flows through a valve (see Fig. P5.0)) at the
rate of 1000 Ibm/s. The pressure just upstream of the valve is
90 psi and the pressure drop across the valve is 5 psi. The inside
diameters of the valve inlet and exit pipes are 12 and 24 in. If
the flow through the valve occurs in a horizontal plane, deter-
mine the loss in available energy across the valve.
FIGURE P5.{0!
The control volume shaun jn the sketch above /s used.
We can use ©. §-79 % determme the loss im available energy
associated with the sncompressible , steady tow through this cardvol
volume. Thug
2
loss = R-Ry Yn
i
From the conservation of mass principle
2
Vie
pA, PTS
and , 4
= Mm
* ae ‘
Thus
loss = FOR
fs le a - * 4
ss = (50 nN fe) ; [loco (4) (28) (ail
ORE Fone ptf) he
loss = 5600 ft
slug
5-985.102
5.102 Compare the volume flowrates associ-
ated with two different vent configurations, a cy-
lindrical hole in the wall having a diameter of 4
in. and the same diameter cylindrical hole in the
wall but with a well-rounded entrance (see Fig.
P5.102). The room is held at a constant pressure
of 1.5 psi above atmospheric. Both vents exhaust,
into the atmosphere, The loss in available energy
associated with flow through the cylindrical vent
from the room to the vent exit is 0.5V3/2, where
Vp is the uniformly distributed exit velocity of air.
The loss in available energy associated with flow
through the rounded entrance vent from the room
to the vent exit is 0.05V3/2, where V; is the uni-
formly distributed exit velocity of air. FIGURE PS5.102
59\<—— section (2)
This is like Example $23.
The volume flowrate fr each vent conkguration is oblemed with
Q=AK= THY, a
and the exit velocity, of etch vent js obfamed wilh the cnengy Graton
(6 682). Taus,
oO
COB + gla fe )— loss
a
or
eee BEE EIS
ei Va a
aud z
Z2h-
ye [2B-A) @)
POR)
For vs pga Vent with An abruph Cntrance, Eg. 2 leads fo
QS psi C144 om ey 4
Gana aay rosy th 1b 5) = 3429 4
and with t we ebtarm
= rte (haa f 30.4 a
Cay cota ry ad De =
Fooinea cylindrical vent with a rounded entrance, 2 leads
s 144
y= 2105 )CN @
= 45.9 ft
(23x Byirwer( deg )
and wilh & 1 we obtain t C 3
é = VUtin} (58H) . 3.3 H
Peer eneatd 4C Min emi
fe
$-995.103
5.103- A gas expancs through a nozzle from
a pressure of 300 psia to a pressure of 5 psia.
‘The enthalpy change involved, fy — fz, is 150
Btu/Ibm. If the expansion is adiabatic but with
frictional effects and the inlet gas speed is negli-
gibly small, determine the exit gas velocity.
Because of the appreciable pressure drop involved in this gas How
we consider this problem to involve Compressible Haw. From
&y. 5.71 we obtain
, Gee)
or v, = /2 (5 ioe = \C
2740 ft
Ss
S
u
”
\
5-l00104
5.104 For the 180° elbow and nozzle flow shown in Fig. P5104,
determine the loss in available energy from section (1) to section 6 in. ve Uatl
(2). How much additional available energy is lost from section Volume
(2) to where the water comes to rest? ae
Section (2) s
12 in. =
Py = 15 psi
Vi = 5 tts
‘Section (1)
FIGURE PS. /04
for solving the ti'st part of this problem, the control volme
shown in the sketch above is used. To determine the loos
accompanying Flow trom sechon ¢ 10 Sechon 2 &. 5.79 can beused
as follows.
/ 1055, = Aah +
+ 9%,-%)
Since x-y Coordinates are specified we assume that phe How
15 hotizental and #,-2,2 0. Also, B2p, = Opi.
Fron the camservation of mass principle we conclude that
Ke th = u(2
a)
Thus
vs,» 2 + YE GI] = Fy if-@ 2)']
?
or iS
Joss, = (Ze me NAA ed 2) Peis H fi-¢ Win) fi te
G " a) é (2) (ey
yloss, = 926 Fhlb
slag
For the second part of this problem we consider the How of a
fluid portcle tam sechon 2 % a slak of rest, 4.£3.579 leads to
a
oss = MV,
/ 3
Note that we have assumed that Pista Pam re 2.7%:
Thus a ake ae lo
Vv. ¥72). fo i tb
wos, = ee ee) ve) 68) K sig. ft)
2/05, = Zoo ft.le
= sugFOS
5.105 An automobile engine will work best
when the back pressure at the exhaust manifold,
engine block interface is minimized. Show how
reduction of losses in the exhaust manifold, pip-
ing, and muffier will also reduce the back pres-
‘sure. How could losses in the exhaust system be
reduced? What primarily limits the minimization
of exhaust system losses?
We apply the energy equation (&% 543) to the How fara the
engine block, exhaust manifold ler tac. fy fhe exhaust SY3Rem
exit to get
Ty our 7 la - Ay + pl tos) a
With &%.1 we see that reduction OF loss ip the exhaust
System results in a& lower value of P, and thus the engine
back pressure. Losses jn the exhaust syskon conld be
reduced by eliminati 9g major loss componen such as the
Catalytic converter and the muffler as /s offen done
mn Yace Cars. However, noise and emissions legislation limits
the exkent fo which this Kina of loss reduction can occur
in convenfional yehicles. Some foss reduchon can alo occur
by con figuring the exhaust system piping wilh ftw bends
and appropriate area adistibufions. However,
veguirements often leads to bends and turns im the pipm
and Costs limit the extend af optimizing area disrribubone.
S-loz5.107
5.107 (See Fluids in the News.
5.3.3.) A 200-Ib force applied
sorber shown in Fig. P5.107
artic titled “Smart shocks,” Section
to the end of the piston of the shock ab-
‘causes the two ends of the shock absorber
From a force balance on the cylinder
PA fale, = 2000
or with 9-9
fe 2.00/b/A, =2001b/ CE (re ft)*)
= 3,67 x10 = 255p5i
From the energy equation,
frat h =f +Z, +, where
BFIGURE P8107
pA
A
A
200/6
tb
« ; =2 Assume $= 50 Hi.
2,72, Yao, yest, 217755 psi, ad f= 2 Asso 0 S= 50 Fs
om! V2 3.67x108 Hi
h- Ata ~ “0
‘5 HY
j + Gan) = 734 0.380 = 734Ft
5- 1035.108
5.108 What is the maximum possible power output of the hydro-
electric turbine shown in FigP5.108?
Turbine
FIGURE P5108
for flow tom sechon(t) to sechonfz), fy. $82 yields
2
2
Rt Mega e FY 49%, + “hate ~ 155 G)
Si a * Coe net in
HEE B= Paty Wott = “ogg, BL Can be expressed as
aetin nef wut
spaft = 92-2) -
het out
The maximum work or power output it achieved when lossso,
E A 4 a
= mw = m/9z-2,)- %
Woes shat ls i ee a
Net out nek out
Maxionum XL os
Now
i= = ro: “2
m= uA = a TOs 2 GMik Your im). no tt
and
p :
Wate = (4710 491 Gar V( 50m) - (6 1) |
net out ( FC ay sen) - E2) areal
maximam a im Se
Wren = 222xt0 MM 2 nee W = 220 MW
net out eo —_—
maximum
5-1045.109
5.109 The pumper truck shown in Fig. P5.109 is to deliver
1.5 ft'/s to a maximum elevation of 60 ft above the hydrant, The
pressure at the 4-in.-diameter outlet of the hydrant is 10 psi. If head
losses are negligibly small, determine the power that the pump \
‘must add to the water.
Hydrant
BFIGURE PS.109
To solve this problem we first use the energy eguahen (GSH)
for flan tom the hydrant exit (i) 40 the maximura desired
elevatim of 60 t+ (2) Jo get h, or m this case, the pump
head. With the pump head we Can get the Pump power
fron. £85.
0 o x 4
Ry fa boe rh
e 729 2g
- |
A= 4-2,-f -% |
- = ?
a
8 te BD aa
a 1212
Tv
woe
4,
Ay fe
h, = 60 #4 - (ofhs\(me 8) — (ig.2 #) mI
(84 2(#2.2 & ) |
A, = 2.9 tt =
Wag = Vb, = (4b (SH )Ga24)
feet AYN § (550 Fl
= 5. hp
= S48 hp
shatt ea
net in
5-105EW
5.1110 The hydroelectric turbine shown in Fig, P5,1/0 passes 8
million gal/min across a head of 600 ft. What is the maximum
amount pf power output possible? Why will the actual amount
be less?
From the energy equation
()
Fay
Poaz Wah - = Bia rE Tw
ay ml 7 Ay by & 2 "Fp BFIGURE PSD
where ~,=0, 2-9, and V,=0.
Thus, a
h, a (22-2) +h 4
And, the power is given by
Wo = 0 =20lla-2,1#h,0
The maximum power world occur if there were no losses (h,= 9)
and negligible kinetic energy at the exit ( V,%0, large diameler ovtlet).
This,
Wyy, = UO(2 -2,) = 62.44 (oxy S4t
min
max
iw 13
HD tpg $5004)
-6.67K/0° Bh che =-1,21x 10% hp
a
The minus Sign ie associated with power out,
The achaal power will be less by amounts cevreaponding to loss
and exit kinetc energy.
5-106Sill
Qe=20m
5.111 A pump is to move water from a lake into a large, pressur-
ized tank as shown in Fig. P5.111 at «rate of 1000 gal in 10 min or
less. Will a pump that adds 3 hp to the water work for this purpose?
‘Support your answer with appropriate calculations. Repeat the prob-
Jem if the tank were pressurized to 3, rather than 2, atmospheres.
BFIGURE PS.ii
vit
A225 ae tho-h = tz, ta, where p= 9 %-0,V;-0 and z,=20H.
Thus,
M h=h+ ot
Also, .
Q>{1200gal) /iominy] ( (HE fan) = 0,223 £
so that
eI
f= Me = mdse) «97
LS HG (62-42) (0.223 #)
(a) If si = 2 atm = 211472) (4M /pP) = 423048, | then From Ey.)
“ht ae +20ff = h, 487.944
Ths if
Wy © h-82.8 HE = 1194-8284 = 31.241 the given pump will work for f= 2aln,
(b) If p,=3 atm = 6, 3501, then
oh, + 350-3 2
he At Gah) ae h,tlazt
Thus, if this pump is to work
H9tt =h, +1224, or hy &~3tt
Since it is not passible to have h,<0, the pump will net wark for #2, <3odm.
- 1075.112 |
$.1/2 A hydraulic turbine is provided with 4.25
m’/s of water at 415 kPa. A vacuum gage in the
turbine discharge 3 m below the turbine inlet cen-
terline reads 250 mm Hg vacuum. If the turbine
shaft output power is 1100 kW, calculate the power
loss through the turbine. The supply and dis-
charge pipe inside diameters are identically 80:
mm.
We consider the turbine inlet and discharge to be sections (i) andG).
fo flow tom sectims (1) to(2) &%. 5.82 yields
loss = FAR + 9 (2,-2.) - Wy a
Tid het out
Since
ee
and
smaft ~ ~ “shaft
net out net in
For power loss through the turbine we need multiply 3. 1
by the mass Hlowate, m, thus
power loss =m /p-
(Ge
4 9 (2-2,) - Wey, (a)
net out
However
Sore = (999 49/425 m?) 2 4246 He
aah «(tm MyYers @) a att
Also
B 2-25 m Hy (P(g) = (025m ison fy (ttm 1 )
4g mi BK tym
4 N
a =~ 34300 &
With &- 2
N
power [oss = (116 ) (tee + 2K) (00k Yi 2m ya |
(egy ie
m ‘ N.
: -(ie" te)
pouty loss = 930,000 N™ . 930 RW
¢ ———
5-108y= 60 pal
HIE) @ = 150 fis
Section 5 I at
5.113 Water is supplied at 150 f1/s and 60 psi to a hydraulic
turbine through a 3-ft inside diameter inlet pipe as indicated in
Fig. P5.113. The turbine discharge pipe has a 4-ft inside diam-
eter. The static pressure at section (2), 10 ft below the turbine
inlet, is 10-in. Hg vacuum. If the turbine develops 2500 hp, de-
termine the power lost between sections (1) and (2). apie
Pp = 10 in. He
‘vacuum
Dy = 4 ft
FIGURE P5.113 ‘Section (2)
For How berveen sections (1) and(2), £4. 5 82 ees a
power loss “etek Bu) + 8-2) + ace -We,
Fron given date id
B= ClO in. Hy) (13.6)Ct Bote )G22 BY 7
m= eQ= (2.20x10° SP) (0.306) = 759x107 * sy
y
2
ff?
0
2.28107 Ppitation begin? To avoid cavitatio
creased or decreased? To avoid
3.75 Water flows from a large tank as shown in Fig. P3.75,At-
mospheric pressure is 14.5 psia and the vapor pressure is 1,60
Psia. If viscous effects are neglected, at what height, h, will cav-
Dz, be increased or decreased? Explain,
* FIGURE P3.75
ia a
Be % +z, = Baap +2, where ~ =/4.5psia, f= |-60 psia,
a Z-h , z,-0, and =o
Thus, 2
h = tf Fe a a
However,
AN, = fale or Ve=(S2) Mb
where
ee +2, -4 Betz, with fot» 42, =0
29 4
Thos,
2
Beep,
2g
so that na ‘
Me CH) . (2) 7
2g 29 a
Combine Egs.(!) and (2) to obtain
b = Aix h_ eye
c Dy
= fi (4.5 - 1.60) 2, 4 (49d)
= Zu
re Dy | 62.4 | G2)" ss i]
From Eq.(3) if is seen that h sncreases in increasing D,
and decreasing Dz, Thus, to avoid cavitation (ia. to have
h small enogh) D, shold be increased and D, decreased.
a = 1.98 #4
@)
S3.76 T
3.76 Water flows into the sink shown in Fig. P3.76 and Video 10.4-in. diameter
‘V5.1 at a rate of 2 gal/min. If the drain is closed, the water will _—
eventually flow through the overflow drain holes rather than over
the edge of the sink. How many 0.4-in.-diameter drain holes are
needed to ensure that the water does not overflow the sink? Neglect sonnets
viscous effects,
be | FIGURE 3.76
4+ Bre as E+, where p,=0 Vy =0, and %=9, p=0
Thos,
yeas 140.2 ft
Z,< ¥ or Va= Veg2, =[2(s2.2) (1402 110.2 4y)* =2.5¢f
Also,
Q=nh,=nGtdy, , where n= number of holes required,
ads =0.4in, and C= contraction cool.
“20.6! (see Fig.3.1#)
— with i
Limin y /2abin.’) / [#8 ~2 ff
a 2 (tae 60S )(23u0H Taal Mate) = EHX se ,
4Q 4 (446x107 Ys)
18 Rede ~ ODE (2.548) ~ 22?
Thos, #holes are needed.
3-73.77. What pressure, p,, is reeded to produce a flowrate of
0.09 f°/s from the tank shown in Fig, 3.77?
FIGURE P377
-B4 + Pox, Where fn = 44h, fy =0
By = 86H, Be
and =O
2
+=
= 48 2 400r#) _ si
7lo.osHy ~ 28%
~Z,)- wh = Cu cow alts ~3.sf]
2(32.2 ft)
— ¥2. st, (2.04)3.78
3.78. Water is siphoned from the tank shown in Fig. P3.78.De-
termine the flowrate from the tank and the pressures at points
(1), (2), and (3) if viscous effects are negligible.
w
MFIGURE P3.78
From the Bernoylli equation,
htrel+hZ, = Pt zp, t8Z,, where fo= f= 0, Vo=0, 20 = 5th
Thus, and 2% <0
Sa et ely, on Va fate./e =|2g% < baz2kk sh) = 17 9e#
Hence,
Q = Ay Vy = lon) (1294) = 0,41 SE
For fyi przez, = py +x pl” +d'%, which with fy20, 2,02 eH
and \,< Vy (since A, 2A) becomes
f= - 8%, = - (82.4) (BH) = - 499
For p;' pa +toly's v2; = Pe td oly tb Zy, which with fig 20, 2470, 2,°5H
and Ve= Vy (since Ay=hy) becomes
Py =~ UE = - (62.41) (5 Ht) = = 312 1b/f*
For f+ Since Z= 2: and Vo=Vs if follows that
Pr=fls = 23/2 bff?
3-76219 a
Q@)
3.79 Water is siphoned from a large tank and discharges into
the atmosphere through a 2-in.-diameter tube as shown in Fig.
3.79. The end of the tube is 3 ft below the tank bottom, and vis-
cous effects are negligible. (a) Determine the volume flowrate
from the tank. (b) Determine the maximum height, H, over
. 2.in, diameter
which the water can be siphoned without cavitation occurring. °j" |
Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia, and the water vapor pressure
is 0.26 psia.
B FIGURE P3.79 |
(a) From the Bernoulli equation, ee)
2 2
a += BtB tn , Where A *f220 and V,=0.
Thus,
ae
z,- Metz,
or
\ye 2g, Z) S wfi2v2.28) (94434 227.94
Hence,
Q= Al, < F(z Yared) = 0607
(b) From the Berpoully equation,
. F
Opt sz = Ft sz, | where Wel since QeRelh hel
and As=A
Thus, with Z -#.= Ht Ht +3H =H +/24h
P10 (2Z.-22) = fe
where po, = /47psia and fl, = 0.2bpsia
Hence, yi
Ib f
(62.428) (yi 4) = (14.70.26) 98 ae
or
He 23tt3,80 Determine the manometer reading, h, for the flow shown
in Fig. P3,80
06 darter:
FIGURE P3.80
Where z,=Z2 , Vj =0, and
Y= 0
However, f= 0h and pra 8(0.97n)
SONG
h =9.37m3.8)
3.81 Air flows steadily through the variable area pipe shown in
Fig, P3.81. Determine the fiowrate if viscous and compressibility
effects are negligible.
Fram the Bernoulli equation, BIE Grate ra.b1
Y a +2, = Eis +22, where z,=Z2 and Vi=0
me
() Q=AY,
Also, from the manometer
(td heb oh, ~ At Gain lh th)
But Vyo> Yair so that E9.(3) becomes
fo = fi tench or = “f+ + Ss p,
Hence, oa -
bio.
tp & Cae)h
a)
or
aes aon 8 Serge cA as CsA am) = 4008
Thus, from Eq. (2),
Q=Flarme (40.0%) 2.26.0
lain
3-793.82
3.82 JP-4 fuel (SG = 0.77) flows through the Venturi meter
shown in Fig, P3.82 with a velocity of 15 ft/s in the 6-in. pipe. If
viscous effects are negligible, determine the elevation, h, of the
fuel in the open tube connected to the throat of the Venturi meter.
WFIGURE P382
2.
oy ve Ppa e -2,M 43, where Z,-0,2,-7f4
F |
Bes a = AM = and \h= IS tS
1 V,
4 Vy = (2) = (Say Us #) =32.752#
Thus, with a me £4.) becomes
fy, (33.75 B)* -6ft+ USE pay
2(32.2H) ~ 2(32.28) © 12
or
ra a7 cate
But EL=-h so that h= 753 ft
3.83
3.83, Repeat Problem 3.82 if the flowing fluid is
pare fluid is water rather than
Note fram the solution to Problem 3.82 that the
value of dis not needed. Thus, h=2%53 #t_for
either water or JP-4 fvel.
3-90
()3.84
3.84 Oil flows through the system shown in
Fig. P3.84with negligible losses. Determine the
FIGURE P3.84
flowrate.
Ht +2 Bi
+2, Where z,=0, 2,=5H and
ez y= o ‘
Also, eh
Thus,
B= a
-nt eh where py +0h = py th, thy h
4
()
tr toe
SL ep
with L- a eed
Thus, the manometer equation gives
At. SH (a. Nh (2)
Combine Egs.(!and (2), using Z,= Sit fo obtain
oe! “(2 -)h
2(32.24 £)(28 -1)@e#) =99 Ht
a
Q= AaV, =(20in*x
(aU) = 1393.85
3.85 Water, considered an inviscid, incompressible fluid,
flows steadily as shown in Fig. P3.85 Determine h.
on 4 tts
0.5 ft diameter
B FIGURE P3.85
Pt 02, +207 =p, ttz,+d 0h?
where Z=0, Z23H, Vy=0 and V, pape 1 5.09 ft
Ths,
Pt $0.4 2B) 609 BY = p, + 62a B (3)
or
Af. = 1825:
But from the manometer,
fr - SUA) + 8(htL) =p,
or
f-824B (9H) 462.4 Bh = fe
Hence,
fr = fa 4187 - 62.4h which when combined with 4.0) gives
Prt 187-8244 ~ py, 2/62
or
h= 0.4004#
wy3.86 Determine the flowrate through the submerged orifice
shown in Fig. P3,86 if the contraction coefficient is C, = 0.63,
He +z, -Bi fen
Thos,
a <2H+ Me
or 2 (32.2 8)
yy =/134¢
so that *
1)
Tomah
3.in. 2 ft
diameter
FIGURE P3,86
where p,=0, V,=0,2,=4H,
2,=0,and B-2tt
Q=A = GA Ve = (0.63) F F- A) (34 #) = 0.35! me3.87 _Aninexpensive timer is to be made from
a funnel as indicated in Fig. P3.87 The funnel is
filled to the top with water and the plug is re-
moved at time ¢ = 0 to allow the water to run
out. Marks are to be placed on the wall of the
funnel indicating the time in 15-s intervals, from
0 to 3 min (at which time the funnel becomes
empty). If the funnel outlet has a diameter of d
= 0.1 in., draw to scale the funnel with the timing, 1
marks for funnels with angles of 0 = 30, 45, and Plug
60°. Repeat the problem if the diameter is FIGURE P3.87
changed to 0.05 in.
Bh ez, Be 42a
where 7-0, fp=0, 2 =
2,0, jand Ye-
if R>> g
Thus, tied
Ye {29h which when combined with AV, =A, \, gives
Ad -Afe o BEER
where R=h tan ips
Thos, £4.(0 reese ~h? tan Se = Vegh
"pe dh = aes dt wee be integrated from h=hy
Es id 54 540. _ dg
(+ dh =~ See i or &[h hy He 7 Fant *
2
Thu, ie (2)
h= [A SOME) Since x0 when be Bmie
See ee yay follows that, =/228
22 (32.2i8) (ig
hg*= pied cece on ECE 2) which when combined
8 tan*@ ats with es a gives
_| sd? ez. 2£h) ) (180) (i- jt)”
8 tan*6 Teo
or
h=/5. 2(q4- \ “(I-7ée) where he ft , dvtt andtns
For £=0,15,30,...,/80s calculate h from £9. (2) with
6 = 30,45 and 60° and d= 0.1 and 0.05 in, The calculated daty
for d=0.05 in, and 0=30de9. are shown in the table below.
other dala are graphed. — (con't)
3-843.97_| (con't)
For d = 0.0500 in and theta =
ts h, ft
0.00 +2.941E-01
15.00 +2.841E-01
30.00 4+2.734E-91
45.00 4+2.621E-02
60.00 +2.501E-01
75.00 +21371E-01
90.00 4+2.229E-01
105.00 +21072E-02
120.00 +1.895E-01
135.00 +1.689E-01
150.00 4+1.436E-01
165.00 +1.089E-01
180.00 +0.000E+00
Os
OF
h, ft
03
02
or
30.00 deg
3-853.88
3.88 A long water trough of triangular cross
section is formed from two planks as is shown in
Fig. P3.88 A gap of 0.1 in. remains at the junc- oc WL
tion of the two planks. If the water depth initially L_ NGF 1)
Tish
was 2 ft, how long a time does it take for the EA AS
water depth to reduce to I ft.? a “ile a
aa
FIGURE P388
2 Ee
Be Mg ett Ve es Ww O}
a zg Ti neu te 2
where £,=0, fa=0, z,=h, and 220 h
Also YA, =\yA, or since L>>ur if acg—
follows that Vi, << V4 where V =- 4
Thus, Ep.ll) gives
=|29h so that
“A, = Agl2gh with A= bL=2bb and Aye bu
where b is the tank length.
Thus,
~26h Ht = by |2gh
or
h'dh = -w/E dt which can be integrated to give
hel
he2 ize
on 2 [277 % %].4
t= He iF hi -h] =e (24 wae |? ee Ja
= 36.553.84
*384 A spherical tank of diameter D has a
drain hole of diameter d at its bottom. A vent at
the top of the tank maintains atmospheric pres- foler >:
sure within the tank. The flow is quasisteady and
inviscid and the tank is full of water initially. De- PD
termine the water depth as a function of time, be
h = h(), and plot graphs of h(0) for tank diam-
eters of 1, 5, 10, and 20 ft if d = 1 in. | h
2)
bs Be Bee, ad
where #4=0, ~,-0,2,=h, 2,20 and Ye-Bey, ifr>d
Thos,
=/29h which when combined with A= Azle gives
~Adh = Alb or -0 0S = Bat igh 0
where R72 p24(h-RP “
with Re radine of tank — h-R) ge
z
This p= y R*-(h-R)* so that £9.) becomes
oR (h- ope = Yagh
a 4) dp = 4722 yt which can be integrated trom
s eae the initial time and depth (t=,
h=2R) to an arbitrary time and.
h t depth (4A) as
(i200) - AE fa
2k
oO
” 2 (h* -eny*) - £r(h'@_eonyt) = Fe
Use d= rift apd g= 92.24 and plot Axhtd) for
values of R= 0.5, 2.5, 5, and /0ft
Note: It is easier to solve Eg.(2) as t=tlh) rather
than h=h(t)
Note: The time taken to empty the tank, t,, is obtained from
ee with h=0 as
64 Re
EF (cont)
3-87*3.69 | (con't)
D=1ft
1 h, ft
0.00 1.000
0.09 0.950
0.35 0.900
0.77 0.850
1.34 0.800
2.05 0.750
2.89 0.700
3.84 0.650
491 0.600
6.06 0.550
7.30 0.500
8.60 0.450
9.94 0.400
11.31 0.350
12.69 0.300
14.06 0.250
15.37 0.20¢
16.61 0.15¢
17.72 0.100
18.62 0.050
19.14 0.000
D=5ft
ts
0
5
19
43
75
114
161
215
274
339
408
481
556
632
710
786
859
929
990
1041
1070
h, ft
5.000
4.750
4.500
4.250
4.000
3.750
3.500
3.250
3.000
2.750
2.500
2.250
2.000
1.750
1.500
1.250
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
Results of an EXCEL Program to calculate h(t) from Eqn. (2)
D=10ft
ts h, ft
0 10.00
28 9.50
110 9.00
242 8.50
422 8.00
647 7.50
913 7.00
1216 6.50
1852 6.00
1917 5.50
2308 5.00
2718 4.50
3143 4.00
3877 3.50
4014 3.00
4445 2.50
4862 2.00
5253 1.50
5603 1.00
5889 0.50
6053 0.00
See next page for graphs of above results.
D=20ft
ts h, ft
0 20
158 19
620 18
1370 17
2390 16
3661 15
5163 14
6876 13
8778 12
10846 "1
13055 10
15376 9
17782 8
20237 iz
22706 6
25144 5
27502 4
29714 3
31695 2
33311 1
34239 0
3-38¥
3.89 | Ccon't)
[ |
Water Depth vs Time Water Depth vs Time
D=‘ft D=5ft
T |
|
|
06 + — |
=
Co tee |
04
0.3 +}— —
02
O41 -
0.0
0 5 10 16 20 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
ts ts
a 1 = |
Water Depth vs Time Water Depth vs Time
D=‘0ft D=20ft
10 ~-——— - FE net
9 IN a 18 \— — t——
8 16 {este
i 14 ~ ~ ==
6} 1 12 |
* #
ee ie | 210 4
4 8 a=
3 6 = ae
2+-—-— 4+— - |
1 oo e T
° | J °
0 2000 ©4000» 6000 0 — 10000 20000 30000 40000
ts ts |
3-843.90 When the drain plug is pulled, water flows from a hole in the
bottom of a large, open cylindrical tank. Show that if viscous ef- at t-0
fects are negligibie and if the flow is assumed to be quasisteady,
then it takes 3,41 times longer to empty the entire tank than it does
to empty the first half of the tank. Explain why this is so. ==—= Hl
. a
Q-AV=Bdev =A (gf | mi
4 lang (dt) h
where
-|—D ——-|
V=f2gh and Bag 2% OP
Thus |ha
2 2 v
igh ER
or
lh 2
eg (4) 4
al trom h= ve t=O fo h att:
ie “aay
‘sn = (Ht
" )
y= 9.1 Nima
iS EVE he Vee
Be Mre=Br Beez, where 2-22 9 f= 3-6 hla
o 29 29
and fy =(@75+/01)kPalabs)
Thus, with AV; = ArVs = 376 kPa(abs)
or 2
y = (2) £9.04) becomes
= (376 - 3.6 kPa
v,=,/ 22 (Pf) - 2(2.812) 9.7 kiym?
(By | -(2mey
Dy 37mm
or
V, = 30.62
Thus,
QA, = ZO, =F (0.019 m)* (30.6 2) = 8.68 x10 2
3-108On Or
3.10@What diameter orifice hole, d, is needed if under ideal —-
Conditions the flowrate through the orifice meter of Fig. P3.108is () {
to be 30 gal/min of seawater with p, — pp = 2.37 Ib/in2? The p> 2
contraction coefficient is assumed to be 0.63. ae
FIGURE P3.108
a a ee ay
os a F +2, a Bez, Where Z,=Z2 , C= 0.63,
and p,-f, =2.97psi
(22
ae Noo uly 2 ee \pgt.) =o066e and b=64.0e
it follows that soft!
Vy = = 26S Lo og i
bm A” Fane 7 O08
Thus, Eglid ee
Tb
Katy? +29 (CGP =/(s.06#) ) +2(a2.2 0 |
or
V,= 16.8 #
Thus, since
Q= ALY, = G#d* 4 it follows that
a 4Q 3% Ex o.0sse # |* a
do leeea Ce Va ie -| 7 (6.43188) = 0.0847 F1 = 1.
3-1043.109
3.109 Water flows over a weir plate (see Video V10.13)which
has a parabolic opening as shown in Fig. P3,104.That is, the
‘opening in the weir plate has a width CH", where C is a con-
stant. Determine the functional dependence of the flowrate on
the head, = O(H),
Q= fu dA where u is a tonction of h. 4
= ~ ; =H-z Yeu
That is, from +4 +2, 2 trl az, with Ha
ae ss 2 20 ("tree el)
and 2,-H-h
or y* ut
(H-2) tag tz) =O tag t (H-A)
Thus,
ue J2gh+y> a V2gh if Yis “small”
Also
dh= CVF dz (<0. dheods tor 2-0, dx for 2-0) +0 thet
Q= (fg Ih cle d= where h=H-2.
B20 H
This, Q= clog | Yen-2* dz, where
H Z eH
(Vet Fde= afle-# paz + (BY sin'[le-4y ray]
avnen reduces to: ed
= Fe yap H* That is Q~H*
Alternatively, Q= VA where the average velocity is proportions|
to Vi (i.e. V~ Vag ) and the total flow area is proportional
to H™ (2.0, A~ Hs (CHE) = CH), Thus,
Q~ Pag (CH) = cag H*
That is, Q~H” as obtained above.
3-1103.110 A weir (see Video V10.13) of trapezoidal cross section
is used to measure the flowrate in a channel as shown in Fig.
3.110 If the flowrate is Q, when H = ¢/2, what flowrate is ex-
pected when H = €?
FIGURE P3.110
Q=AV where it is expected that Vis a function of the head, H.
That is, V~y2gH
Also, from the geometry A=2H(L+4L,) where h=L+24 tan
Thus, A= H(£L + Htan30°) so that
Q=G Veg (2+ H tan 30°) H'® where C, is a constant
Let Q, = flowrate when H=£
and Qy= flowrate when H=h
Thus, 3,
@® = Gig (4+ S tan30")(£)* Lele i tan3o°)
Q% Gvig (2+ D tan 30°) (2)% — (1+ Fan30) (2%) = 789
or
Q= 3.4%
3-IllBull
3.111 The flowrate ina water channel is,some-
times determined by use of a device called a Ven-
turi flume. As shown in Fig. P3.111, this.device
consists simply of a hump on the bottom of the
channel. If the water surface dips a distance of
0.07 m for the conditions shown, what is the
flowrate per width of the channel? Assume ae 7
the velocity is uniform and viscous effects are 02m
negligible. FIGURE P3.111
. o
with fp =0, p,=0, 2,=/2m,
and 2, = 1.2m -0.07m = /.13m
Also, AV=Az Vs.
or
ey = fem Vv
% ng (.2-0.07-0.2)m
Thus, from Eq.(i):
294,
Bete Bee or [vant] = 2008 B)(12-113)m
H or Yah¥382
ence,
ge hy =(. 438 2) (1.2m) = 1.73
ese HZ.EA
3.12 Water flows under the inclined sluice gate shown in Yl)
Fig. P3.12 Determine the flowrate if the gate is 8 ft wide. | 7
P32
" a
fea ae = Gre +22 where f, 20, f279, 2, 6t7,
Thus. and 2.2 /ft
.
mR 2
ay tt = ait 2)
Bot AY =A. , or
Vex A= Shy oo,
Hence, E9.l/) becomes
yi ~ bY"
ag 16H a +itt
a ft
[67-1] Vj? = 2(32.24 )(6-1) # 0 Y=30aF
Hence, 7
Q=AY, = 6H (eH)(3.03) = xs
3-11333 ]
3.113 Water flows in a vertical pipe of 0.15-m
diameter at a rate of 0.2 m'/s and a pressure of
200 kPa at an elevation of 25 m. Determine the
velocity head and pressure head at elevations of Z= 85m) *
20 and 55 m.
3 D=0.15m
024
V= 8-978 2 ym ayy
A 2 C'S ‘o
0.15,
# y =25m
200 kPe
At point (0) + -
My? Ze 20m
Ve. Mua BY
ag * 3 (46%) a)
On hee +2, fet #2, or Bee Ssz,-2,
"fy. 200 4M
“Fach +(25-20)m =25.¥m
Ss imilarly at ried (2):
We Ve.
3g By ee
and Va
Be Ben - Brea, or Bee Bia -h
* ~ Eo kN
2 — 200 ma EB a=
E 2a0dl + (25-55)m = -9.59m
Salt2.1
‘3A("t Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for the
flow shown in Problem 3,78
FIGURE P3278
For inviscid flow with no pumps or turbines, the energy line ts horizontal
ai the elevation of the free surface of the tank. The hydravlic grade
line is one velocity head, V’/ag, below the energy line. Since
Ve = 29 (20-24) it follows that the hydravlic grade line is
Vy'/ag = (2,-%4) = $f below the free surtace al the exit of
the pipe. Also, since the pipe is a constant diameter, the velocity
is constant theovght the pipe. Hence, the hydravlic grade line is
horizontal, ff belay the tree curtace. Note tha} since the
pipe is above the hydraulic grade line, the prescore thrayhovl
the pipe is less
Aydravlic
grade line
than al nes pheric.
ES3.115 Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for the
flow of Problem 3.75 i
Dy = 4 in
lk a
0,y > 0) by drawing arrows representing the fluid velocity
at representative locations,
U=-(VW/L)x and wr =-(Ve/L)y so that
Ve Vata = (VV NYO CYA (4D HE
Thus, with r=Vx*4y* = radial dictance trom the origin,
V=(Y/0)r ; ,
Hence, V= V4 onr-h; V=2\, onr=2, V-2y, nr=£4- ele,
Also, the direction of the thid motvon relative to the x axis is
8 = arctan (W/u) or y v C
aM _ihby _y <
tan 8 = = nage = % i.
Thus, on the x axis (y=0), tan@=Q or O-0° or |80 (188° for x70)
and on the y axis (x20), tan G=tee of @ = 90" or 270°(270' for y>9)
The velocity field looks asshown below. In the /avadrand, both
x>0and y>0 so that both
ya acre re 4<0 and w