Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Schlumberger Private
References
API RP 7G Drill Stem Design and Op Limits API SPEC 7 Specifications for Rotary Drilling Elements API SPEC 5D Specifications for Drill Pipe SLB Drill String Design manual TH Hill DS-1 Drill String Design
Schlumberger Private
Objectives
At the end of this lecture YOU will be able to describe: Functions of Drill Pipe , Drill Collars and BHA selection Grades of Drill Pipe and strength properties Thread types and tool-joints Drill collar weight and neutral point Bending Stress Ratios and Stiffness Ratios Margin Of Overpull Basic design calculations based on depth to be drilled. Functions of stabilizers and roller reamers.
Schlumberger Private
Agenda
I. II. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Drill String Components Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP Bottom Hole Assembly Design Drill Pipe Selection Buckling and max WOB
Schlumberger Private
The drillstring serves the three main following functions : 1. Transmit and support axial loads - WOB 2. Transmit and support torsional loads - rpm 3. Transmit hydraulics to clean the hole and cool the bit.
DC D P
WOB
Schlumberger Private
Kelly
Surface Safety Valves Drill Pipe Heavy Walled Drill Pipe Drill Collar Jars Shock Subs Bumper Subs Junk Baskets Accelerators etc
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
The Kelly
The Kelly is the rotating link between the rotary table and the drill string. Transmits rotation and weight-on-bit to the drillbit Supports the weight of the drillstring Connects to the swivel and allow circulation thru pipe.
Schlumberger Private
The Kelly comes in lengths ranging from 40 to 54 ft with cross sections such as hexagonal (most common), square or triangular. Connected to a Kelly Saver Sub
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Kelly Cock
The Kelly is usually provided with two safety valves, one at the top and one at the bottom, called Kelly cock. The Kelly cock is used to close the inside of the drillstring in the event of a kick. The upper & lower Kelly cocks operate manually. IBOP / DPSV are not run in the drill string but kept handy on the rig floor
Schlumberger Private
Top Drive
The top drive is basically a combined rotary table and kelly. It is powered by a separate motor and transmits rotation to the drill string directly without the need for a rotary table.
Schlumberger Private
Stabilizers
Schlumberger Private
Stabilizers
Reasons for Using Stabilizers: 1. They are used as a fundamental method of controlling the directional behavior of most BHAs. 2. Help concentrate the weight of the BHA on the bit. 3. Minimize bending and vibrations which cause tool joint wear and damage to BHA components such as MWDs. 4. Reduce drilling torque by preventing collar contact with the side of the hole and by keeping them concentric in the hole. (FG!!) 5. Help preventing differential sticking and key seating.
Schlumberger Private
Roller Reamers
Schlumberger Private
Drill Pipe
Schlumberger Private
Drill Pipe
Function
To serve as a conduit or conductor for drilling fluid To transmit the rotation from surface to the bit on bottom
Schlumberger Private
Components
A pierced, seamless tube of forged steel or extruded Aluminum Tool joints attached to each end of the seamless tube
Tool Joints
Provide connections for the drill string Separate pieces of metal welded to the seamless tube Thick enough to have pin or box cut into them
E - 75, X 95, G 105, S 135 the numbers denote 1000s of psi minimum yield strength Depending upon the size of pipe different weight ranges API classification for used pipe
4. Weight 5. Class
Grade
E or E-75 X or X-95 G or G-105 S or S-135
Min Yield
75,000 95,000 105,000 135,000
Avg / MaxYield
Schlumberger Private
Minimum Yield Stress The stress which gives a stretch of 0.5% (0.005). When the stress is removed, the steel will have acquired 0.2% of permanent deformation. Ultimate Tensile Stress The stress which will break the steel
Exercise DP-00
Schlumberger Private
No wear, has never been used Remaining wall not less than 80%. Remaining wall not less than 70%. Remaining wall less than 70%.
Other details such as, dents and mashing, slip area mechanical damage, stress induced diameter variations, corrosion cuts and gouges, specified on Table 24 ( Classification of Used Drill Pipe ) of API RP 7G.
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Drillpipe Upsets
Where the pipe joins the tooljoint, the pipe wall thickness is increased or upset. This increased thickness is used to decrease the frequency of pipe failure at the point where the pipe meets the tool-joint. The drill-pipe can have Internal upsets (IU), ( OD stays the same ) External upsets (EU), ( ID stays the same ) Internal and External Upsets (IEU).
Schlumberger Private
Nominal Weight - Refers to an obsolete standard. ( Weight of Range I pipe with connections ) Is used today to refer a class of Drill pipe. Adjusted Weight Refers to the weight per foot of pipe including the upset but excluding the tool joint based on a length of 29.4 ft Approximate Weight The average weight per foot of pipe and tool joints of Range II pipe. This approximate weight is the number to use in Design calculations.
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
Wt/ft =
)
.(2)
L= combined length of pin and box (in) d= inside diameter of pin (in) Data from Spec 7 Fig 6 Table 7
LTool Jt Adj =
L + 2 .253(D DTE ) ft 12
.(3)
Datat from Spec 7 Fig 6 Table 7
Exercise DP-01
Calculate the approximate weight of tool joint and drillpipe assembly for 5 in OD, 19.5 lb/ft Drill Pipe having NC50 tool joints with 6.625 in OD, 2.75 in ID and being internallyexternally upset. ( IEU ). Compare the value against the one published on Table 9 of API RP7G.
Schlumberger Private
Tables 7API 5D and Table 7 of the Specification can be found in handout # 1 of tables. Table 9 of API RP7G can be found on handout # 2 of tables.
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
API RP 7G
Table 1-3 New Pipe Data Table 4-5 Premium Pipe Data
Schlumberger Private
Table 6-7 Class Two Pipe Data Table 8-9 Tool-joint Data Table 10 Make-up Torque Data Table 12 Connection interchangeability Table 24 Classification of used DP
Tool Joints
All API tool joints have a minimum yield strength of 120,000 psi regardless of the grade of the drill pipe they are used on (E, X, G, S) . API sets tool joint torsional strength at minimum 80% of the tube torsional strength. Make up torque is determined by pin ID or box OD. The make up torque is 60% of the tool joint torsional capacity. The equation for determining make up can be obtained from the appendix of API RPG7. ( Numeral A.8.2 ). This equation is rather complex, so the API developed a series of charts to find the recommended make up torque to any connection given the tool jt OD of box and ID of pin. These charts can be found in API RP 7G ( Figures 1 to 25 )
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
Exercise DP02
Using some tables (?) and some figures (?) of API RP7G what should be the make up torque of NEW 19.5 ppf G105 and S135 drill pipe ?
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Drillstring Connections
The most common thread style in drillpipe is NC The thread has a V-shaped form and is identified by the pitch diameter, measured at a point 5/8 inches from the shoulder
Schlumberger Private
If the pitch diameter is 5.0417 in This is an NC50 connection Multiply 5.0417 by 10 50.417 Choose first two digits 50 Hence NC 50
NC Drillstring Connections
There are 17 NCs in use : NC-10 (1 1/16) through NC-77 (7 3/4) Typical sizes: NC 50 for tool joints with 6 1/2 OD for 5 pipe and NC 38 for 4 3/4 tool joints and 3 1/2 pipe. Seal is provided by shoulder not threads. A clearance exists between the crest of one thread and the root of the mating thread Use of Lead based dope vs Copper based dope for DCs. Not for sealing but for lubrication, to help make-up and prevent galling
Schlumberger Private
Connection Interchangeability
NC 26 NC 31 NC 38 NC 40 NC46 3-1/2 4 2-7/8 3-1/2 3-1/2 3-1/2 4 4-1/2 4-1/2 4-1/2 4-1/2 5 5-1/2 4 NC50 4-1/2
Schlumberger Private
IF FH XH
DSL
2-3/8
2-7/8
Drill Collars
Schlumberger Private
Drill Collars
Description They are heavy walled metal tubes The ends are threaded (box and pin) Functions To put weight on bit (WOB) To keep the drill string from buckling Types Comes in many OD and ID sizes Typically 4 to 9 OD Most commonly in lengths of 30-31 feet Square collars where the holes tend to be crooked Spiral collars where there is chance of getting stuck Collars with elevator and slip recesses
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
3. Drill straighter holes or vertical holes 4. Provide Pendulum effect 5. Reduce dog legs, key seats and ledges 6. Improve the probabilities of getting casing in the hole. 7. Increase bit performance 8. Reduce rough drilling, sticking and jumping 9. As a tool in fishing, testing, completing
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
connection
I D
Schlumberger Private
Item Bit Bit Sub 9 1/2" Drill Collar Stab 9 1/2" Drill Collar 9 1/2" Drill Collar 9 1/2" Drill Collar
FN
Remarks New
Schlumberger Private
The shoulder provide the only positive seal against fluid leakage The lubricant is Copper based dope The connection is the weakest part of the entire BHA The DC connections go through cycles of tension-compression and are subject to bending stresses Improper M/U torque, improper or insufficient lubricant, galling can all lead to connection failure
DPT Drill String and BHA design
DP body bends easily and takes up the majority of the applied bending stress, DP connections are therefore subjected to less bending than the DP body. DCs and other BHA components are however much stiffer than the DPs and much of the bending stresses are transferred to the connections. These bending stresses can cause fatigue failure at the connections Stress Relief Groove / Bore Back
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Lo-Torq Feature
The low torque feature consists in removing part of the shoulder area of the pin and box. This allows for lower make up torque maintaining adequate shoulder loading. It is a common feature in large OD connections.
Schlumberger Private
If DC make-up torque >Dp make-up torque you have no routine problems. BH Torque at any point should not exceed 80% of makeup torque for the connections in the hole to avoid over tightening connections which can lead to damage of seals.
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Agenda
I. II. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Drill String Components Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Drill Pipe Selection Buckling and max WOB
Schlumberger Private
Weight
BHA Weight must be sufficient for the planned WOB BHA Weight must be sufficient to account for Buoyancy BHA Weight must be sufficient to account for hole inclination BHA Weight must be sufficient so that the neutral point of axial loads is within the BHA with a safety factor of 15%
Schlumberger Private
BHA Design
Drill Collar Weight & Neutral Point
DF for excess BHA=1.15
Tension
Schlumberger Private
Design WOB
WOB
BHA Design
Procedure For Selecting Drill Collars:
1. Determine the buoyancy factor for the mud weight in use using
the formula below:
Schlumberger Private
BF = 1- (MW/65.5)
where BF =Buoyancy Factor, dimensionless MW =Mud weight in use, ppg 65.5 =Weight of a gallon of steel, ppg
BHA Design
2. Calculate the required collar length to achieve the desired weight on bit: DC Length = 1.15* WOB / (BF*Wdc) where: WOB=Desired weight on bit , lbf (x 1000) BF =Buoyancy Factor, dimensionless W dc =Drill collar weight in air, lb/ft 1.15 =15% safety factor. The 15% safety factor ensures that the neutral point remains within the collars when unforeseen forces (bounce, minor deviation and hole friction) are present.
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
BHA Design
3. For directional wells:
Schlumberger Private
where: I= Well inclination Note that for horizontal wells drill collars are not normally used and BHA selection is based entirely on the prevention of buckling
Exercise DP-03
Number And Size Of Drill Collars
Determine the number of 9 inch OD by 3 in ID drill collars required to provide a weight-on-bit of 55,000 lbf assuming Hole deviation = 0 Mud density = 12 ppg
Schlumberger Private
Stiffness
The BHA must have sufficient Stiffness to stabilize the BHA, optimize ROP and prevent the formation of Key Seats, ledges and doglegs The larger the DC, the stiffer the BHA Stiffness Coefficient :
= Moment of Inertia x Youngs Modulus of Elasticity = (OD4 ID4) / 64 x 30.000.000
Schlumberger Private
Exercise DP-04
Schlumberger Private
(D4 b4 )
Z box 32 D BSR = = 4 4 Z pin ( R d ) R 32 (D4 b4 ) Z box BSR = = 4D 4 Z pin ( R d ) R
Where: Zbox = box section modulus Zpin = pin section modulus D = Outside diameter of pin and box b = thread root diameter of box threads at . end of pin. R = Thread root diameter of pin threads . of an inch from shoulder of pin. . d= inside diameter or bore.
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
BSR in DC Connections
A Connection is said to be balanced if the BSR is 2.5 When BSR is higher tend to see pin failures When BSR is lower tend to see more box failures However, field experience has shown that: 8 Dc having BSRs of 2.5 usually fail in the box 4-3/4 DC having BSR as low as 1.8 very rarely fail in the box.
Schlumberger Private
BSR in Connections
Schlumberger Private
This table is from T.H. Hill & Associates Inc. Standard DS-1.
Low RPM Hard Formations Large DC (10 in in 12-1/4 hole 2.5-3.2 (3.4 if using lo-torq connection) Abrasive formations 2.5-3.0 New DCs 2.75 more wear resistant
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Stiffness Ratio
The SR measures the stiffness of a connection in a transition between 2 types of pipe Based on field experience, in a transition from one collar or pipe to another the SR should not exceed 5.5 for routine drilling 3.5 for severe or rough drilling
Schlumberger Private
( (
) )
Note: Stiffness ratios are calculated using tube ODs & IDs, not connections.
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
Exercise DP-05
On Seeyoulater land rig we find the following collars: 9 OD x 3 ID 6 5/8 FH connection 8 OD x 3 ID 6 5/8 REG connection 6 OD x 2 ID NC46 connection
Schlumberger Private
Given that we will drill a vertical 12 hole, with 9.5 ppg mud and 65000 pounds in a relatively hard formations, what API collar would you recommend? What would your recommendation on BSR be for the connection chosen? Check your recommended DCs with your recommended BSR What would be the SR between the DC and 5 DP be? Is it acceptable? If not what would you do? What would be your final BHA? Length? Buoyed Weight?
Agenda
I. II. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Drill String Components Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Drill Pipe Selection Buckling and max WOB
Schlumberger Private
Axial Loads
P Tension Design The greatest tension (working load Pw) on the drillstring occurs at the top joint at the maximum drilled depth
Working Strength
Schlumberger Private
Drillpipe
Ldp
Drillcollars
Ldc
P
Schlumberger Private
.(1)
Drillpipe
Ld
p
Drillcollars Ldc
To prevent deformation damage to drillpipe, API recommends the use of maximum allowable design load ( Pa) Tmax = 0.9 x Tyield .(2) Tmax = Max. allowable design load in tension , lb Tyield = theoretical yield strength from API tables , lb 0.9 = a constant relating proportional limit to yield strength IPM Defines a tension Design factor of 1.1 be applied to design loads. These accomplish the same thing. Do not double dip!
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Margin of Overpull
Margin of overpull is nominally 50-100k, or in the limit of the difference between the maximum allowable load less the actual load Choice of MOP should consider Overall drilling conditions Hole drag Likelihood of getting stuck Slip crushing Dynamic loading
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
.(1)
3. Margin Of Overpull : Minimum tension force above expected working load to account for any drag or stuck pipe.
.(3)
Schlumberger Private
Ldp =
T yield 0 .9 MOP W dp BF
W dc Ldc .(4) W dp
Ldp =
T yield 0 .9 MOP W dp BF
W dc Ldc W dp .(4)
When the Drill String is stuck, (and it most certainly is if there is Overpull !) the buoyancy is lost!
Exercise DP-06
Drill Collars length : 600 and weight in air is 150 lb/ft. MOP = 100,000 lbs. 5 / 19.5 lb/ft Premium G-105 DP with NC50 connections. Calculate the maximum hole depth that can be drilled ? Assume BF= 0.85 Carry out calculations without MOP and with MOP of 100,000 lb Use API - RP7G Tables for the values of Approximate Weight (Wdp) and for Minimum Yield Strength
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
PLoad
Sh = PAxial St
L dp
T yield 0 . 9 Sh W dc ST = L dc W dp BF W dp
Exercise DP-07
A drill string consists of 600 ft of 8 in x 2 13/16 in drill collars and the rest is a 5 in, 19.5 lbm/ft Grade X95 drill pipe with NC50 connections. If the required MOP is 100,000 lb and mud weight is 10 ppg, calculate:
Schlumberger Private
1) The maximum depth of hole that can be drilled when using (a) new and (b) Premium Drill Pipe. (MOP only) 2) What is the maximum depth that can be drilled taking into consideration slip crushing force for (a) and (b) above? To what hook-load does this correspond? What is the MOP in this case?
Ldp
Pt 0 .9 MOP W dc = Ldc W dp W dp
Step 2 Drill collars and bottom drillpipe act as the weight carried by top sectioneffectively the drill collar Apply the equation for top drill pipe last
DPT Drill String and BHA design
It is desired to have an MOP of 50000 lbs on the grade E pipe. The total length and weight of DCs plus HWDP are 984 ft and 101,000 lb respectively. MW at 15,000 = 13.4 ppg. Calculate : 1. 2. 3. 4. Max. length of E pipe that can be used. Length of G pipe to use. MOP for the G and E pipe. Max weight on slips for the G and E pipe.
Other Loads
Collapse under Tension Burst Other loads not covered here
Shock Loads Bending Loads Buckling Loads Torsion Torsion with Simultaneous Tension
Schlumberger Private
Biaxial Collapse
The DP will collapse if: External Pressure Load > Collapse pressure rating A Design factor of 1.15 is used: External Pressure Load < Collapse rating / 1.15 When the string is in tension, the Collapse rating is further de-rated:
Schlumberger Private
= K <1
Biaxial Collapse
Collapse load is worst when For dry test work where pipe is run in empty
4 3Z 2 Z = 2
Schlumberger Private
Biaxial Collapse
For nominal Collapse Use D/t and correct formula Spec 7G Appendix A 3 Use the results found in Table 3-6 RP-7G For OD and ID, use Table 1 RP-7G For Avg Yp Use Table in section 12.8 RP 7G Grade E X G S YpAvg 85,000 110,000 120,000 145,000
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
Exercise DP-10
We are going to dry test a liner lap at 9,000 ft. We will run in with a packer set in tension with 50,000 lb. We will run the packer in on 5 in 19.5 #/ft Grade E premium grade DP. At the time of the test there will be nothing inside the drill pipe. The annulus will have 12.0 ppg mud. What is the collapse load on the bottom joint of DP? New 5 Gr E 5 OD, 4.276 ID, Avg Yp= 85,000 psi
Schlumberger Private
DP-10
Premium has 80% wall remaining Wall will be 0.8*(5-4.276)/2=0.2896 ID will be 4.276 OD will be 4.276+2*0.2896 =4.855
Schlumberger Private
DP -10
PBiaxial Collapse PNo min al Collapse 4 3Z 2 Z = 2
Schlumberger Private
DP-10
Collapse load is 9,000*0.052*12= 5616 psi Design load is 5616*1.15= 6,458 Derated collapse is 6489, so we are ok Collapse design factor is 6489/5616=1.16
Schlumberger Private
Burst
Barlows formula applies
PBurst
2 * Yp * t = D
Schlumberger Private
Results are found in Spec 7G Table 3,5 & 7 Burst will occur if internal pressure load > burst rating
Schlumberger Private
DP-11
From last Example 5 19.5# E Premium
OD=5, Wall = 0.2896 Yp= 75,000
Burst = 8688 psi BHP= 12*0.052*9,000-200=5,416 psi P Surf= 5416-900=4516 psi Design factor = 8688/4516=1.92
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Margin of OverPull MOP Desired excess tensile capacity over an above the hanging weight of the string at Surface. SLB MOP 50-100K Excess BHA Wt Dfbha Amount of BHA in terms of Wt in excess of that used to drill to assure all Compressive and torsional loads are kept in the Collars, SLB Dfbha is 1.15
Schlumberger Private
Buckling DFB In Highly deviated wells it is possible to use DP in compression, provided it is not buckled.
Agenda
I. II. Introduction to Drill String Design: Overview Drill String Components Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP Bottom Hole Assembly Selection Drill Pipe Selection Buckling and max WOB
Schlumberger Private
Buoyancy
Buoyancy is the weight of the displaced fluid Buoyancy is usually accounted for via BF
Schlumberger Private
Buoyancy is creating a hydrostatic effect: the Pressure-Area Force The forces acting on a drillstring are the self-weight and the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid Buoyancy is creating a force acting at the bottom of the drill string and placing the lower portion of the drill string in compression and reducing the hook load by HP x CSA
DPT Drill String and BHA design
DP12 - Buoyancy
We are running open ended DCs 9 x 3 192ppf The fluid in the well is 14 ppg The depth is 10000 ft What is the hook load with BF? What is the hook load with Pressure Area Force?
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger Private
Neutral Points
Neutral Point of Tension & Compression: The point within a tube where the sum of the axial forces are equal to zero
Schlumberger Private
The point within a tube where the sum of moments are equal to zero The point within a tube where the average of the radial and tangential stress in the tube equals the axial stress The point within a tube where the buoyed weight of the tube hanging below that point is equal to an applied force at its bottom end
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Schlumberger Private
Buckling
Neutral point of bending is H = WOB / buoyed weight per foot of string In vertical wells, buckling will occur only below the neutral point of bending, hence the necessity to keep the buoyed weight of the BHA exceeding the WOB
Schlumberger Private
In deviated wells, buckling will not only occur below the neutral point of bending but also above the neutral point of bending when the compressive force in the drillstring exceeds a critical load
Schlumberger Private
Drillstring Design
Now you should be able to describe:
Functions of Drill Pipe , Drill Collars and BHA selection Grades of Drill Pipe and strength properties Thread types and tool joints Drill collar weight and neutral point Bending Stress Ratios and Stiffness Ratios Margin of overpull Slip crushing force Basic design calculations based on depth to be drilled. Functions of stabilizers and roller reamers Critical Buckling force and Neutral Point of Bending
Schlumberger Private