Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Jatwas IccascoIGumanIoma dc
Ayaa,nthccoIonaINccroyaItyoIFcru,andoIOttobaI\Cuoano,throu
hscxpcrcnccobcncaturcdandcnsIavcd, workininCarbbcanpIan-
tatons, andmovin to Iondon, n tc md-chtccnt ccntury, wt hs
mastcr,whcrc hc cnacdn artcuIatn dccoIonaIIyacrIguc oIsIavcry
andn aconccptoIsovcrcntytathrstconsdcrspcopIc, nottcnsItu-
ton. JhaI mcans tat nstcad orogosn a transIormaton oIthc statc
to soIvc thc probIcm oIsIavcry (and aIso savc tc statc as an nstituton),
Cuoano gIaccd sovcrcnty amoncopIc: no human bcn as thcrht
tocnsIavcotcruman bcns. Jlcrcorc,tcgucstonsnottorcIormthc
statctocomgIywtthsrncpIc (wchaIwayscndsugnIormaIty),but
to crcatc nsttutons tat wII rcsgond to ts basc rncpIc oI"uman
sovcrcnty
`-
Iow, whcn AnbaI Qujano ntroduccd thc conccgt oIco|onia|ity, and
sucstcddscnain anddcInkinIrom Wcstcrn cpstcmoIoy, hc con-
ccvcdtatrojcct as dccoIonzaton: dccoIonaIty bccamc an cpstcmc
and goItcaI rojcct. Qujano`s rcIcrcnccs at that pont wcrc, on tc onc
hand,]osc CarosMaratcu`s Sictc cnsayos dc Intcrrctacion dc la rca|idad
cruana ();), wcrc Martcui ntroduccd scvcraI ssucs tat had not
bccn consdcrcdscrousIy, uto thatont, bydsscntncrcoIc andmcs-
tzontcIcctuaIs:tcgucstonsoIcoIonaIsm,oIracsm,oIandagpropra-
tonandcxproraton, oIthc unvcrsty, oIrconnJawantnsuyu, and
soon.Ontcothcrand,Qu|anohadbccnnvoIvcdsncctc;osnthc
hcatcddcbatcson"dcpcndcncythcory` "CoIonaIty''washswaytomovc
to athrdstac (MaraIcuntc )os, dcpcndcncytcoryn thc :;os,
coIonatyldccoIoniaIty n thc os). At that pont, Qujano cnacd
WaIIcrstcm s worId-systcm anaIyss, not as a "modcI to bc n;Iatcd, but
bccausc Wa!crstcn mscIIdraws on "dccndcncythcory' toconccptuaI-
zcworId-systcm anaIyss. !ndccd, Wa!crstcnsworId-systcm anaIyss has
trccrcIcrcnccs:strannasan ^rcanstand,bccauscoIt,sproxim-
tywthIrantzIanon, tc nIIucncc oIdcgcndcncytcorynWa!crstcns
touhts, and, hnaIIy, thcntucncc oIIcrnandBraudcl,wchbccamcoI
prmary:ortanccnrcIatontothcotcrtwo. Jus, Wa!crstcndccmcd
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X !:c|iccind1c!nowlcdmcnts
Marxsm, or libcralism housc many oglions undcr thc samc umbrcIla (I
wiII comc back to this goint in morc dctaiI in chagtcr ). And it is an og-
tion claiming its Icgitmacy among cxsting acadcmic gro|ccts, such as
gostcoloniaIity, cthnic studics, gcndcr studics, thc social scicnccs and thc
humanitics, and thc groIcssionaI schools, but also it is an ogtion among
ogtions ohcrcd by macronarratiVcs such as Christianity, IibcraIsm, and
Marxsm. Jhc dccoIonial ogtion aIso docsnt mcan "dccoIonial mission(s)
Missions imgIicd gro|ccts oI conVcrsion o! achicVing and cnd grogrammcd
in thc bIucgrint. gtions arc thc antithcsis oI missions. Yc-dccoloniaI in-
tcIIcctuaIs-arc not missionarics go:g to thc hcId to conVcrl and gromotc
our !orm o! saIVation. Yhat wc-and by "wc I rcIcr hcrc to aIl thosc who
sharc dccolo
'
aCCOtCID_ O D0 _Dct8 I88u O! D COCIOD !OP WDICD D COD\O u\:OD
W88 PQu8C, \D 8PIC8 DPID D8V0 DD DOCID.0C O D \D OV0Pa aP_U-
D0D O! \DI8 DOOK 1OWVP, aDC 8IDC D080 aPIC8 WP0 W\D wD0
Wa8 WOPKID_ OD DI8 D8Du8CPIQ\, Dy Wt aP8Cy C88ID_ D DI WIC 8IC
aCCP88ID_ CIHPD 8uCIDC8.
.
W \DaDK8 O a COD!PDC OP_8DIZP8 8DC CIOP8 O! 8QCIa VOuD8
C 'C DOOK8 !OP DIP IDVI\a\IOD8 8DC !OP \DIt QPDI88IOD O P0QPlD\.
aD
C
.
JhcoIogylSccuIar PhIIosophy
PatrIarchy
5chema!v vSualzaion of !he cu|una| m!rx uf power.
LUUD8Jl] j
And thcoIogy was dIspIaccd by sccuIar phIIosophy and scIcnccs. Jhc IIn-
na<an sysIcm o! cIassIhcatIon hcIpcd lhc causc. SccuIar racIsm camc Io bc
bascd on thc cgo-poIItIcs ol knowIcdgc, bul Il so happcncd thal lhc agcnts
and InstIlulIons thal cmbodIcd sccuIar cgo-poIIIIcs ol knowIcdgc wcrc, IIlc
lhosc who cmbodIcd lhco-poIItIcs ol knowIcdgc, moslIy wh!tc uropcan
maIcs. So, thc slruggIc bclwccn tbeo/oism (I nccd lhIs ncoIogIsm hcrc) and
secu/arism was a amIIy lcud. Proponcnts o bolh wcrc ChrIslIan, whIIc, and
maIc, and =ssumcd hclcroscxuaI rcIatIons as lhc norm-conscgucnlIy thcy
aIso cIassIhcd gcndcr dIslIncIIons and scxuaI normatIvity.
n boIh cascs, gco- and body-poIIlIcs (undcrslood as lhc bIographIc con-
hguralIon o gcndcr, rcIIgIon, cIass, clhnIcIty, and Ianguagc) o knowIcdgc-
conhguralIon and cpIslcmIc dcsIrcs wcrc hIddcn, and lhc acccnl pIaccd on
thc mInd In rcIaIIon lo God and In rcIaton lo Rcason. Jhus was lhc cnun-
cIatIon o! Wcstcrn cpIslcmoIogy conhgurcd, and lhus was lhc structurc ol
thc cnuncIalIon hoIdIng togclhcr lhc coIonIaI matrix. Conscqucntly, dcco-
IonIaI thInkIng and doIng ocus on Ihc cnuncIaIIon, cngagIng in cpIstcmIc
dIsobcdIcncc and dcIInkIng !rom thc coIonIaI malrIx In ordcr Io opcn up
dccoIonIaI optIons-a vIsIon o IIc and socIcty Ihat rcquIrcs dccoIonIaI
sub|ccls, dccoIonIaI knowIcdgcs, and dccoIonIaI InslIlutIons.
1O H!IUduC\OD
LcCOCDI8DIDKID_8DdOQIOD8[I.c.,DIDKD_dcCOODI8])8tDO!DID_
DOtc \D8D 8IcDc88 8D8q!IC cOt \O uDdcI8!8Dd, ID CIdct O OVctCCDc,
DcO_IC O!COODIaI]uDdctDc8!D Dc tDc\OtIC ODCdOI], Dc 8tuCutc
O D8D8_CDD 8DdCOD!tOD8cUt_cdOu C!!Dc t8D8CID8!IOD OD
cCCDOD]u!Dc!8D!IC, 8Dd Dc|uDQ !LKDCWcd_ \D8! COK Q8Cc DCD
IDDIDIDaDI8!Ot]CutCQc8DdIDDc!WcDuIOQ8DdI!8CCODI8, 88
Wc W 8cDcOW.ccd88C 88], I I8 DO !DI8DOOK, DOt 8D]ODct CI D8D]
O\DD, OD OcCOCDIaI]\D8\ W D8K Dc d:HctcDC, IWc [!L\cCu88,
8CDO8t8, |OuIDaI8\8)dCDOOOW!Dcc8dCD cDI_ID__OD8QOI!ICa
8OCI!][tccttO !O88`8CCIaDOVcDcD8).J8Kc, OI ID8\8DCc,\D Qu8!IOD
O`D8utc [WDICDCCuda8ODc 8__cd 88 Dc DHD dOD8!L O!D CCOD8
D8t:X, I8!Dt D8D COD8IOt I 88 Q8t O! \D cCODOUIC OOD8ID). Lut!L_
Dc Q88! D ]cat8,
ncccssaryloIIvc andwasnolcnguI!cdInlhecoIonIaI
ma!rIxo!powerlhallransormedIIvIngIaborIn!osIavcryandwagedIabor
(ensIavcdandwagedIaborbccamenaluraIIzcdIn!hcprocesso!crealIngan
economyoaccumuIalIon !hal Is lodayrccognIzcd as capIlaIIst cconomIc
mcn!aIIly).5corclhIs,IIvIngwas!hcneccssaryprccondIlIon!owork.TlIs
lrans!ormalIon rcsuIledIn cxlensIvc ensIavcd lradclhallrans!ormcdhu-
manIIc Inlo acommodIly-!or !hc owncr o!lhcpIanlalIon,o!hc mInc,
and,Ialcron,o!lhcIndus!ry.
Tlcncxlslcp was !hc!nduslrIaIRcvoIulIon. !hc mcanIngo"nature" In
Acoslaand5aconchangcd,comIng!orcer!o"na!uraIrcsourccs,' lhc!ood
ncccssarylonourIsh !hc machIncs olhc InduslrIaI RcvoIu!Ion lha! pro-
duccdo!hermachIncs(raIIroadandaulomobIIc) lha! rcquIrcdmore!ood,
charcoaI, and oII. "nvIronmenlaI calaslrophc'' slarlcd al lhIs momenl.
WhIIc regcncralIonoIIebc!orelhcIndus!rIaIRevoIulIons! suslaIneda
rIcndIyrcIalIonbclweenlhcWcslcrnmano!cuI!ureandlhcIn!cgralIono
Iaborand na!urconwhIchhcbuII!hIscuIlurc,!hedIslanccgrcwahcrlhe
!ndus!rIaI RcvoIu!Ion and aIIolhercIvIIIzalIonswcrcrcIcgalcd, In!hceyes
oWes!crn mcn, IncrcasIngIy!o lhcpas!. "Nalurc''-broadIyconccIvcd-
mulalcdInlo"naluraIrcsourccs".whIIc"nalurc"-asaconcrcle noun!hat
namcslhcphysIcaInon-humanworId-bccamcIn!hcIcwWorIdlhebasIs
or!hc cuIlIvalIon osugar, !obacco, col|on, and so orlh. !n o!hcrwords,
!hc conccplmu!atcdInlo oncreerrIng!olhesourcc o!na!uraI rcsourccs
(charcoaI,oII, gas) lhalueIcd!hc machIncs o!!hc !nduslrIaI RcvoIulIon,
lhalIs,"nalure"bccamearcposIloryoob|cclIbcd,ncu!raIIzcd,andIargeIy
Incrt malcrIaIIlylha! cxIsled !or !hc IuIbIImcnl o!hc cconomIc goaIs o!
Coonai] 1]
lhe"maslers"olhcmalcrIaIs.JhcIegacyorhIslrans!ormalIonIIvcsroday,
In our assumplIon lhal "na!ure" Is thc provIdcr o! "naturaI resourccs" !or
daIIysurvIvaI. watcr as abo!lIed commodIly. Tlcmula!Ion onalurc In!o
naluraIrcsourccsInlhcWcslwasasIgnoprogressandmodcrnIzalIonand
al lhc samc lImc asIgn lhal othcr cIvIIIza!Ions slagnaled and were aIIIng
behInd lhc Wcsl. Such Imagcs were pure and sImpIc narra!Ivc conslruc-
!Ions,lhalIs,lhcywercassumcdlobcrcaIIlIesrcpresenledInlhedomaIn
oknowIcdgc,andknowIcdgewaslhcbasIcandpowcrIuIlooIuscdbolhlo
conlroIaulhorIlyand!o bc!ranscrrcdasacommodIly. KnowIcdgcInlhc
coIonIaImalrIxopowcrwasadoubIc-edgedsword:onthconchand,Irwas
lhcmcdIalIon!olheonloIogyo!lhcworIdaswcIIasawayobeIngInlhc
worId(sub|cclIvIly).Onthcolherhand,as!ar asxnowIcdgcwasconccIvcd
ImpcrIaIIy as !rue xnowIedge, Il bccamc a commodIly !o be exporled to
lhoscwhoscknowIcdgcwasdcvIan!ornon-modernaccordIngloChrIsrIan
lhcoIogyand,Ialeron, sccuIarphIIosophy andscIences.JhIs combIna!Ion
wassucccssIuIenough,In!ermso!lhcamassIngoweaIlhandpower,lhal
bylhccndolhenInereenlh ccnluryChInaand !ndIahad!oconron!lhe
!ac!lhat Wcslcrnmen and Ins!IlutIons sawlhcm as (;.c.,buIIr knowIedge
Insuchwaylhallhcycamclobercgardedas) IaggIngbchIndhIstorIcaIIy,
andhIslory,!orlheWesl,was cquaIlo modernIly. Consequen!Iy,Wcslcrn
knowIcdgc bccamc a commodIlyoexpor!alIon or lhemodernIzalIon o
lhenon-WeslcrnworId
CoIonIaIIlywrappcd up "nalurc" and "naluraI rcsources" In acompIcx
syslcmoWeslerncosmoIogy,slruclured!heoIogIcaIIyandsccuIarIy,IlaIso
manu!aclurcdancpIstemoIogIcaIsyslcmlhalIcgItImIzcdI!suscso"na!ure''
lo gcnerale massIvequan!I!Ics o"producc,'brsl, andmassIvcquan!I!Icso
"naturaI rcsourccs" aher lhe !nduslrIaI RevoIulIon. Jhc nrs! was slIII lhe
perIodorcgcncratIon,wIthlhc sccondweenleredlhcpcrIodorccycIIng.
JheIndus!rIaIandlhclcchnoIogIcaIrcvoIulIonaIsomadepossIbIclhcIn-
duslrIaIIzatIono"producc''andlhemercanlIIIza!IonooodandIIe.
It Is aIrcadypossIbIe,lhroughlhercscarchconduc!edrecen!Iy, lo !racc
lhcsragcsand!ransormalIonso!hccoIonIaIma!rIxover thcpaslnvehun-
drcd ycars, In each oIrs spheres and In muluaI rcIa!Ions oInlerdcpcn-
dcnce.!wIIIoHeryoumorccxampIeslhal!havedeveIopcdcIscwhcrc.'
IIrs!,lhcIogIco!coIonIaIIly(lha!Is,lheIogIclhalhcIdlogclherlhedI!-
crcn!sphcresothema!rIx)wcnllhroughsuccessIveandcumuIalIvcstagcs
1 nItOducI:OD
QtC8CDCC QC8IIVC] :D DC tDC\OtIC C! UOCCtDI!y. 8QCCID.C8], :D !DC !CtU8
88V8ICD, QtO_tC88, dCVCOQUCD, UOdCtD:28IOD, 8DC CCUCCt8C]. JDC ID:-
I8 88_C CCQO]CC DC tDCCt:C O! UCdCtDIy 88 88V8\:OD. b8V8\:OD W88
!CCu8CC CD 88VID_ DC 8Ou8 DtOu_D CODVCt8ICD C LDt:8I8D:y. J1C 8CCODd
88_C IDVCVCd DC CCDtC O! DC 8Ou8 C! \DC DCD-1utCQC8D DtCu_D DC
CIV::2ID_ UI88ICD Cu\8ICC utOQC 8Dd U8D8_CUCD C! DCd:C8 :I CUCt_ID_
D8:CD-8!8C8 DtCu_D \DC 8C\ O! CCDD:QuC8 D8 1OuC8u\ 8D8]2Cd 88 O:O-
QC:!:C8. J1u8, COCDI8:y W88 |8Dd 8\: I8) DC DI88ID_ CCUQCDCD8t] D8!
O!O:C-QOIIC8. J1I8 t8D8!CtU8\:OD O! DC tDCCtIC C! 88V8\IOD 8DC \DC O_:C
C! CODtO DCC8UC QtCV8CD dutID_ \DC QCt:OC C! DC 8CCu8t D8ICD-8\8C.
J1Cu-QOI\IC8 Uu\8Cd IDC C_C-QCIIC8. J1C D:td 88_C8 88_C D81 COD-
:DuC8 OC8]OC_8D \DC UOUCD \DC COtQOt8IOD8 8DC \DC D8tKC\ OCC8UC
dCUID8D OIC!CCDDuO_] d:8Q8CCC Cu_CDIC8; 8DC 8CVCtI8ID_ DOUD8tC:D_
Tv, CD DC 8tCC!8, OD DCW8Q8QCt8, 8Dd \DC IDCtDC, CI8Q8CCd DC t8C:O.
LOD8CQuCD], DC DC8D] 1utCQC8D C::2CD 8DC \DC DC8D] DIDOtI!y ID
DC CCOD:C8, WDC WCtC U8D8_Cd 8Dd CCD\tCCd \DtOu_D Cu_CDIC8 ID \DC
DIDCCCD\D CCDuI] 8Dd DC D.t8 D8! O! DC !wCDIC\D, D8VC DCW OCCD CCD-
VCt\CC ID\O `COD8uUCt CDtCQtCDCut8 O! DC:t OWD DC8D O] !DC u8C8 O!
D:O-CCDDCC_] COUQIC:\ WID QD8tU8CCO_]. J1C WC-KDCWD :D8I8\CDCC
C! !CtUCt QtC8:dCD LCOt_C Y Du8D C Qt:V8\I2C DC8D ID8ut8DCC 8DC \O
U8KC C8CD CI:2CD 8 Qt:V8C CD\tCQtCDCut 8DC 8 CCD8uUCt C! QD8tU8CCu\:-
C8 8Dd DIC\CCDDCO_IC8 `8dV8DCCUCD D88 OCCD VCt] WC dOCuUCD\Cd,
ID !8C!8 8DC 8t_uUCD8, O] JKC88 C8C8 dC8Ct:QICD C! DC QCI:C8 C! :!C
:8C!.'* LDC CCD8CQuCDCC O! DC COtQOt8\C 88_C ID CCDtOID_ OOdIC8 8DC
CCDVCtID_ C:\:2CD8 IDC DC8D-CCD8uUCt8 |D8 I8, DC QCI:C8 C! :!C :\8C!,
t8DCt D8D DIC-QOIIC8) I8 D8! I D88 CD_CDdCtCC \DC `UCdIC8 D8D8. J1C
88_C O! DC QOIIC8 O! :!C :\8C! ID dCVCCQCd COuD\t:C8 I8 IDdCCC Qu:C C:!-
!CtCD. tCtC UCCCtDIy C8DDC\ OC 8CQ8t8CC !tOUdCVCCQUCD\, 88 WC 88W
:D DC CQI_t8QD D] Y8D_ tuI. C8C, 8CUCIUC8 8QOC_CIC8] 8DC 8OUC-
\IUC8 :D O8C !8:\D, tCCO_D:2C8 D8! DC QO1\IC8 O! 1!C :\8C1 I8 D88IC8] :UQC-
UCDCd ID CCVCCQCd CCuD\t:C8, D8 :8, :\ I8 U8tKCCd C DC UIDCtIy O!
YC8CtD LutOQC 8Dd \.b. CIC UICCC-C888 COD8uDCt8. Ct DC tC8 O! DC
WCtC |WID DC CXCCQIOD O! C8CD CCuDt]8 CI\C ID lDC CItCC C! WC8CtDI28-
ICD), DC Uu8ICD D88 DCCD !tCU CIV::28\IOD C CCVCCQDCD: 88V8ICD O]
CCDVCt8IOD C LDtI8I8DIy Ot 888CD\ID_ C YC8CtD CIVJ:28\:OD 88 Il Uu\8Cd
:DO CCCDCUIC dCVCOQUCD, WDICD W88 8 CCDVCt8:OD C YC8CtD CCCDCUIC
QtIDCIQC8, 8uCD 88 DC8C C! \DC Y88D:D_lOD LOD8CD8u8.
Lolonl] 1
bCCCDd, ID DC 8QDCtC C! CQI8\CDOC_], COCD:8I!y D8d :\8 !OuDd8:CD ID
DCOO_], \D8 :8, :D DC \DCu-QOIIC8 O! KDOWCd_C. bCCu8tI8U dI8Q8CCC
LOd 88 \DC _u8t8DCt O! KDCWCC_C, Q8CID_ N8D 8Dd C88OD JD LCd8 8C8C,
8DC CCDt812CC DC _O. _O-QO:\:C8 |DC OVCt8tCDID_ CO8UOO_] OD WD:CD
OIC-QCI:C8 W88 !OuDdCC) \DCD dI8Q8CCC \DCO-QCI:C8 |WDO8C CCDCCtD W88
DC CCDtC O! DC 8Ou, DO\ C! \DC OOd]), Ou\, :D DC 88 8D8]8:8, DOD |OJDCd
!CtCC8 C D8ID\8ID \DC CQI5\CDC 8DC QO1\IC8 CCDtO C! \DC COOD:8 D8\tIX.
L8t bCDD:\ 88W I CC8t]: QCIIC8 \DCCO_], 88Id bCDDI\, I8 DO 8 UC\8-
QD]8IC8 :88uC, Du t8DCt 8 WC-_tOuDdCd 8\tuC\utC D88Cd CD C8\C_Ot:C8
C! KDCWCd_C, V:8IOD, 8Dd ID8Iu\:OD8 CODD_ut8ICD.'` J1C \CCDDCO_IC8
tCVOu:CD O_C\DCt W:D \DC CCQOt8\C V8uC8 D8 WCtC QtICt:\I2CC :D YC8-
CtD LutCQC 8Dd DC \DICd b8C8 (IC8VC |8Q8D ID 8u8QCD8ICD !Ct DC \JDC
DC:D_) U8dC U8D8_CUCD I8C! \DC QtIDC CCDCI O! 8OCI8 1!C 8Dd KDOW-
Cd_C. LOQOt8\C V8uC8 tCQu:tC CCICDC]\DC UOtC ]Cu QtCduCC, DC 8t_Ct
DC _8ID8, \DC D8QQICt ]Ou 8tC 8uQQO8CC \O OC. Dd CCDDOC_] D88 t8IDCd
I8 CWD CXQCt\8 WDC 8tC Q8:d C `IDQtOVC CCDDOC_IC8 U8D8_CUCD C! CV-
Cty\DID_. 1D DC C88C O! DututID_ 8DC CCuC8\:OD, DC \CCDDOO_:C8 tCVOu-
:OD :8 CtC8ID_ 8 DCW yQC O! 8uO]CC WDO8C `KDCWCC_C CCD8:88 :D 8QCDd-
ID_ IDC O Q8CK8_C `KDOWCC_C 8CCOtd:D_ \O \DC lCCDDOO_:C8 OQ\IOD8 OD
DC UCDu. `CCDDOC_IC8 \DIDKID_ 8KC8 \DC Q8CC O! D:DKID_ ID _CDCI8
8Dd C! C:8CIQIDC8 JKC QDIO8OQD] 8DC \DC QDIO8OQD:C8 88QCC\ C! 8 KDOW-
Cd_C, tCCuC:D_ DCU \O 8 CCDDOO_IC8 Q8CK8_:I_ C! OQ\:OD8. CVCtDCC88,
DI8 :8 D8QQCDID_ O OD] 8 8U8 QCtCCD8_C C! \DC _CO8 QCQu8IOD. \DC
QOQu8\IOD \D8 D88 DC `QtIVJC_C 8Dd \DC DCDCD O! CCCDOU:C 8Dd CDCI_]
tC8OutCC8 D8 CD8OC DCU \O `CD]O] \CCDDCO_]. J1CtC I8 QCtD8Q8 C QCt-
CCD\ Ot 8C C! DC WOtd QOQu8ICD !Ct WDCU CCDDOC_] I8 DO 8V8I8DC,
8DC \DC QuC8:CD !Ct \DC !uutC WCud DC WDCDCt \DC] WOud D8VC 8CCC88
\C \CCDDCO_:C8 UCDu8. YI DCtC 8W8]8 OC 8 C88 8D C QCtCCD\ t8C O!
CXCu8IOD! Lt W: \DC C QCtCCD DCCCDC 8W8tC D8 DC] !OtU \DC U8]Ct:y
O! \DC QCQu8IOD O! DC Q8DC\ 8Dd QCtD8Q8 DuIC 8 WCtd :D WDICD CCDDO-
O_] w DC 8\ DC 8CtVICC O! DuD8DIy, ID8C8C O! UCD 8Dd WOUCD DCID_ 8\
DC 8CtV:CC C! \CCDDOC_]. J1C8C W DC \DC Dt8 UOUCD\8 O! \DC dCCOCD:8
CduC8\IOD.' D DC UC8D\IUC ICWC8\CtD:28ICD |8CC CD8Q\Ct ) UC8D8 D8\
DuU8D OC:I_8 W: CCD\IDuC C OC 8 \DC 8CtVICC C! \CCDDOO_] 8Dd DCtC!OtC
DC tCQtOCuC\IOD O! DC COODI8 U8tJX O! QOWCt | cmr) w CCD\IDuC.
D8VC QtCV:dCd \WC DIDd8:_D!8 CD DC C_IC O! COCDI8:, 8 8CDCUC C! I8
8tuCutC, 8Dd8 !CWCX8UQC8 O! :\8 DI8\Ot:C8 !OuDd8ICD 8Ddt8D8!CIU8ICD
1 OItOducI:OD
DtOU_D DVCDUDCt8C ]C3t8 OD8 DIt\D 3DdDI8!O1IC8 OYC8\8tD CIVIZ8
ICD3DCI\8 IDQCtI38XQ3D8IOD. 8CdC88C83], 3D8!3\ID_!D3 !D8 CCO
DI3U8tJXOQCW8tI8 !D8VCt]!OuDC3\IOD3 8\tuC\Ut8 O!Y88\CtDCIVIZ3
\IOD.LCDCDCW_IV8 8ODCDCtC 8QCCDC dC3I18 O\D8CV88 3WDICDDC
O_IC C!COCDI3Iy OQ8t3C8 hI8 QO88ID8 O ICCD\I] 3DUDDCtO8Q8CIDC
DI8CtICO-8\tUC\Ut3DCC88HWDICDWCC8D 8C8DCDICt3tCDIC38tuCU1CO
C3CD DCCC. _UI]3DO8 CCDC8Q! C!DCCtO_CDOu8 DI8CtICO-8tUCUt8 DOdC8
W DCUDC8t8CCC3838\3\8WD8tCI 3D]Q3ItO!ICU8I8IK8]ODCt83Cd
D WO Ot DOt8 C0 8tID_ W3]8. D 8 QCd3_C_IC3 CtDU3 I\ CCuC DC 83Id
D3 DI8CtICO-8tuCUt8 DCCC8 3t8 D8Ct3tCDIC8, DU C 83] 8C WC D3VC O
CCCOODIZ8\DC CCDC8Q! C!DCCt3tCD] |WDICD I8 dCDDCd DuDIVCt88 CtD8)
3DC UDC8t88DC D8\Ct8tCDIC8 CtO88CC D] DC CCODI3 8DC IUQ8tI3 d Ct
8DCC8. LDCC WC CO D3, C8COODIZCdDC\8t3tCD]Hu\3C8IDODCCtO_CDOu8
DI8OtICC-8\tUCUt3 DOC88, CtO88CC D] CCODI3 3Dd IDQCtI3 CICtCDCC8.'
YC D3VC DU8 CD3D_CC 8QI88DIC !Ctt3ID C D1t\DCt CC8CtIDC DC CCODI3
D3\tJX 38 3 C_IC8 8!tUC!Ut8 D3 UDC8tD88 D8 !O3Iy O Y88\CtD CIV
IZ3ICD; I\ I8 3 D8D3_CtI3 O_IC D3 D] DCW D38 _ODC D8]ODC D8 3C\Ot8
WDC D3V8 CtC8\CC8DCD3D3_CCI3DC,ID3 8CD8C,II8 DC COODI8D3tIX
\D3 D38 D3D3_CC DC 3C\Ot8 3Dd a C!U8. Y8 3t8 aID D8 D3\tIX, 83CD
DCCCI8 ID8tCODDCC8CWID8\DCt88,8DC\DCD3tJ7C3DDOD8OD8CtV8d
3DC CC8CtID8C D] 3D OD8CtV8C OC3!8C CU8Id8 DC D3tJ7 D3 C8DDO DC
OD8CtVCCD3OD88tVCtW!DCCIDCt\DC LCCOLDtI8I3DDCOC_]CtD8
bUD]CCC8CCU3tC38OD.
LCDID_D3CK!O \DCD8CtC_CDCu8 DI8CtIC-8!tUC\Ut3 DOdC8 D]WDICD
D8VC CI8Q3C8C D88t3tCD] 8DC CD3D_ID_ CQI88DIC Ctt8ID: W Dt8CDu
U8t3C8UCDDCC883DC\DCDC1OWUQWI\D 3!CWCX3DQC8\OIu8t38DCIt
IDCt-t83IOD8. JD8 OtC8t ID WDICD W! QtC8CD\ D8D C3D D8 UCdID8d,
!Ot 8CDCWI3t_U8D3CCODCD]3DC C388tC3\IOD83t8\DC lOuDd3OD O
DICt3tCDIC8 ID 8OCICI88, 3DC C!D8t8 WI 3t_UC \D3\ I\ I8 t3CI3 C!388IDC8ICD
8DC DC Q8tICU3t 8uD]8C\IVy 3DC CODtC C!KUCW8C_8 \D3!D8K88 QO8
8IDC8UCDDICt3tCD]DtOU_D COODI83DdIUQCtI3d 8tCDC88.JDCCCODI3
U3tJX |WDICD U8DIC88 I\88JI \DC tDCOtIC O UCC8tDIy D3 DId88 D8
O_IC C! CCODI3Iy), tCDCUDCt, I8 3D3DCuD C Y88CtD CIVIIZ3\IOD 38
DUJ1 ID DC Q38 DV8 DUDCtCC ]C3t8, OtI_I3D_ ID \D8 1\3D!IC, D8D CX
Q8DCID_3DC CDCtC3CDID_CD C\D8tCIVIIZ3IOD8]U8IDCCD]D8COODI38Dd
IDQCtI3 CICt8DC88. JDu8, D8 CCODI3 D3tJX I8 Du\ 3DC CQ8t3\88 OD 3
8CtIC8O!ID\CtCODD8C!CCDC!8tC_CDCU8DI8!OtICC-8\tuCUt8DCCC8,DOUDd8d
CooLiay 1;
D]\DC `\D3\ dIVdC8 8DduDIC8 DCdCtDIy|COCDI3!Iy, IDQCtI3!3W8|CC
ODI3 tUC8, CCD\Ct|QCtIQD8tI88, D3 3t8 D8CCD88qu8DC88 O!_OD3 IDC3t
\DIDXJI_IDD8!OUDC3!IODC\DC UOdCtD|CCODI3WOt!d|8CCCD3QCtz).\8
8_I\ID3C]I8 3DCDCtCC ID \DC QtJICIQC8 C!dIVCt8C KDOWCd_C8 38 W8 38 D
DC 3QQ3t3U8 CCDuDC13ICD,WDICD COD8I8\8C!C3\8_CtI88O!\DOU_D\, 8OCI3
3C\Ot8, 3Dd JI8IUIOD8 DCd\O_CDCt DtOU_DDC CCD\IDuI\y C!CduC3ICD.
1CCCODI3 \DIDKID_ 3Dd dOID_ 83t8 !tCD D8 3D8]\IC O! D8 CVC8 3Dd
8QDCt88 ID WDICD I\ C3D DC CDCC\IVC ID DC QtCCC88 C! dCCOCDIZ3\IOU 3Dd
IDCt3ICDq0m \DC COCDI8D3\tIX.
cmr \DCDOQCt3C8ID 388tIC8C!IDCtCCDDCC\CdDC\CtO_CDOU8DI8CtICO
8tUCUt3 DOdC8 CtO88Cd D] CCODI3 8DC IUQ8tI3 dID8t8DC88 3Dd D] \DC
uDCCt]ID_ O_IC \D3\ 8CCUt88 DO88 CODD8C!IOD8. DC O_IC O! COCDI3I\y,
WDICD DCQ8w DCCODCDOtC V8IDC D DC tCD8IDID_Q3_88 C!DI8DCCK.
1I8\OtICC-8\tUCUt3DOCC8DC3D \D3\ DC ODCI8 DdCQCDdCD C!3D]ODCt,
388D] DCCC I8 JKC] C D8 tC38C ID WC Ot DCt8 dID8tJI_ W3]8. JDC 3D3
yC C! CCODI3y |dCCOODI8 \DDKID_) COD8I8\8 ID \DC tCCD\C88 WOtK O
uDVCJJD_ DCW DC D3tJ7 WCtK8. 1Dd \DC CCCCODI3 OQ\IOD I8 D8 t88D
C88 QtC]CCC!_C\|D_ u8 aOu C!DCDIt3_C CDOdC)DI\y 3DC D8t3Q O
COCDI8Iy. JD8] 81 CCDDCC DtCU_D \DC O_IC D3 _CDCt3C8, tCQtOduCC8,
DCC1DC8, 3DCD3ID3ID8IDCtCODD8C\8CDICt3tCDI88. OtD3t888OD, 88t\
W\D\D8t3CI8DI8OtICO-8tUCut3 DOdCIDWDICDD8COCDI33Dd\UQCtI8
dICtCDCC8D3V8 DCCD8DCDCt8C. LOCDI83DdUQCtI8d CtCDCC8D3VC38O
8D3Q8CQ3tI3tCD3tC3\IOD8 8DCC _CDdCt 8DC 88Xu3 DI8t3tcDIC3 tC3\IOD8
VCt]DuCD dCQCDd, ID DCDCCCtD|COCDI8WOt!d, CD t3CI3 c388IDC3ICD.
1WDICWCU3ID\DC CCOUIC8, Ot CX3DQC, I8D 3QO8IICDOCODID3\83
D3DC!COCt. 1Dd3WOD3DOCCOt, ID\DCCCODIC8,WCudUO8\:KC]]OD
DCt8DDIC3] CXQOI\8dU3CCOUQ3DIODt3DCtD8D]CDD8 WDI8WCD3D
WDC 8XQOI8 3DC CCDID3C8 DIU. L88 DCD CDuDCt3C 8CDC DI8\OtICO
8tuCut3DOdC8,KC8QID_JIDJId\D3\C3CDDOd8I8DC\3uDIVCt83IU8\3DCC
DU\D3\ 83CD C!DCU3tCCOD83D]DCID_ 3t\ICu3\CCDtOU_DDCCOCDI3
3DCDQCtI3CICtCDCC.''
1 ]_CD3t3cIa!Otm3UOLWDCscQOILC!Ot1_IL8ICDW8s LDtI8I8LbQaU
uI8 CCUDc aLC sDU!aLcOU8 c8s8uC3ICU. hc NCCrs 8Ld hc |cW8 IU
urCQC8LCDC|DdI8L8aDd]!tIC8Ls 8CtCssDc]DIC.
2 ]QatICuat_CD8C8ssOtm8ICDWhCtc3CIVct8IyO!!Otm8C!8DOt|s3V
Ct], 8cmI-8ct!CCm,W3_c8DCt, Qcy-CCDDOdIyQtCduc1CU, Cc.) WcrcO
1 D!tOduc\:OD
cccxist and bc crganizcd by cagita as 8 scurcc ct grcducticn ct surpus
vauc thrcugh thc scIIng ct ccmmcditics tcr 8 grcpt in thc wcrd markct.
1his particuIar gcba structurc criginatcd n thc sIxtccnth ccntury.
j An intcrnaticna divisicn ct abcr ct ccrc and pcriphcry whcrc cagta cr-
ganizcd abcr at thc gcrighcry arcund cccrccd and authcritarian tcrms,
:
Intcrnaticna divIsicn ct abcr was sugpcrtcd by thc crdinaticn ct intcrna-
ticnaaw (dc Yitc ria, Grctius) Uthc sIxtccnth and scvcntccnth ccnIutics.
q An intcr-statc systcm cI gciticc-miitary crganIzaticns ccntrcIcd by
)urc-Amcrican macs and instituticnaizcd in cccnia administraticns
(ccmgarabc tc NATO).'
A gcba racialcthnic hicrarchy that grivIlcgcd )urcpcan pccpc cvcr ncn-
)urcgcan gccgc.' WhIc gciticc-mIitary crganizaticns wcrc knc\v in
)urcpc and cthcr parts ct thc wcrd, n thc sIxtccnth ccntury gciticc-
mitary crganizaticns bccamc cntrcnchcd with intcrnaticna aw.`
A gcba gcndcrlscx hicrarchy that privIcgcd macs cvcr tcmacs and )u-
rcpcan patriarchy cvcr cthcr tcrms ct gcndcr ccnhguraticn and scxua
rcaticns. A systcm that Impcscd thc ccnccgt ct "wcman tc rccrganizc
gcndcrlscxua rcaticns in thc )urcgcan cccnics, ccctivcy intrcducing
rcguaticns tcr "ncrma rcaticns amcng thc scxcs and thc hicrarchica
distincticns bctccn "man and "wcman`'
/ Ccnscgucnty, thc cccnia systcm invcntcd asc thc catcgcrics "hcmcscx-
ua and "hctcrcscxua (c.g., Ias Casas's |in]tamcus cxgrcssicn "c pccadc
nctandc), just as it invcntcd thc catcgcry "man' and "wcman. J!is invcn-
tcn makcs ``hcmcghcbia irrccvant tcr dcscribing Maya, Aztcc, cr Inca
civIizaticns, sincc U thcsc civIizaticns gcndcrlscxua crganzaticns wcrc
cast in dicrcnt catcgcrics, which Sganiards (and )urcgcans, n gcncra,
whcthcr Christian cr sccuar) wcrc cithcr unabc tc scc cr unwIing tc
acccgt. 1hcrc was nc hcmcghcbia, as indigcncus pccpc did nct think in
thcsc tygcs ct catcgcrics,
8 A sgiritualrcigicus hicrarchy that privIcgcd Christian cvcr ncn-
Christianlncn-Wcstcrn sgirituaitics was instituticnaIizcd n thc gcbaiza-
ticn ct thc Christian (Cathcic and atcr Irctcstant) Church, by thc samc
tckcn, cccniaity ct kncwcdgc transatcd cthcr cthica and sgiritua prac-
ticcs arcund thc wcrd as "rcigicn, an invcnticn that was asc acccgtcd
by "nativcs (Hinduism was invcntcd as rcigicn cny in thc cightccnth
ccntury).'
LoloDa\) 1y
y An acsthctic hicrarchy (art, itcraturc, thcatcr, cpcra) that thrcugh rcsgcc-
tivc instituticns (muscums, schcc ctbcaux arIs, cgcra hcuscs, gcssy gagcr
magazincs with sgcndid rcgrcducticns ct gaintIngs) managcs thc scnscs
and shagcs scnsibiitics by cstabshng ncrms ct thc bcautin and thc
subimc, ct what art is and what is nct, what sha bc incudcd and what
shaI bc cxcudcd, what shaI bc awardcd and what shaI bc igncrcd,`
JO An cgistcmic hicrarchy D8 grivIlcgcd YC8CtD kncwIcdgc and ccsmccgy
cvcr ncn-Wcstcrn kncwIcdgc and ccsmcIcgics was instituticnaIizcd in thc
gcba univcrsity systcm, gubishIng hcuscs, and !ncclocdiu britunnicu,
cn gapcr and cninc. ''
1 A Inguistic hicrarchy bctccn Lurcgcan anguagcs and ncn-)urcgcan
anguagcs grivIcgcd ccmmunicaticn and kncwcdgclthccrctica grcduc-
ticn in thc tcrmcr and subatctnizcd thc Iattcr as scc grcduccrs ct tcIkcrc
cr cuturc, but nct ctkncwcdgclthccry.'
12 A garticular ccnccpticn ct thc "mcdcrn subjcct,' an idca ct Man, intrc-
duccd in thc )urcpcan Icnaissancc, bccamc thc mcdc tcr thc Human and
tcr HumanIty, and thc gcint ct rctcrcncc tcr racia cassihcatIcn and gcbaI
racism.''
IC\8 \8KC DC CX8UQC ct 8D_u8_C, KDCWCC_C, t8C8U, 8u\DCt\], 8DC
CCODCU] CtC8D_ DCCtC_CDOu8 DI8\OtCO-8\tuCUt8 DOCC8 \D8\ t8D8!OtU
hCD8CVC8 8DC ]C tCD8ID, D8ID\8IDU_ DC O_C C! COCDI8I\]: \hC CCD\CX\
8DC DC COD\CD CD8D_C8, DuDC C_IC tCU8ID8 |8CC 8RCtWCtC). D8VC 8t_uCC
D8 QCID 8CVCt8 \IUC8 D DC Q88. 1OOWD_ ug OD [uI|8DC88 8\8CUCD
08 utCCCDt8D I8 8 QuC8!CD DO\ O! _CC_t8QD] Du O! CQ8CDCO_],
h8VC D8CKCC uQ DI8 CICUU WID DC CD8CtV8\IOD \D8 YC8CtD KDCWCC_C
8 !OuDCCC ID wO C888IC 8D_u8_C8 |'tCCK 8DC 18U) 8Dd uD!OCCC ID DC
8:X UOdCtDlCCODI8 8DC JDQCtI8 LutCQC8D 8D_u8_C8. 8I8D, bQ8DI8D,
8Dd 1Otu_uC8C |\DC VCtD8Cu8t 8D_u8_C8 C! \DC CD8:888DCC 8DC C8I]
!CuDC8\:OD O! UOCCtD\]ICOCDI8I) 8DC tCDCD, 'CtU8D, 8DC LD_I8D
|DC DtCC VCtD8Cu8t 8D_u8_C8 D8 D8VC CCUID8CC !tOU \DC LDI_DCD-
DCD C DI8 C8]). 1utOCCDt8D |88 IDQCI8 KDOWCC_C WDC8C QCID C!
OtI_ID8ICD W88 utOQC) COuC DC !CuDC 8DC tCQtOCuCCC ID \DC CCCDIC8
8DC CX-COODIC8, 88 WC 88 D OC8C8 D8 D8VC DO DCCD CItCC!] COCDI2Cd
|tCuC8 C! CI8QCt8IOD). 1utCCCD\tI8U I8, !Ot CX8DQC, C88J] !CuDC ID LO-
ODDI8, LDIC, Ct Pt_CDID8, ID LDID8 Ct ID DCI8, WDICD dOC8D DC8D \D8
zo ILIICduCI:OL
tcsc glaccs arc, in tcir cnIrcty, uroccnIrc. Ccrtainly not. nc w not
say tat BoliVia s in totalty uroccntrc. HowcVcr, t couldn
'
t bc dcnicd
thaI traccs oI uroccntrism arc aliVc and wc!l in BoIVa, in boIh thc Right
and tc !cn, goIiIicalIy and cgstcmcalIy. Jhc samc considcrations couId
bc madc wit rcsgcct to Chna. It W bc dimcult to conVncc any onc taI
Chna is a uroccntcrcd country, altough no onc wlI disgutc that Ic
traccs oI uroccntrsm arc stlI alVc and wc!l n Chna. Jhc lnguistc hi-
crarcy in which uroccntrsm has bccn Ioundcd-whiU IcaVcs out oI thc
gamc Arabc, Hind, Russan, Urdu, Aymara, ucchua, Bambara, Hcbrcw,
and so on-controls knowlcdgc not onIy trough thc domnancc oI thc lan-
guagcs thcmsclVcs, but through tc catcgorics on whch Iought s bascd.
JhcrcIorc, bordcr cgistcmology cmcrgcs hom Ic cxtcrorty (not thc out-
sdc, but tc outs
_
c inVcntcd n thc groccss oI crcatng Ic dcnIty oI Ic
nsidc, thaI s Crstian urogc) oI thc modcrn/colonial world, Irom bodcs
sgucczcd bctwccn imgcraI Ianguagcs and thosc languagcs and catcgorics
oI IoughI ncgatcd by and cxgclIcd Irom thc housc oI imgcraI knowIcdgc.
II wc cxgIorc ow acsthctcs haVc bccn conccVcd and dcIcndcd and art
gractccd in tc cgtccnth ccntury, wc wl!l scc thaI tc icrarchy oI lan-
guagcs gocs hand n hand wit tc hicrarchy oI knowlcdgc and oI art and
Iitcraturc. HowcVcr, and sincc thc Rcnassancc, ltcraturc and ganting hcId
ands in tc conccgt oI"rcgrcscntaIion' and in thc bclicI in Ic dircct con-
ncction bctwccn words and Iings, as oucauIt cxgIaincd. Conscgucntly,
ltcraturc and ganIing sct thc ruIcs by which to |udgc and cVaIuatc wrtIcn
cxgrcssions and Vsual hgurations noI onIy n urogc, but, aboVc alI, in thc
nonurogcan world. Yhlc arts and ltcraturcs wcrc aIrcady uourisng n
IIaly in Ihc hnccnth ccntury, Is uourishng was conncctcd to Ic cconomic
wc!l bcing oIItaIy, which was bascd on trcc hnancaI and commcrcial ct-
cs. Ilorcncc, Vcnicc, and Gcnoa. Jhat Ioundaton was crucal n thc six-
tccnI ccntury, whcn urogcan mcn and institutions bcgan to gogulaIc thc
Amcrcas, Ioundng uniVcrsitcs and cstablshng a systcm oI knowIcdgc,
Iranng Indans to gant churchcs and to Icgitimzc artstic grncglcs and
gractccs that wcrc conncctcd wit thc symboIic in thc control oI authorty
and with thc cconomic in thc muIuaI comglcity bctwccn cconomc wcalth
and thc sgIcndors oI thc arts. Irom thc scVcntccnI ccntury, urogcan coI-
onics groVdcd tc raw matcral Ior thc Ioundation oI muscums oI curos-
tcs (Kunstxamcra), which Iatcr on dVdcd gcccs bom tc nonurogcan
[ClCLIalI\[ z\
worId (muscums oI naturaI history, o anthrogoIogy) !rom muscums oI art
(grimarly urogcan, Irom Ihc Rcnassancc on).
JcArgmcn!!oLomc
Chagtcr 1 lays out tc groundwork, outlinng hVc widc tra|cctorics taI
wiIl shagc gIobal Iuturcs Ior many dccadcs to comc, gcraps thc cntirc
twcntyhrsI ccntury. I dcscribc Ihcsc hVc gro|ccIs as rcwcstcrnization, Ic
rcoricntation oI Ihc IcH, dcwcstcrnzation, dccoIoniaIity or Ihc dccolonial
ogton, and sgiritualty or tc sgirIuaI ogton. I am noI Iookng Ior a win-
ncr. Jhcsc Ira|cctorics and ogtions cocxisI and wlI cocxisI in conuctiVc
and/or diglomaIc rclatons, somc wilI bc comgatibIc with othcrs and oIcrs
lI bc incomgatibIc. I am jusI sayng tat thcrc is not and cannot bc a wn-
ncr anymorc. "Tcrorsm
'
and "YikiIcaks arc two cxampIcs oI thc goint oI
no rcturn, and tc goinI oI no rcturn is that thcrc s no longcr a glacc n
Iis world Ior onc and onIy onc tra|cctory to rcgn oVcr Ic othcrs. Imc-
rlum has run ts coursc and gIobal uturcs arc bcng bult n which many
tra|cctorcs and ogtons wilI bc aVaIabIc, owcVcr, I|crc wlI bc no pIacc oI
onc ogtion to grctcnd to bc tbe ogIion. Jhc dccolonal ogton is not aiming
to bc tbc onc. It is |ust an ogton Iat, bcyond asscrtng itscl! as such, makcs
ccar tat aIl Ic rcst arc also ogIions, and, not simgly thc irrcVocablc Iruth
oI hsIory that has to bc imgoscd by Iorcc and hrc. Jhat s simpIy thc golt-
cal trcatisc, in onc scntcncc, wrttcn by Ic zLu. a world in which many
worlds wiIl cocxst. ChagIcrs z and j moVc toward dccolonial Inkng,
thc hstorcaI Ioundaton oI dccoIonaIity, and thc dccoIonal ogtion. Both
chagtcrs z and j cxglorc n dcgth gcogoIiIics and bodypolIcs oI knowl-
cdgc conIrontng (c.g., lookng inIo Ic cycs oI) tco and cgogoIitics oI
knowIcdgc (that is, modcn/mgcriaI knowIcdgc). Chagtcrs ( and j ohcr
dccolonial rcadngs oI two basc conccgts in thc rhctoric oI modcrnty and
thc Iogic oI coIonialty. sgacc and Imc. CoIonization oI tmc and sgacc arc
Ioundational Ior thc rhctorc oI modcrnity. thc Rcnaissancc coIonizcd tmc
by nVcntng thc Mddlc Agcs and AnIiguity, thus glacing itscII at Ic un-
aVoidablc grcscnI oI history and scttng tc stagc Ior uropc bccomng thc
ccntcr oI sgacc. Hcgcl concludcd this narraIiVc by haVng a main charactcr,
thc Sgrt traVcIing Irom thc ast and landing n Ihc grcscnts oI G
rmany
and urogc, tc ccntcr oI thc world. Jhc rhctorc oI modcrnity disglaccs
zz D!tOUuc!:OD
QtV1Uu8 8ID18t CUDCcQ!IUL8 U! 8Q8C 8DC ID, Dc D8L] `D.t8!8 nomos U!
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8 DcW 8LC _UUC CU8DUQUI\8D UtCt: CUULI8 CU8DUQUI\8DI8D 8DUuC
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8 8ID_c c8Cct, WIDUu Dc c;, c8, Ut c:o, WUuC Dc~CUDu8t] U 8L!
QutIVt88 t8Dct D8D uDIVct88.
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K6W6SI6|0lZdI00, 6W6SI6|0ZdIl 00,
d0C 6C0|00ldlIy
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H8VE ID5 55D0 0C yDu CD 0I. DI EX0l, I ID uVEI5Iy WHEIE WDIK,
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5EE0 IDD IDlEI0I. DWEVEI, IDE DIHEI5 85D |uI DDJECIVIy 0 IHIH55,
yDu C5CDVEI IH8I C5IEEBE0I5 C0 D0y DE 50VEC Dy E0IEI0 CDm0 D C0-
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HUN HLK1 K. NP1U KPNP, `0lD CEI DD7II. .,s
N TH scOND DTON o2Ic Iomoso}tbc artb in tbc Intcr-
nationa/ Iaw o}tbc |usIubIIcumuropacum (;(),CarISchmIl|
lraccsIhrcc possIbIc IuIurc sccnarIos. HIsvIsIonolhc!u!urc Is,
nalura1IyandcorrcclIy, groundcdonhIsvIcwo!hcgasl.thchIs-
lory onomos and IIncar gIobaI lhInkIng (scc chaptcr 2 In lhIs
book).
ThchIs!oryonomos Is dIvIdcd In!o lwo dIstInctcras:bcorc
1jOO andahcr1jOO. JhcrcaIwayshasbccnsomckIndonomos o!
lhc car!h,' obscrvcs SchmI!lIn aswccpIngvIcw ogIanctaryhIs-
lorybcorc1jOO. InaIIlhc agcsomanknd, lhc carlhhasbccn
approprIatcd, dvIdcd and cuIlIva!cd. Bu! bcorc !hc agc o!hc
2 LDay\ct LDC
rcal dIscovcrIcs, bcIotc lhc sxtccnlh ccnluty oI our syslcm oI dalIn, mcn
ad no IobaI conccgl oI thc gIancl on whIch tcy IIvcd. CcrtanIy, lcy had
a myfhIcaI Imac oI hcavcn and catl, and oI Iand and sca, but lc carl
stiII was nol mcasurcd as a Iobc, and mcn stIII had nol vcnIurcd onto lhc
rcal occans.'
atcc wth SchmIlt on thIs counl. But InsIcad oI Iinkn and anchotIn
lIs gcrIod In gIanclary hIstoty to thc Grcck nomos, I grcIcr lc dccoIo-
nIaI vcrsIon oI''a goIyccnltIc worId In whIc no onc cIvlIzatIon Is Imgoscd
ovcr aII lc rcsl. Jhcrc arc many cxgIanatIons Ior such slalc oI adaIrs, bul
thc IacI rcmaIns lhal, In lhc sixlccnl ccnIury, Iurogcan mcn rcachcd, Iot
thc btsl tImc In lc Istoty oI humanknd, a gIanctary vcw as dcgIclcd
by, amon many olhcts, lhc IIcmIsh cartoraghcr IumoId Mctcatot, In
8;. BcIorc oo thctc was no tcIcrcncc goInl to wIch "aIlcrnatIvcs couId
bc ImaIncd. Jhctc wcrc many ogtIons and Inlcraclions amon gcogIc
Irom ddcrcnl Ianuacs, rcIIIons, and IcttIlorIcs. Jhcrc wcrc conhIcls, oI
coutsc. Bul lc conIcls rcmaIncd al IocaI IcvcIs. BrIcy slatcd: bcIorc oo
thc wotId otdct was poIyccnlrIc and noncagItaIIsl. Ancr oo thc wotId or-
dcr cnlcrcd into a groccss In wIch goIyccnlrIsm bcan to bc dsgIaccd by
an cmcrIn monoccntrIc cIvIIzatIon (c.., Wcslcrn cIvlIzalIon). Wcslcrn
cIvIIIzalIon cmctcd noI ust as anolhct cIvlIzatIon In lhc gIanclary con-
ccrl, bul as thc cIvlIzatIon dcslincd lo Icad and savc lhc tcsl oI thc wotId
Irom lhc Icvl, nom barbarIsm and grImIlIvIsm, nom undcrdcvcIogmcnt,
Irom dcsgolIsm, and lo turn unhaggincss Inlo haggIncss Iot aII and Iorcvct.
Ilc namc oI modcrnIly (lc Icnassancc vcrsIon), coIonIzatIon oI sgacc
btsl and oI lImc Ialcr (scc caglcr ()wctc lhc two main sIratcIcs (or lcc-
noIoIcs II you wsh) oI manacmcnl and conltoI. JIcd lo bol coIonizalIon
oI sgacc and tImc, lhc coIonIaI and ImgctIaI ddcrcnccs camc into bcIn.
Jhrouh a Ion gtoccss, ovcr bvc hundtcd ycats (oo-:ooo, rouIy), a
monoccnlrIc worId otdct look grcccdcncc ovcr thc goIyccnlrIc onc. Iow
dId lat aggcn: Accordn lo SchmItl,
Jhc brsI nomos oI thc arlh was dcsIroycd abouI jOO ycars agc, whcn lhc
grcar cccans c Ihc wcrId wctc opcncd up. Jlc carlh was cIrcumnavigaIcd,
AmcrIca, a ccmpIcIcIy ncw, unkncwn, nol cvcn suspccrcd conIincnt was dIs-
covcrcd. A second nomos o] tbe eartb arose ]om sucb dlscoverles o] /and and
sea. Jhc dIsccvcrcrs wcrc ncI Invilcd. Jlcy wctc madc wIlhouI visas Issucd
c VO3CS Io lc 1u\Dtc ly
by lhc dscovctcd pcopIcs. JIc dIscovcrcrs wcrc uropcans, who approprI-
alcd, dvidcd and uIIIIzcd Ihc pIanct. Jhus, rhc sccond nomos oI rhc arlh
bccamc uro-ccntrIc. Jhc ncwIy dIscovcrcd conlIncnr o AmcrIca brsI was
ulIIzcd in thc Iotm oI ccIonIcs. Jhc AsIan Iandmasscs couId noI bc apto-
prIatcd In lhc samc way. Jhc urcccnIrIc sItucIurc oI nomos cxlcndcd onIy
parIIaIIy, as opcn Iand -apprcptIaIIon, and cthcrwisc as prctccroraIcs, Icascs,
tradc agrccmcnls and shcrcs cI InIctcsIs, in shorr, In morc cIastIc Iotms oI
uriIIzatIcn. OnIy In rhc ninctccnrh ccnluty dId lhc Iand-approprIalIn urc-
pcan pcwcrs dIvidc up AuIca.'
Jhcrc arc scvctaI Issucs wIl whIc dccoIonIaI gcrsgcclIvcs wouId bc n
harmony wIl SchmIlts nartatIvc. Jhc dhcrcncc IIcs In tc co- and body-
goIItIcs oI known and knowIcdc. JaI Is, tc concctns oI a vcn schoIar,
goIItIcIan, aclIvst, bankcr, |ournaIist, Iarmcr, Iormcr sIavc, and so on do
nol mcct In thc unIvcrsaI ousc oI knowIcdc whctc ttut wthout ga-
rcnlcsIs Is dsgutcd and contIIct oI IntcqtctalIons arIscs. Gco-IslotIcaI
and bIoraghIcaI IocalIons atc nol naturaIIy rankcd n thcIt grIvlcc, bul
lcy arc Iocatcd by lhc coIonIaI maltix oI gowcr and tc ImgcrIaI/coIonIaI
dihctcnlIaI ordct oI knowIcdc. Fot cxamgIc, dutinthc samc ycats thal
SchmItl gubIIscd tc books and lhc atlIcIcs addcd to lc sccond cdItIon,
dmundo OGorman, In Mcxico (grccIscIy bclwccn po and p6o), gub-
IIshcd lwo cguaIIy toundbtcakIn books: Ia ldea de/ descuorlmlento de
Amcrlca (p:) and Ia lnvenclon de Amcrlca (p8). In bol cascs, thc basIc
and slton arumcnt Is tat AmctIca was not dlscovered, bccausc thcrc was
no such cnlIly thus namcd, buI lnvented. UIs as II ScmItl and OGorman
wctc IacIn cac othcr at lwo cnds oI tc AtIanlIc, Iookin al how thIns
had haggcncd sincc lc sIxlccnl ccnIuty. Onc was IookIn at dwcIIIn In
lc ImgcrIaI hIstory oI utogc, whiIc lhc otcr was dwcIIIn In tc coIonIaI
hIslory oI thc AmctIcas and thc CarIbbcan. JhIs arumcnt has bcn IamiI-
Iar in lhc Soul AmctIcan hIstory oI lhouht Ior sIx dccadcs, and I avc
slrcsscd tc goInl on scvctaI occasIons. :ou may grcIcr SchmIlts ogtIon,
bul al lhIs goint Il wouId bc dImcuIt to dcny lat OGorman has an cguaIIy
vaIId ogtIon lal as bccn obscurcd by lc coIonIaIIly oI knowIcdc lhal
madc ScmIlt lc guanlIlalIvcIy grcIcrtcd oglIon.
Morc rcIcvanl, howcvcr, Is wat onc can caII "ScmIlts ttIck, aIthouh
am gctsuadcd lhal It was not inlcnlIonaI. Jhal mcans lhal ScmItl look
jO LBa]!cILD0
!orgran!cdlhaloncclhe"ncwnomoscmerged,alheolhcrsvanIshed.Hc
was !akIngorgranlcdlhc very modern Idca lhalhIsloryIs sInguIar, lhar
!hcrc Is onIyonehIslorIcaIIIne so!ha! oncc somelhIngnewagpcars,wha!
cxIs!edbcorcIssugcrscdedandrcIcgalcdlolhepas!-!ohIs!ory,precIscIy.
5uIcvcn Iweacccgl!hIsvIcw,wehavcloaccountor!wodIcrenI!ygcso
crasurc.nrs!,thc ncwnomoscrased!hcprevIousnomos lhalhadbccnin-
corporatcdIn!hchIsloryouropc(lhalIs,lheCrecknomos),bul,second,
lhcIncasand!hcAz!ecsdIdnolbeIongloIhal!ra|eclory,andIheIrnomos
(IyouwIshloIookal!heIrscnscolerrIlorIaIIlyIn!hIsrcrm)wasncgalcd
and dIscardcd, nol Incorpora!cd. odaywc sce lhal "lhe nrsl nomos o
!hccarlhwasno!"deslroycd.'5ecause!heywcrcnoldeslroyedlhcyarere-
cmergIngInth
r
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WICC. 1 WOud UCD\IOD 0 !CW c08C8 \D WDIcD ICD0QQID_ \DC CU ID _OD0
QCI8QCc!IVC8 I8 0KID_ Q0cC ID DC YC8\CID [|uIC-rDCIIc0D) 0Dd ID DC
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ID_ DC CODCD D] U0ID\0IDID_ DC CtU8 O! DC CODVCI80\IOD), DC CH D08
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QtOC!0tI0\ W08 ICCODCCQu0IZCC !D !CIU8 O! \DC Uu!IuCC, 8OCI0I8D 0DC
cOUDuDI8U 0IC tCQ0cCC D] \DC ICC0 O! DC cODUOD. DC cOD8IuC\OD O!
\HC QuDIc 8Q0cC 08 0\CtD0\IVC !O DC dOUIDIOD O! \DC QtIV0\C \D 0 C0QI\0I8!-
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tIC8. CCOODI0], DCIC 0IC DtCC OQ!IOD8 \D0\ COuC C0C \O 0 WOIC IUCC D]
\DC 088uUQ\IOD8 \D0 \tuD I8 0W0]8 \D Q0ICDDC8I8. rDC ODCC 0_0\D, DCIC I8
DO IC08OD O DIDK D0 ODC D08 \DC II_D \O DC \DC uDIVCI80 \D0\ \DC 8CVCD
DICD QCCQC \D \DC WCIC 8D0 0ccCQ 0DC IuD WID I\. DC] C0D D0tC] DC
`COD8OIC0\CC OI 8uD8uUCC \D\O ODC 0DODCI. J1C UuIQIC0\IOD O! OQ\IOD8,
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JDC dCCOODI0 OQIOD I8 ODC 0UOD_ U0D] CX\8\D_ OQ\OD8 WDO8C CC8\ID]
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W0IC 0 DOD-CXQOI0IVC WOIC IUCd D] DC ODC8 WDO DCCd O 0QQtOQII0C
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COuD!Ct WI\D 180DIC QIC_IC88IVC D\DKCt8, 0D 0I0DCC D0 II_D-WID_ 0C!IV-
I8\ 0VC OIOWIZ D08 OOKCC 0\ WID 8u8QICICD." bu80D DucK-WCI88, ID
DCI Q0QCI !CI DC 1cUC LOOguC IDCID0IOD0 dC TC0CCUIC dC 0 0I\DIC,
ID rDK0I0 (:oo), 08KCC DCI8C! 0Dd DC 0udICDcC: L0D \DCIC DC 0 _OD0
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(:oo().
1] DI8 8DC UC0D DO\ |u8 DC QO8\-bCVIC cODdIIOD ID u88I0 Du 08O
_OD0], 8IDcC DC bOVIC! \DIOD W08 DO UCIC] 0 COUUuDI8\ 0DC \DQC-
II0 D0\IOD-80C Du! ODC \D0 cODIDuCC \DC C_0cIC8 O! \DC u88I0D |UQItC
(o LBa]!ct LDC
ahctVctcrand CaIhctncthcGrcaI. In ths scnsctwassimattoIsYcst-
crnbcracncmcs.InacI, capIaIsmandcommunsmatcbothanchorcd
IDIhc Qh!osoQhyothcIuropcanInghIcnmcnI. Assuch,Ihca! othc
5oVcIlnonhad goba! conscgucnccs; oncwas thcshort-Vcdbc!cIhat
humanhstotyhadatrVcd aIIs cndandrom Ihcnon woud bcYcstcrn
modctnIya!1thcwaydown.Jhcrcorc,bucK-NorsshasacrtcdusthaIthc
wor!d ordcrnIs cnItcIywas and s Vng n Ihcpost-5oVct condIon.
snIhaIconIcxInwhch shc asKcd thc gucston. boIh obucK-Norss
atgumcnIs,urthctmotc,wcrctcatcd toanothcrawaKcnIDgot thcNarx-
sILch. lL. AIthaIQonI,bucK-NotssmadcaVa!anIcHotI Io cxtcndhcr
handtowatd thcIs!amc wot!d andoID IhctcthnKDg oIs!am, andnoI
usIIhcYcsIcrn Lch.5hc sIaIcdhctQroccIIDaIcngmcIaQhor.IhID1ng
QasIIcrror. LanI bc Qossbc,I nowasK, tobtIDg Iogcthct somccxptcs-
sons and proccIs o Ihc Ycstcrn Ichwth ptogrcssVc Isamcs, ahcr A
5hataI,anIDIc!cctua!cadctoIhcIrananrcVo!uIon,gucstoncdboIhthc
YcsIctn IIghI and Ihc Lch ID hIs wc-Known atgumcnt on Natxism and
othctYcsIcrna!1accs``YhcIhctsomcbtanchcsoIhcYcstcrnLchcanor
cannoIwotKwIhIsamcptogrcssVc nIcccIua!s sagucsIon IhaIwou!d
bcdccdcdIDthcQroccss.YhaItcmanscrucasIhaIptogtcssVcIsamsm
and Ihc QtogrcssVc Ycstcrn Lch arctwo dstIDcI QroccIs thaI cannoI bc
subsumcdntoIhcoIhcr,ncthctonccou!dbcthcgudIngghtoIhcothct.
Iwou!dbcsurprscdacIotsoIhcYcsIcrnIchdccdcdtoo!1owIhcdcas,
Ictms, and conIcnI othc sttugg!cs, conccrns, and Vson oa QrogtcssVc
IsamsI.AsorIhcnVcrscsIuaIon,5harathasatcadyspoKcn.
AIhtdccarydcnthab!ctraccIorynthctcorcnIaIonoIhcIchhas
cmcrgcdnand wth Ihc Yot!d 5oca Iorum. JWo ots mosIconssIcnt
adVocaIcsatcYadcnbc!oromIhcVhpQncsandboaVcnturadc5ousa
5anIostomVortuga.IotthcmIwasnotlthatca!cdorrcmappngIhc
Lch, but raIhctIhc oundaton othc WIC (Yord 1radc rganzaIon),
whIch bcgan n 1QQj and was ocoursc a conscgucncc oIhc a! othc
5oVcIUnon. Jhcwsr (Yord5ocaIorum)wasatcsponsctoIhcrcmaQ-
pngomQctadcsgns byIhc WIC. In Ihc casc oboaVcnIura dc 5ousa
5antos,hsmosIcxQcIstatcmcnIbrngIDgIogcthctIhcagcndaothcwsP
and Ihc goba Lch can bcoundnhs arIcc JhcYot!d 5oca! Iorum
andIhcGoba!Ich(2oo8).' Oc 5ousa5antossworKnVotIuga!sormcr
cooncs, as wc! ashs rc!cnt!cssworKn IaInAmcrca, has a!owcdhm
0CaC8tCtB01V1ut0 41
Io cxIcnd hs arms, as bucK-Notss dd wIh Isam, and worK wth thosc
whosIrugg!cnIotIugasand5Qa::sotmctcooncsordgntyandsoca!
usIcc.Iatcydc5ousa5anIoshasbccnVctymuchcngagcdIn,andncon-
vcrsatons wIh, Ihc goVcrnmcnts obo!IVia (partcu!aty Ihrough Gatca
Incta) andIcuador,conVcrsanIwthIrcsdcntIaac!Cortca
`
sgoVcrnmcnt
andwIh Indgcnous organzaIons.` Ior thaI tcasonhsworKbrdgcs thc
gapbctwccn thcIuroQcanLchandnon-Iuropcanprocctsocpstcmcdc-
co!onaty,wIhQo!tca!mQ!catons.byIhs Imcan, cndorsngIhcc!am
oNaotanIhroQoogsIand actVsILIDdauhwa5mIh,Ihatdcco!onza-
!on, onccVcwcdasthcotma!ptoccssohandingoVcrIhcnsItumcnIs o
goVctnmcnI,snowrccognzcdasaong-tcrmptoccssnVo!VngIhcburcau-
cratc,cu!tura,!IngusIcandpsychoogcadVcstngocoonapowcr.`
Yadcn bc!1o, a scnor anayst o Iocus on thc Goba 5ouIh, s wc
XnownorhsadVocacyorcconomcusIcc.Ics oncothccadngcrI-
csoIhccurrcnI modcocconomc g!obazaIon. Combnngthcrocso
IDtcccIuaand acIVsI,hcsasnguarynoIcwotIhyhgurcnIhctcorcn-
Iatonothc Ich. Hs QroccIodcy/ooa/lzation, aunchcdIn2oo], sVcry
muchaKntomanyQroccIsodcco!onaty. Jhc ddcrcn,cccsnIhcocus
andnthcoca!hsIorcsInwhchdcgoba!znganddccoonaQroccIsarc
thoughI out and cnactcd. bc!osocus onIhc cconomymoVcd away rom
c!asscNarxsIanayss. Hs nnoVaIVcIhnKng and hs nIcrcsInand V-
sonor thc G!oba5outh,aswcashs ana!yssonco-bcra!gobazaton
andthcoodcrss,snormcdbyIhcVcryhsIoryoNatIimc5ouIhIasI
Asa (ncxtIo Indoncsa and5IDgaQorc) that Ihc IhnKng subcctnhabIs.
Ya!dcnbc!oswtKas schoat andactVsIs ancxcmQ!atycascoIhc tc-
otcntaton othcIch-hrstIDhscngagcmcnIwIhIhccauscoIhcG!oba
5ouIhandsccondyInhsacIVcrocinthcWsP.`
Aourthpath wIhInthctcorcnIaIonothcLchcanbcoundnIhc
modctnlcoonaIch,dstngushcd:omIhcmodcrnIuroQcanLch (and
awaysKccpIngnmndIhaIIamatguIngthcgcoQo!IcsOXnowcdgcand
IhccnuncatonotaIhcrthanocusIngonIhcunVcrsa1sm
`
oIhccontcnI
andthc cnuncatcd),Ihss an mQotIanI distnctonordccoona! thnK-
ng and Ihc rc!cVancc IhaI Ihc gco-hstotca and bo-graQhca!Qo!Ics o
KnowDgandXnowcdgc. bymodcrnlcoonaIch I mcanthc Lchtom
a NaxsI bacKgtound, as was nIroduccd and unodcd In coonacoun-
Ircsandsubcontncnts (5outhAmctca, Catbbcan,Inda,thcNddcIast,
q2 Chaptcr Cnc
C!C.). WC-0I8Cu888d C888 8! !DI8 [uID! I8 !D8 tCuII8D!8!IuD u! !D8 L8H ID
oOUlD DCtIC8, ID!CtD8!IOD8y KDOWD 88 `!D8 !ut !u !D8 L8H. JDC D._uIC8
DO8! VI8IDC lOd8y 8IC LuIZ D8CIO Lu8 d8 oJV8, JD I8Z, `ICC t88I0CDl
V8IO !8tC8 LIDCt8, ID OIIVI8, 8Dd tu_O LD8VCZ m`CDCZu88. tOW8V8I,
lDC ID!8ID8lIOD8 CD!Du8I8D8 !uI !D8 !uID !O !DC LCH ID `L8lJD DCIIC8
0OC8D! 8CCOUD! !OI VO WOt8888 [tOXDI!y |ID DI8 uWD 0I8COuI888) WI!D
D0I8DI8Du 8Dd 0CCOuDI8II!y 8D0 !ut Lu8 08 oV8
8 0I[uD8!C
tC8!IOD8 WI!D LD8VCZ, 88 WC 88 !DO8C VCty 8U[[uIlIV8 u! Vu Wut888,
8D8 Dul OD8CUtC !DC Du8l I8CV8Dl 0CCI8IOD D8 !OO JD ID!CID8!IuD8 I8-
8!IOD8. 1DlCt88lID_y CDuU_D, lDC UIOQC8D LCH |88 W8 88 8 8I_DUC8D!
DuDDCt O!L8lIDO8D8tIC8DI8!8) C8DDO! tC8d !DI8 DuVC 88 d8W88l8tDIZ8!IuD,
Dul ID!CIQIC!8 I! JD8!880 lDIOU_D !D8 8D8 O! !D8 UtOC8D!Ct8d CuDC8Q! O!
[O8l-uCCIdCDl8~lDC IDI!8 O! !D8 UtO[88D LCH !O 888 DCyOD0 !D8II uWD
DCy.
D uIV8, !8tC18 LIDCt8
discovcrics), and c-
cidcnta!ism was thc ncccssary condition of ricntaIism-wIhout ccidcn-
taIism, ricntaIism is unthinkabIc. Shc obscrvcs:
On Ihc cnc hand, Ihc thcss advanccd Orienta/ism sccmcd smlar to
thc c!ams madc n O'Gormans own Ihcsis cn Ihc vcnton-thc non-
rccrcntaI disposton c thc cpstcmo!ogcaI obcct-o Amcrca by Ihc hs-
torcgraphy o thc sx|ccnth ccntury. Sads swccpng nqury was a br!!ant
nvcsIgaIon o urcpes nvcnton o thc Orcnt as ts nnctccnIh-ccntury
oIhcr, and t rang surprsngIy amIar thcmcs o schoIars n thc Iatn Amcr-
can ncId. Rcadng Otienta/ism prcduccd D studcnts o Iatn Amcrica thc
shock c rccognton, an ccct that postcoIonaI thcory cIams, takcs pIacc n
thc consciousncss o pcstcc!onaI sub)ccts as Ihcy asscss Ihcir cxpcrcncc o
ccIona!ity n comparison wiIh oIhcr coIonaI subccts.
Jlus whiIc Gorman was thc countcrpart of Schmitt, hc was aI thc samc
tmc advancing Ihc !inc of argumcnt that Said wouId popuIarizc twcnty
ycars aHcr Gormans groundbrcaking work. Howcvcr, in thc gcopoIiticaI
ranking of know!cdgc, both Ihc history and thc schoIarship of corc impcria!
!anguagcs (ng!ish, Ircnch, and Gcrman) arc morc visibIc, which docsnt
mcan that thcy arc morc rc!cvant. RcIcvant to whom Yc shouId not rc-
main caught in Ihc intcI!cctuaI markct-bubbIc but rcmcmbcr instcad Ihc
gcogoIitics and coIoniaIity of knowIcdgc.
I havc aIrcady rcgortcd in Ioca/ Hlstorlcs/G/ooa/ Dcslyns on Icrnando
Coron!s argumcnt in his cIassic cssay on ccidcnta!ism, whcrcin hc rc-
mnds us of a simpIc forgottcn truth. in ordcr to imaginc ricntaIism in thc
cightccnth ccntury you havc to havc ccidcntaIism as a point of rcfcrcncc.
And CccidcntaIism, in its spcchc rcIation to ricntaIism, is a sixtccnIh-
ccntury invcntion. I wiI rcpcaI morc than oncc in Ihc foIowng chagtcr
that wc shouId gcI uscd to Ihc fact that modcrn history docs not go dircctIy
from Grcccc and Romc to Irancc, ngIand, and Gcrmany, but takcs a dc-
JhcRcads \o\hcIutuc
>
/
tour, thc AIIantic dctour. And in thc AtIantic dctour OcclJcnta/lsm was ln-
vcntcJ. IolIowing in Coronls stcgs, I havc cIaimcd that thc argumcnt from
Latn Amcrica shouId bc not gostcoIoniaIism but post-ccidcntalsm.
RcccnIIy Coronil has madc a sccond pitch in rcgionaIizing gostco!oniaI-
ist cIaims Io-if not univcrsaIity-at !cast to g!obaIty. Hc dcvotcs somc
gagcs to cxgosing thc imgcriaI gostcoIoniaI agpropriaton of \atin Amcrica
in Robcrt Youngs gIobaI account nom abovc. !onc of thc !ong hsIory of
Ihought that Castro-KIrcn mcnIions is to bc found in Youngs account.
As was and is thc casc wth Ycstcrn knowIcdgc-making about thc worId
discig!inary or journaIsIic), scIdom, if cvcr, arc intclIcctuaI dcbatcs in Ihc
rcgions bcing rcgortcd takcn into account. Bcyond uropc, things aIso
hagpcncd and gcop!c continucd to think in thcir accustomcd ways. Jlc
co!onia! cxgcricncc in South Amcrica and thc Caribbcan did not havc to
wait unIil thc word ostco/onla/lsm cntcrcd thc U.S. acadcmy in thc carIy
:8os, aHcr thc word ostmoJcrnlsm was introduccd in Irancc. Howcvcr,
vcry much Iilc naturaI rcsourccs, Jhrd YorId thoughts arc groccsscd in
urogcan intcIIccIuaI factorics. A vigilant postmodcrn rcadcr couId wondcr
how comc a grofcssor at Iukc Univcrsity in thc Unitcd Stjtcs couId havc
thc authority to voicc this oginion. YclI, I am hcrc, and hcrc I a writng
as a Iatno or Hisganic, whatcvcr you grcfcr. But aI thc sac timc that I a
hcrc, I am aIso thcrc, and whcn I am Ihcrc I am writing as a SouIh Amcri-
can of uropcan dcsccnt, northcrn-ItaIian Io bc morc sgccic. Jhc Qoint
of Coron!s argumcnt has bccn madc in Ihc titIc:
g!obaI
8 LDa]!0tLD0
dc coIonIzalIon,' IncIudIng dccolonIzIng poslcoIonIaI slndIcs. Lcl's say that
bolh postcolonalIly and dccolonIaIIly wcrc buIIl on a common Icgacy: colo-
nIalIly. In lhIs rcgard thcrc Is a sImIIarIIy bclwccn roIcslanlIsm and CatholI-
cIsm: both bcIong to ChrIslIanIIy, but thcy arc IrrcducIblc to cach othcr.
Howcvcr, dccoIonIaIIry dcparts from poslcoIonIaIIIy as wc know It lo-
day In IIs work bcyond lhc U.S. acadcmy and bcyond lhc acadcmy In non-
nro-^mcrIcan countrIcs. Poslcolonal slndIcs has bccn acccplcd In lhc
AmcrIcan acadcmy and bounccd lo Ccrmany, whcrc by thc nrst dccadc o
lhc tcnly-nrsI ccntury Il was bccomIng thc IaIk o lhc town. So hcrc
wc nccd Io comc back lo lhc dIslInclIon bctwccn dccolonIaIIIy In scnsu
strlcto (wIlhI thc modcmIlylcolonIalIry pro|ccl) and In scnsu /aro. Jlc
tcrm Is nscd-In scnsu /aro-bcyond lhc acadcmy lo pro|ccl and cnacl (as
In thc casc of BolIvIa) lhc dccoIonIzIng o thc slatc, thc cconomy, and cd-
ucalIon-common cxprcssIons but noI "appIIcatIons" o dccoIonIalIry. On
lhc conlrary, lhc scnsc and lhc orcc o dccolonIaIIIy comc nom Ils bcIng
uscd Io arlIcnIatc ncw polItIcs o knowIcdgc rathcr than ncw conIcnIs. Jhc
lcrm (dccoIonIalIly or dccoIonIzalIon, but In lhc scnsc thc word acquIrcd
al lhc cnd o! lhc tcnlIcth ccnlnry) Is uscd among IndIgcnous IntclIccln-
aIs around thc worId (!rom conlIncnlaI ^mcrIca lo AuslralasIa), ArIcan as
wclI LalInosl as, Inlcllcclnals and actIvIsts, and I lhc UnItcd Slalcs. IndIg-
cnous Icadcrs and IntclIcclnals do nol nccd whItc LalIn ^mcrIcans (that Is,
pcopIc of uropcan dcsccnl) lo lclI thcm whal colonIalIIy Is and whal dcco-
lonIaIIly mcans. In scnsu strlctu, thc tcrm Is uscd In scholarly works and Is
conncclcd wIlh scIoIarIy aclIvIsm-a lcgIlImatc aclIvIIy lhal shonId brIng
and Is brIngJng !ruIlhI colIaboralIons bctwccn crIlIcal lhought In thc acad-
cmy and poIItIcaI socIcly, as wc wIIl scc In lhc aRcrword o lhIs book. As a
mat|cr of fact, scholars and aclIvIsls arc not ncccssarIly dIhcrcnl pcrsons-
lhcsc two arc oncn cmbodIcd In thc samc pcrson. Ior cxampIc, thc rcccnt
pubIIcaIIon o!Knan-HsIng Chcn's, Asla as ActboJ. TowarJ Dclmcrla/lza-
tlon, Inlrodnccs a ncw dImcnsIon In thc dcbatcs on thc dccolonIal and thc
posIcoIonIaI. AIthongh lhc lIlIc cmphasIzcs dcmpcrIalIzatIon, dccoIonIza-
tIon Is a crucIal componcnl o! lhc argumcnl.
Jlc argumcnls advanccd In lhc book orIgInalcd In lhc ppos, thc samc
ycars that Ihc pro|cct o! modcrnIlyl(dc)coIonIalIIy was cmcrgIng In thc
Andcan rcgIon of Soulh AmcrIca. In TaIwan, Ihc crcalIon o thc |ournaI
Intcr-Aslan StuJlcs, masIcrmIndcd by Chcn, marks a lnrnIng poInl In
B0 OaC8 tC tBC ututC
schoIarIy actIvIsm. JhIs pro|cct makcs cIcar that dcImpcrIalIzalIon and dc-
coIonIzalIon (In Chcn's vocabuIary) cmcrgcd from thc hIslorIcs of thc non-
uropcan world: thcy arc nol conccpts that orIgInatcd In Ccrmany, Irancc,
or ngland and wcrc thcn cxporlcdl Imporlcd lo AsIa. I mcnlIoncd abovc
thal lhc Bandung Confcrcncc was a landmark not onIy for dccolonIal
slrnggIcs of thc momcnl bnl aIso In thc cmcrgcncc ot dccoIonIaI dIsconrscs.
Jhc cpIstcmIc brcak Ilroduccd by "dccoIonIzalIon' was spalIal ralhcr than
lcmporaI. Dc coIonIzalIon dcpartcd nom both capItalIsm and communIsm
and opcncd up a dIsobcdIcnl "thIrd way" dclInkIng trom bolh. Jlc aIm of
tnc confcrcncc was lo promolc cconomIc and cultural coopcralIon and lo
opposc colonIaIIsm. ChIna was an ImporIanl pIaycr and slrcngthcncd Its
trIcndIy rcIalIons wIth othcr AsIan natIons. Howcvcr, Soulh ArIca, IsracI,
aIwan, South Korca, and !orlh Korca wcrc not InvIlcd lo thc contcrcncc.
Jlc non-alIgncd movcmcnI was cslablIshcd In p6, but lhc hIslorIcaI un-
toldIng ot world hIslorIcs crodcd thc so!IdarIry and lhc commonaLry of goaIs
exprcsscd In thc contcrcncc. Asla as ActboJ InvItcs aL ot us to rcvIcw that
hIstory, partIcularly bccausc lhc book Is slrnclnrcd around thrcc maIn axcs:
ImpcrIaIIsm, colonIzalIon, and thc Cold War lhrough wI)Ich thrcc Intcrrc-
Ialcd projccts cmcrgc: dcImpcrIaIizalIon, dccoIonIzatIon, and dc-Cold War.
Chcn traccs a gcncaIogy ot thoughl ot thosc who addrcsscd and slIII ad-
drcss thc vcry hIslory ot AsIa and ot Wcslcrn Intcrfcrcncc aRcr :8(8 In a
crIlIcaI vcIn. PromIncnt among lhcsc thInkcrs, crItIcal bordcr lhInkcrs I-
dccd, arc Lu Xun In ChIna and artha Chat|cr|cc and AshIs !andy I IndIa.
bnt hIs gcncalogy Is nol an csscnlIalIsI onc and rcachcs onl lo lhc Ircnch
and EngIIsh thInJcrs In thc CarIbbcan: lo lhc works of Franlz Ian on and
Slnart HaIl. Asla as ActboJ makcs gcopolItIcs of knowlcdgc a ccntraI con-
ccrn: ''AsIa as mclhod rccognIzcs lhc nccd to kccp a crIIIcal dIslancc from
unInlcrrogatcd nolIons ot AsIa, |usl as onc has lo maInlaIn a crItIcaI dIs-
tancc nom unIntcrrogalcd notIons ot lhc nalIon-slatc. It (thc mcthod) sccs
AsIa as a prodncl ot hIstory, and rcaIIzcs lhal AsIa has bccn an aclIvc par-
tIcIpanl In hIstorIcal proccsscs" (z(-).
Jlc slalcmcnI Is a coro!lary ot a shIR In lhc gcography of knowIng that
lhc books argumcnl proposcs: 'AsIan slndIcs,' In Its scvcraI dcnomInalIons,
has bccn mainly carrIcd onl I lhc IIrst World as "arca slndIcs.' Such a
dIvIsIon ot scIcnlmc labor prcsnpposcd lhal knowlcdgc cxIstcd In lhc IIrst
World, whIlc thc culturcs bcIng studIcd wcrc In Ihc so-caIIcd JhIrd WorId.
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8Dd 8CC WD8 jOu _C. Dd \8KC bCDD:|8 ]utIVCt8C, 8Dd `8]Qy I! C 8\ID
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\OW8Id DCIt CWD WIDdU1!: 88 L8888 I8 8 !CtOCICu8 CtIIC C! DC :U]CII8I\j
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C!C8C 8Dd CD_ ID\Ct8C\IOD WD DdI_CDOu8 C8dCI8 8Dd IDC!CCu88), CDC
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b8D\O8 ID !OtU_8 8Dd Y8!dCD DC!C ID DC !D!I]]IDC8. JWC KCj CCDCC]8
I1\tOCUCCC Oj dC bOU88 o8D!O8, `C]I8CUOC_j C! DC 8OUD 8Dd `C]QO8I-
!ICD8! ]O8UOdCtDI\j, CCI\8Dj 0IC 0KID \O OOICCt DDKID_ (OOIdCt CQI8-
!CUOO_j, OCtdCt _DO8I8) 8DC \C DC dCCOCDI8! CQ!ICD. `|C_OO8!IZ8ICD,
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COODI8 D8IX C! ]CWCI, dCWC8CtDI78!IOD ]u__C8 OO]CC!IVI\j 8DC tuD
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UccoIonizin Wcstcrn cgistcmoIoy mcans Io sttig it ouI ot tc prcIcnsc
tat iI is Ihc goint o arrivaI and Ic uidin Iit ot aIl kinds otknowIcdcs.
In oIhcr words, dccoIonizin knowIcdc is not rc|cct WcsIcrn cgistcmic
contributions to lc worId. On thc conIrary, it impIics apgrogriatin its
conttibutions in ordcr to tcn dc-chan bom Ihcir imgcriaI dcsins. "Hu-
manitas and "modcrnity arc conccgIs thaI do not cmctc trom an ontoI-
oy whcrcin cntitics carry wit Icm tc csscntia! bcin ot humans and
modcrnity, instcad, Ihcy arc conccgIs aIowIn tosc who manac caIco-
rics ot thout and knowIcdc groduction Io usc that manacria! autority
Io assc;t tcmscIvcs by disgua!lyin Ihosc who ("anIropos who aI oncc
arc barbarans and trad\t\onaI) arc cIassihcd as dchcicnt, tatlonaIy and on-
IoIoca!Iy. Oncc you rca!lzc that Iruc vaIucs and ob|cctivity wiIouI garcn-
tcsis arc onIy Iruc \aIucs and ob)cctivity Iot tosc who bc!icvc In thc (as
In thc casc o rcIiion or any otcr idcoIoy Iat oIds to truIh and ob|cctiv-
iIy wiIhouI parcntcsis), you arc rcady to dcIn, to hcc yoursclI Irom tc
impcriaI maic ot "modcrnity sustaIncd by Ihc cgistcmoIoy ot Ihc zcro
point. Humanitas and modcrnity, thcn, arc two comganion conccgIs and
ccntra! conccgts ot WcsIcrn civIizalion. Such an cgistcmic sIyIc ot Ihin-
ln idcs coIonia!ity and prcvcnIs gIutivcrsaI, dia!oic, and cgisIcmicaIy
dcmocratic sysIcms oI touht Irom unIoIdIn. 1wo choiccs arc ivcn Io
tc anthropos: to assimIaIc or to bc casI ouI. IoIcr words, unlvcrsa! og-
tions arc ogtions bascd on truIh wiIout parcnIcsis and cannot admiI tc
dicrcncc. As a maIIcr ot IacI, dicrcnccs arc crcatcd ordcr Io c!linatc
otcr ogtons.
Jis arumcnt is bcin sIructurcd Irom antrogoss gcrsgccIivcs. Jat
mcans Ihat it buIds and is buIt on an cnunciation roundcd on co-
and body-poIitics ot knowIcdc, wiIc humantitass arumcnts bui!d and
arc bulIt on tco- and co-goIiIics ot knowIcdc, Iat is, on zcro goI
cpistcmoIoy.
!n a sccnario comgoscd oI options wotk Ioward Ic commuaI wor!d
ordcr and thc ccmony ot Irut in garcnIcsis, AncicnI Grcccc and Chris-
tian Iaradisc Iosc thcir grivi!ccs as tc sccu!ar and sacrcd oriIn, Ihcy bc-
comc )ust ogIions amon oIhcrs, and oIcr-bcInnins arc bccomin morc
visibIc and ainin in Icitimacy. Jc samc considcrations shaI bc madc
cichy about cconomy. Cagita!IsI cconomy is onIy onc ogtion, but an op-
tion that is gositcd by Ic bcIicvcrs to bc Ic onIy gossibIc option. IcopIc
l 1m Vcrc C 8]
dwcI!in Icacics aIicn Io tbc Grcco-CtisIian and sucrIn tc consc-
gucnccs ot capi\a!isI cconomy arc anin conhdcncc in \hcir own narra-
Iivcs and Icc!In gositivc In tbcir dwcI!In, ratcr tan IccIin asacd by
bcIicvin Ihc narrativcs oI modcrniIy Iha\ put tcm ou\sidc ot history and
bcnnd modcrnitythat madc Ihcm anIrogos. Jhc sccnario ! am g;ogos-
n crc bcs nciIcr in AncicnI Grcccc nor in Ic bibIica! aradisc but
in Ic sbIccnI ccn\ury, in Ic AIIantic, and, it connccIs trcc conIincnIs
and many civi!lzations.
Jc AI!antic In Ihc sIXIccnI ccn\ury marks a discontuity wit Ic cIas-
sicaI tradi\ion on whlch Wcstcrn Lu;ogc bui!I itsc!t. Acccg\in Iat "wc arc
wcrc wc tIn| and tat thc gIacc wc arc toIIows Irom Ihc gIacc wc occugy
in tc ncw nomos oI thc carIh (IaI is ot Ic modcrn/coIonia! worId), Ihcn
scvcraI cpistcmic tra|cctorics cmcrc taI cscagc Ihc controI oI Ioba! Incar
tnink. ! udcrstand Icsc tra)ccIorics, IooscIy, as dccoIoniaI.
\ationaI cIassihcaIion mcanI raciaI cIassihcaIion. And rationa! c!assihca-
Iions do not dcrivc trom "nalura! rcason, but Irom "uan conccgts ot
naIuraI rcason. Who cstabIishcs critcria ot cIassihcaIion and who cIassIhcs
Josc who inabiIcd tc cgistcmic zcro goinI (bumanltas) and wcrc thc
arcitccts oI IobaI Icar tkIn. And who arc cIassihcd wiIout garIici-
gatin in Ihc cIassihcation IcopIc wo :1abit tc cxtcrlority (Ihc outsidc
invcnIcd In thc proccss ot dchJi Ic sidc) crcatcd trom Ihc pcrspccIivc
ot tc zcro goint ot obscrvaIion (antbroos). 1o manac, and Io bc in a
gosition to do so, mcans Io bc con\roI ot knowIcdcIo bc in tc zcro
goI. JaI is grccisc!y waI IobaI IIncar IhinK was. GIoba! Incar Ihink-
in sIncc Ihc s\tccnI ccnIury as bccn imgcriaI, it is imgcriaI Ihinin
Iat ! dcscribcd c!scwhcrc as Ic rhcIoric ot odcrnity and thc Iogic oI
coIonia!ity. '
WhiIc IobaI IIncar Iinn is imgcriaI, tc conscgucnccs ot Iracin
IIncs to dividc and conIroI Ihc worId arc not Ihc samc cvcrywhc;c. scc
at IcasI Ihtcc dmcnsions ot IobaI Iincar Iinkn IhaI gromgtcd, non-
intcnIionaI!y, Ihc cmcrcncc ot dccoIonia! IhinKi.
IirsI, "nodcs in Ioba! Iincar IhinKi havc tc parIicuIarity oI brcakin
up "!incar timc, divdn spacc "by mcans ot Incs Jhus, \hc imgcriaIism
oI tmc In IIncar historicaI narraIivcs is undcrmincd and its controI oI tmc
is shakcn ug by Ihc cmcrcncc ot cocXIsIln ogtions, dccoIonia! options bc-
In amon thc, Iat put Iorward cocxstIn Imc Incs (scc captcr ). Jhc
q ChaIcr Two
DuICID_ O! D8tt8!IVc8 WDIcD IDCCtQCt8c `DCCc8 D8I D8Vc DccD 8IcDccC
D] IDQ0tI8 D8tt8!IVc8 DV108 u8 C 8c0 IDc Q88 8DC Dc Qtc8cD 88 `Dc-
0tO_cD0Ou8 DI8!OtIc-8ItUCUt8 DOC08 O! IUQctI8COCDI8 8Q8ccID8! I8,
!Dc 0XI0tIOtII] WDctc D0 8DDtOQO8 CWc!!8 8DC WDctc CccOODI8 IDIDK:D_
0U0t_c8. JDI8 DCOK I8 8 c88c D QOID. JDI8 DOCK I8 IDcDCcC 88 8 cOD!tIDu
IIOD O Du:CID_ CccOCDI8 DCCc8, IDc DOCc8 O!`CDct DI8CtIc8, WDIcD W:!
8!!CW u8 88C !C U8Kc 0CuC8IcC _uc88c8 8DCuI D0 D!utc CID0t ID8D IDC8c
Qt0CICIcC D] bcDUI!!, 88 CuIIDcC 8I !Dc 0DC O! Dc QtcV1Ou8 CD8Q!ct. ICI cX
8DQc, !Dc Q8tIIICD CI1DCI8 | CccOODI28!IOD) 8DC Dc ctc8!IOD C! !Dc b\8!c
C!8t8c |D8ICD-8I80 Du:C!D_) CCK Q8c0 ID (; 8DC (8. 1D LDD8 W8C
ZcCCD_ CcDtOD0C LDI8D_ t8I bDcK |tcVCuIIOD). MCW CC ]OU CCDDcc 8DC
U8Kc 8cD8c C! Dc80 Dtcc 8IUuI0DcOU8 cV0D!8 ID 8 Dc8t _OD8 cDtODO
O_]: ] 8IUuI0DcOu8, CO DO! Uc0D \Dc 88Dc C8], ID0 88Dc UODD, 8DC
Dc 88Uc DCut. MCWcVct, ]Cu c0DDOI CcD] ID8! Dc8c Dtcc cVcD!8 8tc 8ItIC!]
CO-tc8cC ID _CD8 ID08t D!KID_~IDc8t DC ID IDc CDtODCO_IC8 8cD8c,
DuI D] DOtI2OD!8] CCcXI8IID_ ID 8Q8C0. JC 8cc Dc DIctCCDDcc!ICD8 Dc!WccD
D08c 8Q8II8!!] Cc8!0C 0VcD8, Wc DccC C OOK 8 ID0 cD0D_c8 ID Dc COCDI8
U8\tX, Ct8WID_ ID08 0DC ct08!D_ DOCc8: D] ID0tCCDDcc!D_ \Dc8c IDtcc
cVcD8 ID ID0 cCODI8 U8ItX C! QOWct, CccOCDI8 !D:!YD_ U8tK8 DCccC
!Dc D.D8 IDII8 O!_OD8 ID08t DDKID_ 0DC COD_.
bccODC, _OD8 IDc8t D!KID_ ItCU I8 Dc_IDDD_ ID !Dc 8!c DRccD\D
ccDUt] |JCtCc8:J88 0DC b8t8_O888 Jtc8!Ic8) Q8]cC IwC 8IUu8DcCu8 tOc8.
LD Dc CD0 D8DC, IDc raya CIV1CcC Dc CQct8IOD8 8Q8cc Ot IUQctI8 IOI
U8IOD8 8DC cODHIC8 Dc!Wc0D DcU8cVc8 |c._., bQ8ID 8DC 1OtIu_8 D Dc
8!X!ccDD c0D!ut]); Dc!WccD !Dc ICtU0I 8DC t8DCc, 1D_8DC, 8DC MCJ8DC
D IDc 80V0D0cD!D ccDUt]; Dc!Wc0D IDc !OtUct 0DC IDc \DIIcC b8Ic8, 8IDcc
D0 DDc0cDID ccD!ut], WDcD IDc ICc8 OI 8 Y080tD M0UI8QD0tc 8tUcC
Dc \DIcC bI8Ic8 88 8D IDQ0tI8 CCDcDC0I~DODc OI Dc bOUD U0tIC8D
8DC L8tIDDc8D CCuDtIc8 D8V1D_ 0D] 88] ID D0 Dc ID8I CIVICcC Dc Yc8IctD
M0DI8QDct0 ItCU 1utOQ0. LD Dc CID0t D8DC, Dc I8]8 CIVICcC IUQctI8
8808 |UCD8tcDIc Ct 8ccu8t D8IICD-88\c8) ItCU DcIt CCODIc8. JDc D1`8
DItCCuccC D0 IDctD8 IUQctI8 CIctcDCc8 WIDID Y08ctD CIVIIZ8IOD,
!Dc 8cCCDC !Dc CCODI8 CIctcDC08 Dc!WccD Yc8\ctD UOCcIDIUQctI8
8uD]cCI8 8DC !D0It COCDI8 8uD]0c!8. YDcD cOODI08 Dcc8Dc `DCcQcDCcD
8808 |ID bOu!D UctIc8 0DC Dc L8tIDD08D, IOt cX8UQc, DtOU_D Dc
DIDcI0cD!D 8DC !W0D!I0D ccDUtIc8), Ot OVct8c88 CcQ8t\UcDI8 O! t8DCc,
\ Am Vhcrc \ lo 8,
O1 `c8I8CO IDtc 88CCI8CC CI Dc \DIcC bI8I08 |IK0 1u0t\O IcO), !D0 t8]8
W88 IcCt8WD, 8CW:D_ Cct8ID IOtUct cCODIc8 C ctO88 !Dc IDc 8DC C _c
`:D8ICc, DCWcV0t, I 88O IcIDICtccC Dc I8cI D8, 88], bCu!D UctIc8, 8
\DCu_D ID \Dc Yc8IctD McUI8QDctc, DcC8Dc 8 t0_IOD OI Dc JDItC YOt!C.
DI8 I8 WD] IOC8], !Ct cX8DQc, b0Duc MUD!ID_IOD QU8 u8t8I8 0DC cW
/c8!8DC ID Dc 1It8I YCtC 8DC bCu\D rIctIc8 ID Dc JD!tC YCtC'WDC
18 ID 8DC WDO I8 OU OI Dc raya OI Yc8!ctD CIV!1IZ8IIOD I8 8 CCD88D QtOc088
C 1cU8QQD_ extcrlorlty 8DC Dc antbroos.
ItC, IDc _cOQOIIC8 CCD8cQUcDCc8 O! ID0 Dc D Dc IccCDD._ut8ICD OI
dcDODO8 OI \D0 08tD WcD! Dc]CDC _cC_t8QD] QtOQct. bQ8cc WcD\ D8DC
ID-D8DC WID QcCQ0 !DD8DI!D_ I. 10DC 0DC QcOQc Dcc8Uc `Q8cK8_cC D]
IDQctI8! _CD8 IDc8t IDIDKID_ 8DC Dc IDV0DIIOD OI IDc bumanltas 0DC
antbroos. D\DtCQO8 COc8! tcIct Ict8] IO IDc D8IVc D8tD8tI8D8 OI \D0
8IXccDID ccDUt] Ct IDc D8KcC Qt!DIIVc8 OI Dc cI_D00DD, DUI IO cVct]
ID8!8Dcc ID WDICD QcOQc, ID8IIIuIOD8, 8DC CI8cIQIDc8 WDctc KDOWcC_c
I8 D8D8_cC 8DC cODtO!!cC, CcD11c8 DuD0DI!88 8DC U8c8 Dc CcDDIIIOD IO
dc8CtIDc Dc Q8Cc !D0] IDD8DI\. bDcc DUD8DI88 I8 CcDDcC IDtOU_D IDc
cQI8cUIC QtIVI0_0 CI D0_cUODIC KDOWcC_c, 0DIDtOQO8 )'88 88cC 88 Dc
dIHct0DccDCtc 8Q0cIDc8], Dc cQI8IcUIc cOCDI8 CIH0tcDCc. D ODct
WCtC8, IDc ICc8 W88 D8 DuU8D8 8DC DUD8DII] W0Ic 8 `DUD8D DcID_8
UIDU8 D0 8D\DtOQO8. DDIOQO8, DcD, I8 88 UUCD Dc D8tD8II8D Ot Dc
QtIDIIVc 88 Dc cCDIuDI8, Dc cttOtI8\, 8! DO8c WDC c8D Dc Q8CC ID
!D0 8XI8 CI cV!1, 8DC DO8c WDC 8Ic ItIcDC8 CI Dc cVI. Jc_8 IDII_t0DI8
8DC DCUO8cXu8!8 8tc CC8] WIIDID Dc t08I CI Dc 8D\DtOQO8. JD0 COU8ID
OIDUD8DI88 I8 CCD-8UD8!0DII8! WID Dc U8D8_cUcD O! KDCWcC_c 8DC OI
_CD8 IDc8t !DIm_IDc D08 D8Vc D0cD \t8C0C ItCU \D0 Qct8Qcc!IVc
C! DUD8DI88, 8DC I\ I8 ID \D0 DUU0DIIc8 WDctc Dc CCDItO CI KDCWcC_c
t08ICc8.
cIOtc CCDIIDU:D_, 0DC !D OtCct C c8tI!] U] QCD\, WCuC IKc !C tc
DIDC ]Cu D8 0D 8KID_ WIDID |cDuDcI8IIOD) 8DC 8D0uI |cDUDCI8cC)
8 CCUQcX UDI O! IDt0c C1UcD8ICD8. \D0 tD0OtIC OI UCCctDII] cJID_ Dc
IIUDQD8 D8tt8IIVc8 CI Yc8ctD cIV!!28ICD, IDc C_IC O! cOODI8II], WDICD
I8 D0 DICC0D 8DC C8tKct 8ICc CI !Dc tDcCIIc CI UCCctDII] 0DC cOD8IU
IVc CI II 8DC IDc _t8DD8t C! CcCCODI8II], WDICD I8 \D0 88K D Dc Qtc8
0D OW8IC Dc Utc. |U UOtc 8IUQ], Dctc I8 DC UCCctDII] WIIDCuI
COODI8II], 0DC DcC8U80 O! I, UOC0tDII]/CCODI8II] cD_0DCct8 tc8QCD808
8 CDapIctJwo
daI haVc Iakcn Ihc !orm oI Ihc rammat oI dccoIonaIIIy.'' Jhc rhc!orc oI
modcrnIy and !hc Ioc o! coIonaIIy cmboqcd IobaI dcsns IhouhI
ou! and mQIcmcnIcd n and by acIors n Ihc mcIroQoIc and dsQcrscd oVcr
Ihc coIoncs. LccoIonaIIy, nsIcad, n Ihc coIoncs and cx-coIoncs, and
bccausc o mmtaton, dsQctscs and s bccomn a maItct o! daiIy Ic In
IuroQc and Ihc \nIcd 5IaIcs` araIcI Qhcnomcna atc bcIn wiIncsscd aI
oVct dc worId, ncIudn n Ihc ormcr 5oVcI \non, whcrc mtanIs rom
Ihc cx-5oVcI coIoncs atc dcsccndn on Noscow, QtoVokID (n Lcccm-
bcr zoo} roIs and VoIcnI QcrsccuIions oI non-5IaVc and non-rIhodox
QcoQIc.
LoonaandmpciaOUcrcnccs:
JcOwcngoIOccooniaIJnking
Ny oaI hcrc s noI Io rcdraw Ihc maQ Iraccd by 5chmII, bu! Io dccoIonzc
and maRc undcrsIandabIc Iwo crucaI !uncIons oI IobaI Incar IhinkD.
Jhc htsI was Io csIabIsh Ihc crIcra Ior Ihc maRin and tcmaRin oI lmc-
rla/ Jjcrcnccs, Ihc sccond Ior Ihc maRin and tcmaRin oI co/onla/ Jjcr-
cnccs. Jhcy atc boIh crucaI Io undcrsIandn Ihc wot!d ordcr o Ihc QasI
hVc hundtcd ycars (oo-zooo) and Ihc tadcaI Irans!ormaIions wc (a!I us
IVn} haVc bccn wIncssn sIDcc zooo, o whch /, Ihc co!IaQsc oI YaI
5IrccI, and Ihc IstacI massacrc n Gaza arc IcIIn sns (I W comc bacR
bcIow Io dcsc ssucs}.
Yc can IocaIc Ihc !oundIn momcnI o boIh imQctaI and coIonaI d-
crcnccs n Ihc canoncaI worR by Ihc IcaI IhcoIoan Irancsco dc NIo ra,
aIudcd Io n Ihc nIroducIon and Ihc sIarIn QonI o! 5chmdIs atu-
mcnI. Yc haVc aIrcady noIccd IhaI dc NIota had !o soIVc Iwo sdcs o
onc QrobIcm. n thc onc hand, hc nccdcd Io dcbunR Ihc soVcrcnIy o!
Ihc QoQc and Ihc monatch and Ihct QrVIccs n aQQtoQraIn Iands n-
habIcd by non-LhrsIans and Io dcaI wIIh Ihc gucston oI jutsdcIon. Jo
cuI oH Ihc auIhorIy o Ihc QoQc and Ihc monatch, hc sIaIcd IhaI a!I naIions
on Ihc QIancI [buI n Ihs casc, Ihc 5Qansh naIon and Ihc Indan naIons n
Ihc `cw YorId} wcrc cndowcd wiIh lus ycntlum, Ihc thIs oI naIons.
5ncc Indans bcIon Io Ihc human communIy and wctc cndowcd wIh
us cnIum, ncIhcr Ihc QoQc not Ihc monarch couId haVc Jomlnlum oVcr
Ihcm. `ow Ihc sccond sIcQ was to dcaI wiIh !hc 5Qanatds and Ihc Indans,
acc-Io-acc n Ihc `cw YorId. 5ncc 5Qanards and Indians wctc cguaI ac-
l 1m YD0Lcl C
cotdn Io Ihc QtincQIc o us cn\um, how couId 5Qanards |usIi!y \hct
nIcrVcnIons n Ihc Ic and habIaI o Ihc `cw YotId [!tom Ihc QctsQcc-
Iwc o turoQc} QcoQIc: Irancsco dc NIora cndcd uQ, aUct tcconzin
IbaI Indans had Ihc rhIs o na\ons, dcmonsItaIin Ihcr dchccnccs n
raIonaIIy (aIIhouh Ihcy Qosscsscd rcason} and maIurIy (aIIhouh Ihcy
wcrc human}. ncc dc NIo ra dcIcrmincd Indians to bc somchow ncror
(a!Ihouh QcoQIc wIh thIs}, hc bui!I uQ hs atumcnI on racaI cQs\cmc
hctarchcs, QIacn himsc aI Ihc zcto QonI o obscrVaIon-Ihc cQsIcmc
coIonaI dHcrcncc was csIabIshcd. Jhc dca o QrVaIc QroQctIy cmctcd
rom Ihs contonIaIon bcIwccn, on Ihc onc hand, `cancc!IaIon o dVinc
Iaw and Ihc thIs o Ihc QoQc and Ihc monarch Io Qosscss and dsQosscss
Ihc naIVcs and, on Ihc oIhct, Ihc `IimIaIons oI Ihc naIVcs wIh rcatd Io
Ihcit thI Io bcncnI rom Ihc Iand oVcr whch Ihcy had cnIrc dsQosIon
bcotc Ihc attVaI o IuroQcans. Jhs dca aQQcars n Irancsco dc NIora,
tc-cmctcs iD Huo Gtotus, and s u!y dcVcoQcd by )ohn Iockc.`
ncc Indians wcrc cndowcd wIh `rhIs, rhIs whch wcrc mcann!u!
n Ihc IuroQcan worId, buI noI n JawanIinsuyu and ADhuac [and Ihcrc
was noIhn wton aI IhaI QonI whcn thIs wctc noI ncdcd}, Ihc gucs-
Ion bccamc whaI Io do wIh Ihcm, sncc Ihcy haVc rhIs buI aI Ihc samc
!imc atc raIona!y dchccnI. Kcmcmbct IhaI Ihs was a QtobIcm or Ihc
5Qanatds, noI ot Ihc `cw YorId QcoQIc, who wcrc noI QarIcQaIiD n Ihc
conVcrsaIon. Irancsco dc NIora and Ihc 5Qanards-and, n Ihc Iwcn-
IicIh ccnIuty, Ihc !tcnch, Ihc brIish, and Ihc Amctcans-aItrbuIcd Io
IhcmscIVcs Ihc thI Io bc whctc Ihcy Ihink and Io IhnR IhaI oIhcr QcoQIc
arc uncVi!izcd, unqctdcVcIoQcd, or IhaI Ihcy arc bccomn, jusI cmcrn.
HowcVct, uom Ihc sixIccnIh ccnIury Io Ihc IwcnIy-htsI, many who wctc
and arc consdctcd anIhroQos hom Ihc QcrsQccIVc o Ihc humanIas (bc
I dc NIora and Ihc Lhurch, sccnInc dscQ\incs, or Ihc Yor!d bank IhaI
aQQroQraIcs Ihc Ianuac o Ihc anIhroQos Io rcman IscI as saVor and noI
Io aIIow sc!-dcIcrminaIon} Iook and arc IaRin Ihcr cQsIcmc dcsIncs in
Ihcr own hands: anIhroQos bccomcs humanIas noI by conVcrson, cVi!za-
Ion, ot dcVcIoQmcnIs by humanIas, buI by assumn Ihcr humanIy anJ
oclny wbcrc tbcy tblnkhumanIy s aQQtoQtaIcd by Ihc anIhroQos raIhcr
Ihan bcn cndowcd by bumanltas Io Ihc anIhtoQos. Yhcn IhaI haQQcns wc
bccomc aI anIhroQos or humanIas, sincc Ihc QtVIcc o zcro QoinI cQsIc-
moIoy IhaI bui!I such dsIincIons s crascd and dsQIaccd by Ihc co- and
8 CDapIct1WU
IhaIhaVc takcn thc!orm othc gammar odcco!ona!]." 1hc rhctoco
modcmty and thc!ogc o!co!ona!tycmbodcd g!oba! dcsgns thought
outaDdmQcmcntcdnandbyacIorsnIhcmcIropo!canddspcrscdoVcr
tLc co!oncs. Icco!ona!ty nstcad, n Ihc cooncs and cx-co!oncs and
bccausco!mmgtaton,dsQcrscsands bccomngamatIcro!day)cin
IuroQc aDdIhclnIcd5taIcs'Varac!QhcnomcnaarcbcngwIncsscda!!
oVctthcword, ncudngnthcormcr5oVctlnon,whctcmgrants!rom
Ihccx5oVctcooncsarcdcsccndngonNoscow, Qrovokng (n Occcm-
bcrzoo) roIs andVocntQcrsccutons onon-5aVcandnon-rthodox
QcoQc.
LooniaIandm
}
criaIOiUcrcnccs:
JcOwcIIingo!OccooniaJinKing
NygoahcrcsnoItorcdtawthcmapIraccdby5chmtI,buttodcco!onzc
andmakc undcrsIandabcIwocruca!!lnctonso!g!oba ncar thnKDg.
Jhchtstwasto csIab!ish Ihc crtcra!orthc makDgandrcmakDgo!lme-
rlal Jjerences, Ihcsccond!otthc makDg and rcmaKngo!colonlal Jjer-
ences. Jhcyarc boIh cruca to undcrsIandingthcwor!d ordcr oIhc pasI
hVchundrcdycats(oo-2ooo)and IhctadcaIransormatonswc (a!us
!VDg)havcbccnwIncssngsncczooo,owhch l,Ihc co!!aQscoYa!
5ttcct,andIhcIstac massacrc nGazaatc Ic!ngsgns (Iw comc back
bcowIo thcscssucs).
Yc canocaIcIhcoundngmomcnIo!both\mpcraandco!onad-
crcnccsnIhccanonca!wotKbyIhc!cgaIhco!oganIrancscodcVIora,
a!!udcd to n thc nttoducIon and Ihc starIng Qont o!5chmdIs atgu-
mcnt. YchaVc arcady notccd IhaI dc VIora had Io so!vc Iwo sdcs o!
onc Qrob!cm. n thc onc hand, hc nccdcd Io dcbunK Ihc soVcrcgnty o
Ihc QoQc and thc monarch and thcr prvcgcs n apQroQraIng!ands In-
habIcdbynon-ChrstansandtodcawthIhcgucstono |ursdcton.1o
cuIoBIhcauIhorIyo!thcQoQcandIhcmonatch, hc staIcdIhaIa!natons
onIhcQanct(butnIhscasc,thc5QanshnatonandthcIndannatonsn
thc Ncw Yord) wcrc cndowcd wIh lus yentlum, thc rghIs onaIons.
5ncc Indans bc!ong to thc human communIy and wctc cndowcd wIh
us gcntum, ncIhcrIhcQoQcnor Ihcmonatch coud haVcJomlnlum oVcr
Ihcm.NowthcsccondsIcQwasIodca!wIhthc5Qanards andIhcIndans,
acc-to-!accnIhcNcwYo!d.5Incc5panIatds and IndIanswcrccgua!ac
i1m Yhctc O
cOtdmgto thcptincQc o!us gcnIum, nowcoud 5Qanards|usIyIhct
!crVcnIons n thc Ic andhabIaI oIthcIcwYord (UomIhc QcrsQcc-
tIVc oIIuroQc) QcoQc Itancsco dc V!ota cndcduQ, ahct rccognzng
!0aI Indanshadthc rgh\s oInaIons, dcmonsttaIngIhcr dcnccnccs n
ta!ona!Iy (aIhoughIhcyQosscsscd rcason) and maIutIy (aIhoughthcy
wctchuman). nccdcV!otadcIctmncdIndansIobcsomchownIctor
(aI\houghQcopcwIhrghts),hcbuIup hs argumcnIon racacpsIcmc
bctatchcs,Q!acnghmsc!IaIthczcropontoIobscVaton-IhccQs\cmc
co!onaddcrcnccwascstab!ishcd.JhcdcaoQtVa\cptoQcrIy`cmcrgcd
IromthsconrontaIonbcIwccn,on\hconchand,cancc!a\on odVnc
Iaw and thc tghIs oIIhcpopc and thc monarch to posscss and dsQosscss
IhcnaIVcs and, onIhcothct,thc!mIaIonsoIhcnaIVcswIhrcgatdIo
Incrrgh\tobcnch\omIhcandoVctwhch \hcyhadcnIrcdsQoston
bcIorc thc arrVa!oIutoQcans. JhsdcaapQcatsnItancsco dcVto ta,
rc-cmcrgcsnHugoGroIus,ands!l!ydcVcoQcdby]ohnLocKc.'
nccIndanswctccndowcdwIhrghts,tghtswhchwctcmcanng!l
Uthc IuroQcanword,buI not n 1awantnsuyuand Anhuac (and thctc
was nothngwrong aI IhaIQont whcn tghts wctc noInccdcd), Ihc gucs-
ton bccamcwha\Io dowIhIhcm, snccthcyhaVc rghIsbuIat Ihc samc
!Imc atc taIona!y dcnccnt. IcmcmbctIhaIths was aptobcm Iot Ihc
5Qanatds,noIorthcNcwYor!dQcopc,whowctcnotQatIcQatngnIhc
ConVcrsaIon. Itancsco dc V!ota and Ihc 5panatds-and, n Ihc Iwcn-
tcIh ccnIuty, Ihc Ircnch, thc brIsh, and \hc Amcrcans-atItbuIcd to
thcmscVcsIhctghtIobcwhctcthcythnkandIothnKIhatothctQcoQc
atcuncV!zcd,):1dctdcVcoQcd,or\haIthcyatcbccoming,|ustcmctgng.
HowcVcr, rom uc sxtccnth ccnIury Io Ihc IwcnIytsI, manywho wctc
and atc consdcrcd anthroQos Uom thc QctsQcctVc oIIhc humantas (bc
IdcVtoraandIhcChutch, sccnthcdscQncs, orthcYot!danktha\
aQQroQraIcsthcanguagcoIthcanIhtoposIotcman\sc!IassaVotandnoI
toa!owsc!I-dctctmnaIon)tookandatcIakngIhcrcQsIcmcdcsIIncsn
Ihctownhands:anthroposbccomcshumantasnoIbyconVcrson,cVza-
Ion, ordcVcopmcnts byhumantas,bu\byassumngthcrhumanIIy anJ
oeiny wbere tbey tbink-humanIy1 aQQroQtatcd byIhc anthroQos raIhcr
Ihanbcngcndowcdbybumanltas tothcanthroQos.YhcnthathaQQcnswc
bccomca!anIhroQosothumantas,sinccIhcQrvcgcozcro QonIcQstc-
moogythatbutsuchdsIincIonss crascdanddsQaccdbyIhcgco and
CbapIcrWO
OCC]-QCIIC8 C! KDOWCC_C, D8 I8, IDC CQI8ICDOC_] C! CCWC8!CtDIZD_ 8Dd
dCCOCDI8 8DIDtCQO8.
1 !CW dCC0dC8 8HCt !DC8C dCO8!C8 ID bQ8ID, DC [uCCDu0 LU8U8D OU8
CC 1]08 W08 IVJD_ ID J0W8DID8U]u, DC CttIIOt] O! DC DC88 DCID_ tC-
Q8CCC O] DC NICCtC]8I] C! CtU. LU8U8D CU8 W88 CXQCtICDCID_ 8 t8CI-
C8 t8D8!CtU8ICD O! DI8 CIVIiIZ8IIOD. C W88 (CX8Cd) WDCtC DC W08 dOID_
8DC IDIDKD_ DtOu_D DI8 dO:D_; 8DC WD8 DC W08 DIDKD_ tC8QODCCd !O
DCCC8, CC8ItC8, 0DC V8ICD8 _tOUDCCd ID DC DI8Ot] C! IDC J8W0DID8U]u,
DC ID DC DI8Ct] C! YC8ICtD LDtI8II8D8, 88 I W88 DC C88C !Ot dC NIIOtI8.'*
YDC CC NI!CtI8 Q0tICIQ0Cd ID 8 dI8CU88ICD 8FCD_ bQ8DI8tC8 0OOu DC D-
dI8D8, Lu8U8D CU0 8ddtC88Cd D1Q \ HCU !DC QCt8QCCIVC O! J0W8D-
ID8u]u. C dIC DO tCQtC8CD 8 DCI8D8, 88 CC NI!Ct10 dIC DO tCQtC8CDI 8
bQ8DI0td8. \DCCDI0O,, DOWCVCt, dC NIlOtI8 W88 8QC8KD_ ID IDC FCCC C!
DC8!CC dCO0C8 0DC I88uC8 8DCCJD_ bQ8DI8D 8OCICI] 8Dd I!C. C W88 UOtC
CCDCCtDCC 8OOU bQ8D D8D 8DOU J8W8D:D8U]u. Lu8U8D CU88 COD-
CCtD W88 ID8IC8C J8W0DIID8u]u. mCWCVCt, dC NIICtI8 D88 OCCD tCCO_DIZCd,
QI8I8Cd, CtIIQuCd, 8DC CD!DtODCd, WDCtC88 LU8F8D OU8 W88 CC8QI8Cd,
I_DCtCd, 8Dd 8J1CDCCC uDI:1 tCCCD], 8DC DI8 WOtK I8 81 1CCO_DIZCd CD] 88
8 COCuUCDI, DO 88 QOIIC0 tC8I8C 8 IDC 88UC CVC 88 CC NICtI88. JOU 8CC
DCtC 8I WOtK DC CQI8ICUIC CCODI8 CIDCtCDCC 8UQQOtCd O] IDC ODCO_IC8
CCODI8 CIHCtCDCC: DCI8D8 CC DO DJDK, DCtC!OtC DC] 8tC ODIOC_IC8 ID-
!CtICt DUU8D DCD_8, 8Dd WD0CVCt IDC] CO I8 888UUCC C OC CCID_ WDOU
IDIDKD_, Ct 8! OC8, O! dCID_ 8DC DIDKD_ W1CD_] Ct CCDCICD]. DC VC1]
D8UC8 `1DCI8D 0Dd `DdI88 LCCICCD8C8 dCDICd IDCU DC QC88IO1I] O!
OCID_ WCtC DC] WDCtC (J0W8D:D8U]u, 1D8DU8C, 1O]8-J88). D8! OD_ DI8-
!Ot] O! t8CI8 CQI8ICUIC QtC|UdICC I8 8 WOtK CC8] ID CIV8, OOD D8ICD8]
8DC IDCtD8IOD8].' 1CCCCDI8 !DIDKD_ 8Dd dCCCODI8 OQICD(8) WCtK
IOW8td tCC1C88ID_ DOI CD] 0 CD_ DI8Ot], OUI 88O DC IDt8C8OC O_IC OD
WDICD UOCCtD IUQCtI8 CQI8ICUOC_] W88 !OUDdCd 8DC I8 U8IDI8IDCd.
JD8 W88 ]C8CtC8], DC 0!C 8JX!CCDID 8Dd C8t] 8CVCDICCD\D CCD\utIC8.
JOC8] CCCCODI8 DIDYID_ COD!tCDID_ _CO8 IDC8t DJLYID_ I8 8IVC 8Dd
WC, 8DOU_D _CDCt0] 8ICDCCC Ct U8t_ID8IZCC O] IDC ID8II\uIIOD8 CCO-
DI81I] O! KDOWCC_C 08 WC 88 IDC DC_CUODIC Q1IOtIIC8 O! UCCCtD YC8-
CtD ICC8 KDCWCC_C D Qt8CIICC8 8Dd CCUC8IIOD. G/ooa/ I8 8QQtOQtI8ICC O]
dCCOCDI0 IDIDKCt8 8Dd WI8CC, !Ot I I8 DC u8Cd IO CC!CDC 8 DCW `:U-
QCtI8 _CO0I8U, OU OD !DC CODt8t] O CCD!tCDI _OO8 UCCCtDIy WID
1 1m YhCtc l !O 8p
_OD8l CCCClOD0lI\1C8. D 8QI!C O d1HCtCDCC8 WC C8D IdCDI!y 8DC 0D8lZC
U0 1hC\Ct1C 8Dd D8tt8IIVC C UOdCtDII], DCIh 8Q8I8] 8DC Ch:CDOC_-
cmtCU IDC 8:7CCDD CCD\uI] !O IOd8], DCWCCD \hC LutOQC8D DIOD 8Dd
1DC 1DICd b8!C8, Ct DCWCCD LD_8Dd 8Dd t8DCC, IDO8C IDICtD8 JUQC-
II0 OICtCDCC8 8tC DC! C! DC 88FC KDd 88 \DC CIDCtCDCC8 D8 UCCCtDIy
CIC8ICC O] CXQ8DC1D_ 8DC CX|CDdD_ IO IDC DOD-LutOQC8D WCtlC, CIhCt D]
D6DIQU0IID_ CX|CtD8 COCDI8 8Dd IUQCtI8 C:CtCDCC8 (C._., DC C088IC8
dIRCtCDCC OC\WCCD \hC YC8I 8Dd 88U). CC8u8C C! DC 8U:8tIIC8 ID DC
InICtD0 IUQCtI8 C1DCtCDCC8 8UCD_ P8DIIC LutOQC8D 1FQCtI8 CCuD!tIC8,
I\ W08 QC88IOC IO U8ID8D YC8CtD IUQCtI8 COU:D8DCC. mOWCVC1, !DC
dICtCDCC8 8!\hC OO1CCt8 C! LUtC-PUCtIC8D UOdCtDII] (C._., \hC OOtCCt8
D-IwCCD LUtCQC 8DC 1HIC8; Ot OCWCCD DC \DICC b8C8 8Dd bOUD|LCD-
\t8 PUCtIC8 8DC DC L8tIOOC8D; Ot OCWCCD \hC LutOQC8D DIOD|DIICC
b8C8 0Dd L88I P8I8) CtC8CC IDC CODC1IOD8 Ot \hC CUCt_CDCC O! dCCOC-
DI8l DIDKD_, DOD 88 CQI8CUIC 8Dd QCIIC8 QtO|CC8. Du8, hCtC C8DDO
D0 8 UODCOQIC DI8IOt] O! CCCOODI8 OQICD8. DC] CUCt_C ID CIVCt8C C-
C0 DI8CtIC8 8Dd D8VC ID COUUCD IDC CXQCtICDCC O! OCID_ DICt!CtCC O]
DC COCDI8 U8ItX C! QOWCt 8Dd IDCtC!OtC YC8CtD CIV:IZIOD. XCu U8]
OC IDJLYID_ \h8I LutC| PUCtIC8 CQI8ICUCO_] I8 88O C1VCt8C. u! I! I8 DC
!DC 88FC 08 IDC C1VCt8II] O! CCCOCDI8 ID1DKID_. JDC C1VCt8Iy C! LutOQC0D
IDIDKD_ I8 CODI8IDCd W!DID CODC8IVC D8tt8!IVC8 C! YC8CtD CIVIiIZ8IIOD8.'"
1CCCCDI8 IDIDKD_ C8DDCI OC CCDI8DCC D CChC8IVC U8CtC-D8tt8IVC8 OC-
C8U8C II CUCt_C8 ID dIVCt8C OC8 DI8CtIC8 CD8D_CC WID YC8CtD CIV11Z8-
IOD. DC Dt8 8tC _tOUDdCd OD \hCO- 8DC C_O-QCIIIC8 C! KuCWCd_C, D8 I8,
ID ZCtO QCD CQI8CUC_] wD1C IDC 8CCODd 8tC C8D_ !Ot _CC- 8DC OCC]-
QCIIC8 CQI8!CUIC !OUDd8!IOD8 8DC QOIIC8 OtICDI8ICD8. utIVCt88 _OO8
!uutC8 8tC OCtD !tOU DC CCFUOD CXQCtICDCC IDC DOD-YC8CtD WCtC D8d
WD \hC CXQ8D8ICD C! IDC YC8I. bUtC, IDCtC WCtC CC8 8_CD8 WDO !8CI8CC
DC CXQ8D8IOD. uI D8 I8 DCI 8 8OUICD; I I8 Q0tI O! IDC QtODCU I8C!.
UtIVCt88 _OO8 !uutC8 tCQUItC CQI8CUIC dCUOCt8IZ8IIOD, WDICh I8 !C
88] DC CCCOCDIZ8IOD O! CCUOCt8C].
P 8]8CU C! 8CtI8 D88 OCCD CuIIDCC ID DC Q1CV1OU8 Q8t8_t8QD8, 8D uD-
CCt]D_ 8tuCutC D8 CODDCCI8 _OO8 IDC8t DIDKD_ W\D C0tC_t8QD]
8DC DC WOtd U8Q, IDC IdC8 O! DuU8D 8Dd DUU8DI88, 8Dd 8 ZCtO QOID!
C! OO8CtV8ICD (IDC IDVI8IOC KDOWCt, LOC, Ot DC It8D8CCDdCD8 8CCu18t
8UO]CC), D8 DO CD] CD8CtVC8 DU! 88C dIVICC8 \hC 8Dd 8DC Ot_8DZC8 IDC
C LBa]!ctWU
known. CarISchmitts 7Ic Nomos c{ tbc urtb hasbccn wrIttcn trom that
goInt otobscrvatIon and wIth thc concctn oIImgctIaI countrIcs,partIcu-
IarIyancrthchumbIc crIsIs oIthc SccondVorIdVar and thc HoIocaust.
JhcIincocoIonIa!dIctcnccstraccdthcscparatIonbctwccn "humanItas
and "anthropos, andthcrctorcwasthc ncccssarycondton tot Invcntng
thccgIstcmIcandontoIogIcaIdIcrcnccsandthcnmakingthcIIncsapgcar
ncutraIandobcctIvc'-ob|cctIvItywIthoutparcnthcsIsatItsbcst.Jhusthc
"/ bctwccnmodcrnIty/dc)coIonIa!ItyIsthcsIIc,asIsaIdandwIItcgcat,
whcrcmodcrnIty/coIonIalItyunItcanddIvIdc,whcrcmpcrIaIandcoIonIaI
dIhcrcnccsdwc!I,whcrcdccoIonIa!ItyanddcwcstcrnIzatIoncmcrgc,whcrc
spIrItuaIogtIons!IourIsh.VhoIntroduccddccoIonIaIthinkIngwasthcan-
thtopos not thc hu
c-
thIngothcrtanumanItas-thcumanItas oItcanthtoposthatcnvcus
thc anthropos In thc umanItas. In thcgtoccss otso dong I attcngt to
showthc I!!ogIc taIIona!Ity oIIc ubrIs oIthc zcro poInt and otthcu-
manItas gIacngItscItInaposItIonoIdominatIonthrough thcgartItIonoI
thc carth and thc cIassIhcatIon otIts gcogIc. Bordcr tInkIng Is otthc cs-
scnccaswcswitctrom mgcrIaIandtctrItorIa!cgIstcmoIogy(c.g.,gIobaI
j2 LDJ!CtJwo
!ncar Ihnkng) Io an cpIsIcmology cmcrgIng from thc placcs and bodcs
lch ouI of Ihc Inc (c.g., thc anthropos, Ihc OrcnIaIs, Ihc Jhrd WorId, ctc.).
And I Iakc "I am whcrc I Ihnk'' as Ihc basc proposIon of such rcasonIng,
boIh cpIsIcmIcaIly and poIlIIcaIIy.
OccoIonizing!nowIcdgcandbcing:JinKingOccooniay
dutingIhcLoIdYatandARct(bcnnabi,!usch,YynIct)
n Ihc hrst Iwo sccIlons I mappcd thc mpcrIallcolonIal sccnaros n whIch
zcro poInI cpsIcmology cmcrgcd and was consoIldatcd. "Impcrallco-
lonIal` docsnt rcfcr only Io conscrvaIIvc or rIghI-wIng ways of IhInkng.
Icts Iakc Ihcology, f
y Lh8y!ctTwc
thc rcsponscs arc o! a ddcrcnt naturc. IostcoIonaIsm n Agcra s not
thc samc as postco!ona!sm n Irancc. Chrstans, Narxsts, and!bcra!s
a!!havcthcrvicwandthcr!ramcswtnwhchtoaccountorthccvcnts.
Inhucnta!ntc!!cctua!snIranccIkcthcAgcran-bornAbcrtCamusand
thcIrcnchnatvc|can-Iau!Sartrc,hadconmctngvicwsothccvcnts.Bcn-
nab's rccctons bc!orc, durng, andancrthccgt ycars o!thcAIgcran
Wartransccndcdthccvcntsandbroughttc dscusson backhomcIo A-
gcra, ratcr than !ctting t rcman n Iars, count:g : Irancc's story.
Bcnnab's ramc o!thought s not !ashoncdrom Wcstcrn ghIosogca!
thnkng,aswasSartrcs,nstcad,hstoughtcxstcdi:tcnscrc!atonwt
Wcstcrn humansm. Bcnnab was, Ikc Camus, a sccu!ar co!onaI sub|ccI.
Bcnnabaskcdgucstonsanddcvc!ogcdargumcnIstatwcrcvcryddcrcnt
rom thosc o!tcIrcnc ntc!!cctua!s. Jhcr thnkingwas Imtcd smg!y
bccausctc mcanngo!Ihc Agcran Warn Irancc was cmbcddcdnIhc
storyo! !rancc and o!uropcan mgcra!sm,whIc thcmcan:go!thc
A!gcranWarnAgcra wascmbcddcdin tchstoryo!^orthAhcaand
thc cndurnghstorcs o!co!ona!sm. Jhc samccvcnthadddcrcntmcan-
ngs !or dm crcnt thnkcrs and dcpcndcd on tcr cu!tura! background:
thcrgco-hstorca!andbo-graghcconnguratonscrosscdbycoIona!and
mpcraI dm crcnccs.
Bcnnabasks and addrcsscsascIo!wcII-gua!ncdgucstons,a!!dcaIng
witknow!cdgcandsubjcctvtyintcstoryo!AIgcraand^orth^rca,
n thc dcnstyo!aycrs !rom Is!amzaIonbc!orcthc ttomans ruIcd thc
arca and thcn ahcrtcIrcnch dsp!accd thc ttomans. !n that dsg!acc-
mcntaradca! changctookpIacc:Agcracntcrcd,Ihrough!rcnchmgcr-
a!sm,Ihcmgcra!domanso!WcstcrncagtaIsm(c.g.,twascnmcshcd:
thcsprcadngtcnIac!cso!thc co!ona! matrb)-whchocourscIhctto-
manSu!tanatcadnoIbccn.Iothcrwords,whathagpcncdin:8]owasnot
|ustachangco!ru!crs andsu!tansbymodcrnprcsdcntsorgrmcmnstcrs
o!imgcra!statcs. wasnot sm!artowhathagpcncdn Irancc ahcrtc
rcvoIuIon,whcnthcbourgcoscdsg!accdthcmonarchy, butabcIongto
thcsamccosmo!ogy, a!bcttoddcrcnI soca! strata.!nIhscasc thoscwho
dsputcdgoItca!andcconomccontro!wcrcmost!yo!GaIIcdcsccnt,tcy
bccamcIrcnch ctzcns, and thcywcrc a!! whtc and a!!Chrstans. IA-
gcrathcywcrc not: thcywcrcArabsandBcrbcrs,|cws andNus!m, b!ack
andbrown,andhadbccnru!cdbytcttomanSu!tanatcor scvcra!ccnIu-
iPHNcrc 1C yy
rcs.DwcIIngntathstory,durngthcchaIIcngngycarsbctwccnwarsn
EurogcandtroughIhccrtca!ycarso!dcco!onzatonnAsaand^ca
(octwccnt(/ and:) aggroxmatcIy), BcnnabwrotctwoshorIand cru-
caIgcccs IhatarcparIcu!arIygcrmancto myargumcnt: 2Ic Qucstlon o]
Idcas ln tbc Aus|lm \or|d, conccvcdnIatc:6oand6,butnnshcdand
pubIshcdadccadc!atcr,and 2Ic Qucstlon o] Cu|turc, orgnaIIypubIshcd
n:(.`'BoIhgcccsrcsgondtoacommonconccrnamong"JirdWorld
ntc!IcctuaIs: ganng ndcgcndcncc !rom a !ong hstory o!coIona!ty o!
know!cdgc and o!bcng,that s,dccoIonzngbcngandknow!cdgcbybc-
ngwhcrconcthnksanddocs.Bcnnabdcscrbcstcstatco!!s!amccvI-
zatonattcmomcnto!wrtng, comgarngtwthardcr!osngconIro!:
Ikcardcrwhc has!ostccntro!cvcrthcstrrup andai!cdtorccapturct,
t hasbccn strugg!ng to attain ts ncw cqui!brium. Its sccular dccadcncc,
ccndcmnJngttoincrta,apaIhy,mpctcnccandcolonizcoilit, hasnoncthc-
lcssprcscrvcdtstradtonalva!ucs n amorcor!cssfcssilJzcdccndition. !
has cmcrgcd undcrsuchconditcnsatIhctimcwhcnthcrvvcntcthccntury
rcachcs thc pcak cItsmatcralpowcrbut whcn all thc mcral orccshavc
startcddisintcgratngsnccthc!rstWorldWar.``
Wc sa!! !ocus on tc cnuncaton, rathcr than n thc cnuncatcd, o
thcscobscrvatonsandwcwundcrstandtat"IamwhcrcIdoandthnk
rcIocatcsthnxing andknow!cdgc aIthcntcrscctono!thcgco- andbdy-
goItca! mpcra! cIassncaton ogIaccs andracaIzaIon o!pcogIc, !an-
guagcs,anddcas.Butocoursc,trc!ocatcsnotonIy"JhrdWor!d tnk-
ng,but"!irstWorIq'aswc!!.!Dcscartcsarrvcdattcconc!uson"Ithink,
tcrc!orc ! am,' t was grccscIy bccausc hc was whcrc hcwas dong, a!-
though hc suggrcsscdIhcmaIcra!ty othc cnuncaIon, hcjusttook!or
grantcdths: !you!cc! and knowthatyou arc humanIas,youmostIkcIy
wi!!not bc conccrncdabout wbcrc you do and tnk-you wou!d assumc
thatyounabttcunvcrsa!housco!know!cdgc,thccgstcmczcropont.
"!amwcrcIdo`at!yrc|ccIsthcassumgtonsthaIratona!andunvcrsa!
truIhsarcndcpcndcnto!woprcscntsthcm, towhomarcthcyaddrcsscd,
andwhytcyhavc bccn advanccdnthcnstgIacc, andtatthcprobIcms
g!osoghcrsandthnkcrsaddrcss:urogcsha!!havc"aggIcabIty` bc-
yondurogc, soyouavc to Iook!or prob!cms that morc or !cssnt thc
thcory.
1OO Lh8y!ctWO
J1 t8dt D8] \DIDK 8\ \DI8 QOI\, `LD, 1 8, ]OU 8I \aKJI_ 8DOu!
8I\u8d KDOW!d_. Lt8ID!] I aD, DU DO 8DOu\ `UDIVt88 8Iu8\O-
D88; taut, aD !alKJD_ 8DOU! 8IU8!dD88 W!D:D u CO!ODI8 D8tX
O! OWt, 8Dd Wut ]OU 8t !OC8!d WIuID \D I8\DIC 8Dd ODO!O_IC8
tac1a COOtdIa!8 O JltI8l KDOW!d_. O 88] !D8 KDOWd_ I8 8IU8\O
ID 8Dd O! I8! dO8D 8K U8 !OO !8t. U 8DOUD8 O 88y1D_ u8\ `t8!Iy
I8 COD8IUCO. oUt. U ODC W D8V D8D \D 88DI8!I8 C!8ID \D8\
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OD !t8Dc8 8Ic ID8\I\UIOD8!!] 0Dd !ID_UI8\IC8] 8DCDOtd I Yc8\ctD
UtOQc. D] 8I 8DCDOIC ID ID8\I\U\IOD8 (CDIcD], \DIOU_D DI8\Ot], \D
uPOQc8D UDIVcI8IIc8) 8Dd :D \Dc 8IX DOCPD (._., VPD8Cu!8I) uIOQc0D
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Jl LDaQtCtJtCC
thc Kcnaissancc to tc nIightcnmcnt, and Gcrman, TrcncL, and ngIis,
trom thc nIightcnmcnl. Bchind tc sX modcm urogcan anguagcs o!
knowIcdgc Iay thcir histoticaI !oundation. Gtcck and IatIn, and not, !or
inslancc, Arabic or Mandatin, Hindi ot Irdu, Aymara or NuatI. Jlc
sIx mcntioncd Ianguagcs, bascd on Grcck and IatIn, grovIdcd thc "tooI
to crcatc a givcn conccption ot knowIcdgc that was tcn cxtcndcd to thc
incrcasing, trough tmc, urogcan coIonics nom thc Amcricas to Asia
and A!rica. In thc Amcricas, nolabIy, wc cncountcr somcting that is aIicn
to Asian and Atrican tcgions. thc coIoniaI utogcan univcrsily, IIkc thc
Inivctsily ot Santo Iomingo, toundcd in ]8, lhc Inivcrsily ot Mcxico,
toundcd in :], lhc Inivctsily ot San Marcos, Ima, toundcd in ), and
Harvatd Inivctsity, toundcd in 6]6.
Jlc Iinguistic instirutionaI toundation, managcmcnt, and gracticcs that
knowIcdgc-making brings aIIow mc to cxtcnd Bcnvcnistc's !ormaI aggara-
tus ot cnunciation and to cIabotatc on cnunciation and knowIcdgc-making,
tocusing on thc bordcts bctwccn tc Wcstcrn (in lhc grccisc Iinguistic
and institutionaI scnsc I dchncd abovc) !oundation o! knowIcdgc and un-
dctslandng (cgislcmoIogy and hcrmcncutIcs) and its con!rontalion wIth
knowIcdgc-makIng in non-utogcan Ianguagcs and inslitutions in China
or in tc IsIamic caIighalc or in lhc cducationaI Inslitutions ot Maya, Az-
tccs, and Incas, which ncyc/ocJla rltannlca incIudcs, wIlh grcal ad-
miration, among thcit dcsctigtions o! "cducation in grimitivc and carIy
civIizations''
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tVCuICD, O: `u88IaD tVCUIOD. lOWVt, DP I8 8 dIDCU\]: `tVCU-
ICD I8 D_taJDC ID a I!at CODCQ\ C! DI8C] aDC C II, 8DC ID aD QI8-
DOO_] O88C OD 8 C_IC ID WDICD CICDC\ODI8 at 8Wa]8 ID CODPat] CP
COD\t8CIC\Ot] t8ICD8, \D] 8t DVt CODQUDat]. aCDa U\) D8aC,
OOD_8 C aD IDa_IDat] O!C]CIC8 tQ\IIOD8 aDC :_uat \t8D8!CtUaJOD8
O! D D8uP8/8OCIa WOtC. |aCD8 u\I I8 a \DItC DD \Da\ I!tOCuC8
\D COCDI8 CJHtDC, \D D_8C KDCWC_ Da C8D DO CD_t PCOV-
tC I! I\8 `QuII\], u \D8\ 81OW8 u8 \O 8 D III8 C! `D118 ]uC_DD
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OctachngJimcNcasurcmcntItomLosmoogicaJmc
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!1m O! \D DaPV8\, D DCVDD 8DC D IDQaC\ O \D tOaICD O 8tD
8DC DCCD atCuDC \D 8tD, \C.), XQ8D D Qat D 8Q8t8\ICD C!`D8ut
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8d \ID Cu\8IC O! u8.
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COUdu80\O 8utVIVC 8DOOt_8DZC\D0It!IC.uD8DDCIn_8 OOKIODDCD-
8CVC8\ODC!ICV0 \D8 8CCI\8IDU\0tQI08IODO\DCOtO0tO!\D0rosmos D8O
I0D0IDQO80OODO\D0I8OCI0I08\OOt_8DIZ0\DCo/is. DC )uOC0-LDtI8I8D
mC\8QDOt !D8 LOu!O tC!0t8 \O I8, ODVIOu8y, !D0 DCOO_IC8 D8CtO-!InC8t
1C8QDOI O!Ct08!IOD 8DO CDd O!\DC WOtO\D8W88 !I8D88\0O, U 8CCU8I
\:L0, U\O D0 IdC8 O!QIO_tC88, OCVC!OQD0D, 8DODOOCtDIZ8\IOD. `DC,
CjC!IC8 OI!UC0t, OD8\utC OI O!DuD8DDI8OIy, 88 WCKDOWI\Od8y, I8 8
tC8U 8Dd 8 COD8CQu0DCC O!D0 COODI8 D8tIX O!QOWCI ID8_ID8t. DC
VCtyIdC8O!`\ID0 COuQ0dWID `DI8Oty, QtO_tC88,8DddCVC!OQDCD\ W88
8O 8IOD_ D8 YC8CtD DOdCtD 8CICDCC8 tC8CDCO \D0 QOID\ ID WDICD IDC
W88 DO\ODy\DC8QUCO!DI8Oty,DuDCC8DC 8DCDIUI\8C!!,WDI8 OWn
DI8Oty.
Jimc, mcNylhoIIstoty, 8U !hcNylhoIScicncc
1D 0t_uU_ D8! `\IDC 88 I\ I8 CODC0IVCd \Od8y I8 8 !dDO8D0D8 QICCC O!
!D0 COODI8I 8DO YC8\CtD CIVIIZ8IOD :D8_ID8ty D8\ _IVC8 8uQQOt\, ID
Q8t, O DOD D0D\D O!DI8OtyO\DC DD O!8CI0DCC.88uCD, 8DOOt
DC8C tC88OD8, I\ W88 8Dd CODIDuC8 \O DC 8 D8)Ot !8COI ID \D0 D8KID_ O
CO!ODI8 8DO DQCO8OIHCtCDCC8.YDCD YC8CtDDI8Oty0Id 8CICDC0 WCtC
|8Dd 81 8tC) COD\t8OIC0dDy!OID8 O!t0COtOID_ \D0 Q88\ 8DO O!KnOWID_
D8\utC 8Dd \DC unIV0t8C, ID ODCt WOId8 WD0D DC W0IC COD!tODCd W!D
DI8\OtIC8 8Dd 8CICDC08 D8 8I0d O COtIC8QODO WD D0It OWD 8\8Dd0tO8
ODI8OIy 8DO O!8CICDC0, DOdCID DI8OtI0I8 8DO 8CICD\I88 D8d tCCOut8C
O DCtOWD ID8_ID0OuDIIn00tCVOu\IOD ODuD8DI\, ID dC!0D80O!DCIt
C8D8. LIVIIZ8\IOD8 ID WDICDYC8CtD CXQ8D8IODdIODO!C88DI8D CO!ODI08
|!IKC LDID8, )8Q8D, Ot 1u88I8) D8d \O 0DduI0 DC DD OuDIV0t88!DI8!Ot
8DO unIVCt88 8CICDCC 88 8 D8IKCI O `DOOCtDI\y W\D WDICD D0y WCtC
8uQQO8CO\O C8\CD uQ. LOODI8!I, tCDCDDCI, I8 DuCD DOtCD8D CO!ODI8!-
I8D: I\ I8 8 CO!ODI8 D8\t:XO!QOWCt DtOu_D WDICD WOtd OtOCt D88 DCCD
CIC8CO 8Dd D8D8_Cd. 1 I8 QtCCI80yDC CO!ODI8 D8t:X O!QOWCt D8 I8
12 Chagcr Iour
in disputctoday, as Ioutlincdin chaptcrz-quitc aparttrom thcquarrcls
withinIuropcancosmo!oythatkccpboththcIchandthcKhtbusy.
Jhc WcstcrnnotionotlimcsupporIs"historyand"scicnccto acquirca
hccmonicIrccandtodcvclopacomparativcpointotvicwthatallowstor
thc crasurc or dcvaluation otothcrtorms otknowlcdc. Jhisis acommon
proccdurcandstralcyinthcmakinotthcmodcrnlco!onialworldaswc!!
as incrcatincoloniallimpcrialnotions otdicrcncc. Sccular historyand
scicncc|usttranstormcdChristianstraIcicsthal,durinthcs;tccnthccn-
tury,dcvalucdInca, ^ztcc, andMayacpistcmoloics. Bythis!mcan that
thc Maya wcrc rationalbcins, and that thcir !oic otknowlcdc-makin
manitcstcdthc samc humancapabiIitythatin thc Wcslwas dcscribcd by
thc word cistcmo|oy
/
Morcovcr, thc word cistcmo/oyy was uscd to dis-
avow cpistcmo!oical practiccs that did not corrcspond to thc Wcstcrn
manacmcntotknowlcdc,anddidsobyaI|ributinto Ihcmdcvi!ish dc-
sins,andbyrctcrrintothcmasacntsotthcDcvil.To bcrcardcdasbc-
inbchindthcprcscnttimcotmodcrnitywasthcsccularcquiva!cntotbc-
ininthchandsotthcDcvildurinIhcthcoloicalmomcnt.!havcarucd
thaIWcstcrnnotionsot"timc`contributcdtothcdislinctionbctwccnboth
naturc and culturc, and modcrnity and tradiIion. Bccausc otIhc iIlusion
this crcatcs,wc can casIytorctthatboth thcoystcrandthcbioloistwho
works in thc scicntihc culturc ottimc rcckoninbclonto thc samc basic
livcdtimc."ModcrnmanbuIthisscnscotsupcriorityandhispridcinthc
proccss otcutlinthcumbIicalcordwith "naturc,whiIc "primitivcman
wasstilItooc!osctoit,andbcinc!osctonaturcmcanl(bomthcpcrspcctivc
ot"modcrnman) bcintar tromcivilization. Howcvcr, Incastorcxamplc,
wcrcboth,closcto Iachamamaandcivilizcd. Butthatidcawasdcstroycd
bythcrhctoricotmodcrnityinordcrtobuildthcloicotco!onia!lty|usti-
tyinacuonsovcrthc"barbarianslatcrontranslatcdinlo"prmitivcs.
!sitpossiblctothinktromthatsiIcncc(thcsIcncccrcatcdbyco!onia!ity
otknowlcdc),toundothccolonialanddiHcrcnccslhat"Iimccontributcd
to makc and contributcs to maintain: Intcrcstinly cnouh, this conccrn
ariscs noton!yamonintcl!cctualswho throuh chiIdhood cxposurc and
protcssiona!trainin havc aincd an cxpcricncc otcpistcmoloics bascd
onprincip!csbcyondGrccklcacyandbcyondWcstcrnnccds.JhcItalian
phIosophcrIrancoCassano, in hismporIant book!cnsicro mcridiano,
conncctsthctorccotthcSunin^IbcrtCamussI 'tranycr ((z)wthan-
(!c)Co\ona!]at !a:[c 1}j
ccnt Grcck pcrccption and conccption otnalurc and Kairos. \c sccs in
tms constcI!ation an aspcctotGrcck thouht \hathasbccnsupprcsscdin
Ihcconstruction otWcstcrnciv!ization, an aspcct smilar to ^rabic con-
trbutionstoWcstcrncpistcmoloythatcquaI!ywcntunnoticcdinthc Kc-
naissanccandpost-Kcnaissanccrcadins.CassanosdisclosurcallowsusIo
undcrstandthcsimiIariticsbctwccnancicntGrccccand^ndcancosmolo-
ics, thc simIaritics bctwccn Iairos and Iacha, as wcl! as thc conlinuity
bctwccn spacc, timc, nalurc, and!itc. Cassano is not conccrncd with thc
co!onia!butwiththcimpcria!diHcrcncc.Hisc!amtoraSouthcrnthinkin
("u pcnsicromcridiano) cmcrcdtromthc mpcria! (intcrnal) diHcrcncc,
Uat is, tromthc turopcan conslruction otthc South as thc placc ot"slow
sgccd. Sincc thc cihtccnth ccntury, thc Iuropcan South was simulta-
ncous!yconstructcdwiththcricnt,andthcdcnialot cocvalncsswasatthc
ccntcrotsuchconslructions.!sntthcrcinIatin^mcrica asmilarimac,
andhundrcdsot|okcs,toldtromthcpcrspcctivcotthc(modcrn)cityabout
thc slowncss otthc (traditiona!) country r in SouthlCcntral ^mcrica
andIhc Caribbcan sccn bom thc pcrspcctivc otthc cmcicnl and spccdy
Norlh Ioticcthatthcimpcria!intcrnaldicrcncc, inturypc,wastrans-
!atcdtwicc,in^mcrica,intothcco!onia!dihcrcncc.hrst,ahcr88andIhc
Spanish-^mcrcan War, sccond,ahcrthc cnd ot\hc Co!dWar, whcnthc
obaordcrmovcdtromWcstvs.tasItoIorIhvs.South.Indccd,apowcr-
mdoublcstrokc.nthconchand,ricnta!isminturopcwasrcissuinthc
impcrial dm crcncc cstablishcdinthc sixIccnth-ccnlurycxpcricnccs otthc
Mcditcrrancan (cxpulsion ot thc Moors) and thc colonial dihcrcncc ot
thc^t!antic (contaclwith^mcrindiansand^bicanslavcry).nlhcothcr
hand,thc makinotthcSouthwasthc impcria!dm crcnccthatpavcdthc
way tor Hccs "hcart ot Iuropc (In!and, Irancc, Gcrmany), and tor
thccurrcntmovic-makinimainary,n thcUnitcdStaIcsorin Iuropc,thc
Southrcmains thc placcotsun,lovc, tourism, ood litc, and "s!owspccd.
''Jimc was and is amndamcntalcomponcntin such anuanary. Jlc
"Iasl andthc "Soutn!ivcaslowtimc,whiIcthcIorth isthc!ocation ot
spccd, prorcss, andotlivinbythc"cock.
Ialurc (sgacc) andtraditon(timc)wcrcoutcastby\hcimpcria!andthc
colonia!dicrcnccsandconstrucIcd as thatwhichisincrt and hcd. Sti!!
nalurc`bccamcacommontopicinWcstcrnpaintin!atcinthcscvcntccnth
ccnlury.^tthatpoint,naturcwasno!oncrconccivcdasalivinsysIcm(as
1] Chagcr Iout
I\ V88 8UCD_Dc DOc8D 8DOc8O8UctIC8DCIVIIZ8\IOD8),Du\V88t8D8-
!CtUcdIDC 8DOD]cCCXctD8CDuU8DIC, !ODcCVctCCDCD]8CIIOD, 8DC
a8 Dc QtIUc tc8OUICc Ct Dc DCcd8 CtCacC D] \Dc 1DCu8tI8 CVCuIOD.
I8I8!c!O\DI8D8tIaIVc C!QtO_tC888DCUOCCtDIy,!t8OI1IODDC_8DC _8ID
_tOUDO88DcIU8_c C!a`8\L DuU8DQ88\.L\DcAu8CuUO8ut8!I8-
OI], IDcVYCtK Ct LDIC8_O,]OuC8D 8cc`QtIDIIVc8 DCX|OQOatDcat8
aDd LDIDc8c8CIC8. DU CCOUt8c\Dctc 8tC ODct Q8Cc8,DC]ODODU8CuD8,
VDCICD8uIc8Dd\t8OIIIOD 8tCKcQuDCctCCDtO8DC8tC DC\ tCCC_DI2CC
!Ot\Dc!OtCCDc]D8VcD\DcQtc8CD.LI,88\DCbcDc_ac8c8D_ct,Du8ICI8D,
QctCtUct, 8DO QO!IIC 8CIVI8 Da8D888VCuCDaVc I\,taCIICD I8 DC
QIC8cD\,DC\\DcQ88\,tcUIDO!D_U8D8DCO18DCIODDCVccDUOCCtDIy
taO1ODI8Q8tC!D
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ct8!], C!DuIOID_ 8DdU81D8DID_DC CCCDI8D8\t:7C!QOVct.
LCD8cqUCD!], I 8ccD8 C DC\D8 CDc O\Dc IDc!CCu8 \a8K8 Ct ID8_-
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COCDI8 OIUctCDCc 8Dd Dc CCDtIDUIIOD C!`\IUc C I. DIDKID_ ID ctU8
O`taD8UOdctDIy, ID8C8O OUOdctDIy 8DC \t8O1!IOD, 8DO DIDYD_ ID
ctU8 C8CDaD8U8 Ct!8I8 a8 8 IVID_8]8CD, D8\c8COD8utC 8DCCu-
1uIc,D8]CQcD CUtIU8_ID8I] C Dc tC8IuICD C8UQQtc88COcQI8CDCO-
_IC8cQI8\cUOO_Ic8 ID8CtIDCO :D aD_u8_C8 8uCD 88 aDOatID, t8DIC, Ct
]D8t8,VDICDVCIctcC_8cd,QICCI8C], CDCIc8!DCt8CIICDOta!DC8\
D8UtC UOU Dc Qct8QcCIVC O! 8 CCDCcQIIOD OIDc 8DO OCuuc. LCt-
8D],DO\8I8_COdIDDOD-uICQc8D\t8O1\IOD8, 8DOUO8CCt8D]DO8!
I8 _CCd IDLUtOQc8DtadIICD. YI\DID DcUOCctDCCODIaVCtO, cQI8\C-
UOC_]V88DC\8CUuCD\DC`tcQtC8cD\8ICDOtDCD1tCIOD8uIc88Dc
`dOUID8ICDOD8utc (D8CCD) 8DdC!`\t8OI1IOD8CtU8C!KDOVcO_c8.
`\DIVct88Iy V88 8 COD8cquCDCc O8D OVct8tCDID_ CODCCQ\ O8QaCC\:DC
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tlmc (88Vc!CC8DCQOI8,8ccCD8Qc) 8tC8DCDCtcCDDctD]IDD8 ODc
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atc CQIOD8, DC\U188IOD8OCCDVCt8IOD8 C 8uDIVct8a\tuDOt \tu\DV)\D-
Ou QaICD\DC8I8. A8 8uCD, \DC]aIc OQ\IOD8 Im8_DCd 8DC 8C\cd CD D]\DO8c
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8DCVDC D1O cVCD UOIc 8O \D8\ 8D8t8C UDIVcI888, VDc\DCt 8OCI88\Ot
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IDcO D CDaQCI J.CDQaCmCCCcX8\CDCC (VDICD I8, DCtcCtC, CCD!C\IVC)
dOC8U DC8D \D8 VC D8Vc O Du] Out _uD8 DCCIC \Dc] atc 8Od. LODDIC\
CCC8 DO\ DcCC888I\] cad \O Vat. Y8t CD8ID8 VDcD \tu\D 8DC CD|CCIVy
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whichisthccascIorthcCrcolcand(nco)!lbcralStaIcoIBolivia.Iaradoxi
ca!ly, nco-libcral and Marxist intc!Icctuals in Bo!ivia a!ikc, as wcl! as Ihc
NGO5, kccgworkinto "brcakug (with bad or oodintcntions) asocia
oranizatior thaI thcy scclcadin to a dcmocratic or socialist statc. Jnc
dccolonialogtion (thc lcacicsoIthc BandunConIcrcncc) is not sccn or
considcrcd bycithcr lcacics, !lbcral or Marxist. nly Iurogcan !cacics,
dcmocracyand socialism, arc grcscnt.Jhc"golitica!grogcrhcrc shalbc
idcntincdasthc"dicrcnccIhatthcAymaragcoglcwcrcab!ctomaintain
Iornvc hundrcd ycars-a dm crcnccthattodayis makin amovc Iorward
withIhc Zagatistas ugrisin, garalclcdby indicnous movcmcnts in Ic-
uador, Colombia, GuaIcmala, andoIhcr statcs oIMcxico. Jhc Zagatistas'
thcotcticalrcvo!ution
isthccgistcmicIramcthatindicnouscommuniIics
wcrc unab!c to nnd in cithcr thc !ibctal otthcMarxist Iurogcan lcacics
roundcdinancicntGrcccc.
Indcrthcsccircumstanccs,!crscxg!otc"dcmoctacy a!lt|lcbitIurthcr.
AnctthcZagatistas,thc"oriinal mcaninoIdcmocracy(!tomits Grcck
roots to its Iurogcan Inlihtcnmcnt rchcarsa!) is no!oncr "oriinal or
"authcnIic,thatistosay,it lost its oriinalityand authcnticity. !ngara!Ic!
Iashion thc ayl!utoday also losI its oriinalityand authcnticity. Butthcy
bothgcrsist,"thcIotmsIatc and"thc!ormayl!u`Iurfhcrmorc,thccon-
ccgt did not travcl Irom Grcccc to InlihtcnmcnI Iurogcto Ihc Sganish
colonics.JhcwordisgartoIthcdctou(sccchagtcr;) thathistorytookin
thcchronoloical!incIromGrcccctoIurogc:thccolonialdctour.Jhus,thc
idca oIdcmocracyin cnlihtcncdIutogc was inttoduccd!ookintoward
thcIast (Grcccc) andwiththcbacktowatdthcVcst(Iurogcancolonicsin
SouthAmcricaandthcCaribbcan).Jhcword,thcn,docsn'tbc!onanymorc
to any communityorciviIizationthaIowns thc riht!orits imgosition or
cxgortation,buIissharcdbyal!IhoscgcoglcaroundthcwotIdwhocarc!or
cguityandsocialjusticc,garticularlythoscwho havc bccnand sti!l arcvic-
tims oIIn|usticcs andincguitics. Howcvcr, thc bc!lcIrcmainsthatdcmoc-
racyisaGrcckInvcntion,rchcarscddurinthcInlihtcnmcnt,modiLcdby
itssocialistvctsion,thatVcsIcrnmodcrnityholdsthcgrogcttyrihts,and
thatitshal!bccxgortcda!lovcrthcglanct.isbclicvcdandasscrtcdthat
"dcmocracy shallbcbui!taccordintothatconccgtuallzation.Jogucstion
thismacro-natrativcoI"dcmocracy(wtittcnIromthcgcrsgcctivcoIVcst-
crncivilizatlon andmodcrnity)andtoogcnncwavcnucstoimaincdcm-
ZaQa\\stas DcOtctica! VcVo!u\On 2jj
ocraticIuturcs is grccisclywhatthc Zaga\istas' thcorcticalrcvolution has
achicvcd. Andthcyhavc achicvcdthisbygostula\in anothcrbcinnin,
tncbcinninoImcmodcrn|colonialworldandthcmakino!thccolonial
dicrcncc. Jhc Zagatistas thcorctical rcvolution idcntincd anothcrIoun-
dation (!ikc Grcccc Ior Vcstcrn civillzation ot thc Ioran Ior thc Is!amic
world) Iotbuildinmacto-narrativcsIromthcgcrsgcctivc oIcolonialit;:
"Mandarobcdccicndoisagrincig!croundcdwlthinanintcrsubjcctivc
structutc oI thc Jojolabal lanuac, alanuac in which nciIhcr "naturc
northcothcr canbc conccgIualizcdasobjccts. r bcttcryct,alanuac
inwhich thcrc is not, bccausc it is unIhinkablc, "naturc and "othcrs as
wcl!asnaturc asothcr. SomcJojolabalthinkcrsorintc!lcctua!s, aswcI!as
ancicntGtccksorcihtccnth-ccnturyIurogcanghilosoghcrs,havc ascnsc
oIsocial oranizationIor thc commonood. IdonotwanttoidcalizcJo-
jolabalsdcmocraticconccgtionoI"to ru!c and obcyat thc samctimc. But
!do notwant to idcalizcorromanticizc Grcckand Iurogcan conccgts o!
``dcmocracy" and"socia!ism cithcr-two notionsthatbccamcabstracIuni-
vcrsalandcomganions o!thcglanctarycxgansion oIcagi\alism. Ido bc-
!icvc, howcvcr, thatthctc arcgcoglc("non-libcra!honcstcog!c, as ]ohn
Rawlswould!ikctosay)allovcrthcg!anctwhocancntcrtainadialoucoI
cgualswith!ibcralnotionso!dcmocracyandMarxistnotionsoIsociallsm.``
Amonthoscgcog!carcthcZagatistas-IndianslIkcMayorAnaMariaand
Comandantc Jacho, or mcstizos !ikc Subcomandantc Marcos-whohavc
bccnmakingo!iticalandcthica!claimstoundcdinncwcgistcmo!oical
grinciglcs dcrivcd Irom a doublc translation. Jlat is, Mayan cosmoloy
into Marxism,andMarxistcosmo!oyintoMayan.
Vcarcbackto doublctranslation,which isstilldimculttoundctstand,
cvcn byan cnlihtcncd Ircnch scholar !Ikc Yvon Ic Bot, who was Iotal!y
suggortivcoIthcZagatlstasandcomg!ctclyblindtothccolonia!dicrcncc.
Ic Botintcrvicwcd thclcadcrsoIthc Zagatistas' ugrisin (MayorMoiscs,
Comandantc Jacho, Subcomandantc Marcos), but did not Icc! com!ort-
ablc with thc conccgt oI"dcmocracy introduccd in thc lcttct sincd by
thczN thatIguotcdat!cnthand commcntcd on.IcBotocrcdinthc
introduction to thc sctics oIintcrvicws a dcnnition oI"dcmocracy that
SubcomandantcMarcos hadgublishcdinIa )ornada Dcccmbcr().
IorIc Bot, this is a"bcttcr dcnnition oIdcmocracy, lcssgoctic,gcrhags
morcsimglisticbutmorcsatisIactoty [slc!].' Andhcrcitis.
1j LLaQ!c Sv
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D8D Oy CD1y CDC W.
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Lthics oILibcration andurivcrsaIity.
J1cJ1corcticaILonscqucnccs
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0UUCt, OI D C|O0O0 0Dd bQ0DI8h, 08 D IDC C08C O! DC Z0Q0I808 CC-
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lj !D8[!Ct 5x
HinRc!ammcr!s, G!issanIs, and Inc ZapaIisIas cxpcticnccs o Ibc co!onia!
diHcrcncc. dwc!in in Inc bordcrs, inbabiIin Inc nousc o modcrniI|co-
!onia!iIy-Ibc sma! scnza!a ncxI Io Inc casa tandc, o!own GibctIo
!rctcs IiI!c ot nis c!assic booR on Ibc bisIor o s!aVcr and Aticans in
brazi!. ' II is a!so in Ibc cxgcricncc o Ibc co!onia! didcrcncc on wnicb tn-
riguc Iussc! bascd nis cInic o !ibcraIion (or wbom Inc ZagaIisIas as wc! as
Ibc Naa-Quicnc ac!iVsI ViobcrIa Ncncb arc paradimaIic cxamp!cs).
J1is is a bricn o Ibc dcco!onia! opIions IncorcIica! sccnario. II opcns
ug ncw aVcnucs or concciV: dcco!onia! dcmocra!iclsociaisI gro|ccIs,
dcco!onia! sub|ccIs InaI rc-apgrogriaIc Incir sIo!cn diniIy and rc!ocaIc
numan tinIs as Ibcir own dcco!onia! gto|cc! Io rc!catn diniIy, sIcmmin
rom Inc inIcrioriIy o!oca! nisIorics Img!cmcn!in !oba! dcsins. JnaI is
Io sa, numan tinIs was noI a gro|ccI InaI cmcrcd in bo!iVia ot tIbiopia
buIrom Inc rinIs o Ibc pcog!c in Inc sixIccnIn ccnIur Io Inc \niVctsa!
Occ!araIion o Iuman VinIs, : Iq8iI was a!was an imgctia! pro|ccI
sIcmm: rom Inc mora! imgctia! sccIor.
JC ZaQalI8a8 JCOI0lIC8 10VOu!IOD:
CCO!ODI8 LQ!IOD8, LODDuD8 u!uIC8
Wi!n Ibcsc cauIions in mind, !cIs cxg!orc Ibc ZagaIisIas IncorcIica! dis-
coursc in rc!aIion Io wnaI Iannab AtcndI (:q) and Giorio Aambcn
(:) idcnIicd as Ibc urc o Inc rcucc and inVcsIiaIc wbaI nc!p Ibc
dcco!onia! ogIIon can odcr Io criIica! and disscnIin turogcan Vcws o a
grob!cm InaI is c!oscr Io Incm (Inc urc o Inc tcucc) Inan, sa, Io Cnina
or Inc Catibbcan socicIics. n Inc otnct band, i Ibc rcucc is a !oba!
grob!cm, iIs so!uIion ma noI bc uniVcrsa. Jncrc atc so man !oba! ptob-
!cms InaI Ibc atc noI, naIura!! so, on Ibc tutopcan (mcanin, WcsIctn tu-
rogcan) radar. J1c rcucc, Aambcn sIaIcs, is pcrnags tnc on IninRab!c
urc ot Ibc pcog!c o our !imc and Inc on! caIcot in wbicn onc ma
scc Iodaa! !casI unI Inc proccss o disso!uIion o Inc naIion-sIaIc and iIs
soVcrcinIy nas acnicVcd m comg!cIion-Inc orms and !miIs o a cominy
o|ltlca| communlty'' Hc ocs on Io sucsI, I is cVcn possib!c tnaI, uwc
wanI Io bc cgua! Io Inc abso!uIc! ncw IasRs abcad, wc w naVc Io abandon
dccidcd!, wiIbouI tcsctVc, Ibc undamcnta! conccgIs Inroun wnIcn wc
naVc so at rcgrcscnIcd Inc sub|ccIs o Ibc po!iIica! Nan, Ibc CiIizcn and iIs
tinIs, buI aso Inc soVcrcin, gcop!c, Inc workcr, and so orn.'
ZaQat\s\as co:c\\ca1 VcVoIut\on }j]
II sccms obVious tbaI Inc ctisis o Ibc naIion-statc brins IocInct Ibc
ctisis o its major sjmboIs. Jhat is, tbc compiciIy bctwccn ciIizcn, man, and
1uman rinIs. Lnc o tbc conscqucnccs o Ibc crisis is tbat Ibc conditions
o cIizcnsbip and Inc conccgts o Nan and o buman tibts can no !onct
oc Iakcn or tanIcd. Jbc Vct conccpt o tinIs o Ibc pcog!c in Ibc sx-
IccnIb ccnIut, toundcd In a tcnaissancc man IbaI was stI! Vaid In Inc
cibIccnIb ccnIur, btoubI to IbI Ibc nccd or IntctnaIiona! conViVIaiIy.
1c ciIizcn and Ibc otcinct bccamc ccnIra! urcs o Ibc naIion-staIc (onc
in, Inc oInct out) undcr wbicn turogc oranizcd itsc as turopc, oVctcom-
in iIs gasI as WcsIcrn CbrIstcndom. J1c utc o Ibc rcucc apgcars In
turogc, Indccd, a|ct Inc tst sjmpIom o tnc btcakdown o Inc naIion-
sIaIc and, o coursc, o iIs maIn urc, Inc ciIzcn. J1c rst agpcatancc o
Inc tcucc as a mass gbcnomcnon, sas Aambcn, IooR pacc aI Ibc cnd o
tnc !itsI Wotd WatInc rsI crisis o turogcan WcsIctn counItics in tcaI
parI motiVaIcd b Incir parIiIion and agptoptiaIion o tnc g!ancI, at tnaI
poinI Arica. Hc urIbcr cabotatcs on Inc atumcnI inItoduccd b Iannab
ArcndI in ncr book on toIa!iIatianism, gatIicuar in tnc cnagIcr IiIcd
Jnc Iccinc o Iation-SIaIc and Ibc tnd o Ibc VibI| o Nan.'' J1csc
nisIorica tccrcnccs a!ows Aambcn Io makc a sIton IncorcIica moVc
and ptoposc tnaI Ibc tcucc sboud bc considcrcd ot wnaI bc is, namc!,
noIbIn !css Inan a !ImiI-conccpI InaI a! oncc btins a tadIca! ctisis to Inc
ptIncig!cs o tnc naIion-sIaIc and ccats Ibc wa ot a rcncwa! o caIcorics
tnaI can no !onct bc dcacd."
A ncw cbagtct was opcncd up, sbort ahct Ibc ZapatisIa uprisin and
!bc IorIb Amctican !rcc Jradc ArccmcnI (Iq), b Inc sIton caims in
Bo!iVia and tcuador tnaI wctc a!rcad inscribcd in Inc ncw consIiIutions
in boIb counItics, Ioward tnc consttuction o gurInationa statcs. Jbis is a
radica! cbanc In poIIica! Ibcot, a sn| in Ibc cogoitics o known maI
unVcis Inc acI IbaI Ibc modctn naIion-sIaIc [crcaIcd in tutopc) transatcd
InIo Inc co!onics [BoIVia or India) as modctn!co!onia! staIcs. Jbc mod-
crn!coonia sIatc in mosI o tnc word bas Inis pccuiariIy. InaI !oca c!iIcs,
rcgrcscntin onc naIon o Inc samc anuac, tc!iions, and conVicIions,
Iakc contro o Ibc sIaIc and matinaIzc oIbcr naIions spcakIn oIbct Ian-
acs and no!din oInct bcIc ssIcms. Jbc caim ot gurinaIiona! staIcs
.adc ccar Ibat Ibc modctn naIion-staIc is mono-nationa!.' Atcnd\ and
Aambcn atc acin ctucia issucs in turopc, and iI is bccomin agparc-I
in Ibc niIcd SIaIcs wbcrc iI is cstimaIcd InaI b 2OjO gcop!c o co!or W
LUaQIct oD
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8Dd DC L8tDD8D \DC QtCD!CD8 8tC DC \DC 88U. 5C!u\CD8 O DO8 _IOD-
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YOt!C 18DK. DC] 8DOu!C CODC HCD DC CXQCtCDCC8 8Dd Dd8 C CO!CD8!
D8Ot8 D C8CD Q8t O DC WCt!d t8DI D8D D] `8Qt8CD_ 8Dd 8Q_!]\D_
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8t_UC. ] COUUD\8 8tC DO\ 8O UuCD 8CCtC88C \O tCDd 8Dd _8DDCD,
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Ct\QuC8, 8DC CVCD\u8 8u__8CC 8O!uOD8, 8KCD 88 8 8\8tD_ QCD CI
QO!C8! \DCOt] D DC UOdtD!CO!CD8! 88, W1! DO\ _O DC]ODd 8C8dCUC
CXCtC8C8 8DC WI! D WIDCu 8D] t8! COD8CQuCDC8.*
Q!8CCd _8DDCB8 8t_UUD D CCD)uDCD WD \DC Z8_88\88 C
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CD\ K\Dd OI h_UtC DO DC QO!\C8 _Cut. Y 8tC 8CD_ DI WO ]QC8 CI
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CO!OD8. DC] 8tC I8CD_ C8CD CDt, D8D_!Cd (DO\ 8 CCDOOU] Du\ 8D
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CI DOCCtD\]; \DC C\DCt D D DOu8C O CO!OD8!\y D] D8VC 8U!8t CCD-
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8KD, 8UC\, CCDCCQ8, UDCtC8, 8Dd VI8OD. L8D ]Ou D8_DC \DCCt2D_
DC tC!U_CC D )UtO_C, 8KD_ 1DO8 88 DC _OD OI tICtCDCC`
K \DC D_utC OI D t!U_CC D8\ C!O88 DC C]C!C CI D D8\OD-88
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D 8D UIC8. Du8, WC D8VC \D D8\OtC8 CCDX\ C \DC Z8Q88\88
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8U 8D8]2D_ _8UDCD HOD \DC QCI8QC\V CI DC Z8_8\888 \DC)CC8
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DCCd \t]D_ O tCVI8C D _tOC88, 8\DOu_D tVt8D_ DC QtOCC88 8 DO\
8\U_!] CtC88ID_ D 8tCC Ot )u8\ 8WCDD_ 8d8. h D8D8 D8 \DC 8dC 1
8U CtC88_ C 8 8 8dC D WDCD UOdCtD\]!CC!OD8!\] COCX8\8 8t:d It8U8
d8] !I1, WDI!C D uIOQC CD!] UOdtD\] 8 IC!, 8Dd CC!OD8\] 8 tC_8tdCd
88 DC d8tKCt 8Dd C8\8D\ 8d, DC 8!W8]8 tCUDDIC 88 8 tC8!\] . . . uD\
U888VC D_t8CD CCU8, 8DC W\D DC tUDCt C CC!OD8!\]\DtCu_D
2C LhuQIct oD
DC CO!OLI8! CX\8tL8 CIH8I8LCC \D8\ ILV8C88 DC \. 1Ct D8 tC88OL, utO-
[C8D 8CDO8t8 dO LC! D8V8 \O DCDCt D8U8CV88 WI\D 8CDO!8t8DIQ 8LC ID\C-
!CCU8 Ct88\IVI] ID DC !OtU8t CC!ODI8 DI8OtI88, 8OCI8!I88, 8LC DI8CtIC8 OI
!DOU_D\, WDIC \DC !8|Ct C8LDO 8VCIC \DC !OtUCt: I D88 C DC 8IICU8\8C,
8!W8]8, IL tC!8\IOL C UIOQC8L C8\C_OtIC8 C! DOU_D\, WD8DCt COL88tV8-
1VC Ot [tC_tC88IVC, WD8DCt !tCU D8 b_D\ CI HOU D8 CH. t8LCC, D8
/8Q8I8\88 \DCCt8IC8 t8VO!UICL 8ICL_\D8DCC \D8 dCCC!OLI8 C[\IOL 8DC
DC [C88IDII\I88 O! t8-C8IUIL_ `\D8 8QI8\CUIC CI_LI] OI D8 C8UDc8. OI1-
C8! 8DC 8COLC1C CCD888 8Dd ICC88 \OW8tC \D8 8X-CO!CLI8! WCtC D8CCUC ,
ID DC IU8_ID8t] C! UOdCtLI]!CCODI8I], D8 OQ[OtUDI] C dCVCCQ DC
DDdCtd8V8C[Cd (DD\I LDIL8 C8UC, 8Dd WI\D I \D8 tUUCt OI CC!ODI8-
I] \DtCu_DDI8 !IU
8
atguUcL!WBcnB0d8!ngu8Bc8 gOOaZa!OL!tOUuDVct8a8U aLdCa8
!Ot!D0`uDdaUcn!aiutOQ0aL0gaCy.YBa!8,!OtZZ0K,!B0d8!nC!On
Oc!Wccn !B0U: Y!D !B0 !ctU/ooa/ization ZZcKt0!ct8 \O !Bc `0UctgDg
g!ODa UatKc\ |LcW WOtd Otdct), aLd W!B universa/ism Bc t0!0t8 !O !Bc
`QtOQ0t}QO!Ca! dOUa1L O!unV0t8a!ZLg On08 Qat!Cuat !a!c a8 t0Qtc-
8cL!a\Vc Og!ODa!Lu8!C0.`YB}8!B8UQOt!aD!:bcCau80`!B8dUct-
cnCcDc!W00n gODa!Za!OL andunV0t8a8UOcCOU08UOt0 andUOt0 Qa-
QaDc!Oda,WBcnCaQ!a,L!B0LaUcO!Qcn0!ta!IDgL0WUatKc!8,QuCR!}
tcnOuLC08 tcQu08!8!OtdcUOCtaCD Otd0t LO!!OO8caCCc88\O LcW!tadc
Qat!Dct8. Ji88BaUc!utc!tca!8!BcL, O!COut8c,!0g!UZ0da8t08QcC\!Ot
Cu!uta dh0tcnC0, a8 !B0 tgB! O! !B0 |c\BDC/tcgOu8/Cu!!uta) L!B0t \O
CBOO80 !B0 Wa O!!c !Ba! 8u!8 ! O08!-a8 ODg a8 ! dOc8 nO!d8!utU !Bc
!tcc CtCua!OLO!CaQ!a.`
ZZ0RQtOVdc8 8cVcta!0XaUQ08 !O 8uO8!an!a!c \B0 d8!nC!On. Lnc O!
!B0U85LgaQOt88`W8c |!BcQuO!a!OnUatK8at0ZZcR8) tu0tlcc1uan
JcW. 8 !tuc !Ba! l0c Ba8 Dccn Qang !Bc gaUc OdUct0DCc8 D0!Wc0L
1a8!aDdY08!nOtdct!Ou8!CaQ!a8UL!Bc8aDWa}.l!8COBct0L!
\O 8a, !D0L, !O!OWngZZcK8 atguU0L\, !Ba!!B8 8 a Ca80 O!gOOaZa!On
W!DOu!unV0t8a!8U. JBa!8, !8 an0XaUQ0O!gOOaZa!OnLWBCB!Bc
QO!!Ca QtOQ0t Ba8 Occn 8u8Qcnd0d-OtnO!.JOda |Na} zoop), lBaV0 a
dU0tcn\ n!ctQt0!a!On O!l008 8!a!0Ucn\a8atgu0dnCBaQ!ct1, uLd0t!B0
BcadLg O!`cW-8!ctnZa!On. 1c Wa8 n!a!IDg, CutOu8! cnOugB D!Bc
8aUccatO!!DcZaQa!8!auQt8ng,!BcQtOcC\O`d0Wc8!0tnZa!OL\Ba!8
!OdaV0tUuCB uLd0tWa}a8 On0 O!\B0\tacC!Otc8, aLdOQ!On8, \OWatd
!Bc !u!utc, D COLUOn!Lg t0W08!ctLZa!OL |nCudng tcW08!0tLZa!OL
O!Bc l0D, a8 ZZcR 8 QtOQO8IDg D !B8 at\C!0). a!B0t !BaL O0Lg 8u8-
QcLdcd, !Dc QO!Ca8 O0Lg cLaC!cdn!Bc d8Qu!0 !Ot !B0COn!tO O!!D0
8QBctcO!au!BOt!L !B0 COOna!Ua!tX OQOWct. l00 Wa8 0LaC!Lga`d0-
Wc8!0tLZa!OLO!!B0QO!CaQtOQct,WBCDCOn!nu08W\BOtC0!Oda} and
Wa8VctUuCBQtc80U!ID!B0 dcOa!08 OV0t!B0 `!u!ut0 O!CaQ!a!8U. Jiu8,
BctcWcBaV0!WO0UctgLgOQ!OL8!OWatd\Bc!u!utc.On!BcOLcBand,\Bc
dcCOOLaOQ\OL8,OWBCB!B0ZaQa!8!a8!B0Otc\CatcVOu\OD 8On0,OL
z(6 LhaQIc\ oJX
thc othcr, tc dcwcsIcrnizInoptions, whichLccwasaIrcadyannouncin
in thc carIy os. Jlc thIrd opton istc rcwcstcrnization oItc Ich, oI
whichZizckisacasc in point. U isunIkcIythat oncoIthcscoptions-in-
cIudinrcwcsIcrnization,wichisIrcsidcnts Obamaprojcct-wiIprcvai!
ovcrthcothcrintcIuturc.Indccd,tcIuturcsccmstobcpIuraIizcd.Iorc-
casts about"howtoruntcworId-bascd ontcpasIhvc hundrcdycars
oIWcsIcmciviIization anditsIocaIhistorytraccdbacktothcHoIyRoman
tmpirc andByzantium-sccma!rcadydcj-\u.
-
'!ntis casc, historyisno
IoncrrcpcatinitscI.
So, thcn, onc couId say, cvcn n disarccmcnt with Lcc's opposition
bctwccn tast andWcst capitaIism (an opposition, ahcr aII, crcatcd Irom
tc Wcst), Ihat thca!tcmativcwouIdhavc bccnto acccptcapitaIismin tc
Wcstcrnway.Jlatis,
oacccpt,aIoncc,mcansoIproduc1ionand(nco)Iib-
craIidcoIoy. IccisnotopcratinattcIcvcIoItcZap
tistas:thcormcr
projcctisdcwcstcrnizationandtcIattcrdccoIonization(scccapIcr).His
positionwas dchncdIrom tc nco-coIonia!statc, smilar to Mcxcan ov-
crnmcnt. ConscgucntIy, Iam notsurc tat in tc casc oILcc !hcpoIiticaI
wassuscndcd, a!!houhIromtc\.S.pcrspcctivc,aswcIIasIromZizcks,
hispositionwasvcrymuchsuscctcd.' Iccs poIiIicaImovcwas "conscrva-
tivc inthcscnscoIconscrvinaccrtainscnscoISnaporc's past. Itistruc
tatIccmaynotguaIitobcthccguivaIcntoIthc"dcmos as in ancicnI
Grcccc, asrcdctncdbycnIitcncdphilosophcrs.ButitisaIsotructhatthc
sIavcs,inancicntGrcccc,wcrcnotparIoItcdcmos.Howcvcr,Iccisuan
impcriaIlcoIoniaI subaItcm posiIion: mpcriaIbccauscoIhis cndorscmcnt
oIcapitaIism, coIoniaIbccauschcis"ycIIow HiswasaIrcadyadcwcstcrn-
iznstancc.AsIsaidinchaptcrI, IamnotsayinthaIdcwcstcrnizationis
tobcpromotcd. Isaytatit|ustis.!naworIdordcrmanacdnowbytc
G8, iIcouIdbcsaidoIhm that'>c tcnothin. . . wc arcaII,aainstothcrs
whostandonIyIortcirparticuIarpriviIccdIntcrcst.
Zizckmakcs asimilarmovc wcnhc insists "ontc potcntiaI odcm-
ocraticpoIitization as thctrucuropcanIcacyIrom ancicnt Grcccc on-
wards' But tcrc is a rcmarkabIc dihcrcncc bctwccn ZizckandIcc, oI
coursc.Zizckproposcsarcturnto"hispastinvicwoIatransIormativcIu-
turc,whilcIccputstcacccntonprcscrvin"his pastandto rc-Inscribn
itintoIhcuturc ina"dcwcstcrnizin Iashion.Insum,ZizckisproposIn
rcwcstcrnizaIionIromtcLchwhilcLccisproposIndcwcstcrnizationrom
ZaQal\s\as cOtctca\ 1cVCIulICD 2}
tc Rit. Jlc dihcrcncc is that Zizckis opcratIn on thc dlvcrsc bomo-
cncit oIWcstcrn cosmoIoy (wic hIs wththc dvcrsc pro|ccts oIrc-
Ycstcrnization), whiIc Lcc asto dca!withtc rc-inscription oa non-
wcstcrn past into a uturc tat carrics tcIraccs othc Wcstcrn prcscnt.
LcchastodcaIwthracismInscribcdInbothImpcriaIand coIoniaIdihcr-
cnccs,Zzckhas not (andpcrapshc is not cvcn awarc oIthcm),orcis
"onthis sidc''oItcIcncc,ontcsidcoIthcumanitas.Howcvcr,wouIdnt
it bc possibIc to imanc atransIormativcuturc Iromthc vcrypast that
Icc proposcsto prcscrvc Accordin toZizcks arumcnt,this wou!d noI
bc possibIc bccausc tc poIiticaI propcr has bccn copoIitica!ly IInkcdto
Grcccc andappropriatcd as "turopcan Icacy Andtc onIyprorcssivc
possibIcrc-InscriptionwouIdbctatothctraditionoImodcrnitycxtcndcd
tothc rc-inscriptionoIN!adimirLcnin.Iow, LcnnandIccmaybccIoscr
tocachothcrtanoncwouIdimancathrstsiht.Icnintookinhishands
tc projcctoIWcstcmizationinitiatcdbyFctcr and CathcrIncthc Grcats,
ccrIain!ywithadihcrcntcontcnt(sociaIism),butwithasimIIarIoic.Wat
Lcc has introduccd, and hcrc caII dcwcstcrnization, is to brcak out with
thcmonocuIturcs oIthcmindaccordintowich thcuturc oItcworId
rcstsonGrcckIcacics(tc"tructuropcanIcacy''IorZiz~k)appropriatcd
cithcrbythcRihtorthcIch.
As thcastutc rcadcrmayhavcmaincd,itisnotmyintcntionIo advo-
catcIorIcc`spositionovcrZzcks. Rathcr,Iamtryinto showhowmuc
Zizck's andIccs positions arccntanIcd.Zizckhas hisownIocaIhistorics
(is past, is tradition) and rcIcrcnccs to ancor is arumcnt (ancicnt
Grcck thouht, and Iatcr Lcnin). Ior Lcc, ncitcr Grcck phIIosophy nor
Lcnin is oImuc rcIcvancc, onc docs not scc wy tcy shouId bc. Con-
Iucius is cIoscto Lccs homc. Jc rcoricntation oItcLchdocsn't trow
away Marxsm bccausc, ontcway, Marxsm cncountcrcd StaIin So, onc
souIdnotdismissthcIcitimacyoIdcwcstcrnizinoptionswhcnrcwcst-
crnizationandthcrcoricntationothcIcharc compctinIorIhcirrihtto
ruIcthcworIdbascdonGrcckIcacics.
JlcZapatistas'dictum"Bccauscwcarca!cguaI,wcavcthcrihItothc
dihcrcncc opcnsanoIhcrvcnuctothinkaboutthccthicaIandtcoIiticaI
propcrinimaininpossibIc Iuturcs, and it brins us backto dccoIoniz-
inthcimpcria!human (dchncdbycommonaIiticswthtcimpcriaIHu-
man rathcr thanby dihcrcnccs wth coIoniaI anIhropos). Jc riht to bc
24 LhayIctoJX
didcrcnt Ihc ZapaIistas arc caiming is thc didcrcncc cIaimcd by Ihc po-
IiIicaI socicty, whc mcuador and boIiva simar cIaims havc bccn ar-
ticuatcd in thc indigcnous cnorIs Io rcoricnI Ihc mono-naIionaI into a
pIurinaIional statc. To movc "didcrcncc at Ihc Icvc oI thc sIaIc mcans aso
Io inIroducc thc distinction bcIwccn civ and poIiIica socicty` At thc
IcvcI oI Ihc civ socicty wc cncountcr rc!orm and diaogic ncgotiaIion, as
Zizck himscI! w havc it. At Ihc Icvc o! thc poIiIicaI socicty wc cncounIcr
struggIc and dcmands Ior participation in managcriaI trans!ormaIion, as
thc ZapatisIas and !ndians poIiticaI pro|ccI havc it. Jhc ZapatisIas goaI is
noI Io takc conIroI o! thc sIaIc (Ikc in thc Cuban IcvoIuIion), not cvcn Io
conIcnd !or ccctions (hcncc, thc divcrgcncc bcIwccn Zapatismo and thc
Movimicnto al Sociaismo, Icad by vo Moracs in boIiva), but to partici-
patc in opcning up Ihc spacc Ior thc poIiticaI socicty. And wc can ccrtanIy
agrcc wIh Zizcks dchniIion o! Ihc poIiIica, aIhough not .cccssary in iIs
gcopoIiIics. Jhat is, ancicnt Grcccc and thc uropcan Icgacy! is prcciscIy
aI Ihc IcvcI o! Ihc poIiIicaI socicty that Ihc sccond ZapatisIas dicIum, "Jo
ruIc and to obcy at thc samc timc, is thc ncccssary coroIIary oI Ihc hrst
("Jhc right to bc didcrcnI bccausc wc arc aII cguaI).
Jhcrc arc, Ihcn, two issucs that nccd Io bc cIarihcd. Jhc hrsI issuc is
Ihc conccpIion oI thc "poIiIicaI propcr in Ioca hisIorics whcrc impcriaI
didcrcnccs prcdominatc. Jhat mcans, sIatcs Iikc Iussia or China in Ihc
sphcrc oI intcrnationaI rcIations and oI Ihc conscgucnccs oI gIoba racism.
Jhc impcriaI didcrcncc is thc connccIor o! "didcrcnccs bcIwccn impcria
counIrics U thc Wcst whcrc thc conccption oI thc poIitica propcr origi-
natcd and civiIizations IhaI coudnI bc coIonizcd (Iikc thc Iussian Tzaratc
convcrIcd into Iussian mpirc and Ihcn Sovict lnion) or thc Chincsc Oy-
nastics. Jhcsc civizations wcrc not coIonizcd Iikc A!rica or Amcrica, but
thcy bccamc inIcrior in Ihc cycs oI thc Wcst-thc hrst Ior havng a CyriIic
aIphabct, rthodox Christianity, and SIavic cthnicity, thc sccond !or bcing
ycIIow and dwcIIing in a milIcnarian mcory oIdcr than Grcccc and indc-
pcndcnt o! iI. II is basicaIIy a "'orth Atlantic Icgacy, para!cI to Ihc history
oI capitaIism unIiI Ihc cnd o! Ihc twcnticth ccnIury (i.c., bc!orc capiIaIism
bcgan Io Iocatc itscII in Asia, and no Iongcr using Asia as a sourcc o! natura
rcsourccs and a pIacc Io coIonizc Irom aIar). is mthis paricuar IocaI his-
tory that Zizcks argumcnt sha! bc undcrstood. OcwcstcrnizaIion opcratcs
in thc sphcrc o! impcriaI didcrcnccs (whcrc intcrnationa rcIaIions maItcr
most and Ihc cconomy and thc sIatc havc ccntraI roIcs) .
ZaQaIIs\as cCtcIIca1cVCuIICn 2A
Jhc sccond issuc is thc conccpIion oI Ihc poIiIica mIhc IocaI hisIorics
o! thc coIoniaI dincrcnccs. Jhc "poIitica propcr in thc conhctivc makng
o! thc coIoniaI didcrcncc docsnt havc iIs origin in Grcccc. r uit docs, it is
in thc discoursc oI thc coIonizcrs who groundcd thcscIvcs in thc Grcco-
Ioman tradiIion Io |ustify coIonization. Jhc "poIitica propcr in Ihc coIo-
niaI dincrcncc appcars "!or thc hrsI Iimc (! am using Zizcks cxprcssions
in guoIation marks) in Ihc Caribbcan, in /huac, and in Tawantinsuyu.
At IhaI momcnt, "wc-Ihc nothing wcrc thosc Ich ouI o! Ihc !ramc o! Grcck
and Christian-uropcan Icgacy, and thosc who had to hgurc out how to
dcaI wIh a poIiticaI ordcr that was bcing imposcd on thcir own conccpIion
oI Ihc organizaIion oI thc socia. 'aIuraIIy, Ior "wc-thc noIhing, Grcccc
may vcry wc bc thc cradIc oI uropcan Icgacy, but IhaI "wc docs not havc
much to do with iI. brichy, "wc-thc nothing wcrc Ihosc who wcrc spokcn
oI by "good Spanish humanists (Iikc baroIomc dc Ias Casas and Irancisco
dc ViIoria), but whosc voiccs wcrc supprcsscd by Ihc coIonia didcrcncc
buiI on Ihc Grcck and ChrisIian-uropcan traditions. Ior cxampIc, Guaman
Ioma dc AyaIa, mJawanIinsuyu, who wroIc a poIiticaI trcatisc titIcd Nueva
coronica ouen yooierno ('cw Chronicc and Good Govcrnmcnt), which
was wriItcn bcIwccn th+ cnd oI Ihc sIxIccnth ccntury and Ihc bcginning
o! Ihc scvcntccnth, buI prinIcd Ior thc hrst timc m ]6. Ior Aymaras
and Qucchuas intcIIccIuas and poIiIica hgurcs, Grcck Ihinkcrs do noI
havc much Io oncr Io thc consIiIuIion buIIding oI a pIurinationaI statc. buI
Guaman Ioma docs. Jhc "poIiticaI propcr Ior a dccoIonia Ihinkcr has its
IounIain not mGrcccc but in thc anti-coIonia and dccoIoniaI (mthis casc
Guaman Foma) rcsponscs to thc impcriaI dcsigns o! Grcck Icgacics in thc
pcns and minds oI Spanish mcn o!IcItcrs.
Jhcrc is, thcn, Ior dccoIoniaI Ihinkcrs in Amcrica a Icgacy simiar Io Ihc
Icgacics that uropcan thinkcrs hnd mGrcccc. bvousIy, Ccntra or ast-
crn Asian intccctuaIs W h:\d thcir own Icgacics Io cngagc thc "poIiIicaI
propcr lnIcss, howcvcr, wc assumc IhaI onIy thc Grccks arc thc sourccs o!
Ihc poIiticaI propcr. is aIso wIhin thc Icgacy o! poIiticaI struggIcs !ramcd
by thc coIonia didcrcncc Ihat nriguc DusscI was abIc to postuIaIc a dis-
tincIion bcIwccn cthics oI discoursc an
cthics o! Ibcration. Jhc pro|ccI
oI cIhics o! discoursc (AppIc, Habcrmas) mcans incIusion and rc!orm,
in DusscIs words. is diaIogic ncgoIiation and dcpoIitizaIion, in Zizcks
words. thics oI IibcraIion is trans!ormaIion groundcd in a phiosophi-
caI discoursc Ihat gucsIions thc !act IhaI mIhc poIitics oI incIusion and
zO LhaQ!ctoD
tCCO_DIIOD D8 I8 CU uDQuC8\IODCC I8 \DC VCt\ Q8CC ID 8DC ItOUWDICD
IDCu8IOD I8 DID_ QtOQC8C. J1O8C WDO Q!OQO8C IDCu8IOD CC DO tCHCC\
CtI\IC8] CD \D I8C \D8\ \DC8C WDO 8tC WCCOUCC O D :ICuCCC U8] DO!
DCCC888t:] W8D C Q8] \D _8U _CDCtOu8] OHCtCC D] DO8C WDC OQD
DCIt 8tU8 O D IDCu8ICD OI D CIHCtCDC. J1I8 I8 lDC I88u 8 8\8KC, ID U}
uDCCt88DC:I_, ID C |W8D `W8 ID8I8CDCC OD \DC 88\CtD 8DC YC8CtD
W8] CI COID_ D:I_8. YC U8] DO 8_tCC WID DC W8] ID WDICD CC !t8UC8
DC I88uC, Du WC 8DOuC DO OVCtCOK \D8\ Dt I8 8D I88uC ID WDICD D IU
QCtI8 CIHtCDC8 [C._., OC8] CIHtCDC8 WID:I C8QI\8I8 888; ]C8CtC8]
CIHCtCDC8 DC\WCD Y8lCtD CIVII78IOD8 8DC CIYII78\IOD8 D8 COuCD D
CCCDI7CC) 8DC CCODI8 CICtCDCC8 [C._., Ct8CC :I t8\IOD O CIVJI78ICD8
8DC QCQC \D8 WCtC COODI7C) COU \O_ClDt ID Vt] ID\Ct8\ID_ W8]8.
J1C Z8Q8\I888 \DCt
_
IC8 tCVCu\IOD U8] QtOVC C DC OI D C88CDC O _C\
Ou\ CI \DC VICIOu8 CItC 8C8U:I_ I!CU \DC OC8 DI8Ot] OI u!CQC, CI\DCt
D] tC8CDID_ D8CK \O [tCK C_8CI8 Ot !O lDC 8DCt\ DI8\Ot] OI DC utOQ8D
QO8-DI_D\CDUD\ [C._., tC\C8\8D\ C\DIC8, WDIDC88, 8DC 8CCu8tI78IOD).
LO8ID_ 10D8tK8
J1C Z8Q8\I888 DCOt\IC8 tVCu\IOD 8DC I!8 CDIC8 8DC QOIIC8 COD
8QuCDC8 8u__8! D8 !DC \IU D88 COU C CCK 8tCuDC, DC]ODC utO
Q8D C_8CI8 [[tC Ot lD DI_D\CDUD), 88 8DCD 8u__C8CC ID \DC
QI_t8QD \O \DI8 CD8Qt. DC]ODC tCWC8!tDI78IOD 8DC \D tCOtID\8\IOD OI
\D utOQ8D CU, DCtC I8 8D CDI! WOtC C OOK IOt `DC QOIIC8 QtOQt
WDCD DC QCI\IC8 tCQuItC8 u8 O CC8 WI\D \D OD_-88\ID_ Qt8DCC C!
utCCCD\tI8U, ID I8 utCQ8D 8DC \.O. _uI8C. ut\DCtUOtC, I I8 1O\ CD]
\D D_ut8 OI utOQC8D t!u_CC8 8DC DC COC8u8 D8\ CCDCCtD u8. J1C
DCD-utOQC8D C8UDC8, tC8QCDCID_ C Y8CtDI28\IOD 8DC tCWC8tDI78
IOD, 8tC 88O OI CODCtD. J1C] 8tC CCDC8\ID_ CCWC8CtDI7ID_ 8DC CCCCO
DI8 QtC|C8, DC tC-ID8CtIQICD OI DC 8QItIu8 ID!O 8DC C8IU8, 8DC DC
QtCC88 OI CCCOCDI7ID_ 8C8\DCIC8 8DC tCI_IOD D] IDCt8\ID_ 8QI!I\u8Iy 8DC
8uD]CIVIy.
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CosmooIIIan LocaIIsms
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LX5I0I85B ( DuI CDu0IIy 5 mmIuIE WE5IEI0 0I8ID0 0 0EC D 0E
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DE C8EC HD5DPy . . . .
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IEEIHKI5 PU0CIEC y5 D IEJII8ID0 D N8IX5 C85 WPCH 8IE D 0DI u5E
ID 0yD0E. 1PD5 0CVCu5 WPD H8VE DEE0 5UCCE55ul PIC 80C P58 PV
0EEI 80 ID IEC LUlD|0 HlD5D|P5 0C DIEI IE0. 1Ey WEIE 80lE ID EI
ID KBDW IHEI 5DCEIE5, 0C 00 |IDD5E 0EW 5DluID!5, 085C uD IEI EX5I0
CuIuI8, P5I0IC8 80C 5DCl I5DuCE5, !C CIEIE 8 0EW Du0C8ID0. WE 5E IPI
IPEy PVE DECDBE 5uCCE55J ID0.
ALl D hAR'P, 1P N55D D I rIEE1P0KEl 0I uC0 U| IHE oDCEIy
LLb!VLL7> o 7 LL^L O YC8CtL 8CDO8t8DIQ
WDC\DCt Ot DC 8CDO8t8 WDO CL_8_C D CO8UOQCI8D I88UC8 8tC
D8IVC8 O DC YC8\C1L [ CQI8\CUIC) WCtC. C QCD CI CtI_ID8\IOL
CI `CO8UOQCI8DI8D D C\DCt WCtC8I8 DC YC8, 8\DOU_D I\8
tCuC8 C! CI8QCt8IOL CLCCuLCtCC Q8t\I88D8 DC]CLC YC8CtL DI8-
Ct] CI IdC88 8LC QCIIC8 CCD8C8. D] DI8 mC8D \D8\ I\ I8 LC\
8 COLCCtL8\ C88\ LO O \DC CC_tCC WDICD I\ I8 IL DC YC8\CtL
WOtC~C! LDILC8C DCCC\U88 8DC 8CDO8t8 IL LDID8, t8L, /:D-
D8WC, DOIV\8, Ct !2DCKI88D, ICt CX8UQC. LC WDCL\DC] 8tC, \DC]
8tC 8KCL uQ D] CC8 DCCC\U88 CCKIL_ \OW8tC DC YC8 t8DCt
\D8L C DC I88UC8 CI DCIt OWL OC8 DI8CtIC8, O WDICD YC8CtD
IDCtVCLICL8 8tC Q8t. LC8DCQO8LI8U I8 8 CCLCCtL C YC8CtD
8CDC8t8DIQ, \DCu_D LO LCCC888t] C YC8\CtL 8CDO8t8. CtC
\CsDCC1\iCCa\sDs j
I8 LO ODC-C-OLC tC8ICL8DI[ DC\WCCD DO\D. L DC _CD8 dI8\tIDU\ICL C
8CDC8t] 8Ld IDCCC\u8 8DO), DC _COQOIIC8 C KLOWIL_, ULCCt8\8DCL_,
8LC KLCWCC_C tuL Q8t8C \C C\DCt _CCQOI\IC8 8[DCtC8, 88], ID \DC U8L-
8_CDCL\ 8DC COLtC C 8uDOtIy, CCOLOD], 8DC ILOtU8\ICL.
LosmopoIi!anismand [Oc)LoIoniaIi!y
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\DC guC8IOD CI COODI8Iy, 8DC DOW \O _C OU C I. bC \D8 uDC88 CLC 8C-
CCQ\8 D8 YC8\CtL 8CDC8t8DI[ I8 _OD8 [Ot ULIVCt88) 8DC DCtCIOtC \D8\
CC8DCQOI8L8D I8 \tU] 8 _OD8 [Ct ULIVCt88) CCLCCtL ILCCQCDCCL O
\DC IL8IuICL8 8LC DCIVICU8 loci enunciationis, 8 CLC-C-CDC tC8\OD8DIQ
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COC8 LO\ [8LC C8DLC\) CD8L. DC DI8 UC8D8 D8\ DCCCC DCtC 8tC [8CC8,
CC8\IOL8, DCCC8, QtO|CC8 O 8DOt 8LC OD_ tC8CD IL WDICD CC8DC[OI\8D-
I8U I8 DO 8\ 8 8 CODCCtL. LDC!] 8DCL_ DCU 8tC DO8C WDC CL_8_C D CC-
COCLI8 8LC CCWC8\CtLI2\L_ [tCjCC\8. 1Ot, uODC I8 WDCtC ODC COC8 8LC CLC
CCC8 D] CL_8_L_ IL CCWC8\CtLI2IL_ 8DC CCCOCLI8 QtO|CC8, WD8\ WOUC
OLC _8D D] ]uUQIL_ OD\O DC YC8CtL CO8UCQCI8D D8DCW8_CD' _UIC
DC OQQO8I\C, CLC U8] CC D8 CO8UOQCI8D [tC]CC\8 tuL ILCCCC CCuLCt
\O dCWC8CtDI2ID_ 8LC CCCOCL8 CLC8 8LC \D8\ CC8DC[OI\8LI8D 8IU8
C Ct88C DC CIHCtCLCC8 \D8\ CCWC8CtDI28\ICL 8DC CCCCODI8I8D DCCC \O
CVCtCOUC \D8\ CO8UC[O\8L t82Ct tyD_ C UOC DC [8LC 8CCCtdID_ C
DC 8uD]CC\Vy, CC8ItC8, CCU!Ot, 88I8I8CICL, 8DC 8CCutIy O DO8C WDC
CDDt8CC, DCOtI2 8DC QU8D CO8UC[CI\8DI8U. Du\ DC I82Ot DOW D88 C
COL|CL 8LC \O CtO88 \WC CDCtDOU8 UCUL8lL8: DC :DQCtI8 8LC COCDI8
CIHCtCLCC8 CL WDICD CCWC8CtDI2IL_ 8DC CCCCOLI8 [tC|CC8 8tC D88CC 8DC
tOD WDCtC \DC] DCUtI8D. CtC I8 8 QUC8\IOL O! CI_LIy IL DC C]C8 O DC8C
WDC, 8 DC OQ O DC DCUL8lL, COK 8 DC CC8DC[O\8L 8tU] U8tCDIL_
COWL DC V8C]. LL] D8 DI8 \UC, \DC CDd OIDC UCVIC 18] LO CL_Ct DC
\DC C888IC8 CLCIL_ O 1O]WCOC `YC8CtD8 OIDC _CdCL 8_C, DC \tIUU-
QD8 U8tCD C DC tODICt.
IOW, I\ I8 :DQCt\8L\ C 8C DC CtD8 D WDICD CCWC8CtLI28\IOL 8LC CC-
COCLI8I28\IOL 8DCUC DC uLCCt8CCC D U] 8t_uUCL\. 8U LO [tC[C8ID_
8 CODQC\I\IOD ItCU WDICD 8 WILDCt W CDCt_C 88 DC _CD8 C8CCt. JD8\
8CCL8tIO I8 8 UOCCtL CLC, [CtD8[8 [O8\UCCCtD; [CtD8Q8 \DI8 8ID CCuC DC
2jq L3Q!0I ocV0D
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O DC CXCD\ D8OCWC8CtD28CD 8D dCDIOD 8DCD-t8D8D[tO|CC,
8DOD88CdOD \DC !8C\D8\ D \DC Q88\DVC DuDdtCOC8t8YC8CtDD[Ct8
Du!OD_ 8DdD8D8_CDCDCD8D_Cd D8DO8 !tOD\:C C \:C [bQ8D, 1C-
8DO, LD_8Dd 8DO 1t8DCC, DC !DCd b8\C8), \ OCC8D
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dHCtCDCC 8 \D8 WDC D \DC 8uCCC88OD8 O!YC8\CtD DQCt8 DC_CDOD
8DO OODD8OD 8CD8D_D_ C!D8DO8 \OOK Q8CC `WDI DC WD\C !8D
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C DC !8DI. DCtC 8 8 dVIdC DCtC D8[[CdDDC U1[C18 CQ8\CDC 8Dd
CCCD8 dHCtCDCC; D8 8, \DC DC O! _OD8 t8C8D \D8 OVIdC8 YC8\CtD
LDt88D88DOWDC!tOD L88CtD DC8\DOD-LDt88D8 8DdC\CW. D8\
8 DCDOuDd8tD8D8DCOU8D_DCQ8C!!OtCC8D\O 8[OCCDtC
8DO C8Q\88WOtd, t8\DCt D8D DC DC 88DCKIDO C!WCtd OtdCt WC D8O
!Ot DVCDuDOtCdC8t8,W!DDCCDOCtCDCC\D8\DCDCWDC_CDOD w
DCD`CCWD8Dd8 D8C8d C!`WD\CD8DO8.
ut\DCtDOtC, WDCtC 8 \DC KDCWII_ 8uD|CC WDODtD_8 8DOu\ CO8DO-
QC8D 88uC8OC8Cd: LCC8 DC Ct 8DCDCCD_\ODtCCCODDCD8: 8 \D88
DCCC888tCCDOCDC!CC8DCQO\8D8D8Dd!Ot DCD_CO8DOQC8D:YDC
8 CCDCCtDCd WD CC8DC[O8D8D, WDCtC 8Dd WD: 8 CO8DO[C\8D8D
8DDOV!Ou8 Du8DC88 Ct 8_CD8QtO|CC: 88DC CD8CtvID_8DddC8CtDI_
CO8DOQO8D 88uC8 !tCD 8 DOD-CO8DOQO8D[Ct8[CCVC, Ct8 8DC8 CC8-
DOQO8D DCt8C!WDC 8CDQ8 C 8dV8DCC \DCQtC|CC\ Ot DCtVCDC D \DC
dCD8C\OW8tdCO8DCQO\8D!u\utC8: bDCC8DDOuDCCODDCCD8D
8t_uDCD\8 QtCDCC CCDDuD8 !uutC8, DC QuC8OD 8: YCudDCD CCD-
DuD8!u\utC8DCCCD[8\DC,8Ddu8O,CWD8\CXICD,WDCuttCDCC8DC-
QO\8D OC88:,Ot DC. tC!, DCWWCuO CO8DOQC8D8D 8Dd CODDu-
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D!8C, DC_CC[C\C8D8_D8tDCut8DCODDCCtD88DO[tOCC88C8
O!_OD828OD88C8ID\O \DC DODC_CDC C!\DC [8DC!tOD8DCVC
CCCDODC8, [O\C8, 8DOCuut8. D\D8 8CD8C_OD88D 8OuDO8VCt
8D8t\O CO8DOQC8DdC88. DCODOIHCtCDCC8\D8\DC!OtDCt8Dtu-
\CsmCQCII\aniCcaI\sms 2]]
\8C8Q888DdDODOCCDtC,WD!CDC8\Ct8,88 LO888 LOu2D88Qu\8
\, `_OD828CD [Ct _OD88D) WID 8 _COO !8CC. WCud 8dd D8\WDC
looalism 8 \DC CtD\O dC8_D8C \DC DCO-DCt8 [tO|CC\, cosmoolitanism
8 \DC CtD D8 D8DC8 DODC8 DCt8[tC|CC8.' bO D8 OCCCOD8 CC8DC-
QO\8D8D8DH8DC_CC_t8QDO!tC88CD!D_8DO88K8,WIDDDC QtDCQC8
O! DC OCCOCD8 O[CD, WDCDCt CO8DC[O\8D8D C8D DC QtC8CtVCd Ct
8D8DOODCd: 8 QutVCt88 CO8DO[C\8D8DQC88DC:JC8, !!WC8tC8 CD-
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\8DOC88D8 8DCXDCtOD, DdCCO;8DOXDOtCDD8\uDVCI8DCuDVCt-
88QtCCD8C8C!uDVCt88 CO8DC[O\8D8DD88I_C 8Ct. CWWCD8VC8
[CCD88D: univcrsum 8 8l8\D CQuV8CD\\O LtCCK cosmoolis.
LO8DOQO1I!8D\8D 8DU LOD88D
JDC CtD cosmoolitanism 8, D8\C8d, CD[CCd DCtC O|CDD8D DC\ 88 8
COuD\CtC _OD828\OD, 8DOu_DDO\DCCC888t!DDC 8CD8CO!_OD828-
OD!tODDCOW. LOD8l8\OD!tODDCOW!UVOKC8, t8\DCt,DC tC8C\OD8 C
_OD828\CD!tOD\DO8C QC[u8\OD88DO_CC-D8OtC8@C88O!\DCQ8DC
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D8CtC8 \D8\ [8D 8DO [tC|CC _OD8 OC8_D8 8DO ODCt8 D8\D8VC O VC
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8 8 8C\ C!QtO|CC\8 D8\ WCtK CW8tOQ8DC8t CODVIV8\. 1D \DC DdC8,
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[8CCDDOD \t8D88CD
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D Y8\ (ID \D 8QCIHC 8L8 D8V _IVL O D WOtO ID U] 8t_uUD\) I8
dH.LO D] \D UOOtD WOt!d D8\ OtI_ID8O WID D D8I888LC 8LO WID
D XQ8D8IOL O! C8QI8!I8U DtOU_D \D !8DIC COUUICI8! CItCUI\. D D
Cosmogou\m \ocsms l]
\DIIO L8\I8\IV, Y8\IL UOOID)\[ I8 !OC8\O IL lOI\DID 1UIOg, WD1
\\ \cats \c o\s\\ic\\Vc \taocma\Y o\\c rn1\g\cnmcn\ ano \c Y1nc\
VVO!u\IOD. YD)1 \D |I8\ L8II8\1V UgD88I/8 \D _O_t8gD1C81 V811
`N8\ 88 \D YWOtd O\ \\8 1OO!O_\C81 !O1UZ\\OI, \D 8COD ano \D)td
Im\D Y8\ DOt 8\IOL_!] WI\D UOO1DI]. LO!ODI8!I] 88 \D COD8\)UIV
[8Ld O8tKt) 8IO O! UOOtLI\] Dt_8 DOU \D8 !8II \WO L8II8\IV8,
YDICD CO8UOQO!!\8LI8U 8DO CO!ODI8!I\] 8I L8L_!O. CO8DQO!I8LI8D D-
COU8 8 K] COLCQ O! UOOtDI\] \O DIO CO!OLI8!I\]. D] \D!8 OO LO D8D
D8\ I I8 IDQtOQt O COLCIV 8DO 8D8!Z CO8UOQO!I\8L QIO]08 D]ODd
\D8 Q8I\I8. ] QOID I8 \O D8K XQ!ICI D _O8!8 8DO COLOI\IOD8
UDOt WDICD `CO8DOQO!I8D QIO]C8 COu!d D 88!d \O D8V DD ID Q!8C
D!OI oo. Y88 D XQ8D8IOD O! D 8!8UIC C8!IQD8 O! \D DD888IO
O[L88\] 8 CO8DOQO!I8L OI _!OD8! QtO]0: LI Wt IIC\u8!8 8OV8DIL_
D8 _O8!8: Lt I8 CO8UOQO!I\8LI8U 8D IDVLIOL O Y8tD UOOILI] 8DO
\DI!Ot \D DII_Dt 8Id \D8 OD8CUt8 CO!OLI8!I\]:
U \DI!OI 8Iu8\ID_ UOdtD CO8UOQO!I8D QtO]C\8 DQOI8l!] 8ILC
;oo WIDIL D 8COQ O! D DOOtDCO!OLI8! WOt!d8Ld 8Q8I8!] IL \D
LOIDW8 O!II8D8L 8Ld D lOtD !8L\IC. IL O\DI NOIO8, W)\DID \D
LDtI8I8DoCU!8I Y8\. YDI! I I8 QO88ID! \O ID8_IL 8 DI8\OIIC8! L8II8\IV
D8, !u _!8, D_IL8 WID \D OII_:I8 O! \D 8gIII, I\ I8 8!8O QO88ID! O
! 8OtI8 W!\D dIHID\ D_IDLIL_8, WDICD I8 DO !88 8IDII8I \D8L O QIO-
C!8ID \D D_IDLID_ WI\D \D OtI_ID O! DuU8DI] OI O Y8tD CIV:!I/8\IOL.
JD CIUCI8! QOIL I8 DO WDL D D_IDLIL_ I8 !OC8O, DU WD] 8LO !IOU
WDt 8DO !Ot WDOU 8 D_IDLIL_ I8 8UCD: D8 I8. WD8 8t \D _O-DI8OtI08!
8Ld IdO!O_!C8! !OJU8IOL8 \D8 8D8Q \D !t8U O! 8UCD U8CIOD8It8IV8:
l8It8\IV8 O! CO8UOQO!I\8L OtIL8IOL COu!O D I\DI U8D8_tI8! (WD8
C8l! _!OD8! O8I_L888 ID LDtI8I8LI\], DIDL\D-CL\UI IUQtI8!I8U, OI
!8-\WLI\D-CLuI] DO-!IDI8! _!OD8!IZ8\IOD) Ot U8DCIQ8\OI (WD8
C8! CO8UOQO!I8DI8U88 ID O `I!OtI8, 8L\, Ot 8tX, !8VID_ 88Id \D
O!HtLC8 ID 8CD O! D8 QtO]C8), VD uD 8I OD!IVIOU8 O \D 88]JD_
O! D QOQ! \D8 8I 8UQQO8O O D U8DCIQ8O. JD Dd !OI 8 CtI\IC8!
CO8UOQO!I8DI8U 8II88 !tOU \D 8DOtCOUID_8 O! DO\D. J `CII\IC8! I8 IO
DOu_D. 8DOu!O D OCO!ODI8!.
YIDIL D H.V U8]OI I8]C\OII8 O! _!OD8! UUt8 \D8\ O8CIID !D \D
:I\tOOUC\IOD, 8!1 O! \D X8ID_ CO8UOQO!I8D QtO]C8 8t IL80tIDd 8gU8t!]
IL \D I8]CtOI] O! tDWd Y8\tLIZ8IOL 8Dd IL \D 1OtID\8IOL O! \D
Chatcr ocVP
Lcn. Jlcrc Is no cosmopoIIlan pro|ccl (as yct) slcmmIng Irom dcwcstcrn-
IzIng or dccoIonIzIng tra|cctorIcs. Jlc qucslIon Is, wouId cosmopoIIlanIsm
bc a pro|cct tlal dcwcslcrnIzcrs and dccoIonIaIs wouId cngagc In and pro-
motc Wlal wouId bc tlc gaIns lo join a pro|ccl lhal in Its impcrIaIIty aims
al cIImIaling or absorbIng dIhcrcnccs So thcn, wc arc cnlcrIg Ilo tlc
luzzy lcrraIn wlcrc cosmopoIIlanIsm willoul parcnthcsIs and cosmopoII-
tanIsms In pIuraI and In parcntlcsIs mcct. n olhcr words, cosmopoIilanIsm
Is cIthcr a Wcstcrn projccl, and as sucl part oI rcwcstcrnzalIon, or a pro|cct
In wlIcl aII wII parlIcIpatc, In whIcl cvcry cosmo-poIIs (IocaI lIslorIcs)
wilI |oIn as a pro|ccl In whIcl tlc pIurIvcrsaI w bc llc unIvcrsaIIy agrccd-
upon goaI, llal Is cosmopoIItan IocaIism.
LO8uOQO\!8D\8u, D!CID8\OD8 8W, 8DU 1_D8
In :ooo I pubIIslcd an arlIcIc In Puollc Culture lIlIcd "Jhc Many-accs oI
CosmopoIIs. 8ordcr JlInking and CrIlIcaI CosmopoIIlanIsm' Jlc slart-
Ing poInl was to brazcn oul "cosmopoIItanIsm'' wilh "gIobaI\zalIon.' or,
indccd, Is nol gIobaIIzatIon cosmopoIIlan And, in rcvcrsc, Is nol cosmo-
poIItanIsm gIobaI by dcnnItIon Il appcars lhcn, and In rclrospcct, lhat loo-
allzatlon was a tcrm Inlroduccd In tlc vocabuIary oI poIIlIcaI llcory and
poIIlIcaI cconomy whcn markcls wcrc dcrcguIatcd and probl was cquatcd
wIlh growll. n lhc 8os "gIobaIIzatIon rcpIaccd "dcvcIopmcnt,' wlIcl
lad Invadcd llc bcId oI poIIlIcaI llcory and poIIlIcaI cconomIcs nom o
lo ;, approxImalcIy. 8ul oncc tlc lhcorIcs oI MiIton rIcdman bcgan lo
lakc loId, In lhc Ialc ;os, and wcrc IslIlulIonaIIzcd by RonaId Rcagan
and Margarct Jhalclcr I tlc 8os, looallzatlon cac to bc tlc rlctorIcaI
lcrm uscd to dcscrIbc ImpcrIaI dcsIgns In lhc rcmakIng oI gIobaI coIonIaI
Ity. GIobaI coIonIaIIty, llc darkcr sIdc oI gIobaIIzalIon, cxpIaIns lhc Ircqucnl
conccrn lhat durIng tlc Iasl quarlcr oI llc lwcnlIclh ccnlury, gIobaIizalIon
mcant aIso llc cxpansIon oI tlc povcrty Iinc and tlc growig dIvidc bc-
twccn lhc lavcs and lavc-nots.
Jlus, I was asking myscII, whal Is lhc pIacc oI cosmopoIItanIsm In lhc
drcary sccnarIo at tlc cnd oI tlc twcnlIctl ccntury My rcsponsc, al lhc
limc oI wrIlng lhc arlIcIc (Iatc os) and Ils pubIIcalon (mId-:ooo),
slarlcd Irom rancIsco dc VItorIas Ioundalon oI IntcrnalIonaI Iaw and
Irom ImmanucI Kanl's cosmopoIItan IdcaIs (and by cxlcnsIon wIll nIIgll-
!OsDO]C\:|aD ICca\8Us ?
cnmcnl, cIcar cosmopoIi\an ambI\Ions) cocxistIng wilh hIs nolorIous racis\
undcrpInning, racIsl princIpIcs wcrc aIrcady al work In dc VIlorIa's sub\cr-
tugcs lo manIpuIatc thc rIglts oI llc IndIans In IntcrnatIonaI Iaw and lhc
rIglls oI thc nalIons (Ius gcn\ium, scc bcIow and claplcr :). So, tlc qucslion
was, low couId cosmopo\ItanIsm bc possIbIc wlcn tlc dcsIgncr oI thc pro]-
ccl had a lIcrarclIcaI vIcw oI lumanIty around tlc pIancl Il so happcncd
tlal cosmopoIItanIsm was, wIIIIngIy or nol, a pro]ccl oI Wcslcrn cxpansIon-
Ism (tlat today las bccn updalcd as gIobaIIsm), wlosc ImpIcmcntatIon was
carrIcd on lhrougl tlc "cIvilIzIng mIssIon ralhcr lhan by tlc Ircc markcl in
cconomIcs and dcmocracy in poIIlIcs. n thal rcgard, Kanl's cosmopoIIlan
IdcaIs wcrc as ImpcrIaI as Ialc twcnlIctl ccntury's marcl lhrough Ircc-lradc,
miIilary bascs, and "sprcadIng dcmocracy'
Oncc rcaclcd llIs concIusIon, I scl myscII lo cxpIorc tlc Issuc In lwo
dIrcctIons. onc hIslorIcaI and llc olhcr cocvaI will partIcuIar "Iaccs oI
cosmopoIilan projccls. IslorIcaIIy, I rcaIIzcd tlal Kanl's cosmopoIIlanIsm
was cocvaI wIlh llc ccIaratIon oI lhc Rglts oI Man and oI lhc CIlIzcn (llc
ccIaralIon). Wlilc cosmopoIItanIsm was a worId (or gIobaI) projccl, llc
ccIaralIon was a conccrn wIll wlat wouId bc llc modcrn (and uropcan)
nalon-slalcs. U docsnl lakc loo much corl lo concIudc lhat lhc ccIara-
tIon in rancc, and by cx|cnsIon llc IormatIon oI llc modcrn nalIon-stalc
in IngIand and Gcrmany, wouId bccomc-drcctIy or IndircctIy-naluraIly
bondcd lo cosmopoIIlan pro|ccls. ow comc II tlc ccIaralIon In uropc
wcrc to warranty tlc cIvil sccurIty oI Man (Icl's say, oI human bcIngs) and
llal tlc cIviI sccurIty oI Man was lIcd to cItIzcnslIp, llcn tlc ccIaralIon
workcd In lwo compIcmcnlary dIrcclIons. Onc was clronoIogIcaI, as llc
ccIaralIon was ncccssary lo sccurc tlc IiIc oI llc cItIzcns undcr tlc sccu-
Iar ruIc oI govcrnmcntaIIty wIllIn thc lIslory oI uropc ItscII Jlc ollcr
was gcograplIcaI, as llc ccIaratIon wouId bccomc thc mcasurIng slIck by
wlIcl to judgc socIaI bchavior llal, accordng to Wcslcrn slandards, was
uncIviIIzcd and, lhcrcIorc, vIoIatcd llc rIglls oI Man oulsIdc uropc. Jhc
siIcnt assumplon was lhal tlcrc was no vioIalIon oI thc rIglls oI cItIzcns,
bccausc tlcrc was no sucl socIaI roIc oulsIdc !uropc. Jlus, llc cIviIizing
mIssIon and cosmopoIIlanIsm appcarcd lo bc llc undcrIying pro)cct oI
sccuIar Wcstcrn cxpansIon.
Scplcmbcr 1 :oo, was a wakc-up caII nol only Ior gIobaIIsm, bul Ior
cosmopoIItanIsm as wcII. was pcrlaps llc brsl gIobaI cvcnl llal pul a laIl
2O LhuQ!ct5cVcn
U !D Ct8D8 O!8L8D CO8DOQU!8D8D, Du! 88O tV8C D DQt8
uDdtQLDD_ U! !D 8L!8L V8UL 8LC _8C].
D] :d LO8DOQOI8DI8D DCCODC 8 Du22WOId
ID ID 1ggos::OU1 OIV8:OD8 8Dd 8 COuI
Cosmoolitanism W88 8 Du22WOtC D D 8 1yyC8 8LC COLDuC O D H
D Dt8 CC8C U! !D !WL!]-Dt8 CD!uP]. YD] 8uCD WC8Qt8C D!t8! D
CO8DOQO8L8D: 8 !Out D8D DUV8UL8.
J1 Dt8 DUV8UL W88 ID WC8Qt8d D8 O! `D8!OL8 \DLKD_.
!8OD88D W88 WD8! CO8DOQO8L8D W88 !P]L_ !O OVCOD. LtO88-
Cu!ut8 8DC Q8D8t C8U_u8 Wt 8t_uC 88 W8]8 OW8tC !D !uut,
L88C U!8QL_ C C!DC 8DC LCO8 !D DOtCt8 U!ADC D8UD8. DD-
_t8OL COL!!DuC C D 8ut_ U! CU8DUQO!8L8D. )8OL88!8 88W D-
D_8UL 88 8 QtUDD, CO8DOQO8L8 88W 88 8D OQDD_ !UW8tC _UD8
!u!u!8.
JD 8CULd DOUV8!OL W88 D Ld U DuC 8t_uDD!8 D8!, DOVL_
8W8] !POD L8UL88D, CC LC! !8 D D D8DC8 O! DO-Dt8 8LC CU-
DODC _UD828!OL. JD8! _OD8 WCtC W88 LU! WD8 CO8DCQO!8D8 Kd
U 8uQQOt 8! D Ld U! D !WLD CLut]. J1u8, OL O! !D 8!t8DC8 O!
CO8DUQO!8L DDKL_, CUL!POLD_ _UD828OD, W88 C8u_D D D!WL
DUL8! Dt88D OQQO8C O DO-Dt8 _OD828!OL 8DC 8 tDOV8!C
^8tX8D D8I 88W LW _OD8 Q8]t8 DV!C O DDK CU8DUQO8L8D D-
]OLC D LtL8UL8 QPO!8t8D tVUu!OL.
T DIC DOV8UL, t8d U D Dt8 !WO, W88 IO DOV 8W8] !tOD
CU8C 8DC DUDU Cuut8 COLCQUD8 C! CD!] 8uQQCtD_ 88 C8_D8
!U CULtU D QOQu8UL D] CDt8D_ DuCuut88D. T !D8 V,
CO8DOQO8L8D !UCu8C OL D LCVCu8: D Qt8OL W88 DVC !O 8
Dt8! 88 8L OQD C!2L U! D WOtC, DDUC]L_ 8Vt8 `CL8. I
8 WOtC, W88 8 Dt8 CULCQOL O! CU8DOQO8L8D, DOtL L D LD-
LD CLut], 8LC DOW t8D88Id DO 8D C8 O! !XD 8LC UQL Cu-
ut8 CZL8DQ.
J1 !Uut!D DOV8UL, CODQ8D WD Du 88U C8DC !tOU D 8C-
ULd, W88 D _8 QtUQO88 Qu\ID_ OL !D 8_LC8 `CU8DUQO!8L8D !tOD
DOW, WDCD W88 VLu8] CUDLCC WD !D 8_LC8 U! !D YOtC bC-
C8 UtuD.
LCsmCQCII!an1Cca1\sms 2l
8 DDDC DO8 DOV8OL8 8 8\Ct] D8\ D88 DO! DcL \OC. L D8
uL\Od 8Ct] Dt 8 OD 8IUQ 8DC OL CCut D8\ D8V LO DD 8CCUuL\C
!Ut. TLC WDL ]Cu DLK 8DOu !, D 8\Ot] O! D C8 L LtC D88 DL
t8!tCd U TDD8 8LC bQ8t!8. !O DuCD 8 88C 8DUu! ^8CCOL8. D
88DC8tC D8!OtC8 t8|COP] U! D WUtC cosmo-olis _O8 DUD LtC !U
L_8Dt_: !D LtKS DtOCuCC D WUtC LU !Dt VOC8Du8t], 8D
tV8DQC I 8DC Qu !O _UOC u8 D !D _DLD CDuP].* 1UWVt,
!D CO8DUQU!8D L CO8D! _U CtC!] !tOD LtC !O L_8Dt_. J1
\t8jC!Ot] !OUK 8 CUut DtOu_D D T8D!C, D !D 8X!L!D CDut], 8DC
8 DtUu_D D8 CUut D8 _U! C 8L: DUD D T8DC, LO! !tUD
LtC. !8 8.
Orois W88 D 8D WO!C QuV8L !O !D LtK WUC cosmos. YDDt
D D8DD_ W88 8tC\\] QuV8D, 8V D t88tCD !Ot 8LODt OQ-
QCt!uL]. YD8! 8 DQOt8L !O LUC, DUWVt, 8 D8! orois W88 8 WUtC
D D VOC8Du8P] U! DQt8 OD. J1u8, QtD8Q8 orois CC LO! !8L88!
D 8tC8C8D cosmos CULCVC WDL LtC W88 L D C82C QtUC
O! CDCCt8!C Ot_8D28!OL O! D olis. 1tD8Q8 orois, D 8D, !t8L88!C
cosmo-olis, WDCD D\It C8CtD8 D Dt_LC U! ^8CCOD8 [!D D8t-
D8t8D8 !U D DUtD O! TDD8 8DC bQ8t!8) O! TX8DCt !D Lt8! ,6:
B.c.) 8 D DODD D tuC UVt t88D CV28!OL 8LC !8 CUDLuD
8LC X!DCC D8 CUD!tU DO 8 V88 QOtOL O! !D KLOWL WUtC. J1u8, cos-
moolis uLCt X8DCt D Lt8 CU8D. C8CtD D Q8CDC CDOCt8!C
LtC O! TDD8 8LC bQ8t!8, Du D8 U! ^8CCUD8 8DC \D COLQutL_
8LC D8t] 8CDD8t8UL. J1 !8C 8, DL, D8! D UD8L 8L orois
8DC uroe Wt !D,QuV8L8 O! cosmos 8DC olls. bU cosmos 8LC orois 8t
Dt!Ut CCDCQ8 t8C U TX8DCt8 CUDDuU 8DC !O !D UD8L LD-
QP: imerium 8 8 8D WUtC, DO 8 t88D Ot LtK OL.
J18 8 LU! ] !D CCut, Du 8 8DOtCu!. Dt 8 8L LCu8 8DC
8CDU8t] t8CUD L LtD8L] U! t8CL_ LtD8D tOO8 C LtC. OD
8 D !D t8CUL DDt8CC D] 8!L COuD!t8 8LC 88U D] LL_8DC. OD
D8S DD C8DC D] DQt8 Y8!tL COuDt8 K bQ8L, t8LC, 8DC
LL_8DC. LtD8L] W88 LC UL U! DD. J18 888t!OL8 8t uLCt88LC-
8D. OD 8 !D Cy C8DC D] L8DUC LDt8!8D8, WDO 8 !Dt tOUI8
D UD 8LC L 8!L 8D_u8_8, t8Dt D8D D TDL8 8DC D LtK 8L-
_u8_. JD C!Out CUD8, 88 DD!OLC, DOu_D D T8L!C. O 8!8t
WD, 1tO ^8tt CfL_Dt8 (;:6), 8L !88D D8L O!!t8 8! D
l2 CbaIcrScVcn
IOj8 COuI\ OI|88O0!8 8DC 0tC!D8DC O! L88:10, WtO\0 8 !8DOu8 t0QOI\, Dc
Oroc Novo |LD D0 0W YOIC), OD D0 001] QIOC088 O! 0XQOI8\IOD8, !IOD
(: O :o 8QQIOX!D80]. j D0 ID0 O! 8D8 I0V8DQ0C CO8DOQOI8, D0
W88 88O 0D_a_0C !D 0C\UI!D_ OD _0O_I8QDj |800 CD8Q0I ). DOU_D D0
U80d D0 WOtC cosmo-o|is D0 W88 C0I\8!Dj !8D1!8I W!D D0 Orois Univcr-
sa|is O! 0\tO rQI8DO, CIIC8 :( |800 D._. ().
! 8D CIC DO KDOW \D!8 V0I8IOD, D0 C0I\8!D] W88 !8D!8I W!D D0 W0!-
KDOWD 2Icattum Oroi: Tcrratum, Oj rOt8D8D LI0!U8, QtD\0C D ;o.
O!C0 D0 U80 O! D0 WOtC tbcatrum. `D08\IUD I8 D0 \I8D88!OD O! \D0
LI00K WOtC tbcatton |8 Q8C0 O! VI0W!D_), ID D0 88D0 !8D!] 88 tbcotia
|COD0DQ8!OD, 8Q0Cu8IOD, OOK!D_ 8\), !IOD WD!CD !8 C0IIV0C tbcotcin |O
COD8!C0t, 8Q0Cu80, OK 8) 8DC tbcoros |8Q0C8OI) 8DC tbcotcm |8Q0Cu8-
l!OD, QtOQO8!!OD O O0 QIOV0d). ^010 tbco- WOtO8 8DC W0I0 CODC0Dt8\0C
!D 8\!D tbco-|oy, 8DC tbco-|o 80 \D0 88_0 !Ot D0 buotis O! D0 Z0tO QOD\
|800 CD8QCt ). OIC0t _DO8I8 OI OOIC0t 0Q!80DOO_j 0D0I_0C Qt0C!80]
!D COD!IOD8\!OD W!D D0 0QI80DOO_y D! \D0 Z0IO QO!D. OW, 8 0X!8\-
!D_ CO8DOQO!\8D QIO|0C8 800D O t08\ OD \D0 buotis O! D0 Z0IO QOD! 8DC
O C0O80 WI\DOu\ QU08!OD!I_ D0 V0I] IDQ0I!8 0QI80D!C !OuDC8!OD8 O!
CO8DOQOI\8D C8!D8.
bO, D0D, W0 D8V0 DI00 DOD0D8 O 8K0 D\O COD8!C0I8!OD: D0 LI00K,
D0 bOD8D, 8DC D0 r\8D!C. \ W88 O88!C8j \D0 0D0I_0DC0 O! D0 2Icatrum
Otois Tctturum D8 I08] 8D8Q0C D0 COUt8 V:8!OD8 O! 8DC 8DO!l!OD8
!OI 8 CO8DOQO!8D WOtC. D0 WOtC W88 Lt00K, Ou D0 WOIC W88 `QO8-
80880d O] D0 LUIOQ0 OI ID08I _OO8 DIDY!D_, D L8I bCDDI\8 8CCOUD
|800 CD8Q0I8 1 8DC :). W88 88O 8\ D0 DOD0D !D WD!CD \D0 b0D8I888DC0
Q0I!Od O! !DQ0t!8 0XQ8D8!OD, 0C Oj bQ8D 8DC OIu_8, W88 CO8D_ \D8\
:DQ0I!8 DOC0ID!j 8Dd WOIC 08C0t8DIQ W88 CD8D_D_ D8DC8. LD8D_ID_
D8DC8 !D \WO 80D808: IIOD bQ8!D 8DC OIU_8 O lD_8DC, t8DC0, 8DC L0I-
D8D]. rDC D\0tD8j, D lUIOQ0, DOD8ICD!08 8DC D0 Q8Q8Cj W0I0 _!VID_
W8j \O D0 0U0I_D_ OOUt_0O!8!0 8DC 8 OI8V0 D0W WOIC, WD!CD 8D W88
CODC0QU8!Z!D_ lDtOu_D D8Dj O! DI8 WII\!D_8, DCUd!D_ 7bc Contcst o] tbc
Fucu|tics.
OW0V0I, 8Dl8 DO!OD O! CO8DOQO!8 COD08 O D0 !Ot0 DOI0 C08Ij
!D DI8 0CuI08 OD Antbroo|oy om a Ptamatic Point o] Vicw |QUD!8D0C
OW8tC D0 0DC O! DI8 I!0) 8DC !D D!8 Gcotaby |800 CD8Q0I ). D Antbto-
o|oy ]tom a Ptamatic Point o] Vicw 8D !DIOCUC0C CO8DOQOI8D!8D
LOsmCQCIIlaF 1OCalIsms 2)
ID \D0 80C!OD C0VO\0C \O !D0 CD8I8C0I8 O! D0 8Q0CI08. D0 CD8I8C\0I8 O!
D0 8Q0CI08, ID t08\!OD O DI8 CO8DOQO\I\8D Id088 8DC !C088, 8DOuC D0 UD-
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JD0 Dum8D I8C0 8KcD COcC!V0j |88 \L0 0L\!t0 Lu0D 8Q0C!c8) !8 8 _tc8\
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d!88cD8!OD bu _cLcI0j QIO_I088!D_ OW8Id 8 CO8!!OD. 1hc co:moolitun
socict i: in it:cl} un unrcuchuolc idcu, bu ! !8 DO 8 cOD8\!\u!Vc Qt!DC!Qc
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8uDOt!j W!\D !I00COH 8DC 8W !D Q8C0 r !8 COD8!C0I0C D0 !C08 O! 8OC!8
Ot_8D!Z8!OD !Ot B, c, | L. DC D!8 W88 QI0C!8j !D0 Qt08uQQO8!\!OD
UDCtj!D_ 8D8 !C08 0DVI88_!D_ O! 8 _OD8 OIC0I D cODC0!V0C 88 CO8-
DOQO!8D. 0 N!!Ot!8 W88 COD\I!OU\!D_ O 8D8Q0 D0 COOD!8 H8\tX !D \D0
8QD0I0 O! !D0ID8!OD8 8W; 8D O D0 QI!DC!Q08 O! 8OC!8 OI_8D!Z8!OD.
OD W0I WOIK!D_ Ou\ CO8DOQO!\8D!8D !D D0 D8D8_0HD\ O! D0 8QD0I0
OI 8UDOt!j.
OHI18 IOOCD P_0DO8 OI OO0IDI|
JD0t !8 8\: 8DO\D0I 88Q0C !D \D!8 8C0DaI!O W0 8D8 Ot!D_ O D0 !OI0_tOUDd
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!OtW8IC !D \D 0!_D0DD C0D\uIj.
OW W0 COH 8CK O b\QD0D OUH!D |800 !D\tOCUC!OD) HOD 8 d!t-
0D 8D_0. D D!8 8DCH8IK DOOK Cosmoolis. 1tc Hiddcn Acnda o] Aoder-
nit, OuH!D DIOu_D\ D0 !C08 OI 8 CO8DO-QO!8 !DO D0W !_D\-co:mo-olis
88 8 8!_D!DC8D 88Q0C O! D0 D!CC0D 8_DC8 O! DOCID!j. YDj \D0 D!CCD
8_0DC8: YD8 HOIV80C OuH!D \O WI!\0 \D!8 DOOK W88 D0 HOHD WD0D
D0 uDC0I8OOC D8 D0 !H8_ O! mOC0tD!j D0 D8C 8IDtC !D LD_8DC !D
D 1j08 8DC 108 W88 !8uj, Q8I!8, 8DC OV0Ij C0OI8\OIj. OUH!D UD-
COV0I8 \WO CIH0D8!OD8 O! D0 !C08!8\!C 8DC I!uHQD8 :D8_ O! DOC0tD!j
!D_I8ID0C D0!Dj !D tO088D LutOQ0. LD0 !8 D8 \D0 80VD00D\D CDuIj,
!aI HOD D0!D_ 8 LUtOQ08D _OC0D 8_ \D8 QIODQ0C \D0 8CVD O! 8C!0DC0
8DC QD!O8OQDj, W88 8 DOH0D\ O! 0CODOH!C CI!8!8 DaIK0C Dj D C0C8j O!
D0 bQ8D!8D 0HQ!t0 8DC !D0 8O8DC0 O! 8 D0W !DQ0t!8 0I8. O8DC W88 0D-
|Oj!L_ 8 HOD0D O! COHm0IC!8 _Otj, Du Y08cID LDt!8\!8D8 W0t0 K:!L_
2 L8Q!0I oV0D
8CD C\DIIDDJD:I\]8I8 Y8I. D 8CODd88QCUDdt1DdD]Cu
DID, QICD[dD] DI8 8t]I8dID_ C!ICD d CD\8:_D8 ssais, :8 D
DUD8DI8\IC 8\I3DdC\D D3I888DC D8\ COWd 8Dd t8D Q8t8 O )
8dVD O!DCdID 8CIDC 8Dd D 8CU8I[D:O8C[DI8 O!L81O, 18CCD,
8Dd8C8I8.JDDUD8DI8\:C\I8d1\IOD, ID:\:8\ddUtID_D1utC[8D-
D8I888DC,DIOK8W8] !tOD \D DOC_IC88DdQ:8DOC_IC8 CCDIO C!
D CDUICD 8DdD Q8[8C], 8DdQIQ8td \D _IOuDd CI D 8CU8t QD:-
C8C[D]C!D 1DI_DDDD\. D8\, ID 8Du\8D, :8 D DIddD8_Dd8O
DOdtD:\] 3Dd \D CCD\X ID WD:CD CO8DOQC:8 8QQ3I8. OUDID 8I_u8
D8DDUD3DI8CI8\IVI\]C!CODCIVD_tbe olis !CCWdD[8|tDCtbc
cosmos \D1Cu_D DDdI8\:OD O!8CIDC. IICI8], cosmo-olis OIDolis
|8CC:\])W88Ot_8DI2d1OCW:D_DDOdC!DCC8DC8D8[D]8:C8 8Dd
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DI CCDCIDd, DO\ WD `8CIDCc 88 D DCdtD QO8I:V!8\8 uDdI88Dd :,
DUWID 8CO8DCQO:8D8_:V8 8CCDQtDD8:V 8CCOUD\ODWOtd, 8O
88\O D:DdDID_8\O_\DIID QCI\ICC-DOC_IC8, 88 DUCD 88 ID 8CID\:DC
OI XQ8D8\OI], ID8.' JD Y8ID CODCQ\IOD O! 8CIDC W88 D OD]
DOV\]C!\D D:ddD 8_Dd8 ODOd)I\[. L!DDID8II8D C:VII28:OD8
ID DDd8, D DC88 Wt D 88 8Dd D 88: DIt8 W88 DOdd CD
D 8W8DID8U]u, 88I\ID_ IOD D [8\1D OD 5CU\DID LtC88, WDI
\D8]8,WDC WI DCI\D CD Qu8\Ot 8Dd COud DO 8 \D 5CUDID
LIC88, U8dID8\8dD !Y[Y8] 88 D:I 8CuIC C!ID8QIt8\IOD. JDu8 \D
DIddD 8_Dd8 C!DOdIDI[, :D\I8\ID_] DCU_D, W88 8 CCD8qUDC O!
D _ICuDd _8IDd D] \D QDJO8OQD:C8-8CIDIDC 8I3Dd !ICD D D8I8-
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OWDId8O!cosmoolis.
CUDIDXQ8:D8D8\ D tCCD8\tUC:CD C!1uIOQ8D 8OCI[ 8Ht \D
JDI1\[8I8 Y8I W88 D88d OD \WC [:8I8 Ot QIIDCIQ8: 8\8DI1\[ 8Dd DI-
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tI_D D8:CD8 WI 8 CCDCQ\:OD ID D DIDd O!1UtOQ8D \DIDKI8 |IK
8D,CIX8DQ),8DdI\8QQIdCD8OCI[IDWDICD\D]WtdW:D_
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8IC8]D 8XDOdID8DdIDQtI8 1UtC[8D D8ICD8: LID8D], 1D_8Dd,
I3DC, 5[8ID, 8], 8DdOtU_8,WID 1C3Dd:D\tI_DuD),\DIDQt:8
Qu8ICDW88 DC\IDD[ICUt O!8\8DI8\IOD8 8DCD_ 8CVII_D D8:CD8
!D8DOQOI\8D OC8I8DS 2
IDDQIOC88C!DCOD:D_88\8.'1I18tCD]8[[Id\ODIDID8Ot_3DI-
28\IODO!8CCI[OIWI\DID\DID\tD8CI_8DI28\:ODO!8CD!DdIV:du888.
Du\, 8_3ID, D [t8u[QO8d \O\8I[ W88 D8\ C!\D 8:X CI 8VD Y8\ID
LutC[8DCOuD\I:8.
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1OWCOD:YI\DCu\8UCD8|U8\IDC8:OD,D8dd8,\DIDQC8:\IODO!D:I8I-
CD] CD `\D OWt OtdI8 D] `D D|t 8CI\ O!QO[ WCud D 8ID:\t8I]
8Dd 8-8IVID_. O \D X\D D8 \DI8 D:I8ICD] DIttOtd D 8\tUC\uI
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I8ICD8.
1IWDCCUDI8u\DCII\[8Dd8W |QO8I\dD]8D\),DU\DO\]!I-
dCD. 18 \3K I CD 8\Q IUtDt 8Dd 8 DCW \D [C:8 8D D OI_8D:2d
!COWID_\D DCd O!D CO8DO8 \O _I8D\ DdOD C I8 CII2D8. D \DI8
I_D\WuDdt88DdD8\DUDd:8CO8d888uDQ\IODW88,DI8, D8\\D DI-
t8tCDIC8 OI_8DI78\IOD O!8CD D8:CD-8\8\ (olis) 8D8 !OCW \D DOd
QIOV:dd D] D8WO!\D CC8DO8; 8Dd, 8CODd, \D8\\D 8\8DII[ O!t8-
\1OD8 8DCD_D8\1OD-888 8D888O D DCdd CD D8W C!D8UI |CC8-
DC8) \D8\ 8tV8 DDCdOI \DCt_8D:78ICD O8CD 88\ WI\D:D :\8!
|QOI8).
JDU8, OuD:D Qu8 I \DI8 W8]: `D QDIO8OQDIC8 DI!\D8\ D8Ut
OD]8 D8DD8IC8 `8W8 WD:CD WI D8UI I\8 8\8DII[ CI 8C CD_ 88 :\
Q888 LOdO D8:D8IDI\, W88 8 8CC:8]tVCU\IOD8I] Id8: DC\D CO8DC8
8DdQC:8|I\8QQ3Id)WI8!-COD\3IDd,8DdD:I|CID\t8\IOD81[_u8t-
8D\dDII8\8DII[.8tCD]88:6o, [OQWCItIdD8\\)YCIdW88
_I:Dd1D_\O:\8 LDd:D];:o, \DI_I8DdCDIdtDWtCCDDdD\\D8\8I8:C-
D8 8DdCDDI8CID\LI8CID8dD8d 8WOtd\D8\I8DQt!C].'
5DOI] 3Ht D8 |D] ;;6), D Id8 W88 8QQId \O \D CODCD], 8Dd
DDI\COK, 8Dd LCdW88tQ8CdD] \D 5\8\: \DIDVI8IDD8Dd D8-
DIQu8d D] \D 8\8\, W88 8U[[C8d \C 8CuI !I 8Dd QI:V8\ IDII8\IY8.
JDU8 I\W88 DC\\D IC C!\D 88 C Iu\D CODOD], DU\\OD8K8uI
2/C LLaQc: 5cVcn
that thc cconomy ru!cd itscI!. 1!c invisib!c hand was Ihc ivisibIc hand o!
Ihc statc, as Arrighi has rcccnt!y and convincig!y argucd.' 1!is idca !asIcd
unti! Ihc taI! o! zoo8, whcn YaI! SIrcct cxp!odcd, bIowing o Ihc hngcrs ot
Ihc invisib!c hands and dcpriving Ihcm o! gIaying Ihc strigs and guiding
thc marioncttcs.
DIOUUC\D_ CCOOD\8 LO8DOQO\!8D UC88
It cosmopoIltan idca!s arc mainIaincd n and tor Ihc twcnty-hrst ccntury,
cosmopoIiIanism shaI! bc accountabIc !or iIs crmcs: thc vcry !oundation
o! cosmopoIitanism, as cnvisioncd by Kant and cxpIaincd by JouImln, was
comp!iciIous with mctormaIion o! uropcan imgcria! gowcts and o! uro-
pcan cxpansion in Amcrica, Aica, and Asia, as wc!l as with thc contiu-
ation ot uropc in thc Unitcd Statcs, as IcgcI was anticigaIing.' Jo man-
Iain cosmogoIitan idcaIs, wc (aI! Ihosc who cngagc in Ihis procct) nccd
to dcco!onizc cosmogo!itanism, which mcans movg Ioward a dccoIonia!
cosmopoIitan ordcr no Iongcr modcIcd on thc Iaw o! naturc discovctcd by
scicncc, but om various modc!s o! convivia!ity that Ycstcrn cosmogoI-
tanism supprcsscd. CosmogoIiIanism cannot bc a tog-down g!oba! ordcr,
nor can it bc thc priviIcgc ot "trcgucnI travcIcrs` and tri-conticnta! sub-
ccIs. CosmopoIitanism shaI! bc thought out in rcIaIion to a hcIcrogcnous
historico-structutaI conccpIion ot history and socicty (as wc saw i chap-
tcr ) and worId ordcr, rathcr Ihan in a uni!incar natrativc ot history and a
hicrarchicaI organization ot socicty. OccoIonia! cosmopoIitansm shaI! bc
"thc bccoming o! a p!urivcrsaI worId ordcr` bui!t on and dwc!ling in thc
gIoba! bordcrs ot modcrnlty/coIonia!ity. Iwhat toI!ows I cxpIain Ihis idca.
lW procccd by taking a stcp back !rom thc scvcntccnth ccnIury, whctc
JouImin Icarncd that "modcrnity` pIanIcd iIs sccd during Ihc Icnaissancc
and whcrc hc discovcrcd humanism as modctnitys hiddcn agcnda bcyond
thc cc!cbration ot scicncc and sccuIar phi!osophy. And ! wiII takc a stcg
!orward, Ioward thc !ormation ot thc Unitcd SIatcs and thc Iranstormation
o! uropcan cosmogoIitan idcaIs, DIhc carIy IwcnIicth ccntury, whcn mas-
sivc immigration !tom uropc agiIaIcd Ihc guicI watcrs ot two ccnturics o!
piIgrims pro-ctcaIion, IaIivc Amcrican rcprcssion, and cns!avcd -tican
cxgIoitaIion.
AbouI onc hundrcd and Ihitty ycars bctorc !mmanucI Kant pronounccd
his Iccturc on anthropo!ogy trom a pragmatic point o! vicw (:;;z-;), thc
!D8DDQD\I\8V 1OC8iSD8 2}1
nccd ot inIcrnationa! Iaw cmcrgcd in thc consciousncss ot Ycstcrn Chris-
tians. Yhi!c i utogc thc Counci! ot Jrcnt was scI|ing thc stagc tor a
b!oody sccnatio that wou!d consumc Ycstcrn Christian utogc untiI thc
Icacc ot YcstghaIia (6(8), cnding Ihc Jhirty Ycars Yar, which had gig-
gybackcd on thc cighIy-ycar war bctwccn Span and thc IcthcrIands, !cga!
thco!ogians at thc UnivcrsiIy o! Sa!amanca wcrc sIarIing Ihcit Iong jout-
ncy to soIvc two intcttcIaIcd prob!cms. Io what cxcnI Indians i Ihc Ncw
YotId wctc Iuman, and to what cxtcnt, as a conscgucncc, thcy had prop-
crIy righIs. !or CasIIians !and was a maI|cr ot propctIy rights, whiIc tot thc
Inca and AzIcc civi!izaIions, as wcI! as oIhcr cxstig communitics in thc
Caribbcan, ncithcr propcrty nor righI was a known conccgt. 1!is was cvcn
!css gctmanc to Iand. !and was !or Ihcm and sIiII is thc sourcc ot Iitc, and
noI a commodiIy. Irancisco dc ViIotia and his to!Iowcrs wcrc contronting,
durng thc sccond haI! o! thc sixtccnIh ccntury, issucs o! a hisIory paraI!cI
Io and inIcrtwncd with thc inIcrna! history ot uropc that Kant uamcd in
Icrms o! nation-statc and nationaI characIcrs. Jhis doubIc history, its impc-
ria! and coIonia! sidc, wcrc ccrIainIy aI work in thc scvcnIccnIh ccntury, but
as Joulmln has cIcgantIy narratcd in Ihc hrst chagtcr o! his book, on!y Ihc
brighI sidc o! mgcria! uropcan hisIory was IransmiI|cd to his gcncration,
n ng!and, n thc ios and (os.
!n rctrosgcct, anoIhcr asgccI o! thc story that has not bccn Io!d dcscrvcs
Io bc brought to !ighI. Grcck cosmoo/is has many morc siml!aritics Io
Qucchua-Aymara words Ilkc Pacba or cvcn Tawantinsuyu than Io Kants
cosmo-o/is. Jawantinsuyu was noI on!y Ihc otganizaIion o! thc Incanatc,
but-as I usI mcmioncd-iI was modcIcd on thcir knowIcdgc ot Pacba
(which, trans!atcd into Grcck, wouId bc "cosmos` and inIo Iatin wouId bc
"orbis`), a mallcabIc word Ihat coI!apscs spacc and Iimc, cncrgy and Iitc.
And that is a grob!cm, tcaI!y. !maginc, as a thought cxgcrimcnt, Ihat KanI
rc!icd on Jawantinsuyu Io imaginc a gIoba! and sociaI organizaIion ot thc
human spccics, much Ikc Guaman Ioma dc Aya!a did cxactIy zo ycars
bc!orc KanI, whcn hc !ad out his Nueva coronica y ouen ooierno and
proposcd to Ihi!ip !!I an organization ot "1!c Indics ot thc Icw YotId.
1!c otganizaIion ot Ihc htst impcria!/co!onia! socicIy sicc Ihc sxtccnIh
ccntury was mcant to so!vc a cosmo-go!itica! prob!cm ot a particuIar kind.
Ihc !ormaIion o! modcrn/coIonia! intcr-staIc rc!ations and inncr-staIc so-
cia! organization (sIabi!iIy and hicrarchy). 1!c tact that uropcans man-
agcd and controI!cd know!cdgc docsnI mcan Ihat in tcrms o! thc !uturc and
z;z CIaterSeven
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D dtW 8 D8Q dIVCI_ Il IDC WO Q8tl8. LD D UQQt Qt D Cc8d
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CIC DO D8D lD8\ D !OtC8 C! DI8Ct Wt KC !CtVt. D CUttD QtC-
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\IOD O! D QtODD LUD8D CD8 88W Dt_I_ DV DUDdtC 8t8 8_C,
WDD D ttIOt O! lDC88 8Dd PDt88 DC8D 8 DX O! DDIcI\I8. I8
CcOCDI8 QOIlIc8 t8lI8 W88 8DC tD8!D8 XDQ8t, I D8l D dIC DO
QtOQO8 lO cOXI8 WID D DD. LD lD cODlt8t, D VI Id8 O! `D
DD W88 DCl ID DI8 DIDd DU8, CD C! D Dt8 8Q8 C! CCCODI8 cO8-
DOQOIl8DI8D W88 lO _ tIC O! lD IC8 O! !tIDC8 8Dd DDI8 ID WDICD
\D QOIIC8 DDC8 I8 t8I8OD C<t. L8t ocDDI\8 QtOQO88 CD D8K8 8D8
WID LutOQ8D `QCIlIc8 DCO_, lD8l I8, ID lD 8CU8IIZ8lIOD O! LDtI8I8D
DOO_ I WDICD D WOtd I8 8t8d CIVICC DWD LDtI8!8DI 8Dd
`DO8 DtD8tI8D8 WDO D8 I 8Dd W8Dl \O C8tO R
QtODD I8 DCl DIDCt, 8DC D WDO IC8 O! CCCCDI8 cO8DOQCI-
l8DI8D I8 8l 88K. 1 8DOuC 88O 8Cd lO lD QtV!Cu8 C8ctIQlIOD C! D suyu
Cosmo]outan \oca\sms 2}j
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8Uu. 1D DI8 c88 8W8D\!18Uu W88 8\ ODC D cIy 8DC 88O D X\D8ICD
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DOVC !tOD Cosmo-o/is C Urois-oroe C Pacba-suyu. D Dt8l WO DCD_
\O D 88D !D!, 81OU_D LID W88 CVtIU1d D LC8DC8. PDd 8CD8
DVt DtC D CCDVt88lIOD. 1 Dt!D_ID_ I\ uQ DCW 8D 8lI88ID_ WD
8D CC8DOQOI8D QtCC lOd8 C8DDC D 8 QtCc\ !tOD CD Cc8 DI8Ct
8DC Q8tlIcU8t OcU8 O! DUDcI8IOD, 88 I! 8 QCQ ID D WOtC 8DCU1d D
D8QQ C D `IDCuCd ID 8UcD 8 _DtOU8 uDIVI88 cC8DCQCI\8D QtO)c.
1DCC, WD WCUC 8CD8-8u]u D tU1d OU 8DC I8 CODtIDUlICD \O _OD8
CODDuD8 1uUt8 CI8DI88d ID !8VOt O! CO8DO-QO18 CI UtDI8-CtD: |5
D 8HtWCtC lO DI8 DOOK.) YD8l, ICC, 8t \D QtIV1_8 C! \D LtCC-
bOD8D DOC8 OVt 8 ODt QC88ID OD8: OW, WDD 1 8t_U !Ot CCD-
DUD8 !ulUt8, 8Dd IltCCUc D DCC C! 8CD8-8U]u, 1 8D DCl QtCQC8ID_
8 `DW 8DC `D|t |WO K CCDCQ8 C! !DQtI8 DOCtDI) DOC C t-
Q8c D Cd 8DC D8d Id88 C!`cC8DO8 8DC `OtDI8. D8 WU1d D C CC lD
8D, 8DC WID I\ cD8D_ lO DOV !OtW8tC. 1Ot ! Cu CDD CC8DCQOI-
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dIV!CU8 I!, 88 W1 88 DcOtQOt8ID_ D !! C! 8cD DDDt C! D CCD-
DuDI ID D Cc5 C! C88 8DC DI_D8, O! D 888OD8 \D8 DIID_ D D8tV8l
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8DCDtCD WID D CO8DC8 |._., WD8l Y8tDt8 C8C DCIcID).
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|8DC \DC QCt8CD U8D8_ID_ DO8C ID8\I\u\IOD8) 8DC8d O QCCQ!C. YD] CO WC
DCCC `_ICW\U 8DC CCVC!CQUCD IWC KDCW \D8 DC DC8uIC8 \D8\ \DC tDC\O-
tIC O! DCCCIDI] QICDC\C8 DICC 8DC CI8DI88 DC `_tCWID 8Dd dCVC!CQUCD\
C! QCVCt]! 8 !Ot DC 8CCCDC QuC8IOD, ]C8, 8D !Ct `CCDDO!C_IC8! IDC-
V8\IOD8, Du DC 8 DC CXQCD8C C! DILC YOIC LC_IOD8 \D8\ Q8] DC CO88
C! \t8D8D8ICD8! DIDID_ |WDICD QtCVICC D8\uL8! tC8CuICC8 Ct DC \CCDDC-
C_IC8! IDCu8t]) \D8 8tC QOI8ODI_ DC tIVCI8 8Dd CXD8u8\ID_ \DC 8O D8\
8LC DC `8CuLCC8 O IC OI CD\ILC QOQu!8\IOD8!'' CWCVCt ]Ou !CCK 8\ I,
ID8ID_ iUvD o L_DID_ ![ }C>
`CCVCOQDCD\ I8 8 C8QI\8I8\ mI88IOD; 88 8DCD, I\ WOu!C DDCCIUIDC WD8CVCt
QOQu8ICD 8DC WD8\CVCt tC_IOD \D8\ I8 D8CC88 !OI 8DCD 8 UI88ICD. DC CD8-
CD_C I8 C \DIDK ID CCODOUIC \CIU8 \D8\ 8tC 88\I8!8CCL] !O: :V\D_, I8\DCt
D8D ID CCCDODIC \CtU8 \D8 IDCtC88C CODtO CVCL D8D8_CUCD 8DC \D8
88I8I QCt8OD8 DCCC8 \DtOu_D DC 8CCuUu!8\IOD O! WC8\D D] 0D] DC8D8.
DC UC8D8 C DC CDC C! 8CCuUu!8\IOD CD8D_C, Du\ 8CCuUD8ICD tCD8I8
DC DCLIZOD O! CCVCOQUCD; 8DC DC\ Ct C:8tIDDICD, O! CCDt8C. LtOWID,
88 WC KDCW I, DCDCD.8 QCID8Q8 CDC D!:OD O! DC 8DO8\ 8CVCD DICD
QCOQC OD DC Q8DC\ |88 O :oo). JDC DCDCDCI8tIC8, DCWCVCt, dO DO\ DCDCD\
CQu8!]. DC] 8LC Ct_8DIZCd ID CODCCD\tIC CItC!C8. DC 8U8C8\ CItCC, ID \DC
QLIV\C_CC CCDCt, CODQtI8C8 QCtD8Q8 QCICCD C! DC O8 QOQu8ICD, 0DC
DC CuCtUO8\ CIIC!C, C! WCtKCI8 8DC CCD8DUCt8, COD8I8\8 O! QCtD8Q8 1L QCt-
CCD\ C! \DC O8 QCQu!8\IOD.
8U DO CQu8\ID_ bC))8 OD8CtV8ICD 8Qu8LC] WID \D8\ O! 8CCtOWICZ.
JDCtC 8tC dIUCICDCC8, CCt\8D!j. 8CCtOWICZ I8 CODCCtDCC W:\D QLC8QCII],
WDC oCD I8 CODCCIDCC WI\D 8CV:D_ QtCDCU8 O! DuD_CI, IDu8\ICC, 8DC ID-
CQu8!I]. bCD DCICVC8 \D8\ C8QI8I8\ dCVC!OQUCD I8 DC W8] C !ICCCCU.
CVC!CQUCD\, Ct bCD, dOC8)) UC8D QtO8QCII] ID \DC W8] I\ COC8 !OI 8CC-
tOWICZ. 8CCLCWCZ I8 8!8O 8D ID\CtC8ID_ CX8DQC O! \DC QCL8u88IVC CtCC C!
CODVCt8ICD. C8QI8I8U D88 O D.DC DO CD] CODVCt\8 ID 88CLD DICQC 8DC
ODCt Q8I\8 O! \DC WCIC, Du CCDVCL8 WDO \8KC 8D 8CIVC tCC ID CCCDCI_
C8QI8!!8U. JDC QCIIC8 O! CODVCL8IOD 8QQ!IC8 88 WC! C UI!IOD8 C! WOIK-
Ct8 |CUQO]CC8) ID \DC D))8DCI8 0DC \CCDDCO_IC8! 8CC\Ot |8DC, C COu:8C,
uDIVCL8I] QtO!C88CL8) WDC CC!CDC \DC CICCC O! `IDDOV8ICD 8DC D8ID8ID
D8 C8QI\8:8U _tOUC\C8 `IDDCV8\IOD. DI8 I8 8DODCI 8L_uUCD D8 CO!C-
DIZC8 DC DuU8D DCD \OW8td CLC8IVI], 8Dd C888 I\ ID CtU8 O! `C8QI8-
I8D 8DC IDDCV8\:OD \D8\ I8, I 8 !OIUu8 D8\ Q8L8C8 `CCVCOQDCD\ 8DC
!ICCCCU.
D 18ID DCtIC8 8Dd \DC L8tIDDC8D 8Dd CDCL Q8I8 C! \DC WCJC, `CC-
VCOQUCD D88 DCCD 8 KDC O! CLDCIDCD 8IDCC QtCCC\8 C UOdCtDIZ8IOD
8DC CCVCOQUCD DC_8D 8I|CI DC bCCODd YCLC Y8t. `CQCDCCDC] \DCCL]
CDCt_CC QtCCI8C] 88 8 CODC88ICD C! \DC IDQC88ID:I] C! DC DC\IOD O! CC-
VC!CQID_ DDCCtCCVCOQCC CCuDtIC8 O CO8C \DC _8Q8 DCwCCD 1IL8 YCtC
8DC JDIIC.' 1tOU DC QCt8QCCIVC O! \DO8C WDO 8IC 8 \DC ICCCIV\D_ CDC O!
C8QI\8:8D, DCtC 8IC \WC 88_C8 C !OCu8 CD ID DC Q88\ 8D ]C8I8. DC Dt8\
88_C, D8\ O! UCCCtDIZ8IOD 0DC CCVCOQUCD, WCDDC dCWD ID \DC _OD8
jO 1Uc\WCtd
CtI8I8 O :68, u8DCtID_ ID D D0 C! \D WC8t 8|8\ 8D0 \DC DC_DD1I_
O DC DC-IDCt8 QtOCC8 D8 88tC0 ID ID\C 8Rt DC 81 O b8V80Ot
1CDdC, !I ,{. JD 8CCCD0 88_C, DCO-IDt8 0CVCQDCD 88 _CD8\8D,
8\8ICd ID D 8os0D0 CD00 W1\D DC CC8Q8C C! Y8 btC|, O !CDt8
C\Ot8, O! CDD8D DtCDt8, 8D0 C \D `tIuDQD O D C8QI8I8 D8tKC\
CCCDOD].
MCWCVt, 8 \utDID_ QOID~8 CODCCQ\u8 8CD8KuI\OOK Q8CC WI\D \DC
8tD8\\OD C! ID0I_CDCu8 QCIIC8 8CCIC] 8D0 I8 t8D8QID_ O Y8\CtD QO
IIC8 \DCt] 8D0 QOI\IC8 CODCD]. |CtC 8t V8tIOU8 X0UQ8 O DI8 !I
\DC Q88 DIt\] ]C8t8 D8\ D8V DCD CXQt88C0 D] 0IHCtCD\ ID0I_CDOu8 Ct_8
DIZ8\IOD8, IDCud\D_ \D D0I_DCu8 80t8 bU I C D 1DCtIC88, DC
IOD0t8ICD C!DdI_CDOu8 8\IOD8I\IC8 O! CU80Ot (CON Ai), 1D8W8]
Y88I \DIVt8I], 88C ID 1Cu80Ct, C., DOWVt, DC :UQ8C\ D88 DD 8CD1Vd
QtID0t:1] DtOU_D V8tIOU8 0C8t8IOD8, 0I8COut88, CQCD \CI8, 8D0 IDCt
VICW8 W1D V0 Ct8C8. CtC tCCCD\], DC :UQ8C C D0I_DCU8 CODCCQ\8
O `C 1V \D uD88, \O IV ID QCDIU0C (sumak kawsaj suma kamaa)
D88 D V\t\UC C t-0ItCCD_ 8 QtCV\Cu8] 8tX\88OCI8I8DCCO_] O 1D
Ct8ICD, 0Dd CtI!IQu\D_ 0VCQDD 8D0 UtDID_ I \DC 8 t80\C8 CCCODI8
OQ\ICD.' D tCVCu\IOD I8 DO 0DDCuDC0 Ct DX\ WCCK. MCWCVCt, I| I8 8D
uDdDI8DC 8D0 uD8\OQQ8D 0CCOCDI8 CQI8\0D\C, QCIIC8, CCCDODIC, 0D0
\DIC8 D8tCD \O \D U\ut. 1D0 tCDDDCt, I\ I8 DC 8D 8D8\t8C\ uDIVCt88
d8ID] C CVICCD 8 XI8\ID_ ODC8. I8 ODC OQCD, D 0CCCDI8 CQ
ICD, WI\D D8D] 8VDUC8.
|u8\ DD\\ODC0 WD8\ I8 C810 sumak kawasy ID [U\CDu8 Ct suma
kamaa ID 1D8t8. DI8 I8 8 C8C_Ot] C DCu_D ID 1D08D QD:1O8OQD]
\D8\ D88 D80 8 8\C8t C8tt ID D 88 0CC80, ODC \D8 8CCCCt80 WDCD
I\ W88 IDCu0C0 \D \D 88 ICD8Iu\IOD O 1Cu80Ct. D88 DD 8KCD Cu\
C CCD\X\ D] DC NGO8 8D0 D] DC D, DC OD1] ID 8D 1DCtIC8 Du\ 88C
ID D \DIC0 b\8C8 8D0 utCQC. NGO8 8C I\ 88 8 DCW C8CD] WOt0 O tC
Q8CC dVOQDCD\, 8D0 D H 8CC8 I 88 8 u8U WOt0 C CODIU \DC
CtIIQuC8 C! 0VCOQDD\. 1D \D DC8D\ID, D0I_DOu8 VOIC8 8t DO8\
C \D IDC R Ou! O !D dCD8\. D DC Q8_8 \D8 CCW, IDD0 C 8t
\ICu8 8 dCCOCDI8 \8K D8\ OD D ODC D8D0 0\88DC8 I8C !tOD NGO5
0Dd \D H, 8D0 OD DC O\Dt \O 800t88 DOD-IdI_CDOu8 t80Ct8 [8DCC
IDdI_CDCU8 QCQC 0O DO\ DCC0 C t80 8DOu bUU8K 8W88] \O KDOW WD8\
I\ I8). I0 \ DC D C8t. 0C DO IDCD0 \O DC `tCQt8CDD_ ID0I_CDCu8
C\osm \oW md LQcDn_'Q \C7
8C!IV\88 0D0 \DIKCt8, Dt8\ C! 01\ 1CC8u8 DC 0C DC\ DCC0 \O 1C tCQt8CD\C0,
8D0 8CCCD0, DCC8u8C Ct \D8\ tC88OD 1 8VCI0 88 DuCD 88 C8D DC CCDCCQ
O! `tCQtC8D\8\\CD, WDICD I8 8W88 8tC80 8 CCDCQ\ C! DC IDCtIC C
DO0tDI].
buD0K K8W88] COu0 D D|Ct \t8D880 88 `\O \VC ID D8tDCD. buCD 8
t8D88IOD 0O8D IDC\U0C \D I0C8 O! `D8UtC, WD\C buD0K 8W88 !DQ\C8
IV ID D8tDOD]W1\D 8CD8D8D8. D Y8CtD CO8DOC_], `D8\ut I8 Cu\8I0C
`DuD8D. D 1D0C8D CIV:28ICD8 8uCD 8CQ0t8\\OD 0CC8D OD\8D. C `IVC ID
uIC88 [V\V\t CD QDIU0) COu0 DC 0DC\DCt t8D88OD. C 1V WC [DuD
V\VII) I8 8D 8QQtOX1D8\ \t8D88\\OD \D8\ D88 D 80V8D!8_C O! 1CID_ UD0t
8!OO0 D] DCD1]U8t8, [UCDu8, OI [uICDu8 8QC8Kt8, 8DOu_D I\ D88 \DC
0I880V8D!8_ O! DID_ 8QQtCQtI8\C0 D QtCCC\8 O! ICW8\CtDI28IOD [8QCD
C8], D] \DC DCt-1DCtIC0D 1VCOQDCD D8DK 8D0 \DC YCt0 D8DK) 88 8
DW 8C \OI 0VCCQDCD\ID D VCC8Du0t O! D `D8QQIDC88 CCCDCD.
b!DCD X8DQ8t8, a1D8t8 8CCIOC_I8\, CCuD\tC0 8UCD 8QQtCQtI8ICD8 8D0
uDCOUQ8 8uD8 K0U8n8 [ID \D 1D8t8 8D_u8_) !tOD `0VCCQDD\.
C 8t_uC8 D8 8uD8K K0U8n8 0O8D D0KC 8 0I8\\DC\\CD DCwD 0IHt-
D KI08 C! 1V\D_ [88 8 C8QI8I8\ 8OCIC] 0CC8), O IV W Ct DC W,
DU\ DC0D8 `V\V\t CD 8tDCD8 CCDQCDD\8tI080 IDC_t8 0C O8 0IVt8O8
DuD0C8 0C 8 CODuDI080 CO-DIOIC8 D8UI8, Qu 88 D C 8]\Q-CD\tC,
CD\t 8 0K8-V\08 ] IW8-Dut!C, aII88 8 K8D8-(D8)VWCDCI8 CCD-VVCDCI8
0 O8 01VCt8O8 DuD0C8 D 8tDCDa [\O IV D D8tDCD], D \D CCDQC
DD8!IOD C \D 0IVt8C WOtd8 C! \D CO-DIOIC D8Ut8 CODDuDI]. DI8
CCDDuD1] CCCUQI8 \D 8]]IQ-CDCt, DwCD |0K8-!C 8D0 |IW8-0C80. I
\D8 CDt 0W8 K8D8-[D8)XI8CD\I8-CXQCtIDCI8 8D0 D \DC 8IDODIOu8
CO-XI8DCC C! uC 0\VCt8 WCt08).'' 1 t8D88ICD C \DC bQ0DI8D VCt8IOD O!
1D8t8D QD\C8CQD tI8K8 L8!\CDID_ 8D0 IDID8D_ \DC 0IHCtDCC, WDICD
I8 DC C88C WDD D CODCQ I8 t8D88c 88 `0CV\CQDD. CCu0 DC tD-
0Ct0 88 `O 1V ID QDI\ud, WDICD I8 CCuDIQtO0uC\IV CI 8 QtCC\8 O!
0VOQDD 0D0 _tOW\D. D8_ID Da Ou D8VC C \t8D88\C `0VCOQDCD\
IDC 1]U8t8. D]Cu \t8D88C I\ 88 8uD8 K8D8D8, Cu IDCD8I D CCDDO
8ICD O! CCCDODIC _ICWD, WDICD I8 CDC O! D COD8quCDC8 O! u8ID_ \DC
WCI0 deve/oment. D \D8\ 8D8, deve/oment C8DDO D t8D88C0 D\C
1D8t8 W1\DCu\ O8D_ I8 8uD8\8DC, DCC8u8C 1D8I8 8D_u8_C 8D0 CC8DO
C_] 0CD D8V tCCD !Ct 8 CODCQ\ \D8\ DCCD_8 C YC8\tD CC8DCO_] 8D0
C8QI\818 CCDCD.
)C Ahcrword
JD Q8DC 0DO QOI\IC0 O1DD8OD 8 8aK Dt D88 OD 0Q\l] 8uD-
D8I2d O] 8DOIDt ]D8t8 IDC\u0, 8OCIOO_I8, 8DO Cuut8 CtI\IC
W8tCO 1tD8DO2 L8CO.
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J1c ICuth \8 DC tgD! tC D8tmCDy WD a aDd amODg a. J1!8 1b Dc
+
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DCDWC 8tc a D\CtdcQcD-
t\gDO DC tccCgDZCd 88 Qat! C 888 cm 1 W
dcD: Dt8, amCDg DumaD DcDg8, aDd, 8ccCDd, amCDg Dum8DDcDg8 aDd
l8cDamam8.
r D8 QOD, dCVC!CQDCD 8 DC !OD_Ct 8D OQCD \Ct \tCCCOD, Du 8
_!CD8!CC8_DD8d8tuQ8D8tDCD, QOIu\C8,t8D8\CtD8 D8!Ut8 tC_CDCt8-
CD DO 8tHC8 tC_CDct8CD DtOu_D DC u8C CIDCtD!CJdC8 8Dd _CDC-
C8j UOdDCd 8CCd8, 8DC, 88 8 CCD8CguCDCC, QtCVCD\8 `!VD_ D
D8tDCDj
8DC u!DC88. `CVC!OQUCD QtCUOC8 DC COUQC\VC CUCD8WD 8Dd 8
QDiC8CQDjOD8QQDC88D88CCCD CCCDCD, 8Dd8t\8\C, 8DC8QOt\VC8uC-
CC88. buU8KK8W88QtOUO\C8 !VD_ DD8tUODj 8DCCOD!CUCDu_ C8CD
ODCt WD W8!Ut8D88 tDD 8Dd CD|CCVy D Q8tCDUC88. bUCCC88 DCtC
8 DO\ DC _O8!; C `!VC D D8tDODj 8Dd Q!CDudC 8 DC _C8 OI 8uU8K
K8W88j.I\D8 8CD8C, DC_CDCD8 !C8dct8 WOuiC 8_CCWD D8ty8 bCD,
QtCVCCC!D8DCCCODCUjD8CD8utC88DU8KK8W88j8DOC8Q888DC
D8DCQtC|CC8DO\`CCVC!OQUCD,Du`CDD8DCCUCD OCOUUUD8!DC-
tZOD8 C!\\C. `!CUUDD8, ODCC 8_8D, QOD8 OW8td 8 DOD-C8Q!8I8DC-
tZOD O\8OCCy, 8DdDD88CD8C CHCt8 \tOD DOD DCDCt8 DCOD O
`CCDUOD_OOd 8DdDC W8tX8\DOCDO\`DC COUDOD. IC CCUDDD8
8 DC CVCt8iDCt7CDOICCCO!CD8CQ!OD8.1CtDC_CDCU8 DuKCt8, CCVc!-
OQDCD8DC CCODCUCQtC|CC\IOt`!VD_DC\|Ct\D8DUjDC_DDOt. DD8
8CD8C,\OO, WC C8DDDdCt88DCDC C!8D D8D88DCCDU8dC tCCCD!jODDC
uutC O\C8Q88D 8DC DC!8CKO\8CtD8VCO.
YODC8D88K:C8, DDC8DD8DC dCDC: LDC8D8WCI8D88DCD_dODC
8!DCu_D DC D DC 88DC W8j D8DC o8OQCt8\C8. IC CXQCC8OD8 D8
D8 8DOuiC DC 8 tCVC!u\CD !KC DC DCtC8D, \DC 1tCDCD, DC 18I8D, Ot
DC 1u888D tCVO!uOD8 8 DO !OD_Ct 8D 8CCgu8\C UCdC!CI D8_DD_ DC
uutC. 8 8\DQ!juDD8_D8D!C8\\D8UODCDODDY`tCVO!uCDWDCD
\DC D8CD-88C8 CtC8CC Dj QtOCC88C8 O `tCVO!uOD 8tC uDCCtUDCd Dj
]1z Ahcrvord
_!CD8!I28ICD. JDC CCCDCUIC 8!tuC!utC8 !D8! U0ID8!I `C8QI!0!I8U, !tCUDC
D8DK8, D8 CCIQCt8ICD8, DC 8!8C, \DC UCdI8, WI! DC uIC8tUIDCC D] d8!IDK
!D_ !tCU D8 tu!C8 D8! D888 ID8IuICD8 C88D!I8D !Ct DC CCDVCDICDC8 C!
DC _!CD8! 8CCDCUIC 8Dd QC!I!IC8 8!I!C8. u! I! I8 IU0_ID8DC 8Dd QC88ID!C !C
CtC8C !D8I!u!ICD8 8DC C UCCI!y CXI8ID_ CDC8, !utDID_ !DCU ID 8 CIDCtCD
CItCCICD. D8 I8 QtCCI8C!j WD8 DC Cutt8D _CVCtDUCD! C! 1C!IVI8 I8 t]ID_
C CC WID !DC 88C 8DC WID D8 CCCDCU]. VO NC1888 8QC8K8 C! 8CCI8!I8U,
WDICD DC dI8!ID_uI8DC8 !tCU CCUUuDI8U 8Bd !tCU C8QI!8!I8U. I8 CCDC8Q-
!CD C! 8CCI0!I8U I8 DC dCtIV8C !tCU N8tX, Du! !tCU !D8 CCUUuI3! Ct_8-
DIZ8!ICD8 C! DC T]!u8, WDICD 8tC DCDC8QI0!I8 Ct_8DIZ8ICD8 D8! CC8X!88d
WID !DC CC!CDI8! NIC8tC]8!] C! !8tu, CutID_ Dt8C C8DutI88, 8BC WI!D DC
CQUD!IC8 dC C!IVI8 ID DC Q88 WC CCDuII88. buU8KK8W88]/8uU8 K8U8D8
I8 DC QtIDCIQ!C DC 8uDDI|Cd C !DC LuHDtC bud8UCtIC8D8 dC 8CICDC8 \D8
U8 ID LCCD8D8UD8 ID 1CCCUD8t 2OO.
LD D8 CCC88ICD tC8IdCD! VO
NCt8!88 CDCCut8_8C DC !CtU8ICD C! 8 tu8 bCuD TUCtIC8D LCUUuDI]
CI 8ICD8 WDC88 !uutC WCuC D8 _uICCC Dj DC QDI!C8CQD] dCtIVCC !tCU
8uU8K K8W88]/8uU8K K8u8 0Dd 8CD8U0U8. bIDCC D8D, DC dCD88 ID
1C!IVI0 D88 !ICt808Cd C D8 QCID! !D WDICD t8CIC8 CtI!IC8 HCU DC WDI!C
LCU 8D_8DCCtCd 8 QC8UIC8 dCD8!8 WI!D DC Q8t!ICIQ8ICD C! WDIC QtC_tC8
8IV8 8CDC!8t8 8DC IDC!CC!u88 8DC, !CtuD8!8!], C! IDCI_8DCu8 IDC!8Cu88.
JDu8, D8 CCUQ!8X!!] C! DC 8I!u8ICD I8 8uCD !D0 WD!8 D8 YCt!C 8DK
8BC DC 8!88 8Dd !C 8QQtCQtI8C 8XQtC88ICD8 8uCD 88 8uU8K K8W88] 8DC
8CD8U8U0 8DC C u8C DCU C Qu 8CUC !t88D U0KC uQ CD DC CCDC8Q! C!
`CCVC!CQU8D, 8CCCt8 C! !DC N8tX!8 L8U 8CC D8 IDCI_CDCu8 8CV8DCC C!
DCIt QDI!C8CQD] 8DC QC!IIC8 88 8 tCU8DIC tCutD C DC Q88.
LCU!D_ D8CK !C DC QuC8ICD C! DCW I! C8D DC dCDC, DC 8D8WCt I8, 8_8ID,
I I8 DCID_ dCDC. 1 I8 8D Itt8VCt8ID!C QtCC888 C! dC!IDKID_. 1C!:IK!I_ CCC8D!
UC8B!8!8 tCQC8!C 8D8DdCD, Du ID8C8d C !DV8D! dCCC!CDI8 VI8ICD8 8BC
DCtI2CD8, CCDCCQ8 8Dd CI8CCuI888, WDICD I8 WD8! VO NCt8!88 88 WC! 88 DC
Z0Q0I888 8DC CDCt !ICI_CDCu8 UCV8UCD!8 8tC CCID_ ID DC UCtIC08.
LIimpsc3! 3 LommunaNision
0 606|d|: 6|0K| 0g d0C l 00660060\ 100g\
T8 UCDICDCC C8tICt, CCDtCVCt8IC8 8DCu\ `CCVC!CQU8D! D8VC 8 CD_
t0dIICD ID L8!ID U8tIC8D CtIIC8! DIDKID_. CCCD], !DC !Id8Q8DdCD
C\osmg \CvZDC \QcHID Q \1}
UCCI8 Cu!!C! T_8Dc0 L0IDC8UCtIC8D8 dC 1D!CtU8CIOD dCdIC8\8C 8 8QCCI0
I88u8 C! mcrcu Lutnu cn .ovmcnto \C `i8 8_CD!8 dC uD UI\C; LUC
t8!CtUu!8t C! C888ttCC:" CCD!tIDu!Ct8 C !DC I88uC D8d 8uD88DI8!
8XQ8tICDC8, C8dIC8ICD, D!DKID_, 8Dd 8C!D_ !D 8DCW!D_ \D8 !DC !C_IC C!
CC!CDI8!I] t8U8!I8 CUDCCdCd ID DC tDC!CtIC C! CCV8!CQU8D, 8d8Q!ID_
8DC t8D8!CtUID_ I!8C!! !C !DC C!tCuU88DCC. YD8 W88 D8W ID D8 I88u8 W88
!D8! !DC CCDtIDuCt8, L8!I UCtIC8D8 C! utCQ88D C88C8D (UC8IZC8 8DC
IUUI_t8D8), 8DCCt8CC DC IDCI_8DCu8 CCDC8Q! 8DC QDIC8CQD]. Lu8!8VC
8CV8 8t_u88 !D8! `DuCD8 VIC8 I8 DC DCt!2CD DC]CDd `d8V8!CQUCD\. )C8
N8t!8 JCtC88 8DCW8 !D8 uId8t8ICC CI CCVCCQUCD |!DC C_IC CI CC!CDI8!I]
ID U]\C1UIDCC_]), 8t_uID_ D8\ 8! D8 t8CCIVID_ CDd \Dc CCD8Cgu8DCC8 8tC
`U8! CC88ttC!C (D8C CCVCCQUCD) 8DC `U8 VIVIt |D8C !!!C), WDIC 8! !D8
!CCI C! CDuDCI8ICD, WDCtC `C8VCCQUCD I8 Q!8DDCC, 8t_uCC, QtC|CCCd, 0Dd
CXCCu\CC, I 8QQC8t8 (Ct I8 QtC88D8C) 88 DC 8C!u!ICD !Ct 8!. LIDI8 LtuC8C,
8 !8W]Ct 0DC 8CIV!8! T!tC-LC!CUDI8D, 8DCW8 DCW ID D8 LC!CUDI8D 8
CIDC CCV8CQU8D UC8D8 !8Dd 8XQtCQtI8ICD. tutC 18CCD8t 8DC Cu8tCC
Lud]D88 !0K8 881ICu8!] !DdI_CDCu8 CQICD8 C8DCt8Cd 8tCuDC 0CD8U8U8
8DC `Du8D V!VIt 88 CQICD8 to dCVC!CQUCD8D 8t_uCD! !D8! D88 DCCD
QtC88CC D] TDCC8D IdI_CDCu8 !C8C8t8 8 88V8t8! CQQCtuDI!IC8.
`JC !IVC ID D8tUCD] D88 DCCD uICCtUIDCC D] 0 CIHCt8D QDI!C8CQD]
CI !I!C, `!IVII_ C WCtK 8Dd C dCVCCQ, WD8tCID `CCVCCQUCD D8CCU88
DC _C8! 8DC IIC I8 8! DC 8CtVIC8 CI CCV8CQUCD!. `JC IV8 ID D3tUCD]
U88B8 D8 \D8 _C8 I8 crunzu |DuIutID_), t8DCt D8D C8VCCQUCD!, 8Dd
t8-_CDCt8ICD C!!!C, t8DCt D8B tC-C]C!ID_ C! IDCu8tI8 QtCCuC. L! CCut88
tC-C]C!ID_ WCu!C CCD\IDuC C D8 B8CCCd CD 8 Q8DC! wI!D 8CVCD DIICD
Q8CQ!C, Du DC cD8 8C8C D8 8 C0QI8!I8 CCCDCU] t8guItC8. ]!DC _C8!
I8 CtI8D28 8Dd tC-_CDCt0ICD, !DCD tC-C]C!ID_ DCCCUC8 8CCCDC8tj, 8DC `C8
VC!CQU8D! WCu!C DC t8D888C !I!C `IUQtCVID_ D8 U88D8 C! DututID_
8DC tC-_CDCt8ID_, t0D8t D8D IDCtC88ID_ W88!D 8Dd DC _tC88 D8!ICD0
QtCduC !Ct DututID_.
c! QtOCC8C dc !8 CtI8Bza tccQtOC8, DD1CamcB\O G!a CC8UCVI8IB 8DdIB8, 8c
tc8!IZ8 CB c! ullu aDd!BC, Cu]C sI_B:DCadO Ua8 aa Cc! g:uQO DuUaDC
cmQatcBadO, QCtQuC IBCu]c aUb!CD 8 !8 Fuchumumu \\Cd88 8us CIV!DI
C8Cc8 ] !8 B8utacz8 8!Vc8tc CItCuDdaB\C, CCDCc !8 CCmuBId8d aDdIDa V!Vc,
tab8a, Cc!cDt0 ] dOBdc adCUa8 COBVct_cB 88 tc8 COUuDICadc8 dc 8ctc8
]I4 UcIWCtd
VVC8: 8 ullqc (CODuDU8U U O8 8t8 VVD!8 qu Qt!LCD 8 8 D8!u-
taZ8 81V8!t), a Funu (CODULU8U DUD8D8) 8 Wuku (CODULU8U U
C8 8t8 8Qt!u88 C dVDU8U8). S!88 !t8 CODULU8U8 CCLVI_L D a
CD8CI8 8OdL8 (uwu chukru, mikhu chukrc), qu 8 CL!tO ] m8CDaIO
U 8 VU8, !DQO U Cu!O 8OUDO 8 8 VUa.`"
JD QtCC8 O ICQtOC8 Dut!utO_, WDCD 8 OD O !D OuDU8!OL8 O D-
UaD CC8DCO_], !8K8 Q8C tD !D DU8H ullu. D D8HtD_ O a]u 8
DOI !D8D 8 DuI8D _tOuQ O I8HV8. LU !D8 8 DC8U8 8CD8D8D8 8
DCuUU D !D a]!1u 88 W1 88 88CIU D!!c8 8DU 81V8!t D8!uI. D8!
8 !D 8Q8C WDt Ld8O CODDULD!8 V, WOtK, aDU CDI8!. ! 8 a8O
!D Q8C C CCLVI_LC O !D !Dt CCDDuD18 O V\D_ DL_8: Sullqu
(CODDuD!8 O V\D_ Ot_aD8D O !D UOD8D C 8I1Vt!t L81ut), Funu
(DuD8L CCDDuD), 8LU Wukn (CCDDuD O 8QI1u8 DO_8 Ot 88CtU
L!!8). JD8 !Dt CODDuL!8 COLVt_ D !D `CD8CI8 8OUL8 (uwu,
chukru, mikku chukru), WDCD 8 !D CD!t 8OU !D 8CDaIO O , !D
!DQ O !D DU8D Cu! !u . (DOU8C 8UUU)
DI8 QuOC DQ1CI O:8ID_uI8D08 DC\WCCD 8CDOO1D_ [\DC t0QuDIC8D
88C COUC8\IOD) 8Dd Dut\utID_ [ID\DC 8u8). DC 8tC DO OQQO8CO. D0
COCXI8\. bODC\IDC88D 1DOI8D CDOCOUODCIut\Ut0O 8DO8CDOOCO,8ODC-
IDC8|U8 DUtuICd, WD:0 8 DOD-DO:8D CDIOWOuO D0, 8DO8\ 1OO QCt-
CCDO!DCDC,Dut\uICO8Dd8CDOOCO8DOD_UID8D8DOWDIC OIDC8\IZO
!8D:C8. DC O8D_Ct O!O0VCOQDCD\D88 DCCD QCtCCIV0d DO\ ODID 8\ID
DCtIC8,DU88OID^tIC8,D0 L8IIDDC8D, 88 WC 88 IDDC188DIC IddC
L88, OUtID_ \DC LOd Y8t. Dd \DC W8] Ou D88 DCCD 88O 8u__C8\CO OD
8CVCI8OCC88IOD8.! I0DIDOOUO!\WO O!\DCD,WDO80 !OtC0 CD8D8C8!tOD
\DCIt COIDCIOCDCC 8CIO88 OC8DI8tOtIC8 8DO tOD D0 8C\ \D8 !Dct QtOQO-
DCD8 OIO DO\KDOWC8CD OD0t. LDC CODC8 UOD I bD8t:8I, ID 1t8D. "
I8 :IQO88IDC \O 8CDI0VC 0CODODICIDd0Q0DOCDCCWI\DOu\ D8V:I_ 8CDI0V0d
8QItI\U8 IDOCQCDdCDCC, 8DO VIC0-VCt88. D080 WO 8tC ID0IO0QCDdCD 88
WC88 CODQCD0D8ICODdIIOD8. 1D OtOCtO D8V0 8D IDdCQCDO0D CD8t-
8CCtIDDCD8CtI8, 8OCI88DOCCODODIC 8QDCtC,W0 DU8OCVCOQ8DIDdC-
QCDOCDCOD8CIOu8DC88DC!OtC\DCYC88DdVICC-VCt88.'
DC 8CCODO CX8DQC COD08 !tOD 8CK L8tIDDC8D 8CIVI8\8 8DO IDC-
0Cu88. DOU_D CtI\IQuC8 O d0V0OQDCD\ CO0XI8\0d ID 8ID D0tIC8
8DO ID\DC!IO-L8tIDDC8D, \D0I0W88DODUCDCODDCtCCDC\W00D\DCD.
LICsiLgiCWDand LQcDngQ 3J5
L8CDQtO)CCuD!OOCO!tODI8 I08Q0C\IV0OC8DI8\OI.YD8! I8 ICD8tK8DC,
DOW0VCt,I8D0COIDCIdCDCCDCWCCDbD8t18\18DOOOC8\, WDODDCD-
\IOD0dD0!OI0. LDC OD0 8X08 O! 08\8 ID\0CCu8 8DO QOIIC8 QuI8uI8
W88DI8 08ID8DI!08O`1Dd0QCDd0DDOu_D 8DO L8tIDDC8D tCCdOD.
I8 8t_uDCD DIttOt8 bD8tI8I8, 8Dd, :KC D8D u8D IDC0C\u88 8DO
880OHC0t8 [88 WC 88 IDD0 QtO]0C\ OD dCW08\0tDIZ8IOD) C8\8 CD8t_C8
8tC DO\ DUCD Ot DO OD `8_8:I8\ DC YC8\ DU 8DOu\ !8utC O!\DC L8-
tIDDC8D ID\CI_CD\8I8Ot DCID_UD8DC `\ODIDK
[88 8DDuD8DIwD8VC
t!), !O t8I8C uQ 8DO O CD_8_C ID IDOCQCDOCD DIDKID_, WDICD 8 8DO\DCt
W8 \O C8ID !Ot 0QI8\CDIC d0IDKID_. D 6, C8 tCVI8ICd DI8 C8tICt
IOC88 :I \D0 8t\IC0 `1DOCQCDdCDCC 8Dd C8QOD8IDI\: b0-1DOW0O_0
88 8D 1DQ0I8\IV0.` C O0QIC\0O \DC 8Iu8\IOD ID WO DIO8O 8DO ID8I_D\u
8\tOKC8.
bLC 12,!WC V8CL8 O !D u!ut D8V DL ODtU !C L8tDD8D QCQ8.
O!D D8V DL 8DCt!U. JD Dt8! QtCVU !C D 8O 1u8CL, !D 8CODU 1utLU
:D!O 8 D_D!DaI. JD Dt8! V8OL, !D8! O 8 8-t8D! L8tDD8L, Wa8 :D-
8QtU D] a Dt1aD! _tOUQ O!Y8! DUaL CODOD8!8, KDOWL 88 Jhc Ncw
World Crcu. JD W YOtU LIOuQ CCu8U CL !D CCQCDOCDCC O! !D
L8tDD8L 8!8!8 OL !Dt OtDt COODa D88!t8 aDU 8t_UU !D8! CL] D]
ULY:L_ 1IOD !D D!tOQO!8L COLCD8 CCuU !D L8tDD8L tVt8 !D
8]DUtCD O Qt88!D! QCVt D !D t_CL. JD] IcCODDLUU QCC8
8uCD 88 CWDt8DQ 8LU CCL!tO C Out L8!OLa I8OUIC8, OCCuQ8!OL O !D
CODD8LUD_ D_D!8 O !D CODOD], !D u8 C LU_LOu8 !CDLOC_8 aDU
ut_U U8 !C QIOUUC WDa! W COL8uD aDU CCL8uD WD8! W QtCUuC. D8
8!t8!_] DVCVC 8 8D8tQ DCt88 D _OVIDDL! CWLI8DQ 8LU OQt8!OL
C CODODC D!tQt88 aDU D88!LU !D Dt_LC O \D CDD-CODQ!L!
8!8!.`
1C1DKID_ 0CODODIC8WI\DOu\IDO0Q0DO0D\DOU_DI8WD8QtOV0C\O
DC 8D u8IOD. lD IDd0QCDO0DCOUDtI08 ID!IIC8 8CCI OCCOODIZ8\IOD,!Ot
CX8DQC, IDOCQCDOCDCC W88 8D Iu8IOD O! DC 8ut!8CC, WDIC DC COODI8
D8\tIX O! QOW0t COD\IDUCO I\8 WOtK. DdCQ0DOCD\ DOU_D DC8D8, ID \DI8
COD0X, O0COODI8 DOU_D\, 8Dd O0IDK:D_ 8D8\8K0 Q8C0 8 \DC0QI8CDIC
CVCDCOtC CODtOD\ID_8U\DOtI\ [._., 88\C) 8DO DC CCODOD. Du8, `ID-
OCQ0Dd0D DOU_D\ 8Dd L8IIDD08D !I00OOD
1D Ihc past ycars tnc "IndIgcnous cmcrgcncc has bccomc a topIc oI many
convcrsaIions. 1D Ihosc convcrsaIIons wc havc movcd trom pcopc anchorcd
!D Ihc muscums (accordIng Io Ihc coonia! prcIcrcnccs O! many) \O bcIng
socia actors who provokc Icat, unccrtaInty, and mIsIrust. Jhc probcm Is Ihat
thc prcscncc oI thc Indians (in thc IndivIdua scnsc oI thc word) and Ihc pco-
pc (In thc coI!cctIvc scnsc) has not bccn yct cntIrcy proccsscd and assumcd.
JhcrcIorc, Indians arc not ycI acccptcd !D buIdIng comm&n jstaIc] projccIs
In purI-cthnIc countrIcs. Is not yct acccptcd that "pucbos origInarios bc
rccognIzcd as carrIcrs O! 8 dincrcnI sysIcm ot Ihought, pniosophy, vaucs,
a.d poItIca cuturc.
8C8t:8 CQCD:I_ 8\8\CmCD! tC8CD8\C8, CuC], W!\D \DC QD!C8CQD!C8 QCt-
8QCC!!VC C! !DC W8Ct! 8D!DICQCC_!8! LDC8 uD!W8! bm!\D, !D CW ZC88DC
[8CC CD8Q!Ct ), 8D CCt!8:D] W!D D8\ C!8!Z! 8CC, WDC D!DK8 QC:\!C8]
IICm DC D!8!Ct] aDC CXQCt!CDCC8 C! !DC:_CDCu8 D8!!CD8 80DCIC!D8!CC !C
bQ8D!8D CCCD!8!8m 8DC !DCD !C \DC LtCCC-mC8\!7C !CC8 CI CDC D8\!CD~CDC
8!8\C, !D8!C8C C! D!DKD_ QC!!!C8] !ICm !DC D!8!Ot] 8DC CXQCI!CDCC8 CI
LuICQC8D D8!!CD8 !D8! 8uDCtC!D8CC D8D] QCCQC 8ICuDC !DC _CDC. DC
!D!!!8\!VC8 8DC !DC DCCC888t] WCtK !C C:8QCD8C W!!D !DC C_!C C! CCCD!8!\]
C8D D8tC] CD] CCmC IICm 8C\CI8 CmDCCCCC !D 1uICQC8D D!8!Ct], 88 I8D!Z
8DCD m8CC CC8t !D D!8 CCD8!C W:!D |C8D-8u b8ItC. 8DCD \D8DKCC
b8ItC ICt 8C|!D_ 8D 8_CDC8 !CI D8CK QCCQC, !CI \C1:D_ \DCD WD8! !C CC
!D CICCI !C !DCt8!C \DCm8CVC8. CIC !8 WDCIC !DC LC!| CODC8 \C_C\DCt
W!!D !DC !_D\: WD1C \DC !_D! [WD!\C, !DCI8, 8DC CCD8CtV8!!VC) uDCCt-
\8KC8 8 m!88!CD \C C!V:!7C 8DC CCVCCQ, \DC LC!| [WD!\C 88C) !8 888um!D_ DC
33( ARcrword
8aVOt8 U88OL OBOW!O !bcratc !tOU !Bc OQQtc88OL O!CaQ!a8U.'!
!BcUOUcn!WDcL!BccL!IIcWOtd8Qat!1CQa!Lg,!Dctc8nOOngcttOOm
!Ot 8aVOt8O!!BcoIhcr, 8nCc!BcO!Bct8!DcU8cVc8arc dOLg!BcWOtR!BaI
L!Bca8! ana88 W OcOcncLCaOt!Bc8aVOt8O!aJKLd8, 8cCu!at(QO-
!1!CaaLdcconomc) aLdtcgOu8.
JLaaCatgOc8 OL!Oadd!Ba!In 8uCBCtCuU8!aLCc8 (!Bctc88!aLCcO!
!Bc!tcOc-mc8!ZOQOQu!a!1On),`LdgcLOu8 QO1!CaQat!CQa!OL . . . s a
!uLdaUcL!a!OO!Ot cQ8!cUCdcCOOLZa!1OnWDCB 8LO!DngO!Bct!BaL
!Dc tc-n8CtQ!OLO!aLCc8!taKnOWcdgc8aLd!8LCu8OnL!DcdnaUC
O! CVI1Za!Ona CO-cX8!cLCc L !Bct cXcCu!OL O QuOC UaLagcUcL!
[gc8!OL QOCa| . aCat !DcL cXQaIn8 !Dc`Cu!!ura COdc8 O!LdgcLOu8
na!On8, !Ba! 8, !Bc QO!Ca and cCOnOUC QDI!O8OQDc8 !Da! gudc !Dct
!1VLg, tncr !BOugB!8, aLd !Bct am8 In !Dc COL8!tuC!OL OQutLa!OLa!
8!a!c8n!BcLdc8LanttcVct8OcQtOCc88 O!dcCOOLZLgQO1!CacCOn-
OUc8!Ba!8u8!aLCaQ!a8!QtaC!Cc8aLdQO!Ca!!BcOtc8!Da!8uQQOr!!Bc
(ncO)bcra! sIaIc. 1hc ph!osophca (cQ8!cUC aLd QO!1!Ca), Ca!cgOtCa
apparatus !Ba!8u8Qcnd8 !BcC!aU8, Lccd8, aLdam8OLdgcLOu8 La!OL8,
s summarzcd OaCata8!OOW8:
1 Ycchci, whch mcans thc wi:dom to
orcnI pcop!c O mcans O pro-
grams and proposas. (Notcc thaI shc s not ca!!ng Ior cxpcrtsc, but Ior
wsdom.)
l Bic:inc, whch mcans to know (conoccr), s ncccssary to undcrstand Ihc
compcxiIy oI human gcograpny and wth that knowcdgc to promotc and
support harmony and convva!Iy.
j L:hci, whch mcans to know cnd oc colc to cxccutc (:cocr o odcr cccutcr)
n ordcr Io avod mprovIsaIon.
( !cctc-!cctc, whcn mcans !O cncct dcmocrcc, rcaIonshps buI!t among
cqua!s, and coI1ccIvc partcpaton n soca! admnstraton.
Nu:kui, whch mcans utoic n Ihc scnsc ot a hsIorca! horzon, rathcr
Ihan a hcIon or magnaton. l! 8 a vson conccvcd n shorI and !OLg
Icrms n ordcr Io avod mmcdacy and ac!Lg guIdcd O rcacuons and
mprovsaton.
JBu8, QOWct uLdct8!OOd L !Bc8c !ctU8 aLd L !B8 COdLCa!OL 8 LO!
a UOdc !O Oc cXcCu!cd, Ou! !Bc 8gLQO8! O!QtOCc88c8 In QctUaLcL! COL-
8!tuC!OL. YnaI s a!8!aKc, ^na aCat OO8ctVc8, `8 !Dc tcOtmua!OL O!
C\osn on and enin \p
!Dc QO!Ca Cu!utc, !Dc tcOtmu!a!OL O! !Bc Vct QO!1Ca dOLg. JBu8
!Dc COL!tOu!OL o[idcntit (CO!cC!Vc cn!!c8) in o/itic: is ncccssur und
innovutivc.' ldcL!! L QO!C8 8 a LcCc88at COttcC!Vc a8O O!!Bc dca
!Ba!!tad!OLa!QO!1!CaQat!c8 (In1CuadOt,!Dc\L!cdo!a!c8,1taLCc,c!C.)
tcQtc8cn!o/itic: without idcnti( OcCau8c!DcDcOng!O!DcuLVct8a!aLd
Lcu!taUOdctn!BcOtO!Dc8!a!c.bu!! 8O BaQQcncd!Da!!DcOtc8 O!!Dc
8!a!c, WBc!Bct In ImQcta! COuL!tc8 Ot L !Bc: Otmct COOLc8, and !Bc
QO!CaQar!c8!OtUcdatOund!DcQtnCQc8OYc8!ctLQO!Ca!!DcOtc8,
Wctc LO! LVcL\cd, dcOa!cd, Ot dccLdcd O 1Ldan8, Ot!tCan8, or LB-
ncsc, Ot ltanaL8. 1L O!Dct WOtd8, !Dc OccaLd !Dc !u8OL !Da!QO!Ca
Qat!c8 atc cUQ!O!dcn!! COttc8QOLd8 V!B !Bc gcLcta Yc8!ctL QtL-
CQcO!OOcC!V!V!DOu!QatcL!Dc88,!Da!8, OO|cC!VI!V!BOu!dcL!I!
(8cc Lgrcz, Qagc).
1La, ndgcnOu8 cmQOWctmcL! !DtOugB dcL!! InQO!C8 tc8!8 L
!OutgcnctaQDI!O8OQBCa!QtnCQc8.
1 !roortionulity-olidcrig. Jhs prncpc proposcs and motvatcs potca
acIons and thnkng Utavor oI thosc wno havc !css.
z Comlcmcntcrit. Jhs prncpc ponts toward thc tg! oI ato partc-
patc n thc maKLgoI what soccIy nccds, not just as wagcd abor or OcLg
ch out bccausc thcrc arcnt jobs. It s thc prncp!c oI convcrgcncc and
convIva!ty n Ihc narmony oI Iwo contradctory tcrms.
j Bccirocity. ^nothcr cxprcsson Ior rccprocIy s lc minc. rghts md tc-
sponsbIcs nom whch no onc s cxcmpI, I mpcs to rcccvc and to
gvc.
Corrc:ondcncc. Jhs prncpc ponts to thc nccd to sharc rcsponsbtcs.
utng!Dcda8nWBCD1Wa8Ln18DIng!DcaHctWOtd,8cVcta 8!8ctVc8
Wctc d8!tOu!IngncV8 aOOu!, andQc!!OL8 !Ot, COLdcmLLg!DcKJLgO!
lndaL8 In !Bc ctuVan UaZOL, n !Bc nOt!D O!!Dc COuL!t. 1hc cVcn!8
8!at!cd n !Bc catmOtLLgO |uLc :oo, WDcL !Dc 8\a!c tcCCOn^a-
COLa dc LQctaCOnc8 18QcCa!c8 aI!aCKcd V!DOu! WatLng a gtOuQ O!
!Out!BOu8and ctuVaL IndgcLOu8 C!ZcL8 O!WaLuL OtgL. JBc DFC-
!OL O!!Dc`OtCc8 OOtdctWa8!OunOOCK!DcBgDWa!Da!!DcWaL|un
ctuVan C!ZcL8 Bad OOCKcd IO aVOd Ocng d8QO88c88cd O!Bct and8
O !Bc gOVctnUcn! O !an LatCa, WDCB QrOQO8cd !O aOW OL !DO8c
aLd8`cdc8atO!O dc Indu8!ta8 cX!taC!Va8 (!BcdcVcOQmcn!O!Indu8!t
336 ARctWOtd
CX!I8C!D_ D8UI8 IC8OUICC8, 8UCD 88 O, DDCI88, 8DC OOUC). JDC U8-
2ODI8D UOVCUCD! W88 8 QC8CC!U 8DC D888VC CVCD! dC!CDCD_ DUD8D
t_D\8 8DC !DC Q8I!CIQ8D!8 CIII\Otj, WDCD D8C !Ot CCD!UIIC8 QtOVdCd !DCII
W8j O! !C 8Dd 8UO8I8!CDCC.
VCD\8 O! \D8 KIC D8VC OCCD COUUOD, Q8I!CU8tj :I \DC Q88! 8IX|
jC8I8. 8UIC \D8\ WDCD D8I|8 bCD WIO!C Dcvc/omcnt M Irccdom,
DC CC DO\ !DIDK O! CCVCOQUCD! 88 _O:I_ D8DC ID D8Dd W!D CXQIOQI8\IOD
8DC KID_, !DCCC888Ij, t8\DCI !D8D WI\D !ICCCOU. JDC 8!|!udC O!tC8IdCD!
18D !8tC8 I8 COD8I8!CD! W\D \DC KIDd O! 8UO|CC\IVy !D8! CD8I8C!CIIZC8
C8Q!88! CU!UIC: 8 8\8!C QOI\IC8 !D8! QIIV11C_C8 `dCVCOQUCD\ 8\ !DC CO8!
O! !DC IVC8 O! C!ZCD8, WDO 8tC |U8! _U!j O! CX8\ID_. 1D 8QI\C O! !DC D88-
88CC, !DC D8\OIC8 QIOCC88 :II\I8!CC Dj \DC QO!C8 8OCICy I8 IIICVCt8IOC;
OI 88 _U|8DO 8!8!C8, ID8\8DCC8 O! \DC _OO8 QtOCC88 COuC DC 8DC 8tC CC
!C8!CC DCtC 8DC \DCtC, OI QCtD8Q8 !C OD !DC Q8DC! 8 CX!D_UI8DCC DC!O:C,
OU !DC CCCOOD8 U8tCD O! !DC _OD8 QO!C8 8OCC| D88 IC8CDCd !DC
QOID! O! DO IC!UtD.
e
^Lb
:C!8CC
1 An n!aI cxQIOta!On O !hs ssuc can Uc IOund n LIOUaIza!On and
!hc VcIOca!On O Lan_ua_cs and CuI!utcs, n LocclHi:tcric:/ClobclDc-
:ign:: Coloniclit, 3ubcltcrKnowlcdgccndcrdcr1!inking(tncc!On:
\rncc!On \nVcIs|y tcss, zooo),chaQ!ct ).
2 JtOu!IO!, \Out 1tVdcncc dcs subcc!VI!cs.
_ A chtOncIc O !hc WOtk dOnc has bccn ad Ou! n !hc dOcumcn!cd cOI-
Icc!On Uy 1Ous!On, NaZatc_Os, and 5!uat!, 1!c Dccihcrmcnt c]n-
cicntNcc Writing.
q LOc, rcckingthcNccCodc.
Nan_aUcta \n_cr, Knowlcdgc cndIolitic:,1O.
N_nOIO, 5cmOss y unVctsOs dc scn!IdO; N_nOIO, La scmOss
cOIOnaI.
] N_nOIO, Lat!as, ctncas y rcIacOncs dc1 dcscuUtmcn!O y 1a cOn-
Qus!a, N_nOIO, 1I mc!a!cX|O hs!OtO_tcO y Ia hs!OtO_taa nd-
ana. L!hcI at!cIcs hOm lhs QctOd can Uc Ound aIsO a! !hc Diclnct
Wcbs!c, h!|Q:I Ida!nc!.untOa.cs.
8 Qua
_
O, LOIOnaIdad y mOdctndad-tacOnaIdad. An tn_Ish !tans-
Ia!On can Uc Ound n Culturcl3tudic:l1, nOs. z-3(zoo)): :68-)8.
j AnZaIda, crdcrlcnd/LcIrontcrc.
1O N_nOIO
LcOQOI!cs O fnOWIcd_c and lhc COIOnaI Lhctcncc. Jhc
at!cIc cOn!tbu!cd !O shaQc an ns!a!Ia!On n lhc Lcn!tO AndaIuZ dc
At!c LOn!cmQOtancO, Ccoolticc: dc lc nimccion/Cccclitic: o] thc
nimction. 1! Was !IansIa!cd and Qtn!cd n !hc ca!aIO_uc O !hc samc
!!Ic (5cVIIc: Lcn!rO AndaIuZ dc At!c LOn!cmQOrancO and COnsccta
dc LuI!ura, zoo)), \3-3p.
11 tscObat and N_nOIO, ClobclizctioncndthcDccolcnicl.
i2 Jhctc atc cXccQ!Ons, aIWays. 5cc Ot ns!ancc La!Ouchc, 1!cWc:tcrnizc-
tiono]thcWorld.
]]8 Iotcs to !rcfacc
1j Scc Mgno!o and J!ostanova, "Jhc Iogc o! Co!ona!ty and :hc LImts o!lostco!o
na!ty", Mgno!o, "Introducton: Co!ona!ty o! ovcr and Dc-co!ona! Jhn1ng.`
1u Gordon, Lxi:tcnticA]riccnc.
: Jhc tcrm vas ntroduccd j:hc Co!omban dcco!ona! thn1cr AdoI!o A!ban
Achntc to capturc A!ro-Co!omban communtcs n Co!omba !rom thc cghtccnth
to :hc tvcntc:h ccnrcs. A!ban Achntc argucd that :hcIi thinking and doIng
vcrc not vays of rcsstancc but o! rccxstanccs. Scc A!bn Achintc, Ticmc: dc
7cngc}Gucmin.
16 n Guaman !oma dc Aya!as and tto bah Cugoano's dcco!ona! thn1ng scc M
gno!o, "La opcn dc-co!onaI: Dcsprcndmicnto y apcrtura: \n mancsto y un
caso,' TcbulcKc:c(:oo8). :(-8:.
:; Scc chaptcr z, "I Am Yhcrc I Do," In ths book !or my commcnts on Ma!ck Banabb
and AI Shar'at, and my commcnts on Adhc!kcbr Khatb n Mgno!o, !ccclHi:tc-
ric:/ClcbclDc:ign:.
18 Dussc!, "Yor!d Systcm and Jransmodcrnty`'
1 n hov and vhcn Marx acgurcd that ncknamc (bcIng hmscIi a ]cv), scc Scgc!,
1crx:Fctc,;. Intcrcstng!y cnough, :hc nIcknamc pckcd up bo:h A!rcan Arabc
and B!ack A!rcan dcnticatons (c.g,, blcckcmccr:, an adjcctvc uscd by Shakc
spcarc, o! vhom Marx vas an avd rcadcr).
zo IcInaga, Lcrcvclucion!ndic,]8:
:1 or a hstorcaI and crtca! s1 ary o! thc dvidc bctvccn Indanismo and Marx-
smo n o!va, scc Lncras, "|! dcscncucntro dc dos razoncs rcvo!ucanaras.
zz Ramcma, "Shar`ats Audcncc and Dscoursc at thc \nvcrsty o!Mashhad."
z Boroujcrd, '1! Shar`ati
2q Mgno!o, "GcopolItcs o! Knov!cdgc and thc Co!ona! Dcrcncc", Mgno!o, Tic
!dccc]!ctinmcricc.
z Scc thc vcbstc !or thc Iatn Amcrcan Ccntcr, \nvcrsty o! Aarhus, http:!!vwv
.!acuaau.d1, and LaIIbrcradc!au.com, http:! !vvv.!aIibrcradc!au.com.
z6 Migno!o, TicIdcc c]!ctinmcricc,Mgno!o, "DclInkmg. Jhc Ihctorc o! Modcr
nty, thc Logc o! Co!onaIity, and :hc Grd ar o! Dcco!ona!ty.
z; ! morc rcccnt vntagc s crnndcz-sco's vcry important artc!c ``^yIIu. Dc
co!ona! Crtca! JhInking and an (thcr) Autonomy.'
:8 Jrans!atcd as Dussc!, Twcnt Tic:c: cn Fclitic:.Jhs man!csto, n my vcv, !o!Iovs
up on thc !nc o! Guaman !oma dc AyaIa and t|o bah Cugoano, vhch I dscuss
hcrc and c!scvhcrc. Scc a!so Mgno!o, "E! pcnsamcnto dcsco!onIa!`'
z Scc :hc program dcscrpton !or thc Doctorado cn Estudios Cu!tura!cs IatInoamcr
canos, ava!ab!c at thc \nvcrsdad AndIna Smn BolIvar vcbstc, http.!!
.uasb.cdu.cc.
jO Escobar': "Yor!ds and Knov!cdgcs :hcrvIsc" vas orgnaI!y publIshcd In zoo].
j1 nc o! thc coIIaborativc artc!cs vas Ya!tcr D. Mgno!o and MadIna J!ostanova,
"JhcorzIng !rom thc Bordcrs. ShnIng to Gco- and ody-o!tcs o! Knov!cdgc.
Lurcccn]curnclc]Sccicl Ticcr, no. : (:oo6): :o-z:.
Iotcs to In\roduct\on
z !or gcncraI ntormation about thc Acadmc dc !a Latnt, scc ts vcbstc at http:! l
.a!atcombr. Jhc prc-pu\lIcatIon ot "tcxts o! rc!crcncc.' a!so ava\ab!c at thc
vcbstc, contans 8thc papcrs prcscntcd n a gvcn contcrcncc.
InttoductIon
1 Jhc hrst pub!caton n |ng!sh o! thc vork donc by thc coIIcctvc sncc :8 ap
pcars In CulturclStudic: ::, no. : (zoo;), a spcca! ssuc on "G!obalIzaton and :hc
Dc-co!ona! pton`'
z Whcn I usc thc vord ccitcli:m, I mcan t n Max Ycbcr's scnsc: "Jhc sprt o!
capta!ism s hcrc uscd n ths spccmc scnsc, t s thc :iritc]mcdcrnccitcli:m. . .
Ycstcrn |uropcan and Amcrcan captahsm" (TtcIrctc:tcntLthiccndthcSiritc]
Ccitcli:m,:-:).
j Mgno!o, "Cosmopo!tansm and thc Dc-Co!onIa! pton.'
Armstrong, I:lcm,:A:, cmphass addcd.
Ibd
6 YI!ams, Ccitcli:mcndSlcvcr,]:.
; Dagcnas, "Jhc ostco!ona! Laura.
8 `1yit, thc indgcnous namcs !or thc s!ands vhcrc Aravaks and Janos dvc!!cd,
vas rcspccthIIy rcInvcstcd by ]can-]acqucs DcssaIIncs vhcn hc rcbaptizcd "Hs
pano!a' vIth thc namc o!/yIt.
ttobah Cugoano, Ticught:cndScntimcnt:cnthcLvilc]Sl
_
vcr,;z.
1o Scc Grccr, Mgno!o, and QuI!gan, KcrccdingthclcckLcgcnd.
1: Scc my commcntary In Acosta, Icturclcnd1crclHi:tcrc] thc!ndic:,(:-:8
1z or cxamp!c, scc Castc!Is, TtcIi:c c]thcIctwcrkSccict.
1 Mgno!o, "(Fc:t) Occidcntcli:m, (Ic:t) Cclcniclit, cnd (Fc:t) Subcltcrnit}, M-
gno!o, !cccl Hi:tcric:/Clcbcl Dc:ign:, Mgno!o, "Dclinking Li:tcmclcg. Jhc
!ast appcarcd in Kccrtikulccic,an art projcct o! thc group Icartiku!acja (Marna
Grznc, Stas KIcndcnst, Scbasqan Lcban, and Janja !asson).
1q Rosc, TicFclit
j
c:c]!gc !t:cg.
1 Schmtt, FcliticclTtcclcg}.
:6 At thc momcnt o! going ovcr thc copycdtcd vcrson o! ths manuscrpt thc Icy
Educatva Av!no Sinani y |!zardo !rcz vas approvcd In Bo!via. It s ccar!y
statcd and c!arcd on scvcra! occasons that ths s a dcco!ona! !av !or a p!urna
tona! statc, cyt.fcy|.umss.cdu.bo!dowIoad!arcI!bo!ctn!niicva_!cy_ASE]pd!.
1; Contrary to thc purposc o! :hc Lcy |ducatva mcntoncd abovc (notc :6), Davos
\nvcrsty and In gcncra! thc corporatc unvcrsty arc thc cIcar cxamp!c o! rcvcst
crnzaton o! cducaton and thc rcproducton o! thc CMP. Scc, Mgno!o, "Jhc cnd
ot thc \nvcrsty . . . ,' http:! !pub!cunIvcrsty.org.zo)o!!:]!thc-cnd-o!-thc
unvcrsty-as-vc-knov-t.
18 Gros!guc!, "Jransmodcrnty, ordcr Jhn1ng and G!oba! Co!onIa!ty.
1 Ibd.
33
j4O IC!C8!C LhaQ!ct LLc
2O Ltcct, N:gLOC,aLd[u:gaL,KcrccdingthclcckLcgcnd.
21 Ya|ct8!c:L, J!cNcdcrn World-3:tcm.
22 Lgh:c,Imcricli:m,SovcrcigntcndthcNckingo]!ntcrcticncl!cw.
2_ Yact8!c:L, J!c Ccitcli:tWorld-Lccnom.
2q [u:aLC, ` `1a2a,`!D:a jIac:OL cL Nat:a!cgu:; [u:aDC, `LCOL:a:!jC!CWct,
!DLCCcL!t:8m, aLd a!D 1mct:Ca.
2j PIgh:c,!mcricli:m,3cvcrcigntcndthcNckingo]Intcrnctioncl!cw.
2 LatZa LatVaa, uttcr'ic:Willurn, lOO); JtcXct, ScxcndConquc:t,5cga,Irom
Noon Ccddc::c:, FJCc, cncnc:, ccchc: cndc:c:, JO8!aDCVa, CcndcrLi:cm-
clogic:,L]c8um:, CcndcrLi:tcmologic:,Ljc8um:, J!c!nvcntiono]Womcn.
2) ugCLc8,`JhcLCOD:a:!yCLcLdct;iugOLc8,`JCWatd acCCCL:acm:L:8m;
JO8!aDCVa, `JDc)aDu8 taCcd mQ:tc i:8!Ot!:Lg Lt:cL!a:8! :8COut8c8 5uatcZ
IaVaZaLd ctLaDdcZ, Oc:colonizcndo cl ]cmini:mo.
2o 5:ga,In]cmou:Oc:ir,5jV:a NatCC8, Tckcn[cmthc!i:.
2g Na8u2aWa, J!cInvcntiono]WorldKcligion:.
_O aL!, Ob:crvcticn:cnthcFcclingo]thcccutgul cndthc3ublimc, N:gLCC, !ccrn-
ingto Unlccn, N:gLCO, c:thc:i: Occolcnicl, JC8!aLOVa, Ccntcmorcr Art c:
OccoloniclKnowlcdgc.
_1 N:gLOC, J!c Ocrkcr Sidc o] thc Kcnci::cncc, N:gLOC, `|O8!) LcC:dcL!a:8m,
|C8!) LCOL:a:!y, aLd(C8!) 5uDa!ctL:!y; [u:aDC,`LCCL:a:!yaDdNCdctL:!jI
1a!:OLa:!y.
_2 N:gLOC, `|C8!)LCC:dcL!a:8m, |C8!) LCCL:a:lj, aLd |C8!) 5uDa!ctL:!j.
__ [u:aLC, `LOCL:a:lj CIOWct, !DLCCcL!t:8m,.aLdLa!:L 1mct:Ca;Y]D!ct, `JO-
Watd8!Dc 5CC:CgcL:C t:Lc:Qc.
_q N:gLCO,`[C8!) LCc:dcL!a|:8m, |C8!) LCCL:a:!y, aLd |C8!) 5uDa!ctL:!j.
_j LL!D:8 8ccLa!Dct:LcYa8h, Intcrculturclidcd, c:tcdo, :ocicdcd.
_ 1 LOOgc 8catCh CL `dcCCCD:a, dcCOCL:a:!j, OcCCCL:2a!:CL C LOWcdgc,
8DCW8 aD :LCtca8tLg LumDct CIcL!t:c8 :L !hc Qa8! UVc ]cat8. bcICtc !u:8 Qct:Od,
LC! muCh CCud Dc CuLd OL `dcCCCL:a:!y. JDc 8ChCatj !cLdcLC]Wa8 !OWatd
`QC8!CCCL:a:lj, Qat!:Cu|atj:L!hc\L:!cO5!a!c8. L !hc Ctmct Jh:tdYCtO,W:!h
!Dc cXCcQ!:CLCLd:a,QC8!CCCL:a:!jdCc8L! haVcmuChCuttcLCj-cVcLc88 8CL
!Dc taDC-8am:C WOtd, :L LcL!ta 8:a aLd !hc Lauca8u8, CtcVcL :L 5Cu!hca8!
18:a, 5Cu!DaDdLcL!tamct:Ca, aDO!Dc Lat:DDcaD.
Cnaptcr Cnc j Jnc Ioads to tnc Iututc
1 5cDm:!!, J!cICmO8c]thcLcrth,).
2 5cc`NctCa!CtYOtdNaQ :D1!D LcL!utj, a!!DcNaQ8Ctama.cCmWcD8:!c, h!!Q:II
.maQ8Ctama.CCm.
_ 5Chm:!!,J!cIOmC8o]thcLcrth,)]2.
q N:gLCC, J!c!dcco]!ctinAmcricc.
5Chm:!!,J!cIOmC8 o]thcLcrth,j]2-), cmQDa8:8 addcd.
Lc8a:tc,Oi:cour:conColcnicli:m,j.
] 5cDm:!!,J!cICmC8 o]thcLcrth,]].
B D:d.
IC!c8!CLhaQ!ctLLc
g JC Dc CcaI:I amLC! cLdCt8:Lg 5Chm:!!8 atgumcL! Ct u8:Lg h:m!O 8uQQCt! mj
:dca8. amcCLtCL!:Lgh:8 atgumcL!8,WD:Ch!c!CLjhaIC!hc 8!Ct]. hc C!hct
haha8 DccL !Cd aDd ha8 DcCCmc :DCtca8:Lgj V:8:Dc IL!hc Qa8!!WO Ot !htcc
OcCaOc8.NjOWDatgumcL!:8 Da8cd OL!ha!C!hcthaIOI!hc8!Ctj, aDd :! D!cLd8
!C CCL!I:Du!c!C :!. 5ccICt D8!aLcc Uau!, J!c Colcnizcr:Nodclc]thc World, LtC-
VOgu:, 3cvcrcign:, Quc:i 3cvcrcign: cnd[iccn:, LtOVCgu:, ccndLuroccntri:m
cndAncrch,N:gLCC, J!cOcrkcrSidco]thcKcnci::cncc.
1O hc QCjCcL!t:C:!yCI!hcWOtdOtOctWa8 a\tcaO] cLV8:OLcO\tCmaNatX:8! Qct-
8QcC!:Vc Dj!hcig]Q!:aD 8OC:CCg:8!5am:t1m:D:L Oclinking. Towcrd: c!clccn-
tricWorld, aDd:! Wa8a!cIaL!:C:Qa!cdD]!hc :DctaQO:!:Ca!DcOt:8!5amuc1uL-
!:Lg!CL:D J!cClc:hc]Civilizcticn:J!cOcbctc.
11 uata, Hi:toric, Counturcdc:colonizccion,Ya8h, !ntcrculturclidcd, c:tcdc, :c-
cicdcd,Ya8D, !ntcrvicw,Ncd:La,`tCtma8!adC]1CrUaju8.
12 btCO8, `Jtad:!:CL Vct8u8 ILLCVa!:OB; ctcZ, ChiccncArt,Na!Ctj, lcckAtlcntic
Kcligicn.
1 Lhu:, `NCOctL:daO, Oc8atOO . . .; Ya8h, `icVcOQmcL! . ..
1q N:gLCC, `JDcLdCI!hc\L:Vct8:!ya8Yc DCWII
1 LLItcaDd, 8cc t:Ct, iblc cnd Cclonicli:m. LL LcL!ta ict:Ca, 8cc :LKcam-
mct!, LlCritc.LL!hc Nu8\UWOtd OIICt!hIt:Ca, 8cc [u!D, J!c!:lcmicConcct
cndIt: Chcrcctcri:tic:.LL[u!DaLdYc8!c:QO:!:Ca!DcOtj, 8ccuDcL, Lncmin
thcNirrcr.
1 :Lcammct!, Llc:cltcclodcr. . .aDOLl hurcccn. . .
1) buC-NOt88, `LaDhctcUcaLODa icU:
1o ga!hctILg C!!h:8 tc-Ct:cL!a!:CL CI!Dc Lc !CCQaCc a! U:tKDcC LOcgc, OL-
dOL, :LNatch2OO. 5ccccLaD, `LCmmuF:8m.
1 1atO:D, `JDc)tagcdjOI!hc LCmmCL8.
2O CtCW:l2, UnholAllicncc.
21 UuC-NCt88, J!inking!c:tTcrror.
22 1uD!ct, `I8am:C1cICtm:8!:8CCut8c8:LItaB; 1aDLcma,AnI:lcmicUtcicn.
2 5hat:a!:, NcncndI:lcm.
2 c 5Ou8a 5aD!O8, `Jhc YCtd 5CC:a tOtum aDd!hc LCDa LcU. tOt c 5Ou8a
5aD!O88 cCLCcQ!ua:2a!:CLOI!hcQO:!:CaOQ!:CD!ha! !Dc Nb Qu!OL!hc!aDc, 8cc
h:8CccDta!cdmCLOgIaQh, J!cWcrldScciclIcrum: U:cr:Ncnucl.
2 c5Cu8a5aD!C8, `L Lh:LaO5umaKaW8a.
2 L:LdaJuD:Wa: 5m:!h, OccclcnizingNcthcdolcgic:, jj.
2] bcO, `hc a8!, tc8cL! aLO tu!utc OI !hc YOtO 5Cc:a tOtum. D!Q:II
.!Dc8!ta!cg]CcL!ct.CtgItad:CI2OC !OIc IWadcL-DcC-Qa8!-Qtc8cL!-aLd-Iu!urc-
WCtd-8CC:a-IC:; Uc!C, Ocglcbclizction|csQcC:a!]!hcas! ChaQ!ct, `Jhc P!cDa!:Vc:
icgODa1Za!:CD); UcC, J!cIoodWcr |c8QcC:a]!hc a8l cDaQ!cI, `1c8:8!aLCcaLd
)41
j42 O\c8 \OLD0\cJLDC
\Dc O8d\O \DC 1u\uIc; cO,`DcYOId oOCI81OIuD8\ \HC LIO88IO8d. H\!Q.!
.26ODDuDIC8\IOD8.OI_\HC-WId-8OCI8-IOIuD-8\-\DC-CIO88IO8d8-D]-W8dcu-
DcO.
2o 1OI8D OV0tVIcWOICutICD\ dCD8\08 OD \Dc \uID \O \DC CH8Dd\Dc dcCOODI8 \uID,
8cc l8COD8I, `8\ID rDcIIC8 8\ \Dc LIO88IO8d; IOI\Dc 8QCCU6 I88uC OI\DC LCH8Dd
\Dc dC6OODI8, 8cc WI_DOO, `VO WOI8c8: LIIO 8 8IZguIcId8 OI_ItO dC8COODI8
8Dd`DcLODDuD8 8Dd\Dc LC6OODI8; l8Qc|O, `8 I2guICIC8 L8\IDO 0DCIIC8D8.
2j LIc8H, `I8D, VCI8 uDc `CODDuD8u\c ID\CO8\IOD8C. D\lQ.DO_.DODdCdIQO.DC\
2O1LO j-71-I8D-VCI8-uDc-CODDuD8u\C-ID\cID8\IOD8C-QO8\.
_O L8IC8 IDCI8 8Ddo\cI8DODI, Lcotcnciclcbcc.
_1 LD\HC ouI-ouI QIO|cC\, 8CC \DC QIO_I8DdC8CtIQ\IOD 8V8I8DC 8\ \hC LTLbL WCD-
8I\c, H\!Q.W .C8C8O.OI_.8I.
_2 uD\ID_\OD, TicClc:ho]Civilizction:cndthcKcmckingo]thc WorldOrdcr.
__ W8HDUD0DI, `ccID_ \W8]\DC Yc8\cONCDCCI, H\!Q:dI_I\0DQQ.OI_8ICDIVC
7o_8QIID_O2_D8HDuD8DI.D\D.
_q 1OI 8CCOuD\8 OD 8D\I-YC8\CID D0DIIc8\8\IOD8, 8CC uIuD8 8Dd W8I_8I\, Occidcn-
tcli:m,r]dID, TicIolitic:o]nti-Wc:tcrni:min:ic.
_j W8HDuD8DI, `ccID_ rW8]\H0YC8\cIDNcDCCI.
_ 8D IcDDCI8 TicLndo]thcFrccNcrkctQIOVIdC8 8 _OOd dC8CIIQlIODIOI \DC CuI-
ICD\ 8Dd Iu\uIc 8CCD0tIO8 OIdCWc8\cIDI28\IOD, 8\DOu_H WI\DOu\ D0DID_8Dd COD-
CcIVID_ I\ 88 8uCH. c8cc8\D8\ \DC 6ODHIC\ OI\DC LOdY8I h88 DccD\I8D88\CdDOW
ID\O ODC Dc\WCCD C8QI\8I8\ COuD\IIC8 WHO QIODO\C IICC D8Ic\8 []OuDOWWHICH)
8DdCOuD\IIC8 WHO QIODO\c 8\IOD_8\8\C IC_uj8\IOD5 OI\DC CCODOD] [LHID8, DdI8,
U8I8, o8udI rI8DI8, \DC 1DI\cd rI8D lDII8\c8). YC 8IC 8 ID 8 C8QI\8I8\ WOId
DOW; \Dc dI8QU\C IOI \Dc COODI8 D8\IJX OIQOWcI 8QQC8I8, ID \DI8 8CCD8tIO, ID \DC
CODHIC\8 DC\WCCDYc8\cID COuD\IIC8 \D8\ WOud IXC \O D8ID\8ID \Dc COD\tO OI\DC
COODI8 D8\IIX 8Dd DOD-Yc8\cID COuD\IIC8 \D8\ 8tC 0C8I] DOVID_ JD 8 dJHCICD\
dIIcC\IOD 8Dd 888CI\ID_ \DcII 8u\DOII\y ID \DC _OD8 WOId OIdCI. YDJc \DI8, OI
COuI8c, dOc8D\ D8C 8WOIdDc\!cI, I\ D8C8 \HC CuIIcD\ WOIdQuI\CdIHCICD\ \D8D
\HC ODC Wc D8Vc 8CCD OVCI\Dc Q88\ DVC DuDdICd]C8I8.
_} DI8 8\OI]I8 dc\8Jcd ID oQCDCC, TicChcn:CrcctContincnt.
_o 88uc8 dI8Cu88CdIDcIDZc 8Ddo\0CC,Lthic:, uthoritcndWcr: Ion-3tctcctor:
cndthc]u:t WcrTrcdition.
_j o8, Iro_rc::ivcNu:lim: on]u:ticc, CcndcrcndIluruli:m,C1, TicIcwCon[icicni:m.
qO uI, TicLndo]thcKcvolution,LDCD, :icc:Ncthod.
q1 occ, IOIID8\8DCC, LuII8D 8Dd18I, Dc-Wc:tcrnizingNcdic3tudic:.
q2 WJDC8u88DdYI8OD,!ndigcnizingthcccdcm.LD\Hc8\8Dd\8XCDD]IIDCWID-
I8\cIWOH0D8d, 8cc `W88]8I8CX-.W. oQ8tX8 1.b.Y8Ou\,1LIcw:,yocQ\CD-
DCI 7OO. 1OIr\!888 Q0I8CC\IVC, 8cc, IOI ID8\8DCC,8guID 8-r\!88,Irolcgomcnc to
thcNctch:ic:o]!:lcm.o\IOD_8DdID1uCD\I8 8I_uDcD\8 COudDCIOuDdDc\WccD
\I8|CC\OIIc8 OdcWc8\CIDI2ID_8Dd dcCOODI8 OQ\IOD8. oH8IID_ DuCHWI\HdCWC8\-
O\C8 \O LH8Q\cILDc
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8I_uDCD\8 CDCI_c IIOD\HCOC8 Dccd \O DDd 8Ou\IOD8 IOI \Dc COD8CQUCDCC8 OI
\DCIDV88IOD 8Dd OCCuQ8\IODOI t8g. ocC, IOI ID8\8DCc,\Dc IcCcD\ 8I_uDCD\8 D]\Dc
IOIDcI DIDI8\CI OIdCICD8c [2OOj-) 0Dd DIDI8\CI OIDD8DCC [lj-) rI-rDdu-
1r8WI, ID TicCri:i:o]!:lcmicCivilizction.ocC 88O HI8 ID\CIVIcWID Cucrnicc,
`DCOHCICDCC OI1OWcI.
q_ LIDd8 uHIW8I oDI\D, DccolonizingNcthodologic:.
qq juI|8DO, ` 828, \DI8 ]8CID CD W8II8\C_uI, 1)).
qj LOIdOD, `18DOD 0DdiCVCOQDcD\, )1-yj.
q L88\IO-b8t`cD, `1O8\ID_ LC\\CI8, 1j1.
q) 1OI 8D 8CCOuD\ OI \DC8C COD6CQ\u81Z8\IOD8, D8CX ID \DC 8\c 1yyO8, 8CC WI_DOO,
`O8\-LCCIdcD\81C88OD.
qo 3OuD_, !o:tcolonicli:m. Vcr 3hort!ntroduction,8DdIOI 8COuD\CI-D88DCcd 8C-
COuD\, 8cC L8DJODdO, D\IOduC\IOD, TicHi:cnictlcntic,1-11j.
qj oCC88OOD\DI8\OQIC WI_DOO 8Dd O8\8DOV8, `HCO_ICOILOODI8Ily 0Dd \Dc
IDI\8 O O8\COODI8I\y. DI8 dcD8\C _OC8 D8C \O \DC C8I] 1yyO8. occ WI_DOO,
`LOODI8 8Dd1O8\COODI8 LI8COuI8c.
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j1 LHCD,:icUNcthod.
j2 18DDJ8I, N}th, Fcith cndHcrmcncutic:, y. W] ID\cIc8\ ID M I8 DO\ DcW.
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j_ WI_DOO 8Dd O8\8DOV8, `LD uII\OQIC cIDCDCu\IC8, t8D8-DOdcID HIDXID_
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jo LcOII8,Forthi:Lcnd,JDcI, 3irito]Kc:i:tcncc,L8|c\C, LooktothcNcouncin.
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J
j
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62 ^8|uI8D8 8Du OC1K$CD, FromcingtoDoing,(z.
6 DJd. uDOCI\O ^8\uI8D8 C8OOI8\Cd\DC$C JdC8$ !D $CVCI8Q8CC$. JD JD\IOduC\JOD
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ohic.
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](
j4 O\c8 \O LD8_\cI DIcc
_1 DId.
j2 b8Dc\, !:lcmcndthcFoliticcl,4
__ DId.
j DId., ].
_j LOIdOD, Lxi:tcntic[iccnc.
j u iOI8, J!c3oul:o[lcck!olk.
_7 fD2adu8, ordcrlcnd/ Lc!rontcrc.
_o ^cDCDU, NcllcmcKigobcrtcNcnchu.
_j u8CD, mcriccro[tndc.
O u88c, `YOId b]8\cD 8Dd J8D8DOdcIDI\].
1 8DOD, lcck3kin, WhitcNc:k:,11.
q2 OI \Dc CODCcQ\ O8D_u8_ID_, 8cc ^I_DOO, LocclHi:toric:/GlobclDc:ign:.
_ 8DOD, lcck3kin, WhitcNc:k:,1].
qq DId., 1.
qj Y]D\cI, `OW8Id8 \Dc
bOCIO_cDIC IDCIQc, 1j.
DId., ;/.
q] bcc iOIOu)cId, !rcnicn!ntcllcctucl:cndthc Wc:t, 8Dd uDcD, Lncm}inthcNirror.
OI 8D cXQtc88IOD OI \Dc dcWc8\cOID_ QO8I\IOD H 88DIC QcI8Qc0\IVc !D8\ I8 8KID
\O ^8DDuD8D8 f8I8D QcI8QcC\IVc, 8cc f8W, 1!cCri:i:o[!:lcmicCivilizction.
o OI 8 8\IOD_ 8I_uDcD\, W!D DI8\OIC8 dcQ\D, \D8\ 8DIH8 \Dc _cOQO\C8 O C8QI\aI8\
tc88OD, 8cc ^8DDuD8DI, J!cIcw:icnHcmi:hcrc. JDctc I8 8D ID\cicC\ua _cDc-
8O_] OI !DI8 Dc O \DOu_D! LDc IccIcDCc QOID\ I8 1cc u8D `cW 8Dd Z8K8tI8,
`Lu\uIc 8 Lc8\D]. ccdc88 \O 88], cDD8D| W88 JD!uI\IH_ !Dc Q8\D uDOdJJ_ ID
L88\ f8I8, WDCD Dc COD!I88!cd W!D ^u8D 8OCIc\c8. LcI|8D], Dc W88 QIOD8D]
uD8W8Ic OI \Dc u\uJc OI ^u8ID DdODc8I8.
qj b8I8 VDcI, `L8\8D]8 LIccD 1I_D\ cCKOD8 8 cW bc\ OIo!IIVcI8, Icw York JImc:,
1] cDIuaI] 7.
Chaptcr Jhrcc j 1\ !8 `Lu Modctnty
1 Dc I88uc W88 I8I8cd D] iOIKDcDcJ, `I8dI\IODa 8Dd LII\IC8 JDcOI], Du\ Dc QO8-
I\cd 8 uDIVcJ8a 8uD)cC\ OI DO!D !I8dI\IODa 8Dd CtI\ICa \DcOt]. JDc dcIcDCc !D8\
mOJKDcIDct JH\IOduCcd W88 !D8\ \I8dI\IODa !DcOt] 8cQ8I8\c8 \Dc KDOWD DOD !Dc
KDOWcJ, WDc CJI\IC8 \DcOI] 888cI|8 \D8\ !Dc KDOWD I8 !Dc CIc8\IOD OI !Dc KHOWcI.
LcCOODIa CII\C8 \DcOI] H\JOduCc8 8 KHOWcI WDO I8 CIO88cd D] IDQct8 8Dd
COOD8 dIcIcD0c8. iOIKDcIDcI, `LII\ICa 8Dd JI8dI\IODa JDcOI]. f8O L2c, `Dc
LOOI OI Yc88OD, 8Dd^I_DOO, `JDc 8IKcI bIdc OI !Dc DI_D\cDDcD\. f LcCOO-
DIa Yc8dID_ O 8D\8 Ccogrch}
2 aD DcIc DuIdD_ OD f(D8d, Occidcnto:i:.
_ bQccCD D] IIDc ^JHI8\cI ^8D8\DII ^OD8D8d, QIc8cD\cd 8\ \Dc cD\D 88DIC
buDDI\ LODcIcDCc, u\I8)8]8, ^a8]8I8, 1 LC\ODcI 7Cj, 8V8J8Dc 8\ \Dc WcD8I\c
OI \Dc fD\I-cIaD8\IOD |c8_uc, D!|Q:IIWWW.8d.OI_.
q
O\c8 \O LDaQ\cI DIcc
347
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8Dd \O c8IIcI QuDC8\IOD8 OD !Dc \OQC. bcc CD8Q\cI j OI \DI8 DOOK occ 88O ^I-
_DOO, `LOODI8 8Dd YO8\COODI8 I8COuI8c.
b
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7
o
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^I_DOO, `ocDIO8I8, LODcIcH0c 8D0 \D1VcI8c8 OI ^caHD_.
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I Yc8dIH_8 IJ 1!c Univcr:it in Kuin:. Yc8dIH_8 OOK8 D8ID] 8\ \Dc DI8\OI] OI
LuIO-fTcIIC8D uDIVcI8I\Ic8. o\aI\IJ_ DOD Yc8dIH_8, cXQOIcd !Dc COH8cQucDCc8
O !Dc COODIa uDIVcI8I\] (b8D\O ODID_O, ^cXCO, 1D8, LOtdOD8, IOuD0cd a
duIIJ_ \Dc 8JX|ccH\D CcD!uI]) 8Dd m8IV8Id \DIVcI8I\] (IOuDdc0 JJ 1j,WDcD c8-
C8t!c8 W88 QuD8DH_ Di:cour: dc lc mcthodc). bcc ^I_DOO, `LOL8II8\IOD 8Dd
\Dc LcOQO\IC8 O DOWcd_c. LD Ic8I8\8DCc \O LDII8\I8D \DcOO_], 8cc 8D\, J!c
Contc:to]!ccultic:.
j OI 8 DI8\OICa 8CCOuD\, 8cc icJDtOH, 1!cKi:co[3ocicl J!coi,OuC8u\, Lc:mot:
ctlc: chc:c:,Y8cI8\cD c\ a., Ocn thc3ocicl3cicncc:. fD0, H!DcIc I8 8D] dOuD\
\D8\ `c8 8CIcDCc8 DD8IDc8 [8OCIa 8CIcHCc8 8Dd \Dc DuD8DI\Ic8 D \Dc \DI\cd
o\8\c8) 8Ic OHc 8Dd \Dc 88Dc W\D `8 QcD8cc OCCIdcD\8c, 8cc Lu8dOI, Lc:originc:
dc::cicncc:humcinc:ctlccn:cc occidcntclc.
1C J\Dc], Introduction to thc Humcn 3cicncc:. ocCOHd8I] DIDIO_J8QDIc8 8DOuDd.
D8Vc dca\ W!D 8 8QcCDC 88QcC\ OI \Dc dI8\ID0\IOD Dc!WccD DODO!Dc\IC 8Dd IdcO-
_I8QDIC 8CIcDCc8, 8Dd Dc!WccH cQI8\cDOO_] 8Dd cXQ8D8\IOD [!Dc IOIDcI) 8D0
DcIDcDcu\IC8 8Dd D\cIQIc\8\IOD (\Dc 8\!cI). bcc ^I_DOO, `LODQIcH8ICH DcI-
DcDcu\IC8 ] CODQIcD8ID \ctIC8 8Dd ^_DOO, `cOI88 I\cI8II88 O dc 8 \cI8-
\uIc !}uc 8OD ]Q8I8 Qu6 8JIVcD
11 bcc !Dc cH\I] IOI `LduC8\IOD, Q8I\ICu8I] !Dc 0I8CU88IOH8 OD 1DCIcD\ LDH8 8Dd
`Dc cW YOtd LIVII8\IOH8 OI \Dc ^8]8, f2\cC8, 8D0 DC88, 8\ Lncclocdicri-
tcnniccOnlinc,D\|Q;IIWWW.DII\8DHIC8.COD.
12 8DOD, lcck3kin, WhitcNc:k:,\I8D88\c0 IIOD \Dc tcDCD L] LD8Ic8 18D ^8tK-
D8DH [cW `.tK. LIOVc, 1j]),1. occ D \1I8 Ic8QcC\ \Dc _IOuDdDtc8KH_ 8\u0] D]
icW8 LOI0OD, !cnon cndthcCri:i:o[LuroccnNcn.
1_ ^I_DOO, `LcO[O\IC8 O DOWcd_c 8Dd \Dc LOOHI8 cIcHCc.
1q Flct:ch, `JDc JDIcc YOId8, OI !Dc IVI8IOH OI bOCI8 oCcD\IDC 18DOI, CI
C8 1jj-
1jjf_DcW, `DOW-YDcIc.
1j mOuD\OHd)I, `YcC8Q\uIIJ_, 2j. Dc 8t\ICc Wa8 D88cd OD 8 QIcVIOu8 cC!tc, dcV-
cIcd D 1jj.
1 DId., 77.
17 L88D, `Vc8c8ICD DD88DCc8, jj.
1o DId.
1j YJIcdu, `OIDu8\D_ ^OdcIH DOu_D\8 D fDI08D i8D_u8_c8, j.
2O LD8\!cI)cc, `8KD_ 8DOu\ Out ^O0cID1\] IJ WO i8D_u8_c8.
21 DId., 7]1.
](8 ^otcs to Lbaptcr our
zz Ibid., z;{-;(.
z Ibd., z;.
z Ga!arsoro and Ngnoo, "Crtca Stcw. tpistcnc Osobcdicncc and tbc Occoo-
na Cption` bttp:l lcrtcastcw.orgl:p=:].
z Inda Jubwai Smitb, Dc-colonizingNcthoJologic:,z.
z6 Gandbis pbosopbica and potca postons arc compcx and somctmcs contra-
dctory. Cn tbc onc band, bc nas bccn crtgucd by anant Guna n Domincncc
withoutHcgcmon!or bs ntocrancc toward tbc subatcrns. Cn tbc otbcr band, bc
contnucs to bc consdcrcd a cadng dccoona tbnkcr by Asbis ^andy n"Look-
ng n tbc Nirror o! tbc tast, and n !arta Cbattcrjccs "Nodcrnty and IndIan
!atonasm InaIy, during my wcck as visitng scboar at Yarvck lnvcrsity
(^ovcmbcr zoIo), aza Saccd, !romtnc awschoo, urgcd mc to tbnk morc about
Gandbis conccpt o! Sctcgrchc, a conccpt tnat Saccd tbougbt was aIrcady a pro-
posa !or cpstcmc d;obcdicncc. \ wI tbnk morc about it, atbougb I a:cady baVc
tbc ntuton tbat bc is rigbt.
z; Sbva, 1!cNonoculturc: o]thcNind. An intcrvicw on tbc topic can bc !ound n
Sbva, "Nonocuturcs o!tnc ^lind.
z8 Nignoo, "OcInkng. Jnc bctorc o! Nodcrnity, tbc Iogic o! Cooniaity and tnc
Grammar o!Occoonaty.
z Nignoo, "Jbc Occoonia Cpton and tbc Ncanng o! Idcntity n PoItics`
c osc, 1!cFolitic:o]LgcIt:c(j.
: Ibid., I]I, ;z.
Cnaptcr Iour j (Dc)Coona!ty at Iargc
: Scc brown, "Ii!cs Nystcrous Cocks Scc aso brown, Hastngs, and Pamcr, 1!c
iologicclClock, and tbc wondcrlu crtca summary ocrcd by Antbony Avcn,
Lmirc:o]Timc.
z I assumc cooniaity as a constitutivc componcnt o! modcrnty, and not as a dc-
rivatvc onc. Jnus, tbc cxprcssons "modcrntylcoonaity` and "modcrnlcoonia
word-systcm you w Lnd tnrougbout tbc cbaptcr. Jbc bstorica pont ot rc!cr-
cncc is tbc cmcrgcncc ot tbc Atantc commcrca crcut, n tbc sixtccntb ccntury,
tbat conncctcd tbc Ncdtcrrancan wtb tbc AtIantic, on tbc onc band, and crcatcd
tnc condtons !or tbc transIormaton o! turopc !rom a margna to a bcgcmonc
pacc. Cn Iuropc bc!orc tbc sixtccntb ccntury scc Abu-Lugbod, c]orc Luroccn
Hcgcmon, on tbc cmcrgcncc o! tbc Atantic circut, scc Qujano and Yacrstcn,
`mcrcanity as a Conccpt, or tbc Amcrcas n tbc Nodcrn Yord-Systcm \or tbc
conccpt o! coonaty or powcr, scc Quijano, "Coonadad dc podcr, cutura y
conocmicnto cn Amcrica Latna. or modcrnitylcoona1ty andmodcrnlcoonia
word-systcm, scc Nignoo, LocclHi:toric:/ClobclDc:ign:.
Kant, "Idca o! a \nivcrsa Hstory !rom a Cosmopo1tan ont o! Ncw; Jn:y,
"Icturc, cndHcrLcw:c:Aliccblcto thcHcinc::o]Ncn`'
abian, Timccnd thcOthcr.
Cwcn Hugbcs, Introduction
!otcs to Cbaptcr \our ]A
6 "Jnnking tbougnt usuay amounts to wtbdrawing into a dimcnsioncss pacc n
wbcb tbc dca o! tbougbt aonc pcrsists. but tbougnt inrcaty spaccs tsc! out nto
tbc word. It inlorms tbc maginary o! pcopcs, tbc: varcd poctics, wbicb t tbcn
trans!orms, mcaning, n tbcm ts rsk bccomcs rcaIzcd` ( Gssant, Ioctic:o]Kclc-
tion, I). Jnnk o! tbc coonaty o! powcr and tbc coona dcrcncc wbcn you rcad
"tbougbt in rcaity spaccs tscI1 out nto tbc word, andyou wII bavc a dcscrption
o! tbc "maginary o! tbc modcrnl coonia word`
/ Hcgc, 1!cIhilo:oho]Hi:tor.
8 "Hstory s a bgby hnctiona !antasyo! tbc Ycst, orgnating at prcciscy tbc tmc
wbcn t aonc `madc t!c bistory o! tbc Yord. UHcgc rccgatcd A!rican pcopcs to
tbc anstorca, Amcrndian pcopcs to tbc prcbistorica, inordcr to rcscrvc History
!or turopcan pcopc cxcusVcy, it s not bccausc tncsc Aican or Amcrcan pcopc
'bavc cntcrcd History tbat wc can concudc today tbat sucb a bcrarcbca conccp-
ton o! tbc 'marcb o! bstory s no ongcr rccvant ( Gissant, CcribbccnDi:cour:c,
6A).
Scc Ngnoo, 1!cOcrkcr3idco]thcKcnci::cncc.
:o Lattau, Nocuis dc: :cuvcgc: cmcriccin:, comcrec: cur mocur: dc: rcmicr:
tcm:.
:: Lyc, Frincilc:o]Ccolog.
1z Augustinc, Con]c::ionc:.
: Hay, Luroc,II-Iz.
: Ngnoo, 1!cDcrkcrSidco]thcKcnci::cncc,z6-8I.
: Lovcjoy, 1!cCrcctChcino]cing.
16 Iarrss, "cmcmbcrng tbc uturc, Anticpating tbc Past
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CDCI, 8X. J!cIrotc:
|
]o Indcx
ArmsIrong, Katcn, -6, I8(-8
Arrgh, Govann, z;o
:ic c:Ncthod(Chcn), 8-6o
'7san sIudcs, -6o
AIIanIc dcIour, ;, 6;
AIIanIc cconomy. ArmsIrong on, I8(-8,
commcrcaI ctcuI and, cmctgcncc oI,
I, ](8nz, IranguIar, ;
aI-AIIas, Sycd ^agub, ]I
AugusInc, SI., I(
auIhorIy, Itccdom, and Iaw, n KanI,
z66-6;
auIonomy, ndgcnous, ]o8
Avcndao, Koa, ]6n]
Avcn, AnIhony, I6;
AyiI, __n8
ay!Iu dcmocracy, z]o-]z
c}llu:and mcrkc:,z;_, ]Iz, ]I]-I(,
]z]-z8
AzIccs, I]6-8, I66-68, I6
Iacon, rancs, II, I66, I;o, ]o
Badou, AIan, ]zI
baIancc, SchmtI on, ]I-]z
BaIccrowcz, IczcX, ]o]-(
Ba!Xans, ]((n66
BanduLg ConIctcncc (I]]), x, / -
X,
"barbarans, I]], I, zoo-zoI, z;8, z8z
c:hcr,z(I
Ihc bcauIIu and Ihc subImc, I6-;
"BcauI!uI oI lovcrIy, Jhc (Iandy),
]o]-(
BccX, lIrch, z;(, zz
bcng, dccoIonzng. SccdccoIonzng
XnowIcdgc and bcng
Ic!Io, YaIdcn, (o, (I, ;]
Bcnnab, NaIX, ], ;-Io6, ](6n(8
BcnvcnsIc, LmIc, Iz(, Iz6, I(o
Bcrtono, Iudovco, I;
BcsI, IIoyd, Ioz-], z8;-o, ]I-I8
bo-graghc goIIcs oI XnowIcdgc. 3cc
body-goIIcs oIXnowIcdgc
bo-goIIcs. body-goIIcs oI XnowIcdgc
vs., xi, I]-(o, chtono-goIIcs and,
I;;-;8, coIonaIIy and, I(, cgo-go!Ics
and, I, I((
Ihc "BIacX Icgcnd, I-zoo
lcckSkin, WhitcNc:k:(Ianon), Xi-
xiv, Io-Io, Iz6-z;
body, gucsIons arsng nom, xi-Xv
body-goIIcs oI XnowIcdgc. bo-goIIcs
vs., / ,I]-(o, dccoIonzng cgsIc-
moIogy and, z, gcogoIIcs and, mu-
Iua!Iy rcnkrcng n dccoIonaI Ihni-
ng, x-xx, as hddcn, , ngrancd
n dccoIonaI Ihniing, x-xi, IocaI
XnowIcdgc-maXng and, I(], SchmtIs
nomo:and, z, scnscs and, zo]. Scc
cLogcogoIIcs oIXnowIcdgc and
Xnowng
IoIvia. AyIIus and, ]Iz, dcmocracy and,
zz8, z]o-]z, Narxsm vs. BoIvan Icn,
X-X gIurnaIonaI sIaIc conccgI,
]], z_;, ]]zn((, Qullc:uuand, ]z;-z8,
rcnscr:gIon oIJawanInsuyo n,
]6onz(, 5nchcz dc Losadas ghI
Itom, ]6zn6, Iurn Io Ihc Icn and,
(z-(]
bordcr IhnXng (bordct gnoss or cgsIc
moIogy). Bcnnab and, Ioo, changng
Icrms oI convcrsaIon abouI, zo6-;,
cosmogoIIan IocaIsm and, ]z-]I,
dcvcIogmcnI and, ]o, daIogcaI
IhnXng and, 6I, cgsIcmc mcdaIons
and, 66, nccdom and, z8, human-
Iy conccgI and, z(z, Iam whcrc I
IhLX` and, I-z, n LocclHi:toric:/
ClobclOc:ign:,x, Naya caIcgorcs oI
IhoughI and, zz8, gIurvcrsaIIy and,
zo8, ]z-]I, ZagaIsIas and, zz]
Boroujcrd, Nchrzad, ]z
BraudcI, Icrnand, X~X
ItazI, (z
Ircmmcr, \an, ](zn]6
ric[ Hi:toro]Timc,(Hawkng}, ]on];
Buck-Norss, Susan, ]-(o
Iush, Gcorgc Y,I\, ]]-]6
caIcndars, I6
Camus, A\bcrI, 8, I;z-;]
cagIaIim. CharIcsIon on sgrIuaIIy
and, 6]-6(, conIroI oI XnowIcdgc and,
]z-]], as dcad cnd, z;, dcvcIogmcnI
as msson oI, ]o(-], dcwcsIctzauon
and, (;, cmcrgcncc oI, I8]-8], Luro-
ccnIrsm and margnaI-cagIaIsI vs.
ccnIcr-cagIaIsI counIrcs, 1L Iood
crss and, ]o], "Jhc IuIutc oI CagIaI
sm` (BaIccrowcz), ]o]-(, nsIIuIons
Io mod), ]Iz, Icc on EasI vs. YcsI
cagIa!sm, z(6, Nahbubans "hccdom
Io choosc` and, z8-, goIyccnIrc,
xv-xv, ]z, z8(, zz, rcwcsIcrnizaIon
and, ]6, "savng, I((, ]o], sutvaI oI
Ihc ntIcsI and, z6, n Ycbcrs scnsc,
]]nz
Los CaracoIcs, ]zo-zI
Cardcnas, VcIor Hugo, z]I
Carbbcan and AIro-Carbbcan IhoughI:
BcsIs "Indcgcndcncc and KcsgonsbI-
Iy, Ioz-], ]I]-I;, gIanIaIon cconomy
and ndcgcndcnI IhoughI, ]I(-I, Yyn-
Icr and Ianons socogcnc grncgIc,
Io-I, YynIcr on humanIy and, 6
CargcnIcr, AIcjo, I]z
Carr, Iavid, I;8-;
CarIcr, |immy, ]oz
carIogtaghy and mags. Aganos Orbi:
Univcr:cli:,z6z, 2(-j;ChrsIan
J-n- uag, I](-, I, hubrs oI Ihc
zcro gonI and, ;, OrIcuss J!cctrum
Orbi:Tcrrcrum,I8-88, z6z
Cassano, Iranco, I;z-;]
CasIro-Gmcz, SanIago, ;-8I, I88
CasIro-KIrcn, Sata, -6
CaIhcrnc Ihc GrcaI, (o, I8, z(;
ccqucsysIcm, I6;
Ccsarc, Am, x, 6;, ](p]
"chain oIbcLgs modcI, I]]
ChatIcsIon, SIcvcn, 6]-6(
ChatIcrjcc, larIha, , I]z-](, z8(,
](8nz6
Chavcz, Iugo, (z, (], ]o(
Chcn, Koan-Hsng, 8-6o
Chang Ka ShcX, 8(
ChmaIgahn, Nun, I6o
Indcx ]I
Chna. as cagIaIsI buI noI nco-IbcraI,
I]6, CuIIuraI \cvoIuIon, ]zI, "dcmoc-
racy` and, ]n], dcwcsIcrnzaIon
and, ]6, (;-(8, zo-I: cconomc
growth n, z8, Irccdom and, z;-]oz,
mgcraI diRcrcncc and, z(o, z(8, KanI
on, I;, Nng LynasIy and Chncsc
HungdnaIc, ], rcorcnIaIon oIIhc
Lcn and, ]zI-zz
chocc, Irccdom oI, z8-]oI
ChrsIanIy. gIobaI dcsgns and, z6,
KanIs archIccIonc and, zoz, Orbs
ChrsIanus ( ChrsIan Cosmos),
z;6-8I, grvIcgng oI, I8, IhcoIogcaI
Lcn, ];-]8, Ihco-goIIcs and cgo-
goIIics, I, J-n mag, I](-, I.
Scccl:oIhcoIogy
chrono-goIIcs, I;;-;8
Chu|) Nonca, 6(, ];n]
cv dsobcdcncc, I]
cvI soccIy vs. goIIcaI soccIy, z(8
cIass, I6-I;, Izo-zI, z6, zI
Coc, NchacI I., X
cocvaIncss, dcnaI oI, II-]z, I]], I;]
CoId Yat, ]I
coIonaI dcrcnccs. SccdRcrcnccs,
coIonaI and mgcraI
coIonaIsm, nIctnaI, ], I]]-]6, I6z
coIonaIIy. AIIanIc commctcaI crcuI
and, cmcrgcncc oI, ](8nz, bo-goIIcs
and, I(o, bordcr Ihniing and, x, Io-
ward co!IccIvc dcaIh, );, conccgI oI,
z, cosmogoIIansm and, z];, as hd-
dcn sdc oI modctIy, z-], hsIorco-
sIrucIuraI nodcs and, I6-zI, sIagcs n
j2 !DdCX
COODJ8J\j (cont.)
O_JCO 1j~1q.ScccLcDOdCtDJ\j
COODJ8J|j
LOODJ8J\j 8DdOdCtDJ\j|8\JOD8J\j
|_uJ|8DO),1
COODJ8 D8\IJXO!QOWCI. JD1_CtJ8 8Dd
\OCL8tJDDC8D,1C2~j; CODdJ\JOD8 !Ot
CDCI_CDCC O!, y~; CO8DOQOJ\8DO-
C818D8Dd,2oj~q; dCCOODJ8 8CJCD\J8
8Dd, 11j~1q; dCCOODJ28\JOD 8Dd, jq;
dJ_DJ\j 8Dd, 21; 88 dJ8QU\Cd, X J~XIX;
dOuDC 8\8Dd8td8 8Dd, jC1-2;lUIO-
CCD\IJ8D, 8UD|CC\JVJ\j, 8Dd, 111; _OD8
JDC8I |DJDKID_ 8Dd, 1; DI8\OIJCO-
8\IuC\uI8 DOdC8 8Dd, 1~21;JDCu8JOD
8Dd, X KDOWCd_C 88 dOuDC-Cd_Cd
8WOIdJD,1j;DCdJ8\JOD8O!`C8\CID-
J28!OD 8Dd, ~);D8\uIC 8Dd D8\uI8
IC8OutCC8, 1C~1j;Q8CC D._uICd Dj,
x-X ;QOjCCD\IJC WOId OtdCI 8Dd,
XJV~X; _uI]8DO OD DOQC 8Dd, jj2;
8CD8C88Dd, 2Oj~q;bJD_8QOIC 8Dd,2qj;
8\8_C8 8Dd\I8D8!OID8\JOD8 O!, 1j~1j;
8\IuC\UtC O!, o~y,;\JDC 8DC,1jj-jq.
Scccl:oDOdCIDJ|j
COODJ8WOuDd. 8CIO88 8OCJ8 8\I8\8,2y1;
1_CtJ8 8DC, y~,D28du88 hcriJc
cbicrtc,XXJ;dCCOODJ8 8CJCD\J88Dd,
11q;!U OJ88 dOuDC COD8CJOU8DC88
8Dd, 1Cy; DOdC8 O!CXQCIJCDCC8, 1Cy;
bD8IJ8\J 8Dd 8DOD 8Dd, 2y
CODDOD _OOd,j11,j2C
CODDOD8, j,j11,j1
CODDODWC8\D, j
\DCCODDUD8. \DCCODDOD8 V8.,jy,j11,
j1-2O;CO8DOQOJ\8DJ8D8Dd, 2yj;
CO8DOQOJ\8DOC8J8D, 2j~oj,jj1;
dCCOODJ8 OQ\JOD8Dd,j2;dCJDK1D_
8Dd JDdCQCDdCD\ \DOU_O\, j12~1y;
dCVCOQDCD\ 8Dd,jC2~12; dCWC8\CID-
J28\IOD, !ICCdOD, 8Dd, 2y-jC2;_OD8
8COQCO, j2o; _O8 O!, 2yj;\DC !CH8Dd
DdC8DdCCOODJ8 QtO|CC|8,j1y~2;
OQ\JOD8 8Dd, 2;8C8IJ OD JDdJ_CDOU8
QOJ\JC8 8Dd, jj2~jj;QuIJVCI88J\j,
DOIdCt\DIDKJD_, 8DdOC8J8D, j2y~j1;
_uJ|8DO8 1D\\DCIJ8\OIJC8 mOI1-
ZOD 8Dd, jj1~j2;8\8\C VJOCDCC 8Dd,
jjj~j;\IDC 8Dd QO88JDC H|uIC8,
1yj~y;\JDC 8Dd uDdOJD_ COODJ8
dJHCICDCC, 1yq
`CODDUDJ8\8, 22
`LODQ8t8\JVC LOODI8I8D CODCICDCC
[1yyy),21q~1j
CODQ8t8UVC DC\DOd, 2C, jqjDj2
CODQC\J\JOD, 1y~yy, 2j
CODQCDCD\8IJ|j QtJDCJQC, jjj
LODdOtJ,8D8DJ,j2y
LOD!CICDCC O!OD-1_DCd LOUD\IJC8,
X1JJ
CODHJC\ V8. W8t, 1yj~y
CODDCC\OI8, 2jO,2y
COD8CJOU8DC88.dOUDC,1Cy,11q,
1y~yO;IDDJ_I8D\, 1O~; DC8-
\J2O8, 1O~, 11q
CODuDCI fD\tCQICDCUI8, 1q
COD\JDCD\8, 18D\ OD,1y1,1yq-yj
COD\IO. SccD8D8_CDCD\ 8DdCOD\IO
CODVCI88\IOD,CD8D_ID_ \DC \CtD8 O!,
122~2j, 2C-y
CODVCI8JOD, 21y~2O,jOj
LOIODJ, CID8DdO, j~j
COIQOt8\JOD8. COODJ8J\j, COtQOI8\C 8\8_C
O, 1q-1j; CQJ8\CDJC DCdJ8\JOD8 8Dd,
~y;]OD CDOJCC dJ88OWCd Dj, 2yy;
KDOWCd_C 8Dd, j;ICWC8\CIDJZ8\JOD
V8. dCWC8\CIDJ28\JOD 8DC, 2yy;\JDC,
DCOJDCI8 COtQOI8\C QOJ\JC8 O!, 1y.
ScccLcC8QJ\8J8D
LOIIC8, |8!8C, qj
COIIC8QODdCDCC QIJDCJQC, jjj
CO8DOO_j. 8C\OI8 8Dd, y;LDIJ8\J8D
8UQQIC88JOD O!DC8, Z\CC, 8Dd8j8
CO8DOO_JC8, 1; CDUDCJ8\JOD 8DC
CO8DOO_JC8!t8DC8, 12j; UIOQC8D
8DdDdC8DCODCCQ\JOD8 O!|IDC 8Dd,
1j~O,1~y,L1CC-DdC8D8IDJ-
l8IJ\JC8,1yj;DJCI8ICDjO!,1y; ICCJQIOc8
DUI\uIJD_JD DdC8DCO8DOO_j, j1q.
Scccl:oCQJ8\CDOO_j 8DdKDOWCd_C;
8D_U8_C; |DCOO_j
Co:mccli:|OUDJD),1, 2y~y
CO8DOQOJ\8DJ8D. 88cODCCtD O!`C8\CtD
8CDO8I8D1Q, 2j2~jj,CIJ\IC8, 2yq; dCCO-
ODI8 CO8DOQOJ\8DJdC88, 2yO-y;dC-
COODJ8, dCHDCd, j; dCcOODJ8J|j 8Dd,
2jj~jj, 2q~j;dCCOOD18 OQ|1OD8 8Dd
8CCD8IIO8, 2j~1; _OD8 dC8J_u8 V8.
cODVJVJ8J\j, 2jj~j;JD\CID8\JOD8l 8W
8Dd, 2j~O, 2y~oj;O!8D\, 1j1, 1j,
1yq, 2j, 2j~y, 21;i8\OUI OD\DC
DC\8QDj8JC8 LODC 8Dd, 22~q;OC8-
J8D, CO8DOQOJ\8D, 2jj, 2j, 2j~j,
2yj~q,j2~j1;DO\V8UOD8 !OI 1D\CIC8\
JD, 2O~y;u8JD, 2y2~j;OUD1H8
DJddCD 8_CDd8 8Dd, 2y~)C
Co:mcolitcni:m[QQJ8D), jjD
CtJ\JC8 \DCOIj, XJV, j22~2j,jqD
LU_O8DO, \\|OD8D,} y, 1jq,2Oq~j
`CU\uI8 COdC8O!JDdJ_CDOU8 D8\JOD8,
jjq-jj
Cu\uI8 tC8\JVJ8D, 1O~1, 22C~21
cU\UtC V8.D8|utC, 1j1,1jj~j
LUDDIC bUd8DCIJC8D8 dC8CJODC8, j12
LuZCO, j2j
CjCJC8 \IDC, 1q~jC, 1q
Jcmnc:H_uIC,12C~21, 21, 2jy, 2jC
`!8IK_C, XJX
Ocrkcr3idco]thcKcnci::cncc|J_DOO),
XJX~X, 1
!88jQOdJU8COcK, 1
!8VO8 1DJVCt8J|j, j,jjD1y
dC8dV8. dC8dj JdC88 [CDD8DJ), 1C1~2
!CC8I8\JOD O!\DC|J_D\8 O!8D8DdO!
|DCLJ\JZCD, 2j
dCcOODJ8 CQJ8\CDJC Q8\!OID, 1~O
dCCOODJ8J\j: CO8DOQOJ\8DJ8D8Dd, 2jj~
jj, 2yO~y;dCCOODJ28\JODV8., j2~jj;
1DCCY
dCWC8\C18\JOD!IOD8QCI8QCC\JNC
O\, , dJ8CD_8_JD_, ); _CDC8lO_j O!
|DOu_\O!, XJJ~X, _COQO1\JC8 O!
KDOWlCd_C 8Dd, 121~22;8tX8\ C|
V8., X|; DC8DJD_ O!, j2; DOdCtDJ\jl
COODJ8J|j 8Dd_tU 8IO!, oj~;
QO8\COODJ8J\V8.,XJJ~XXVJ, jj~j;
bCDDJ\|8 nomo:8Dd, 2y~jj;JD:cn:u
:trictuV8. JD:cn:ulcrgc,jo~1.Scc
cl:odCCOODJ8 OQ\JOD; :ccctoic:
dCCOODJ8 OQ\JOD. 8D8j8J8 O!KDOWCd_C-
cOD8\tUC\JOD JD, X,888UDQ\JOD8 8Dd,
X-X; dCVClOQDCD\ 8Dd, jO2~12;
dCWC8\CIDJ28\JOD 8DC, 121, jq2Dq2;
_COQOJ\JC8 O!KDOWCd_C 8Dd, 121~22;
8tXI8\OIJCD\Cd !CHV8., X -x ;
DJ88JODV8.OQ\JOD, YIJ; 88ODC
8DOD_D8Dj, XYJJ~YJ1J; QIO_tC88JVC
jCW8 8Dd, jqqDO;tCWC8\CtDJ28\JOD
8Dd, 1];88 \I8|CC\OIj, jq, j2~2;/8Q-
8\J8\88 8Dd, 22q. 3cccl:odCCOODJ8J\
dCCOODJ8 QOJ\JC8 QIOQCI, 2qq
dCCOODJ8 8CJCD\J8, 111~1j
dCCOODJ8 \DJDKJD_. DuJdJD_ J\8OWD
_CDC8O_j O!\DOu_D\, 1O~;CD8D_JD_
\DC QUC8\JOD8, 1C; dC-8CCCCI8\JOD
O!\IDC, 1y~C;CQJ8\CDJC dCJDKID_
88 8\8I\JD_ QOJD\ O!, 1jy; _COQOJ\JC8
8Dd DOdj-QO1\JC8O!KDOWCd_C JD,
XXI~XJJ; 88 JDQ8t8\JVC QI8C\JCC, 2C;
DC8DJD_ O!, 1C;88V8\JOD IDC\OIJC 8Dd,
\JV~XY. Scccl:o_OD8 JDC8I \JDK-
JD_ 8Dd dCCOODJ8 \DJDKJD_
dCCOODJZ8|IOD. 8DdUD_ LOD!CICDcC
8Dd, XJIJ; dCCOODJ8 OQ\JODV8., j2~jj,
CCD.DCd, XIJ1; dCJDQCtJ8JZ8\JODV8., O;
O!dCDOCt8Cj, 22~jq; dCWC8\CIDJ28-
\JODV8., qy;CQJ8\CDJC DCdJ8\JOD8, ~
y;88DJC \DOu_D\ IDKCdWI\D, 1Oj
dCCOODJZJD_ KDOWCd_C 8DdDCJD_.
CDD8D18 dC8d8DddC8djJdC88 8Dd
\DC QUC8\ !OI JDdCQCDdCD\ \DOU_O\,
y~1C;u8CD, DC8\J2O COD8CJOu8DC88,
jj
jj 1DUcX
UCCOODJ2JD_KDOWCU_C8DUDCJD_(cont.)
8DUIDDJ_t8D\ COD8CJOu8DC88,1O-j;
DC8DJD_OI, j1~j,;tCDuJUJD_, 1Oj;
YyD\Ct, 18DOD8 8OCJO_CDJCQtJDCJQC,
8DUUCCOODJ88CJCD\J8, 1Oj~1j
DccolonizingNcthodologic:(oDJ\D),1j
UC_OD8JZ8\JOD,1,,j
UCJDQCtJ8IZ8\JOD, ~j,O
UC8 Lt8D_C, Ct\t8DU,22
UCDYJD_. CD8D_JD_\DC\CtD8OI\DC
CODVCt88\JOD, 122~2j,2O~,;UCCOO-
DJ8\DJDKJD_8DU,1jj,\DCCDuDCJ8\CU
V8. CDuDCJ8\JOD 8DU, 11j;CQJ8\CDJCUJ8-
ODcUJCDCC8DU, 1j~,JDUCQCDUCD\
\DOD_D\,\DCCODDDD8,8DU,j12~1j;
8D\8DU8DJHJD_\DC_CO_t8QDyOI
tC88OD,2O2~j;KDOWD_, 8CD8JD_,
8DUDDUCt8\8DCJD_, 12,~jj;DC8DD_
OI, 2Oj~; DOUCtDJ\y-\t8UJ\JODQ8Jt,
DDUOJD_, 18O. Scccl:oJDUCQCDUCD\
\DOu_D\
`LCJHYJD_. DC bDC\OtJCOIOUCtDJ\y,
\DC iO_JC OILOODJ8J\y, 8DU\DC
Lt8DD8tOILOODI8J\y (J_DOO),
XJ~XJJ
iCOtJ8,NJDC, t., 1j
CCDOCt8Cy: 8yu, 2jO-j2;LDJD8 8DU,
jjDj; UCCOODJ28\JODOI, j; UCCOO-
DJZJD_8DU, j2; UCWC8\CtDJZ8\JOD 8DU,
O;D8CtO-D8tt8\JVCOI, 2j2; tC_JOD8-
J28\JOD,\IDCOI, 2]1;888\8_CD O_JC OI
COODJ8J\y, 1;Z8Q8\J8\8 UCCOODI28-
\JODOI, 22~j; ZJ2CKODuJVCt88
CODCCQ\O|,2j~q
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DcOrbcIovo (D_DJCt8),22
CCQCDUCDCy, CQJ8\CDJC, 11j,12j~jO
UCQCDUCDCy\DCOty, 7 jO
LC8C8t\C8,bCDC,j1,jj~1O1
LCbOu88o8D\O8, O8VCD\ut8, qO~1, ,j
iC888JDC8,C8D-|8CQDC8,jjjD8
UCVCOQDCD\: `8\CtD8\JVC, XJJJ~XX;
C8QJ\8J8D8DU, jO2~j; UCCOODJ2JD_,
jO2~12;UCJDYD_8DU, j12~1j; CXQtO-
QtJ8\JOD8DUVIOCDCCItOD,jj,HCC-
UOD8DU, jOO,jO2~j;JDC8t\JDC 8DU,
1; tCWC8\CtDJZ8\JOD 8DUKDOWCU_C
Ot, j;88 8\8_C JD O_JC OICOODJ8J\y,
1;:umckkcw:c}8DU!cchcmcmc
8DU,jO~12
Dcvclcmcntc:Irccdcm (oCD), 2j~j,,
jO2-j, jj
UCWC8\CtDJZ8\JOD:1tCDDCtOD,j2Dj;
\DCCODDOD8DU, j21~22;\DCCOD-
DDD88DU,2j-jO2;CO8DOQOI\8D-
J8D8Dd, 2j, 2jO~j1;UCCOODJ8
OQ\JOD8 8Dd, 121, jjD2; JDLCu8UOt,
j; CQJ8\CDJCDCUJ8\JOD8, ~,, j;
DCCUOD8DU,2j8~jj;_COQOI\JC8OI
KDOWCU_C8DU,12O~21,DD\JD_\OD
8DC, ; DQCtJ8UJCtCDCC8DU,2;
|u88 1t8ZJ1 8DU, 2,j;OD|CC\VI\y
8DU,,j~,;tCWC8\CtDJZ8\JOD8DU,
j-j,, 1; oJD_8QOtC 8DU, 2~;88
tt8)CC\Oty, j, ~2
UJ8\DQIC8,DCtDCDCu\JC8, 1~2
LJ8W8t8, 8D\DJ8, j2D1
UJCtCDCC8,COODJ88DUDQCtJ8.
D_DJCOD8OVCtCJ_D\y8DU,2O~1;
`D8tD8tJ8D8 8DUQtDJ\JVC8, 1j,1,,
2OO~2O1; CDD8DJ8UC8UV8.UC8Cy
JUC888DU,1O~j;CO8DOQOJ\8DJ8D
8DU, 2j~, 2j; Cu\ut8tC8\JVJ8D
V8., 1O~1,221;UC]OCt8Cy8DU, 2jO;
UJVJ8JODOI, ~; CQJ8\CDJC8DUOD-
\OO_IC8, 8~j2;LutOQC8DDJOD 8DU,
2jj~O; JM8_JD8tyOI\DCDOUCtDCO-
ODJ8WOtU8y8\CD8DU, 12~j,8D\8
tCD8QQJD_OI, 1j,~jj;Dj\D OIDJ8\Oty,
Dj\D OI8CJCDCC,8Dd, 1,1~,2; D8\ut8
DJ8\Oty 8DU, 1j;QOJ\JC8QtOQCt8DU,
2~j; bOu\D OILutOQC8DU, 281; \DC
8DC, 1~, 18, 1,2~,j;Z8Q8\J8\88
8DU, 22j~2, 2jO; ZCtO QOJD\ 8DU, O
UJ_DJ\y. CO8DOQOJ\8DI8D 8DU, 2j,
2jO~j1;UCVCOQDCD\V8.,jO~j; 88
D8tKCtOICOODI8J\y, 21; :J_D\8V8.,
21, 218, 2j~jj; Z8Q8O8\88 8DU, 21-
1j, 228
iJ\DCy,YIDCD, ;,12
UJ8CJQJDC8, 12,1j~jO
UJ8COut8C, C\DJC8 OI, 2j,2j~jO
Di:cour:conNcthod(iC8C8t\C8),1OO~1O1
UJ8CD_8_JD_,1~1,, 2Oj.Scccl:cUC_
UJ8ODCCJCDCC, CQJ8\C]C, 122~2j,1j,1jj,
1j~
CIVCt88J\y,1,~,j,2j~j. Scccl:o
QutJVCt88J\y
UJVIDC8W, 2,,
LOD8LCVCOQDCD\ tODDU8,,,2j
UODDC COD8CJOU8DC88,1O,,11,1j~jO
COuDC 8\8Dd8tU8,jO1~2
dOuDCtt8D88tJOD,21j~2j,2jj
iOuZJD88,LO8\88,2]
iu1OJ8,Y. .,1O,,1j~jO
iu88C,DtJQuC, 2O8, 2j,2O,2j,
2j~O,jD
CCODODy. ID8\tOD_ ODYC8\CtDDI8-
\Oty8DU,~;Homocconcmicu:,22;
JDV)8JDCD8DU,2j~,O,22;ttJ8D_u8t
\8D\JCCCODODy8DUCDCt_CDCC OI
CODttO 8DC D8D8_CDCD\, ,~.3cccl:o
C8QJ\8J8D
Cu8UOt, jj, j, 228,2j,, jjH
C_O-QO\IC8OIO\OWCU_C:DJO-QOJ\JC8
8DU, 1;CDtODO-QOJ\JC8,1,; Cutut8
UJCtCDCC8 CJ8CODt8C 8DU, 11; UJ8\OQJ-
C8DCtDCDCu\JC8 8DU, 2; KDOWCU_C-
D8KJD_8DU, 12;tC8QOD8C8\O, 12~j;
8CCu8tt8CJ8D8DU, j;\DCC-QOJ\JC8
tCQ8CCUDy, )2CtO QOJD\8DU, 82
LUCD,b\u8t\, 11, 18
`CQD8D\8 JD\DCDCIJC88: (LOtODJ),
,
CDQ\y8J_DJDCt8, 2jO
`LDCOu\CtWJ\D!J8\Oty\D8\bC8OD8\C8
OU8y (o\CQDCD8), ~
CDCyCOQCUICKDOWCU_C8DU\JDC,1
DUCX
LDJ_D\CDDCD\. C8QJ\8J8D, CODMDDJ8D,
8DU, O; LD8\\Ct]CC OD 8D\, OuC8u\,
8DU, 1j2~jj;UCDOCt8Cy8DC, 2jO, 2j2;
8D_u8_C 8DU,\ ,1j, 12; `QtJDJ\JVC
8DU, JDVCD\JODOI,1,8; 8CCu8tCJVIIZ-
JD_ DJ88JOD8DU,2; \DC8DU, 1,8;
OuDJDOD,28
CDDDCJ8\JOD 8DU\DCCDuDCJ8\CU. UJ8\JDC-
\JODDC\\VCCD, 11j;8D\8DU, 1j, 2O1;
KDOWCU_C-D8KJD_8DU, 1O~; 8-
y8D8D_u8_C8 8DU, 22~2,;QtODODJ8
8y8\CD,1jO~j1;8CDJO\JC8QQ8t8\u8 OI,
12-2,. Scc cl:o_COQO1\JC8 OIKDOW-
CU_C 8DUKDOWJD_
CQJ8\CCC UJ8ODCUJCDCC,122~2j,1j, 1jj,
1j~
CQJ8\CDOO_y8DUKDOW_C:_CtJ8
8DU, ; tD8\tOD_ODYC8\CtDDJ8-
\Oty8DU, ;C8QJ\818D 8DC COD\tO
OI, j2-jj; COODJ8I\y,KDOWCU_C88
DIDC8DCD\878QCC\OI, 2O; COODJ-
8J\yOIKDOWCU_C, 18j; UCCOODJ8
CQJ8\CDJCQ8\IOtD,18~jO;UCCOODJ8
OQ\JOD8DU 8D8y8J8 OIKDOWCU_C-
COD8ttuC\JOD,3y UCCOODJZ8\JOD8DU,
UC bOD88 b8D\O88 CQJ8\CDOO_yOI
\DC 8Ou\D, ,j; UCWC8\CtDJZ8\IOD 8DU,
j~O; UJVCt8J\y 8DUKDOWCd_C-
COD8\tDC\JOD,/,CODJD8\JODOI
D8\utC8DU,1,;LutOCCD\tJ8D8DU,
1j~2O;IOuDU8\JODOICOODJ8J\yJD
\DCOO_y,),_CO-CQJ8\CDOO_y, 128~2j;
DC_CDODy, CQJ8\CDOO_JC8, 81;DJCt-
8tCDyOI,1j; JD\Ct-Cu\ut8 UJ8O_uC
8DU, ,O; `\D1UY, \DCtCIOtC 8D, 81,
jj~1O1; 8D\8 CX|CtD88DUJD\CtD8UJ-
DCD8JOD8,2O,; 8D\8 KDOWJD_8uD]CC\
8DUQ8CC OIKDOWD_, 188-;8D\8
I8\JOD8 V8. DJ8\OtJC8KDOWCU_C, 181;
KDOWCU_C 88 UOuDC-CU_CU8WOtU,
1j; KDOWD8DUKDOWCtJD\t8UJ\JOD8
V8. CtJ\JC8 \DCOIy,jH,DCUJ8\JOD8
OI\t8]CC\OtIC8, jj;]ODO\OQJCV8.
j
>
Indcx
cpstcmoogyandknowcdgc(cont.)
datopcabcrmcncutcs,6:-6z,Kc-
nassanccand,6,rcwcstcrnzatonand
knowcdgcIordcVcopmcnt, 6, Samct
onntcgratonoIknowcdgc,:o,
scnscsand,zo]-(,stuatcdknowcdgc,
:oo,::,:z, skn-coor cassbca-
tonand,(-(6,socogcncprncpc
and,::o-:(,tcrmcpstcmoogy and
coona!ty, :/z,zcropont,/-8:.
3cccl:obody-potcsoIknowcdgc,
dccoonzng knowcdgc andbcng,
gcopotcs oIknowcdgcandknow-
ng,IamwbcrcItbnII amwbcrc
Ido andthnk`
cquaty, Ntoraonnaturaawand, z/8
Irnst, CarY, /nz:
Iscobar,Arturo,X, :
LstcVa,GustaVo,]:]
ctbcs.otdscourscVs.oIbcraton,z(,
z(-o,trutbwtboutparcntbcssand,
z:8,Zapatstasanddgnty, z:/-:8
cugcncs,:(
Iuroccntrsm, :-zo,::o-::,z:,z8/, ]]o
Iuropcanmodcrnty. 3ccmodcrnty
Iuropcanstudcs.6o
Iuropcan\non, z]-(o
IxtractonsandIcncmcntoICutura
Icsourccs`(Sbarat),z8-86
Lzc,ImmanucCbuk\vdu,:8:,:6
Iaban,)obanncs,::-z
Ianon,Irantz.lcckSkin, WhitcNc:k:,
x-xiV,:o-:o,:z6-z/,:o,
body-potcsand,:],boroucrdon
natVismand,]z-]o, Cbcnon,,
ocatonand,x,onncwbumanty,
z, z, Sartrc and, , ontbcscnscs,
zo,Sbaratand,z88-8,_(n:_,
socogcncprncpc,:o-:z,:o,z(z,
J7c WrctchcJLcrth,z:
Icrguson,Ia!,:o(
Icrna\dcz-Csco,Narcco,z]:,o8
IcstVa dcaDgnaKaba,z:
Itzgcrad,Scott,::6-:/
IoodandIrccdom,]oz-]
IormuatngNodcrnJbougbtnAh-
canIanguagcs`(Vrcdu),:]:-]z
Ioucau1t,Ncbc,zo,:,:-(o,:((
Iramcs,:z(-z, :(:-(z
IranccandAgcra,;-8
Ira,Bcnamn,://
Irccdom.absoutcVs. rcatVc,z/, bcst
on,z8,dcwcstcrnzaton,tbccom-
muna, and,z6-]oz,Kantonaw,
autborty,and,z66-6/,Toumnon,
z6
IrccdomoItbougbt.Sccndcpcndcnt
tbougbt
Ircctradc, cosmopotan, z6]
Ircud,Sgmund,::o
Ircyrc,Gbcrto,z6
Ircdman,Nton, z8
Irom`LDcrccbodcGcntcsto`Ia
QgndadIumana'(Ngnoo), z:(-:
Iukuyama,Irancs, ]:
IuturcoCaptasm,Jhc`(Baccro-
wcz),o]-(
uturc tra|cctorcs.Scctra|cctorcsoI
gobauturcs
G8 (q/,66),xi, z(6,::, ]z:,]/n:/
Uzo,x,(/-48,z/(-/,z8(,]z:
Ccic,o-:o
Gandb,Nobandas,](8nz6
Garca,Aan,]]-6
GarcaIncra,Varo,(z-(_,]o(
gcndcrbcrarcby, :8
Ccogrch(Kant).3ccKants Ccogrch
gcopotcs oIknowcdgc and knowng.
cnthroo:anddcwcstcrnzatonVs.
dccoonatyand,::-zz,bo-potcs
Vs.body-po!tcsand,:]-(o,and
body-potcs,mutua!yrcnIorc-
ngndccoonatbnkng,x-xx,
Cbattcr|cconInda andIrcomoI
tbougbt,:z-(,conVcrsaton,cbang-
ngtbctcrmsoI, :zz-z,asdccoona
conccpt,::,dccoonzngcpstcmo-
ogyand, z,dscp!narydcnkng,
:z/-,cpstcmcdsobcdcnccand,
:, :(-((, cpstcmcmcdatons
and, 68,asbddcn,,Hountondand
VrcduontbcJbrccVord DV-
sonandAIrcanscboarsbp,:z8-z,
ngraincdndccoonatbnkng,
x-x,knowcdgc-makngand
cnuncaton,:(o-((,purnatona
statcsand,z/, Schmnsnomo:and,
z,scmotcapparatusoIcnuncaton,
:z(-z/,scnscsand,zo],sbRbom
cnuncatcdto cnuncaton,::,Smth
asNaor anthropoogstand,:]-8,
unVcrsa!tyoItbcpotcapropcrand,
z(. 3cccl:ogobancartbnngand
dccooniatbnkng
Gcopo!tcsoIKnowcdgcand tbc Coo-
naDRcrcncc (Ngnoo),/, :
Gcrmany,rootstraccdtoGrcccc,z6:
Gddcns,Antbony, :o(
Gssant, Ldouard, :z-],z],](8-(n6,
](n8
gobazaton (g|obasm).coonadcr
cnccs and, :6:,compcttonandspccd
promotcdby, :/8-/,cosmopotan-
smand, z(-8, z6o, z8:-8],dccoo-
nasccntaand,::(-:,dcbncd,z8:,
dcgobazaton,(:,/],gcopotcsoI
knowcdgcand,:]o,bumantyqucs-
ton,rrccVanccoI, z8z,modcrnty
narratVcandcoonatynarratVc, ,
unVcrsa!smVs.,z(,uscoItcrm,z8,
Vadcns dcgobazaton,(:
gobancartbnknganddccoona
tbnkng.coonaandmpcradiI-
tcrcnccs,cpstcmcand ontoogca,
Indcx
86-z,dccoonzngknowcdgcand
bcng,:-::,humcnitc:andcnthroo:
conccpts,8:-86,mpcraparttonng
andtbczcropont,;8,/8-8:,ntcror-
tyVs.cxtcrorty, :o(,rcdrawngtbc
bouscoknowcdgcatntcrscctonoI,
::-:/,spcctrumoImodcrntyIcoon-
atyand,//-/8
goodgoVcrnanccconccpt,z/6
Gordon,IcwsK.,x,,:o/, :]
Goud,Stcpbcn|ay, :6(-6, :/o-/:
Gramsc,Antono,xv
CrcctCct:b, J7c(Itzgcrad),::6-:/
Grcco-Chrstanandcnthmo:,8z-8]
Grcctboughtandcgacy.coon1z
matrXoIpowcr and, :::, co:mo-oli:,
z6:, z/:,dcmocracyand,z]o,z]z-]],
Ccic,o-:o,Gcrmanrootstraccd
to,z6:,Kciro:,:/],anguagc,:z6,:(],
Naccdona, z6:, Oiko:,z:,z/,z,
thcctron,:86,z6z,zcropontand,8o,
Zzckspotcapropcrand,zq]-(/,
z(
Grotus,Iugo,8/
growtnVs.dgntyandprospcrty, ]o(-
Grucso,Iba,]:]
Gudynas,Lduardo,:]
Guba,Kanabt,](8nz6
Gucn, IaIac (SubcomandantcNar-
cos),z:-z], z]]-], z(]
GIcn,Ictu!ab, 6(-6
Ha!1,Stuart,
barmony, rgntto,]::.Sccaso:umck
kcw:c
Hcrvcrd!ntcrnctionclKcvicw,:_o-]:,:]8
Iawkng, Stcphcn,on/
Iay, Dcnns,:(-
bcart,knowcdgcstartnghom,zo]
Hcgc,GcorgcV.1.::,:],:8,(n8
Icdcggcr,Nartn,:o8
IcnroIIaVarrc,:o:
/
!ndcx
hcrmcncufics, diafopicaI vs. monofopic,
6-6i
hcfcrarchy, 6
hicrarchics, , p, io-:, :68-6p
HinkcIammcrf, Iranz, i|-6, :|
hinfcrIands ot conqucsf, ot scffIcmcnf,
and oI cxpIoifafion, 8-p
hisfo:ico-sfrucfuraI nodcs, 6-i
hisfo:iographic nar:afivcs, X
hisfo:y: CIissanf on HcgcI and, |pn8,
Hawking's Aric]Hi:tcrc[Timc,
,on;, myh oI, ;-;i, fcIcoIogicaI,
,,; tinc Iinked fo, ,, ,6-,;, 6,
fruth in pa:cnfhcsis anc, 8-8:
HifIcr, AdoIt,
HoLand, p6-p;, ,;m
Hcmccccncmicu:,i8i
hopc, -i
Horkhcincr, Max, xiv, |6m
Horowifz, David, p
Hounfondji, PauIin }., :8-
Hugh, Diana, ,i
humcnitc:, 8-8, 8;, po-p, ip, 8,-86
hunanify, qucstIon ot: i::cIcvancc ot,
fo gIobaIIsm, i8i, SharI`ati on, i,
,8nip, Smifh on, 6; Wynfcr on
^o-Caribbcans and, p, Zapafisfas
and, i|-|
human spccics characfcrisfics, Kanf on,
:66
HumboIdf, AIcxandcr von, pp
humiIiafion and dignify, :p
Hunfingfon, SanucI ,|, 8,, |mo
"! am whcrc ! fhink`' /"! an whcrc ! do
and fhink`': as ancho: ot dccoIoniaI
cpisfcmoIogics, xvi; assuming fhc Ic-
gifimacy oI, p-pi, bcing, mcaning ot,
p-p|; Dcscarfcs vs., pp-o, cpisfcmic
frajccforics and, 8, humanify conccpf
and, :|; fhc whcre,' ;, zc:o poinf
and, 8o-8
!bn-Rushd, o
Lcidccdcldc:cubrimicntcdcAmcricc
(O`Corman), ip
idcnfify in poIifics, 6p-;o, ;, ,
idcntIfy poIifics, i|-||
idcographic vs. nomofhcfic scicnccs, i,
"idoIaf," 6,-66
imaginary oI fhc modc:n/coIoniaI wo:Id
sysfcm, fimc and, ,i-,, ;pn6
inmig:anf consciousncss, o8-p
inmigrafion, i6o, i;o, o
inpa:afivc mcfhod, io8, |n,i, ,in|6
inpcriaI dicrcnccs. 3ccdicrcnccs,
coIoniaI and impc:iaI
Incas: cosmoIogy, 68, 6p, finc and,
,6-,8, 66-;o. 3cccl:cTawanfinsuyu
incIusion, X
"Indcpcndcncc and RcsponsibIIify"
(Bcsf), oi-, ,-;
indcpcndcnf thoughf: Bcsf on, ipo;
Caribbcan pIanfafion cconomy and,
;-p; cosmopoIifanism and, i8,;
d_and, :-p, Hounfondji
and Wi:cdu on Ahica and, :8-:,
posfmodc:n fhinkcrs and nccd tor,
o,; Sha:i'afi and, i,i, i8,-86
"!ndcpcndcnf 1houghf and Ca:ibbcan
Frccdom" (Bcsf), i8p
India, |;, ,,, i-, p;
InmanIsmo vs. Ma:xismo in BoIivia, |i-
"!ndias OccidcnfaI/Amcrica,` 6,-66,p,
indigcnous, 5gu:c oI, :p
indigcnous pcopIcs. 3cc:ccgctcic:
cndlccc:, :uch c:Tawantinsuyu cr
Zapafisfas
!ndusfriaI RcvoIufion, :-, oo
Inncrarify, DanicI, ;;-;8
thc insfifutIonaI and fhc instIfufc, powcr
dic:cnfiaI bctwccn, p
!ntcr-A:icn3tudic:journaI, ,8-,p
infcr-cuIfuraIify and infcr-cpisfcmoIogy,
ip
infc:naI coIoniaIism, p,, ,-6, 6:
infcrnafionaI Iaw, ;p, i,8-6o, i;, i;6-8
InfcrnafionaI Mofhcr Earth Day, op
LcinvcnciondcAmcricc(O`Corman), :p
invIsibIc hand, i6p-;o, i8i
Iran, J, i8;, ,8nip
Iraq, oo
!sIam: cosmopoIifanIsm and, ip:-p; his-
fory oI Wcsf trom pcrspccfivc oI, ,-6,
NurcuIuk movcmcnf, 6|-6,; Sha:i`ati
on !ran and fhc Lcn, / ,fhcoIogicaI
Lcn, ;-8
!sIanic Sununif ConIcrcncc, Tcnfh
(ioo), io-i
!sIamic worId: Bcnnabi on, pp, o|-,,
dcwcsfcmizauon, dccoIonizafion, and,
,-,i, inpcriaI cxpansion and, sccond
wavc oI, 8|-8,, rcspccf Ior IiIc and,
o, suIfanafcs, -|, p8-pp, p8-pp
!sIamIsm, progrcssivc, p-;o, ,
"! thInk, fhcrcto:c ! am,` 8, pp-o
iu:gcntum(thc righfs ot nations), 86-8;,
i;;-;8
aI-}abri, Mohanmcd, o
)ccguc,i|-;i
Iapan, p;, ,;n;
}crusaIcm, St PauI`s journey fo Wcsf o( 66
}udaIsm, |-|;n6o
Kcirc:,;
Kcllcwc}c, o8
Kanf, !mmanucI: Anthrcclc_[cmc
Frc_mcticFcintc[\icw,6, p, p6,
pp, z6i-6, Chaffcrjcc on IoucauIf,
and, i-;, "1hc Conicf oI fhc
FacuIfics,' 8, cosmopoIifanism, ,,
6, p|, i,6, i,8-6;, :8; cosmopoIifan
IocaIsm and, , Iour IundancnfaI
qucsfions, 88-8p; knowIcdgc, cxtcrnaI
and infcrnaI dimcnsions ot, :o;; Lin-
nacus`s raciaI cIassIhcatIon, rccasf-
ing ot, |6, on nafionaI, raciaI, and
!ndcx
spccics characfcrisfics, p6-p;, :6,
i66, Ob:crvctcn:cnthcIcclngc[thc
ccutlcndthc3ublimc,p6
Xanfian-HumboIdfian modcI, z,
Xanf`s Cccgrch}: fhc a:chifccfonic and
shIing fhc gcog:aphy ot :cason,
io:-p, conccpfuaI mafrix ot confi-
ncnfs and cpisfcmic racism, p|-:oz,
knowing subjccf and pIacc oI know-
ing, 88-p|; OrfcIius's J!cctrum Orbi:
Tcrrcrumand, 8,-88; ratIonaI vs.
histo:icaI knowIgc, 8
Xc Xaijun, xI
KcIIncr, DougIas, ii-i
KcpIcr, }ohanncs,
Khana, Parag, ,,n6
knowIcdgc. 3cccpisfcmoIogy and
knowIcdgc
KncwlcJgccnJFclitic:(Mangabcira
Ingc:), xvii
Kusch, RodoIto, p, p,-p6, p;, o6-p
Kyngc, )amcs, ,pn
Iabor: infcrnafionaI division ot, 8; wagcd
Iabor and hecdom, oo-o, working
fo Iivc, :-, :|
LacIau, E:ncsfo, ,|nip
La5fau, }oscph Franois, :oo-:o
Lanming, Ccorgc, ;;
Landa, Dicgo dc, xvi
Iand and spirifuaIify, 6
Ianguagc: Ayma:a Ianguagc and "dc-
vcIopmcnf, o;, 5iIInguaIism, o,
discipIinary knowIcdgc-makIng and,
i;-i8; doubIc fransIafion, ip-i, i;
Euroccnfrism and, :p-io, ::, hamcs
and, :,-z6; hicrarchics, xIi, p-:o,
infcrsubjccfivc sfrucfu:c o Mayan
Ianguagcs, ii6-ip, i; knowIcdgc-
making and, |, |; "ofhcr," conccp-
fuaIizauon oI, ::;-:8; posfcoIoniaIify
and coIoniaI EngIish, ; sociogcnic
pp
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Carbbcan PhIIosophcaI 1ssocaIon n zoo6, tr
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nsIatcd nto Spansh n
zoo6andKorcannzoo), Ioca/ Histories/G/ooa/ Desins. Co/onia/ity, Suo-
a/tern Know/edes, and order Tinlin (zooo, IransIatcd nIo Spansh n
zoo]andPorIugucscnzoo{,nowbcngtransIaIcdnIoKorcan),Te Darler
Side o}tbe Benaissance: Iiteracy, Territoria/ity and Co/onization (,win-
ncro!IhcKaIhcrncSngcrKovacsaward fromIhcModcrnLanguagc1s-
socaIon o!Amcrca, bcngtransIaIcdntoSpansh and Chincsc), Teoria
de/ texto e i
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terretacion de textos (86),andE/ementos ara una teoria de/
texto /iterario (:,8). In zo:o hc pubIshcd amonograph n Spansh, Des-
ooeciencia eistcmica: Betorica de/ /a modernidad, /oica de /a co/onia/idad y
ramatica de |a desco/onia/idad, transIaIcdnIorcnchandGcrman.Hc cd-
IcdCaita/ismo. E/ eurocentrismo y |a /osoa de |a /ioeracion en e/ deoate
inte/ectua/ contemorneo (8ucnos 1rcs: EdIconcs dcISgnos, zooo).!s
co-cdiIcdbooks incIudc, wIIhMargarcI V Grccr andMaurccn QulIgan,
Bereadin tbe /acl Ieend: Te Discourses o}Be/iious and Bacia/ Dier-
ence in tbe Benaissance Emires (zoo;), wIIhHcrbcrtoCaro,Ias vertientes
americanas de/ ensamiento y e/ royecto des-co/onia/ (zoo8),wIh1rturo
Escobar,G/ooa/izaton and tbe Deco/onia/ Otion (zoo),and,wIhEIIzabcIh
HII 8oonc, \ritin witbout \ords: A/ternative Iiteracies in Aesoamerica
and tbe Andcs Ou1c\nvcrsIyIrcss,().Hcsaco-cdtorofIhcscrcs
LaII1mcrca OIhcrwsc. In zoo hc was appoItcdIntcrnatonaI 8oard
Mcmbcr torIhc six-ycar pro|cct "Tmc, McmoryandRcprcscnIaIon" aI
SordcrIon UnvcrsIy i Swcdcn. Hc aIso scrvcs on Ihc nIcrnaIonaI ad-
vsoryboardotIhcHongKong1dvanccd InsIIutctor CrossscpIIary
StudcsCoIlcgcofLbcraI1rtsandSocaISccnccs),aIIhcCIyUnversty
otHong-Kong.InOctobcrzoo hcIccturcdatthcBrunoKrcskyounda-
IoninVcnnaandhcdcIvcrcdthc1nnuaINorbcrILcrncr'sLcctureScrcs
atIhc \nvcrsdad OcgoorIaIcs n ChIc. AddIonaIly, hcwas the zoo
VsIngcIIowaIthcInsIIuIcofAdvanccdStudcsatYarwIckUnvcrsty,
OcpartmcntotSocoIogy. Hcwas aIso co-curatorofthc cxhbI"EstcIcas
dcscoIonaIcs,'whch
pcncdinBogoIa,CoIomba,ono Novcmbcrzoo,
andco-curatorotatoIIow-upcxhbt,"OccoIonaI1csIhcIcs,'atthcCenIcr
tor GIobaI SIudcs andIhc Huantcs, Oukc UnvcrsIy, IhaI opcncd I
Mayzo. !nzo hcwasIhcBrackcnrdgcOsIngushcdVsIngrofcssor
nIhccparImcnIofEngIshaIIhc UnvcrsIyofTcxas,San1nIono. Hc
wasanErasmus MundusFcIIowatthcInsItutcotEurophIosophy, Unver-
sIyotLouvaIc-Ia-Ncuvc and cnkpIaIz OsIIgushcd Profcssor aI Ihc
InsttutcotIosIcoIonaIandTranscuIturaI Studcs (urDTs), UnvcrsIyot
8rcmcn.HcdcIvcrcdakcyoIc addrcssaI IhcRhodcsForumtor Ihea-
IogucofCivIzaIons 6-OcIobcrzo)ithc scmnaron"ostSccuIar
OaIogucs, and has conIracIcdto bc vsIig schoIar aIJhc HongKong
1dvanccdInsItutcfor Cross-OscpInarySIudcs ofIhc CIy\nvcrsIyof
]ongKongtromJanuarytoJuncotzoz.
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