CPfICKA AKA,UEMHJA HAYKA H YMETHOCTH

EAJIKAHOJIOIIIKH- HHCTHTYT
nOCEBHA ll3AAI-hA
KfbHfA 20
PpaAcKa KYAyYp'a Ha DaAKaHJY - 1
rPA,UCKA KYJITYPA
HA EAJIKAHY
(XV- XIX BEK)
3EOPHHK PA,UOBA
BEorPAA 1984
rPA,I.J;CKA KYJITYPA HA BAJlKAHY
(XV - XIX BEK)
SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS
THE INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES
SPECIAL EDITIONS
M 20
The Balkan Urban Culture - 1
THE BALKAN URBAN CULTURE
(l5th - 19th CENTURY)
COLLECTION OF STUDIES
Edited by
VERENA HAN
Scientific Counsellor
Edi tor-in-chief
Academician RADOVAN SAMARDzIC
Director of the Institute
for Balkan Studies
Accepted at the Second Session of the SciJentific
Council of the Institute for Balkan Studies, Dccember the 22nd 1983.
('
BEOGRAD 1984
CPI1CKA AKA.II:EMI1JA HAYKA 11 YMETHOCTI1
BAflKAHOnOlliKI1 I1HCTI1TYT
rrOCEEHA H3AAI-bA
Kf-bHfA 20
fpaAcKa KYATypa Ha EaAKaHY - 1
rPA,UCKA KYllTYPA HA EAllKAHY
(XV ~ X I X i E K
. 3!iOPHHK PAAOBA
YpeAHAa
BEPEHA XAH
HaY'.jHH canerHJ:iK
....
OAroSOpHH vpeAI-lHK
AKaAeMHK PAAOBAH CAMAPUHfi
npHMibeHO Ha APyroj CeAHHl\H HaY'lHor caBera EaAKaHOi\OlllKOr
HHCTHTyra 22. Ael\eMpa 1983. rOAHHe.
EEOfPAA 1984
npHTlpeMe OBe KIbHre oMoryhHAa je JyrocAoBeHCKa KOMHcHja 3a YHECKO.
KIbHra je UIT<L\maHa 3axBah>yjy!.H <j>HHaHcHjcKoj o ~ o PCnyOi\lNKe
3ajeAHHl\e HaVRc Cp6Hje H 3aBOA.a 3a MeOYHapoAHY HaY'JHY. npoCBeTHy,
KYArypHY H TCXHOAOUIKY capaAH>Y CP Cp6Hje.
H3A3je
DaAKaHOAOUIKH H.HCTHTYT
CpnCKe aK3AeMHje HayKa Il yMCTIJOCTII
PeueH3eHTH
K3AeMHK MUAIW H6Ufi
Ap Oilla 3upoje6u1t, HaV'lHH caBenmK
THpa)l(
1000 rrpHMepaKa
llhaMna
lllHPO "CpOHja", lieorpaA
MHje KOBa'leBHna 5
Ha OCHOBY MIflllh>Clba PellYOJ\H'lKOr ceKpeTapHjaTa 3a KYArypy CP Cp6Hje
6poj 413-834-D2, OBa KIbHra je ocAo6oIJeHa l\analba nocc6Hor peny6AJP.IKor
nope3a Ha npoMeT rrpOH3BOAa li YCAyra y npoMeTY.
06aj 3Op1lUK pa06a noc6ele/i je V MehY/iapo/iOM
KO/iZpecy 3a E6pone
(AlESEE)
This Collection of Studies is dedicated to the Vth
International Congress for South-East Europe
Reaserches (AlESEE)
CAAP)KAJ - CONTENTS
Pa06aH CaMapl:lUn
o rpaAcKoj UHBHAJOaUHjH Ha EaAKaHY XV AO XIX BeKa - - -
Radovan Samardzi
On Urban Civilization in the Balkans from the 15th to the 19th Century 9
Joy60MUp MWCCUM06U/i
KopeHH H nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaAcKor naTpHI.\HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH - - 19
Ljubomir Maksimovi
The Roots and ways of GenesLs of Urban Patriciate in the Byzantium 55
AyuwHKa SojaHuh-AYlCa't - CY3aHa EopIJe6un
Pa3BOj AOKaAHe rpaACKe ynpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa - 59
Dusanka Bojani-Lukac - Suzana Djordjevi
The Development of Local Town Administration in the Balkans from
the Fifteenth to Nineteemth Centuries - - - - - - - - 82
KpCTun
IIopoNH.\a H 06H'lajHonpaBHH OAHOCH y rpaAoBHMa cTape Cp6Hje - - 85
Djurica Krsti
Familary and Customary Law Relations in the Towns in Old Serbia 94
PajKo BeCeJlUH06Un
Pa3BHTaK 3a.HaTAHjcKo-TPrOBa'lKOr cAoja cpnCKor APYWTBa nOA CTpaHoM
BAawny y XVII H XVIII BeKY - - - - - - - - - - 97
Rajko Veselinovi
Development of Craftman-Merchant of Serbian Society under
Foreign Domination in the 17th and 18th Centuries - - - - - 137
BIW.uA1UP CrojaH'1e6Un
[PaAOBH, saPOWH, mlAaJ-lKe H Tp)f(HlllTa npeA npBH cpncKIl YCTaHaK 1804.
rOAHHe. KYATYPHo-HCTopHjcKa np06AeM3THKa - - - - - - - 141
Vladimir Stojancevi
Towns, Market-Towns, small Towns and Trade-Centers on the Eve of
the First Serbian 1804 Uprising. Cultural-Historical Problems - - 166
Apaw/by6 ApawjJloeuli
IlITaMnalbe H npeIllicHBalbe IllipHACKHX KlbHra y 6aAKaHCKHM rpaAOBHMa
TWX;Kor UapCTBa XV-XVII'l ReKa - - - - - - - - - 169
Dragoljub Dragojlovi
Printing and Transcribing of Cyrillic Books in Balkan Towns of the
Turkish Empire - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 178
x
ilpepaz ila.lUl8ecrpa
MOTHB AOWIPaKa y HOBujOj cpncKoj KH,H)f{eBHOCTH - - - - 181
Predrag Palaves,tra
The Motive of Newcomer in the Turn of the Century Serbian Li
terature - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 197
Muopaz CrojaHo8ul
epaaapHoTcKO H cpnCKO rpaOaHCKO necHHUlTBo - - - - - - 201
Miodrag Stojanovi
Phanariot and Serbian Urban Poetry - - - 218
ila81le Bacul
TIoCTBH3aHTHjcKo CAHKapCTBO li Cp6HjH li XVIII H XIX BeKY - 221
Pavie Vasi
Post-Byzantine Painting in Serbia in the 18th and 19th Centuries 237
AUHKO Aa8uoo8
HKOHOCTaCH opncKHX BapowKHX upKaBa cpeMCKe apXHAHjeueae Y
XVIII BeKY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 241
Dinko Davidov
1conostasis of Serbian Urban Churches of the Srem Archbishopric in
the 18th Century - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 253
ila81le Bacul
fpaAcKa HOWH,a Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa - - - - - 255
Pavle Vasi
Town Costume of Serbs in the 16th to 19th Centuries Period - 271
BepeHa XaH
TYPCKH not:IaCIill KaqnaH y CAIi)f{6H xpIDJJiiaHcKe AH1YPruje Ha 6aA.
~ a i (XVI-XVII BeK) - - - - - - - - - - - - 275
Verena Han
Turkish Festal Caftan in the Service of Christian Liturgy in the Bal
kans (l6th-17th Centuries) - - - - - - - - - - - 287
MapujaHa fyulUl
Point de Raguse Ay6poBat:IKa t:IHnKa - - - - - - - - 291
Marijana Gusi
Point de Raguse - A Dubrovnik Lace - - - - - - - - 307
Mapuja Eajallo8uI ..... XaJ,lu-ileulUrt
HMa3H TYpCKe KepaMHKe H3 H3HHKa y Cp6HjH -
Marija Bajalovi - Hadtf>.Pesi
Findings of Turkish Ceramics from Iznik in Serbia
311
328
AU8Ha Bypul-3CL.Mollo
UaJ\lHje y Y)f{oj Cp6HjH H3 XIV-XIX BeKa - - - - - - - 331
Divna Djuri-Zamolo
Mosques ln Serbia proper from the 15th to 19th Centuries - - - 356
Aoopoclla8 Cr. fla81l08uft
HeKaAaIlUha rocTHH,CKa 3Aal!>a li Cp6HjH - - - - - - - 359
181
197
201
H8
221
237
241
253
255
271
275
287
291
307
Hl
BI
156
159
XI
Dobroslav St. Pavlovi
Former Guest Buildings
Apazocllae AHToHujeeun
Kapabo3 - - - -
Dragoslav Antonijevi
Karagoz
lU Serbia 381
385
410
1 Cflo6oaH 3e
L
teeun t
I1cTOlJlbalJKH HaHOCH y HapoAHHM HrpaMa rpaAoBa Cp6Hje - - - 413
1 Slobodan Zecevi
Oriental Deposits in the Folk Town Danees in Serbia - - - - 421
PaAOBaH CAMAPUI1Fi
o fPAACKOJ UHBHi\J13ALJ;JUH HA EAi\KAHY XV-XIX BEKA
OH1\:0 je HeKoOAHKO cAojeBa 6'MKaHcKe I..\MIJ3.HAH3aI..\Hje nOCTBH-
3:mmjoKor BpeMeHa. ABa HajBHAh>UBHja :DA jecy aj
ceOCKH H Haj rpaAcKH. CeAo je, y neAHKoj MepH, 6HAO oABojeHo OL\.
rpaAa. I-herosa 6H1\a je CBojcTBeHa naTpHjapxaAHOM
,L\lPYLliT'BY. 3aTBopeHa KI aYToxTolHa, OHa ce BeK'BHM,a cnopo pasRM-
jaAaH Mel:baAa, H y nO:je'AHB'HlM oGAacTHMa ce BpanaAa C'BojHM pa-
HHjHM 06AHI..\HJ\1a H AYXY. Kao H 3aHaTAHjcl<,a cpeAHIllTa,
rpaAoBH cy OHAH H3AO)KeHH ciiOtoaUlff>HM YTHl..\ajil1Ma 'H npeMeHoM
cy, OHUM WTO ce y l:bHMa paAHAo, npilllaAa C<pePH AesaHTOKe UHiBH-
L'.H3auHje.
BopHcas CT3JHK'BHn, TIaHaHT I1cTpam H I1no AHAPHn cy, \j
IIH3Y Apymx, y rrOCAeAl:be,\1 'lIacy OIIltCaAH AeBaiHTCKH CBeT 6aAKaH-
CK'HX rpaAOBa. OHH cy Taj CBeT 3aTeKAH y <pa3H l:beroBor paCnaAal:ba,
rra cy MorAH Aa y toYAHMa, H MeDY lbHMa, yO'le H OHO WTO je 6HAO
HajOK!p!1'SeHl-l:je. bHO je TO OBeT KOjH je l1'MaO 0noje MHUItoel:be H
rreBal:be, noce6aH Ha'lHH CBaKHAaIlll-ber )KHBOTa, cBoje BpAHHe li no..
pOKe, 6AHOKOCT y rrOHamaH>y H nopeA cBoje npHirra,AJHCTH
pa3HHM BepaMa HeT'HI-f'lI!K&L\1 rpyna'Ma. Ol'KplHBUIH ce jl!BHOCTIH, no-
cpeACTBOM nepa npHHOBeAa'la, IKa.A je Ben 6'H'0 Ha 3apaHoKY, l'aj cseT
je 3a:naMneH Kao AeK'aAeHTaJH, 06Y3eT TpYAetbeM, C Ay60IKHM lHaCAa-
rao"la HaCAeneHHX oc06H'Ha, C He'liH'M MpallJ:<HliM H y KapaKTepy IH y
cYA6lfHOKOM onpeAekeH>Y. y H>eMy oHlHje HanelHa upTa 3A!P'aiB.or
CTBapaAalllTBa, a OKO fhera je 3aTe'lel-Ia MaTepHjaAHa I..\HBHAJBalUija
Roja je HtMaAa cBoje npeAHOCTH, caoje HeYll'opeAHBe 06AH'Ke H 'YKYC,
3A.H. Koja ce OCHnaAa OA TpOWHOCTH, npeAOApeneHa Aa 6p30 HW4e3He
IIpeA n,tliMOM OH'ora UITO je, ca,MoYBepeHo, AOAa3HAO ca 3anaAa.
AeBalHT H H>erOBa KYATypa :Q.A 3aoopa,Ba, aAH je AO OB-
CTH 6alllT'HH'HKa Cl'HrAa C&\10 H>JfXOBa n03Ha CA!HKa. TIpeocTaAo je
HaY4HHWL\ Aa !HOnHl'ajy HcropHjy 6aA!KaJH'CKHX rpaAoBa OA rpe-
HYTKa KaA cy OHM, AOAaCKoM TypaKa, YUIAH y c<pepy AeBaHTCKe
Il.HBHMf3aUHje JI n04eAH ce pa3BHjaTH CAH1.JHO rpaAO'8IHMa BAHCKOr
HCTOKa. OTKaKO cy lIa HaY'lIHHM oCHOBaMa YTeMetoeHa aHTponoreo-
2
P. Ca.\iapI)Hh
rpa<pdKa H eT1HOAOlliKa nporyLI alBa'lDa, y Benm-I'I1 6aAI<.a'HKHX 3euvl'aloa
npeM{OCT ce AalBaAa ceAY Kao 'HajBa)K'H'lIjeM 06MI'KY APYlllTBeHor H
npHBpeAHor )IBOTa HapOAa. CeAO ce, C pa3AorOM, CMaTpaAO OCHO-
ROM 6e3 'Koje ce He 6H MorAa OC'T'BapnTH H3l\HO'HaA'Ha 06'HOBa. OHO
je 6HAO He ClJMO H3BOp 0Hare 3a 60:p6y npO'T'H'B Tylsl-IHa Hem '11 Haj-
rrOY3AaHlIja npemOCTa'BtKa A0MOIKpaTOKHX YCTalHOOa H Ayxa y con-
cTBeIroj ,.1iP)l(liffiI. CynpTHO TOMe, rpaA je OMaTpaJ'H 3a Tyt>HIHC!KO
yrropHlllTe: y I-beMy cy 6ffi\a ceA'HIliTa HOCI1Aal\a ynpa'BHe, CYACI(C
li BojlHe BAaCTH CTpaIHOr rocnOAapa; CTaH''BHHlllTBJO_V1Y je 6HAO P83-
HOBpCHO, aAH je y l:beMY 061flIHO 6HAO HajMaJ-he l'oYAH AOManer
nopeKAa; HapOA, npBeHCTBeHiO celoa'LIIK!H, ,HaA83H je y rpaAY CliMU
C'ooj'e rYAl1'KO)Ke, ITOAMHTlbH'Be cYAAfje, He3aja)KIoHBe C'naxHje H Ha
OSa:KY npeBapy CnpeM<He TpTOBl\e, H 1'0 0Be caMe AOWi'olJKe. OBa
CAHlKa, C8OBKt\[ IIQIBpUma, je,.1iHa je 0A O'Hil{X Koje ce cTBope Heno-
Y3AaJHHM npeAa'1-heM, aAn 'Koje npeBAaAaJjy y TI'OT'ffiOj 3C1JjeAHHLIKoj
cBecrH. IkTopHjC'Ka H3IY'laBa1ha, CBe qemna y nOCAeA'lDHIM Ael\eHH-
jaJMa, rrOK'a3aAa 'Cry Aa je l'pa;WKa l\HJB!lfAH3a'l\Hja Ha Eai\J{aJHY 'I1IMaA8
oje KPY'rme '1vleHe H ClBoj '3aiH.HlMIo:H'B pa'3BojlHH nYT. Y rpaAOlBlI1lMa je,
OA rrOLIe11Ka TypoKe 'BAaAa:BI1'He, OK'1PO 'Y'BeK 6H:I\O S'Hwe CTaJHO'BHH'K8
AOManer nopeKAa Hero lllTO je TO 3anaMneHO noopeACTBOM TpaAHl\H-
ja. (CeAenH ce y IloA'Y'HaJBloe, I10CAe nOTHOK;HBa'lDa TypaKa H3 THX
KpajeBa, 6aAKaJHOK!H rpI'OBI..WI il 3aHaTAlIje C1'BOpHA!l-I cry TaJM', OA
Kpaija XVII BeKa, rrpBH CAOj rpalsaIHCTBa.) fpaAKa l\HiBHAH3al\lI1ja
Ha EaA'KalHY, HaK'O A0BClJff11OKOr uma, Hil'je HA8 rrpOAa.3'H'a nojaBa,
rrpoy3pQKOBa:Ha -rypCKOM BAlJAaSHHJ()IM, Bero jeAiHO AYro pa3A061'oi':
y Marepnja.Ml'oM H ,MOpaA:l-lOM pa3B'HT'KY TauVlOUIH>HX HapOAa. OSO
TiiiM rrpe lllTO 'l-l'3LVlelsy rpaAa H ceAa, 3a CEe TO Bpe:'le, 'HiH'je 6no j83
11OAHlKO Ay60K Aa 'Ce llfje 'MorAa YOTJiOCTa
I
BI1T'il 6ap H3BOCH0 pa3MeJ-W
YTHIJ,aija. TIpOYLIa:sailBY rpCIJAKe l\IilBHi\'H3al\H:je Tpe6a,Ao 6111 npHCTY-
nH11HC TPYAoloy61I1B'ol.lLiy 11 mrCTeMOM IKOjH 611 6ap IT:ACeTHWH Ha
oHaj 3liMax C KjHJM je 'OC1'BapeHO IHOnlI'T'IH'BaH>e ceOlClKHX Haee108.
AA'11, 6e3 06::mpa Ha rrpeAMeT 3aJI-IlI1IMa'llia, jep OH MO)Ke npI1ITaAaTH
pa3HH'M 'HaJyqRIfM '06AaCTI-IltVl a, OA <pHAOAuje ,.1i0 eT>HOAornje, AaHaliI-
ffiH ITplIlcTryrr TOj I..(lFBl-IAH3al\HjlH iMopa 6HTI1 rrpere)KjHo JH;CropMjOKH
- y OHOj MepH, y CTBap:H, 'KiOA'll1KO cy ffilItIe3AH )KHBH TpaTorBH Ae-
D8'HTKOr oseTa IHa BaAKaHY (BHA. HHKOAau 110AOpOS, Ea/llCa11Cl;(UR-f
zpao. XV-XIX eeK, 00<pRlI 1972).
f.paAcKa l\+LBHAH3aqnja 'Ha EaA'K'aJHY CaqIIfH:>a:BaAa je y TYPOKV1
UapcTBY l\ei\,llHY C MaTepHjaAHoM H AYXOBHOM KYATypOM rpaAOBa Ha
EA!HCKOM HCTcmy. Y J1'CI1Ot1lHOM IKOjl-I je 38xBaTao H
AeAOBa EaAKaHCKor nOAyoCTpBa, CTBopeBa je jOIli y xeAeHHCTHLIKO
BpeMe jeAHa CHHKpeTHCTHLJKa l\HBHAH3aIJ,Hja KOjOM je norAaBHT
6HO 06eAe)KeH rpaACI )KHBOT. 3axBaloyjynH noce6HOCTHM8 KYATY-
pe Koja ce, OC06HTO y rpaAOBHMa, pa3Bl-lAa Ha cpnCKOM Ap)KaBHOM
riPOOTOPY, rpaHHl\a Koja je oABajaAa 3anaAiJiiV H BI13a'H'I'l-IjcKY 11HBH-
AH3al\Hjy Aa je y CpeA'lheM BeKY 3Ha'T'Ho nOMepeHa npeMa lfCTO'K\'
H jyry OaA!KaJHOKor nOAYOCTpBa. 06pa30Sa'H:>eM TypOKor L/,apcTB8
o rpaACKoj J.+\fBHAll3al.UijH Ha EaAKaHy XV-XIX BeKa 3
jyrolICTqHa EBpona I1JOCTaAa je jeAIIJHCl'BeHO rroAPyqje, 6ap 'K'aA je
rpaAcKlH )KHBOT y filITal}{,y, 'Ca 3eM.iba'Ma DA!HC!KOr HCTOKa. Ha iHeJKliM
MaTeplIjaAHe 11 AyxoBHe KYAType, CTBopeHIIM Ha TOM nOA-
pyqjy, CHrypHO cy ce orAeAaAH H YTHl.\ajM 3aTelJeHlIX JI
npaCTapor O1vNfCNa TaMOlUHiIIX ;Hap'OAa 3a KYNrypHH CH'HlKpeUlI3aM.
OOHO'Be lOBe ITOBe3aJHOCTH 6lIAe CV, 'MTIaJK, y Atp>KaBlHa"l 3aJKiOHY
CTBa OOMaJHOBnna II Hajrymnoj fl10'J1I Tora 3aK'O'Ha Koja je 6HAa If
lfCAaMCKOM npaBY. C Kpaja Ha lK'paj TYPOKe rpaA'BH cy ITOAiOO3JUl
y MOHYMHTaNHHx 3Aa}ha 3aAY>KOOHOK:Or nopeKAa. HecKpOM-
H'IIX pa3Mepa, ,HanpaBA:>eHe 'OA lJ8'pCTOr 'MaTejYlfjaAa 11 'YMemU'[lIiKTI
06AHK'OB3IHe MorAe cy 6HTH caMO rpanem.]lHe 'K'oje cy I.HIMa.Ae rro6mK-
ny CBPXY, K()Ije ,CV 'OOHHB'a'He 3a AYWY H iKoje cy 6HAe Ha omUTe Ao6po
JI KOplICT (1,l3lMuje, Hu"lapeTII, IMeApece, jaJBHIH lIMaMlI,MOCTOBII, 'lJecMe,
xaHOBlI, Ka:p3lBaJHCapajlI IH AP,). OCTaAH 06jel@H, AynaHM, 1,yne 3a
CT al-I10BaJ!--be, t.J<aK 11 capajH yri\eAH'H'Ka, 6MA'H 'cV A TpoIllHe rpane,
6ap npeM'a c'O'KaIKY dK'pMIHlII, fl10,6JH'rHYl'lI y 3Ha'KY npoAa3Hocrn OBera
lUTO HerrocpeAHO HHje CTaJBA:>eHO fl10A OO)Kje OKpHA:>e. (BpBMeJHOM,
CBe ,ce '1'0 y ,:'liHorMe Mefua,\O 'll3MlI'lIyl!H ''BM 3aKOHY, TaKO Aa cy
Haj3CA 11 Kyne 60ranlx XpHWD.aJHOKe Bepe ITOCTaAe no-
llerAe BeAi!1'Ke, 11'31K H crrOiUa HanaAiHo Y:Kpa!UleHe, l1aiKO Haj"leWh'e 11
j\aiUe OA cAa60rMaTeplIjaAa.) V H3Il\iHaAY 3a 1'0, OHe IllTO je 6MAO,
rro KYhalvla, OKAIOH>eH OA OKa npOAa3HflfKa, 611AO je H pa3HOBp:ciHO
H, KOAHIKiO ce wl'OrAO, Haj6oranrje. Typ'C'Ka je IIMaAa 3l1Ha'fOKY npo-
H3BOAfuY,MaIlITOBH1'O pa3BJfjH'I[ OA BYAlfMa AO DarAaAa, Koja je
CBa'KiIIAaWfuH )1(:HBOT lIJfHIIAa 3alICTa AennM, a TprOBUl1I ev, pa::moce
nH 'p06y IKapaBaHHMa, y BeAlfKoj MeplI rrOCl'H3aAH '1'0 Aa H:m'Op ap-
TH'KaAa Ha TP)J<HillTY 6ap M3rAeAOM, CBYAa, 6YAe yjBAH311e1H. VITO-
pe.:O c THiM, 60,'oa p06a, HajBlIwe TeKCTIlA, YB03HAa ce 113 OBHX ormi.
3eMaiUa 'H3Meny E'Hl'AeoKe Il HHAl1je C KojH1M'a je TypCiKa Ap>KaBaAa
TproBa'-l!Ke 'Be3e, H IbY je M'orao HanH y C'BaKOiM 3'HaTIHHjeM
rpaAI[ WHpOM I.1apCTBa. OBY 3ajeAHW'l'J<1[ ."laTepwjaA'H'Y OCHOBY >KHB-
Ta npHXBaTHAH cy, BpejVleHOM, CBH CYATaHOBH flO rpaAo-
13Il,\1a ynpKoc eTHHlIKHM 11 BepOKIWM pa3AWKaJ\la. TIoCT.oj:aA'H cy npo-
ITHOH, H 1'0 CTporH, Aa ce OHH, y 3a:BHCHOCl'H OA C'BorarroAO>Kaja li
Bepe, Mopajy pa3i\lfK'OB31'H rro OBOM H3rAeAY. T,H npoI1H'OH cy ce
OAH'OCllAH Ha 60jy H KBaAfHTeT OAehe, Ha TIpano HOIUefua op'Y)Kja li
'iIToTpe6e K'OJ-ha, 'Ha Haqll.]lH OnXODefua C Ty,pUHMa, aAiH je OBe '1'0
OIlAO Aa CBH OHE Haj33!A :He 6H npHnaAII HCToj
Koja je 6lIAa OBojC'I1BeHa rpaAOBlIiMa. AOW3IBIllII
C pa3iHliX crpaJHa Aa 6H, y l'HM l'pa'.:OBHMa, CTBOpl1AI1 OBO'je lHaceo-
6HHe, floje,6iH'He rpyne TprOBal{a H Ao/l'O III kiy60lM0'pno cy
YYBaAe cBoje CBaKIIAaWl-Le HaBHKe If onpeMalhY CTaHa, HaLJI1HY OAe-
Bafua, I1CXpaHlH, nplInpeMaJ-hY 'KYAl1HHX jeAa H nOAernaBafuY CBora
l13rAeAa. TH o6W1ajlI cy '113 BH3a'HTl1je, H3 CTaporCAOBBH-
OKor IHaCAena, OA rrpa'BHX TYPaJKa, H3 Jep."leHIWje 'YI TIepje, ca cpe
;\:03eM'HHX 06aAa, 113 IIInail'lilIje 11 TIopTyraAa, H ()IHlH cy ce 0MfCTa
lJYBaAH If 3aTBOpeH11fM CpeAlIHa'Ma AD CYTOHa ABa.aHTCKe J.td1!BHA!H'3a-
4
P. CaMapI)l1n
U;Hje Ha OaAKaIHY. il n'peA lxwa, TH 06WJajH cy TOAHKO npeHl1eHH
OA jeAHiHx ApYl'HMa Aa ce 'H0KH'Ma 'l!3ry6HAO n0'PeKAO, a MH'rH cy
TI!OCTaAli OOHO'Ba HlO'B'Or ClI-lil-l.lKlpeTH3Ma y MaTepujaAlHoj U;IIffiHA!H3aQ1Hju
EaAK3IHa H OAH'OK'r IH'CTOKa.
I1peMa OCMa:HOKOM 3aKOHY, CTaHOBIHffilITBO 6aAIKaHCIIX rpaAO-
Ba H'MaAO je y COOM HajB11WeM CAOjy TypOKe ynpa'Be 3B3IHW1'HoHilce,
BOjOKY H YAeMY 3aY3eTY nOCAOBHMa CYAC'Nla, 06pa3O'BaJ-ba H Bepe;
npa3'OOepHH oy, Y)Kl-i'BajynH EHwe cH1'ypiHocTH !Hem CTBaplH'HX no-
BAaCTHQa, 06aBibaAH BeAHlKlH Aeo Tp1'OBa"YiKor I1pOMeTa, a H 3aiHaTHl"ld
cy ce iHajqelllneOH'H 6aBHNH. Haceo6HHe cTpaiHau;a HiMaAe cY OHe
npHBHAerrrje 'Koje 6H ycneAa Aa HlM npH6aB!H, npHlMajvnH HX Ka0
,
H3pa3 acooHTe cYATaHOBe MIHAOCTH, l-bHXO>B3 ,V1aTHqiHa BAaAa. CTa-
HO.B'H1IU;H TypcKe, HarIOCAeTKY, KOjH HRCY 6HAH MYOAiHM3JHH Hero
CAeA6eHHQH jeAHor 'OA OHlHX rrp.OpfKa iKoje je TIpH3Ha;Bao HCAa'M, Tj.
xopHllIna'H!H H JeBpejH, ::H'MaAH cy CTaTYC CYATa'HOBe paje, Ta'KO Aa cV,
TH'Me 3allIl'HneHlH, MorNH CA060AHO Aa rpryjy H Aa npoH3B'OAe 3a-
HaTCKY po6y '1H'M 6H, y '06AHKY Aa)K6HHa, ll3MiHlpHAR cBoje 06a'Be:3e
rrpeMa Ap)KaBH. DBa ITOAeAa, Roja 6H ce YCAOB'HO MorAa Ha3BaTH
CTaAelllKOM, H, 3ajeAHo C l'UM, eTHH"YKa II BepeKa pa3HOAMIKOC r
rp3'AOKOI' CTaH'OBHHllll'Ba 06W1H0 cy 6HAH p33Aor WTO je TypCKa
BAaCT HajpaAHje nOCMaTpaAa 1'0 CTaHOBHmIITBO no rpynaMa H OAP-
)Ka'Ba\a -e J-bUM Be3e rrpeKO l-berOBHX npeACTa'BHH!K3. C Apyre CTp3JHe,
3alllTHTa rrOOA'OBH!HX 'WHTepeca, 6pHra OKO 601'00;\ Y/KeI-ba H Il1'KOAOBU-
l-ba rrOAiMAa1'Ka, rroTpe6a CTapal-ba OKO 'H3HeMorrAHX H OCHpoTeAHX,
Te)Kl-ba Aa ce OqYBa 6ap HeKU CBOj HAeHTHTeT H, BHllIe OA CBera,
CTaAHa 'HaTe3aJ-ba C TypOKIfM BAaC1'}f1Ma Ap)KaMf cy OiBe rpyne XpHW-
naJHa H JeBpeja Ha OKyrry CA'H'1HO KacHujll'M upKBeHH'M OnWTHHaMa.
oaAKaHCKH rpaAOBH OCTaAH cy, no CTaHOBHHUJTBY, KOCMono-
J\.lfl'CK11 pa3HiO'BpCiHH, aAH cy ce, rro KOAeKTHBHOMMemaAHTeTY,
pa3BHMI y cpeM1ilITa no6He AeB3>HTOKe K'YATYpe Koja je, 'MaAa rra
rropeKAY CMHlKpe11H'CTII'1IKa, a no H3rAeAY TaKOne KOC,v' onoAHTCKa, y
MHOro qeMY 6HA:a jeAHHC1'BeHa.
CBaiKa el'H'Hl.JKa, MfOCHO ,aepOKa rpyna rOB'OpHAa je, y AeBaHT-
OKHIM rpa,AOB'HlMa, CBOjHlM je31J1(;OM, AOKpaja ra qYBajynn rro KynaMa
li y MeDyo06H'OM onXonel-bY. HHrAe ce, Y1J10peAO C TIlM, lJ-lHje 3HaAO
Il '1YAO TOAHKO pa3HHX je3HKa Kao Ha DaAKaHY li OAHCKOM HCTOKY.
TproBI..\Jf, 331HaTAIfje, KHpRU'Hje H Ka.\ynepH rOBopHAIH oy TYPCKH.
Be3 o63H1pa oAaJKAe cy AOlllA1H, T1'OCAOBHiH 1'oYMI no rpaAO'BHMa MU-
paAH cy 3HaTH je3HK HapoAa y qHjOj 3eMibH cy ce 3aAp/KaBaAH.
He caMO BeAHKH TprOBU;H KOjH cy paAHAH ca cn01'oaWI-bHM
Bero -li CBa OHa rO.MHAa MeWeT3'pa, ceH3aAa, ",peK\mau;a p06e, Mel-ba4a
HOBQa, BOna 'KapanalHa, qaK H HOCaqa rro AYIKaM3 3HaAa je rrOHelliTO
OA je3HKa OHHX, CTp3Hau;a C KojHMa ce J-IajBHwe rrOCAOBaAO, Ha ce-
Bepy lHa jyry ilT3J\Mj3JHa H Ha 'HCTO'KY cI>p3ll-lQY3a. il nopeA
rrpeBAaC1'H TypcKoI' je3H1Ka, 100 qapllllHjaJMa ce qyo raBOp CBHX KOj H
cy )KHBeAH HAH AY)Ke 60p3'B'HM1 y ITojeAHIHOJM rpM'V, li C'BH cy, MaKap
JI nocrrpAH'O, 3HaAH rrHellI1'O OA je3HKa CiBOjMx cyceAa. V jeA3H je-
o rpaAcKoj WIBHAH3al.\Hju Ha baAKaHy XV-XIX BeKa 5
JHLII UCKa3 Y'KAanaAe cy ce peYH, IDpa3H HAH, naK, YHTa'Be pel.Je-
[-]Hue rrpeY3eTe H3 Apyror je3H'Ka C !-IaMeplM Aa ce Tal.JiHHje OApeAH
Tep"'!/H;H, Aa ce iHeuno iHarAaoH, Aa ce HpOEH"-nro 'HAIH ITOCAOBHl.IiHO H3-
pa3H, aAH H 6e3 HapOYHTe cBpxe, cnOHTaHO, YCAeA HaBHKe H npHpoAe
uen cTBopeHHx 'OAHoca. "llecJ1o ce y oe6H ronopHAo jeAH'H'M, a fAaCHO
113paiKaBaAO ApyrnM je3HKOM, Y3 TpaiI<:elhe OCA{llHUa y CBeMY lllTO
ce, y pa3l-DHM fOBOpH'J'vIa, 3HaA:'O H3Bl'H Tora. Ta/KO ce MHOrHiM peYHMa
H 1I3pa3HMa 3arypuAo lliHXOOO rropeKAO. AK' jeAarI-I je3HlK. HHje CaMO
y IheMYCBOjCJ1neHH'M peLIHMa 'Hero rH y HaYIHHY MHlllA>elha, 3IHayelhY
HCKa3aHor H OApeOHBaI-hY OAHOca a CrrOA>aWlhMM CBeT'M, rpaAoKa
UHBHAH3aUHja Ha BaAKaHY y BpeMe TypCKe BAaCTH OCTaAa je rrOA
neyaroM H3Y3eTH'Or je3Hl.JKOr KOCMOn:OAHJ1H3Ma KOjH je 'HTIlIK llMaO
cooj 3ajeAHHl.J'KH AYX H CBOj MeHTaA'lITeT IH3pa)KaOaI-ha.
CTaHOBHHl.\H 6aA!Ka'HCKHX rpaAOBa 6PH)K'HO cy Y'YBaAIH oBoje
HapOA'HOHMe, Bepy, 06W-Iaje H Il'OCe6aH MopaA Aa ce 'He 6H H3I'y6uAH
\' BenHHH ApyrHx H Aa 6'H OAlp>KaNH IToce6HOiCT aBOI' rrpaB'HOr CTaTYca
]f cBoje TTOCNOBe, 036HA>Huje Mem3llhe C llpli'llaAHHl.\ill\1a Ap!yI'HX
rpyna nOBAaYHAO je CO60,'vi HOKA>YYClhe H3 3ajeA'H'Hl.\e 'H oorrOpaBalhe
rrOpOAH4'HlHX npaBa, aI< tHe H npOKAeTCTHO. AKO ce MO)Ke roBOpiHTH
(j naTpHjapXaA'HHlM ApYIllTBeHHM OA'HOCHIMa H MopaAY y rpaAoKoj
cpeAHHH, oHAa ce OHH CHrypHO MOry HanH Ha BaAKaHY, rAe oy, y
TypoKO Ao6a, CTBopeHH 'Ha OOH'OnaMa BOOMa CTPOfHX HOpMH, nOro-
Tony no 60raTHjHM l.-fapurnj3:l\1a, TIpeMa OHOMe lllTO ce AewasaAO
no KynaMa 11 y YHTa'Boj onlllTHlHH APyrnx rpyna ''AiH'(XlliAO ce CHe-
nOBepelheM, 'A6ojH', yeCTO y 3Ha
/
KY HeTpneA>HBOCTlf 'Il npe3Hpa.
TYPOK' BpeMe 6HAO je Ben Ha H3MlIKY, a IH AaA>e ce, 'Il 'J1O CBe lI3'pa-
3HTHje, 3HaAO 11 0AMax pa3a3HaBaAO KO je H3 Koje eTHHl.JKe HAH,
naK, nepcKe rpyne. V rpaAoBHMa cy, a ne caMO y'CeOOKOM APYlllTBY,
CTBapaHe OCHOBe HaUHOHaAHor npe06pa)Kaja H oCA06oAHAal.-fKe
Gop6e xpHwnaHoKHx HapoAa. (CapajeooKa l.Iaplllwja, A06pH:M AeAO'M
!.ypYHjoKa, AaAa je HeKe OA npBHX Alfl.IH'OCTHcBeVKYIIH'Or opllClKor
nOKpeTa y jyraHCTOYHoj EnpOITH 'KpajeM XVII 'Il Y npBH'M Ael.\emrja-
:\'la XVIII BeKa.) li rropeA TOra, OBe 'BHWe je, BpeMeH'()IM, 6I-fJ\O 3a-
jeAHI-I"{KHX L(pJ1a Koje oy OeAe->Ka'BaAe KapaKTep CTaHOBIHIH11JTBa
baAKarHOIX rpaAoaa. HopeKAO Te IIoJaiBe Tpa>KeHO je 'Meoy Typl.\H-
fpL\!H'Ma, UH1HuapHtMa li JepMeH'WMa, y OHOM Ae:Ba'HTClKO'M
.\16HTaAHTeTY KOj'H je HajiH3pa3llT'Hje 6no cBojcTBeiH rpaAoBHMa
bAHcKor HCTOKa. BaAKaH je, OAHCTa, y j\oro yeMY nOCTao nOApyqje
jeAiHe l.\IH'BHAH3al.\Hje 3ajeAHoca 3eMA>a'Ma HCTOl.J-HOr MeA'HTepaHa.
3ana..WHx VTHl.\aja HeCYMlhH'BO je 6HAO, noce6Ho YCAeA YHornelha
nojeAHlHlHx M'arepH1ja'AHe IKYAType, aAH H 360T ITOAlITHY'Ke
H BepCKeBe3l1HOCTH rEOijeA'J1ll-IHX 'HapOAa TypoKe 3a Taj Aeo CBeTa.
A.AH, cBe 1'0 El-fje MorAO ocrropHTH y cylllT'HJHH AeBlIHTOlKH KapaKTep
rpaAOKe UH'BHA'H3al.\H:je Ha BaNKa/HY. HHCAO)KeHHjH npOAOp THX
YJ1Huaja y XIX BeKY, 'K3IA cy ca CTp3lHe 'YtHOlUe.He IIOAHUIYiKe 'HAeje
If KlhHre jeA'Ha'KO Kao 'HaMeUITaj H oAena, HHje HapyuIHO AeBaHTClKY
aTMoc<pepy rro KynaMa H y rrOpOA:W-I'HiH/M cpeAIfHaMa BaAKa'Ha. (To
6
P. CaMapllHn
ce A'OrOAHAo rroc.\e 'YKHAa'lba TypC'Ke BAaCTH, IKao nocAeAHqa CTBa-
pal-ba 'Haq1HOHaAI-r.HX Ap)IBa H '1i'BOnel-ba APY'KlJHjer CHCTeMa nplr-
npemi'BaH>a. )
Ap)KehH ce y MenYCOOHOM HenOBepeJ-bY H oAOOj'HOCTH, jeAJ-TH
npeMa Apyrw.\1a orrpe3HH 'H NYK'llB'H, YBel<. cnpe"11J-1H Ha IKaK'BY onaCHY
Hrpy, 'CTaHOBiJ-IHLLH OaA'KaI-l'CKHX rpaAOBa n.oCTajaAH cy, WCTOBpeMeHO,
jeAHiJf ApyrnMa OMICKH H jeAHH Ha Apyre HaAHK. HCI<a3HBaAH cy '10
y OHHM TpeHYlIHMa KaA OH HaHUlAa HeBOA.>a, HAll KaA HHI<aKBe
/I,e H npImYAe HHje 011:\0, na orr jeAHH Apyre CHHC'XOAA->HBO OCA03-
ibaBaAH, O'DBapa;\lH cBoje pIHHHl.\e MYAPOCTH H npenYWTaAH ce CAar-
Kope1.J1HBOC'l'H. To Hl-l'je OHO C3':\lO H3pa3 pa:BiHOTeJK:e HHTepeca, iKOj H
cy IlJ)M, 6ap AOHeKAe, ImalK OHAH 3ajA'HiH'-JKH, 'Hero 'H KOJ-TiaLfHo np"-
3'HaH>e, AO 'Kora je ncme:I<aA IHnaK MopaAO AonH, ,4ia ynpKoc CBeMY
MlnalK npl1iIIaAaj'Y H<::1'O,\1 CBeTY H l-berOBWH rAaBJ-IHI:\1 AYXOBHHIM OCOOC-
HO'CTJ1lMa. fpaACI<JH )KUBOT, '-JHje cy l'paAHl.\IHje nocTajaAe OBe Ayoibe.
'HfHHO je cBoje: ibYAU cy 6HAH CRe CAO)KeHHjli, cnoc06HI1 3a )KII-
B01lHY npoJ-lll1qiblfBOCT, nOCA.aBHO npeAV3H'J\libH,BH, Il1TeAibH'I3U1 H He'H3-
M'E'Tib'UBO 6oranr, OAalHII1, IHa naTpHjapxaAaiH iHa'-JHJH, SpAll1IHalMa 11 Haj-
60l"eM peAY, npHBp)KeHH OBOMe pOA'Y H lHapOAY, Kao ,HeKaAaWI-be
IIAeM'CTBO '1"BeK HliKNOl-beHH TOI.\le Aa, Ha onllITY nOA3y 'H 3a CBOjC
cnalhe, IIOOTajy KI1I1TOpH H npHAa)KY ooroMoibaM'a 11 1l1'I<OAaoM<t.
:>KH'BnJl1 y 3aTBopeHOM K!pyry, OJ-lH cy ce j'ow BHwe 3aTsapaAH, jep
av HajHMynHJH'jH H31f1H'l-baAH apHCTOKpaJ1113MY H 00pa30B3'll>Y 'Cl:lora
CA'Oja. To HX je oABajaAo 'DA ''Hor ,I-Ia'l'HiHa )KHBOTa
K!OjlI je OHO COOjCl'BeH W1I'pH'M cAojeBJ1IMa H, y TOM rrrpM6i\I1-
)K>llBaA01Haj'B'H'llIHo"! K:pyroBwMa Ap.yf1HX AeBtHiTHJ-Ial.\a. A T'O ce, 3aTW\1,
npeHOI1i\O Ha OCTaAe. 06pacq'H rpaAKe l.\iIfBHAH3aJ\Hje Ha
HlCT.OKY 11 Ha EaJ\lK"'i'Y AOi\a3lIi\J11 cy 'Y-BeK BpxoBa 'H OAaTAe ce
palcnpocrnpaAH CBe HH)Ke. Te 'Oopaclle je rrpHxBanfAo ooe WTO je
61\0 H3HaA rpaAOKe <PYKape. V 1'Oj 3aTBOpeHOCTIf, MenyrH':\I, upe-
o\1eHCiM ce CTBapaAa 'il TaAO)KHAa 3rvoHyra, npeTellI'Ka, nOiHeKa'A H
He'-JJ1ICTa 'KpB. fuYA!H cv pa3AHpaH'H ITOT'.\1'YAH'M H nOpOlJ'P.\o1 4e>lUbl-
Ma, olfaj'-Jewl.e 30BOM CAOOOAiI-IHX Aa-'bHlf-la 11 'OH'HX TyniJ.1X C'DeTOBa I1Ae
ce MOII<e lf3ryOHTH' 'l 3aAOBOA,CTBV, HaKO ce npeA CBoiaM H y Yap-
nnrjlI OOWI1HO 3aA'PiKanaAO AHlle C(3!.\leI-beHO cTporowl.y H
peA'OM.
KVA1'YPHa HCTopHja 6aAKIIHCK!lIX rpaAoBa yrAaBH'M je HC1'O-
p'lfja TalMOllJllber 1JOiBeK3, lberoBe nojaBe, pa3BHT'Ka H CT'HllaHlHX oco-
6lfHa. Ha l'YMalJeI-he '-JOReKa jeAHHM AeAOM Tpeoa CBeCTI1 11 HC1'pa-
mUBal-be rpllA'C'Ke -nplrBpeAe, Hap0'-JHTO 1l'renYHapoAHe 1'prolBaY'Ke pa3-
MeHe. I-beroBa CAO/KeHOCT 113HcKyje HajcBecTpaHHjy aHaAH3Y. Tai
qO'Bex je, li'aJK ce MJHOrn'Ma YlJWffirO AeBaJJ-ITOlm 'OTYneHII1M, ynopeAo
ca cel"a,qK:I1\M IJ1W<JO'M ITOIHOO H H3lHeo opeMe Haq,HoH3AHe 6op6e JI
npeo6pa)Kaja. MOAepHa rpYJ<I HCTop1wja 0,0.\ na/\a Uapw'rpaAa (J 453)
AO cTsapal-ba He3aBHCHe Ap)l,aUe (1830) CflOjl1J\l HajBa)J<HHjH\1 AeAOi\l
J1'OII1Aa:BjIHO je lIcTopnja '06Ha:BA,aJ-ba H ycnilf-l'a OH'HX TpPoBacIlKHx Il
nOiMOpCJl(>I1X cAodeBa 'I<OjH cY C'BOM Hapo/\V ,L\3AH MarepHjaAHo 00-
a rpaAcKoj Ha DaAKaHY XV-XIX BeKa 7
r3rCTBO, HajBenH 6pO'j LUKO;\OB3JHHX iOYAH, y np3JBOCAaBHlOM CBeTIj
cBeMon'HY l.(PIC'BY, ca'1YBaiHY HcropHjaKY cHeCT, npBe H Haj3Ha'Y:aj-
lI11je 'J-1al.(f1
I
H3AHe nporpa:Me, Haj3aA H APYWl'BeHe TeMeiOe !-l'OBe AP-
j[(aBe. l3e3 pacBeTi03'BaJ-ha nojaBe 11 IHarAor 6oraneH:>a, rrOTAaOOIfO y
lI'CAOHHlM3 ca I.(apHrpaAOM, IHa'jJ3lHmer cA'O'ja 6yrapcK'or rpa53JOCl'B'3
je npoTYMaLIHTH OCHOBe 11 ycnex 6yrapcKor npenopOAa.
He Tpe6a 331He.\1apHTH IHlH 1'33BHTaK ap6aHaWK'HX rp3AoBa 6e3 063'l1pa
!Ha TU KOAHoKO ce l'bHXOBa n'pH'BpeAa 'HaNa3HA'3 y PYKm,la T1>rOBaLIZl
rp4KO-l.(HJHl\apOKOr flO1'eKAa. YAora rpaAOBa 'Y cpnCKOiM npeJo6pa)Ka-
jy6HAa je H3;Y3enfO Hc06HLIlHa. OA Kpaja XVII BeKa, nOCAOBHM 'h'YAil
l' rpaAoBHMa jY)KHO OA CaBe H AYHaBa HHCY ce BHl.ue MorAH OAp)Ka-
"]'[-1 y cBOjOj 'CTapoj HOCTOj6}j1HIH. Pa3HmAH 'Dy ce, jeAHliiM AeAOM, rro
onYCTeAoM I1'O'AYHaBiOY K'oje je oCBojlH'Aa AycTpH'}a, a AeAOM cy Ha-
CTa'8l-L\IH 'DOCAO'Be y AHjacrropu I:f3Me5y TpcTa, l3e'ia, l3YAHIMa, rpa:A,O-
Ba IHa ywny AYHaBa, OAeoe, I.(.a;p::arpaAa IH CI\1lfpHe. ce
H3 Ty,poKc, OHH cy MorAH C060M nOHeTH rrOHeWTOOA H'MOOH-
He; BH'll.Ie OA Tora, OHH cy o060rM .OIHeAH Il'OCAOBHa HCKYCTBa ;He caMO
oBoja 'Hern .11 HH3a OBOjHX npeA3IKa. y HOBH\iVl: IKpajeBHMa cy 3aTeKA11
OHe opncKe TprOBl\e .11 3aHaTAHje KOjH cy ce l'y OA p3Hlije HaAa3HAH,
na cV, 3ajeAHO 'CI'bHMa, 6p30 06pa30BaAIM ,],fonaI-! CTaAe)K lHa'llpeAIHllX
rpa03lHa. T,y je HcroAooHo Q)KHBeo il paA cpfloKe l.(p.K:Be; HAelMCT'BO
HBoj,J-l1H'l\H y 3'H3"J1HOj 'MCpHcy AonpUHeAH Aa Aei\JCmaI'be Op6a y
Xa6c6YPwKoj MOiHapxHjH AiOOHje noce631H 3'Ha4aj. Jep, 3aII1'aB y.
TOj CpeA'1fHH, T()IKOM XVIII 'BeKa, .11 1'0 'Ha cVlOAepHH'l'vl 'OCl-lOla.'\1a eB-
p'0nOKe npOCBeneHiOCllH, :OOf.BapeH je iKYATVPHM lM Hal\H'CJlHaAIH'H npe-
06pa)Kaj cpnoKor 'H'apoAa. CeBepHa Cp6l1'ja, IHaj'B'Hwe on;ycTeAa y
T1j1pOKHM pal1olBHMa, 3a TC -BpeMe je 'OOH3JBiOaAa OBOj )KIJBaiO. Y jY)K-
HH'M KpajeBHMa, y CT3'pOj Cp6.l1'jlH TI MaKeAO'H'HjlM, f1''3AIClKa nplH'BpeAa
AeIla'Hl'CKOI' niina j-a'Y:'aAa je Be3yjyliH: ce 3a rp'Y:Ke IH ap631HaWKe
AY'Ke, aAIH 'H 3<:l oHaj nYT HlH3 MopaBY iJ<.ojH je OiABO',MfO C
jyra AO TP)KiHWTa y AycrplfjlH. MrHorH cy TV, ;H3'ceiOaIBaj'YnH ce, .11
oCTaj3AH, OAp)l(3BajynH T'H,Vl:e y I10IAYJH3IBiOY y Cl'aIHlOOC, 6Hl.J3'je, Ha-
paBH H IHal.JHH nOCAOBaI'ba IKOjH av HeKMa IIpCiHeceHIH 1H36aAIKa'HCIKHX
l'paABa. Y OB'Me OKAtO'Tly pa3BHO ce l.f1 yJ:-rOlCHIH nocao H3B033 DTOKe
H3 ceBepHe Cp6Hje 'Y AYCTpH'jy .11 i\j AaMVl:allHiHOKe rpaABe. HAeje
peBOA'I[UHoje, pa3BH'ja'He y l'panaU'C'KO'M aJMOOjelHry, a'A'H Ha rIoce6a.H
Ha'Y:YlH 61\HOK'e III BO,L-\JHAe av lI36wja,I'bY YCl'alHKa
1804. rOA'HlHe. A 1'0 rpa5aIHcTB 6.111\0 je, 'Ma'XO'M, 6aAIKaIHoKor rropeKAa,
qeCTO H 'BeOMa DKOipaJJJ;I'ber, HAH je jow YBeK )KH'BeAO .11 paAHAO rro
TVPOKWM T'paIA0'BHMa.
y VHIYTpaWl-bH caCTaH, HiHMaAO o6u'Y:aH, 'GHOT 'Y:O-
BeKa KOjH je 6HO HOCHAal\ rp3AOKe UBHAH3aL\Hje Ha l3aA'KaIHY
niOca:o je OA YHjUX pe3YAT3Ta 33BHCH HCHIIHOKO pa31j1MeBaI'be crm;ra
LUTO je Taj 'lOBeK 3aiBeWT3'O, lHa'jnpe y ITCJlKpeTHJWa 3aHal\HOHa1\lHlf
npeo6pa)Kaj, a 3aTHM H y A!PYrH'M OOi\aCPH'Ma AYXOBHe HMareprHIj-aA-
Ife IKYATY'pe. Pa3Iwlja'j,ynH, BpeMeHOM, y ce6H lleTaH'Y'aIH V'K'YC 'OBOj-
LTBeH AeB3HTCiKOM KOc\1nOAiHTH3MY, DH je npH'XBaTao OBe YTHLtaje,
8
OC06H1'O HCTOYl-bal.JKe, a.\1:0 aKO CY 3aHOCHAH l-beroB Aryx H Apa)KH-
AH MY YYAa. HHIlITa, no CHOM nopeKAY, HHje M'OpaAO 6HTH HCKO'I-lCKO
H OpHTHlHaAHO. I1oKoHoKa cy 6HAa I-herOBaOCen3J-ba Koj'l1Ma je
ynpllBiba'O C CBe A()!K y I-bHlMa He 6H 'OAjeK'HYO
lIajTaH3'HHjH HepB. HHje ce OH, Kao l-berOBH cyaapoAHHQH no ceAH'
Ma, HaAHBaO MAeKOM H3 l.Ja6pa: Y3H1ll-lao je jeAa H mdla TCliKO npH-
npeMibeHa Aa cy ra, H (ma, MopaAa Aonecrn AO O.\lCL\1:ibH'B'al-ba. HOCH
je, C WTO 6.oiba OAeAa He 360r OBora nOAoiKaja iHer
H paAH Tora Aa 6H MY KOlKa oceTHAa MeKOTY TKaJ-ba. A06pH 'KO!-b(l,
l'H3A3BO onpe:-1ibeHH, 6HAH cy 3HaK APYllITBeHOr npeCTIDI<a, aAH H
y.iKI-fB3I-ba Y jeAHoj noce6Hoj AenOTH H Y jeAHoM, I-I'IlMaAO CYBHWHO.\l,
npajaTeibCl'BY. 3Hace Aa cy l'OBOpHAH T3'KO Aa 6H caMH ce6e cBOjH.\f
rAaCOM 3a'HeAH, H 1'0 YBeK, H KaA H ITOABHIKII-IBaAH Ha cAyre H I<aA OH
rrpOCUnah'H CBOjy cpeneHY MYAPOCT npeA HeKHM 'Kora cy 3a 1'0 o.\la
TpaA.H AOCTOjHUM_ l-bnxoBe neOMe, HHlK,aA oYEHme Ayre, MopaAe cy
AUpal'H AYWY H Ha Kpajy Y3He,\\<l-IpllTH AYXOBHTO npHnpeMibeHIHl
H3HeHanel-beM. MY3llKY cy paAHje 'cAywaNH IHero 111110 6H je Ca:.\
H3BOAiHAH, jep cy ocenaAH ITOTpe6y Aa joj ce Hajnpe AOMaAa'KCaAO-
CTH npeAajy, na Aa TeK f10TOM, H3 TaiKBOrCTal-ba, f1peny y OHa pac-
nOAOiKel-ba 3a Koja cy ce YHanpeA npHnpeMHAH. TIocTeneHOM AO-
CTH33l-bY orrnjeHoc11H BOAHAe cy H I-bHXOne Hrpe.
OnH i\eB3HTHHQH cy, ynopeAo C THM, 6HAH naTpHj3pxaAIIO
cTporH, 6e3MepHo npHBp)i<eHH CBOjOj ITOpOAH1..UI H OBOMe lllHpeM
POAY, pa3YM'H0 no60iKHH, HCliKO Aoope flO rrpanHAY YYB3ipHII.
KOA nOHeKor OA I-bHX jow cy ce pa3a3Ha'BaAH Tparr-OllH CeibaYKOr
fI1opeKAa, a He.I<H cy 'OAHcTa MOTAH 6Jn'H npacTapa focrroAa. HeKH cy
ITpeACTaBibaAH 3AP3BY A'03Y y paCTY, na cY EMwe 'H3rHl-baAH ynpow-
nel-Fll"\1: 'l3pAHlHaJMa; APYrH CV, AeK3AeH'T1HH, 03H3ya'BaAH 'Kpaj cBoje
Kyne, H IK'OA I-bHX je C'MHcao 3a YlKlm3l-ba, Koja je i\ellaHT Hajo6HAa-
Ttl'je HYAHO, nOTHKH'BaO HaCAeneHlY 06aBe3Y A3 ce CDB3'pn, 6ap
npHlKpHBaJ-beM nopoKa, ApiKe y OKB'l1pHM3 H ya,pwHj-
C1<r peAa.
OBaj AHl<, AaT cYBHwe THUCKIH, A!HWeH OBera AOK3AHor, CBeAeJ-I
lia HAeaA3'H 'H Y CBeMY C<tBpilleH 06p33aQ AeBaJHTOK;or 'lOBeK3 Ha
baAIKaIHY, H nopeA Tora MO)Ke Aa 'BeA'llH OB-HCOKOM CT'erreH,! IJ,1f-
BHAH3aQuje KOj'Oj je npHnaA30. H3AHyjeMeA3lne Ilwje V,BeK O'J1Kp'l-l'Ba
6eAY OCTaAO je npHKpHBeHlO. To H3AHYje 6H, y GI'B3!pH, AOHeKAC
OClipOMalllHAO OBY CAHKY, aAH He 6H oonopHNO I-beHe OOHOBHe Q'P
Te
.
qOBeK, OB3!KO npeACTaBlneH, 3a!HCTa je M'01'30 6HTH llBopaQ QHBHMI-
3aL(JHje Y KOjOj H'MaKYATypHor H:H'KpeTH3Ma, aAH 'Koja, OBOjOM Qe-
!IHH'OM, 'J-lflaK 3BYl.JH OpHrHlH3AtI-I'O. OHO WTO je CaY'YB3IHO A 'KYATypC
HeKaAaWI-bHX 6aAK3oHCK'HX rpaAoB3 ynp3tBO 0 To.Me 0BeAOl.JlH.
Radovan SAMARDzJ
ON URBAN CIVlLIZATION IN THE BALKANS FROM THE 15th
TO THE 19th CENTURY
There were sevelm] post-Byza'11Jtine layers of Bal,kan CilV,ili-
7lJtion. The ,two evJident ones ,among them we. ,the vl:Hage
layer on ,the one hand, ClJnd Ithat of the tOW<l1IS on ,the other. The
'lilr!tage wa:s grealJly divided from ,the 'toWin. l,tls oilVlitl!ilZJation was
tOOt of 13. pClJtJr'aJrchal .sooiety. C!osed amd lafU!tochttonaus, it developed
aIIld chaJnged ,slowly 1n rthe counse of cel1JtJuliilesamd 'OCcaJSJionaHy
reJ],ClJpsed .i,nto ',t's eadier forms and 'Spillliit ,j,n cel1tai,n Towll1s,
0n -the othr halnd, beilHg centTes o.f ,tirade a:nd Were
exposed to extema>l i'11Huences amd, owiIng Ito the IkJind of Lilfe and
WOI1ki:n them, booaJffie, wilth Ithe time, pal1t of Ithe oiv,i-
1ililltJiIQI1.
Borisa'v StaJI1kovoi, PlInClJt IISJtraJtlaJnd lvo Amdr, aJmong
others, descI'lihed the LeVllDJtilile w0r11d of dtiesat the last
pos<siMe moment. They fUIld that world illl ,the Istage of decay
'ClJnd were ,able to 'I1otJioe even ,those thimgs which were mO$lt hidden
n the peorphe amd Jn Ithei1r mutual tre],atiO'O'S. That WlIS a wo['ld
which had JJts mllnlllef of ,thin;Hng 'aJnd of 'sJngilng, 'tiS paI10icular
way of ,everyday Lilfe, '10S vJntues amd vices, 81I1'd ,a .straJnge doseneso$
li,n ,re1l1oi'OTls between people, ,their 'adherence 'ta Vlar'ous
.reveaLed ta ,the geneml puJb1ic thllJr1Ik!s Ito rthe of ,the
story-teUimg Ja1uthons 'ait Ithe me of 'rbs 'decI.itne, hClJS been ,remem-
bered ais decadeIlJt, deoaYliJng, fmught wilth deep '!ayeir!s 'of inherit,ed
fealtJUires, wi,th 'SiOme1'ilIlg daJI1k ;m iltls chamcter aJnd [ltS
faJtJeful commitment. No heaMhy creati,ve fe:lItiIJre Vl:lIS 'ta be found
in ,th8lt WOJ1l
l
d,ail
i
though it W'a'S $Itli'1 li'VitngiJn Ja mateni'lI! OiiVIil1irzatioll1
whJ'Ch ha!d iots adva'Oitages, iVs ,incoluparable Ito<llste 'lind forons, but
was cnumbbiIng, foreordained to disappea'f impid:ly before Ithe high
of aLl that which WaJS Ithe WeSlt, DuLl of self-con-
fidence. The LevlInt a'nd its ou]ilUire have boon s'l:ved from obl,1vion
in the wonlc:s of those 81Uthors, but ,illl ,the consaienoe of liltS deslIl-
dants oll1'ly ,the piC'1Jure of tilts 181te haJs bee:n preserved. h tilS
up ta hi,stOlli'l:ns ta :ilJwestigClJte ,the PaJStt of Ba.Jtkam cities and tOWil1S
10
P. CaMapl,lHn
Drom -the lffiOffioot of their el1ltrance ,imto the Siphere of Levamtitne
'a:f,ter ,the T'Uink'vsh conquest, when they began rto de-
vdop much in the way als other t'\V1IlJS of Ithe Nealr EaiSlt.
Siimoe -the me when '3Jl1Jthropo,geogmpruiJoaJ lll1'd
research beollmc fOUinded o.n a soJentific baJsi's, ,lMe ,in rvj1lil'aJges was
consiooree. <1l1 the :rI1aIjomty of Ballk'aJll oOUlI1ltrii es alS ,the [lliO!Sit irn-
'
p0J1t
1
aJllt fo:mn of sociaJl .aJI1.'d ecanomic -biife 'Of ,the poople. The vi,),1age
naJS jllJlsly boon ItaJken for the IbaJsJs wi'thcmt whiich naJtionaJ! renewaJ
w():U!td nOltbe passliible. lit W'alS IliOt only a ,souroe of 5itrengJth foll.'"
stlI1Uiggle agtlIllst the foreignens, b:uJt aits.o ,a rnOS't reilm.hle pre,slUip-
posiJtion of democmtic .iJn!SilJilt'Ulticms !3Il1d ls:pliJnit lim one\s O\\IlJ.1 state.
The tOW\ll, on .the COI1lDJ:1arry, wais belierved to be the foothold of
a:licn forces: !t was ,the cenUre of admli.lllistflaJhrve, alllid mli-
loibalry power of the foreiigin offiaJSiterr-; it;s population W0JS heteroge-
'1 OOUS, \Vi th the l1!alt'veSalS the ,s'ffiaHest groups im ,them; ,the people,
peaJS!alnus lloSitly, comimg ta ,tow;n fOl1lJJJd OIlily 1UJ$:UJ[enSaJll'd blood.-
::iuc:kens, cormupted jrudges, IUJllI$'aJtJiJaJble 1aJndowm.ers a.n<d merchaull t:,;,
newcomer'sas a rule, reaJdy to cheM ,thern in every po'Sisible way.
ThiJs v:ery iSUIpenfioiJaJl lirill<aJge .s one of ,thase orealted bYUJnrel,iJable
tradiotiJon,5U'ch 11mages beoame lalter p-rev.a,l!I1Jt ,jrn ,the coHec.o1ve con-
sa'enoe. HiiSlt:OflioaJl ;research, IllJIldentaikem wirth frequem.cy
in the l'alslt dec.ades, shows ,tnalt the ci'vilizaJtlionilfl Balk'a:n tOWD'S
was Ulll!dergone lilmpo'rtant changes aJnd hais hald interestilng deve-
lop:menos. Ftrom the begilI1ln1ng of the TlUlrtkJilsh J'lU!le, the lIlumber
of na:tive rpeople ]j.vri:ng lim ,toWU1lS WaiS nealDly allway:s bigger than
WalS rernernoored im 'lJnooitttiJOln. (Af,ter emigmtimg Ito the lam:ds
arOUInd ,the D3llllUibe, call1led Podunavlje, whem .the T'Ulr:k<s had been
dniVeill OUIt ,thase paIPts, Baibkaon mercha'lllus 13J11'd ar,a,nts.men fOlm1ed
the fiirnStt -layer of UlI1bam. populaitrion towaiDdis ,the end of ,the 17,th cen-
tury). Urb3lll di'VIiJhzaJtion rin ,the Ba!ltk3lll, :aliithough Lev,aJnti:ne in cha-
motel', W3JS rrro tp3Ill!sitory phennenon oaJUlsed by ,the TlUIliklilsh
Inule; on ,the GODIIJDalry, i,t '$Ipread over a Jang peniod of the develop-
ment of bath [llalteI1i
1
aJl 'aJnd marol giwWlth of ,the peo.p.les Iliving in
those pants. Th1s W3lS pOSiSliJbJe ,allso 1l3Jl1lkJS to the faot ,that the
gap betwoon tthe 'UOW\ll amd rthe v'iU,ge was [lot doop enough to
prevent a:lll excn3lllge mmUJwaJ dlruences. The Istl1'dy of Ulrban
oirvioliz'31tJiron ,shoulrd be I3Jppr.oached sYI$ltemaJti.c:aJl<ly aJlld wllith diUgen-
ce ait lealst equail mo ,the enthUlsti'aIsm wilth which ;v.iMlaJge ,settt,lemeJDJts
haJve bren 1nve"Sitig31ted. Howe'Ver, even ,regau-lesls of ,the objoot o(
our ilnterest, for ilt might bel'ong ,to valfioLlJssoiretnrtli'Di.c f,ekLs, flronl
philology,to et hnalogy, ,l'he p.reseont apprOlah ,to tna,t ci\niJiz:atio'Il. mus',(
be maim1ly hliMorioaJl - i,n f,act, to the eXJtent .n :the .bi;vriing
:ms of the wonLd ,iin Ithe BaJ1kaJns ha've diJsappearred
(see: HUKoAai1 TOA'OpOB, zpaJ. XV-xIX 6eK, C0<p!HH
1972).
Ciy;iil.i'Z3It,jon 'in Ballk,a,n ,tOWlf1S \Vinth;ln the Empir
WaJS a paJrt ofaJn CluUiJty encompaIs,smg the maJtwiaJl aJnd &piril1:n..l!al
o rpaAcKoj l\I1BHAI13al\HjH Ha EaAKaHY XV-XIX BeKa Il
ou1tJur:e of alJJl rtOWIDiS of ,the Neaw E'3ist. lin the eaJSltem MedlJterranealIl
whioh oompI'ilSed pambs 'of the Ballrkam ipenilillS/u,lla, a ,symoreSltie ei-
virlliZa'bio'11 h;:ud lit ,the lJirmeof Helrleruilsm, gi Ylilng i,ts SitamJP
to urbam Thamlkls Ito :speciall feabuires of oultluJre develupling Q[}
Ithe 'terri,tary of ithe Serbia:n IS'DlJte, rthe ooI1der di;viidfung Ithe Weslte:m
amrd the civih,zations WaJS oiln ,the MiddJle Ages SiltUi(llte:c1
funthereaJ5it aJnd ISOUth of the BallkJam peJJiilJJiSl1.lla ,thaJn aJt a lMerr
'biaTI'e when :t WaiS lset up by ,the Tumwlish II1UIle. Wiuth IJhe eSltl(llbilishme[l:t
of .the Tunkilsh Empure, south-e-a's,tem Europe beeamea UinMomm
area wilth rthe COUJIlJtrjes of rthe NeaJr EaJst,aJt lealSlt ,as f'aJr 'aiS urbam
life is concenned. Cer.taliln forill's of mliteriali and isp'-ri,1'U,all oUillDuire,
oI1Jgim
'
aJtJimg lin thaJt Ialrea, Jl1JU!st have ;n:jflected Ithe inf11lUenceiS of trra-
d:'oTiis fOUlI1d on the Siilte alnd theaJneieI1Jt sense 'f oUll,tuml syn-
creiJsm of ,the p.eop}es 11iVlll1Jg 'im these paJnDs. However, the basirs of
'1h!Js Jnter1mking WaJS rthe 'Sit'aJte code of ,the ObtOlmaJn Empure i[l
whioh the WIOOf WaJS the lISiI!aJIIlJ'C l,aw. one en'd of
Trunikey Ito ,the ollher, ,tO\.I,I1rus were buHt ,im Ithe 'soode of monlllIT11el1rtal
edi,6ices ereotcd 'ais fal1llldations. Onlv bui,lidings with 'a ;re1iJgi'OUS
pUlIipose - for thereSit of ,SQilleoody'iS 'Soul, 'amrd senn.l11ig Ithe geme-
l'al .need alnd us:e (mO'sques,iJmrebs - puhllic OlIlliteenlS,
colileges, haJths, fOUint'alim:s, hostels. OaJaJI'aiV'amiSeraJs etc.) coUild be of
imIDodesrt: rpropont'ions, maJele of ,jiilrm maJtenJail, aJnd 'aI.I1tJslnrc in
shaJipe. AJ11 other objecns -shops, dwellilrug-hoUJses, even reSii,dences
of drigllItaJrliles - were ll1'de ofoooir maJte6lJl, moidest ait lealSlt i:n
the pamt Imnned ,to ,vhe !street OIr ,J.ame, rbUiJ,t irn the rSUlgn of Ithe1lran-
lSillJol1iness 'OfeverYJthing which diS [lot diJreobly 'I.l!I1'der dlVlJIle prlte-
otion. (Wii1th itihe PaJSisJirng of ltime, aU 'thrM chaJl1Jged ccmslilcieralbly,
gebting OIUt firom IlllI1der 'thraJt l.aw, so Ithalt lm rthe end even hOllliSes
of 'rieh ChrirstJJam merehaJl1JtJs beeome biJg iln S'ome places, wii/th con-
sp.iouOlUsly decomted Fa ardes , ,aMhough 'SttiM mOSibly of 'DOar mlaJte-
6311.) To malke uo for Jt, evorythiJng which W'as 'i'll'si,de, hid:doo
'from the eyes of the 'PSlsers by, WaiS 'VlaJniregaJrted atndas rich ais
possibJ.e. Tm'kev hard ,i
r
maginlltiove3iJ:1UiI
Sialn>s wholse 'produobs, from
Buida Ito BaghrdaJd, enhlaJIlcOO. ,the beaJUlty of liiV.mg, whereaJS mer-
eharrlits, tlDaJnSipoI1tlng Itheilr gaods lim c\JraV\aJn:s,SlUcceeded lin maik.img
rthe chdiJce of 'wticl:eson ,the rnanket ,loOlk, by ,thelilr rupP'eau-,amce ,(lit
,leaJSlt, rneait.ly ithe same ID ,the whoJe Empilee. Along wilth IthrilS, qlUa-
ILity goods, mostily rteXitiJes, were .impooted from Ithose counilJries
hetween E1,g'1aJl11d aJnd Il}}dia wiJth whrich TlU:nkey maJiJnta:iJned COIffi-
aneroiJaJl Irel,aJtrioftlIS, ,and OUisrtomel1S CCYl!,};d fimd them oirty of
Ithe reaJm. This cammon matell1i.alroUindaJrtion of l,iofe W'lIS, wiilth
Itime, acoopted am;d ardopted by aIl the9l1bjeobs of rthe SuJ<tan, Ire-
gllI'dle9s of ,thei!r ethnie and IreIrilgi'OU!s diJfiferonces. T'here were
rt.1lles, v.ery iSinriot im.!deed, ordeI11ng t-hat ,these r:mbjeotJs, dpending
on theiJr aJnd religion, mUJSJt dirffer aJmoo,g themselves by
a'ppearalnce. The liu.]es ptsCiriibed ,the co,lour amd the q'l1'3
1
11i1tv
of dathes f.or eaeh par,trioLlil\Jr group, >the ,11ilgh!t of C'aJrry.irng wearpolns
12
P. CaMapI.IHn
amd ri-dmg honses, I1:he way of behaVlng with the Turks, yet aU
thaJt wa,s lfiot sooioie1Jt ta preverut them Drom fiJnatly belongilI1g to
the same of Levamltine aJbies. HavJi:ng
come Erom vaJ1()l]S paros of ,the wodd aJUd -sebt1ed in ItoWlns, cenb<lJin
groUipsof merchantsaJlld arslam,s hawe, for a long me, jealousJy
-kept theiJr -(lJfid wayiS jln decorating theilr homes, i:n dresiSing,
m food atnd ritn coolkJitng their O"VlIl cuLt di:shes, as weB as tin theiir
appeamnce. ThQse OlllSi1!oms haid ortigilDJaJtoo in Byzalllum, or were
a part of old Sl'lIVic heniJtage; sorne of them came fram gel1JUJne
Turks, others from A1rmerJJJa and Pel'Sia, from the Mediiltenranean
coasts, Spaitn and POI1lJugaJ,arr1d ,they were 'bI1Uly ,kept <lJ1ive IJn 010-
sed groups and Isooi'ebies 'Uil1Jt'il ,the decline of LeViarutine oUI1!Jll1re in
the Bailk'a1is. In spilte of thaJt, sorne of ,the old OllIs!toms were >50
06too tDansfenred tr'om one group ItoaJnother 'ihat 'braces of theiir
true or,igriJn were losit; m-amy of them, however, become ,the fO'UJI1-
dation of a new synorebiism in ,the matemial OllIJ,(:uJre of ,the Balk>ans
lInd of the Near East.
AccoI1dJlng to Obtoman law, the p0pWation of tOW1Il6
bad<lJS itls upper layer TUIibsh acitrnirnj'Sotrative dtigJ1it'aI1ies, the <lJrmy
and the (ulema, engaged in a:ffaJJlli of jusulCe an:d law, education and
reLigion; the Maslems, enjoy,ing So<lJfety ,rather 'thaln 'aotual
leges, were rrespolllSiiJbJe for a great de<lJl of 'tra-de, hlllt Ithere were
a1so mllny omfibsmoo a:mong them. SettlementsilnhabiJted by fo-
reiglners enjoyed the privileges ,the g'veI1nments of thej,r home-
lands had a:cqtl1',redas a speo'aJl 'Sij,gtrl of the Suh'aJn'.s fa1V'UJr. Fi-
nally ithe of TUJrkey who were 'fiot Mos!lem but
\Vere fol1owers of one of the prophebs recogJ1li:zed by hl'aJffi,
th<lJt is, ,and hrud Ithe ISitaibus of the Surlitan's
non-I-slamlic suhj,eots, and were, ,thus proteoted, able 'totrade
aJnd to maI1JUDaoture <lJfltilfaot'S; a ceJ1tailn pant of Itheir goods aIIld
producbs were givoo ,to the &tate ,a:s ,t'axes. Thils dilViusion of ,the po-
puleJtion which cou1d, perh3ip's, be calded daJSiS djfferootiaition, and
the 0lhic aond ,religilou,s vlII1iety of townspeople were the ,relison
why the TUJr1kish aJUlthr1tires cOll5lidered them as IseparaJte groups
and deaJ1t W1ilth ,them Ithrough ,theJTIr 'representatilves. On ,the other
hliUd, ,the proteotion of busiitneSrs interesos , the carre fOir
'wrvices ,atnd the educatlion of ,the young, ,the CaJre for ithe old :and
/mpoveniJshed of the group, -rund, aJhoV'e aM, oons,t'atn't
Wil'llnglitng w,1th <lJUthoritieskept rthese ChI'ilsoil(lJfi and Je-
W11sh grOLlip5 together very much ,iln the 's'ame way they wekept
together in Jtheitr par'lShes or reJ.iglioU's commurrbies.
ThatI1klS ItO Ithe1r popUJ1<lJt:on, BalJ.Jl1 ci-ties and towns remailned
cO'smopol,i'baJ1, but, ow,itng ItO rthek ooUeotirve menballliJty, they deve-
loped m!to ceI1ltJres of a Sipeoiral LevantlJne oulltme which, -aiLthough
by origirn oaJnd oosiffiopoli;tJan by appeamnce, was never
theless lllJIl!ifonn Inn many res'Peolis.
Every etooic, or, rather, rebi!gio1.lJs gr<:xUip in Levanrtline cities
,spoke therur OWiIl lllI1<gUJaige, keepilIlg !Jt alli'Ve tiU the end i:n their
homes arnd dm betwee:n the membetJ:,s of ,the same oommu-
nlty. Nowhere else were 'Som3!ny dMferertt 'langu3Jges kno'wn 3Jnd
spokem iGllS ,they were illn the arr1d the Noor E3JSiL MercJ.m..ruts,
ora6tsmen, 03Jntems 3JIlJd mcml<Js spoke TlUl1kJish. No ffi3JUrer where
il:hey h3Jd come firorn, bUisill1esSlIIlen .iJn tOWiIl!s had to ilmow 1he lm-
guage of the peop:le iI11 whose COUlIlltlry they dWeiLt. MOireOiVeo:-, n01
only hig merchailits 'tlradilOg w!ilth fOTeigm COLlJillbries, buta1so a,liI. the
huge crowd of brokers, agel1Jt's, middJlernen, b3JnkeJ:1s, money-chan-
gens, C3JI1aVaID leadel1s,3JI1Cl even longshoremen kll1ew somethiiIlg of
the la;ngn..uages of foreJilgTwJ1s w'ilth whom the ,w3Jde W3JS mos,t ill1Jten6e
- Genrl1'm in .the NoJ:l1:h, HaI]liren i'n the South, alD'd Erench;in ,the Bo3Jst.
DespiJte the predominance of the Tur:k'i\Sh, the hlll1,g1Uages of aU
,those li'V'ilIlg iJn a 'town, or 'Sltaying therefor longer pemi'dis of 'time
were hea:rd ln ill3Jr.ket-s 'aJnd meTchamttJs' Sibreet's, all1Jd everybody .k:nevi
at JeaSit some derusliJve ex:preSiSIions brom the.ir lI1etllghibotws'
ges. A verrhal deHvery oDten ccmt'3Jined woms, eXipreS'SliOI1Js, 0Ir even
whole sentences 'baken aver kom atnother kllngu
l
3Jge j,n order to
fiJIlJd the m-OlSlt accumte term, 010 emphasi,ze ,s:omethill1g, or J1!O col,our
one's speech wj,th irony or proverbial wi'Sdom, but thi,s afuoo hap-
pened even \VlythOLlJt 3Jny defiiJnilte ptlIl1pose, 'spol1JtJaneoUlsly, owilJ1g
to haoot or to ,the l1l3JtTUJre of 1re13JtliJons which haJd been eiSlbalbllilShed
belore thalt. One often spdke Ita oneself 'Mn one language, but 'to
others, alloud, 'iJn atniOlther, 'ryti!I1g to BitnJd 60I11'ethiJIlJg tD rely on in
aU that huge3JffiOUll1it d<lnOWin ilIl VllfiOUIS Itongues out'sLde one'ls own.
The ol1igm of 11l1I1Y words 3lIld expressiol1is WiGllS tlms looJt 'lx> pos-
'
terity. If a language consists not only ofits vocabulary but a1so of its
W1ay of of ithe mooning a.f Il.1JDtemnCEl5, and ()Jf the definJI1g
of iTel3Jtlions \\illth !the eXJte11I'lJaJ1 wadd, iJt ils jUSiui,fied to ,say th3Jt tthe
I\..Il1bam ai'Vfilbi!Z3Jt,iOJl im ,the BailikalI1s durillng the T'l.1!Dk.iJsh '!lLe bore ,the
&t,armp of liJnguiiSlli!C oosrruop0bltaJni.'SllTI which, neventhelesos, in aH
the cOUil1JtmiSm that p3Jl1t of the WOJllcl, h3Jd rim. common Jthe sp.iJPit
aJIld the menJtall,.Jty of expression.
The Jn.n3JbJtaJl1Jtls of BaJkarn aiJtiestook. care ,to preSleI'Ve
thei,r Il1:aiOII1aJ. name, :religion, O\.l1stomsalOO o1rheJr p3Jl1tioUllar bmnd
of [nar3Jls ilIl order ,to iStJay UJt of ,the .ffiaSlS of oth01\5 3Jl1Jd ,to maJn-
taiJn the lspecifiic ClillBibity of the1r lega;l 6lt3Jus Md of ,their wSllness.
The rnlixiling, Ito a greater eMerrl!t, with membens of other groups
le3Jd ta eXCOIl11al1i1..11tU:on amrd ItO 'the deU:1oall of ri.gntJs deni..viJng f!I"om
the law concemiJng domeSltJic rel'arbicms; l.Jt samet.imes even bro/UlghJt:
damnartliOl1 on the l'r3JnsgreSlsor. If one C3JIl speak of patria:rchal
rel
l
3Jonl
s in ,society 3Jnd of monaliS prev.3Ji,l;]ng :U1 cilty envi!ronments,
Ilt tJs cerbalm il:h3Jt ,they aJre ,to be faUJIld IJn ,the BaJlik.3JIls where ,they
were eSltalblii,shed dn.ur1itng the Turrik.i:sh I11Uileon very Sltniot :norms,
eSipeCiaUy in weaJ1thy merohanrt: quartens. Everyth!ng haJPpenim.g in
homes or commumlities of other group.s wa:s looked 3Jt with ,suspi-
14
P. CaMapl.mn
o1on, reillUObaJn, ofit:em wilth 'alnd contemrplt. The time
:of the W0iS iIlearly OVrer, yet the adJherence '\:;0 thi:s or
thalt pa:nbiotilalr ethnie OIr group WaiS ISItilll rrecogniZ<alble tWld
the was m'3lrked even more Ith3ITI beifare. It ,ilS i:1
Itowns, InJot onIly ,the VJUage ,soai:ety, rthalt ithe were
laid for the natonal tI1<l1l1rsforma.tion '3II1Jd ,LiJbeJ1lltion movements.
(The Sllrajevo bUlsliJnes:s people, 3Jmang whom there were mamy
furniens, glaiVe 6arne of I1:he mo.st timpontllTIlt men far Ithe el1ltlJre
Serbialll 'ffiovemenlt 1ns.Iith-eal5itelnn EuropeaJt Itheend of the l7th
aJnd iJn Ithe rfihnSit deoades of the 18th cerutunes.) Nwenthe:less, fea-
tLlires m3JIikii'ng the character of 'aiH Balkllll llLr'ban populaJtions mUlI
with :the The oni!giJn o.f Ithat phoollmen:OIn WalS Ilooiked
for amcmg the TlUl1kJS, 0iillang rthe GreekJs, TeJ1nItZ'llI'S, and Arunetn1ialll6,
that is, liJn Ichalt LeV'llI1JtiJne mentJat1Hy wlhich Wlas most cha-
rrooter.iJSluic of the Nea'l" EaJSit r1JOW[)jS. The Bal:kJalns nad lindeed beco-'
me, in m3ITIY waYis, '3. pamt of a diviJi.zaJtio:n COII1IJXI1ilslilnJg the ooun-
tI'ies of ithe eaJSitefnn MedJtenraJl1eaJl1. No doubt, ,there were WeJSitern
llinB1uences, especialHy rthose broughrt: a/bout by lthe impOlI'rotil1 of
oontalm of maitertiJaiI auilltJure, bUit rthey wtere due to the close
poIrliti:oa.l 'ail1Id ,re1IJg)ilUls of pamtiOUll'3Jr peop1es ID T:urkey with
,that paint of Ithe wor'M. Yet a!lil rthat cUlld iIlOit COJlJtest ,the e5i6.ea1-
t1aJHy Lervail1ltUm:e chllreooor of wba.n :JI1 it>he Ha1koos. EIVeiIl
the mare oomplex p;emetJraDiran Off rt:OOse ImJfliUefllces in the 19.th n-
t'll!ry, when ,iideaJs '3U1id books were iJmponted 1il ,fur-
II1JJtJure arnd o1'Othes, dJi,d nQt diJsI1:UJI1b I1:he LeV'aJl1lt,JI1e 3ltmosiphere in
homes lainid lriJfe liJn the Balik!aII1Js. (ThiJs ilid happem '3.Jfiter I1:he
aJboltiishffiefI1Jt of !the TllllIiklSh mtlJle,aJs ,the treSiUl1t of ,the e5111aJb1iJshment
of na11ilOl1'ail lSitlaJt:eS 'aJU'C!. of mhe 'JTIItJrodlUothm of a diJffereJ1Jt ec:lOmic
6)'1Stem.)
Liv,Jng ritn iffiJUItJu<l11 diJSl1lru'Sltarnd ISlUiSIPicion, oaiUltioUJsand aLl1l1-
niJng, '3.1W1aYls ready for Isorne daa1JgeT'O!Lus gaiIlle, the rJniha!biJtJalnrt'S of
Ba1kJam dirtlies were lait Ithe ISaiIlle time becomilng aloser one rto the
other ahId I1:he rresembJmlce ootweem. ithern JI1CiI"elaJSed w:iJth [he mime.
ThiJs WaJS evi,denJt dm Ibime5 of miJsfuntumeam:d ItIrouJble, or even when
'there was IIlQ lOOaJl lIleed or onpUll'SIDn for ,iJt; ilJhey wauld excllimge
cOIIJoos.cenJd!iJng ddisplaying rt:he weailrth of their wiisdom
a:ndin'dIUlgilng :JI1 hone)'iillOUlt!hed 'speooh.es. ThaJt W1llS due 1!1.0t ooly
!to a kind of rbaJ1alIl of !t00iJr ,JnJtere5i1Js whiich, ait leaiSlt /Up Ito a cer-
,oam degree, Ithey haid wn cammOll1; 'Jt WraiS :aotUJaJlly ,the tiiJnal '3.cmow-
,ledgillliIDt, wltt:h had ,to be rea:ched firom Itime il:O ,ime, ()If the faot
rtnaJt they bel<mged IDO Ithe lS0iffie w{)IJ:lld 3ITId '10 :Jtls matiJn spJriJl:lUa'l
chafla:oref15itias. Urban hfe, wilth IsliJnkJmg deeper a.nd de-
epe.r a1li rnhe lJme, nad ibseffeos: people were beoniIng ever more
cornpIex, 'aJble ito fia life Wiilth 'SJaig,ao.irt:y, im bUisineSi.s,
thrd:1ty lUll1.o'btll1u:sively I1ch,devoted illn '3. p<l1ri
l
airchail way, rto
'V!Jl1tJues :the be9t of ordens, loy.al '\Jnd alotached rbo ,therirr furrnJi,ly
wd n'aJ1ion, ram:d, very mlUch 1iJke fOTI1ler iIlohiJiJty, alw'3.)'iS rincJJimed
o rpaAcKoj W1BHAJ13al\HjH Ha EaAKaHV XV-XIX ReKa 15
ta beSitow dOOOlbiol1ls upOin :temples 'and ISChOOillS, -0:1' >to hecome
fOUlIldems of cnUlIUhes1ll1Jd mcmllSiter1ies OU'der rt'o 'SeUl,re !the .sal-
vartlon of 1thOO iSOu1s Md 100 do somethriJng for ,the genenaJ beneHt.
LIV,mg m dosed aliroves, ithey dosed ithemseltves even more, bec'llUise
;the wea!bhJiJe:st among them ,tem:ded 'lo ,ami'Sltooracy amd to tthe e:s-
,t'aibhs1uneIlJt of a ip'lltrioJm l'ayer of :society. Th'llt &epClJPaJted II:hem
from the way of ilife of ,the gerr:telI'aJ popu1tclJtioo arnd brought ,them
'
lOOOlfer 11'0 the hiiighest cirr"cles of Olther LevarrlltThnelS. T'1Ls spread
'3Jroood J<alter '3JIDong the others. The model.s olf rumharn oi'VHJieaJbioUl
,the N.r EllSit t<llOld Jn Ithe Ba.l!kaJl1:s i31lwa)'ls came from the uppeT
'SibPaIta of 's'ooiety amd spread cLownwamds. These moideLs were accep-
ted by aM and SIlIlI1chry except by Ithe cilty 'rah.ble. However, :that
Lilfe in olOlse:d oiJ:roles procud, wilth ithe time, .thidk,' heavy, some-
t!JIDeiS even impuire h:lood. People were 'frllUght WJth perfircLiO'Us aJl1d
vioioUiS lOiOghngls OOt moSit often ,they were 'tormerutoo by the caH
of diJs.taJDJt, kee ISipacelS aIt1Jd ,those aJ],ien woclds whkh one C'Uld
get 10Slt 1n:dUJ1giJng 'n plealffillre, aillthoUigh Ithe Dace 'showtl1 to one's
o'WIn f'auTI.i,ly a!l1!d !the peopleOif the 'tOWIn WllS rtJuJnned ,to ;s!tone by
<lU'ster,i1ty 'llnd If.espectatbi,lity.
The oul.bU'nal hri'Sitory of Balk,aon Ciuties ,and tOWI11'S 'ilS 'I11aJn,]y
the rustory of lthe mam iJnhaJbriJtilng them, of in Ithait
eI1'v:iJrOJlmell1lt, of hiiS develo;p1Il1erJJt aJn:d acqlUlilsilltJoln of ceT1tJaJim. q:uia1l:i-
The llrWelSltThgaJtion of dty eOOiIlomy, espeoi,aJJy .<Yf ll11ternatnonaJl
:tirade, haiS Ito he ipai11tIly lredJud 100 the 'l.lllJJderntJalI1J<iirnJg and mter-
preroatiilOIl of ,thalt !l'I1a[1. Hus carnpieXJiJty u"eqlUJJrelS the IIl1st versa,nille
al1llllys1Js. appatren:tly Metnlllted liJn ;the Levanftllne way, tha<t
mram had oawied Ithe bumden of n'MiOitail \SItJ:ll1Jggle J<llI1ld rt\reD.1JsfOirma-
tion al:cmg !the 'VI.i11age POpu1ClltlilOIl, <aJnd brought 00 a 6!UCCetS-
S'fiutl end. Modem Greeik ootory, f1rom !the DaiN of C()[lsltall1JtIilIlOlple
(1453) IUJl1Il:!i!l Ithe fOlllI1!drutJion of rthe wnJdependenJt !SIDaite (1830) .iJn
tiltS mOSit firnpol1tJarntt pamt, marilnly Ithe histary of the renewClJl am.d
l'i,se of rthos:e cOIIIllffierai<aJl aJI1d ls,.famTIng 1ayens of Isociety which
hrud endowed Ithek Jl!a:1Jilan wilth maJtertilaJ wOOll:th, WIirt:h ithe grelttesrt:
nrumber of educlltoo people, W1hh :the mO,Sit powerful ooorch !the
Q.I1thodox warlid, W1iJth :the preserved hJilSltOr.icall ool1lSoience, wi'th the
f,1I1Sit amid rrnOlS't riJmpo:ntarnt nathilOrrlall talnd, fll1lalUy, wlth
the sociall fO'UlOootiOIl's of <the new iSItaite. WilthoUit e1Ju:dildJaltimg II:he
appea'rance arntci ,the mpiild enmichmen:t, eS'peciallJly fin the rtPade with
COIl1ISltarnttin'QPle, of the higheSit loayer of BulgllI1ian IUiI1bam. IpQP'Lr1rutiIOJl,
mt litS wpo.Slsible ,to expiIaiim the fQUIl1IdJlltiOlOsamJd rthe iSlucceSS of Ithe
BulgaTi!arn lrelIl!aIs's'amoe. One ought [l'ot ,to negl1eat the devdopmOOit
of Albmj,am ItOWIDiS, regrund1les:s of ,the def')ree ItO which Itheir eC'OlOomy
W1aJS Ithe hJamclJs of mechltl1Jt,s of Gr,aeco-TZlll1JtZlClJr r.i;g:i!n. The role
o.f ItOWll1lSim. rthe SeI1bj'arn II1ClJtiooaJl renewall was very IlllIliU!Slual. FJrom
the elllJd of ,the l7tth cenbllJry, hll's'inetSiSIIDen lin ,tOW1I1<S iSOiUJth of the
Sava and ,the Darr1lUIbe couJid no longer n:marilI1 ,in thelr oIld home-
I.and. They dJlS:pe:I1sed, 'and 'sorne of Ithem moved 11:0 ithe desel1ted
hmdJs of P'O'dn..tm!av1je (aIrolIDd ithe Darnube) cOlOqlllered by AtuSltrr,ja,
16
P. CaM:apI.JJ.l!\
wMle o.thers carmied on their oos-iJnes's ,the diaspDil1a beLween
Tni:eSlte, Vierma, Buda, rt:he tOWfI1!S at the eSlUua,ry of Ithe Danube,
in Odessa, and Smyma. Mov1ng away 6rom the
Tunks, they could talke wilth ,them sorne of Itheur goods 'and ch.attels
but, what \"'aJS more !limportant, they took allong busilIless expeifience
'a:cquiJred, [l'Ot only by Ithem, hUit ,a,l\w by a h:mg ,lWne of Itheir ooces-
ItooS. They fOUloo ID ,those lIlew paillts Serbian merohaJfilvs and or-afit-
'smen who had oome before rt:hem 'and, otogether, rthey soon formed
-a 'P6werfiul order of iplfogreSlsilVe oiItiozens. The wo1ik of the Serobi'an
Church was ,a1so revlilved, thear.'Sltool'acy and a:rmy did :rnuch to-
wards ,the ,acknowledgment of ,the ,speai1aJ! impor.tan of Ithe SeI1bs'
worik ;the AUJSlliro-Hllll1Jgarian BmpiJre. For, iot was j'UlSit there that
the ou:lilJUJral and lI1'ational ruse of ,the SeJ1b'an people, ,baised on mo-
dem f01mdlaJtJilOl1Js of BUJI1D:pean en1ightmerut, was achieved in <the
c'urSe of ,the 18th celliturv. Nonthern Serbiila whi'ch had 'suffered
the hea'V'iest dev3Jstal11ions 1n the TlUinkli'sh wams, WaLS at rthat time
renewiJng ius papuilaJtlitm, IIIl ithesOUithemn parts, 01d Serblia and
Maoodoni1a, 1he cilty eoonomy of the Lev3ll1Jtine type growtiJng
&tJ:1Olnger, 'WlJng 10 ,theiJr alose oO1lIleotous wlith Greek 'and Ailbaman
J?Olts; <the lTo.ad a']iQIIlg rthe MOT'aJVLa 'Valey \WlIS eqlllaJ:ly J'.f1lsPOrtwn:t
for southemn mercharuts who itook Itheillr goods rto A'll!Sitr'ilan iIUalflkets.
Mamy of Ithern lselltled rthere, 3JfiId, by rremalilillng lin those 'P'lII'ts, kep1
,the iJIlIsbillJuJl'S, OUIs.toms, ways of H",mg a1'd of oarryJng bu-
5'liIleSS, l1Jaiken Gym ,rrom B31Lkan ci'tlies. The eXlIJOIltaltlIO!n of caJttle
firom nonthenn Serbia ,to AU$lor:ia and Dailmal1:ii!an ItOWlfilS thus be-
came !a profiilbalble r!lr,a!de. Revol'llitionary developed 'in .the
I\.1'rihan enlV'iJranrment, yet in a panticuJar way o1'OSeaJ1so to Seran
peasal1tJr)', ,l,ed ,to ithe up>iiJng -of 1804. A,nd ,the ai1bi,zetr1S were ffiOSitly
of Ba:kam. igiln, ofitoo recentJyamnilVed ItO ,theiJr new emr,ironment,
or -SibiU and w1kJ,[lg in TurHsh itOWlI1'S.
To penetraIte ,the ]I1JIlBr ClIS'tlwtJiOIn, not ordrirnary byany
means, of Ithalt man who was the represen!JaJtilVe of Ulnban
Iton in the Bailik'lll1Js, 1s a Itillsk on ,the :Of which depends :the
rtru:e undemstJaJn'<llI1g of -aIIl thart whlltch ,toot mam. beql\.1'althed to POIS-
teniJty, fi1r15it of 'lIll iJn movemffi1lt!s far []artlIoI11al lOOIlew.aJl, alIlid,a!so, lin
o.ther alrea's of k51p'iJJ:1.Jtua:1 aIll!d TlaJtemial1 OUl1JtluJre. Devel1op.ing wlilthin
hJmsel,f, gmduaHy, a !refined ItaJste charaoterJ'Sit/!C of LeVW1:ti!lle cos-
mopolit'3lni,Stffi, he accepted 'aJ1Jl ri1ueIlIces, ,the ea:5itenn ones in panti-
cular, provi:ded ithey dedighJted miJnd 'and exctilted hi:s 'senJses. lt
wa's not lIleSlsary60r anything 1Jo bepmiJmevatl or omiigIDaJl. Primev,ail
were hi,s fediJngs whJich he ItenJsely COfiltrol!led 'll!l1!tll Ms mOISIt dem-
cate nel1Ve reS:OUIl1Iood. He did flot drr'mk mi,lk O'UJt of paillis, like his
compaJtriot,s in hllis food 'and 'C1JI'iJnlk,s were prepared .s\Uch
a way 1hat ithey, ItOO, had ,to la1JtoXJoote bim. He ,dreSiSed WlJth caire,
wearmg '<liS good clothes as poSlSibJe not onJyonaccount of his
pution but al,5O heca'Uise he WliJshed ,to feel ithe 'Sf.t,ness -of ,the
fa:bric on hils IStkin, FlIle honses, splemlilldly amrayed, were -a sign of
17 o rpaAcKoj l\HBliAH3al\HjlI Ha EaAKaHy XV-XIX BeKa
Isocial prestlilge, bUlt ait Ithe s'ame ,bime, the'r OWiners roul1Jd joy lin
ItheJr beanJlty 'aJl1ldiJn thei frieJ:1ldJship, by IllO mearns SiUpenfillll!()IUJs. lit
lils :kmoWln ,thalt they '5!Pdke iJn a way whiilOh garve them plealsiure -
Itheylilked 'to healr Itheir OWln vOIices; IthJS was the oa!seaJ1ways:
whoo they 'shOUIted 'ait SE'JI1V
1
am:ts or whoo th.ey theliJ'
Wlilsciorn in f'I1OIlJt of LSOmeoI1e they deemed worthy of TheJ'f sOil1gs,
Illm'er 11JO'O ,long, hiaJd to move am,d end by excititng itheti['
wtilth oa preparr-ed sUl1pf'i:se. As for ffilUJtt, tlrey pif'efer-
Ired Ito 'ilt lnalther rthiaJn playing Jlt, fOif they feilt the need Ito
themsel'VelS to \Jt u!OItM they became exhalUislted; oll1Jly then, after
,reaching 'thaJtSl1oalte, they moved on '1'0 ,those moods ithey had been
prepalred ,for before. Their dalnces 'al1so gJI1aJtJ.'a
'
ly lied Ito ,Jnt'OX!i.
CaitliJon.
These LevaJl1Jt,iJnes were, nevertheleSJs, 'severe lin a paJtriGlrchaJl
Wlay, eXitlremely 'altJtJached to their famitLies 'amd Ireals'O:o:aJbly
piluos, aind,aJ1thaugh peo:ple, thniJfity a's 'allUile. llIl :sorne
of 'them, 'braces of thek peialS<lIDJt were 'Siti'LI disce['[lible, whe-
'rlas 'Othel1s wuld Irealy be descendall1Jbs of very O'ld f.amihes. Sorne
of thlrn repnestmted othe heaiLthy liJneaige 'ait ,the IStage of gJrowting
and, OOI1JseqllleIlltly, ,they weremther in fa'VO\.lIr of vir-
I!lOOS, whereaJs othe'ps, dedeIllt, malriked ,the eOidof hOOJSes;
thmr semJse of,alI1!d iJnoollglnce in, rp:lealS'UJres wJhich the Leva1rut W'a'S
o6fermg !Il1lOS1t 1arVJitshily, 'replllised ,the IinheI1itted d'Uity to Ikoop 3lJ>'pea-
l'aillees w&thim the f.mme of f.aJmily 1Vfe alnd of acceplJeld custolms, by
ait iloost hiidilng itheilr \'lices.
This presented too mlllch like a tYlpe 'aII1!d depri:ved.
'Of 'aH l003Jl ohairoateniJSitliJos, recLud 'tOaill litdeal aJOId PE'JI1feot mDel
of :the LeV'alIlItJJne main lilIl ,the BalLk'aJlltS, testJiJfues nevertheileSls ,to ,the
level of !the oivibizaJtion '10 which he belanged. The of
the coin, 'allwa)'ls IreveaJlilr1g mi..sery, ,maliJned hJiddoo. Thalt baak
'Siilde wOUILd ma:ke Itrns image ,look somewhalt poorer, but dit would
not deny IitS balSIilC IWadtts. Man, preselI1!ted ln thits way" was ofOOUy
,able to OroaJDe oa oiV'iJl,j,zalti'Ol1col'O'UIfed by cul,t!UJro'l lS,YJIlClI'etIitSlIIl, but,
'aIS 'a whole, thait ci'Vi,lirmtian WlalS, nonetheless,' oniJgJimal. The P'fe-
sE'JI1'Ved oremOlalnbs of the OUiLtUire eXoilSlt'img ,iJn fonmer Bailllm
and towms ron6kms it !Ully.
T:rams'laJteci by:
Nalda OUrOija-ProdalIloV1i
iby601l.mp MAKCHMOBHfi
KOPEHH H TIVTEBH HACTAHKA fPAACKOf TIATPHIJ,HJATA
y BH3AHTHJH
"''f'.' ...:.....:-t_
ITapaAoKOOM K3JKBHX je HCTopHja rrY:Ha, pecraJY'paQll1'ja Bfi3la!H-
l'Hje 1261. rOAIIlme RHje 03Ha'lnAa flIO'lenllK HOB0r yorroHa, 'Hem no-
'Iel'aJK enoxe arraAaJ-ba Koje je BO,iHi\O rrporracl'H. HCl'HlHa, 3a MHxa-
'Hi\'a VIII 1282) jow Ce 3aAp)KaBaO rrplWHlA OH3Jre, M;H je OH
[mwe nO'-lUIBaO Ha H3Y3eTHoj BeWTHrHll BH13<UHl'.H'jdKe AHrrA'OMa'I'Hje,
lIero Ha Cl'BapHHM M'OrynHocl'UiMa IJ,apCfBa. O,iMa,X 00 OMprn lB'ei\U-
Kor fiMOOi\Ora nOCl'aAO je jaoHo ,ia 'CY IHa:CTynHAa l'eillKa BpeMe'Ha.
HajIY0'lh>HBJ1lje rrpen-be AOi\!a3HAe cy orrOiba, aAIH ce cyrnrnlHa BH-
3<UHl'ujcKe l'pareAHje KpHAa y 'lHlbeHHI..JM Aa je nO:\H'TH'lKa H rrrpUB-
peAHa cAa60cl' 3eMibe OHei\lOrynaBaAa cyrrpOl'Cl'aBA:>'aI-be l'HM rrpenw-
Ma. OrraAa'lhe ce y XIV BeKY rrpeTBOpUi\O y Ayro.TpajH'Y e.KOIHOM-
CKY H <pHlH<liHCHjOKY KP1BY Roja je rrOBpeM'eHO AOOHjai\a AJpaCnf41He
06AHKe.
1
He0Y'MlhHBO, DpaA je KpH30M 6H'O HapO'lHTO noroneH Ben
li 300r 1'Ora llITiO cy HeA;OCTaTaJK HOBIJ;a, ona,6:arI-be 33JHaTOKe rrpon3-
nOAlhe n, 'H'3HA CBera, HeMHAOCpA:Ha 'KOHlK)'IpelHIJ;IHja Aal'HlHa !Koja
je BH33JHTIH'jy OBe ja'le CTe3aAa rrY'Ha ABa CTOAen'a, JlIPOY3p1KOBaAH
HeranrBHe 'ITOCAeAHIJ;e rrp'BHCl'Belro y cepepH 'OHe eK:OIHOMOKe <LKI1IiIB-
HJC111I IKoja je CBojcTBeHa rpaAY. OHYlHO ce OMal1pa Aa y rrO'Me-
'HYTHIM OKIQi\JHlOCTIrM;a Tpe6a l'pamOO.lf y3pOiKe OnaAaiJha Bei\WKe Be-
ru-me BH3aHTHjOlx rpaAOBa n03Hor A06a.
2
AAH KOi\lHJK'O rOA cy
Te 6HAe OHaJICHO :H3pa)KeHe 'Kao I.H'HHIJ;H'jaAiHH 'l.lfHIHOIJ;IH, OHe
,
. "
1 0 eKoHoMcKoj H HOBlJanoj KpH3H yonllITe BH,A. D. Zakythinos, Crise
monlaire et crise conomique Byzance du X Ille au XVe sicle,' Athnes
1948 (Aatoe: Crise), Ha mIme MeCTa; noce5Ho 3a np06AeM HOBqa BHA. (HHCY Ha-
BeAeHe CTYAHje npe 3aKHTHHocoBe) D. Zakythinos, Le despotat grec de Mo-
re II, (Aalbe: Despotat), Athnes 1953, 266 Il Aalbe; M. r. EapaHOBa, llo3He-
Oa.JaH"fuv..CKue 3aOa'IHUI(U KaK UCTOpU'teCl(uv.. Uc-COltHUI(, AHTH'lH. ApeBH. H
cpeA. BeKa, 9 (1973), 122; A. T. XYMaHHAHC, otxo'>'0IJ.ll; 'TClTopl<1. 'E)",&So, ,
l, AnlHa 1973, 164.
2 Vnop. Li. Maksimovi. Charakter der sozial-wirtsc1w{llichen SIruktur
der spatbyzantinischen Stadt 13. -15. Jh., (Aalbe: Charakter), Akten des
XVI, intern. Byzantinistenkongreses, 1, JOB 31/1 (1981) 151, 151 H. 13 (nperAeA
20
1'0. MaKCHJ\WBHfl
cy IHCl'OBpeMeHO oH nOCAe>,AjHQe oApdieHOr YJHYTpamI-ber pa3BHTIKa.
CTOra ce ApYllITBeHO-eKOHOMCKIH npo<pHA n03HBH3aHTHjcKor rpaAa
He MlO)Ke nOOMaTpaTH KpOO Il!pH3MY Bei\H'Ke KpH3e XIV
BeKa.
ApyrnTBeHa H eKiOiHOMOKa CTpYJKT'lj'pa BJI33JHI1Hje I1aAeoAor,
YODIlITe Y3eBllIH, H3I1paneHa je Ha OOHlon<lO\1:a Koje cy eTBOpeHe y X [
<Ji AaA.e pa3BllJ3IHe y XII KoA'HIK:o A3JHaC lli,6JHIMO, 1'0 je 6HO
llpOQeC KOjlH je He calMO 3Ha'llHO YHoneH>e nojeAJHJHHX <PeYAaAHHx
lIECTHTYQHja Hero H npeo6pa)Kaj YHTanOr APYlIITBa y jeAaH <peYAa-
AH30BaH opraHH3aM.
4
[paA, y KOMe cy AOTaA 6HAH oKYIlloeHH CBl1
UeHTpH Mollli, H'alllaO ce y CpeAHlllTY OBor npoQeoa. C jeAHe cTpaHc
cy rryQaAe AOTaAanrJhe crere Koje je ,6J{l)KaJBa BeKOBHMa nOCTaIB-
MaAa l'paAOKOj npJI,BipeAH; C Apyre cTpaJJre, npeA <pe-
YAaAJHlOM a'PHCTO'Kpa'I1HjoM TeK ce Ol'BapaAa MorynJH'OCT 3a ycnocTaB-
lba,I-be oonC1BeH'Or nocnOAC!lBa HaA eKOHOI.\1:H\KOM PpaAoBa. TiaJKO je
y yp6aiHH30saHoj BH3aHTHjH XI BeK, MO)KA,a, Morao 03Ha'-lHTH llipe-
Kpenmuw y Pa3BWI1Ky rpa,A,OBa - CTnap3JfbeM YCAoBa 3a J-blHXO'BO
IIp,HIBpeAJHO 'OOalMOCT3ubIHIBWhe H nowj3JJheM TeMeiba cneIJ;JH<pH'-IHoj
IpaAOKOj IIpH!BpeAJH. AaAeK'OCe)KJHJa npoMeHa, MeDYTIlM, HiHje HacTY-
IlHiAa 3aT lllTO HiH'jeAa'H OA OBHX npeAycAO'Ba HHje mw oCTBapeH.
ilpeMJa TOMe, Jorn MIHOro npe BeMIJKe KipH3e y XIV Beroy, BH3aHTHj-
CWf J1pa,A, je 'H3J'YIro MOryOH'OCT Aa ce H3pa3H Kao eHTIHTeT IOHeH-
l'MI <PeVAaA<I-BOBalHOM a'l'papHIOM .A:PY1II1'BY y '-IHjHIM ce OIKBHpHiMa H-
AaJ3HO.
6
cTapHje AHTepaType); llIIaK, CAHKa nponaCTH HeMa CaMO I..\pHe TOHOBe, 0 qeM\,
BHA. 10. MaKCHMoBHl1, HaB. t.IAaHaK, 152 H Aatoe, a y OIflillTeM OnaAaH>Y Ap)KaBe,
yAora HeKHX npOBHHl..\HjCKHX rp<lAOBa 3aA06Hja H3p<l)KeHHju pei\aTHBaH 3Ha-
qaj: G. 1. Bratianu, Privilges et franchises municipales dans l'Empire by-
zantin, Paris--Bucarest 1936, 103, 106; D. Zakythinos, La ville byzal1line, Dis-
kussionsbeitr. zum. XI intern. Byzantinistenkongress, Mnchen 1958, 90 (=
Byzance. Etat-Socit-Economie, London 1973, VII). .
3 OBO rAeAHillTe 3aCHOBaMi cy E. Stein, Untersuchungen zur spiitbyzanti-
nis<:hen Verfassungs- und Wirtschaffo.sgeschichte, Mitt. zur Osm. Gesch. 2
(1923--25, repr. A. M. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1962) 2 li Aatoe; G. Ostrogorsky,
Die Perioden der byzantinischen Geschichte, Hist. Zeitschr., 163 (1941), 252
(= Ca6palia eAa, III, 27); HCTU, Le grand domaine dans l'Empire byzantin,
Rec. de la Soc. J. Bodin, 4 (1949), 35 H Aatoe (= Ca6paHa eJla, 'II, 175 CA.).
HajKpaliH OCBpT Ha rAaBHe acneKTe BH3aHrnjcKor <PeYAaAH3Ma (ca yny.
TaMa Ha OCHOBY .MiL): 1'0. MaKCHMOBHl, Charakter, 154 sq.; Tpe6a nOABynH Aa
cy KapaKTep AP)KaBe H npaBHor CHCTeMa yeAOBHAH enop pa3BHTaK epeYAL\HHX
HHCTHTYI..\Hja; ynop. K. B. X BOC'foaa, Oco6eHocTu azpapHo-npa808'blX OT/IOUle
HU 8 n03He BU3aHmu (XIV-XV 88.), MocKBa 1968, 254--262. _
Yrrop. TopoO u epe8HR 8 BU3awcuu 8 IX-XII 88., XIIe Congr. Int'.
des t. byz" Ochride 1961, Rapports l, Belgrade 1963, 35 CA.; 10. MaKCHMoBHl,
RU3al-tTujcKa npo8uHI,JujcKa ynpa8a y 06a llG.JleoJloza, EeorpaA 1972 (Aatoe:
Ynpa8a), 151-161; HeTH, Charakter, Ha BHille MeeTa; Kao H H3BaHpeAHo pa3-
MatpaH>e 3. BepHep, BU3aHTuCKUU zopo 8 ::moxy cjJeoaJlU3Ma: TUnOJlOlL/Jl,
u cne/.lucPUlca, BH3. BpeM., 37 (1976), 9 CA. OKOAHOCT Aa ey rpaAOBH, HapOt.IHTO
BeARKH, 6liAH 3Ha
L
lajHH rprOBal.JKH lIeHTpH rrpe Il rrOCAe IV KpcTaillKor paTa
Hlije CaMHM THM cBeAotIaHcTBo 0 npollBaTV BH3a:HTHjcKe TproBHHe AO 1204,
KaKO cMaTpa M. F. Hendy, Byzal'ltium, 1081-1204: An Economic Reappraisal,
Trans, of the Royat Hist. Soc., 5/20 (1970), 31-52.
KopeHH H rryTeBH HaCT<lHKa rpaA. naTpHUHjaTa y BH3aHTHjH 21
TIIIDoAomj,a rpaAQBa iKaoHOHH3aHTHjcKe erroxe npllAlIlmo ja-
CHO nOKa3yje OBY OKOAlHOCT. Jep ynpK!C GIrfbeHHUH Aa ux MO\AepHa
HaY'Kia pacmpcrm31a npeMa BUille HAH Malbe CAO)J{OOffi'v1 iKpwrep!H1jy-
MliiMa,G rpaAIlli ce Menyc06Ho pa3AHiKyjy npseHcC'"I'BelllO []() cTerreHY
YKloyqooOCTH y nOMoIl'pH.BpeA,'H'Y npoH3BoAlh'Y. HlIKJo A,alHOC wrje
MJOrynHio Aa ce nOY3AiliHO ryTBiPA;H, y CBaJKOM nojeAHIHOM CAYlIajy,
OAHOC H3Meny arpalme H HearpapHe, T3B. l'paA:CKe npOH3BOA;fbe, 1H3-
BecHO je Aa jenpHlBpeAa OrpOMlHe BehH'He rpaAoBa H'MaAa y llOTrry-
HOCl1.H rHAH npere)J{IHIH'M AeA10M arpapHo o6eAefl<je.
7
Osa "pypa.AH-
3aUH'ja" 'H'lije 'M<H'M<MllIAa IHIH Ha}Bel1e rpaAOBe, cHIM60Ae BM'3aJHrmtj-
CKe yp6aJHe URBHAH3aUfHje, Kao illTO cy OOA;H UapHT'paA H OOAY'H.
8
LIa:K H MemeMIBacnj<a Ha IIeAlon1()He3Y, 'Ko}a ce o6:H"'-DHo oMm'pa npo-
TOTH:I1OfM, ,aJAH H rOTono YCllMA>eHHM npHiMepoM BmaHiTltjOKoT T'pro-
BaGKOr rpaAa n03HiQlr A06a,9 OTeKAa je cAaBY GBOjlIfM BHjHlipOA,'HtH,M
6 Ynop. P. Tivcev, Sur les cits byzantines aux X/e-XII/e sicle!>, By-
zantinobulg, l, Sofia 1962, 149 sq.; V. Hrochova, Byzantskd nsta ve 13.-15.
stoleli, Praha 1967 (aJbe: Mesta), Il, 88; 'Icr-rop(C( -rou 'EI-).'l'wwiJ "EBvou
(Aa,be: IEE), IX, ATlrna 1979, 238, 240 H Aaibe; y H3BOpHMa ce jaBibajy pa3-
AHLrHTH TepMHHH ( x.xcr-rpov, rr6),L pene ,xaw, -r6rro ), aAH ce OHH Mory HaH3Me-
lIHlIHO TlpHAaBaTii jeAHoM liCTOM rpaAY 3aBHCHO OA KapaKTepa TeKCTa; ynop.
l'o. MaKCHMOBHn., Ynpa6a 30 CA., 152 CA.
7-1'< MHorH paAOBH ce 6aBe OBHM nHTalheM (rro"lIeB OA AaBHallllhe CHHTe3e
N. Turchi. La civill bizanllna, Torino 1915, 74), npH tIeMY Meny Haj3'Ha'IajHH-
.ie /.\OAa3e G. 1. Bratianu, Etudes byzantines d'histoire conomique e't sociale,
Paris 1938, 156; P. Charanis, Town and Country in the Byz. PosSessions of the
Balkan Peninsula During the Later Period of the Empire, in Aspects of the
Balkans, The Hague 1961 (= Collect. Studies, London 1973, V), 136 sq.: D.
Zakythinos, Despotat II, 78, 167, 245.; E. Kirsten, Die byzantinische Stadt
(Aa,be: Stadt), Berichte zum XI. Intern. Byz.-Kongreisls, Mnchen 1958, V/3, 39,
sq. 46; V. Hrochova, Mesta 70; ynop. Ii HOBHja Hcrpa)KHBalha HAl-! CHHTeTHtIKe
OCBpre: M. A. TIOMIKOBCKaR, MOHaCT'bLpClCUe 13/weHUit 6 epecca/WHUlce u e npu-
WPOHOM pauolie 6 XIV-XV 66., AHT. ApeBH. 11 opeA- BeKa, 3 (1965), 19 CA.;
/EE VIII. 338, 342; IX, 239 I5q.; l'o. MaKcHlvloBl-!n, Charakter 157, 178 sq. Ar-
papHo 06eAoKje BH33!HTHjCIx rpaAOBa je Aeo Ayror HCTOpHicKor pa3BI:ITKa
KOjH IIHie MHMOHwao HH 3anaAHY EBporrv; ynop R S. Lopez, The Crossroads,
within the Wall. The Hislorian and the City, New York 1963, 33; L.
Gracl u lstoriji. Zagreb 1968, 292; 6aAK3JHCKH rpaAoBH BH3aHTHjcKor KYATYP-
Hor Kpyra, TaKone cv MaXOM ca H3pa:lKeHOM arpapHOM rrp0I13BOAlhOM; C. AH-
weB, 5'bIl.zapCURT cpeH06elC06eH zpa (paibe: CpeH06elC06eH zpa), C<PHR
1970. 91, C. fil1pKOBHn., Illnm y XIV 13eKY, 7. (pYKonHc KOjH MH je aVTop ibY-
6a3Ho ycrym1o, 360r liera .113pa:lKaBaM cBoiv 3aXBaAHOCT).
9 0 3Ha'Iajy MOHeMBacHje BHA. E. Kirsten, Stadt 40; D. Zakythinos,
Despotat II, 255 sq.; 3a MI1UJibelha 0 KapaKrepv lheHHX TlpHBH,\enrja ynop. V.
Hrochova, Mesta, 66 sq.; ID. MaKcHMoBHn., Ynpa6a, 13; HcrH, Charakter, 177
sq.; JEE, IX, 238; 3a onMalhe MOHeMBacHjcKe <pAoTe BHA. D. Zakythinos,
De\5potat, 155, CaBpeMeHa TlffioAomja BH3aHTHjcKHx rpaAoBa HepeTKo one-
pHllle TepMHHoM lu.rr6p10V KOjHM ce 03HallaBa rpaA Ca YAorOM mroBa1.JKOr
'lBOpHlllTa: M. JI. CJ03l001l10B, POIl'b Wpo06-!:hlmopue6 6 UCTOPUU BU3aHTuu,
BH3. BpeM. 8 (1956) B. T. fOpr/HOB. ll03He6U3aHTUuclCu c/JeoaJlu-
3a,H, MocKBa 1962, 240-302: V. Hrochova Mesta, 88; IfE, l,X, 240 sq.; Meny-
THM, BeAHKO je mnaH>e KoiHM 6H ce rpaAOBHMa rr03He enoxe Morao TlpHAaTH
oBai enl1TeT, OCHM MO:lKAa IJ,apHrpaAY H COAYHV, H ca KOAHKO OCHOBa; y CBa-
1\OM CAV'la iv. aKO ce HJMe\)v AaTHX H HeKlL\1 APV-
1'I1M rpaAOBHMa MO)!<e 3ana311TH H3Benra (BHA- l'o. MaKcHMoBli,
22
!no MaKCHMOBHh
nOAlPyt1jeM ('Mfu\!Ba311ja), a lheJHH TprO'8l..\.H rrpOMeTo.'v1 rrpOH3BOA13. Kao
lll'I'O oy )KllTO, ytoe, ycOtoeHO Meco, KO)Ke, CTQ.K\3..
10
Y T.1iHIM OKOA-
IH:OOllHMa je 3lJH13.TCKa rrpOl13BOAfba HMaAa He CaL\10 Apyropa3peAa'H
3Ha'l{aj II-IeOO je 'H fllpeTprreAa OApeneHO Ha3aAOIB.Hbe y OAHOCY Ha
HpeMe IlIpe XI \1HT3Be, HeK3'A qYBJHe rrpOtr3BAIHe ppaHe lilll-
"t.fJ3A:e cy rOTOBO nOTrryHJO,lI OA eeJHa<jxJKm< opraJHH'3a1Ufjoa, HeKaA Ta-
'IW npeI..\H'3HO YCTpojeHlHx, OCTaAH oy OaJMO 'He3HaTH!H TparoBH,12
OTpallf<a, npBeHCTBeHlo 3aiIl'aAiHa po6a nperr.AaJBH'Aa je 3eMtoy,13 a He-
KaAaI.llif,a TeX'HH"t.fKa 11 H'aY'-f'Ha oynepH:opI-DOCT BOOaJHTHje 'HaA 3aJna-
A:OM HCTOITI1Aa ce 6ecrrOBpaTHo.
11
Pa3Y'Me ce, M3HycPaKTY'pHa npOH3'
Yllpaaa, 158); Olla ce He o6jaCl-HITH IIacTojal-beM BAa,\c OA lHX rpa-
AOBa HaYliHIi )KHBa TprOBaYKa KaKO cMaTpajy N. Oikonomids,
Hommes d'affaires grecs et latuns Con/pie (XIIIe-XVe sIcles), Paris-
-Montral 1979 (AaA:>e: Hommes d'affaires), 88; P. Schreiner,
Iltt -rt TCPOVOIH(X TIPO:;{Tlxt B' tdj'Io TIEI,'lTCO"'rI)Ot(XxW'I
1, ATHHa 1981-82, 165, BH3aHTHja IIaAeoAor Imje CDaKaKO HMaAa
MorynHocTH Aa BOAH CMHWA:>CHY rrOAHTHKY Ha TaKBH,\\ OCHOBaMa.
10 A. Laou-Thomadakis, The Byzantine Economy in the Mediterraneall
l'rade System (13th-15th Centuries), (Aatoe: Byzantine Economy) Dumb. Oaks
Pap., 34 (1980) 207; pa3YMe ce Aa cy TKaHlIHe Kao Y06li'IajCHH TprOBa'lKll ap
THKAH enoxe, TaKone I1pHCYTHe, aAH je H3BeCHO Aa HHCY rrpoH3BoneHe il caMoj
MOHeMBacHjH.
11 KOl\mjYTepcKa aHaAH3a yyeCTaAOCTH T3B. rpanaHcKHX 3aHHMalba (e3
'lHHOBHli'lKHX, ITAeMHnKHX H CBeWTeHH'lKllX AOCTojaHcTaBa), aKO ce H3Y3M.Y
HHTeAeKTvaAHa 3aHHMaFba (npo<pecopH, flHCUH, aCTpOHOMH, ,,'lTeUH" H APyrH),
nOCBeAO'lHAa je 3aHeMaptoHB 6poj 3aHaTCKllX cTpyKa: Abkrzungsverzeichnis
und Register zum Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, Wicn
1977,3. Berufe, S. 1-13; 0 OnaAalbY 3aHaTCKe npoH3BOAlbe BilA. H A. Laou-Tho-
madakis, Haa. ellO, 178; !no MaKcHMoBHn, Charakter, 159 sq.
0 OBOM yeCTO npeTpeaHoM mITaI1>Y !no MaKcIIMoBlfn, Charakter,
161 sq.; K. - P. Matschke, Die Schlucht hei Ankara und das Schicksal VOl1
Byzanz Schlacht), Weimar 1981, 144 sq. 156 sq., 236 (KOjH HacTojH Aa
pexa6HAHTyje Kopnopal..lHje n03HoBH3aHTHjcKor A06a). 0 rr03HBY HOTapa y
OBOM KOHTel<CTY BHA- H M. Angold, A Byzantine Govern111ent in Exile, Oxfo,.d
1974, 274; Tpea HanO,\leHYTH Aa ce HeKH TepMHHH KOjli ce OHYHO Be3yjy 3a
KoprropauHje 1l0jaBtoVijy li ca 3HayelbIHla Koja cY BeOMa 0,\ 3aHaTCKe
npoH3BOAlhe; VllOp. Canlacuzenus, IV 18: 'fIl. 119. 3 (ef3apx); P. Lemerle, Un
praktikon indit des archives de Karakula (janv. 1342) et la sitllation en
Macdoine orientale au moment de l'usllrpation de Cantacuzne, X(Xpto..
d 'A. K. 'Op),<XVOO", l, ATHHa 1965, 287 (OHWO:) BilA. Ii HanOMeHe C.
AHweBa, CpeHoaelCoaeH zpa 96.
13 Ynop. F. Thiret, Rges telS des dlibrations dll Snat de Venise co,,/-
cernant la Romanie (Aatoe: Rgestes), l, Paris 1958, No 222; F. Doiger, Reges-
ten der Kaiserurklmden des Ostromischen Reiches von 565-1453 (Aatoe:
Reges,ten), Mnchen 1965, V, No 3181b; noce6Ho BHA. E. Francs, Constanti-
nople byzantine aux XIV" et XVe sicles. Population - commerce - mti-
ers, Rv. des t. sud-ost ellrop., 7/2 (1969), 411; E. Ashtor, L'apoge dll com-
merce vnitien ail Levant (AaA:>c: Apoge), Firenze 1977, 319 sq.: !no MaKcH-
MOBH/., Charakter 169; Il Han, 44 OBor
14 BHA. noce6Ho petIHTe H3BopHe nOAaTKe: Cn. AaM6poc,
xo:l l1,OTCO'W'I)Ot(xxc( IV, ATH'Ha 1930, 44. 5-12; 124. 5-125. 2 (TaKone H liew.,
l'lI, 263. 2-264. 12); T. Thiriet, Rgestes 1, Nos. 222, 237; G. I. Bralianu, Actes
des notaires gnois de Pra et de Caffa de la fin du XIIIe s" Bucarest 1927,
KopeHH H rryTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. naTPHlU1jaTa y BH3aHTHjH 23
BOAlha 'HlHje ce MorAa nO}a!BHrn rnpH TaJK!BOM: CTaJlhY C11BaJpH.15 IIlTa-
BHUle, H3BeCTaJH Aeo, CBaJK,aJKiO IHe 6e3Ha'llaja:H, CHll1llifX
)KHBeO je H paAIH' Ha ceAY, KOHKypIDilynH PPaJA01WM 3alH'aTCTHy.16
YIKpan\lOpetIeHo, n03HOr Ao6a UdKia3yj'Y ce rrpBeHCTBe-
HO K!ao [JOMfTH"lIKIH, IBOjH'H 11 1K'YATypHH, AeAHMiI1"lI!HiO IH 'Kao l1proBa'4'Kilf
'lIHja OOHOBHa rIpOH3BOAH,Ia ,A;06apa Ae)I(M y OOA'aCTH IlJOA:>O-
npunpeAe.J7 HaYKa je OAl!BHO y'llHAa Aa CBe lKA:>yqHe Jll()3H'QIje y
"l'HlM l'pa,A;OBHlMa AP)J(IJ1 3eMh>'HillHa aJpHCl'OKipanija ( UVIXTO(, ocplaTOI,
:::uy:::vEt, 7tPOX.O'IT:::C;, aU'(l<'YJTIXO(). KiaJKO je 3a6eAe)KHJ() OHOBpeJM:e-
BH mrcau, pOAOHa'lleAHHK AHHaCTHje MHXaHAO VIII je HacTojao ,A;a
oja'll'a aJpHcToKpaTCKe nopoAHL\e AapiHB'alheM nAOAHe 3eMh>e, y l'pa-
,A;06HMa 'HAIH OKO lhHX, noroMre 3a 06paJAy.
18
To IHRje 6HiAa !HOM no-
jaBa, aAH lheH BPXYHaU H pa3HOAHKOCT 06AHKa Be3yjy ce ynpaBO 3a
OBO Bpe.\1e. fOC'ITOAC1'BO apHe1'OKparrHje !HM rpaAo,\1 HdK:a3yje ce !Ha
BH'llle Ha'41H1Ha, 1llT'0 je 6UAO O'MoryneHo J:WHiWM cPw3W'lJ:1KH'M npH'Cy-
C11BOM 'Y l'p3JAy. HalHlMe, npHJIIa,&JHlH'UiH apHCToKpaTo!<'HIX 'I1pOAl'lQa )J(H-
Be YHYTapr:P'aAOl\lHX 3HAmm H TaKO ,06pa:3yjy rp.aAOK'Y ,A;pYJ1YI1I3eHV
ei\,HTy.19 To je c jeMre cTpaIHe 6Ho proYATaT AYTO!1p:ajHol' pa3BHrrKa
lJ)HiBIIAlH3aWl'je 'lIHje OY OOHlOBiHe npeAiH'OO11H, 6e3 o6:mpa lHIa dMebH-
Ballie pa:3AlfYHTHX 06A1HlKa APY'illTBeHor ypeOOH>a, YBeK OCTaJjaAe Be-
3aHe 3a PpaJA. C Apyl'e CTpaJHe, <PeYAaAHa apIiCTOKpaTRjla en:oxe na-
AeOAor nonYlha:Ba ynpa'BHlII a:napaT ,A;p)J(aJBe II, QaJM,HIM "J1H1M, Y rpa-
AOBHlMa JKaJO BO'j:H:O-rrOAHTIlfqKiHiM He CaJM() Ml 6apaBH !Hero
ce H TIoj'aJBh>yje y 'YA'03H eAHre 'BAaCI1H.
20
IIcT'OBpeMeHo ce ID TOiI'
l.\ipYJll'I'BeHDr 'CAoja pel'pYTyje !lI KYATypHa eAIHTa.
21
OBa APYlllTBeHa
No 30; CantacuzenUJs, III, 80: II, 494. 5-,23; ynop. lb. MaKCHMOBlin, Charak
ter 160, Han. 53; C. AHUleB, CpeH06eK06eH zpa 70, 76; 3aHaToKa np<Yli3BOAlba
Hllje MorAa HanpeAoBaTH HH y nOBOh>HHM YCAOBHMa, jep HHje HAa npaneHa
AOBO!"HHM YAarafbeM KamITaAa, A. T. XYMaHliAHC, Ha6. eAo, 155.
15 Avry AHcKYCHjy, npBeHCTBeHO y cOBjeTcKoj BH3aHTOAornjH, 0 ITHTalbY
KOHa'lHO je 3aKh>yqHO H. II. MeABeAeB, np06Ae.Ma MaHyl/JaJcrY-
Pb! 6 Tpyax lCJlaCCUlC06 AUlpII:CU3Ma-AeHUHU3Ma U 60npoc 0 rail: Ha3b!6ae.M0i!
3U3aHTUUCKoU MaHyl/JalCType, B. H. AeHUH U np06AeMbl UCTOPUU, AemmrpaA
1970, 391--408, HapO'lHTO 391, 394 CA., 408, KOjH je onoBprao fbHXOBO nocTOjaH>e;
AO MCTHX pe3YATaTa 3a Tpane3VHT AOUlao je . II. K<aprroB, Oc06eHHoCTu pa36U-
TU$!, n03He6U3aHTUUcICOZO zopoa'3MnOpUSl, (Tpane3YH 8 Xlll-XV 68.), BH3.
'lepKH, MocKBa 1977, 106.
16 lb. MaKcHMoBlin, Charakter, 171 sq.
17 3a rrOA'HTIf'lKY <PYHKIUljy rpaAa Kao fbCroBO rAaBHO OeAe)Kje BHA, E.
Kirsten, Stadt 41.
f8 Pachymeres, II. 33: I. 164. 1-5; III, 9: 187. 6-16.
19 Vnop. D. Zakythinos. Crise 57; lb. MaKcHMoBHn. Ynpa6a, 160 CA.;
HCTH, Charakter 173 sq.
20 lb. MaKOHMOBHn, Ynpa6a 7 CA.: M. Angold, l-la6. eJlo, 267, 283; JEE
IX, 238. . ,
21 Vnop. 1. Sevcenko. Society and Intelectual Lite in the 14th Century,
X TVc COl1gr. intern. des t Bucarest 1971, Rapports,,'<l; 7-30; G. Ostro-
osky, Observations on the Aristocracy il1 Byzantiun (Aah>e: Aristocracy),
Dumb. Oaks Pap. 25 (1971) 29 Isq.; A. Laou. The Byzantine Aristocracy in the
Palaeologan Period: A Story of Arrested Development (Aah>e: Aristocracy),
Viator,4 (1973) 150,
24
!'o. MaKCHMOBHn
li rrOA'H'TJ1'l1Ka AOMHlHauuja He OH OIIAa rrOTITYHa Aa BH3afHT\lijcKa
apOC11OKpaTHja HHje YII1'P3JBO y rpa,A!OBHlMa paonOA'araAa li 3H'al.l'aJj-
HHlM el(l()(HOMOK.H'M MorynHOCTlI'Ma.
OcHlOBHua eKOHIoMOKe Motm apnCToK;paTOKor cAoja Ae)KH He-
CYlM'HillBO Y noceAOBaI-hY H YCAOBHOM, <peYAaAiHOM Ap)KaH:iY (npOlm-
jl(l) 3eMtoe !H3BaJH ppaABa. y rrHTa'I-hy cy KaKO BeAHKJH 'KOMIIA0KOH
IKlOjlH 'oy IMorA'H Aa 6YAY peAaTlIIH'I-lO YAatoeHlH, TaJKO JI iHlMaI-ha Y3 caMe
rpaAOKe 3J1!AIIlHe II y I-hHXOBOj HenOCpeA:Hoj 1KOAiH'HH, Koja cy ce
rrpaKTlNH' HaAa3HAa y rrpH'BpeAHOM oKAorry G1IM,or ppaAa.
22
Meoy-
THM, nocOOHO je Ba)KJHa OKOA'I-lOCT, H3Yl.I'llBaiHia TeK y HOBHje BpeMe,
Aa je apHCToKpaTHja n y OIGmpy rpaAOKHX 3HAHHa paCnOAaraAa
3Hal.lajlH'\1 'H'M()IBll1HlOM; lliHJBe, 6aurre, BOnI-haUH, K'Yne 3a H3AaBa'H.>e,
paAll1OHlJIue, rrpO'AaJBHHue, MAll1H'OBH, BAanfTe Pe3.1I'AeHl.\!Hje ca"'I'Hl-ba-
Bai\JH cy 60raTCTBO 4Hjy BeAW-flI1HY HH'je MoryltHo Ta4iHO OApeA'HTH,
aAH Koje je CBaJKaKO rrpeACTaBl'baAO BeAH'KIi Aeo YK'YtIl'HHX MaTepH-
jaAHlIX A:06<l!pa y rpaAy.2:1 Kac II Ha 3eMibmIIHiHJM rroceAlfMa apHCTO-
'K'PaTuje, ilIO'BAe ce 3atrra)Ka npHCYCTBO 33JBHCHHX !l7Y.6JII, mCpHJKa, KO-
ju 'Ce jl'Btoaj'Y l.l'aK H y peAO'BHIMa 3aJHaTAIlfja.
2t
Ha )K'aA'OCT, He-
IlOOpeAilfllI H3BDpHli rrOAaUH 0 OBaK'BH'M apHTO'K,paTCKiHIM noceA'H,Ma,
22 BpojHH rroAaUH V nOBe/baMa, rroce6Ho V rrpHBHAerHjaMa Koje cy AaTe
1I0jeAHHHM rpaAoBHMa H MHOrlL\1 MaHaCHlplL\1a, rroMHfbY lL\1afba HellOCpeAHo
Y3 rpaAcKe 3HAlIHe, TaRO Aa OBO CTafbC Y3HMaMO Kao omure n03HaTO (mI,i.l.. H
AHTepaTYPY y CAeAenoj HanOMeHH).
23 OCHM HeKHX cTapHjHx paAOBa y KojHMa je OBO nHTafbe Bl1llle HaCAY-
hCHO Hero HarAarneHO, BHA. HOBHja HCTpmKHBafba: M. A. ITOAflKOBCKaR, K BO-
npocy 0 xapaICTepe ZOPOClCoU u npuwpoClCoU co6T6eHHOCTU 6 n03Heu Bu-
3aHTUU, AHTH4. ApeBH. H cpeA. BeKa, 4 (1966), 77; HeTa, fopoC1we 6JweHWt
np06uHI1UaJlbHbLX MOHacTbLpeu 6 n03Heu BU3aHTuu, BH3. BpeM., 24 (1964), 207;
B. <t>epjaH"lHI, iloceu 6u3aHTujClcux np06uHI1ujcICux ,waHacTupa y zpaoau.w.a,
36. pM. Bll3. HHCT. 19 (1980), 232 CA.; !'o. MaKcHMoBHl, Clwrakter, 178 sq.;
rrpeMa K. - P. Matschke, lmd Reaktion in Byzam. i111 14. 111.
Kon/pel in der Brgerkriegsperiode von 1341 bis 1354 (Aatoe: FuR). Berlin
1971, 58, 74 H Aatoe, q,eYAai\UH cy BOAHAH (rrOtoo)npHBpeAY MHOrHX rpaAOBa.
24 Ynop. F. Doiger, Neues vom Berge Athos, St. biz. e neoell., 9 (1957),
84-88 (= rr",p"'O"n-op'""Ettal 1960,345-348); C. P. Kyrris, Gouverns et gouver-
nants Byzance pendant la rvolution des Zlotes, Gouverns et Gouver-
nants Ii, Bruxelles 1968, 306-308; K. P. Matschke, Ha6. ello, 39 CA., 76 CA.; 0
MaHaCTHpCKHM 3aHaTi\Hja,\1a-rrapHuaMa no )-paAOBHMa BI1A. r. OcrporopcKH,
A6e 6ellewICe 0 AywaHo6uM XPUC06VJba.lta caeTOZOpCICOM M.aHaCTUVV 116UPOHY,
360pHHK MaTHue CpncKe, 13/14 (1956). 79 (= Ca6paHa ella, IV, 223) 11 CepcICa
061laCT nocile AywaHo6e CMpTU, BeorpaA 1965, 57 (= Ca6paHa ella, IV, 502).
13poj napHKa Morao je HTH BeAHKH: Actes de Lavra 1
2
, No 33, 196-198;
Actes de Chilandar, No BI, 7-8; BHA. H V1. HU3HOB, 5"blllapClCU CTapUHU U3
MaICeOHUSt, Coq,llJ! 1970, 606; <t>paH"lec, I1c'te3Ho6aHue lCOpnOpal1Uu 6 Bu-
3aHTUU, BH3. BpeM., 30 (1969), 41; TO HnaK He '1[1a"lH Aa cy ce OAP)J(aAl1 6POjHlI
epracTepHjH y BAaCHHlliTBY 60raTHx npHBaTHHKa KaKBH cy nocTojaAH 6ap AO
xr BeKa; ynop. M. H. CI03K1MOB, ilpOU360CT6eHHbLe OTHoweHUSt 6 6u3aHTu-
CICO..!f zopoe-:;.It110pUU 6 nepuo lefle311Cal!JeO(/llllJAW, CBepAI\OIlCK 1953, 13;
3a napHKe y 6yrapcKHM rpa/\OBH,\la UllA, C. 1\lIweu, Cpe/-L06elcoueH zpa, 169.
25 KopeHH H nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. naTpHI.-lHjaTa y BH3aHTHjH
MaAa pe<H1'TH, He06H>q,HlO cy OCKYAHH.
25
Crora ce AaJHaUllba orunTa
CAHlKa 0 lhRMia yrAaJBHoM rpaAH Ha nocpeAHOM, H3BeAeHlOM 3aJKIoY-
4H1Ba1lbY 'Kloje IHIIaJK H'Ma 3aAOBOloaJBaj!ynH creneJH nOY3A;aJHOCTiH.
OrpOMIHa BenHiHa AocTynHHx IIQiAa'TaKa rOBopH, Hla.H'JVle, 10 Ma-
HaCTlrpoKl()j cHJMiOBHlHlH no rpa,6iOBl1iMa , llITO Ha rrpBH norAe HCTJItIe
'MaJHacrHlpe, npBeHCTiBeH'O OBeToropOKe, Kao Hajl!<:PVI1!HIH'je <peYAiaA:He
noceAlH%Ke Y'HYTap l'paACKHX 3HAHlHa.
26
To je, pa3}llMe ce, OHaj Aeo
BpxVillKe <peYAaAHe cTPVKl1ype BH3aoHTHje KjH 3a !Hamy TeMY <HeMa
OC06H1'Y iBaJKJHOCT, MIH tIHja OCBeAOtIeHa eKOHOIMOKa IMan y rpaAY
Yl'BpIJyje 6aJp ABe 4HH>eHHue Koje jecy B<l;>KHe. Ilpso, oa4YBaHH AO-
KYMeHTH n03HoBH3aHT'HjcKor Ao6a oAHOce ce npBCHCTBeHO Ha MaHil-
CTHpCKa A06pa, 6YAynH Aa cY Ma-filaCTHpCKH lIPXHBH jeAH'H1H Menl'
CAIHltIHHlM YCTaJHOBaiMa npe>KHlBeAH nponacT IJ,apcTBa. Ta AaJHallilba
Ca.3Hafba 4HHiH jeAiHOCTpalHlHlM H AeAIHlMlll'IHHM, aAH 11 oMan/n'aRa
npeTrrOOTaBKY A:a .f1'OAaUH 0 AaHtIlKM <peyAaAlHOM OAO-
jy rrpeACTaBloajy CaJMO 'CJ.i1nYlliaH OA:pa3 fberOBor C'I1B'aJPHOf 'lllAO-
)Kaja. Apyro, MaHaCTnpH CI', y BpeMe KOjHM ce 6aBHMO, CTHuaAH
Ao6pa, Hap04HTo OHa y rpaA;B:J11Ma, yrAalBHQM nprrtMajynH 3aJBellITil-
fba 'H naKAQHe, H TO ynpaJB'O 0A Aa'lflIKlWX <peYAaAHH'X 4HjC
cy eKOHMOKe 'MorynlHlOCTH HaAMaJlliHiB,Me MorynHOCTlH 'OCHlpOMallIe-
He AlP>K:aJBe.
27
M'OrAo 6H ce, A:aJKAe, rOBOpHl'H 0 CTaAHOM
rrpeA'H'BafbY HlM!OBHHe OA CBeTOBiHe apucToKlpaTHje %a MaJHaCTHpHlMa ,
a npe1'TJlOCTaJBH'l1H, nomTOEY 360r OOBePi0tIeOOT 60raTcTBa aJpHCTO-
2,; Ynop. Miklosich-Ml1er, Acta ei diplomata graeca (AaJhe: MM), V,
135-138, 138-145 (XI BeK); E. Frances. I-W6. e,1o 41 (XII BeK); MM, IV. 285-
-287 (1294); Actes de Kutlumus, No 8, 12-13 (1313); No 18, 86 (1323. HAH
1338); r. TeoxapHAHc, ,\lto:. to:.6+jxYj xc<i IJ.Lc< LX'f) (3uo:.VTLvf;, COAYH 1962, No l(p.
12), 27-37 (1324); No 2 (p. 22), 89-98 (1325); RegeJ. Vatop., St. - Petersburg
1898, No 4. 17, 18 (1329); Goudas, Vatop. EEBI 3 (l9261, No 15, 239 (1356);
Actes de Chilandar, No 84, Ha BHUle MecTa (1322); CoAoBjeB-MollIIlli, fp'1Ke
1l0ae,be, 6p. 18, 144 (1348), 6p. 24, 5---6 (1352) (= A. GuiIlou, Prodrome, No 44,
3--4); MM, III, 127 (1361) (= COAoBjeB-MollIH.H, 6p. 32, 25); Dem. Cydon.
Occis. Thessa10nicae monodia, PG 109, 645. D; BepoBaTHo TV crraAa H COAOB-
jeB-MOJ.llHH, 6p. 18, 142; BHA. H HenITO OCKYAHHje nOAaTKe HapaTHBHHx H3BO-
pa: Cantacuzenus, l,59: l, 305. 25-306. 2; III, 42: 'fI, 256. 11-24; III, 79:
II, 491. 17--492. 8; Gregoras, VIII, 12:[, 363. 20-364. 2; IX, 6: 1, 425. 11--426.
10: 3a KOMel-lTapHCal-be OBHX BeCT.H, peAeBaTHY HAH AOAaTHY AHTepaTypy ynop.
JIn. MaKCHMoBHI, Chara7<ter 178.
26 Ynop. JIn. MaKcHMoBHn, Chara7<ter, 178 .sq., r;.\e je HaBeAeHa H nOT-
pe6Ha AHTepaT','pa.
27 M. A. fIOIIRKOBCKaR, fOpocKue 6/weHtI5l. 207; K 6onpocy, 76-78;
/iCTa, MOl-wcTblpcKue 6/weHUR 6 cfJeCCaJlOHUKe U e npuWpOHOM. pail.oHe 6
XIV-XV 66., AHTHYH. ApeB. H cpeA. BeJ<a, 3 (1965). 22; E. <f>epjaHYHn, Ha6.
Oe/w, 219, 220, 224, 231, 231 Han. 138,233,236; BHA- H r. TeoxapHAHc, Ha6. OellO,
Nos 1, 2, 4, 5, Ha pa3HHM MeCTHMa: Actes de Chilandar, No 84. Ha Me-
cTHMa; Actes de Lavra, III; No 146, No 163; H apRcToKpaTHja je 6HAa noro-
beHa y BpeMe omUTer CMal-bHBalha eKOfIOMCKor nOTeHI.J.HjaAa, aAH je H AaJhe
pacnOAaraAa peAaTHBHO Ha jBelHM eKOHOMCKHM MorvlHocTHMa: E. Francs.
La fodalit hyzanfil1c et la conqute turque, Studia ct Acta Orientalia, 4
(1962), 84; A. Laou, Aristocracy,142.
------------------------- -
26
!'o. MaKCHMOBHn
KpaTOKor CTaAe)Ka 6a:p y XIV BeKY, Aa Taj npouec HHje A:OHeo 6HT-
Hl1jy rrpepaonoAeAy eKHOMCJ MJOhl1 y KOPI1CT UpK'Be. YO'CTaAoM,
HHje Herr03H1aTO KpeTaI-he y 06paTHoM oMepy - AOOOMHO je nOMe-
HYTH cneKTaJKYAaJpH'Y K'OH<pHcKaurH'j'y MaHacnLpcIX AooaJpa y KO-
pHCT Ap)l(aAaua rrpoHHja, Koja je crrpoBeAeHa WI1IpOKHM 3ar.mXOM
y BpeM'eHY 6peMeHH:I'OM onaOH'OCI1HIMa nOCAe cprroKoT rropa3a Ha
MapHUIH 1371. l'MlHe.
28
Ha O'OHO>SY 113AO)KeHOr MO)Ke ce 3aKA>YllHTH Aa BI13aH11HjC.Ka
apHCTO'KpaTHja enoxe ITaAeo-Aor, HaKO y OOHOBH rrpeAcTaJBA>a 3e-
MA>OrrOCeAiHiH'4'/ H 6HpOlKpaTc.I BAaAajyl.H CAOj y APYWTBY, 'Be-
AHJKH Aeo c'Soje ApyIllT'BeHe H eK)HOMOKe MonH 3aOHHBa 'Ha IJloceAO-
naI-hY 3HallajJHe HMOBIJ-I'He y rp<1,l.W. y cKAaAV ca BH'Ilie-MaI-he H3pa)Ke-
I-IH1'v1 arpa'PH.H:M o6eAe/lq,jeM rpaA<3, A06ap Aeo Te HIMBtHlHe ll'H'H1H 3eM-
A,a nOA pa3A'I-illHTHM nOA>OiI]pUBpeAHI1M KYATypaJMa. C Apyre cTpaHe,
OBe OHO WT.o apHCTaKpa'THja rrocAyje y HearpapHj 06Aa'CTH rpaA-
CKOT )IUllBOTa lf.HHH TI-ooe6HO 3aJHHMA>HBHlM lbeH O ~ H O C rrpeMa 3a1HaT-
cK'Oj rrpOJl3BOAI-bH, TprOl3lart.lI\(HlM H HOBllacpOKHIM rrOCA'OBHlMa, 'Kao H
npeMa OiHHM AP'YIlJT'BeHlH'M cAojeBHi\la 3a Koje 6H ce ,oryeKHIII.aA' Aa
cy rrpBeHcTBeHo a'Hlfa)l(OBacH'H y TOj eKOHOMe'Koj cepep'lI. Ba;K,HOCT
OBor oAiHoca CBaKaJKO je HarAallJe'aa YHI-heHlHUOM Aa cy npHBH'Ae-
mje Koje cy nojeAHHH rpaAOBIH Ao6HjaAH OA uapa AOAeA>HBaHe np-
neI-fCrneHO y HlHrepeoy3JpHcroKpa:n-rje.
29
Kp03 pa3HOpOAHe H3B'O'pe nOKaT.KaA ce npoBAaclle TIOAaUH KOjH
npHAHllHO jaciHo cBeAoqe, Beh_ OA Kpaja XII B6I<a, Aa av <l>eYAaAHa
HMV'HHTeTf-Ia np3JBa AOAeA>l-fBaJHa CT3JHOBHIHl-\HlMa rrojeAH'HHX rpaAo-
Ba.:I(I <PopMaAJHO, TaJKIBe ITOBAaJcTHue OA'HOCe ce Ha qHTaJB rpaA, litTO
ce 'H'apOY'HTO AeHO BHAH y llY.OOHHlM H nOTnyH'D callYB3JHIl1'M XpHCo.BY-
Io3JMa Kioj'Yn1\1a cy Ja'lliHHa, Kpoja, <Pa'HapiHOH y TecaAIHjn ,H MOHeM-
L;acHja Ao6JlAH WHpOKe eKOHOMCKe, na H nOAHTHYKe rrpHBHAenlje.:;1
CTnapao rr3JK, CB'H cAojeBH Cra'HOBI-rHWTBa II-nrcy MOTAH paBHonpan-
lIO Aa Y)KHBajy KOpHCTH OA Ta'K'BHX npHB'HAerHja Kao llJ-r;o cV: a) y
JalliH'HH (1319) - 06pa3iOBaH>e cYAcKor K'Aernja Ha yeAy ca Ke<l>a-
/\HjOM (rpaAC'KlfM y rrpaiBHilK'OM), :12 KOjH Y H ~ H e T3B. ch8pmOl XCZ),Ol,33
~ r. OCTporopCKH, l1C7opuja BU3wrruje, EeorpaA 1983'3, 502; 3a WHpy
611oAHorpaq)J-jjy 0 OBOM IUlT3l-bY BHA. J. W. Barker, Manuel li Palaelogus, N.
Brunswick-N. Jersey 1969, 17 Han. 41. 'fonwTe, V H3Y3CTHO TCWKHM '1aCOBHMa,
l.lapCKa BAaAa HHje npe3aAa Aa ocnopH HeKe epeYAaAHe npHBHAenrje; ynop.
K. P. Matschkc, Schlacht, 208 sq., 218 sq.
29 Ynop. !'o. MaKCliMoBHn, Yl1pa6a, 151-161; M. Angold, Ha6. Je/lo, 286
sq.
:JO l'o. MaJ<cHMOBl1n, Charakter, 175 sq., 3a CYUJTHI-IY OBI1X npaBa vnop. H
E. T. rOpHaHoB, q>eoamu,\t 253; !'o. MaKcIHloBHh, YI1pa6Cl 160; ynop. H E.
Kirsten, Stadt 37, 43.
31 KaKO OBe XPHcoBYJbe nOKpHBajy WHpOK BpcMellcKlf pacnOIi H Pa.3AH-
LlHTe BI-13a.HTRjcKe 06AacTH, TO jeHa OCHOBY lbRX MorynH.O H3BOAHTH 3aKA>Y'lKe
oowTHje BpeAHOCTli, WTO nOTBpnyje MRWJbel-be Koje je, H3peKao E. Kirsten,
Stadt 37, 41, A3 cy y 1-bJ.-l,\,a CaAP/K3Ha yo6HyajeH3 np3Ba BH3aHTHjcKIlx
rpaAOBa.
32 0 OBOj epYHKl\HjH onumpHO !'o. MaKC\L\10BM, Ynpa6a, 71-100.
J3 Ha napaAel\Y ca boni homincs H3 aDHCTOJ<DaTCKHX nopo/-\I-1l.\a BCHeL\H-
27 KopeHH H nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. ITaTpHUHjaTa y BHJaHTHjH
6ecu,apRHaKa TPrO'BliiHa "AO KOIfcTaH.l'H1HOnO:i\oa", ocAoO:Obefbe 'A Ka-
Ta'cTapoKe peBH.3Hje 'H rrope3a 3a iH\Mafba y O'KOA'H1HlH, Kao H JhHXOiBO
J:-:eOMeTmlO rroceAOBafbe (YKYITHO 24 ceMl YI BenHX noceAa) ;3l 6) y
(1333) - iHeO.\o!eTalH' nOAOB3fbe H1M3IJ-ba ca cetoaL\lHlMa, nope-
OI\JH HM'If'HlfTeT H OOM)60befbe A u3pHIf-Ia y oyceAH'lf'M ITlAP'YYjulMa;'r;
B) y <PaHapHoHY (1342) - 'cAo60befbc O'A nOpe3a, aAlH 'He H O'A l.\apl-1-
Ha, npH yeMY cy AYXOBHH H CBeT'BHH "apXOHTH" H'3ipH'YHTO nOMHYTH
KalO rAaBH'H KOpHCHHUH nOBAaCl'Hua;36 r) y MHeMB'aclHjH (1H31MCb'l,'
1284. H 1442) - o'CA06ooeIbe OA nopt:3a li pa3HHx uapHlHa.
37
Il'PH-
MeneHO je sen Aa H3IBeAeHe rrpHBHATlHje 'HHloy Y'ITopeAto'HBe ca
"npaAOKJHiM cAo6oAa'Ma", y EBpOITH, O/.l;HOOHO Aa OHe He
Ae<pHlH'Hury 'HH rpaAOKY Ca'M'OyrrpaBY HH l'P'llA 'K3IO TJJP3BH'H
To 3H1a'm Aa fbRXOBH KOpHOHIfUH 'He 'IHRe HHtKaK3IB nace6alH rpa-
baJHOKH CAJoj, OAiJ:-lOOH'O Aa 'HlHCY HH TprOBl..\1H ,HM 3<lHaTAHje, 'Hero Aa
je rrpHlBllAeroBalH npBeHlCT,BCH'O BOAenH CAOj rrOCTOjener APY'lllTBe-
'Hor OH'CTeMa. AJKO je OEa OKONHOCT i0BO,\,HO jaoHa K'OA nopeC:KHX
npHlBHAenuja H npUBHAerHja y rroceAoBafby 3eMtoe, OHAa oe rrOCTaB-
Ma TIHT3Ifbe 'KO je 'KOPlfCHH,K uapHlHCKHX nOBAaCTHl.\a YH'jace rAaBHa
BpeAlHOCT HlOK;3l3yje y l'prOBa"l'KH'M IfOCAOBHlMa. To HapOYHTO y CAY-
qajy MOHeMBacHje, rAe je oCAo6aoaJ-be OA uapHHa npeACTaB,\,aAO
331M3lli3lH Aeo OBHX rrO:BAacTWU3.
39
Ha 00fl10lBY OBera lllTO je 'Y OBOM paAY AocaA H3AO)IWHO, MorAO
GH ce rrpeTrroCTaBHTYI Aa je AOKaAHa apHCToKpaTHja, Kao rocnOAa-
penH CAOj, 6HAa y rrpH'BHAerOBaHHM TpaAOBHM3 3aH'HTepeCOB13Ha VI
3a uapHlOOKe JlI()BAaC11HUe. OBa fIIpel'nOCT3IBKa 6H ce MOIfAa rrpOlllH-
pH'l'H yaK H Ha MOHeMoB3CH'.'v C 063HpOM Ha roorrOACTBO TaMOlllJ-bRX
je yKaJaO je jOllI G. 1. Bratianu, Privilges et franchises municipales dans
l'Empire byzantin, Paris-Bucarest 1936, 110.
34 MM V 81-83
35 6p. 41, 71-92; AaTYM rrpeMa F. Do1ger, RegelSten,
IV, No 2803 (ynopeAH H HCTa, III, No 2058); 0 APYllITBeHoM cTaTYcy npHBH-
,\emCaHHX BHA_ !'o. MaKcHMoBHn, Charakter, 176, Han. 148.
36 MM, V, 260--61; Kao H y OCTaAHM HaBeAeHliM cAY'lajeBHMa, rrpHBHAC-
mje HHCY OrpaJ-IIH'leHe HCKJoyqHBO Ha apHCTOKpaTCKH CAOj, llITO ce A06po BH-
AH rro paJAHKOBalhV H1>lalha Kao H u1to,n-xcrs e.
37 MM, V, 155, 165-168 [P. Schreiner, Ein Prostagma Andronikos' lII.
fiir dIe Monembasioten in Pegai (1328) und das gefiilschte Chysobu/l Andro
nikos' II. fr die Monemb. im byz. Reich, Jahrb. der osterr. Byz., 27 (1978).
203-228, YTBPAHo je Aa je OBa rrOBeJoa <paACHqmKaT, aAH BPeAHOCT u,eHHX oc-
HOBHHX rrOAareKa HHje THMe HllIyeJAa: JEE, IX, 241; N. Oikonomids, Hommes
d'affaires. 88, Harr. 152], 170--173.
38 G. J. Bratianu, Hae. Ge/w, 103; !'o. MaKCHMoBHn, Charakter, 177 (rAe
cy H ynyTe Ha OCTaAV AHTepaT\'PV); J-\PYKYHja MHllIJoelh-a cy jow 6pojHHja. aAH
lIaBOAHM caMO OHO Koje ce YHHH HajrrOApoHHje aprYMeHTOBaHHM: E. Fran-
cs, La fodalit el les villes byzantines au XIlIe et au XIVe sicles (AaJoe:
Pod. et villes), BSI, 16( 1 (1955), 83, 89, 91.
39 OH'.JHO ce CMaTpa Aa cv TprOBaYKe npHBHi\emje MOHeMBacBje 1I3Y-
JeTaK (HcTopuft B1I3aHTuu, III, MocKBa 1967, 114) H cynpOTl-le <j)eYAaAHoM rro-
peTKV: P. Charanbs, Town and Country, 135; E. francs, HaB. Ge/lo, 91: V. Hro-
choya, Mstn, 60. (CAWlIIO 1\ 0 JalMlIHI - ]1. 40), YHeKO,\HKO Il D. Zakythinos,
Despotat, JI, 179; P. Schrciner, 165.
28
10. MaKCH.MOBHn
'r.pHjy :M3maTCJKHX HaA rpaAO'M, Kao H C 063Hp'JV1 Ha ollla-
Aa1lhe MOHeMBaorjoKe Tpf10BaQKe MonH y XV BeIKY, WTO 6H 611'11/)
TeillKO cnoj,HlBo ca eBeHTyaA'HH'M YCJ1'OlHOM rpanalHoKoT cr3Ae;K'3.
40
TIPI1iMaJMibHBOOT H3pe'YeHe npe'J1nOCTalBKe YITynyje 'Ha Aaiba Tpara'lha
3a eAeMeHT,l1iMa J-beHe l.J'Bplllne 3aOHOBlIHOC11lI .

>1< >1<
Berl je HCTaKHYTO Aa je 3aHaTCTBO, Kao npOH3BOAHa nOAAora
nB. rpaACKe npHBpeAe y A06a TIaAeoAora, nOKa3HB<aAO MIfOre 3HaKe
perpeoHje; CAHlfHO je 6HI\;0 H ca TprOBiHHOM. ApYKYHje CTaI-be C1'Ba-
pH TelllKO 6H 611AO OYe'KH'BaTH y 'BpeMeHlHlMa eK'HOMCKe II <pHH3'H-
cHjcKe KpH3e IKoja je fl1011pecaAa BH3aHTHjy y XIV BeKY. I1naK, HeKa
nHT3lha oCTajy C'ffiOpHa 3a HaJy'KiY: 1'0 cy npe OBera ilHTllH>e Y3poKa
H nHTllI-be '06H1M3 nporraAaffia TJlOMeHYTHx rrpHBpeA'HIHX J1pllHa.
OAaBHo ce YiBpe)K'HAO CXBaTaI-be Aa je KOHIKypeHil\H!ja 3anaAHIHX
OKOHJOMCKHX OHA'a, y npnoM peA:Y nOMopcKHX perry6-
AHKa Ml\eTaKa H neHBe, C I-bHXOBHM npHBHAerOBoaHHM nOAo;KajeM
Ha BH3aIHTI1IjOKOj TepHTOpHjH, npeACTlIB.'baAa OCH'BHH Y3POK 3a !Ha-
3aAOBoal-be 3l1HaTCTBa H TprOBHiH'e y BH'3a1HTI1j H H CTeneH Tor Ha3a-
A:OB3H:>a je pa3A'HYHTO ITp0IJ;eJ-bH>B<llH, Hajy:ewne CMa'J1pllH KaT3CT'pO-
lpaAHHM no pa3MepaMa, HapOYHTO npHAHKOM 3aKibYl.JHBalba 0 a!Hra-
JKOBaHOCTH H MorynJ-lOCTHMa BH3aHTHjCKHX TprOBau:a. I-bHXOBO npH-
CYCTBO y CnOibJ-loj TprOBHHH 3eMibe Ol\eJ-hHBaHO je Kao HHlllTaBHO, <1.
lbHxona aWDHiBHOCT CBOneHa Ha YCKe OKIBHpe AOKaAIH'Or ol106pa1.aja,
HAM Ha npenpoA:ajy CTpaHe p06e CTaHOBHHWTBY BeAHKHX yp6aHHx
CKOpaWJ-:bH nOKywajH pexa6HAHTaU:Hje BH3aHTHjCI
40 D. Zakythinos, HaB. Jello, 174; E. Francs, Ha6. Je,1Q, 90; E. Kirsten,
Stadl. 39; ID. MaKCHMOBI1fi, YnpaBa, 13; fieTH, Charakter, 166 H yrrop. 82, 178.
.JI KOMepKHoH, OCHOBHa IJ;apHHCKa TaKca, y XIV BeKY je 3a BIi3aHTHjcKe
TprOBue H3HOCHO 10 nOCTO OA BpeAHocTH p06e, a 3a cTpaHIJ;e 1-4 noCTo, HAM
HHje Hl-! rrocTOjao: H. Antoniadis-Bibicou, Recherches sur les Douanes By-
zance, Paris 1963, 97 sq.; J. Chrysostomides. 11 enetian Comme,-cial Priviliges
under the Palaeologi, St. Venez., 12 (1970), 267-356; M. Balard, La Romanie
gnoise (XIIe - debut du XVc sicle), 1 (Aa,l:>e: Romanie), Genova-Roma
1978,44 sq.; N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires. 43 sq. 0 3arraAf-ba'-lKoj eKcnAQ-
aTaIJ;HjH BH3aH1'Hje Kao Ba)J(HOM Y3POKY IbeHor Ha3aAOBaf-ba Vrrop. HapO'-lHTO D.
Zakythinos, Cri'Se, 146; Heropwl, BU3aHTLlu, III, MocKBa 1967, 109, 113; M. Ba-
Jard, llaB. eJlO, l, 54 sq.; n, 894; Matschke, Schlacl1t, 220; Ben KJpajeM XIII
BeKa y BI'13aH'mjH je, rrpeTrrOCTaBA>a ce, )KHBeAO 20.000 MAeLIaHa, a y caMoj
BeHeUHjJ-l. 64.000: D. J. Geanakoplos. Creek Schola/'s in Venice, Cambridge/
/Mass 1962, 14.
42 E. Francs, Constantinople, 409 sq.; M. M. IIlJuHKoB, KOHCTaHTUHOnollb
U 60Lel1Ual-iCKaJt TOpZOBIlJt B nep60u nOIlOBUHe XV B. no oaHH'bUt l'HUZU ct.teTOB
il,JlcaICOMO Eaooepa (Aaibe: KOHCTaHTUHonOIl'b), speM., 30 (1969), 48-62;
IICTH, Bel-Lel1UaHCKoe KyneLLeCTBO B nepBoU nOIlOBUHe XV 6. B ezo TOpZOBbL<
CHOUleHUJtX C BU3aHTueu (Aalne: BeHel1. lCynet.teCTBO) , Y'-I. 3an. MOCK. TOC. neA.
HHCT. HM. B. H. AeHl-Ilia, 237 (1965), 85-137; V. Hrochova, Ddlkovy obchod a je-
110 zprostredkovatel v pozdni Bizanci 13. - 15. stoletf. CAalne: Ddl1wvy ob-
KopeHli li nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpHl.\HjaTa y BH3aHTHjli 29
TprOBH'He IHHcy 6Hl1Hilije yrp03HAH B<l!K13a rAe!HUlTa, aAIH cy AO-
npHlH0AoH Aa y rrpBH 'OAaJH 6eyAe HCTall<:HYTo nHTal-he couujaAHO'f llO-
j\!O)Kaja 1-h0HHX IH'OCHAau;a,4J 0 'Y:eMY ne -Ieurro KaORHje 6HTH BHIllIe
pe'Y:lI.
1.J,H1HH ce !a ITOKp6HYTa TeMa 3aXTeBa CAO)IWHiHjill npJiCTyn. CAa-
60CT B'H3a.H'I'lfjcKe eKOIroMHiKe H3Ba'H arpapHe c<l?epe MopaAa je AO-
6pH1M AeAoM 6HTH rrpoY3poKoBaHa YHyl1paml-h\1 pa3A03'HIMa. Te-
)f('HlllTe yCTBapal-hy APYllIl1Beuor npoH3BoAa 6UAO je 1-1 npe H 1'0-
,KOM enoxe IIaAJeOi\.Or CJ-Ia>J<\HO CTatBloaIHO Y'npaoo 'Ha rroloornpHBpe-
AY. Yrr<aA!oI1JB() je Aa ce OBa oco6fma BH3a1HT!H:jCJ<.e 0\(101f1'OMThKe, HLKO
y OOHOBH liMa TpWj'HO 06eAe)f(je, H'3pa3HTIfje ocena 0A BpeMeifia KaJA
je <l?eYAaAJHa ,apHlCToKpaTHja 3aAo6MAa BOAetie MeCTtQ y .AlPyI1ITB6HO-
eKlOlHOIMoKoj CTpYiKrypn .3eMA>e, lllTO je IToj\JBa IKloja y errDXH IIaAeoAo-
l' lHeCY'MI-hll'OO A:0oe)f(e 'BpXYlHaQ pa3BHllK:a. To je BpeMe KI.A ce iKpo3
H3BOpe, HlCTHIHa )f(aAOOH'O peTKe, jeABa ocena nYACillpWbe npo'H3BOA-
lhe T3B. I1paAOKlOr l1lliIa. TaAa je apHCTOK:paTnja CBoj.l'JIM AyrnlM rD-
crrOACTBOM HiaA HajBenHM AeAOM BH3aHrnjcKe eKoHOMliKe, Ben YC-
neAa Aa AOITpHlHece nOTHCKlHlBalhY Te rrpon3.BAl-he, pa3rpaiH<a
I
BUlH cao-
jy BAaCT 'RaA 3aBHOHlIiM 331H<lTCTBOM 'H y llpa!y H Ha ceAY. Ynpaao
Ha T3JKBOj OOHO'BH noj\JB}flO ce :HIHT0pec 3a crrpery ca A.a1\H'H
1
HlMa.
CTpyu<TYJPa onOtoHe llprOBHiHe y enOJ IlaAeoAor - 06eAe)f(e-
Hia H3B030M xpaHe, Hapo'IIHl'O )f(llfTa, MeAa H 11 yo:rrlilTe ID:
tB030M CH'po131l!Ha, a YOO30M, nopeA BHJHa II Yloa, yrAau:mOlM rrpOH3-
BOA'a 'M3IHY<P\JKl'ype III 3aIHaTCTaa ca 3arraAa
44
- MOTAa je OAfoaapa-
chod), Sbornik historicky, 15 (1967), 159 sq.; K. - P. Matschke Zum Charakter
des byz. Schwarzmeerhandels im 13. bis, 15. Jahrhundert Zum Charak-
ter), Wi'3S. Zeitschr. d. Karl-Marx-Uni. Leipzig. Gesell. - und sprach. R., 19/3
(1970), 447---458; JEE, IX, 238; Meny EaAOepOBI1M KAHjeHTHMa 6HAO je 27 no-
CTO fpKa KOjH cy MY rrpoAaBaAH CBera 9,5 nocTO po6e (M. M. llIHTRK013,
KOHccaHTwiOl1oll, 53, Ta6. 1), a Y 13 cA['lajeBa H>eroBor YAaCKa Y KOMIlaHHje,
ca.\10 ABa nYTa ce nojaBibyjy fplUi Kao KOMrraH>OHH (Hcrn, BeHev,. lC)me't
ecT6
C:,
97, Tao. 4). KaKO je OAaBHO HCTalYo A. AHOMHAHC, T,x O(lnO( 'r'ije; obw\lOfLLX"r,e;
n. O(XiJ-'ijc; TOO Bua'l'rto\l, (QJbe: Alna) EmBEWp1)crLe; -r'ij KOLvwvlx'lje; xal 6Y)fLocrlae;
Olxo\lOfL' 6 (1937), 142 sq., 151, BH3aHTHHL\H cy TeIJ1KO MOr,\H f{qHM KOHKYPH-
caTH HTaAHjaHHMa ceM 3eMibRillHfiM 6oraTcTBoM.
43A. Luou - Thomadakis, Byz. Ecol1omy, 179, 182; Hcra, The Greek Mer-
chant of the Palaeologan Period: a Collective Portait (Aa!De: Greek Merchant)
IIpO(xTLx,x 'r'ije; 'xaWtae; 'ABrj\lw\I, 57 (1982), 113, 120, 150, paHe1.H C pa3AoroM
rrocTojatbe BIBaHTnjcKe TproBHHe y errOXH ITaAeoAor, HCTaKAa je tbeHY KOM-
llAeMeHTapHOCT Y OAHOCY Ha 3anaAHY TproBIIHY, na TlL\1e n lheH APyrOpa3pc-
A;aH 3HaqaJ; BHA- caAa K. P. Matschke, Ha6. ello, 448.
44 Yrrop. G. Luzzatto, Storia ecol1omica di Venezia del/' Xl al XVI seco-
10, Venezia, 1961, 175 sq.; V. Hrochova, Dlkovy obchod, 142-147, 149-151,155;
3. B. YAaAbL\OBU, BU3aHTU5l, u 3anaHa5l, 36pona (Tunollozu'teClCue /-w6/l'1oe-
Hl-/5l,), B'H3. OqepKH, MocKsa'1977, 33 CA.; M. Balard, Romanie, IL 755; A.l;a
ou
-
-Thomadakis, Byz. Ecol1omy, 179, 184 sq.; E. Zachariadou, Prix el marches des
crales en Romanie (1343-1405), Nuova Riv. Storica, 61 (1977). 291 sq.; /'o.
MaKcHMoBHn, Charakler, 168 sq.; P. Schiper, Die Produkteder byz. L.andwlrt-
schaft nach den Quellen des 13. -15. lh. (Aaibe: Produkte), Bulg. RIst. Rev.,
10 (1982), 91; roTOBO je HAeHTJNHO CTalhe y cyceAHoj EyrapCI{.oj: C. AHweB,
CpeHo6elCoaeH zpa, 100, 122. Ha )IAOCT, 3a ynoTrrYlhaBarbe fAeAlHllT3 He--
AocTajy H3BOpHH rrOAaL\H; yrrop. K. - P. Matschke, Hile. ello, 447; P.
Schreiner, fW6. ello, 90.
1'0. MaKCHMOBHn
30
TH jeAUH'O 3eMA>HlI.IiHoj apHCTOKJpaT.HjH. TIOA>OnpHiBpeAHH rrpOH3BD-
AH, rr01'pa)KIbY mrje MOI'aIO Aa 3aAOBOA>H YB03 H3 Up>HO'M:Op-
CKHX 06AaCTH, rrOrOTOBY 360r MHOrrOACKe YAOre DeHOBe y TaMO-
I.lHbHM HiM<l.t\H cy 'Haj60A>Y npoIJy Ha 3alIlaA'Y. KoA Aa-
THHa je A06ujaHa BIDila lIeHa, H TO y BpeAHHjeM HOBUY (buona mo-
neta d'om HTaNHjaiHoKHx rpaAoBa).45 HH'je y3aAYA rrO'Ie"PKOM XIV
BeKa 3a6eAe)KeHO 't''l (sc. TC),Ol'l't'OV) [1-:'I y:p :x YE(TCOV[O: 't'v 1)'
crU'/'Eyov.
46
HH3aHTHjcKe BAaCTH CV rroBpeMeH OMeTaAe Jl3B03 )KHTa
H
jep je OH yrAaBH\,Vl npeBa.3HA'a3HMlOrynHOC1'H 3a H3A:Bajalbe BH-
lI.IiKOBa H THoMe 6JlO jeAta:H OA Y3pOYHH'K:a nojaJBe rA3JAH, Koja je HlHa-
ye y 'H3'.BeOHiHIM TpeHYUHuVla rrpepaCTaAa y ropynH npOOAeM Beoox
rp<l,L\:oBa.
48
na 'HirraK, H3B'03 je J-teKOAJlIKO AelleHiHja TeK,ao Bllille.,Ma-
Ibt:: iKOHl'HiHyup,aHo, npH yeMY DY 3alIlaA)HIH rrapllHepH, urro je noce6Ho
3a'HHlMMMlB, rDpHNR'4IHIO yeCTO cT'fIlaAH y Herroope,AJHe KOHTaJKTe ca
3eMA>Hlll'HHJM MalPHallHlMa.
49
ORoH oy Y BJ13afITHjc.KOM Apyrnl'By OBa-
'K'a'KO YHIHIUAH Haj,Ba.)KHHjH H Haj3aHHTepecoBa<HI1'jtH CAOj Kynaua Ma-
HY<P3JKTypHe, oc06HTo AYKcY3He po6e ca 3anaAa, H 1'0 H3 HaJjMalhC
ARa pa3A'ora. C jeAHeCl'plJHe, Ta p06a je 6HAa 6oJoer KiBaMITeTa OA
DH3aHIMjOK.'HX rrpO.H3BOAa, a y HeK.M1M cAyyajeBHMa, 3601' cAa60crrH
B'Hl3aJHJ1HjcKior 3aJHaTCTBa, H jeAulHa Koj.ace y ooojoj BpCTH 'MorAa
A06H'T'H.
50
Ha 110j OOHOBH je A'Aa3HAO AO CT,BlJpalba no BH3aHTII'jy
no.ry6HHx 1"I:lJKa3a ueHa, jep je 3aUlAHa po6a 6uAa 3HaJ1HO oKryrrA>a
a pa3HHM BHAOBHMa npOAopa HTaAHjaHcKor HOBL(a BHA. D. Zakythinos,
Crise, 10-20; Th. Berte, L'iperpero bizantino dal 1261 al 1453, Riv. Ha-
liana di Numism., (N. S.), 1957, 3, 8; HCTH, Moneta veneziana e mOl1eta bizan-
1ina, Venezia e il Levanle fino al secolo XV, III, FiiI"enze 1973, 59 sq.; M. M.
IlIH1'HKOB, BeHel1. "yne
L
leC1-eO, 109; V. Hrochov, Mesta, 40; K. - P. Matschke,
Geldgeschiiffle, Handel und Gewerbe in spiilbyzanlinischen Rechenbchern
und in der spiitbyz. WirklichkeiI (AaA>e: Geldgeschiifte), Jb. fr Geschichte u.
Feudalismus,3 (1979), 181; M. Balard,Romanie, II, 656; ynop. HG. G. Plethonis
Oralio, l, PG 160, col. 837. AB.
40 Pachymeres, 1 23: l, 68. 16--17 (yrrop. H 68. 14-15).
47 MM, lII, 81; G. L. Tafel - G. M. Thomas, Urkundenzur iilleren Han-
dels- u. Slaatsgeschichie der Republik Venedig Hl, Wien 1858, 74, 179-180;
yrAaBHoM nOAa.3ehH OA OBHX TeKCTOBa, HaYKa je AOCKopa CHaJKHO HHCHCTH-
paAa Ha TelliKOnaMa Koje je H3a3HBaAa BH3aHTHjcKa cTpaHa; MeOYTHM, A.
Laou-Thomadakis. Byz. Economy, 218 sq. je nOKa3aAa Aa cy npeKHAH y TproBH-
BH KOjH cy HacTajaAH YCAeA OBllX TelliKona 6HAH MalbH Hero lllTO ce 06WIHo
cMaTpa. a YBHAY BH3aHTHjcKe BAaAe y Meoyc06He OAHoce haTHHa BHA, M. Ba-
lard, Gnes et l'Outre-mer, J. Les actes de Caffa du notaire Lamberto di Sam-
bucato (1289-1290), Paris-La Haye 1973, No 55.
48 a rAaAH je nHcaHO MHOro, a HajBenH Aeo oAroBapajyfie AHTepaType
li H3Bopa HaBeo je C. P. Kyrris, COI1tinuity and Differentiation Z the Rgime
established by AndronicUiS Hl after his Victory of 23124. 5. 1328, EEBL., 43
(1977-78), 326--328.
49 B. Kreki, Dubrovnik (Raguse) et le Levant (1280-1460), J961,
90, H onlllHpHHje Ay6poeHul<: u AeeaHT (1280-1460), EeorpaA 1'156, no-
Ka3<lO je Aa cy Ay5poBa4KH TproBtm y XIV BeKY H3BAaqJL\H no.'t>onpHnpeAHe
npoH3BoAe HerrOCpeAHo ca BeAHKHX HMalba H3 pa3HHx aAKaHCKliX 3eMaA>a.
50 BHA. HanOMeHY 14.
KopeHH H rryTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpHllujaTa y BH3aHTHjH 31
OA cH'PIffilHa.51 C fIIpyre crpafe, ca AOCTa H3SecHOCTH
N1')Ke ce nrpeTJlIOC'faJsHTiH Aa je aJpHcToJ<,panlja ,J<,0p.!1CTuAa i\,anllH-
OKY K!OHKY'peHrurjy 3a eK!OHOMCKO Il'01'H0KJHBaI-be OpeAJ-bHX rp3JACK'RX
cAojoo'a, OBor npaJBor nOAiHTHYIK!Or pHiBaAa y
TaJKO je OIIi\erf Y!H'Yl
1
paI'I-bHX H cnOMH\HX T1'pOY3PlKO-
BOO :H3palTO 3aocT.aJjaI-be 3aHaTOKe npOH'3BO,A,I-be H llprOBHlHe, lIITO
je y (JpajiJbeM IHM1MO KaTacrpo<>ai\!He rro BH3aJH-
THjy. q,H:J-belHHl.\a Aa IJ,apc11BO HHje CTY>IlIHAO 'Ha rryT 0aIB'peMeHJI1jer
npnBpeAiHOr rpaBl3iHTKa AOBie>Aa je y XIV 'seKY 'He CalMO AO npoAy6i\:>H-
IlaI-ba eKoaOMCKe KpH3e Hero H AO
CTpYKType, Y:HMe je rroce6Ho 6HO noroneH CpeAI-bH rpanaHCKH c\.oj
'S'I1'3aJH111lfjOKHX TeJKC1'OSa) .53 OH tHHje yoneo Aa p3!3BIHje oco-
GeH'Y <pH3HOHOMHjy, HIH:TI1 Aa ce HCK'a)Ke Kao rroce6Ha Maca. lbe-
ras AOO Y!HH'H'AH cy H 60rallnje
KOA KOjHX ce IMO)Ke 3a:na3HTH ilf3BeC'Ha cnoc6HocT 3a lfHBeCTlipaI-be.
55
AAJIi KaKO HHje 6HAO rrpaBe OOHOBe 3a p3BHja'I-be eKOHOMOKe 'K''H-
KypeHl'HCTH H opraJHJI'30Sa'HOr ApylIITse.Hor H nO'AHJ.1UYlKiOr p'HJS<lA-
CT<aa y npeM'a aJpHeTOiKJpaTHjli, TO je osaj Ci\'oj CEe Sll'llle
n011lfOKHiSaJH 'Ha 'MapI'li'HY )f'SOTa. Ben rOKOM Ilipse rrOi\!OBHlHe XIV
BeKa, y H:3Borp'JllMa ce, y OKAony yOYi\:>RSe nOA3Jp.!13aqH:je ApYlliTiBa,
113pa3 ose pene Il'ojaBlbyj-e, Aa 6H y AJpyroj nOAOB'H'HH CTO-
Aena CaOl3illM Ji1lII'Ye3ao.
56
HrrraK, ,,'CpeAI-bHX" HHje npo-
illAO 6e3 oTiITopa.
Kao lIITO je A06po n03H'aTO, rpanHoJ<,H pal' H3 qeTipAeCeTHx
rOAHHa XIV BeKa, rro BH3aHTl1jy YMHoroM <pa11aAaH, HMao je 11
oApeneH, MaA'a He YJBeK AaJKO aCneKT.
ii
.....:0.-- ...:...-
61 R. Romano, Le prix au Moyen Age dans le Proche Orient et dans
l'Occident chrtien, Annales ESC, 7-8 (1963), 699-702.
02 3. B. YAaAbI..\OBa, flpeaTeJ1bCKaSl. nOJ1UTtlKa cjJeoaJ1'bHoU :manl BU3aH-
mu 6 nepuo rypel4/wzo 3a60e6aHUSl., BH3. BpeM" 7 (1953), 98 CA.; 6. T. fop-
RHOB, BU3QHTUUCKUU zopo XIII-XV 66. BH3. BpeM" 13 (1958), 171 CA.; H. n.
COKOAOB, BeHeI4U51, U BU3a1iTUSl. npu nep8bt,t flaJ1eoJ1ozax (1263--1328), BH3.
BpeM., 12 (1957), 75; C. P. Kyrris, Gouvern.,s et Gouvemants, 312.
53 0 H3pa3Y lJ.crOL ynop. 6. T. fOpRHOB, epeoaJ1U3M, 349; 3a rrOAO)f(aj
OBor cAoja, cTapH(jy AJofTepary-py H H3BOpe BHA. l'o. MaKClL\10nHh, Charakter,
183. sq.
54 N, Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires, 116; 0 AaHAHocTH TprOBaqKOr
cAoja nHA- H C. i\nweB, CpeHo6eKo8eH zpa, 170;
55 Cantacuzenus, IV, 11: IiI, 71, 14-16, 19-20.
56 N. Oikonomids, Ha6. e/w, 119, a 3a 'lIHaB OBaj rrpoI..\ec l'o. MaKClf-
MOBHn, Charakter, 184; 3a APYK'IHjH rrpHCT\'n ynop. R, FO'Slsier, Le Moyen
Age. III, Paris 1983, 209 sq.
57 Aa.Hac ce BeoMa MHoro rrHwe 0 COI..\HjaAHOM BHAY OBor rpal5aHcKor
paTa, aAH 1'0 HHje oApeneHa H qBPCTO Ae<pHHHCaH<l KaTeropHja, jep ce AHHH-
je rrOAIlTH'IKHX H COIVIjaAHHX pa3rpaHHqeaa HHCY 06aBe3HO rrOKAanaAe; ynop.
C. P. Kyrris, Ha6. iJeJ1o, 305; 1. Sevcenko. Society and Intelectual Life, 85,
flan, 56; l'o. MaKCHMOBHn, ArleKcuje AnOKa8K u pYUlT8eHa KpeTalba y !4apu-
zpay, 36. paA, BH3. HHCT., 18 (1978), 165-188; M. A. nOARKOBCKaH, 06w,eeT8eH-
flO-nOJ1UTU'1eCKaSl. MbLCJ1b BU3al-tTuu(40-60-e n. XIV 8, (A3A:>e: MbtcJ1'b),
CBepAAoBcK 1981, 14.
10. MaKCHMOBHfl
32
AKO aKU0HaT onor COO;'lijaA'HOr cYK06a He l'pe6a CTaJBi\>aTll 6e3Y-
CAOBlIro Ha peAauwjy apH'croKparnja - "CpeAlhl1", a jOlll MaJ-he ra
ryMaJY:mlI IKao CVAap <peYAai\'HlIX li pa'H!OK<anlITaAHCPI:f4IX eAeMe-
HaTa A;PYWl'Ba;'8 wnaK je H'3BeCHO Aa je cynapHJI1Illl'BO apn:CTOKpaT-
CKe c-rpaJHlKe H HKI1X TprOBaYKO-'IlpeAY3ellHHl.I1lX Kpypona y OApe-
OOHl1!M <pa3aMa YBeAllK' AaJBaAO l'OH paT\'. Y 'OArOBaJpaj<yne OKBHpe
'Mory ce CBpCTal'H, Ha jeAHoj CT'PaJRlH, npereHAem H 3aTfflM o;ap Jo-
BaH KaHTaKY3HiH H MHOillmo yrAeAH'HX toYAil1 K'OIjn ay Kao lherOBe
rrpHCTaAHo;e CTpaAaAI1 y no6YlheHHM rpaAOBHMI3., a Ha Apyroj H 3H-
AOTCKa CTpaHI<.a y COAYHY H homo novus AAeKcHje AnoKaBK, nJPlJ3H
MHHHcTap o;'apHrpaACKor pereHCTBa, KOjH je y roAHHlaMa IlipeA pal',
MO)KAa, 6HO H HajyneyaTtoHBl1jH npHMep Y3AH3a.J-ha Kipo3 HOByapCKC
nOCAOBe 11 110KOpHlIlnaaa
i
lhe cAY)K6eHOr IroAO)Kaja.
59
HajpeY!l1T
1
ujiH
HAeONOillKH n nOAIIDHYKH Ht3pa3 ooor OA;Mepl3JBalha OHara npeAcTaB-
toa AAe!KORje MaJKpeMBOAI1T OBOjtHJM OIIHCOM AUja.nOl 60larux u cu-
pOMauLHux, oBojeBpOHHlM 06paY'yJHoM C BOAellHL'vl AeA,oM cpeA'lher
ApYIlll'BeHOr cAoja KOjU ce noyeo Y3AH3aTl1 '113HaA OBoje opeAHJHe.
60
fpanaHCKiH paT je 3aBlpllieH nOtIeTK'OM 1347. flloOOAOM KaHTaK>y3U-
HOBe CTpalHiKe. TUMe je OKOHtIaJ-I 11 nOKywaj 3Ha11J-1!Dr 6poja RH3aH-
THjOKHX rplAOBa Aa ce ocAo6oAe IlIp0BAacTI1 apl1OToKipaTJije. AMr
TprOBl\iH 11 HOByapH, TH Haj3HayajHiH'jll1 rrpMIlaA'HlHIJ;lH "opeAlbHX", 'RH-
58 0 APyropa3peAHoj YA03H "CpeAH>HX" Y rpa5aHCKOM paTY BM. 10.
MaKCHMOBHn, "SozaTamu" AIJelCcuja MaKpeM601lUTa, 36op. paA BID. HHCT., 20
(1981), 103; MHOro je rrncaHO 0 "CpeAH>ID.1a" Kao 0 paHOKanHTfu\HCTHqKOM eAe-
MCHTY APYlllTBa, Hapo'lHTO y conjeTcKoj HCTopHoraq>HjH, fulli cy CBaKaKO 6AH-
jKH HCTHHH OHH aYTopH KoJH rrpeAY3el'HHKe, MeH>a'le H TprOBlle H3 XIV BeKa
cMaTpajy HaCTaBibaqHMa CTapHX, OBellITaAHX BIDaHTHjcKHx TpaAHllHja, a He
neCHI111I1Ma HOBHX KaIIl1TfulliCTH'lKHX OAHoca. ITOpeA MHornx cTapHjl1x paA0Ba
.M. CjY3jYMOBa H HeKHX APymx aYTopa, y HOBl1je BpeMe ce OBHM nHTaH>CM 6a-
BHAa M. A. ITOAbflKOBCKaH, C6oeo6pa:3Ue pa36UTUJt zopocll:ozo COCJl08UJt 6
BU3al-iTUU, BorrpoCbI HCTOpHH, MaTepHaAbI H8Y'1HOtt KOHq,epeIUUUi, nOCBflll.\-
HOM 150--Aenuo co ARR p0)KAeHHR K. MapKca, Yq,a 1969, 239; HCTa, M'bLCJl'b,
JI, 13. OAaBHo je jOIli AHOMHAHC, Arno<, 150, CKpeHYO na)l(H>Y Ha CTapHHCKH
Ha'lHH nOCAOBal-ba BIDaHTHjCKHX MeH>a'la.
59 0 AnOKaBKoaoj Kapl1jepH ynop. R. Guilland tudes de civlisation et
de littrature byzantines 1: Alexios Apocauco;s, Rev. du Lyonnais, 1921,
523-541; G. Weiss, Johannes KantakuzellOs - Aristokrat, Staatsmann, Kai-
ser und Monch - in der GeJ.sellsclwf/sen/wicklung von Byzanz im 14. Jl1.,
Wiesbaden 1969. 25, 27. sq. 55; K. - P. Matschke, FuR. 134-143; 3a CAH'IHe no-
jaBe nl1A. K. - P. Matsche, Fur, 114 sq.; npoAop nojeAH'Halla Y 3aTBOpeHe KPY'
rOBe apHCToKpaTHje 6HO je peAaK H OCTBapHB8H je yrAaBHoM 3aCAyra.\1a y;
CAY)K6H; yrrop. G. Ostrogorsky, Aris,tocracy, 30; A. Laou, Aristocracy 139.
60 3a HCropHjCKH I<OHTeKCT MaKpeMBOAHTo.Bor cnHca H OlleHY nOAO)f(aja
J-berOBHX "ooraTallla" BHA. 10. MaKCHMOBHl:, ,,E02aramu" AAell:cuja MalcpeM-
60JlUra, Ha BHllle MecTa; CAH'IHO K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, lM. MaKpeM-
1l0AHT je H TBopall jeAHe Kpaoe rreCMe nOTHB Melba'la (&.pyp6xorroL) : ed. E.
m ~ r Manuelis Philae Carmina. l, Paris 1855, 457-458; OHH' CnaKaKO IIpH-
rraAajy ,,6oraTaIllHMa", a He HeKaKBOM CAOjy rrpaBHX 6aHKapa (KaKBH y TO
BpeMe HHCY nOCBeAO'lCHH). KaKO CMaTpa A. Laou-Thomadakis, Greek Mer-
chant, 111; 0 q,HH8HcHjcKHM MoryoHocTHMa BH3aHTHjcKHx MeJ-ba'la BHA. H 10.
MaKclulOBHfl, Charakter, 167, Han, 89.
33 KopeHH Il nYTeBil HaCTaHKa rpaA. naTplll-lHjaTa Il BlI3aHTHjH
Cy 6H:AH caCBHlM nCYTHcHYTH ca Cl.\eHe. llcTe r0A!1JHe KaA je paT npe-
CTao, KaJHTTa'K:Y3WH je Ha jeAJHoj orrllIToj oKyrrllITHlHiH 000 crrpe400
Aa YBeAe Blore rrope3e, npH 4eMY je OAAyqyjyne 6HAO rrpOT.Ifl3to0lhe
-;(7)v sv !-,-TIOPSUO!-,-bl'.lV 61 fO;AJHiHY AaHta Ka-
cHlIje, HaCl'O'jenn Aa npeKO lhHX O)f(Hd3H M13M1DujOKY TprO'B'WHY,
KaHTaK'Y3H'H je iH3a3'HaO paT C DOOOBOM. PaT ce 1352. 3aBpwllo no-
pa304V1, a BOjl1JM TOKOM H pe3YATa
r
roM 3Ha4iHO je rrrp.llBY KaTacTpo-
epy 3aCBe rrOCNOIBHe toyAe, KOjlH cY yqecl1BOHaA'H y aBM rroK'Ywajy
pereH0pai-lHje.6t To je y crnapH 6HO TrpeHyHuK 'KaA cy "cpeAlbH"
'H31'y6H'AH CBaKH 3Ha4aj. llcToBpeM0Ho, y MapTY 1354, Typl.\1H CTBa-
pajy rrpBH MOC'J106pa'H Ha eBp0l10KOM TAY, wm je ytHeAO HOB 3Ha-
4aJja'H eAeMeHaT Y AJpYWTBeHo-eKOHOMKe npHAHKe BiHBaJHTuje. I-hH-
XOBHlM HarrpeABalheM OTll0400 je npo'l.\ec nOCTerreHor, aAH CTaNHor
c,vlaI-bH'Ballha 3e'MtoHIlIHHX ll'OCeAa apHCTOiKrpa'THje. 63
IIOlliTO je 06e36eAHAa rpaAKe flpHBHAemje no OBOjOj MepH H
ocmapHAa K:OHTpoAy 'HaA 3Hal1HHiM AeAOM 3aHaTOKe npOH3BoAlbe,
BH33JHHi}OKa apHCl'OKpaTlt}a je 6H:Aa jeAJmIIH ApymTooHH CAioj IK:OjH
je 'Morao Aa lH!Ma KOpHC1'H: 'DA ITpOnaCllH l1pr.oBa4'K!Or IH IHOB4arpcKor
rrOAJy3ellHHllll1Da. MeoYToHIM, OA CpeAHiHe XIV BeKa, Taj CAOj ce MaI-be
i-Iero YrKa,AMO)Ke OMa1'paTH jeAHlHCTooHI1'M. P'a3AiHiKe y 6ora1'C'J1By H
yrAeAY, Koje oy Y lWMY VBeK rrocTOjaAe, IHarAaIIIeHe cy oKoAH{)Illlny
Aa oy MI-Iore apHC1'OKparoKe rropoAHl.\e TemKO cl1paAaAe Y rpaoaH-
OK!OM paTY, a Aa cy HeKe Ha TaAacy rr06eAH.J1'4KOr l1pHjY1Mepa KpajeM
paTa JOUI BHllle IIpH'Mep COAYHa, Y KaMe je rpaOaJHOKH
paT 'I1'MaO 'MO)KAa Hajowl1pHje 06AJHKe, noce6HO je yne4aTto.lfl3. IIo-
4eTKOM YCT3JHKa 1342, li3 rpaAa je 6HAO H3I1H3JHO OKO XH-
toaA'Y A'H:HaTa, OA KOj'HX ce 'MHOIlli HHCY HHJKaA Bpal1llAIH, a Y BeAHiKoj
ce4H: 1. IX 1345. HCTpe6toeHe cy 6pojHe apHcToKpaTcKe rropoAJHl.\e.
ti
;;
fla unaK, Y APyroj rrOAOBHHH cToAeha 6HAO je H TaKO 60raTHx co-
AYHOKHX iJ<:oj'l1 cy M'OrAH Aa H3Ap)Ka:Bajy t-lHTaBY HOj-
61 Cantacusenus, IV, 5: III. 34. 5-20; IV, 6: III, 40. 16--17; 40. 21-41.
10; 0 OBO:l.\ Aoraoajy H J-beroBHM npoTarOHHcTHMa BHA, noce6HO D. Zakythi-
nos, Crise, 84, 93 sq.; N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires" 64, 119; A. Laou-
-Thomadakis, Byz. Ecol1omy, 192; ID. MaKcHMoBHn, Charakter, 167 Han. 89, 183;
HCTI!, "DOlaraUlu", 107; TO cV x<XTcM:XT<Xl Koje K. -P. Matschke, Geldgeschafte,
185, c npaBoM nocMaTpa oABojeHo OA KpeAliTOpa ll3 apHcTOKpaTCJX KpyroDa.
62 Ynop. C. P. Kyrris, John Cal1tacuzenus, the Genoese, the Vel1etial1s
lJlld the Catalans (1348-1354), Byzantina, 4 (1972), 342; M. Balard, Romanie l,
78 sq.; H, Oikonomids, Ha(/. de/w, 119; A. Laou-Thomadakbs, Ha8. eJlo,
192-195.
6:1 BHA. HanOMeHV 84.
64 HeMa CYMJ-be Aa cy KOH<j:JHcKaI.\Hje HMOBHHe H <j:JH31I4Ke AHKBHAa1.Vije
!1aHeAe YAap <j:JeYAaAHoj K4\aCH, aAH je npeTepaHO penH Aa ce OHa HHje BlHlle
onopaBHAa OA Tora VAapa, KaKO cMaTpa A. n. Ka)/(AaH. AZpapHbLe orliOUieHUR
() BU3aHTUU XlIi-XiV 86., (AaA>e: Azpap OrHOUIeHUst), MocKBa 1952, 197; ono-
paBaK CBaKaKO IiHje HO AaK, jep je KaHTaKY3lIH HO npHHvoeH Aa V Ma.jy
1347. OApeAH Aa ce OA HMOBHHe H3rV/ueHe y paTY npeOaWJ-bIfM BAaCHHl.\lIMa
Bpanajy aMO HeKpeTHHHe (Cantacuzenus, IV, 1: III, 1-1. 5-10), WTO je 3Ha4H-
AO nOliaBh>albe CTaJ-ba Koje ce jaBHAo no 3aBplllCHOM paTV 1328, rOAIIHe (Canta-
cuzenus, II, 1: l, 312.
65 Cantacuzenus, III, 38: II, 234. 1-235, 10; III, 94: II, 581. 16-18,
34
/O. MaKCHMOBHn
CKy.66 OBaI<:Ba CaqY'BaiHa, lfi\J1 MO)KAa lf YBenaHa 60raTcTBa AOrrpH-
'H'eAa Cy Aa 0YAY 3aOKpY)KeHrH OOHlO:BHlf rrpeA'YCAB'H 3a KOHaqHO
rrpe11Bapa'J-be 3eiMMfIlll)He a]JlHCTOKpaTllje y rpaACKiH na1'pHllHjaT.
MHore 'OA AooaA OIl!HC.lfiBaHHX rroja'8a 03Ha,yaBaJjy rrOCTerreHO Ha-
cTaja'lhe rpaAOKor rraTplll(HjaTa, aAH je H3BeOHO Aa je CBe AO Apyre
TIOAOBlfHe XIV BeKa TellIKrO Aeq>l1'HHaTiH ffif3aJHTH:jOKlY apHcToKpa-
'Nfj'Y OBH'M na}MoM, a j'0111 Te)l<:e je Blf3aHTlijOKe rpa;APBe, oe3 063lf-
pa IHa lBHXOBe rrpWBlfAemje, OMaTpa1'H rr3TplfLCHjoKnM "perrYOAlIKa-
Ma" .67 KOAllKO rOA Aa je rrplfcycTBO apHCToKpaTHje CHa)KHO yTH-
l(aAO Ha <PH3H'OHOMlfjy rpaAOBa, I-heHiH OOH'OB!HiH eKOHOMOKH lfHTe-
peClf OlfAlf ay Be3aHlf 3a rroceAOB3I-he 3eMibeK:aja je rrpeACTaBibaAa
iHeyrropeAHBO BeliJH ;H3BOp OOTarJ1CTBa OA CBera IlITO je ocwpOMallIeiHlH
rpaJA, H caM YBeAH'KO aiI'papHa arAOMepaUlfja, Marao CTBOpH1:1H H3-
'BaH OKilllipa nOibOrrpH>BpeAHe npOH3BOAJ-be.
68
Crora je H TprOBIHiHa y
KOjOj cy yqeCTBOBaAlf cPeYAaAHH rrOCeAHHl(H OlfAa rrpBeHCTBeHO, Kao
IlITO je 'Ben 'HarrOMeHyT'O, TprOBHHa IllOiborrpllBpeA'HHJM npOH3BOAHIMa,
06HlJjHlO )J('HTOM. 3a 6aBibeI-he I-hOMe AOAei\:;H'Ba'He cy HAH KAeKTH!BHe
rrpHlBlfAernje rpaJAOIDfoMa y OOMliKY OCAOOanaI-ha A l(.apHIHIa, lfAM rro-
jeAHlHa'I'He rrpHIlliAernje, Hajqewhe y OOAlfKY npaJB'a !Ha HeO:MeTaH
rrpeB03 oorrC11BeHlfIM OpOAOBUM<l.69 Ho CBOjOj CYllIlliHrH, 'BarKBe no-
BAaCTHl(e rrpeAcTaBibajy AOIl'yJHCKlf Aeo cPeYAaNHiHx olffM'YHHTeTa KaK-
BHX je 6MAO AOCT,a y BH3aHTHjlH.
70
OA ,Ajpyre nONOBHHe XIV BeKa, MenYTHlM, Ca.3peAH cy YCAOBH
3a 'OA'BajaH>e 3ipHcT<XK!paTlfje OA HenOCpe,AiHOr aJHra)KOBaI-ha y rrOibO-
rrp.HJBpe,AiHoj npOH3BOAlBH, a CaMJI)M 1:1HiM li 3a J-beHO :H3pa3HTHje aH-
ti6 D. Cydonis Occis. Thessalonicae Monodia, PG 109, col. 645. D.
67 CXBaTaJba 0 OBOM IUlTalhY HHCY jeAHHCTBeHa; E. Francs, Fodalit et
villes, 86, HHje CMa'Tpao Aa rrocTojH HeKa pa3AHKa H3MeDY 3eNllblillIHe apHCT0-
KpaTHje H rp\ACKOr ITa'TpHI.\HjaTa, 'mje rrocTojaJbe eHep'rH'IHO 0APH'-!Y r. A.
Kyp6aT0B - B. H. PYTeH6ypr, 3U!lOTbL U 'lOMnU, BH3. BpeM., 30 (1969), 9, Il,
Han. 43, 19; orrpeaHHjH C. P. Kyrris, The political Organization of the Byz. Ur-
baH Classes between 1204 and 1341, Liber Memor. A. Era, Et. presentes la
Comm. Int. pour l'Hist. des Assembl., 26, Bruxelles 1963, 24, roBOpHO TOMe
Aa nobility rrOCTeneHO npepaCTa y town patriciate; BHA. H3rroMeHY 184.
88 Cantacuzenus, 1, 28: 1, 137. 2-3; II, 25: 1, 453. 22-24; III, 24: II, 148.
13-14; III, 30: II, 185. 3-9.
69 3a ;xoucrcrdlX 1\'l-o(W\l BllA. /O. MaKcHMoBHI,. Charakter, 173, Kao H ca
HernTo APyraqHjHM HaBODelheM H3Bopa V. Hrochov, Ddlkovy obchod, 133;
Yrrop.H Actes de Lavra, II, No 89, 192-98; Aeo epeYAaAHe Mace OAH'IeHY Ma-
HaCTHpHMa CTeRao je qaK rrpaBO Aa AP)J(H cajMoBe, V. Hrochov, Hae. C/lU,
132.
70 HajBa)f{HHje "I10CeHe pacnpane 0 BH3aHT.Hjcl<OM HMYI-IHTeTY: Il. A.
flKOBeHKO, K:l'UCTOPUU UMMYHUTeTa 8 BU3aHTUU, IOpbeB, 1908; K. H. YcneHcKHH,
31(lCYCCUSl.-UMMYHUUT 8 BU3aHTUC1W UMnepuu, BH3. BpeM., 23 (1917-22. ed.
1923), 74-117 (ynop. Hcrn, O'tepleu no UCTOpUU BU3aHTUu, 1, MocKBa 1917,
183-197); A. n. KCUKA3H, epOpMup08aHue rjJeoallbHow nO.weCTbSl. 8 BU3aHTUU
X 8eKa, BH3. BpeM., Il (1956), 98-122; Hcrn, 3lCloCYCCUSl. U 3KclCyccaTbL 8
TUU X-XlI 88., BH3. OLfepKH, MocKBa 1961, 186-216; E. T. rOpRHOB, n03l-te8u-
3aHTUUCloCU UMMYHUTeT, BH3. BpeM., 11 (1956), 177-199, 12 (1957), 97-116; r.
OcrporOpCKHl'1, K UCTOPUU 8 BU3aHTuu, Bm. BpeM., 13 (1958),
55-106 (= Ca6pWta oClla, l, 405-479); r. r. AlnaBpHH, EoiizapuSl. U BU3aHTUR 8
Xl-XlI 88., MocKBa 1960, 231 CA. .
KopeHH H rryTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpill.\HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH 35
raJKBaihe y IHlOiBqaJPOKHIM H OBaK,BH ITO-
CAOBH IHHoy OllAH CTpalHIH nojeMIIHHM npHna,6iHHIJ;lHIMa aJpHcToKcpaT-
OKor CTaA'e)f(a -il paHH'je, KpajeM XIII H XIV BeK:a, 331-
xBaloyj'ffi'H !HJMOIB'HII-IH KOjy cy noceA'B'1'AH y rpalAY. KAaCHq3IH je
Ben HOC-l'aO npl1lMep U;aJpCKOT A'BlpaHHHa rYAeAlHca TillpThHa Koj-il je
nOTK>paj XIII BeKa H3HajMIoHBao CBoje iHeKpeTi-IHHe y HllIIMcPejy H
CMHpHlH.
l
y CA'H't{]HHIM cwryaU;ilIjaMa, II<.aO He Ma'H>e n03HaU:l npH-
MepiH, MOry ce cpeCTH C nOqeT'I<.a XIV BeKa KocTa IIaJH1KaA H Teo-
Aopa y Cepy,'2 TeoAop Cap3lHAHiH y BepHjH,n l-herOB
pOnaJK AAeKOlI'je A;YKa Ca;paJHAHH y GOAYHy,74 BeAI1K'H cTpaToneAapx
AHoeo y HOAeHy.'5 y HaBeAeHI1JM cAyqajeBI1JMa j'e peq 0
331 Koje je BOOe.lhe nOOA'OBa y rpaAY OBarKaJKO
H'M<M'O ceK'JIHA:apa>H 3Haq:arj .76 AiMoHlBaAeH11HaCT OA:Hoca lffiIX:OBe re-
HepaIJ;Hje npeMa TprOBRHH MO)f(Aa je HajAenwe H3pa)f(eHa reCTaM
OHor "AHHaTa" iKOjH je OCAOOOAHO OBor pooa (1281), 3a:AOBO.!o3IH
I1aqHHlOM Ha KOjH je Taj p06 BOAHO 3al-hera TprlBaqrj(e ITOCAOBe.
77
TeK nOAa C-rOAena KacHIHlje, HAH H BlIwe, OOPHY ce peAocAeA
arpH'c11oKipaTOI<HX BIHTepeca H aHra)f(OBal-ha. npB TOM UHCY 'HWqe3AH
ex:enaj 331 3eMIoY H Te)Klha 331 l-heHIHM noceAoBal-heM. D,ap MaHojAo
II je jaoHo nOKa3HBao Aa je nOloonpHIBpeAa, a 'He 3aJHal'CTBO iHAlf
TpnOBHlHa, oonOBHa npeOiKynaW1ja l-heJ10Be 0KOHMOKe nOA:H11lfKe,
aA'H ce 331110 jeAaJH OA l-heroBHx HenOCpeAHHX npeTXO,dJH1HlKa, JOBaI!
V HAB JBaJH VII, Ha illBpOKOj ooaOBH Oa>BH H3B030M )f(HTa.'8 Oqe-
IlHAHO je Aa cy Ben OAaBHO OHAa 3aoopaBIoeHa OHa BpeMeHa apHCTO-
KpaTOKe 3'H'HIM03HOC1ili npeMa CT'Bapa.IhY HlMe11Ka TprOBHlHOM, KaA
je u;ap Teo<I>JIAO HapeAH Aa OPOA .lherOBe )KeHe 6YAe onaloeH, KaKO
ce He OB nOMHCAllAO Aa OH, u;ap, BO,diH nOCABe Kao OpOAOBAa'CHilliK,79
OBAe je 'Ben AOlHeKAe'JIKa3aHO Ha pa3Aore KOjlH cy YCAB-ilNH
OKpeTal-he nOCAOBHlMa Ha paq'JIH BOOel-ha 3eMIoH-
lUHHX noceAa. MOrynHOCTH 331 OHAe cy Y'oofiaiHe
nOTHlCI<HJBaI-h0M npoepecHHaAHIBX TproBaI..(a H iHOB"tlapa KojH CV !1p1i-
naAaAH OpeAI-hHlM ApYWTBeHHM cAojeBHMa, ai\:H cy rAaBHH nOACTH-
71 MM, IV, 285-87 (1294).
72 Actes de Kutlumus, No 8, 12-13 (1313); No 18, 86 (1323. l:lAH 1338).
73 r. TeoxapHAflc, HaB. e/lo, No 1 (p. U), 27-37 (1324); No 2 (p. 22),
89-98 (1325); ynop. H Regel, Vatop, No 4, 18 (1329); Goud3ls, Vatop, No 15, 239
(1356).
Actes de Chilandar, No 84, Ha BHUle MeCTa (1322).
H Regel, Vatop., No 4, 17 (1329).
76 3a KOMeHTape DHA. (HaBeAeHe 0Y caMO H0BHje CJ'YAwje) r. OCTpOi'OpCKH,
CepCKa o6/laCl' nOC/le AYUWHOBe CMPTU, EeorpaA 1965,56,(= Ca6paHa e/la, IV,
502); M. A. TIoMlKoBcKaH, Topo. B/lQeHUSi, 207; E. <f>epjaH'-lHn, HaB. e/lo, 232
fu. MaKcHMoBHn, Charakter, 178.
77 Ch. Verlinden, Trait des esclaves et traitant,s italiens Constanti-
nople (Xllc-XVcs.), Le Moyen Age, 69 (1963), 793.
78 Vrrap. A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz. Economy, 219; K. - P. Matscvke,
Sclzlacht, 224.
79 Ynop. A. Toynbee, Constantine Porphyrogenneto,s and his World, Lon-
don 1973, 39 sq.; A. Kazhdan - A. Cutler Continuity and Discontinuity in
Byz. History, Byz" 52 (1982), 443.
36
1'0. MaKCHlIiOBIln
QajH 'HrratK AOlliAH crroloa. rIpe Cllera, 1'prOBHHa )f('HTOM K'ja je, 'Kao
llITO je rrOK333iHO, lfMaAa H3Ba'RpeA3!H 3H'a'I3Jj 3a apIflcroK:paTHjy
KaJKO ''1 fbelHOM OBOjCTBY rrOCeAiHnK<3 3eMA>e TaJKO H y C!1BO'JCTBY Y'Ie-
CHlHJKa y 1H3003Y )f(HTapHQa, IfIIHje ce OABlfj3iAa Ha iHatJlHlH KOjH je rro-
rOA'Ba'O ja,qawy eKOH'aMCKOr nOAO)f(aja OB'r CTaAe)f(a.
Hanp011liiB, TeillKone cy BpeMeHO:M rrocTajaAe Bene OiA 'KOpHCTH, H
TO '\jlITpaIBO 3a BeAerroceAIHWJKHCi\oj. K!B3Ipel-be H'OBQa, 'Koje je y 00-
H'OBA>eHOj BH3a'HTHjH rrOCAe 1261. A!OCerA' AO TaA3 IWBI-dSeI-Ie pa3-
'Mepe,BO YCi\OBHAO je HarNO rrooKynloel-be )KHTa. TalKo 0'1 BH3alH1'Hj-
CKH BA'aA3JpH Ben y APyroj rrOAOBHHH XIII BeKa 6HAH rrpHHyneHH Aa
rroBpeMeHo 3a6pal-byjy l-berOB H3B03 y HacTojal-bY A3 3aycTa13e HiHr
ycrrope CKOK QeH'a rrORenal-beM lCAH'-IHHe )f(HTa Ha AOManeM 11p)f(U-
liITy.BI OB3JKlBe Mepe rrranaAe cy H ::HT3JAH'jarrroKe TproBQe .If BH33JH-
THjoKe 3eMi\ill'illHe MarHaTe, rra ce HMCY MorAe AY1'o 'Apmanr, Bepo-
Ba'l1Ho 360r CHa)f(iHHX '01'rropa. AAH l-bnxOB' YKHAalhe BHille m1je, y
XIV Be<Jy, AOHCHAO TpajHHjy KOpHCT rroceA'fIIHQ'HIMa 3eMloe Ha BH-
3a'H1'Hjorooj C1'p3JHIH...
Ben A'HA!pOHiHKa II (1282-1328), BeAIHlKH npo-
u3B'na'll1 H H3B03HHQ'H )f(IUa rrpBH rrYT ce cyopeny C KOfllKypelHL{H-
jOM )f(HTa Koje HTa'A'H'jaHil1 rro'YHl-bY AOB03HTH rrpeKo CBOjHx QPHO-
MOPOJ<lHX KOA'OHIlfja, He rrpecTajYllH Aa ce HHTepecyjy 3a BH3a'HTHj-
CK:Y npoH31B'AI-bY Qepe3iAHja. AYro je AHAPOHMlK()IBa BAaAa 3a6pa-
l-b'H'B3iAa YS03 QPIHOMopOKor )f(HTa CHIM '13 rroce6He A3BOAe H TaK-
ce, aA'H je 1324. KOHa"l'HO rronycTHAa y OBHIM HacTojaHMMa Aa 3a-
11111HTH A'Many 'Il'pOlf3BOAIby.
B2
HacTyrraAa cy BpeMeHa KaAa 'HIH caMa
BH3aHTH'ja HiH'je BH'ille MorAa 6C3 CTpa'HOr )f(HTa. KOHa'Ia'H ry6HTaK
3arraAHe MaAe A3Hje y AeQeHHjaMa XIV BeKa, 3HaT'H0 je
cY3HO BH3aJHTHjoKe npoH3B'lHe Mo1'yniHocTH. AAH CTaIbe ce y6p30
rroropllIaA' H y TllpoocTaAoM, eBporrKoM AeAY IJ;apCTBa. rpanaHoKH
paTOBH ABaAeceTHX H qeTpAeCeTHX rOAHHa, a TIpe IbHX H KaTaAaH-
CKO AiIflBA>aIbe OA Tpa'KiHje A/O TecaAHje, cprroKa ooBajaIba H3 Bpe-
MeHa Cre<}>arHa AYilla'Ra, TypcKa H A3iI1HHKa IyCapeIba no rrpH06aA-
HHM rroAPY4jHM3, Koja HHlcaA HlICY rrpecTaAa, a 3aTHM, y APyroj
rrOAOBIfiHH cT'Aena, 1'Y'pKa rrycTOilleJha lliHlpoKor 331Maxa, cY'KQe-
CMlBH IlIpaneHa oOBajalWM TpaKHje H MarKeAOHH'je, rrOCTerreHO cy
AO HecAyneHHX pa3Mepa pa3BHAH BH3a'HT'HjOKY 3arBHOHOCT O'A YB03a
80 Vnop.. A. Andrads, De la monnaie et de la puissance d'achat des
mtaux prcieux dans l'Empire byzantin, Byz., 1 (1924), 75-115; D. Zaky-
thinos, Crise, 5 sq.; 18, 23 sq., 92; BHA. HarroMeHV 45.
81 BHAH HanoMeHY 47.
82 G. M. Thomas Il R. Predelli, Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum l,
Venetiis, 1880, 125, 129, 141, 164, 200 sq. BeHeI.\Hja ce oKpeHVAa l1,pHOM MOPV
rrOCAe neHoBe, aMi je Il OHa TaMO BpAO npIlCYTHa Ben OA Kpaja XIII BeKa.
M. Nystazopoulou-Pelekidi, Venise et la Mer Noire du XIe au XV, s., 0lJClcwpt-
Cl(J.CXTCX, 7 (1970, repr, 'Venezia e il Levante fino al secolo XV, 1/2, Firenze
1973, 541-582), 22 sq.
37 KOpeHl-I H rryTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpl1J4HjaTa V BH3aHTHjH
CTpaH'r )K'HTa, a HenpeKHAa:H nopacT l-herOBe lJ,eHe yY:H!HH je OlBy
3aBHCHOCT 6peMeHoM H3'Y3el'He Te;KfHlHe.
83
OrIHcaJHe npHA!HIKeHecYMlbIH'BO 03Ha4aB3jy naA npO!H3BOA'l-he )lG{-
ra Koja ce HaAa3HAa rrOA IKOHTpOJ\:OM BeAH1K3lll a, jepcy I-blIXOiBli
noceAlI 4'H'HHA'H BeAWKH Aeo YKrym-IHX ncmplllHiHa :li Ae-
,\HAH CYAOI1'HY O'Be u,eAUHe. CTora onYCl'OllleHOCT H OMal-hHBal-he aJpH-
noceAa y APyroj nOAOBHHiH XIV BeKa, no OBOj nplI-
AHlJ,H, npeACTaBi\:>ajy 00H08HH p.3AOr 300r 'Kara je apllCTOKpaTIija
CEe MaI-be 6HAa y Mo,rynHocTH Aa CBOjy eKOHOMOKY MOn 3aCHII!Ba
npBeHCl'BeH 'Ha Ap;K3ffiy 3eMi\:>HillHHX noceAa
84
. 3aOCTaAa nOibOITpH-
BpeAHa TeXIHoAorHja HCTapHHCK:a opraHlI3alJ,Hja paAa caMO cy rro-
ropmalBaAe CT3Jfbe CTBapH.
85
<PlIA030<p feoprHlje feMHcT-IIAIliTOH HH-
je 6e3 pa3Aora oMarpao Aa je aplfCTOKpaTCKJH BeAenoceA 'KOtI'!IHu,a
3a eq>HIKaOHY 06paAY 3eMi\:>e.
86
AAH y l-heroBO BpeMe, y npBoj rrOA-
I3HHH XV BeKa, OOHM AOHeKAe Ha fIeAonOHe3Y r'Ae je OH cauVl: AeAo-
Bao, BHme 'I-mje 'HM 6HAO np3JB!HX 3eMibHlliHHX MaI1HaTa - npeoKpeT
y eKOHOIMOKoj opHjeHTau,Hj!H apHCToKpaTHje Ben je 6HO OCTBapeH.
81
'"
* *
KaA je pe4 0 nOCAOBl1'MaKojH cy MorA,H 6HTH BOOeH'H y nOCAeA-
fbHX CTO rOAlma )KHBOTa BH33JHTHje, HOOnXOAlHO je nOHOSO o6pa-
83 3a3HCHOCT BH3<lHTHje OA )/Ta Koje AOB03e I-haAHjaHH rrOCTerreHO
pane, a npBH rrYT ce jacHo MaHHepecTyje Ben 1343. rOAHHe (Gregoras, XIII,
12: II, 686, 17---687. 3); ynop. Ch. A. Maltezou, '0 6eclfJ.o 't'oi) 'J KW'J/1t6)."eL Be'Je-
T'Ji) B:X[AO\i 1268-1453), ATHHa 1970,229-231; E. Zachariadou, 'laB. e/w, 294 sq.
o pa3A03HMa AaA:oer nOCTq]aHor paCTa ueHe )ITa Ha 'lHTaBOM AeBaHTV (V
BH3aHTHjH noja'laHOr H 06e3BpeDHBaJbeM HOBua) BHA. E. Zachariadou, HaB.
e,w, 291, 294, 298, 306; rrOCAeAHue ce ocehady 'laK AO jaApaHcKHx AVKa: E.
Xpa6aK, H3a03 :IICUTapUl1a U3 ZP'1/CUX 061laCTU y XIII, XIV U XV cTollell.y.
liCT. qaCOnHC, 18 (1971), 220.
84 N. Oikonomids, Hae. e.flo, 122sq. H K. P. Matschke, Schlacht, 143,
113BaHpeAHO cy HarAaCHAH Te)KHHY YAapau;a Koje cV TypUH HaHOCHAH BH3aH-
THjCKOj apHcToKpaTHjH, cY)f(aBajvoH 06HM I-beHHX rroceAa; MebYTHM, KapaKTe-
pilCH1'lHO je Aa TepHTopHjaAHH ry5HUH V OBO Ao6a HHCY caMO pe3YATaT He-
IIpnjaTetbCKHX ocBajaI-ba; l'flOp. 10. MaKcHMoBHn, YnpaBa, 3, Harr. 12.
8a BH3aHTHjcKa rroJ'oorrpHBpeAHa TexHoAorHja je TparHqHO cTarHHpaAa
(3aocrao Ha'lHH vrrpe3aI-ba, Herr03HaBaI-be TelIIKor nAvra, H CA.): Lefebvre des
Noelles, L'attelage et le cheval de selle travers les ges, Paris 1931, 89 sq.;
A. G. Hal1ldricourt - B. Delamarre, L'homme et la charrue traven le Monde,
Paris 1955, 276--284; yrrop. 3a HCTY CHTyaUHjv y rpaAcKoj rrpOH3BOAI-bH C. AH-
illCB, zpa, 69; jeAl-lHY 3Ha'lajHHjy HOBHHY rrpeACTaBA:oa yrroTpe-
6a BOAeHHue, J. L. Teall, The Byz. Agricultural Tradition, Dumb. Oaks Pap.,
25 (1971),51 'sq. CTamauHja ce npeTBapa V \maAA:oHBO onaAaI-be npOH3BOAI-beQaK
11 V HajBa)f(HHjoj nOA:oOnpHBpe,lHoj rpaHH - BHHorpaAapCTBY; ynop. N. K.
Kondov, Produktionsorganisatorische Verschiebungen bei dem Weinbau in
der ersten Hlilfte des 14. Jh. im Gebiet des unteren Strymons, Et. Balk., 1973,
67-76; P. Schreiner, Produkte, 92.
86 Crr. AaM6poc, III'Ll.IXLoI.r\YEw )(C<L IIe).,,01t0'JII'ljClLIXXcl, III, 260. 1-261. 7; 3a
allaAH3y IlAHToHoBHx CXBaTaI-ba Koja CaAp)Ke 3aXTeB 3a COQHjaAHHM rrpOMeHa-
Ma ynop. F. Masai. Plthon et le platonisme de Mis/ra Paris 1959, 92 sq.
87 Yrrop. A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz. Economy, 205; K. - P. Matschke.
Sclilacht, 238,
38
10. MaKCH.MOBlln
11l1TH na)f(J-hY Ha Y1UbeH01UY Aa cY H>lIXOB OOlIM II KaJpaKTep yse-
j\llIKO alIAlI OApe5eHH eK''HOMCKOM npeBAalliny 33JnaAlHlIX CHAa 'Ha
BH3aoHTHjOKOM TAY, Y npBOM peAY HTaAHjaoHoKIfX perryoAH'Ka. llpe-
BAaJCT lhaAafjaHa, 113pa)f(jeHa H upe errOXe llaAOOAor 'Kip03 n03HaTe
uapHJHOKe UpH<BH'AeJ:1H'je, 3aAo6H'ja TaJKBe A'H1MeH3H'je Aa je OHAO KaK-
Ba 'KiOHTpOAa uaopHI'paAOKe BAaAe HaA H>HXOBH1M nOCNOBafWM nocra-
Aa epaKTl1"llKH 'HeMOI'yna. MlIxaHAo VIII llaAeOAor je 011'0 rrOOAeAfbH
uaop 'KO'jH je 'Y0rreBalo Aa OAp>KH H3BecHY paBiH'CYI'e)l('Y Y IIOA'HTHYK:OIM
Me5Y1J1rpocT.oP'Y, oTBopeHoM YCAeA cynapHHllil'Ba BeHeunje JI neHo-
Be.
88
A,AH Ben je 'OH, a 3aTHiM 'Y j'Olli nehoj 'MepH H>erOB HacAeAHHK
AHA:pOHiHK II, npeAao 3anaAlI-!'WM l'prOBUHIMa npaBOHa AiOB03 l'OAH'KO
Ba)f\jaOr l\IPHOMOpOKor >K:HTa 013 oyrapcKHX A'YKa y UapHrpaA.
89
Ta-
KO cy HTaA<lI'jalH'lI, 'KOjH cy jOlli OApa'H'Hje H\YlaAH l'Ol'OgO 3JrrCoAyraJH
MOHOITOA Y BH3a
I
HTHjcK!oj TprOBH.lHH ca 3anaAHOIM EBpOIllOM, CTel1<AI1
CBe ycAOBe 3a BeOMa H3pa>KeHY eKOHOMoK'Y K:aHTPOAY BH3aHrnjoKor
npOC'J10pa.
9
YrrpalBO KaA je 'B1I33JHTHjcKa apl1CToKparnja 'Il0yeAa 'IT()-
Ka.3.lf1Ba'I1H Bene 'H'HTepeCOBaH>e 3a BOneH>e rrOCAOBa, MO'rynlHocTH 3a
OCToB3JpHBaH>e OB3JKBe KOH.TpOAe Y"'BpllineHe cy yonOCTaiBibaH>e}.1
H>J:1aARjalH'CKe el<JOHOMOKe rrpeBAaCTH 'Ha YHT'aJROIM AeB3JHTY. O'Ha j
i13rpanH'BaIHa ynopeA'o ca onaAaH>eM rrpOH3BOAlH>e H Tpl'OlBH;He HC-
AiMOKHX 3eti'vlaiba Y rrOCAeAI-I>HlM AeueHoH'jalMa XIV H rrOyeTKOM XV
BeKa.
gl
PasYlMe ce Aa je noceoHo CHa)l(a'H rroAo>l<aj Y EjoKoM 'MOPY
HMaAa 3aX:Baibyjyl1H OBOM I<lOAOHlH'jaAlHoM U3JPC11BY, '113-
l'pa5eHoM jOlli nOCAe IV KpCTalliKor paTa, a rrorrryH'O aKTWEoHpaHOM
Y 'BpeMe 0 KOMe foaOpHlMO.
92
88 VIlOp. M. Balard, Romanie, 1, 14 sq.
89 A. Laou, The Provisioning of Con/pie during the Winter of 1306-
-/307, Byz., 37 (1967, ed. 1968), 92 sq.; C. J\J1WeB, CpelloaeIC06ell zpa, 133.
90 A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz.. ECOI10I11Y, 188 sq.; 198; 360r npeMonll lira
AHjaHa, nOHeKaA ce rOBOpH 0 KOAoHHjaAHoM rroAo)/(aiV BH3aHTHje; 33 TaKBa
MlllIIkelba BHA. 10. MaKCHMOBHn, Charakter, 171, Han. 112. 0 cTpaHoj eKOHOM-
cKOj KOHTpOAH MHOro je pacrrpaBk3HO (y OBOM paAy TaKone), rra yrrynyjeM
caMO Ha HOBe paAOBe olllIITlljer KapaKTepa: N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'af-
faires 44, /111. 38---42; IEE IX, 65, 229-237; 10. MaKCHMoBllll, Charakter, 170,
Han. 108.
91 0 rrOCTeneHOM H3rpanllBalbY MAeTaYKe YI lseHoBloaHcKe rrpeBAaCTll Ha
J\eBaHTY, Koja ce Hllje Hll HarAO Hll npaBoAHHHjCKll pa3BujaAa, BllA. HapOY11To:
G. Luzzatto, Ha6. ello, 135 sq.: E. Ashtor. The Venetian Supremacy in Levanti-
ne Trade: Monopoly ol Pre-Colonialism? Journ. of Europ. Econom, HLSt., 3
(1974), 7, 11, 23, 29 (= Studies on the Lev. in the Middle Ages. London
Variorum 1978, VI); Hcm, Apoge 308, 321; M. Balard, Romanie, 'fI 675-700.
TIoce6Ho 0 rrpeBa3ll TproBllHe y MAeTaYKoj IlplIBpeAH H 0 MaHy<paKTypnoj
I1pOH3BOAlbH y BeHeUHjH: G. Luzzatto, HaB. oello, 65-80; ynop. Il (noBe3aHo
C Bll3aHTHjoM) M. M. IIIIITHKOB, Bellel1. lCyne"leCT60, 91.
92 3a BeHelllijaHcKe KOAoHHje V Erejy BHA. V. Hrochova, Le commerce
vnitien et les changements dans l'importance des centres de commerce ell
Grce du l3e au ISe s. (Aaloe: Le commerce vnitien), St. Venez., 9 (1967),
3--34; eKOHOMCKa e<pHKacHocT BeHoBloaHa llnaK HlIje HAa Malba, llaKO HllCIi
CTBOpllAIl KOJ\OHHjaAHO 1I8pCT130 nonYT OCllcLllljC1llcKor; yrrop. M. Balard, Ro
manie, II, 889 sq.
39 KopeHH li nyTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpHl.\HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH
y rrolMeHryTHIM 'OKOAHOCTH'.Ma, 'BH3aHTHjoKa apHCTOKpaTllja 'MO-
l'Aa je CaJM'O Aa y6H'pe ropK:e TIAOAOse CBor HeKaAa1l..lH>er O,MI'OCa rrpe-
Ma HOOH'()L(iH1Ma 1'prOJ3!llIHe ry COITCTBeHoj 3eMIoH. Ha oKyqeHHM eKO-
HOO1CKHM OCH013aMa, oAlpeOeHIi'M cAa:6H'M pa30petFOr
3aHaTCTBa H YMaJ-beHOM rroloorrpHBpeAHoM rrpOH3BON-bOM, Kao H Ha
IiHepTHOCTH 3aCTapeAe ApYIl1TBeHe CTpVKTYpe, HHje ce Morao 0'le-
KoHlBaTH npOA'Op y Booel-bY nOCNOBa ca 3ana,JHOM, a :HajiJ.\1aJle
je cPeYAaAiHa apHCTOKpaTll'ja 6HAa iIl'3B3'Ha Aa Y'liH:HH TaKaJB IlIpO-
AOp. ll,eAHHY lheHHX MorynHoc1'H Aerro HAYC1'pyje HeocrropHa 'lH-
Aa je caM ll,31pHrpaA H3ry6H'O yrAeA cBeroKe
neHOBloaHOKa faAa1'a y CYOOAC1'BY rrpeY3eAa je Ao6plfu\1 AeAOM TY
YA'ory, rrpJ1IBAa"IenHBen
l
H:Hy C1'p'aIHlHX DMO je 1'0 AeMl-
MH14iH'O H pe3YATa1' CRaJKHOr H cnYTaBajyner npHCY'C1'Ba MAe'laJHa y
llJ-l3aHrnjcKoj KOjH r:y OA fpKa npeY3HM'3AH 'laK H 1'3KO
CH1'He rrOCA.oBe Kao Il11'O je B'ooeJ-be 3aHaTOKIHX pa'AHIH HA:H Kp'4:.MiH, M
rrpHTOM Y)f(,UBaAH ITOpeCKe 'Koje cy 6HAe He3a'MHCAHiBe
3a BH3aIHTHIjoKe rrOA31HH'Ke Ha 'MAeTa'l'KHM AeBa'HTOKllilM 'fIOceAlHMa.
94
C1'al-be je 6HA'0 TaJK'BO ,il:a je jeMlIH MAeTa1.J'K'H 'HOIM 'OpeAl-bHX MOIYh-
HOCTH, KaKiaB je 6HO 'lYBeHH naKOMO EaAoep, Morao Aa HiC1'yrra y
UapHrpaAY Kao rrpoAajynH MaHy<paKTYPHY po6y
II3 CBor pOAHor rpaAa - 3aHaTAHjaMa H CIITHHM npenpo-
'aAH He H 3HaTI-!'HjHM - 'H KiyrryjynH OllipOBIrne
113 BH3aH1'HjcKHX 3eMaloa H ca HCTOKa.
95
OH je TaKooe Morao AH Heo-
GH1.JiHOM 6P3UJ-!.'OM 3a TaAaIlJIl-be ITpIiA'H'Ke o6pne YAO)KeHlH Ka'I1lHTaA:
rOTOBO 8,5 rryTa 3a OKO 3,5 rOAHHe.
96
He 3HaMO Aa AH je EaAoepOB
npHMep 1'HITH1.JaH, rrOIl1TO HeMa OAroBapajynHx H3Bopa, aMI je 'BeOMt
peY:HT; IIlT3BHIl1e, y ITOHe'leiM CAH1.J-liH:X noja'B'a 'HMa H 'BaR ll,apHTpaJAa.
U3 Ao5po je n03HaT rroAaTaK BHn. rpHrope, '-I3>K H3 HelllTO pa.HHjer Bpe-
MeHa, Aa cy ll,apHHCKH rrpHxoAH y faAaTH H3HOCHAH OKO 200.000 rreprrepa ra-
L\l1 Wllie, a y UapHrpaAY caMO OKO 30.000 rreprrepa (Gregoras, XVII, 1: II 842.
2-4). Y BpeMe Koje Hac HHTepecyje AOAa3H H AO CKpeTaba Tparre3YHTCKe Tp-
roBHHe OA UaplirpaAa Ka faAaTH; ynop. C. Il. KaprrOB, Tpane3)lHc/we zeyne-
'leCTfJO 8 'tep1WMopCKO TOpZ081le KOHl1a XlII-nepBo noIlOBUH'bL XV BB.,
ByzantinobuIg., 7 (1981) 242; cTapH rryT CBHAe H 3a'-lHHoa cKpeHYo je KpajeM XIV
BeKa rrpeMa EpycH: H. Inalcik, Bursa and the Commerce on the Levant, Journ.
of the Soc. and Econom. Rist. of the Orient, 3 (1960), 131-147.
94 Yrrop. G. Luzzatto, HaB. ello, 179; YOI1lllTe 0 MAeTa'-lKllM paAHOHHlJ,aMa
H Ha BH3aHTHjcKOM Ti\V BHA. H G. M. Thomas - R. Pre:deIIi, Dipl.
1/eneto-Leva'1t., l, 125, 129, 153, 167; 3a HejeAHaKY rropecKY rrOAlITHKY ABejy
CTpaHa vrrop. K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 205 sq.; 226 sq.
95 a HaBeAeHHM rrHTabHMa EaAoepoBor rrOCAOBaH>a, rr03HaTor Ha OCHO-
UY H>eI'OBe KbHre pa<IYHa (Il libro dei conti di Giacomo Badoer, edd. U. DoJ.'lj
- Th. Bertel, Roma 1956),HHa'-le ieAHRCTBeHe V CBOjOj BPCTH, BHA. M. M.
JlIHTHKoB, BeHel1. Kyne'teCT80, 88, 93, 115, nI,; 127; HCTH, KOHcTaHTUHanOIl'b,
53 (H Ta5. 1); rroce5Ho je 3aHHMtoHBO 1'0 Aa EaAoep, BOAenH rrOCAOBe OCHTypa-
Iba 3a TprOBue KOjH ce oKyntoa.iv y UaPHrpaAY, HeMa CBOjHM KAHjeH-
THMa HHje/-\HOr BI13aHTHHua; ynop. M. M. lIIHTHKoB, KOALHep'teclcoe CTpaxO-
flaHue fi KOH/nolle U npuAtOoclCUX zopoax JfTallUu fi XV 6., AHTH'-IH. ApeBH.
If cpc/\. BeKa, 6 (1969). 91-103.
96 M, M. lIIHTHKoB, BeHel1. lCyne'teCTfiO. 106.
!'o. MaKClIMOBlIn
40
TprOnaYKe Be3e HeKHX 3HaQajHHx BH3aHTHjcKHX rpaAOBa C pa3AH-
'JH11llM QeHTpHIMa rro CpeA'3e
'
MloY OA,p/KaIBajy CTpa:HH TprOBQoH,97 a V
PVK3'Ma 'CTp3lHaQa, npBeHeT'BeHO H T'VPPKHX nOAaIHHKa,
lHaAa3e ce rOTOBO CBH 'H3BOpH HajaTp3lKTHBHHjux CH'pOBH'Ha - Ma-
Cn1'Ke, CTHnce Il ope6paYS KaA ce OBe 'OBO H'.\la y 'BHAY H'Hje "t.JyAHO-
BaT HH rrOAaT3iK Aa cy COAYI-ba'HH V CBOjCTBY TprOBalP. jow A;O nJ-
yeTKa XIV BeKa YHajMiDH'BaA'H MAeT3iY'Ke opoA'Be ca HerponoHTa
(Eyoeja), a Aa y ce Kaclmje Ha 3anOWA->aBaM1 HKA->y"t.JHBO
K3IO 'MOpHapH.
99
TIpaBor OArOBopa Ha 'H3a3DB 3an3Aa 'HHje AaKAe OH1\O. OAaBH
je Ben yo,qeao Aa MAepHoj HTaAHj3lHoKoj 1'prOBH'H'H, C lWHHM Anoj-
HUM 'K'fbH'rOBO,1JC11BOM, 'MeHHQaMa H KpeA;H'TIHH<M nOCAOBHMa, BH3aH-
UfHQiH HHCY OHAH y MorynHoc11H Aa ,KOI-I'KypHWY OBojom1 3aCTape-
A'H:M eKOIHOMCKlfM CXBaTaI-b'HiMa , T3l(0 Aa ce I-bHXOBa 3BlJHHqlHa pe-
aKQHja yrAa1BiH'M cacTojaAa y TIOnpeMeiliJ1M npOBaAalA1a oeca.
IOO
TIo-
jeAllHa"t.JHe pe3lKQlH'je A'OITH'PY AO 'Hac OOWl!H'O Kao naj,KaI-be 300r rro-
M!opaKe (H eKOH'MOKe) npeJMnH 3aJnaA'!-lJHX OHAa.
101
T'peoa HCTanH
Aa 'Ce O'BaKoBe /KaAolJlojxe oycpehY Beh KOA ayropa KOjH onHcyjy
'Kopaj XIII H rrpBY nOAOBH'HY XIV BeKa - TIaXI1Mepa, K3IHTa'KY3HHa,
fpHrope
loz
- 3aTHIM KOA na'fPiHja1pxa ATaHacHja I,J03 Aa OH C'AYH-
CKH MlH1'panOA'HT CH'MeOH y XV BeKY CYMOPHO 3lJKiDyqH 3a cBoje
canAeMeHlH'Ke:
.104 I<!oHT'HiHynpa'HOCT M3IK'\1BaI-ba C'onCTBeHe CYAOHHe
Y3aKyje 'Ha 1'0 Aa ce cTynaI-beM apHCToKpaTHje Ha 'CQeHY TprOnaY-
Kor H HOBqaHOr TIOCABaI-ba 'HHje OHT'H H3MeHHAa Y1\ora BH3aHTH-
HaQa y 11I11M nOCABHlMa. OBa OKOAHOCT, IMebYTlfM, MO/Ke YHeKOAI1'K
6H1'H 3a
'
MarA->0Ha nOAaQHfMa 0 a'KTUBHOCTH fp'Ka 'KOjH iHHCY OHAH
nOA3IHHQH IJ;apc1'Ba.
105
97 3a fAapeHUY li narpac BHA. B. Xpa6aK, I-WB. ello, 246; E. Sarandi-
-Mendelovici, 'H n,apvTa, i'>irnu/(a, 2 (1980-81), 61-71; aCTa, A
propos de lu. ville de Patras aux 13e-15e sicles, Rev. des Et. byz., 38 (1980),
219-232; 0 BJ-I3aHTl1jcKHM TprOBL\HMa y HCToBeTHoj YA03H rOBopH K. - P.
Matschke, Zwn Charakter, 447 sq., aAH npHMepll Koje HaBOAH He J-1cKa3vjy ce V
H3BopHMa Ha Ha'-lHH Ha KOjJ-l lIX OH CXBaTa,
98 Ynop. K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 202,
99 R, Prede!Ji, 1 libri commemoriali della Republica di 11enez.ia, Re
gesli, Ill, Venezia 1883, No 253, p. 290.
100 Ynop AHOMHNIe, A'TW 147 sq.: P. Schreiner, Buchhaltung (B.
B)'z., Reich), Lexikon des Millelalte11S, II, 1982, 833 sq.
101 Bp/\o CV peTKI1 peuenTH 3a npeBAaA3BaI-be OBaKBor CTal-ba. B. l'ope,
Han. 14.
Pachymeres, l, 419. 18-420, 3; Cantacuzenus, IV II: HI, 69, 2--4;
Gregoras, XXVIII, 29: III, 194. 16-19.
103 The Correspondence of Athanasius l, PatTiarch of Con/pIe, ed. A. M.
Maffry Talbot, Dumb. Oaks, 1975, No 93, 19-20.
104 D. Balfour, Politico-historical Works of Symeon, Arclzbislzop of
Thessalonica (1416/17-1429), Wien 1979, 85. 1-2,
105 IIoce5aH je ci\yYaj Tpane3VHTa Kao rp'-lKe AP)I(ane Koja DUAII
magnum commercium Ha U;pHOM MOPV li Bocq,opy, ycneLUHo cc OAyTIlIPvnl-l
HTaAHjaHcKoi KOHKYPCHUHjH; ynop C. TI, KapnoB, ,wa. eflo, 240-242, 245,
41 KopeHH H nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. naTpHl.lHjaTa y BIi3aHTHj11
HaKO 0YMlhe Aa je rrpH'cYCl'BO HTaAHjaHa noae-
3HaaAO ErejoKo H QpHO Mope C rrpHopoKHHM 3eMJ'oaiMa 'Y jeAHH-
CTaeH rrpuapeAHH rrpocTop, YHlheHH1.(a je Aa cy pa3HH AeAoaH Tor
npOCTopa, y OBOjOj ynyneHocTH je,1:HH Ha Apyre, HlMai\lH H Pa3AH-
YHTe YAore. fp"Y'KH rpaAoBH n'OAMAeTal.J1K'OM BAawny oBHCY OHAH
npOBH'H1.(Hja QapHrpaAa, Hero rrpOBlllH1.(Hja PenYOAHKe CB. MapKa
ca CBH'M rrpaBHHM, na H 1.(pKBeHOnpaB'HlfM 11'OCAe,1JH1.(aJMa Koje 'lIpo-
HCTHYY '113 oBor cTaTyca.
IOG
CTora 6H OBaIK'o npoy-yaBalhe ApywTBe-
HHX H eKOHOMCKJHX rrpHAHKa y BH3aHTHjH TpeoaAO Aa caMO rrocpeA-
HU IWPH'Cl'H H3BopHe rrOAaToKe '0 fp1.(HlMa ca HeBIBaH11HjoKHX 'noApy"Y-
ja, KOjH cy OHA11 nOAalHH1.(H HTaAHjalHKHX oHAa, Aa 6H ce o6jacHHAo
IIOCAOBalhe fpKa-HIBaHUl1Ha'1.(a.
IO
MHoro je cJ\'yyajeBa y KojHMa
rpY'KH TprOB1.(H Ha AeBaHTY He OAp)KaBa}y KOHTaKTe ca BH3aHTHj-
CKHM nOCeAH'Ma,loa KaJO WTO M'Ma 'H CAvyajeBa 'Y KojHMa HX 'Ap)fCa-
na'jy, aA'H IIoTnyoHo YCBOjCTBY CTpa'Ha1.(a.
I09
TaKone H I-bHXOB APY-
WTBeHH CTal'YC C no"Yel1Ka XV BeKa, pe1.(HMO y AaTHHoKoj fAa'peH1.(,H,
Kao Aa HeMa 'M'HOrO 3ajeA!HlU'l.J1KOr 'C BH3aiHl1HjcKHIM rrpHAHlKaJMa.
110
V
TOM APYlllTBY rrO'CTojH H TElHAeH1.(uja oABajalha DA J1PI.fKHX KDpeHa
jep ce Ae1.(a H3 'MelllOBHTHX, rrpHAHYHO 6POjHHX opaKaa ooaBe3HO
cMaTpajy AaTH'HIHMa.
lll
C Apyre CTpa-Ie , 'MenYI'HlM, rroKa3yjv ce H 3Ha1.(H ynaAJ'oHBe
CAH4'HOCTH y )KHIJ30TY fpKa ca HTaAHjaJHOICHX rroceAa H fpKa H3 BH-
3aJHToHje. CnojOlM ycrrellllHOM KOHK'YpeH1.(lfj'OM, HTaA'HljaJHH cy li jeA-
lOti Yrrop. V. Hrochov, Le commel'ee vnitien, 32; OA 1439. raj
CBeT je Aocneo nOA nancKY jYPHCAliKUHjy: M. H. THXOMUPOB, TlYTU U3 POCCUU
a BU3a1iHl'lO a XIV-XV 138., BH3. OqepKH, MocKBa 1961, 17.
107 0 HY)KHHM: pa3AHKaMa y OBOM norAeAY BIM.. V. Hrochov, Dei/kol'"
ub!l1Od, 136; A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz. Economy, 188, Han. 50a, 205, Han, 113;
. 113BODeThe rrOTnYHHx 3aKA>yqaKa OTe)l(aBa li OKOAHOCT Aa HajBenH Aeo peAe-
BaHTHor H3BopHor rrpBeHCTBeHO HOTapCKIIX J-\OKVMeHaTa H3 ap-
xlma BeHeUHje H DeHOBe, HHje jOlli VBeK H3AaT; Vrrop. A. Laou-Thomadakis,
Greek Merchant, 115.
108 M. Balard, Gnes et l'Oui re-mer J, Actes de Caffa du notaire Lam-
ber/o di Sa111buceto (1289-1290), Paris 1973, Nos 109, 239, 409, 853, Kao H Ta-
GeAY KOA E. KpeKHn, Dubrovnik (Raguse), 135-144; ynop. H E. Kpelmn, il
Note 011 /he Eco11omic Activilies of Some Greeks i/1 the Latin Levant tolV-
ards the End of the 14th Cel1tury, St. VeIllez., 9 (1967), 189 H AaA.,e (sel' Johan-
nes Crimodissi de Corono).
109 M. M. IIIHTHKOB, BeHel1. rcyne'tecT80- 130; E. Xpa6aK, HaB. eJlo, 224;
K. - P. Matschke, Zum Charakter, 449 sq.
110 XPOliliI<a TOK rOBopH 0 BeAHKHM, 60raTHM H '-IaCliHM TprOBUHMa
CBaKaKO npBeHcTBeHo AaTHHCKHM, aAH 11 rpqKHM, Kao 0
CAOjy Kojn ce pa3AHKvje OA apHcToKpaTHje llITO je 3a BH3aHTHjy
CBaKaKO Ben Hey06HqajeHa CA.HKa, Cronaca dei Tocco di Cefalonia di Anonimo,
ed. G. Schir, Roma 1975, VV. 648-650; ynop. H couHjaAHY TepMHHOA.Omjy 1I3
GaCHe 0 "IeTBopOHOWUHMa Koja BHwe YKa3yje Ha AaTHHCKY fpqKY Hero Ha
caMV BlaHTlfiv: H3A. B. C. IIIaHApOBCKaH, BUJaHTUii.GIcaR 6acHR "PaclCa3 0
'teT80voHOZllX", BIB. npeM., 9 (1956), 226, 251-252; 231, 491-492, 494-502; 239,
878-879.
1/1 Vnop. M. Balard, R0111anie. I, 320 sq.
42
ID. MaKCHMOBl1n
HHlMa H ApyrHMa OCTaBibaAH yrAaBHoo1 MorynHocT 3a 6aBibel-he CI1T-
HHM, AOIAHHM TprOBaYKHM nOCAOBHMa, 3a Ap)J<al-he 33HaTCKHX paA-
}bH u npO'AaBHlJ1u,a, 3a 6aJBibel-he MOpH3JpCKHlM fl'03H"BOM, A03BOiba'Ba-
jynl1 YJreKOAII1KO, OA Apyre nOA'iBI1'He XIV BeKa, 11 IlopacT OBI1X no-
CAOBa.! 12 TIpHMep neHOB/oaHrOKor X'l1'oca nOKaBYje Aa je fpUI1Ma
nOA AaTl1'HOKOM BAauIti:y 611A'O WHp'OKO np'erryUlTeHO 6aJBibel-be no-
iborrpHBpeAoM, npl1 YeM'Y HiI1'je Al1paJHO y npaBa AyxOBHe 11 CBeTOBHe
apHCToKpaTlije, TaJKO Aa APyw"PBeHa Cl'pYI<Typa
WTBa ca OC1pBa YBeAHKO nOAcena HIa BI13aHTlijcKy.l.13 HeKe OA Ta-
"IOWI-hHX aplicToKpaTcKHx nOpOAliLJ;:a, Kao CKHAl1ue 11 KopeoH, ca'IY-
BaAe cy cBOj cTaTYc AO y XVI BeK.
1lJ
fAaIH-IlfHa 'I13'B03a H3 rp1.fKHX
3eMaiba rrOA AaTH'HHiMa - OHpOBH-He 11 nOibonpiHBpeAH:H npoH3BoAH
- TaJKone oAroBapa CIipY'KTyrp:li BU3a'Hl'ujoKor H3B03a.
11
:; Haj3aA,
AaTHlH0KO rOCIITOACTBO H'Hje 1I10rAO Aa CnpeLJ.H OnaAlIJ-be HeKliX rpa-
AOBa, Ha npu;wep KOpI1HTa, Kao WTO HH uapHrpaAOKa BAaAa, caMO
y WHpHM pa3MepaL\1a, HHje ycneBaAa Aa 3a'YCl'aJBli CMorY,He npouece.116
MorAO 611 ce AaKAe penH Aa cy BH3aHTHHUl1 11 fPUH nOA AaTHH-
CKOM BAawny HMaAH y 113BecHoj Mepli C:\HYHY cYA6HHY, a nCToBpe
MeHO li I1JpHrraAaAH pa3AHYlHTHM cBeToBHMa, HapOYHTO y nOAHTHY-
KOM norAeAY. TIpBa OKOAHOCT npHnOMa)Ke pa3YMeBal-hY nOAo)J<aja
IWjH y Bli3aHl'HjH nOTKpaj I-beHe HCTopHje HMajy BOAdil1 Apywme-
HH cAojeBli, a OBaKaKO 111 pa3YMeBal-hY rrOAO/Kaja KOjli y oomHCKOM
cBeTY 3aY3HMajy rrOCAOBHH J'0YAU rpYKOr nopeKAa. Ap'yrn OKOAHOCT
YK'a3yje Ha n01'pe6y ,l\a npOMeHe y /KHBOTY BH3aHTHjcKe apHCTOKpa-
THje 6YAY HnaK TpeTl1paHe Kao nojaBe sui generis. I1MajynH 06a MO-
MeHTa y BIl'AY, HeH36e/K!HO AOAa3H'MO AO 3aK/bYY'Ka Aa je nHTal-he
Tpa'Hc<po'P'Mauwje ViHYTap apHC'I'OKpaTOI<or AiPywTooHor cAoja 3aJMp-
We'HHje !Hem WTO ce 06HYIH0 oMappa.
Ha 'OCHOBY H3AO)KeHOr, H3BeOHO je Aa cy YCAOBH 3a OiKpeTal-be
apHcToKpanrje rrOCAOBH!,\1a 6HAH BHwe H'enBOiliHH Hero nOBOibHH.
AAH H3BeCHO je T3'KOne Aa 'y"npaJBo oBaj ApywTBeHI1 CAOj KpajeM
XIV BeKa 11 y XV B0KY BOAM rOTOBO ueA'OKynHo rr03HaTO BI13a
I
HTHj-
CKO rrocA:OBal-he.
117
Hool1oUI1 Behl1x Tpro,na YKHX 11 HOBYlIpCKHX no-
CAaBa 6HAI1 cy 110 npaBHAY 03Ha"-leH'H H3pa30M otXgi:o::; HAri 6ap
xup (w::;) WTO je jaoHo CBeAOtIa'I-iCTBO 0 l-hiI1XOBOM CTa-
112 Ynop. A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz., Econol11Y, 196 sq,; lICTa, Creek
Merchanl 115-120; M. Balard. ROl11anie, l, 269, 335-338.
113 M. Balard, Romanie, l, 330, 334, 345; II, 703; 0 /IBory fpKa Ha XH-
ocy BliA- 11 M, Balard, Les Grecs de Cl1io SOU',5 la domination gnoise au XIVe
o:icle, Byz. Forschungen, 5 (1977), 5-15.
114 Ynop. M. Balard, ,Ro/11(lI1ie, 1,.,274 sq.
115 E. Sarandi-Mendelovici, fI.IX?EV,a, 64.
lIlj 3a cAyqaj KopHHTa BHA. V. Hrochova, Le commerce vnitien, 26.
117 HHTepeCOBaH>e apHCToKpaTHje 3a Geschiifte Kao jeAHY KOHCTaHTY
BHA. K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 89; p3.3VMe ce Aa cv V IIHTal-bV Be3e ca 3anaAoM,
jep je TaKBa CTpYKTYpa paCnOAO/l<HBHX H3Bopa; ynop. A. Laou-Thomadakis,
Greek Mere/wllt, 99.
KopeHll H rryTeBH HaCnUiKa rpaA. naTpllllHjaTa y BH3aHTlljll 43
Tyey.118 AMI jom cy peY:HTHja I-bHXOBa npe3HMeHa Koja, KaKO je 1'0
y Haryl..(H 'Ben Y0'IeHO, Dpxm'aJAGlIjy \Haj3Ha'IajHIHj'HIM BeiUlJKaillKHM no-
pOAHU'aMa: KaHTaJKY3HIHH, TIaA'eOJ\'03H, AaOKapHC'H, BaT3'L\H, CHiHa-
AHlHH, Apm:porryAH, HOTape, AprnpH, AcalHu, P,aAeoI H ArPym.
119
C
06:mpoM IHa 1'0 Aa oy '113 ume H IHHlMa 6NIroKHX nOpOAiHua perpYTO-
naH'H HCTaKHYTH Ap'>KaBHH cPYHKUiHOHepH, 06j'amI-bHBO je HerOAOBa-
I-be yronHCTH'IKI(Yf pe<>opMaropa feopmja feMuCTa-TIAHToHa npo-
TH'B BH'CO'KHX 'l'HHOBiHiHIKa K'jn ce 6aBe J1prOBH'HoM.l
20
fOTOBO Ha CHe
TaJ<lBe BeNH'K'a'me 'M'rAe 6H ce O,A:HOOH'TH pel.lH 'HCTOpH'Iapa KpHTO-
BYAa 0 HOTaJpa: yVEL 'n: xcd xiXL &pn?i OLo:tppELV
TWV (f.)... wv, OAHOOHO 0 lbeHO'M Ha'jfllo3HaT.H1jeM Y:Aa'HY AYKH: ,xvoPC!.
'T:WV OUViX'T:W'1 n: xiXL mtpiXvwv &YiXV TE, XiXL noun:J xiXL (:J.P/},
xiXL pE'T:?i x!Z.L nO/\L'T:\X-ri OUVO:fLEL.
121
AAH H H3BaH Tor HajY)lr Kpyra MohHIIKa nOCTojao je
BeAHKH 6poj rrojeAHHaua 0 'IHjHM je nOCAOBHHM nOTe3Hl\1a
OCT3!O l'paT y H3BopHhVIa, a Kojn HOCY'MJI-bHB'O npH.rraAa'jy aJpHCTOKpaT-
CKiI11M peA:OBH'Ma.
122
TaKO ce cPeYAaAHa fllOpOA'Hua Ua
l
M6AaJKOH Ben
Il'OllKipaj Il'pBe nOA'BH'He XIV BeKia nojaJBi\:>yje iJ(ao Jf3B0'3HiHlK .lK;HTa
y A'Y6pOBHHIK,123 a IKliOHHje je jeA3JH I-b0H Y:AaH, BeAHlI C'rpaTone-
,Aapx AHMHTpHje UaM6AaKoH, 6HO rAaBl-1lH ytIeCH'HK y HeKHM 6aH-
KapcKwM rrocAOBHlMa.
121
CAH'IHO Ua'M6AaKoHuMa, H 'IryBeHa nopo-
A:H'l..(a (AYKa) PaAlfH H3 COAYJHa 6aBH ce TprOBH:HOM '>KHBOTHHM Ha-
MUpHlHI..(aJMa 60-HX roA'HiHa XIV BeKa, a lHeKOi\l-tKO AeueHlHja 'KacHHje
YAa3H y iI10CA
'
OBHe Be3e ca BaJAoepOM.
JZ5
Y MeceMJBpujH ce OKO 1360.
lIB 3a TepMHH O(X<:LO KOjHM ce 06eAcIKaBajy llapcKH 4HHOBHl-IllH, rrpH-
naAHHllH <PeYAaAHor APywTBel-\Or cAoja, BHA. lb. MaKCHMOBHn, Ynpaea, 14 CA.,
CA" rAe CV AaTe H vrryTe Ha cnelluiaAH30BaHe CTYAuje; 0 BHCOKoj cOllHjaAHoj
BpeAHocTH H3pa3a x':'p(W,) ynop. N. Oikonomids, Hae. e/lo, 123, Han. 289.
119 Ynop. K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 83-88; HCTH, Zlim Charakter, Ha BH-
we MeCTa; TEE, IX, 238; N. Oikonomids, Hae. C/lo, 120-122; A. Aaou-Tho-
madakis, Byz. Economv, 205, 219, (HOBoHcTDalKeHH AOKYMeHTH neHoBcKor
apxHBa); HCTHHa K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 85, 91, CMaTpa Aa Y3 OBe BeAlfKawe
nocTojH H rpyna von und Geldkapitalisten, ai\H npe3HM0Ha
t.H4HOC11H Koje CTaBlba V TY !'Pvny nOKa3vjy Aa je pe4 0 npHnaAHHWfMa apH-
CTOKpaTCKor CTaAe)f(a (HCTO, 86 sq.).
120 PG 160, col. 894. C, 861. B.
12\ Critobuli 1mbriolae de rebu" Der alJl10S /451-1467 a Mechemclie Il
geslis, ed. V. Grecu, 1963, 159. 6-7, 7-9; 0 cOllujaAHoM nopeKAY li
CTaTYCY BeAHKaWKe nopoAHlle HOTapa Koja rrpeACTaBlba T1-1nI1'4HY eMiTY BH-
:laHTHje y XV BeKY, BHA. K. - P. Matschke, Sc1ac11t, 177, 194, 237 (napaAeAa
ca maAHiaHCKHM ni\eMCTBOM).
122 Hnje H3BeCHO Aa Mf ce OBOj rpynH MOlKe npllKlbyqHTH H3BeCHll CH-
,\epHOTHC (MM I, 279), KaiKO TO CMaTpa A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz. EC0l1Omy,
192.
l2:l IEE, IX, 238: BHA. H index, s. v. KOAB. Kreki, Dubrovnik (Raguse)
et le Levant, Paris 1961.
G. 1. Theocharidis, Eine VermachtnisllrkW1de des
clarc11el1 Demetrios Tzamblakon, Polychroniol1, Festschrift F. DOlger, Heidel-
berg 1966, 489.
125 Dmtrius Cydones Correspol1dence, II, ed. R.- J. Loenertz, Roma
1960, Nos 169, 170, DD. 41. 50; TI libro dei conti... (SH;\. HaflOMeHY 95), pp.
6, 97, 323, 372, 500, 555, 646.
44
lb. MaKCl1MOBlin
jaBiba y TprOBaYKHIM O'llepal\HjaIMa B.H3aI-lTl.JjcKH npe6er npOTOBe-
cTHjap MaHojAO,126 8. y G03'OnOtdy &pto"TOl TW'J 7tO/\lT0}V (rrOpeA IIaAe-
oAor H KmvlHH1H) - nopoA'Hqe HCnnaTa H KpHUH'qeoTa.
127
Ha
npeA8.3Y ABa cToAena H y npB'HM AeqeHH'jaJMa XV BeKa, y AOKYMeH-
THMa ce nojaBibyje.Blulle apIfCl'OKpaTa aHraX<OBaJHHX y TprOB3YKHM
HAH nOBepHAaY'KH'M 1l0CABHlMa: A<HApHja AprnponYA, apxoHT H ua-
peB aJpXOHT 1KH'P TOMa KaAOKnp,I29 AiHa AaoKapHIHa Tara-
pl-ma,I:JO apxoHTH CeBacT Mnpencoc H CeBacTnja'H (GOL"Yl-baJHHH KO-
jH H1Ma jeAHor 6aHK'BHor KopeOl1oHAffiITa V TecaMljlH) ,131 nopOAHua
TIaKcHMaAHC Koja HMa nOCAOHl-Ie Be3e y I-IeKOAHKO rpaAOBa.
132
HeI<.e Meny OBaI<BHM a'P'HCTOKpaTCKHM nopOAHuaMa HMaAe CV
AOHCTa HiCTaKHYTY YAory y APYWTBY, H 1'0 Y BHwe reHepaqHja, WTa
HX je caCBHM npH6AHX<HAO I-IeKOAHUHHH Hajn03HaTHjHx BeAHKaWKHx
nopOAHua.133 TaKBH cy 6HAH CoqmjaI-IH nopeKAOM H3 MOI-feMBacHje,
rAe je I-bHXOB pOA 61-1'0 jeAHa OA J'pH rOcnOI\a'pene nopOAHue, OpO-
5eHiH c HOTapaMa KOjH cy AaAH BHIue 6aJHKapa, BeAeTprOBaua H no-
f\lHTHyapa.
134
JeA'aiI-I Goqmjal!-I je 6HO alM6acaAOp IHa aparOI-ICK'M ABO-
py,J3;j a jeAaH je, H3rAeAa Kao TproBau H uapeB noBepeH'lIK, nAOBHO
AO Kpwra H AAeKcaJHiApHje.
136
CAHYaiH je CTaTYc nopoAHqe r'!AeAHC,
YHj'H ce YAUl-IOBiH 6a:Be KpeAHTHpal-beM, wneKYAaUHjoM 3\VoH'Wl1H-
Ma, TproBH'HOM, YKibyyyj'Vl:1JH If OOH'HBaH:>e nOp0,L\HY'HHX APywTa-
12U G. M. Thomas - R. Predelli,Dipl. Veneto-Lcl/ant., Tl, No 49, p. 84;
3a B3KBe npe6ere li3 peAOBa BH3aHTKjcKe apHcToKpanije ynop. B, rlO3eAeR,
O'1epK 6'bpXY UCTOpUftTa Ha lpa Hece6'bp 6 l1epuoa 1352-1453 Z'I rOAHlllHHK
H3 co<jJ. YHHB., <PliA. - I1CT. <jJalc. 64/3 (J 970), 58.
127 COl\YljaAHH CTaTyc: Cantacuzenus, 'IV, 29: Ill, 216, KOHCT. AHclmaT
je 6pOAOB;\aCHHK: F. Bollati di Saint-Pierre, della spediziol1e il1
Oriente di Amadeo VI, Toril1o 1900, 125; YflOp. YI F. Doiger, Regestc/1, V Nrs
3093, 3094, 3096 (cYMfba y aYTeHTH4I-IocT OBHX rrOBeiba He rrorana rrOAaTKe osaK-
Be BPCTe); Cantacuzenus. IV, 29: III, 215. 9-10; 06e rrOpOAHl\e CMaTpa Mar-
H3TCKHM K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 52.
128 MM, Il, 374 sq.; 472.
120 MM, II, 380 sq.
I:JO MM, Il, 424.
131 S. Kugas, Notizbuch eilles Beamtel1 der Metropolis in TllCssalo-
nike (IliS dem Anfang des XV. lh., BZ, 23 (1914), Nrs 53-57, pp. 148-149.
132 K. - P. Matschke, Sc111acht, 155.
1:1:1 A. Laou-Thomadakis, Greek Mercl1al1t, 112 sq.
13-1 0 Co<jJHjaHHMa, nopoAH'CIHoj rpaHI-! 6AHCKoj l\apy, BIfA. K. - P. Ma-
tsckc, Zum Charakter, 453 sq. a 0 AeAaTHOCTH V MOllo'IBcaHjn ynop.
10. Mal(cHMoBYll" Vl1pa6a, 13: 33 CPO"-'CTB ca i\YKOM HOTapa - Illibro dei con-
ti ... (SHA- HarroMeHY 95). 784. 0 rrOCAOBHHM rroAyxsaTliMa pa3HliX '4AaH013a
nOpOAI1l\e: Mazaris' Hadesfahrt, ed. A. Ellissen, AnaIekten d. mitteineugr.
Lit. IV, Leipzig 1860, 220 (HenpYICTyna'4HO MH je HOBO YI3A. y Arethusa Mono-
2:raphs. 5\: T. Thiriet, Rgestes. Il, No 1697, p. 165; No 2174, p. 269; MM, II,
378, 385, 421, 560.
13r, C. Marincscu. C0l1tributio/1 l'historie des rlations co/iomiaues
('litre l'Empire byzantin, la Sicile et le royaume de Naples de 1419 1453,
Atti deI V Congr. intern. di st. biz., l, Roma 1939, 210.
130 Sophonios Athcncas, homo... imperatoris: A. L:loli-Thom a c1a](j s,
Byz. Econol11Y, 206.
KopeHH H rrVTeBH I-IaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpHl(HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH 45
Ba.I:l7 ITopoAHQa Ce rrpHAH4HO PlflO 'H'CTaJKAa y jaBHoM MHBOl'Y -
jeAaH fYAeMic je ouo rreXapHH.K AHe 4el'pAeceTHx l'OAHlHa
XIV BeKa, a 3aTHM ,HaMeOHH'K IIoAMcTHAoHaP8 BpxY'HaQ nOAHTiH4-
Kor YTIIQaja SepOBal'HO je AOC'I'HJ1HYT C QapClC!liiM ponaJKai\1 AHlMH-
Tp,H!jeM IIaAeoA.oroM fYAeA11JCOM KOjiH je 3aY3HMao rroAoMaj Moca-
30Ha, de facto rrp,Bor MH!HMC1'pa.
t39
HeKa 0YAe Y3rpeA cnOMeHYT'O,
OBa orrpera BAaCTH H TprOBa4K'Or rrOCAOiBatba jaBiba ce M y 6aAKaH-
CKJ1IM l'paAOBH!Ma H3BaH BH3aH'llMje.l
40
lh nOCAOBaI-ba K'01e ce OA OaBA>efba rrOiborrpHBpeA'M
HHOY H30CTaAH HH u\13JHaCllHpH, C pa3AOI'OM y 'HaYQM Tl!OMaTpaHM
K3JO 3eMibMillHM MaJ1HaTM K01M y AYXOiBHOj C<pePM 4HJle rr3JHA3JH CBe-
roBHOj ap!HCT'OKpaTiHljH. MaAa je qp,KBa OMal'paAa TpraBHlHY lM, rro-
rOTO'BY, 3eAeHaillTBO iHeMopaAHIJ1iM, rroce6Ho 3aOpaI-byjynM OBOjUM
npHlIIaAHMQIJ1'Ma Y4eCTBOBa'!-be y Ta'KBlflM rrOCAoBHlMa,Hl OBa je npH-
A'H.'Ka Aa cY IMaJHaCl'MpOKe 06'HTeA>H rrOlKYillaBaAe Aa CA'eAe rrpHMep
KOjH oy AaJH4lKe apHCTOKpa'fOKe nopoAuQe. JOill lIIpe IV
KpCTalllKOr paTa rr03Harn oY npHMepHHeKHx M3JHaCTH!pa IK'ojH'Ma je
BAaAap AapoBao rrpaBO Ha oecqapHHcKH rrpeB03 conCTBeHHX rrpoH3-
BOAa (tXOI)(J(J<:t!x rr),0[(')'1).1
42
KacHuje ce KopHillnefbeM OBaKBHX
HMYHHTenu:rx npaBa rrpMCT'yrruAO npMAM4HO 3Ha4ajHHM rrOCAO-
BMMa. Hel<:H MaHaCTHPI:! - JOBaiHa TeoAora y XIII BeKY, a BaTo-
rreA M 30rpa<p cpeAHlHoM XIV BeKa - pa3BHAIH cy conCTBeHH'M 6po-
AOBHMa l'PW,BHlHIy ca YAaibeHlfM rroAPY4jUMa, 'YIKMytIyjynH H c3IMY
npeCToHHQy.
143
Ha 3rpa>Kafbe aCKeTCKHX KpyroBa OKO COAYHCKor
MH1'pOrrOA'UTa fpHI1pMja IIaA3IMe,Ma:HaJ0TMpH cy 4aK Cl'yrraAII y
rrOCAOBHa APYillTBa.
144
Y TaJKBOj aTMOC<PePH je 'HeAocTajao caMO
KOpaJK AO 3aAa>KeI-ha y HOB43JHe J1l0CABe, a KaA je U OH ytIHfbeH,
li3Meny AYXQ'BHHX 'H OBeTOBHHX MaJ1HaTa rOTOBO Aa Jmje OHAO KBa-
131 0 aKTHBHoeTH nOpOAHl(e yorrIllTe BHA. A. Laou-Thomadakis, Ha8. e
/l0, 199 s.; K. - P. Matsehke, Scl1iacht, 189; 3a nojeuHe 110C/l08e 8U. MM, II,
400,499,511,546,549,550.
1;;8 Cantaeuzenus, 111, 46: II, 277, 19-21; III, 64: 11, 394, 22-24.
139 l. Verpeaux, Contribution l'tude de l'administration byzantine:
ofJ-ear;CJ)'1, Byzantinoslav., 16 (1955), 286.
140 3a.HHMA:>HB je IIpHMep EorAaHa KHpH3MHlia, Haj60raTHjer npH3peH-
eKor TproBua H BVKaIllHI-IOBOr IIpoToBeeTHjapa, 0 KojeM BHA. lfaopuja cpn
CKOl I-lapoa, II, EeorpaA 1982, 31.
J41 H. - G. Beek, Kirche und theologische Literatur im byzantinischell
Reich, Mnehen 1959, 81 sq.; D. Savramus, Zur Soziologie des byzatinischen
MOl1chtums, Leiden-Koln 1962, 41 sq.
142 A. 11. Ka)f(AaH, 3JCKYCClm u 8 BU3aH.CUU X-XII 88.,
BH3. O'-lepKH, MocKBa 1961, 191-194; IIoce6HO BHA. Actes de Chilandar, No 5,
48--64 (1199); MM, VI, 119-121 (1186), 137-39 (1197).
143 MM, VI, 166 (1214: F. DOlger, Regesten, III, Nr 1687), 183 (s.a.) 219
(s. a.), A. Vatopedinos, rprfLiJ(>:TIX B'lz. -neugr. lb., 13 (1937), 308 s' -308 ,&
(1349: F. Do1ger, Regesten, V, Nr 2956); Regel Vatop, No 7, p. 25-26 (1356);
Actes de Zographou, No 32, 27 (1342); paAH OBaKBOr nOeAOBaH>a, MaHaeTHpH
cv Hi\iai\H no BHIlle MaraUHHa V eorreTBeHHM A'lKaMa (MM, V. Il - Nea Moni).
144 3a APYIllTBa BHA. N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires. 75, 123, Han.
288; 0 peaKUHjl1 naAaMHTa: O. Tafrali, Thessalonique au XIVe sicle, Paris
1913, 27,-Han. 1.
46
1'0. MaKcHMoBJ.
AIHTan-I:BHe pa3AHlKe y BOOeI-bY 3eAeHalllKHX oH ApyrHx HOB4aHIlX
OnepaIJ,IIja.
145
Pa3YMe ce, YKOAHKO cy yomuTe H npncryrraAH TaK-
'BHlM nocA'tBHlMa, jep je H3B0eTaH Aeo apIICToKpaTHje 0BaKa'K0 OCTao
JllO Cl'paiHH OA l-hHX, He ycneBajynH Aa ce npHAaro,MI HOBHM npH-
AHlKaMa. OOKiYAiHH H3BOpH, MeDyrHM, He 0\10'rynaIBajy 011KpH'BalJ-he
npaBe CY'AUHe OiHHX ilpanaA'HJHlKa BAaAajyner cAoja KOjH cy ce Ha-
WAH Ha MaprHl-IaMa 36HBafba.
146
"
* *
113 OBera lllT-O je AocaAa pe4e'H0, npHAH4HO je DHANHBO Aa
epeYAaAHH noceAHmJ;H YAa3e y npse 3Ha43Jj'HlHje nOOAOBe TpryjynH
nOJD{)lfIpIHBpeAiHHlM npOH'3BiAHMa ca CBOjHX HlMafba, TIp'BeHCT'BeHO )10-1-
TapIIIJ,aMa. I-bHXQlBO Yl.Ielllne y TprOB!HIHiH BpeMe.H'OM ce peA:aTUBiHO
pa3rpaiJbaBa 11 npOUllupyje, ynopeA' ca YJAaA->aBall-heM OA 6a'BA->eI-ha
nOA->OnpHBpeA'Oh\f. Ha 1'0 je noce6Ho Y'Ka.3ao jeAa:H 'BpeA\lH lfIoKYlllaj
npH'-'\teHe CTarrHC'11H4'KOr Mell'Aa, MaAa npIIpoAa 'H rKOi\lW4'HHa H3B'Opa
K'Oj'HMa pa'OUOAa)KeM' He oMorynalBajy 'HH CAOOOIA;HY ynorpe6y Tor
MeTOAa, iJ-IHTH A06wjeHe pe3yATaTe 41J-1He AOBOA->HHiMa 3a ITpe8a3HAa-
/Kefbe rpaHHI.J;a on'03Haja OI1llll'HX TeHAeHIJ,Hja. If-onH'DHB\ll-heM nOAa-
TaKa -0 239 nOH!MeHH4'HO n03Ha1'HX rpKa II3 BrH3aH1'IIje H Tpane3VHTa
KOjH oy 'Y A.o6a HaAooAor -6HAH bHra)f('OB'a:HH y l'prOBHIHlH, !JmaJK ce
1lI0Ka3aA'O Aa 6poj ,OHHX K'Oj'H CIfI'ypHO ITplHnaAajy apH'CTOKpaTClKoM
CAOjy rrOCTeneHJO pacTe, rOTOB'O CAeAenH n'OpaCT 6poja OHIIX 'KOjH
cy H3 QapHrpaAa: Y nepHoAY 1261-1310. 6HAO je 31 nocro QapH-
rpaoaHa, AOK npOI.J;eHT apHcToKpaTa Hl1je n03HaT; u3Meoy 1311. H
1352. Ben 51 nacTo "TprOBaI.J;a" A;OAa3H 113 QapurpaAa, a 18 nocTO
CHrypHJO upHnaAa apHcToKpaTHjH; 'H3Meoy 1353. II 1402. cyopene
ce 70 ITOC1'O .uapHrpaoaHa, a 20 nOCTO apHC1'OKpaTa; OOA 1403. AO
1453, npoI.J;eHT nOCABHHX loYAH H3 QapIIrpaAa 'HHje CIfrypaH aAH
je 'BeOMa BHCOK, A;OK 34 rroCTO npHnaAa HecYlMl-h'HBO apIIC'Oitpa-
THjH.
147
Moryn'Ho je, 4aK H BepOBallHO, Aa cy iHlIBeAeHlH npOI.J;eHTH
6HAH Cl'BapHO H senH, nOlllTO CBaJK.H TfOAaTaK Hwje yrrrorpe6A>H'B 3a
l-hHXOBO oApeoHBafbe, aMi oy H O'BaKO AOBOA>HO pe41IfT1H. OHH cy yro-
AHlK'O 3Ha4'aj'Hl-ijH lllTO nOKa3yjy A;a rrapacr yY-emna apHCTOIKpaufje
y TproBHHH, OBe BHlue K-oHI.J;eHl'pHca
l
Haj y HlHaye oCH'PoMameHoj rrpe-
CTOHHI.J;H, HHje AOHeo H nopacT IKarnfTaA-a, TaKO Aa no-
145 MM, IV, 8, 114, 127, 256; VI, 157-164; Actes de Chi1andar, No 112.
31-34; Actes de Vazelon, No 97-98, p. 56; PG 150, col. 741. D; Actes de Lavra.
III, No 123, 105-106; yrrop. H A. n. Ka)J(AaH, Azpap. OHIOUleHWl., 179 CA.
146 0 nOAeAH TIAeMCTBa Ha "eKOHOMCKe TPaAH1UlOHaAHCTe" H OHe Kojn
HMajy aM6HUHo3He KOMepUHjaAHe HHTepece, Te H>HXOBOM Meoyc06HoM cy-
Ko6/oaBalbY BHA. K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 173, 'lHjH cy 3aKA>Y'lUH cYBHUJe
J\aAeKoce)J(HH C 063npOM Ha pel.leHY OCKYAHOCT H3BOpa.
147 A. Laou-Thomadakis, Greek Merchant, 100--112.
KOpeI-lH H ITyTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. naTpm-1HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH 47
CAOBaI-be 'l-Jili:je A06Hi\!o iHeke HaJpOqHTe pMMepe.
H8
Kao lllTO je OBAe
Ben HC11aJK1HYJ10, MaAO je nOCAOBHiHX loYAH, nonYT AHIM:'WrpHja Ho-
Tapa ca I-berOB.I1'M cBYAa pa3I'paHaTHM Be33JMa, 6.uAO HaAHlK MAeTa'lJ-
KHM BeA!ll'KUM TprOBI..VI;\1a.
149
CT.BapHH AOMel'H BH3aH'DH'jOKe TprOBM-
He OBor BpeMma ce Haj60loe Mory BliAeTH ID
Aa je llOA 3aCTaJBOM 6HAO H3Y3e'l1HO 'MMO 6pOAiOBa, TaK
Aa cy ce 'l1CatMH !ffOqeB OA Ma'HjAa II, qocro IK:<:JPHCTI1'Ali
CTpaHRM npeB030M :He caMO 3a UYTOBaI-ba H3BaH 3eMIoe Rero H H3-
Meny rrojeAiHIHllX BH3aiHTHjOl<IHX K,pajeBa,J50 If lX) Y A06a KaA je jeAaJl-I
EaAoep o6aBIoao 6poAOIBH1Ma iH"'ljaenH Aeo CBojHX rrrOCA'OBa no B!H-
3aiHTHju.
J5l
T3JlKone, y IHaBeAeHM OMOCAY CBeAOqH tH KapaiKTep BH-
l'pI'oa'YIK:.Hx APyllTaJBa (cru'rrporpLex., XOWWVLex., crU'IOOLex.)
MaAHX, J]pHBpeMeH'l1X, yrAaJBHoM ca CK!pOMlHHlM KamITaA!OM.
152
llOCAOBfl1OCT BH3aJHTHjOKe ap.lICTOK!panl'je He ce y
TprOBHHH. HanpoT.HB. no OB0MiY OYAe1.H, Te)f(lH'lllTe lheHOr AeA01Ba-
lba oABaja oe OA TprOBalloIX \KojHMa je yrA'aJBHOM YllIAa
y nOCABe If OKpene 6aHIKapCTBY HA'l1, TaqJHHje pe-
qefl10, 3eAeHamelhy.153 Pa3A03H cy npHA'l1'lJHO jaoHH. nrpeBAacT HTa-
AHjaHa y TprOBHlHIH, nOArHTH'Y!Ka HeoH'rYJpHOCT, KlBapeI-be cYA-
60HOCHe IJ1lHIBa3uje CITOMHHX HtmpHjaTeloa - OBe cy ro 6IfAH Y3-
!H3pa)j<eHor Te3aypHpaH>ta. To je CTaJ-be Koje He norOAJyje
YAaraI-by y TpraBHlH:y 'I1'J\'H y Pa3BOj 3aHaTOKe npOH3BOAfue, na 'RH
YAlIralhY y npaoo 6aJ}i'J(.apCTBO, aA!H nOAOT,!1'qe 3eAeH"'l'l..lleI-be C BHCO-
KH1\1 KlIMa1'H11lM CTOTIaJMa.
J54
M'OI'ynHo je Aa oy nojeAHJHH npHnaA-
J4R HCTa, HaB. MeCTO; ynop. H IEE, IX, K. - P. Matschke, Geldge-
schlitte, 194, C pa3AoroM je cMaTpao Aa y BH3aHTHjH HHje 6HAO 'pCTe rpaHHl-1e
H3Meby TproBHHe en gros i en dtail.
149 1<. - P. Matschkc, IW6. eflo, 194, 196 sq.
J50 BHA. yroBOp 0 TaKBOM npeB03Y KOA F. Thiriet, Rgeste,s, II, 51, No
1176 (1405). 3a 06aBA>eHa ITyTOBaH>a BHA. H. BypHli, JOBaH VIII naAeOflOl
(AOKTopcKa AHeepTaI.\Hja y PYKOIlliCY, 3a 'lHje KOpH1llnelbe 3axBatoyjeM aYTo-
py), 16, 54, 74, 83, 116, 239, 310, 350; 0 HarAoj nponacrn <pAOTe Ben nOTKpaj
XIII BeKa ynop. PachymeDe.5, II, 322. 13-323. 11; Gregoras, VI, 3: l, 174. 20-
-176. 10.
161 M. M. IIIHTHKOB, BeHe/t. Iryne'tec'cBo, 135.
152 N; Oikoiornids, HaB. ellO, 68 sq.j 78-83; K. - P. Matschke, Celdge-
schiijte, 190, 194, Hcrn, Schlacht, 235, mY3e-raH KanHTaA HMaAO je APYUlTBO
TYAaA li Kopec ca 3.600 nepnepa (MM, II, 546-550; 1401. roA.).
J53 A. Laou-Thomadakis, Byz. Economy, 204; c APyre CTpaHe OHAO je
H oCHpoMaUleHor DAeMCTBa, Hapo<lHTO nOCAe rpabaHcKor paTa 1341-47, Koje
jc y 3eACHaUlKe OAHoce CTYIllfAO y cBOjcTBY AYJKHHKa; 3a OBO ffinalbe BHA.
C. P. Kyrris, John Cantacuzenus and the Genoese 1321-1348, Miseel!. stor.
ligure, 3 (1962), 41 sq. (ca peAeBaHTHoM AHTepaTypoM).
154 D. Zakythinos, Crise, 74 sq.; K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 78; joUI je O. Taf-
rali, Ha6. eflO, 104 sq. rrncao 0 pacnpocTpalbeHocTH 3eAeHaUlTBa li npBH cKpe-
HYO naJKlhY Ha TD Aa cy H3BOpH jeAHOClpaiIi nOlllTO ce yrAaBHoM CBOAe Ha
peTopcKe OCYAe OBor 3Aa, a OHe cy mneTH<lHe, TeHAeHlUI03He, HpOHH<lHe H
XHnepOOAH<lUe; ynop. M. A. IloARKoBcKaR, 0 naMepllel'e HUKOllast KaBaCWl'bL,
AHTH<I. ApeBH. H cpeA. BeKa, 7 (1971), 149. KaMaTHe CTone, Haj<leUlne npHKpH-
BeHe, OA 26 nOCTO HAtl <laK H Bene, HHCY 6HAe HeooH<lHe; 0 TOMe BHA. D. Za-
kythinos, HaB. Mecm; J. Lindsay, Byzantium into Europe, London 1952, 155,
48
/'o. MaKCHMOBHn
HHI..H apHC'J1Ol(Ipal'OKOr Cl'aAe)f(a KpeHYAH OBHiM rryl'eM Ben l'OKOM
npBe nOAOBHHe XIV BeKa, 6YAynH Aa cy HeKH KpeAHTOpH y JeA-
peHy 6HNH 1341. rO,l\iH'J-Ie onTY)f(eI-IIH 3a npH'Bp)f(eiH'OCT KaJHTaiKY3.1Y,
CB3JKaKO y OKJBMpy OTIIllTer npOf'OHa arpl:lJCTol(lpam'je y TOM l'paAY.
W
y CBaKOM cAyy.ajy, KacHHje cy n03ajMA>HBay.H 6HAH Hajy.e-
wne >IrpHnaAlHll'U'H CTl'l\1eH'yror CTaAe)f(a, 'Ha np.HMerp, TOMa KaAo-
tKHp, AaoKapHc TeoAor, MalMHac, CeBaCl'.If}a:H, PaAHJHa H Ay-
KeHa.
156
OBH:M Ben f1lO3HanJ1\1 UMe!lHilMa MorNH 6H ce npHRA>yy.HTH
nOpOAiHQa D'.I1rOHlHT, 'Kao H UapeBotxdoc; HHKoAa MaJKpOAYKa.
157
Haj-
3aJA, Jl1MHTpHje K.HAOH je y jeAiHOM roBpyYKa3ao Ha 1'0 Aa Meny
OCHOBHe Hay.llIHe 3a 60ranelhe QapeBHx 6AiHOKJHX CapaAH.lfKa, Aa-
KAe apHcToKpaTa KOjH cy HCTOl3lpeMeHO H 3BaHHy.Ha AHUa, cna-
Aa rr03ajMA>lllBalhe IHOBua Y3 ll'Hrepec.
158
TewKo je pelH y Koje je CEe cBpxe oAAa3Ho n03ajMA>eHlH HO-
BaQ H 'KOMfKe cy CYMe 6HAe y OTITHQajy. Y TproBlflHH je HOBaU 06e3-
d5HBaH Kp03 nOMeHYTa ApYWTBa, HenocpeAHHM yy.ewneM JhHXOBHX
YAaHOBa y epUHaHCHpaI-hY nYTOBalha.1;;9 ApYKliHje 06eAe)f(je HMaAa
cy APYIllTBa (TaKone crunporp[iX) 3a epHHaHCJ1ipaJhe 3aHaTeKe AeAaT-
HOCTH, 3aTO WTO je OAHOC H3Meny JhHXOBHX y.AaHOBa 6HO KAaCHliaH
AHOC nOBepHOQa-KpeAHTopa H AY)f(HMKa-3al-faTAHje.
I60
3ajMoBH CI]
nOHeKaA AaBaHH H 3a nOACTHQaJhe nOA>onpHBpeAHe npOH3BOAlbe,
lUTO y npBOM peAY 3Ha'-IH - epeYAaAHHM noceAHlIUHMa 6e3 AOBOA>HO
cpeACTaBa.
161
y CBHM OBHM BapHjmuaMa 3ajMoBa, H 1'0 je OHO WTO
Hac OBAe noce6HO 3aHHMa, He nojaBA>yjy ce 6aHKe Kao KpeAHTOpH,
na ce nOCTaBA>a nHTalhe epYR'Kl.UiOH:HCalba BH3aHTHjcKor 6aHlrpCTBa
I(ao BHIller 06J\HKa HOBliaHor nOCAOBatba OA 3eAeHaIllTBa.
UpeA Cl'M Kpaj ){(JaBOTa BH3aiHTMje, IHeCY'MJhHlBO je rrOCBeA'Olie-
Ha AeAaTHOCT HeKONHUllIHe nOCAOBHHX A>YA'H Koje MO)f(eMO OMaTpa-
Han. 2; N. Oikonomids, HaB. eJlo, 54 sq; 58; Aa ce Ha Taj Ha4HH MorAO CTenH
BeAliKO 6oraTcTDo BHA. N. Cabasilas, Dratio contra feneratores, PG 150, col.
732. D, 733 C, 740. A; 0 3aAOralvja Ha 3ajMQBe BI1A. S. Kugas, HaB. eJlo, No
9, p. 144.
155 Cantacuzenus, III, 28: II, 177. 4-5; 3a APyra'llIje OBe eUH-
30Ae BHA A. Il. Ka)KMaH, Azpap. OTHOUWHUst. 185. VqellIlie apHCTPOKpaTa y
3eAeHaWKHM nOCi\OBHMa npeA rpahaHCKM paT YOtUfO je jOllI P. Charanis, In-
Ternai Slrife in Byzantium during the Fourteenth Cen/ury, Byz., 15 (1941),
222 (Collected Studies, Variorum Repr., London 1973, VI).
156 K. - P. Matschke, GeldgeschiifTe, 184 sq.; HacyrrpoT paHHjeM
MHWroel-bY, y FuR, 118, Han. 210.
157 MM, II, 386, 452. 'n
158 Dem. Cydoni oratio ad Joannem V, ed. R.-J. LoeIbertz, Corresp. l,
Romae 1956, p. 21, 22-26.
159 Ha TaKaa Ha'llIH <pHHaHCHpallli cy '1aK li BehH nOAYXBaTH; Ha npro.tep,
HajBenH KOju je IlO3HaT H3 1401. fOAlllie, KaAa je MaHojAo Kopec YAO)KHO 1.000
nepncpa li IlAOBHO C po60M, AOK je APym 'lAaH APyIllTaa, feopmje fYAeAlIc.
YAO)fO 2.600 nepnepa (MM, II, 546-550). .
160 MM, II, 326 sq., 372 sq., 473 sq., 481; K. - P. Matschke, Geldge-
199; HCTH, Schlacht, 151.
161 3a oao I1HTalbe ynop. N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires, 63.
49 KopeHH 11 nYTeBH HaCTaHl<a naTpHLlujaTa y BIBaHTHjH
1'11 6l'H1KapHiMa. MenYT.ffi\1, 113BeOHO je Aa ay y IlliTl'fbY
a He L!'IU3Be I1IHCTHTYI...(ll'je, MaAa 3a nOTnY;HOCT 3a'KiD'Y'll1Ba'fba HeAO-
cTa'jy nOA31...('1{ 0 eBeHTyaAHll'M epHAHjaAaJMa; T<lJKOe je 113BecHO Aa
6poj nOCA'08HHX IoYAH .aBor Tlfna Hl1je 6HO 8eAH,KII1.
162
GBaJaJKO cy
HajonrypHHjH nOAal...(H naKMa BaAoepa KOjlli y IJ;ap'HrpaAiY nOMHfbe
AeceTOpmW 6aHiKapa, cTpaJHal...(a H AOMaO:Hx, MeDY IKojuMa cy H r.pH
BH3aHTHHl...(a - JOBaH CoepHjaH, HHKoAa CapAHH, KocTa KpI1TO-
'I1YA (IJojl1 je, ll'CTI1'Ha, y6p3o 6aHKpTHpao), OBa l'pH ca 3Hay.ajHHM
6J1lM<()(,\1 nOCA'Bal-ba, 'H3pa)f(eHHh\1 y rreprrepf1)Ma: 10.751, 7.913, 5.106
(nopeoel-ba paAH, Te CYMe 'KOA CTpaHHX 6alRKapa K'jH paAe ca Ba-
AiOepOM 'H3IHo: 95.720, 24.848, 12.322, 4.817, 3.358, 1.856,
Bap jeAaJH llil11Ma, JOBl'H Co<j:>'l1jaH, npunaAao je y.Y'BeH'oj Be-
AHi KalliKoj nOpOAlIl...(H 0 KO'jOj je OBAe Ben 6HAO pey.J1. A'KO je OH
lIAeHTHy.lJH c n03HaTH'M 'ltCTOHlMeHHM TprOBl...(eM C nOy.e1'Ka CTOAe-
lia,164 oHAa ce HeKOAHl...(lIHH 'H'I1X BlI31JHTlIjC'lGIX HOB-
y.apa, ,KOAerl1 KpHTO:f1A'Y 'YI Apyrl1Ma, KOjH cy ce 6a81-:lAI1 II 1'prOBlI-
HOM II KpeAH1'Hpal-beM.
165
I1ocAOBal-be B1I3aH1'HjCK.HX 6aHKapa CaAp)f(H OApeoeHe npo-
THBpey.HOCTI1. C jeAI-Ie CTpaHe, OHE ce no Y30py Ha H1'aAHjaHe
GaBe Mel-bay.KHM H APYTHM HOBy.aHHM nOCAOBHMa Y3 ynoTpe6y
1apaHTHHx rrHcaMa (cambi um per litteras, li ttera d pagamen-
ta), W1'O I-blIXOBO nOCAOBal-be Y.HHH HanpeAHHjHM OA Hay.HH<l
'Booel-ba Y.HCTO 1'prOBaLtKHx C Apyre Cl"pa'He, BeAHtKO
je I1HTalhe Aa AH cy 3aHCTa yrro1'pe5kaBaAH pa3B'lI'jeHe o6AHKe IKpe-
AH1'a.
167
I103H1'HBaH OAI''BOp, KaKaB je y HaYI...('H npeAAO)KeH, 3aOHH-
Ba ce 'Ha OK'OAtHOC1'H Aa jAlIlHa ca'Y.YBaHa pay.Y'H'Ka KlliHra H3 XV
ReKa He n01MHl-be 3eAeHaillKe nOCAOBe, III1'O 6H nocpeAHO 1'pe6aAO
Aa OBeAOY..H 0 rrocTojafb'Y caBpeMeHlHjer 'KpeAlH'fWpal-ba.
168
3aKMY4JHlBa-
I-be calvlO no ce611 MaAO Heo6Hy.HO, nOKa3yje ce 1'elIIKO OAP)f(HBHM
360r ABe npOCTe y.Hl-beHIHl...(e: a) pay.YHCKa KI-bIHa, no OBOj nplIAHI...(H,
nparraAa 1'ypOKOM BpeMe'HY; 6) Benn 6poj AOKY'MeHaTa '1-:13 nOCAeA-
WHX Ael...(eJI-lHja B113aHT'I1jcKe erroXe CBCAOY.'H 0 rroc1'ojal-bV pa3yoeHor
162 N. Oikonomids, Ha6. (Je/w, 66 sq., Ha6paja LlaK ABaHaeCTopHUY HAH
TpHHaecToplUW 3HaqajHHx oaHKapa, aMI ce "IHHH Aa HeKe OA lbHX MO)KCMO
CBpCTaTH Meny npeACTaBHI1Ke 3eAeHalllKor KanHTaAa, 0 QeMY je AO caAa OHAO
peQH (Hrip. MHpencoc, CeBacTHjaH, 6pana rYAeAe).
163 M. M. lllHTHKOB, KOHcTaHTUHOnOll'b, 55; HCTH, BeHe/.j.
127.
164 MM, II, 378, 385, 421; N. Oikonomids, Ha6. oello, 68.
165 N. Oikonomids, Ha6. Meao.
166 K. - P. Matschke, Geldgeschajte, 188 sq.
167 Te3y 0 llocTojalhY CAQ)KeHHX OOhHKa KpeAIUa 3acTynajy y3 H3BCCHC
orpaAe M. r. DapaHOBa, n030He6U3aHl'UUClCUe 3aOa'1HWCU !calC ucropuL/eclCU.
UCTO'1HUIC, AHTI1Q. ApeB. H cpeA BeKa, 9 (1973), 123; K. - P. Matschke, Geld
geschiijte, 181.
168 Edd. H. H\JDger-K. Vogel, Ein byz. Rechenbuch des 15.Jh., Wien
1963.
50
10. MaKCJ1.\10Bfi
3eJ\eHallIToBa.
169
A'Ko ce rrpH COOMY TOMe HIMa y BHAY Aa BH33JHTHj-
CKH H'BqapH I-IHCY yonwTe yqeCTBOBaAH y HajBaJKIHHjeM O;A CBHX
nOCAlBa (YOCTaAOM HeAOBOibH' OCTBapeHOM) - rrpe6aUHlBal-bY rro-
MOtlH ca 'HAa I-bHX:O'B CTaTYC 63iH'Kapa 'H'HIKaKO He Tpea
LIpe[(eHMBaTH. Bap He AO rpeHYTK0. AOK HaYKa He 6YAe eBeHTyaAHo
\j CTal-bY Aa rrpeUH3'HO OApeAH 06HM H, HapOqHTO, KapaKTep IbHXOBOl'
nOCAOBal-ba.
TpenH BHA rrOCABHe AeAaTH'OCTH apHCToKpanrje Be3aJH je 3a
H0KpeTlHHHe y rpaAY H HenocpeAHoj OKOAH'HH, UAO Aa je peq 0
3rpaA3IMaHAH opaAHBOM 3eMibHIIlTY. KaKO je OAaBHO YOqeHO, no-
ceAoBal-be 'H0KpeI1HlIJHa rrpeACTaBiba jeAaH 'DA 'HajBaJKH'HjHx [Il0qeT-
HHX TIOACTHuaja a'pHCT0>KpaT0K.or y AaOKa y rrocAOBe.
l71
OBAe je Beh
AocTa rra)f(l-be 06paneHo 'Ha l'y O'KOAHOCT, MH je rrOTpeHO HarAa-
CUTIH Aa ce rrOCAOBH Be3aHH 30. HeKpeTHiHHe tHe cacToje caMO y IbH-
X'OB'DM oKOpHWnel-bY y OBOjCTBY npOH3BOAHMX oKarraUJHTeTa (MAHHO-
'BH, rreKape, 6aIIlTe, I-bHiBe n CA.).12 Taj 'BHA ynoTpe6e HeKpel'H'HIHa
crraAa y 06AaCT 331HaTCKe rrpOH3BOAl-be, CTBapal-ba npeAYCAOBa 30.
TprOBHHY H C3IMe 1'prOBH'He. ANH 3a'HaTCKa npO'J-!3B'A:l-ba je 6HAa
CKp<XJ\HIa, a l'prOBHlH'a MaX:.\1 OWI'HlHX pa3Mepa. TalKo ay Ha IT'OCeAO-
B3'H:JY HeK<peT:HJ-llHa HnKA'H rrOCA'BH oKOjn cy AeAHMW-!tHO HaTKpHA'HAli
qaJK 'H l'pI'lBHlHY rrp:ouCTeKAy H3 HCTe OOH'Be. ApYnHiM pe1.I HlMa , 30.-
KynibHB3Jl-be H J13HajlMibHBal-be iHeKpeTHHHa rrpeACT3JBib3Jjy jeAH'O OA
rAalBHlHX 06eAeJKja 3'pHCTOKpa1'CKe rrOCAOBHOCTH. KapaKTepHC'}lJ{qHO
je Aa y 3WP[('H OA 19 npnHa'}lHOIlpa'BHHx AOKY'MeHaTa '113 Apy,re no-
AOBH'He XIV ReKa, caMO jeAaH Te<KCT rOBopH 0 n03aj'M'H[(H y Be3H
C Tpf10B>HHOM IHa 'MOpy, qeT<l1pH ce 'AHoce Ha 3alHaTOKY rrpO'H3BOAI-bY
liNH . illKOAOBal-be 3aHaTAiH'ja, a Y:KYrEI-!10 4eTpHaeCT AOIKY'Me<HaTa je
[Il0CBeneHO IH)M'BHHOKHM nHTaH>HMa, npH qeMY BAaciHHIIlTBO HaA KY-
naMa 33'Y3HIMa A'UMHHa'HTHO MecTo.l7:
J
HaKO A.J-lua KO'j.a ce rrOMHI-bY
Ao6pHM AeAOIM 'He rrpunaAady apHCToxpaTOKOM CTaAe)f(y, Taj OAHOC
je 3JHaqajaiH 3aT0 lllTO 60.[(0. HelliTO CBeTAOCl1H H Ha CYA6HHY Oif-IOr
\1HOlUTBa Kyna Koje cy 'HalBeAeI-Ie y POjIHJ-llM ITO'Beiba'Ma, yrAaIBHO'\1
169 3a AaTl1paH>e KtbHre BllA. l1c1'O, 9: 1427-1453; Th. Bertel, Appunla
sulle monete dei Rechenbuch edito da Hunger-Vogel, BZ. 56 (1963), 324 sq_:
wpaj XV HAB noy. XVI BeKa. OCllM ll3HCTllX pe3epBll Tpeoa HMaTll y BllAY H
TO Aa OBaKBe paYYHCKe KH>llre I-IHCy cllrypaH H3BOp nOlliTO HajBenllM AeAOM
rrpeACTaBA>ajy onlllTe MaTeMaTHYKe npHMepe: A. Laou-Thomadakis, Greek
Merchant, 110, Han. 29; 0 pa3BlljeHoM 3eAeHalllTnY BllA. K. - P. Matschke,
GeldgeschiitLe, 183 sq.
170 K. - II. Matschke, Schacht, 214.
171 Ynop. M. JI. CI3IMOB, npenpUliUMaTeil'bCT60 6 6u3aHTucIWM zo-
poe, AHTllY. ApeBH. II cpeA- BeKa,4 (1966),7.
172 0 TOMe BllA. K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 39 sq.
173 Ed. G. Ferrari dalle Spade, Registra Vaticano di alti bizantini di
diritlo privato, St. biz. e neoell., 4 (1935), 263-267; 0 H3AaBaH>Y apHcToKpaT-
CKe KMOBH!He y 3aKyrr BllA. K. - P. Matschke, FuR, 75 sq.; Y3 i1pllMepe KOjlJ1 cy
TY HaBeAeHH BllA. caAa H Actes de Lavra, III, No 168 (1432).
KopeHH H nyTeBH HaCraHKa rpaA. rraTplIWIjaTa y BI13aHTHjl1 51
H3 MaiHacHipcKHX Kt'K'O je oTBopeHo peKa' MHxaHAo IX
y XPHCBYA>H, TaXBe Kyne cy MaXOM 6HAe SVOlXLIX0'1'(X
a flIoceAOBaTH HX mpje 6HAO 3a30pHo HlH npUnaAHHl(HMa IHajY)Ker
Bpxa apHcToKpaTuje.
175
MO)f(e ce caMO HacAyn.rrBaTH KO ce CBe nojaBMyje KaJO 3a:KY-
nal( HeKpeTHHIHa y noceAY apHCToKpaTHje, aAH 1'0 3a HaillY TeMY
li HeMa HeKH 3Hayaj. HHTepeC3HTHO je, MenYTHM, Aa ce 3aKynHHYKH
OAHOOH pa3BHjajy YHYTap apuCT'KpaTcKor CTaAe)f(a, Wl'O 6al(a no-
ce6HO CBeTAO Ha nOCi\OBHOCT I-berOBHX rrplliTaAHHiKa. Y HaYl(H je
Ben nOCTao CAdiBaH CAY'-Iaj nopOll,Hue AprHpo:rrYA 300r Ty)!(6e Ma-
11tCHIpa HBHpOH H3 1421. nOBOAOM MaHacTnpcKof 6aillTeHcKor KOM-
rrAeKca Kpaj 3AaTHe Kamlje y COAYHY, npeTxoAHo H3HajMibHBaHor
rreTOp,HL(H CHTHHX 3aKynaua'1a 59,5 nepnepa rOAHWI-be, a OA 1404. ro-
A'H'He ApfIHoponYA'HMa 3a 30 nepnepa (y MenYBpelMeHlY ce, HaHlMe,
CTallie H'Ma.I-ha noropmaAo). TY)K6a je nOAlwHYTa 360r TO'fa WTO
cy CalMH A<prnpofllYAH A06rrjaAH OA nOA3aKy:rraua 115 nepnepa 'H npH-
CTOjlHY npoH3BAa ca HiMalba.
17
(i OueI-bHl3aHO je, ca 'EHwe
HAH Mallie YBepe.I-ha, Aa .I-hHX'OB nOAO)f{aj npeAcTG\JBiba HAH MO)!(e Aa
npeAcTaBiba eAe:MeHT ptHOr KaIITHTaAU3'.Ma 'Y BH3aHTujOKoM <Pe'YAaA-
HOM YCTpOjCTBy.177 I1pHMapHO je H H3BeCHo, MenYTHM, npHnaAHll-
WTBO illHipe nopOAJUue ApnapofllYAa H'eTtKiHYTHjHiM apHCTOKipaTCKl:lJM
KpyroBHIMa.J7
8
Y'KOJ\lUKO ce nopOAHua yonwTe AeAHAa 'Ha pa3AHYH-
Te !"palHe, Wl'O Huje 00ryP:I'fO, H .I-heH'H OOA\jIHOKll1 YAaH'OBH cy Y)f(H-
BaAH HllKaJB CTaTYC. OHH CI] Y CY'K06 CMOHaCHlMa yWAH, KaKO je
Ben npeTnOCTaBibaHo, BepOBaTHO Y)f{'H'BajynH nOApmKY AecnOTa AH-
APOHHIKa.
179
Y rpaAY cy pacnOAaJraAH H COnCTBeHOi,\1 HMOIHHHOM, a
HeKOAHKO rOAHHa nOCAe cnopa ca HBHpOHOM nOMHI-bY ce IO "gen-
174 AwrepaTypa 0 MaHacnipcKoj HMOBHlIH y rpaAY, VKlbVlJyjynH H Kylie,
l\aHaC je Ben AOCTa 0611MHa H BenHHa THX AeAa je crrOMeHYTa OBAe y Be3li C
llojeAliHllM KOHKpeTHliM Il1iTaH>HMa, HapO'1HTO paAOBli M. A. nOlbaKOBCKe li
1>. <1>epjaHYHna.
175 Ed. F. Cognasso, Una crisobolla di Michele /X Paleologo per Teo-
doro / di Monferrato, SI. biz. e neoell., .2 (1927), 46 sq.
176 F. Doiger, Au;s den Schatzkammern des Heiligen Berges, Mnchen
1948, Nr 102 (CYAOKH aKT em1CKorra MeAeTHja); Nr 24 (l.\apcKa rrpocmrMa); Haj-
rroAPo6mrju OllliC l.\eAOr cAYlJaja K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 159-175,
rAe je li nperAeA AocaAalllHiliX liCTpa/KllBaH>a (p. 160--161).
177 A. n. KaJKAaH, H08'bLe MaTepUa/l'bL no aHYTpeHHe UCTOPUU BU3aH1'uu
X-XV 66., BH3. BpeM., 13 (1958), 306 CA.; K. B.' XBocToBa, azpa-
pHo-npa806'bLX oTHoUleHU 6 11030He BU3aH'ruu X/V-XV 613., MocKBa 1968,
259; K. - P. Matschke, Haa. oello, 162, 164, 168, 174 (BliA. HarrOMeHY 181). HHalJe
ce CaAalllH>H llCTpa.)f(HBa'lH 06liY.HO cAa)J(J{ y TOMe Aa, yorrUlTe Y3eBlllH, y Bli-
3aHTHjll 11 cyceAHHM 3eMlbaMa Ha 5aAI<aHV HHCY MorAH Aa ce pa3BHjy paHO-
KamnaAHCTH4Kll OAHOCll; ynop. r. A. Kyp6aToB - B. H. PYTeH6ypr, 3UIlOT'bL
u '1O,I1U, 16 CA.; HCTOPUfI. BU3aHTUu III, MocKBa 1967, 305, 307; K. - P.
Matschke, Geldgeschafte, 203; C. AHllleB, CpeoH06elCOaeH zpao, 195.
178 N. Oikonomids, Hommes d'affaires, 121; Prosop. LJex. der Palaiolo-
genzeit l, Nrs 1249-1252, pp. 116-119.
179 F. Dilger, Ha8. oello, 269, Han. 1; K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 170.
-------------------------
52
!'o. MaKCYL\oJOBHn
tilhomeni" Ha BeHeIJ;HjaHcKoM nAaTHOM CnHCI<.y.
10S
I1Ma, AaKAe,
AOCTa pa3Aora A3 COAYHCKe AprHponYAe He c'vlaTp3JMO nAeoejqHMa
KojH 'CV ce 33 Ael.(eHHjy H no Y3AHrMleKCnAOaTHWynH nOA3a'Kynl.(e
'Ha I1IMaJ-hY M3JHaCTHpa I1BHPOH, jeAHo.v1 H3BOPY npl1'XOAa Kojl1"M ce
'He 6H M''rao o5j a-OHHTH OBaKaB ycnoH.
181
'"
* *
I1pHxBaTaJ-he COAYHOKHX AprHp:mYi\a Kao apHCTOI<.paTOKe rropo-
AHl.(e pa3jaWJ-haBa HeKe orrWTe ;\IO:VleHTe y CTaBY 'BH3aHTHjcKe apH-
croKpanrje rrpe.\1a BOneJ-hY nOC:\OBa, KOjH cy ce ',\wrAH 3arra3HTH
Ben y npeTxoAHo,vl orrHCHBal-hY }beHJ-IX rrOCAOl3JH1HX 3aXBaTa. I1peA
HaMa je BOAenH APYWTBeHH CAOj jeAHor opraHH3Ma Ha 33AaCKY.
TpaAHl.(HOHaAiH'O 'KOH3epBaTHBa'H, OH je CBOjy AO.\1'H'HaqHjy y APY-
illTBY ycrreo Aa Cat.IYBa 300r HeMOryn/HOCTH HOBHX OHara Aa CTeK'HY,
a KaMOAH Aa 'pa3'BHjy CBOj HAeHTHTeT. AAH, OH je HCTBpeMeHO 5HO
npHH1yoeH cBoje HOTa!l<HYTe rrOAO)Kaje '-IYBa KOpeH'HHl'.\1 H3Me-
'HalMa y 'Ha<.JlHIHY CTHl.(aJ-ha npHXOAa. Y orrWTHM perpeCH.8'HH'M 1'0'1<0-
BH!Ma eKOiHoMIHje, Te 'H3-MeHe HHCY A;OIHeAe Aax 'HOBHH0., 11"311<0 ce t.IlfHH
Aa je Aeo nOCAOBH'HX IoY,AiH aplicTOKpaTKor rropeKAa 5Ho 6AH)l<H
peHecaHcHo!.\1 'Hero KA3JOHY,H.Q1.\1 BH3HTHjOKo'M cXBaTabY nOCAOBa.
EHO je TO AOOpHiM AeAolvl jeAalH BeAI1lKH npHBHA. Y3 CBY orraOHOC:T
KOjy COOOM HCH 3aKIo'YYHiBal-be Ha OOHOBY OCKYAJHIHX H3B'Opa, HnaI<.
ce i1\10)l<.e YO'tlHTH Aa je rrpa'BlHx iHOBmla y rrpHBpeOHJBawy 6HAO 3a-
HeMaploHBo MaAO, Aa OH'O WTO ce Y'lfHH H.oBHHOM npeAcTaBloa yrA3JB-
'HOM npeMeWT3Jl-be Te)KHWTa HHTepeCOBal-ba apHCTQlKpaTHje Ha no-
APYY'ja 'Koja je HeKaA 3aiH'e>MapHBaAa y CBOM 'HeOrpaHlH'-IeH'OM rocrro-
Aa:pel-by ITA'OA'HOM 30MIoOM, OCHB'HiHIM H'3B'Op'OM 60rarCTBa 'BH3a:HTHj-
cKior arpapHor APYWTBa. TaH'YWHa npOH3BO,i\.iHa OOHOBa APYillTBa
norooeHor CTaAHOM eKOHOMC'KO'M KpH30M H 6e3HaAe)KHO 3a'CTa'pe-
Aor y BHWeBeKO'BIfOM Tpa:jal-bY li YlHYl'paWH>0.\1 TpOmeH>y HtHje rrpy-
)KaAa uOMory 3a nOCAOBe KOj H OH rrOACTHIJ;aAiH eKOIH'OMOK!H pa3B'oj.
T3JKO je BH3alHTlfjCIKOj apHCTOK:paTtHjrH rrpeOCTaAo Aa ce 6aB'H nOCAO-
BHlNla y KojHIMa je npHxoA cTHqaH 3eAeH3!ll1IK'HiM IMeHTaAHTeTOM, aKO
'He y.aeK H /Ha HaYHH. OHaj H>eH Aeo Kojn je yonwTe
180 0 concTBeHoj HMOBHHH Apnlporry:\a BHA. F. DIg)::r, HaB. eJlO, 268 sq.;
K.- P. Matschke, I-taa. eJlo, 170, Han. 125. OAAYKa ceHan (Reg. 55, Senato
Secreta, Deliberazioni Miste, fol. 139-142) 0 nAanaI-bY TPOjlillH ApmponYAa
no 100 ampli Mece'lHo (3a jeAHor H 20 acnpH AOAaTl<a Ha paHHjy nAaTY), 3ajeA-
HO c APyrHM OCHpOMaweHlIAl y MAeTa<:fKOM Co-
AYHY (HajBella CYMa 300 nepnepa) AOHeTa je 7. VII 1425, a nOTnHCaO jy je AV)\<A
23. VII 1425; Yflop. K. MepI..\lIoc, 'TCYTOp(Ci, COAYf-I 1947,
50-52; F. Thiriet, Rgestes, II, No 1995.
181 P. Schreiner, Produkte, 92, HarAaCHO je HCTaKHYT COI..\HjaAHl1 nOAO-
:>Kaj COAY,HCKHx ApnlporrYAa, AOK M. H. CI03IOMOB, '-Laa. e.flO, 8, 14, K. - P.
Matschl, Schlacht, 165, 3aCTyrrajy cynpoTHY Te3Y - 0 npeAY3HMa'-lHMa KOju ce
Y3AH:>KY. Yrroper.lHBal-be nOpOAHI.\e KaAYAa H3 pal-mjer BpeMena, F. D6Iger, HaB.
eJlo, Nr 100 (1295), ca ApmponY:\HMa, 3a WTa ce 3aAa:>Ke A. II. Ka:>KAaH, Haa.
eJlo, 306 CA., TeWI<O je npHXBaTI\>HBO.
53 KopeHH li nYTeBH HaCTaHKa rpa". narpHUlijaTa y BH3alITHjH
;'.-IOrao Aa OCTaHe, H OCTao, nepaH oOAeAa'BaI-bY 3BMIoe OHO je CBa-
Ka'KO caCBH';'.! 3anOCTaB/oeH. Y TOM nOAO>Kajy ce Y'fA3JBHOM 'HaIllAa
.6:yxoEIHa apiHCT'1Kpaulja, OO:oC peyeHO AYXOB'H'H cPeYAai\'HH rrOCeAIHH-
U;H - M3JHaCTH'pH. ,
OABaja'l-be apHCTOKpaTil1je OA ynpaBloal-f,a 3BMiDH'illH'HIM rroceM-
Ma H l-f,e'HO 1KpeT3'-be nOCAOBHMa APyre BpeTe OA,'BnjaA'l1 cy ce y
BeOMa CAO>KeHH'.Vl nOAHTHY'KHM Y'CAOBHlMa. BI.f3aIHTHja je TaAa OHAa
nOAHTHYKH H eKHC.\1CKH paenapY3JHa 'Ha MlIl-be u;ei\ll1'He, Yec'DO YAa-
fuBHC jeAHe OA ,L\pymx. H3JKO OCHpOf.\1aWeHH, rpaAoBHoy y Benoj
.\1epH Hero paHHje a'l1COpOBaAH eK'HO.\ilOKY aKTHBiHOCT. Be3aIHa 3a
lb'I1X, apHCTO'KpaTHja je cBoje J.1IHTepeCe CBOAHAa 'Ha AO'KaAHe OiKBH-
pc H npecTaAa Aa OYAe YH'HIl1,\3q 3ajeAHHwTBa, HapOtHnO 300r TOTa
WTO je q;eYAa"H3aU;Hjo'M Ap>KasHor anapaTa, nonYI-benar rrAeMeHH-
Ta'll.Joll'Ma, OHO paCTOyeH 'HajoHa>KHHjH 'HII-lTerpal'l1iBHH eAeMeHT apH-
CfO'Kp3TOKor CTaAe>K3.
1R2
IIp'H'BHAerHje r<aje cy rpaAoBH AooHjaAH
Ha pa3HHiM CTpaiH3J:Y!a UapCTBa, jacHo nOABAaqe ose OKOA'HOCTH.l
83
HH33JHTHj'CKa apHCTlKpaTIHja je H y erKOorrO'MOK-'.\'1 H y rrOAHTH"-IKOM
norAeAY npepac"a y cBojeBpcTalH rpaAOKI1 naTpHUtl1jaT. CrreUHcPHY-
HOCTH l'or cAoja y O\AiHOCy 'Ha YOOHyajeHH CMHcao noj'Ma naTpHUH-
jaT He YMal-byjy Orrpa13A3HOCT ynoTpe6e lfCTor TepMHHa npHAHKOM
pacnpaBloal-ba 0 APYWTBel-lOj CTPY'KTypH BH3a'HT!Hje.
181
Bpo:Yle KOjHIM ce OaH\lO CaAp>I jow jC,6;HY AH',MeH3Hjy, 'Ba>K'H'Y
3a pa3YMeBal-be KOHaYI-Ie cP33C Bl13aHTHjcKe apHCTO-
l(paTJ.lje. MorAH OHOMO je Ha3B3TH crrOloaWI-bO','v! AiJ1\.\1eHClHjO'M. Ha-
MMe, OYCBH,L\;HO je Aa jc BH3a'HTHja n03Hor Aooa oHAa eKOHOMClKH
13e33JHa 3a 3anal,L\. OS,L\e je lIOKa331Ha YCAOBfoHOCT Te Be3a'H'OCTH Ha-
cTojal-f,M HTaAHjaHKHx lIOMPCKHX CHAa Aa ce Ha,Mel'HY BH3aHTHj-
CKOM npHBpeAHOM rrpOCTOpy, C jeAHe, H HacTojaI-beM BH3aHTHj.cKe
apHCToKpaTHje Aa y crrpe3H ca HTaAIH'j3JH'H'Ma peWH corrCTBeHe e'f'3H-
cTeHU;HjaAHe eIKO'HOMCKe H lIOAHTHY:Ke npOOJ\e,Vle, C Apyre CTpaHe.
C\1pTOHOOH1 IHapaCTal-be TypCKe orraCHOCl'H, nOlleB OA TlOCAeAl-bHX
AeueH'Hja XIV BCKa, ojayaA' je OB3JKBe TeHAeI-IU;Hje y peAOBH'Ma
3JpoI-l'Cl'Ol<paTHje. 3Ha:TaH Aeo IbCHe 'HMOBHHe y HOBUY oH AparoqeHHlM
npeAMeTHMa Te3aypHcaH je paAH eHrypl-IOCTH y HTaAHjaHcKHM KO-
AO.HQ1jllMa Ha i\eBaHTY, Ka' H y MeTponOAaMa Ha AneH:HHOK'OI,M: '110-
AYOCT'P'SY, H Ta-KO OHO KOlIaYHO H3rYO/IJe'H 3a BH33'HTHjCI<!Y eKOHO-
MI1'Ky.18.; CAcAel.HKopaiK Yl1'HHAO je npUXBaTal-be ,,1.\p>KaBiD3'HCT'Ba"
lIojeA'H1HHX HTaA'Hj3'I-ICKHX perry6AH'Ka, lJlTO je apHCTolKpaTHMa ca
ABOjHHM nOAaHCTBOM, 13H33HTHjCKHM H CTpaHHM, AOHOCHAO ABO-
182 Yrrop. fo. MaKCHMOBHn, YI1pa6a, 7-19,162-163.
183 IIoHeKaA ce tlaK r0J30pH 0 rrpeTl3apaI-hy rpaAOBa y HeKY BPCTY rroAyca-
MOCTaAHHX perry6AHKa: M. H. CI03IOMOB, POf1'b ZOpO08-3MI10pUe8 8 ucropuu
BU3aHmu, BH3. opeM., 8 (1956), 39.
184 CAli'iHO TYMaqeI-he OBor TepMI1Ha 3acTyna M. A. IIOARKoJ3CKaR,
12, AOK C. i\HweB, CpeHo8eKo8eH zpa, 170, CMaTpa Aa je I-heroBo YBolJelLc
He"'lOrynHo (BHA. HanOMeHV 67).
185 D. Zakythinos, Crise. 74, 112 sq. K. - P.Matschke, Geldgeschifte,
187 sq.; Hcm, Schlacht, 188, 244 sq.
54
1'0. MaKCHMOBHh
C1'pYKe KOpHCTH: OCenmbe Oe30eAHOCTlI II MoryflHOCT Aa CAOOOAHH-
je BOAe nOCi\.OBe, nOHeKaA H Ha OCHOBY npHBHAerHja Koje cy Ba
,KHAe 3a CTpaHIJ;e.
18
OBa l'eHAeHl...\Hja ce, HapOYI1TO y npeACMpTHIHM
A3lHH'Ma npeT>BOplUa y epH3HYXO oeKCl'BO Koje Ce nonYT
3ap33e npOWHpHAO H3 ap:HCl'OKpa1'C'K'lIX peAOBa H 'Ha J-IH:>Ke APY-
Wl'BeHe CJ\ojeBe.
187
AOBMHO je TI03Hal'O [(OAHKe cy KYA1'ypHe BpeA-
HOCTH l'HM nYl'eM npeHel'e 'Ha 3anaA. HarrOMeHUMO caMO TO Aa je
CTBopeH l'3lKaB COIJ;'HjaNH!H 11 npenAel' WHl'epeca Aa je
EeHOiBiD3JHH'H XHAapl1'je AopHja ,\10rao OH1'H H 'BH3aHl'ujcK'H BeA'H'KO-
AOCl'Oj<Hl1'K 'H cBoje TpH KhepH nOYAa'BaTH 3a jeAlHO'f cYlHapOAHH'Ka,
jeAHor OOMaHOKor npH'HIJ;a H JOBaH,a XpHeoi\.opa, AyrorOPiHlUlher Hl!-
3<1<Hl'wjoKor nOCAaHIfKa Ha 3arraAy.
188
y OrrH'C3'HHM OKOJ\HOCTH\'la Kpnjy ce KOIlaYHH 3a
OHl'KBO nOCAOB3Ilhe KaKBO je pa3BHjaAa BH3aHHljcKa apHCl'lKpal'H-
ja YO'YH nponacnI Uap'CTBa. MelJynIM, H,e>.H npanvlaT>H3a:;VI Tpa>KH H
onopeA;HH H3Aa3 y l'HM: OACYAtHHM YaCO'BH'Ma. qyBeHa je 113jaBa Be-
iUI'Karua AYKe HOT3Ipa, Ha'KO BC3aHor nOCAO'l3'l:r;Vla 3a 3anaA 6ap
Kp03 AiBe reHepaIJ;Hje, Aa 'RHille BOM! TypOI TypoaH HO AaTHHOKY
MHTPy,189 aAH je 'HeAaBHO AYXO!BHTO npHMeneHO Aa,cYAen'H no lhe-
rOBOM nOH3wawy, Ta H3jaBa HlMaCAeAenH Ci\1Hcao: "Sowohl Turban
aIs auch Tiara, von jedem etwas, von keinem zuviel" .190 KOAH!KO j
HOTapa C'HMOOA nparMaTHY'HOCTH BH33'HTHjoKe apH'CToKpal'Hje, lm-
TaIbe je Koje ce MO>Ke npOl..(elhl-lBaTH, aAH je H3BeOlIO Aa cy J-hellH
3Hayaj'IUI ACAOBH C3YCKHBaAII TYp'Ke, nOKywaBajynH Aa cc npHAa-
rOAe IHOBOj peaA!HOCTH.
191
ANH pe3YJ\l'aTH O.l3HX I1aCTojalba, CBaKaKO
BeOMa 3aHil'MibHBH, iJ1aKO HeAoBolDHO npoyyeHl:I, npHnaAajy BpCi.\1e1lY
Ae3HHTCrpaIJ;Hje I-\OCKOpaWH.>er BAaAa.ivner cAoja y APYWTBCHHM YC-
YCJ\OBHMa Koje je ycrroCTaE'HAO 3aBonelbe CTparHC TIOAlfJ'H'lKe BA3CHI.
186 N. Oikonomids, ,-wa. e.flo, 126 sq. A. Laiou-Thomadakis, B)'z.. Eco-
110/11)', 212; K. - P. Matsche, Schlacht, 179 sq. (HapOYHTO IIpHMep HHKoAe
HOTapa), 183, 187 (nOToMuH Ha 3anaAV nOCi\e 1453).
187 BHA. HapOYHTO N. Iorga, Byzance aprs Byzance, Bucarest 1935,
15-19; A. Vacalopoulos, The Exodus of Scholars tram ByzantiUTn, Fifteenth
Cent. Journ. of world HisL, 10 (1967), 463--480; M. Balard, Romanie, l, 271;
V. Nerantzi- Varmazi, '}-f chra Kw,,/;(6),;rj (,:1) WiHcrO TO 140\)
o.LWvC( (1354-1402), 1 (198l), 89-97; 0 OBOj nojanH y Eyrap-
CKOj DHA. C. uwen, CpeHoaeKoeeH zpa, 138 CA.
188 K. - P. Matschke, Schlacht, 190 sq.
189 Ducae Historia turcobyzantina (1341-1462), cd. V. Grecu,

1958, 329. 11.

190 K. - P. Matschke, Hae. el1o, 196.
191 OBa nojaBa je Ao6po n03Hara, raKO Aa 6nx YI<a3ao caMO Ha <PHHO
CpOyeH KOMeHTap KOjl1 joj je nocBenro K. - P. Ma1Jschke, Bemerkungen zu
den so::.ialen Tragern des spatbyzantinischen Seehandels, Byzantinobulg., 7
(1981), 261.
KopeHH H rryTeBH HaCTaHKa rpaA. rraTpHLUijaTa y BH3aHTHjH 55
LjubomiT Maksimovi
THE ROOTS AND WAYS OF GENESIS OF URBAN PATRICIATE
IN THE BYZANTIUM
Summary
The restored Byzantium after 1261 maintained for a shmt
pef'iod the appearance of 6trength, but 'the sings of deohne became
conspicuous r,ather saon. Already in the fourteenth century serious
economic crisis came forth which particularly hit on the towns.
Towns, namely, were, beginning from the eleventh century, in the
mainstream of the proce-ss of feudalization, so that they did not
succeed to acquire economic independence, as weIl as to develop
their specifie urban economy. They differ from each other only in
the degree of joining the agricultural production, which in many a
case was of such a scope truat it gave to the town the agrarian
character.
Insuch circumst'ances handicraft manufacture'began to decline,
both in terms o,f quahty and of quantitty, so that rtJhe to,wns ex-
pressed themselves primarily as political, military, cultural and also
partially as commercial centers. AlI key positions in them were heId
by the land arictocracy, which lived in the towns where it made the
bureaucratie staff too, while being also significantly powerfulin
terms of economic potentials. The basis of economic strength of the
ari'stocratic layer'is tJhe 'possessi()n Oif land, w.hi'oh, on the()therhand,
ensured a relative uniformity of that layer in the entire politically
unified Empire. However, a considerable part of artistocratic land
possessions was in theimmediate vicinityof the towns, while making
thus the integral part of their economic structure; other possessions
were even within the town r-amparts. It is therefore understandable
why the privileges obtai!nedby,sorne townsin bhe Paleologan epoch
were granted primarily in the interest of aristocracy, so that they
had the character of feudal immunities.
On the other hand, the aristocracy possesSd considerable
property in the town itself, which property had no 'agrarian cha-
racter. This relates to real property which is being leased, and to
workshops where there were mlJny subordinate craftsmen. This
was the basis for the breakthrough of the feudal class into the non-
-agr-arian sphere of economics which was particularly hit by the
crisis in the fourteenth century. At that time the conditions dete-
niorated for work of commercial and craftsman strata which even
prior to that period, due to the domination of aristocracy and to
predominantly agrarian character of the town, were the factor of
seaond-class value. They were, namely, not successful in develop-
ing their own physiognomy, nor were they able ta find themselves
as a separate social class.
56
10. MaKcuMoB.llli
In addition to the above, the competition by the Italian ma-
ritime republics with their enormous custom dut Y privileges, and
powerful craftsman and manufacture production Byzan-
tine handicrafts and commerce. The Byzantine exchange of goods
with the West acquired the character which best suited the ari-
stocratie class. Predominantly ha-ndicraft and manufacture products,
and first of a11 textile fabrics, arms, and metal ware, were imported,
while raw-materials a,nd particularly agricultural prorlucts were
exported. With such a structure of trade it was natural for the
members of aristocracy to 'begin lo engage in commercial transacti-
.ons.
Somewhat para11el ta a more definite expressing of these new
interests of aristocracy is the attempt by the so-called middle (fLaol)
urban layers to release themselves from its hegemony. However,
the civil war of the fourties and the war against Genoa at the very
middle of the century, meant the failure of that attempt. Social
domination of aristocracy becomes complete and the term "middle"
even disappears from the texts of the period. At the same time so-
cial differences within the aristocratic social class are more cons-
pkuous than ever before, Wihile its more out'standing members ac-
quire wider area for business undertqkings. That process completed
the basic prerequisites for the final transformation of land aristo-
cracy int.a the urban patriciate.
From the second half of the fourteenth century the members
of aristocracy, who even before that tirne were individua11y engaged
in the money and commercial transactions, began to participate
more and more lin such type of business. However, spiritual feudCll
land-owners, namely monasteries, did 'not engage 'so much 'in ,tihi,s
type of business. But the ever greater importing of cereals (which
also 'becomes more and 'more ex,pensive), due ta cOl1lSitant decrealse of
production in the Byzantium itself, together with the loss of enar-
mous areas of land which was predominantly in the hands of the
aristocratic class, brought about the graduaI loss of its interest fOT
possessing farrn-lands and even for engaging in trade of agricultural
products. Money transactions of aristocrats in the first place, and
then the commercial ones, acquire wider dimensions and meaning.
Hawever, the accentuated priority of Italians still remaill1ed, since
they continued to manage practica11y the entire foreign trade busi-
ness of Byzantium, as well as a considerable part of its internaI
commerce, which primarily rela ted to large transactions and affairs
with distant destinations.
Relevant documents from the e,nd of the fourteenth and from
the beginning of the fifteenth century contain informations on great
number of members of the aristocratie families who engage in the
above mentioned transactions, and who are organized in the corres-
ponding associations (cruvTpO<pta.). However, the material ground
in the f,orm of handicraft production, not to mention the rea.l manu-
KopeHI1 11 nYTeBll HaCT<1HKa rpaA. naTpHl\HjaTa y BH3aHTHjH 57
facture, remains entirely neglected. The attention af businessmen of
that generation \s aimed primarily at the exchange and credit
transactions, then to money-Iending business, while the technique
applied does not fall much behind the Italian one.
Commercial transactions, however, stay somewhat behind, being
ffeeted by applying relatively out-dated accounting and bO'ok-keep-
ing techn,iques. The tl1!ird kind of business transaebiJons, name:y
renting or leasing sources of income, has been applied on a rather
wide basis.
That entire business develo!psin a rat;hercomplex politicaJ
situation, both in the internaI and the external spheres. Internally,
the country was politically and economically divided into smaller
uni ts, whiah were freq uently wide a:part from each ct'her. The towns
in them, alrthc':..lgh getL'ng poorer, absorb more intensively the econo-
mie activtity on a local leveJ, sa that aristocracy ceases ta be the
ekment of tcgetherness. From the outside the danger from the
Turks eompels business people ta address more and more ta the
We.st, so that many aristocratic families obtained the right of citi-
zenship in the Italian republics, transferring to them considerable
part of their property, already almost exclusively in form of money
and movables. However, the existing pragmatic political attitude
formed the ground for aH thase aristccratic families which were
not able ta follow the above mentioned course, and their number
undoubtedly was not sa small, ta wait peaeefully the coming of
Turks. They attempted thus under the new authority, which did not
favour Italians, to continue ta engage in the earlier walks of busi-
ness, namely the ones practiced in course of the several last decades
of life of the Byzantium.
AywaHICa BOJAHHfi-i\ YI<ALI - CY3aHa BOPBEBHfi
PA3BOJ AOKAAHE rPAAcKE VTIPABE HA nAAKAHV
OA XV AO XIX BEKA
naAKaH je OA XV AO XIX BeKa npeAcTaBA>aO ACO OOManCKe
HMnepHje 11 CTora ceMO>Ke penH Aa je OHa y OBO;\1 pa34<06/oy oHAa
"aHaAoAcKo-oaAKaHcKa, OAHoeHO a3HjcKo-eBponcKa AP:tKaBa".l YI
nopeA Tora je no KYATYpH oHAa y OCHOBH opHjeHTaAHo-TYPcKa AP-
)J(ama H KGlJO T3JKBa OHa)J(HO YTHuaAa Ha KYATYPY oakKaHCKHX Ha-
pOAa y OBOM nepHOAY. TIPOAOP opHjeHTaAHO-TypCKe KYAType Ha
naNKiN[ OlfO je OA3JKlllaH oH THMe lUTa je 11 BH33:HTHja "KaIK'O [[0
enOM pacnpoc-rpaH,CH,Y, TaKO li no ypcnClbY, OHAa opHjcHTaAllO-
-OaAK3!HOKa 'H'Mnepnja, a T3D. BH33!HTHjcKa J(YATypa npCACTaBibaAa
je y Cl'Bapn cpeTa'H crroj oaAKaIHCKHX, 'AHOCHO rpl.{KHX H pujcHTaA-
HHX CAeMeHaTa" .
2
3Hal.{aj Hy YAory y UlHpel-bY opnj eHTaAHO-TypOKC
KYA"I'ype HMaAH cy rpaAOBH Kao rA3JBHay;rropHllJTa H UCHTpH, OAa-
'KAe ce OHa illHpHAa H Ha OCTaAa nOApyqja naA'j(a'Ha.
TIpe AiOAa'CKa Typa:Ka OHAO je 'MaAO rpaA'Ba 'Ha BeneM AeAY
naAIKaHa, H TeK 3a BHllJeBe!J(OBHor )l(HBOTa OaAKlliHOKHX HapOAa y
rpaJHHua,\1a 'OOMa'HOKe Ap:tKa'Be pa3BHAa cy ce HA'11 0'1 TeK 'HaCTa-
jaAa IMHlora rpaACKa CpeAHllJTa. CTora ce MO:tKe pehJH Aa cy BeKO'BH
OA XV AO XIX 011AH BClKOB'11 "opHjeHTaNHO-OaM(aJH10Ke yp6a:H'J.13aUH-
je".:) KaA je pe1.J 0 ypOa'HH3aUHjH \lOpa ce HlMaTH y BHAY Aa je Taj
rrojaJM 'Hajl.{eUie KOpHllJneH 3a npouec rpaACJc:or paCTa, O;.\lHOCHO
Kao AeMorpa<pClKH nojaM, He YKibYl.{yjyruH A'PYllJl1BeHeYCTaHOBe HAB
HiHXOBe npO'MeHe.
J
MenYTHlM, ypoaHH3aUHja no HallJeM CXBaTaHiY
CaAp)I(H Kao lHeonxOAHe KOMnOHeHTC nocTojaJ-be H pa3Boj MHorHX
ApYllJTneHHX YCTa:HOBa, Meny KojHMa cy noceOHO Ba>KlHe rpaAC'Ka
1 M. <1>llAHfIoBHn, OpujeHTailHa KO,It/10Hel-ITa y HapoHoj KYilTYpU JYJ/C-
IiUX Cil08eHa, IlpHA03ll 3a opHjeHTaAHY epllAOAomjy, CB. XVI-XVII, Capaje-
no 1970, 102-103.
2 HCTO, 105.
3 HcTO, 110.
4 D. E. Hunter and P. Whitten, Encyclopedia of Anthropology, New
York 1976, 398.
GO
AywaHKa EojaHHo-AYI'1 H CY3mla fioplJeBHh
yrrpaBa H AQ;K3Ij\'j-Ia rpaACKa YllpaBa. Crporo LJ;eHTpaAHCTHYKa ynpaBa
OCMaHCKe HMnepHje YTHLJ;aAa je H Ha <popMHpaI-be OApe5eHHX APY-
lllTBeHHX YCTaHOB'a rpaAa, 'Ha npH'Mep rpaAOKe ynpaBe, nOIliTO je
CBe opraHe rpaACKe Yllp3lBe nOCT3IBibaAa IlopTa.:; OHHCY OH'AH AO-
IKaAJHH nocBojoj 'J-laMe)l<HOCTH, a He '11 no nopeKAY cBojeBAacTH;
A:OKaNHa rpaACKa ynpa"Ba, Koja je npeAoMeT OiBor UCTpa)KIHBaI-ba, 6HAa
je i\:!KaAHa H no 1l0peKAy IHaAi\e)KHOCTH H no 1l0pKAY BAaCl1H.
Ha OCI-f'OBY a'l-IaAH3e nOAaTaKa 0 opraHHi!l'Ia rpaAoKe BAacnr IKoje
je A,ao EBAHja LIeAeoH V C130M llyro1'lucy 3a cpeAImYH Apyry no-
A''B'HHY XVII Be'Ka M')J(C ce 3a.KibYYHTH Aa cy CUH rpaAoBH 'ca CTa-
TYCOM Illexepa, MYCtd1ManOKor Hace,'n3. Haj'I3Hluer pa'l-Ira, 003!Be3HO
HMaAn CAeAel.e npeJ\CT3.BHH'Ke rpaACJ<C ynpaBe: Kail-\Hjy, ja'HH'-lap-
CKor cepAapa, cnaxHjcKor MeOHor nexacjy, MyxTeoHoa, oa)l<Aapa, xa-
pay-ary u AiH3Aapa YKOAlfK.Q je rp3lA '11.\1a0I1 TBp53.BY. Il'opeA I-bHX,
lllexepH cy :l-B1aAH H rpaAcKo'r nexajy kethds,i). LIeAeoH je
3a6eAe.IKHO Ta,KBo CTaI-be y CapajeBY, BHTOibY, CKO'l1ibY, KpymeBLJ;Y,
CMeAepeay, y .lKHUY, <PO'YH, Kib'YYY, MOCTapy, 3BO.pH'HiKY, PaYu, Ilibe-
BM1'Ma, IIlTnny, OXPH'A'Y, BHAWHY, C'Oq,HjH, IlAeBHH, illY'MeIHY, Pa3-
rpaAY, HHlK'ano",y, IlABA!HBY, OOAYHY, Cepe3Y, KaBaAIH, Ja:I-bH!H'H,
A'PaMH, BaAaHiH, EAOa'C<lIH'Y, AeABwI-flY, TKHpAary.6 IlocTojaI-be no-
MHYTHX 'opraHa rpaAClI<e ynpaBe y 'C'Bl1':\1 iBH'M rpaAoBH'Ma npeACTaB-
t"a I-bHXOBO 3ajeAHHY'K0 OCI-IOBI-IO 06eAell<je. CBH OHE cy OHAH rpaAl)-
BH MeUiOBLITOl "l'Lina: <lA;VIH>JIHCTpaTHI3H'O-iBojiHa, CYAC'Ka H OKHO'yICKa
cpeAiHWTa.
1\:KO ce pa3.vlOTpe AY)l(']-]ocur HaBeAeHHX opraHa l'paACKe ynpaBe
(KaAHja, AH3Aap, ;V!'YXTeOH6, Xapay.-Ma), HAa ceM'O)Ke Il('OHCTaTO-
'I3al111 Aa I1X je CBe nOCTa'BtoaAa A:p)l<aBa 'Ha oApe5eH'OBpeMe. Ha
HOl1l1 iHaYHH cy nOCTaBibaHH 11 jaHHqaopc-KH cepAapH '11 \\1.eOHe cna-
xHjcKe hexaje; jeAIHlHH H3Y3eTaK je OfrO rpaAoKH nexaja. I-beroBe
AY)KIHOCTH 11 YAora BHCY AOCa,A AOBOibHO npoyYel-fH, rra neMo CTora
nOKymaTH Aa I1X DApeA'I1'MO Ha O'C'IIOBY pacnoAo>K1H'BI1X liCTOpl1jCKHX
H3Bopa.
* *
*
PaAenI-I Ha lTpeBOA'Y flyrol1.uca EBAHje LIeAcoHje, TypKOA0311 cy
611AI-1 y HeAYAliHLJ;'l1 KalI<O J-\a npeBeA'y TepMl1'H kethdasi Il
K3.'1<O Aa Ae<pH'HI-iIllY I-berOBY VAory 'Y .lKHBOTY rpaAa, IlpHMepa paAH
,HaBellineMO Aa je <Pp3lHLJ; BaOHHrep (Franz Babinger) 1938, Haopa-
5 X. llia6aI-IOBUn, KOMYl-ta/lHO ypeheibe u ynpaaa, y Kfbl1311 He-ropuja
[;cozpaa, I, EeorpaA 1974, 338.
6 KOpHCTI1AI1 CMO CAeAetia AeAa: X. lIIa6aHoBHn, E6/luja lfe/le6uja,
nYfonuc, OAAOMLlH 0 jyrocAoBeHCIM I--:II, CapajeBo, 1957; F.
Babinger, Rwnelische Streifell, Berlin 1938; R. Neues zur balkan-
trkischen Forsclumg, Zeitschrift der Deutschen MorgenUindischen Gesel-
lschaft, Band 103, ReEt 1, Wiesbaden 1953; C. AI1MHTpOB, Eal!uja lfeIlC611,
n'Tenuc, CoqJHja 1972; Evliya elebi Siyahat-nmesi, cnc cild, Der-i
1314; E. elebi Siyahat-nmesi, Sekizil1ci cild, Istanbul 1928.
-----
Pa3Boj AOKaAHe rpaA. yrrpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa 61
jajynlI rpaAcKe npeAcTaBHHKe BAaCTli y BaAoHIi II EAacaHY, nOMe-
HYO 'II rpaAoKor nexajy H npeB60 ra ca "Brgermeister", !He o6ja-
lllfbaBajynH no6MDKe lllTa nOA:pa3VMeBa nOA 1'1IM.
7
Po6epT A'Hxerep
(Robert Anhegger) je 3a lI'C1'Y AlJfl.IIHOCT'Y CKOTIfDIY A:alO npeBoA "Stadt-
meister", TaK'De 6e3 6AH)KHX '06jalllfbefba.
8
To ce MO)Ke KoHCTaTO-
BaTH :H 'Y PaA'BHlMa jyrocAoBeHCKHX TypKAo,ra. fAHma EAe3'BlIh
je rpaACK'r nexajy AeA'BH.:Ha npeBeo 'Ca ",BapOIllKIi rplJAOiHaJt.IeAlHfliK",9
a y Jl1peBOAY EBA'HjH.HOr OJTHOa Y)[u;a Aaje ra y 06AJHKY ,,'BapOillKli
naja" e3 KOMeHTapa.
IO
I1peBoAenli EBAlIjlI'H OfllH'C Capaj0Ba, Xa3lfM
llIa6aHomili je 3a rpaAOKor nexajy yn:OI1peH'O H3pa3 "Ha'YeAHHK
rpaAa", AOK ra je y Be3H ca CMeAepeBOM npeBeo Kao l'paAOHalJeA-
Hil1'Ka.tt IllaoaHBlHn je 1964. OMal'paO 3a nOl'pe!Ho Aa o6'jacHH OA-
peAHIIU;y lllexep-nexaja y pelJHIIKY TepMIIHa KOjH je npIIAO)KIIO TYP-
CKIiIM 1I3BopliiMa 3a lHCTOPlIjy EeorpaAa. 110111TO ,je y nOnI-fcy Eeo-
rpaAa 'H3 1560. 6lIO 3aBeAeH MypaT, eUH CK0HAepOB, 'Kao lllexep-
-nexaja II CTlIJ-IOBHII'K MaxaAe UaL\1olIja ndK1oj'J-llor <PepXaNITallle, Illa-
alJ-IOBlin je y nOMeJ-lYTOM Aao CAeAene ojaillfbeI-he: "Ille-
xep-nexaja (OA lllexep, B. H nexaja, B,) AOCA'OB'J-I<O 3Ha'lJlI cTapjelllHlHa
lllexepa. lloMalliKlIfbe jacJ-IIHx H3Bopa 0 3HalJe
i
I-h'Y ose CAO)KeHIIu;e
KaAa ce jaBiba Kao aAMHHH'CTpaTiH'BJ-ll1I repMlIIH oH 3Bal-he y Typ0K'lI'M:
BapOilllIlMa !HaJBOAIiAO je CTpY'llfbllKe Aa je, AP)KenH ce fbeHor 6Y'KBaA-
Hor 3HalJeI-ha, npeBOAe ca rpaAOHalJeAHHK HAilI npeAcjeAJ-IIHK OITlIITII-
He. Ta'Ko caM nOCTymlO H ja npeBOAenH ErBA'lIjy "lIeAe6njy. Manap-
CKIi l'yplKoAor A. <P0KeTe CBa,KlJKO \Ha l1'CToj OCHOBH OMaTpao je Aa
je lllexep-nexaja lfO no",,\'onHH'K mexep-eWUHIHa (Belleten, XIII, 693).
HaKHaAHH'M TIPOYlJlIB3IfbeM 'caM Aa ce lllexep-nexaj\1 Ha-
3lfBao CTaJpjemlliHa IIAM HaA30pHli oprH CBHX eOHacPa y jeA,HoM
rpaAY. Ha T3JKBO CXBaT3Jl-he OBor Ha3lI'Ba ynynyje 'C3JM EBAHja "lIe-
Ae6H'ja KaA Meny AOK3A,HHiM cPYHKu;HOIHepHMa y CapajeBY OnOM'H'fbe
weXep-eM!II!Ha II lllexep-nexajy oKyna 'lI Ka)[<e Aa 'lIX "cAYlllajy II no-
lllTyjy CBH eCHaq)lI, TproBQII, npBaU;H 'II yrAeAJ-I1i IbYAH". OH 'K3)Ke
jOIll Aa npeMa AecPTepy lllexep-nexaje CapajeHo H,\1a y cBeMY 104
MaXaAe.
HajcTaplIjlI onDMeH mexep-nexaje y ClIpajeBY nOTjelJe '113 1620.
rOAIiHe. TaAa je OBY cPY,HKU;H'joy y C3'pajeBY Bplll'l10 H0KH xaun Xy-
CellIiH .K'Ojlli je Te fOAHHe nDA:HraD y CapajeBY OIHaj IKlIMeH'lI MoeT KOjiH
ce II AlIHac IHa3lI'Ba Illexep-nexaj'IiIHa rrynplija (KpellleBibllKOBlIn, Bo-
d060u u zpahe1-be Ha 60du y crapOM Capaje6Y, 203-206; C. Ke-
Mypa, Capaje6cKe l;la/vluje u dpyze ja6He 3zpae, 104-105). OBa ce
YCTlJHOBa On()lMlI'fbe y CapajeBY OBe AD 1257/1841. rOAlI'Re (Ke,\1ypa,
. .
7 F. Babinger, HaB. ello, 26, 33.

8 R. Anhegger, HaB. e;lO, 73.
n r. EAe30BHn, TYPCKU cnOMeHUL{U, KJ-b. I, CB. 1, EeorpaA 1940, 748,
lIall, 1,
10 r. EAe30BHn, H3 nYTonuca EBlluje lfelleBuje, HCTOPHCKH qaCorrnc,
rOA- I, CB. 1-2, EeorpaA 1949, 11.
11 X, IUaoaHoBHn, E81luja lfelle6uja, nYTonuc, I, CapajeBo 1957, 119;
II, 64.
62
AymaHKa EojaHHh-i\YKatI H CY3aHa EOpneaHo
HaB AeAo, 244) .12 Kao WTO rrpOH3Aa3H H3 OBor LJ;HTaTa, IIIa6aHoDHh
je nOCAe BHwerO,lliHWl-ber rrpoyyaBa'l-ba TepNlHlHa H VCTalHoBe wexep-
nexaje 3aKibVlIHO A:a je Baj npeACT3IBHHK BAaCI1H 6HO "cl'3'pjemuHa
HAH IHaA30piHH 0'PraH OBiHX eoHaq,a V je.AlHoMPpaAV."
:r.OT'BO MCTOBellHO CXiBaT3Jfhe 3Haqel-ba TepMlWHa wexep-nexaja,
a ITA V'PHLJ;a'je'M Ha'DeA,eHOr IIIa6aJHoBHneBor ojaullbel-ba, Aao je Il
ABAO CynecKa y OBOjOj M'Horpaq,HjiH 0 ajalHHJMa: "TepMl1'H zpadclcu
hexaja mrje y i\'HTepal'VPH jow KaKO 'Ppe6a 06jaWl-beH. HCTO TaKO
HHje YTBp15eHo KaAa ce 'OH npBH rrYT cpene V H3BopiHMa. <PY:HlKu;lHO-
Hepa rrOA l'HM Ha3lHiB'-\1 openeM' y IIYTorrHOY EBAHje QeAe6Hje.
Xa3HM IIIa6aH''B'Hn Taj TepMHH rrpeB'OAiH ca "Ha"leA'HHK JlpaAa" (E.
QeAe6Hja, IIYTonHc, 117). TemKO ce, 'MenVTHM, CAO)l'PH ca l'HM
rrpeBoA'OM, jep T3'KBOr HalIeA'HHK:a IHe orrOM1HlliV APVm H3BOpH, 'pa-
ilmjH IHHTH IKacHHjH. KaAa 6'H 1'0 6H'0 LHeK'lI Ha'lIeM-mK JlpaAa, HAa 6H
y rpaAY nocfojao C3JM' je'A3JH yrrp3JBHH q,yrHKLJ;Ho!Hep T3B. OIITWTe
HaAAe)KHOCTlf. MenYllHM, T3JIOr q,VHKL\UfOlHepa V CiHCTeMV _\OKa'AHe
BAaC'PH 'V 00M3'HOKOj LJ;3JpeB'H,HH HHje 6}IA0 oBe AO T3!H3H'M3'Ta. IIplfje
ne 6HT'H BjepoBaTHa ''l'HJ-beHHLJ;a Aa je rH3pa3 rpaACKM nexaja vrrOTpe-
6iba
l
BaH V 3H3'lIel-by CTapjewHiHe OBItX eOHaq,a. n03HaTO je, :BaUMe,
Aa je CBaKIH eoHa<p UMa'o ora cTa'pjelliHlHY, KOjH ce 3Bao nexaja.
ECHa<pH cy 'H!MaAH H lHGBjeoHHx 3ajeA<HM4KJHX iH'Hrepeca (KOoPA,HiHa-
IJ;Hja IMenyco6H1Hx ,lliHOca, 'IToTpe6a 3ajeAHH'lIKOr HaC11Yrra I1peA op-
raJHO'M IBAaCTH), na IHe Tpe6a HOKtoY"l'HTH MOrytJHOC1' Aa CV OH'H Y
TOM LJ;HJ'oY 6HJpaAH H je,lliHOf 3ajeAiHH"IIKOr cTapjemHlHY I1O,A Ha3HBOM
fpaAiOKH nexaja ~ h i r kethodasi). IZa-Kio cy 33!Ha1'A'Hje crraAaAH y
CpeA:l-bHCAoj CTaHO'BHrHWTBa, cTojenH no A:PYWTBeHOM paHry AaAe-
K'O 'lfCnOA q,eYAaAaua, lliHXOIB 3ajeMiiHlJlKIH CT.apjewlfHa, HaJK je MO-
rao HMaTH 3HaTaH yrAeA y 'l-b'HXBOIM Kpyry, :awje 'M'orao 6H1'H OTIllITH
CTaJpjewHlHa. Aa je rpaAJCKIH neXajaHMaO MaAO aVTopHTeTa V O"lUMa
fOplliHX APVWTiBeHHX CAOjeBa, rrOl'Bpnyj y rr0A:aU1I1 H3 HerKil-IX q,ep'Ma-
Ha -113 A:pyre nOA'BHlHe, XVIII cToJ'oena KO'joH 03HalIa'Bajy rpaA-
OKor nexajy Kao lIDljeKa li-Ie3HaTH'Or YI'AeAa (aceze gurh), ynp3iBo
3601' Tora WTO oy 1'aK8H q,YJHKUHOHepH penpYTon3
'
I-m ,H3 OpeAl-b'HX li
HI1)KIHiX CA:oje'B3. TIH I10AaUI1 yq.a.pmnyjy Hame 'Y'B'jepel-be Aa je rpaA-
CKI1 nexaja 6iH' <YHKUiHOHep VOK:O eCHa<CoKe D'Pr3JH'H3aJJ;Hje, 3a "IHjH
ce A:jeA'OlKpryr Te>IIIK'O M')K.e 'PenH Aa je npeAa3HO 'lKIBHJpe Te opra-
HH3aUlfje. "l:l
IIIa63JHoBHneBo H CyneoKHlHo iCXiBar:IIIi>e Aa je wexep-nexaja 61I'0
CTlJpelllHlH<:l OBHX eOHaq,a V jeAHoM rpaA:Y AeAH 'I1 MHA3JH BaCHn,
KOjU IHaiB'OArH Aa je V IIlDeBiblI'Ma, npeMa EBAHljH QeAe6HjH, Menry
yrAeA:HiH'M ib'YAH'Ma nOCTojao H cTapewuHa eOHa<a (wexep-nexaja).H
12 X. llIaaHoaI1o, TypClCU U380pU 3a UCTOPUjy EeozpaJa, Klh. l, ca. 1,
KaTacTapcKH nOITncn EeorpaAa H OKOAHHe 1476---1566, EeorpaA 1964, 644.
13 A. CyoecKa, AjaHU, IlpuAor H3yqaaaH>Y AOKaAHe aAaCTI1 y Hamm\(
3eMibaMa 3a apnjeMe TypJKa, Capajeao 1965, 94.
14 M. BacHo, fpaoo8u noJ rypC/WM 8/latuny, y KlhH3H Hcropuja UpHe
fope, III, TOM npaH, TluorpaA 1975, 565.
Pl.3BOj AOKaAHe rpaA. ynpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa 63
Haj3aA Tpe6a HOMel-Jlynl Aa je li XaNHA HH3J\l,lH'K J1paA-
OKOM nexajH HCTY YAory HaA OB'HM eC'HacrClKlfM nexaja'Ma
y jeAlH'OM rpaAy.15 Kao lllTO OMO B'HAeAH, IllaoaHoBun je oBOIje 06ja-
llllhelhe 3aOffOJBao Ha 4eAe6lfj'HJHIOM TeKCJ1y 0 CapajeBY: Aa lllexep-
-eMHHa U lllexep-nexajy "OAyruajy H nOlllTyjy CBH eOHacrH, TprOBl\H,
np,Bal\H H yrAeA,IHH iDYAfl1". TIo IHaJlllBM cXBaTawy ;HCTor TeKCTa, OH
3Ha'-IH CaJM' 110 Aa cy 06a nOMeHy-ra nrpeAiCTaBH,HlKa 'BAaCTH y)](HlBaAa
yrAeA y CBHlM H1MyniH
1
HM ci\'ojeBlHlMa capajeocKor cTaHOBHH'lllTlBa, lllTO'
'3Ha'lH oe3 rpaAcKe CH'pOrrHllhe. OHa je CBaKlIKO nocTojaAa, aAH 4e-
Ae6H 0'80M TIpHAIHIKOM !J-I1Hje MaTpao Aa je nrpeA'Ha nOMema.
}\'OM, OBO je iHcYBHllle o0KYAlHa H'lHpOpMal\Hja Aa OH ce Hia OCHOBy
lheMorAO OApeAHTH lllTa je MO lllexep-nexaja. Ha ApyroM MeCTY,
y O'I1HCY CKOTIiDa, 4eAe6H je Ha CNH'-lllH HeO:d.peDeH Ha'-lH'H 06jacHHo
06H1M mexep-nexajH'HOr AeAOBalba: "OH je OAf'OBorpaJH 3a CBe no-
cAose."16
MHloro6poj'HH 06jllBID0HH AOKYMeHTH Ha TypCKOM je3H'K,y KOjH
ce OA'HOce Ha eCHacre, 3aHaTe H TproBliHy, caCBlrM jaoHo CBeAO'-Ie Aa
ce rpaAOKH nexaja yonlllTe 'He lTojaBiDyje KaJO CTa'peIllHlHa HAH 'HaA-
30pHlli praJH ecaacra.17 H3 A!OKYJMeHaTa ce RHAH Aa CV CTapelliHHe
eCHacra nexaje II j.Jl'rHT-UaJllle, y H3BecHoj MepH H CTapl\H ecHacra
(IllejxoBH ay npmHAH BHIlle AYXOBHlH H MopaAHH HaA30p yayTap
orpraJmf3al\Hje). HaA30p HaA CTapelllHHaMa eOHacra BOAHO je MY-
XTeCH6 J1paJAa 'KO'jH j:e y IIOCAOBalhY onaAao lTOA 'J-l.aA30'p iKaM1lje.
VOCTLAOM, nOCAY)](HiMO 'ce pe'-lHMa clIMor 4eAeoHje KaA 'Ha6paja
Opr3!He BA3oC1'H y .6eorpa:A'Y H iKa)](e CaOB'HM OitwenelfIO: "Ty, AaJue,
HMa TP)](HH HaA30pHHK (MYXTeoII6 alfa). TIOA lberOBOM ynpa'BOM
cToje CBe 3aHaTArHje."18 YOC'fIaAOM, lllexep-nexaja IHH'je Mrao OHTH
CTapelllHrHa '0BHX eHa<j:>a y jeAlHOM rpaAY H 3a1'O lllTO je, ,KOA1HKO ce
3Ha aaomfOBY AOCaAallllhHX H3Y'-IaBalba, TaK,BO x'BjepllpxHjOKO
crpYKTypHcalhe nocToja'Ao jeAHiHo y Cepe3Y KpajeM XIX Be'Ka H V
AaMacKY. y Cepe3Y ce Taj CTpeillJIHa Ha3HBao khyalak .
O;AiHOC H3Meny lllexep-eMHlHa JI lllexep-nexaje Tpe6a TlIKone 06
jaCHlHTH; HaHlMe, 'nrpetMa <1>eKeTey, lllexep-nexaja je OlfO nOMonHHiK
rnexep-eMIHIHa. TIo HaUJeiM CXB3TalbY, 1'0 je ClJMO AOMH'llliDaJlbe 3aTO
lllTO ce OBe ABe AH'l.[lHlOCTH nCk\l(II1'l'by 3ajeA'H10 ynpaiB'O y llyronucy
. 16 H. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, London 1973, 153: Above the guiI<1
kethds was a town kethd who was consulted on rnatters cornrnon to
ail the guiltds, and who together with other notables represented the town to
the governrn<ent.
16 R. Anhegger, HaB. eno, 73: >>Ein Funktionar (hkirn) ist auch der
Stadtrneister kethdsi), der fur aIle Angelegenheiten verantwort-
lich ist.
11 BHA M. Mnir Aknepe, Pa/rona I syani, Istanbul 1958, 18--40; M.
agatay Uluay, Istanbul, Sarahanesi ve Saralari, Tarih Dergisi, III, 5-6,
Istanbul 1953, 147-164.
18 X. IIIa6aHoBHn, EBJluja I.[eJle6uja, J1YTOnuc, l, CapajeBo1957, 93.
19 G. Baer, The Administrative, Economic and Social Functions of Tur-
kish Guilds, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. l, l (Jau.
1970), 37, 43--44. .

64
AvrnaHKa EojaHl1n-i\.YI<a
l
l H CY3aHa nOpneBHn
EBAnje QeAe6Hje. Aa je T'a Ta,KO, 'HAa aH ce y OBHM nplaJAOBHMa
nopeA mexep-nexaje ja'BibaO H lUexep-eMHH. MenyrnM, OHH ce no-
MIHI-hY 3ajeAiHO caMo y 'H<>Y3eTIHO BeAHlIM rpaAO'BHMa Ka'o lUTO cy Ca-
paijeBo, COAYH, JeA:peHe. KaBa,\a 11 EYAHM. GA oCBojeI-ha HCTa'H6YAa
l453. Aio TaIH3H1MaTa, lUexep-eMHIH je A'P)l<JaIBHH BeAH1CJOAOCTojIHUK 110.1,
HenocpeAHHlM 'CTapewHlHcr'B''M are u'apOKO'f ABopa. IIIexep-eM'HIHiH cy
ce 'H y HCTaJH6yt\y lM y nOMCHYTm\1 BeNHKH'M rp<lJAOKJHM cpeAHWTH'Ma
CTapaAH 0 H onpa'B'KaMa uapoKHx ABop'()lBa oH OCTaAHX
3Ha
r
yajHIHXA:p)K3BHHX 06je1<.aTa.
20
H3 ,AtOCaAaIlII-her JI3t\araI-ha M)Ke ce 3aKA>yYlITH Ct\eAene:
a) wexep-hexaja HHje CTapewHHa CBHX eCHacj:>a y jeAHoM rpaAY;
b) lUexep-nexaja IHHje nmvlOhr'H1!K lUexep-eMuHa;
c) lUexep-nexaja y TalJ:!llO'Nl npeBoAY 3Ha
l
HI "npeAcTaBHH,K rpa-
Aa".
nyromtc EBt\Hje Qet\e6nje npY>Ka CAeAene nOAaTKe:
1. nocTojaI-hY ycraH'OBe y Bet\HJKOM 6po-
jy rpaAOBa Ha EaAKaHY;
2. lUexep-nexaja je "oArO'BOpaH 3a OBe nOCAOBe" y rpaAY;
3. wexep-nexaja O'lIeBH!A;H capanyjeca wexep-eMrHlHOM Y Be-
AHiK'HJ\1 rpaA:OBH\1a Kao WTO cy Capa'jeBo, COAVH, KaBaAa 'H Apym,
ai\JH QeAe6H He HaBoAH OApeneH'O ' K'Oj'H'M je nO'Ct\OrBHlMa pe'Y;
4. lUexep-nexaja BO'NI Aecj:>Tepe C rronIfOIofM3 CTaHOIBHoHiWTBa no
Maxat\3Jl\1a, y Cepe3Y il CapajeBY Ha rrpHIMep.2l
Aa 6H YCTalHOBa lUeXep-lKeTxYA',M'YKa 6HAa HeWTO 60A>e oeBeT-
A>eHa, OlJ:eBHAHO je rroTpe6Ho Aa 6YAe carAeAaJHa Y3 nO\1on H APY-
mx pacrrrOt\O)KHIBHX HCTOpHjCKHX 'H3BOpa Koje neMo H3AO)KHTH xpo-
HOAOWKIH.
*
3acaA ce npBiH nOMeH wexep-nexaje y rpaABHiMa \Ha Eat\KaHY
OAHOOH 'Ha EeorpaA y KOMe je 1560, y Maxat\,H UaIM1Hja nO'Ko'jHor
<PepxaIA-rrarw:e, )lBeO wexep-nexaja MypaT, CUH CKeH!AepO'B.
22
Tpe-
6a Ha'rAaCIHTH Aace lUexep-nexaja He 'l10'MHI-he Meny CTaJHBiH'HUrH'Ma
EeorpaAa 'Y Honnoy il3 1536. pOAH:He. Tlo HaBOAH !Ha 3a'KA>Y'lIaJK Aa
je YCTa!HBa 'y;Be,AeHa y IIrOCAe 1536,
a rrpe 1560, iH Aa je HacTaAa YBe3H C rp.acTOoM I1paAa.
y aJKUlJMa Roja je T'YpOKa ueHTpaAHa BA'aCT YIJ!Y'nHBaAa OMeAepeB'
CKOM oaJHl)aJK-6eI'Y H 'KMlfjaJMa y oMeAepeBOK'OIM 'C3IHl)alKry H EeoI1pa
20 0 wexep-eMHHY BHA. Ismail Hakki Osmanli Devletinil1
Saray Te$kilti, Ankara 1945, 375-378; H. A. R. Gibb and H. Bowen, lslalllic
Society and the West, Volume One, Part I, London 1963, 84-85, 356.
21 $ehir kethdsi defteri zeI1<l (der tahriri adedi mahallat-i
Siruz) cmle kirk aded mahallat-i meskintdir; E. elebi Siyahat-nmesi,
VIII, Istanbul 1928, 129.
22 X. IIIa6aHoBHn, TYPCKU U380pU 3a uC"copujy Eeozpaa, Kfb. I, CB. 1,
EeorpaA 1964, 439.
Pa:3Boj AOKaAHe rpaA. ynpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa 65
AY TOIKOM A:pyre nOA<ymme XVI B0K,a iHeMa nOMe'na 0 .rnexep-nexajn,
illT' He 3Ha
t
AaOlH nOCl1O!jao H AeAosao. O'Ba noJaJBa ce MO:>Ke
06jaoHHllH Hajnpe TH'Me Aa ce illexep-nexaja IHlWje HaAa3MO y 'HeTIO-
Cpe,AlHOM 0AiHooy npeMa ApJK(ljBH, Kao OOHUaJK-6eT HiNHKaJ,NHje, a
3a"l'HIM Aa OA lherOBe AeAaTIHOCl'H HHje flIpHTHl-\a'O 'Il'pHXOA APJK.aJB'Hoj
oAarajHH Kao lllTO je 6HO cAyqaj C 'MYXTeC'H6H1Ma H acec-oalilaMa.
Haj3aA, Hi300pH K''jlllMa paanAaJKeMO noTH4Y OA Qel1I'paAiHe BAa-
CTH, a BeCTH 0 lllexep-neXaJjH Mory ce Haj4eurne >Hanu y IKaAHjOKHM
CHUH'AHlMa; CIHI)flIAH 3a EeorpaA 'Hl-ICY caqy'BaH'H.
y aJHtKapOKRM 'Kap.,HjCKJH'M ClHI,IHIM{,,'\{a p. 1, 3a nepHoA OA 14.
Maja 1583. A 12. <l>e6pyapa 1584, HOp. 2, 3a nepHoA OA 20. HOBeM-
opa 1588. AO 11. jYAa 1590, TOKOM BHllIe 3aceAaJlba cYAa nOMH'lbe
ce Kao CBeAOK y CYAHHL(H aHKapcKH lllexep-nexaja xaUH Xa6Ho, cuH
xaI,IH-HAlH'jacOB.
23
Ha OCHOBiY qentpH AOKY'Mt:IHTa Koja ce OAI-roCe lHa
lberaMOJKe ,ce iHelliT ,BHllle C33HaTH 0 lheroBoj AfHqI-l'OCTH H IMecry
Y JKIHIBOTY rpaAa. OH je rrpe CBera OH'O yrAeAlHa A'H4rHOCT, xaIJlHja If
xaUHlj'WH OHlH, Y3 ro HlMynaJH 40BeK rrOIilTO cy \Ha xau.HA'Y'K :MOfAH
no npaJBHAY OAAa3HTH caMO AOOprorojenll MyA'H. KaJ,AJH!ja M'Y je no-
BpeMeHo Aa'Bao 11 THl'YAY 4eAeoHje, lllTO 3Ha
r
lfH Aa je DIMalO II A'-
opo 06pa30Balbe. OCUM Tora je OMO n AOOpol1B;()P rpaJAa jep je 0,(;-
HOBHOj illKOAH y aHiKapKoj 3alOOIlIT'aIO 1.000 ac-
rrpH.
24
MenynHrM, Tpe6a iHarAaJeHTlH Aa y CImM AOIKYMeHTnMa y !Ki()-
jHMa ce nOMH'Ibe 'HHje HUK3A HMao T.HTYAY aJjaiHa. Haj3HaqaJjIHWjH
AOK'YMe'HT, <l>epMatH, K'OjH ce OAHOC'H Ha OiBOr aHiKapaKor lIIexep-
-nexaj'y ynYTHAa je Qe>HllpaA'Ha BAlICT lK:aJAH'jaJMa y l'HlKapCKOM CaIl-
uaJroy. OH je OH'O 1H3AaT y OpeA:lboj A0KaJAH lll.a6aJHa 991 (H3Meny 30.
VIII H 8. IX 1583) nOBOAOM H>HXOBOr U3BelilTaja Aa cy ce iHa no-
APYlJ'j'Y 'BHX KaAHAYKa nojalBHAe 6aJHAe 'HaopYJKaJHHX A0BeHTa KOjH
cy ce6e H'a3H!BaAH c0cPTaJM-a (cTYAeHl'H MeApece) H 'KOjH oy !Ben
yqHHHA'H \He6pojeiHa 3Aa 'H HaeIHtoa HaA Cl'aIH'BiHlHmTBOM. Y Be3iH
ca THM je ynyneH MYCTa'<pa 4aYlll, KOjH je nOCl'aBtoeH 3aMyOaI.lliHpa.
KaA 6YAe CTurao ca <p'pMalH!M l'pe6a Aa 'M'Y ce flIPHAPY)KU
HAujac-ort\Y XaoH6, wexep-nexaja If ,,3HaAaQ 'BHAajeT0K!HX np'HAn-
'Ka" (vilayet'in ehI-i vukufu). I-bHX'OB je 3aAaTaJK Aa fI'O'I1nyHO HCJ()-
peHe l'y na}aJBY ry3 nOiMon AOKaAiHHX onaxJHja, a 'HaqHiH Ha KOj'H
Tpe6a Aa TO Y4HHe onlllH.pHO je 6ja'llUheH.
25
040B1HAH'O je 6HO no-
C'DHrHYT HeKIH ycnex jep ce XaoiH6 jamI If 1590. 'Kao OBeJAOiK npn-
23 H. Ongan, Ankara'nin /ki numarali $er'iye Sicili, Ankara 1974, M 900,
22 Rebiulevvel 998, 29. 1 1590; TaAa je xaUH Xa6H6 nOAHeo TY)K6y npOTHD
:I>eppyxa, CHHa A6AYAAaxoBor, H 3aXTeBao Aa MY oBaj BpaTH n03ajMA:>eHH
HBau.
24 HCTe Te 1583. rOAHHe H 3a HCTY OCHOBHY WKoAy 3a.aeWTaAH cy Ma-
llie ClJOTe HOBua xaUH H6paxHM (500 acnpH) H H3BeCHH MycAHxYMHH (800 ac-
npH). To 3Ha4H Aa je wexep-hexaja xaUH Xa6H6, CHH HAHjacoB, 3aBeWTaO
HajBehy CBOTY Koja je 6HAa cpa3MepHa nOTpe6a.\ia jeAHe OCHOBHe WKOAe;
H. Ongan, Ankara'nin 1 numarali $er'iye Sicili, Ankara 1958, M 601-603.
25 X. Ongan, Hae. ellD, N9 1113.
66
AYIllaHKa EojaHlin-AYKa'-I li CY3aHa EopbeBlin
CYTaH cynelhY, aAH TlJAa HiH1je 6ilAO 3a6eAe)KeH'O Aa AH je jOIll YBeK
06aJB1baO AY)KJHIO'CT lllexep-neXlJje, lllTO je CaOB.HJM M!oI'yhe: CBeAO-
LUiiMa !KOjH cy 6RA.H -IajrroBHaTIIIjJI IH HajBlHneHlIjtH loYAH y I1paAY,
yeCTO y KaAHjcKe Cm,IHAe HHje yrrHCRBaHO H 3aHHMalhe jep je OH
6JIAO fi03'Haro.
C iKplJja XVI BeKa rrrOT'H'le iBeoMa 3amfMloH'B TeKCT 0 rnexep-
-nexaja:Ma ll1e rrepa MycTaepe AAHja (1541-1600), 3HaMemtror JICTO-
pHY:a.pa, neoHuKa JI aYTopa IMIHOrliX AeAa paBAH'lHTe T0Mia'I1HlKe. TeKcT
ce lHaAatm y rrooAeAlheM AeAY lKoje je :HaIIHCaoHernro npe ciBoje
CMpTH, a HMa OAAHKe MOpaAHCTHYKOr H KiPHTHt-IKH o60jeH()r
eja 0 HaLfHlHry )KIlIBOTa III oco6Ima!l\1a ro-rOiBO crBHX cAojeB'a 0":-
MaHdKOT A'Pvrnl1Ba.26 MycTaepa AAiH je jeAHo nOrA:3JBloe, npeT-
IIOCAe,6Jlhe, nOCBeTH' HaH6H1Ma, HlMaJMHlMa, xaTliOHMa H rnexep-n.exa-
a ilOA HaCAOB'M"Cro l'pene rrOrAalJ3loe 0 JO'Y'MLMa 6e3 naCITlH-
l'aiI-ba".27 K:alKo 11BPAH lJyrop, OHH oy CTeKA:IH IIOAOi)Kaje TaKO rnTO
cy Ha 'MeI,IAHOHlM13: (lBenHMa) caIHI,Ia'K-6erOBa li KaAlfja Y3HiMaAIH pey
y !HlMe )KHTeloa rp:aAa Koje cy rrpeACTaBloaAli. IIOlliTO HlM je peY:
YB3:)i(lIBaH13:, 'HiH oy rrOCT,aNli OXOAili H BpeMeHOIM ce rrOyeAH MernaTH
y CHe nOCAOBe. KaJA 6H Ap)l(a'Ba AOiHeAa OMYlKY 0 iKlII()BOM HalMeTY,
HH cY IHlMaA'li ,o6HQaj Aa YTH'lY Ha 'HapOA JI CTalBiDlIjy 1M'Y y YCTa
oBOje peQH. lbH:xOB je BpeM0H'OM rrocrajao OHe lJ3eoo. Ca:vt
ayropce OOBeOIlIHIO UPHARKM rrY'I'OBa'lha 'Kp03 paBHe rroK1'ajHHe
Aa ce OHli iHajnpe AOAiB:opaBajy KaAH'ja'Ma li CaHl,IlIK-6ero-
BlfMa, a 3aTHIM ce 'Meilllljy y e rrOCAOBe. BpXYJHaru; lhHXOBHX Heya-
ClfHX AeAa je y TOl.'v1e yorreBajy Aa )KaAllMa Koje y .lfMe HapOAa
rnaJory BAaCTH rrpoTepaj'y Ha OOTipBa 'HeKe OiA OBHX AP-
)Ka'BHiH'X CAY)l(OeHHlKa. AYTOP 3aTli'M Aaje ClIBeTe CaHl,IaK-6eroBHMa
,HiKaW}aJMa KaJK'O Aa IH36enHy npO'fOHCTBa. TaroBO CTalhe je HajYe-
IiIne y 'KaCa6aMa 'KapaMaHcKor IBilAajeTa H y rpaAoHlfMa caHI,Ia'Ka
AjA'HlH, CapyxaJH, TeKe tH 'Alaiyye. IIoce6Ho je ,Ka'Ca6a Qopyu\4. y IJ3H
A'ajery Pl\f'M 6HAa ceAlHmTe Ta:I'liX C'MYTloHHalJ,a. Y IroTAeAY AY'
'KalBCraBa 'li CUAeTaKa Te iBpCTe, CNI-fYlHe cry H Kaca6e TOKaI' H AIMa-
mrja, a H HapoA AIHKape H KaHrHpHja M'O)Ke ce rrOAHYll11H y TOM
CMHOAY. KaKO Ha'BOAH a'l[T01', Y3POK TOMe je y Y'HlheHHI.J,H Aa y Rallie
BpeMe HeMa Bume loy6aBH npeMa ITOAO)l(ajy CalHl,faJK-6era 'Kao y
rrpeTXOAHOM BeK.Y, rra ce ClIHl,IaK Aaje OHOM IKO 1'0 Jeone, a Taj y
lheMY ocTaje 'KpaTKO. KaAlHje ce He Y3lfMajy y CAY)K6y npeMa cno-
na CTora 'BHme He nOCToj-H nOBepeolhe HtH y lh'liXOBe
H3BelllTaje RH y lhHX ca'Me. tIlHiM ce 'Ha IIopTIH nojamIHeKOAHlK
:>I<aA6H IHa lliHX cAeAyje HlM n\1.elhHoBaJfbe HAll HCAenelhe (teftis). AAH
ITOCTOjlH jOIll nelllTO: HAaCT je H3Aa'Aa Hey06HYajeRY ,33-
ITOBeer Aa paja He Mopa npHMHTH Ha KOHalK OHe 6eroBe 'li KaAnje
26 G. M. Al, Mev' id'n-neif'is f kav'idi'l- meclis, ed. M. C. Baysun,
Istanbul 1956, Istanbul niversitesi Ebedlyat Fakltesi yayinlarindan, .N2 670.
27 TIOIllTO ce H3pa3 MO)Ke rrpeBeCTH Ii Kao p15aBH
li naKOCHH loYAH", H3 <:aMor HaCAOBa je jacHo Aa je MYCTa4>a AAli HMao y
Ha'-IeAY HerrOBOlbHO MHIlllbelhe 0 HOCHOl..\llMa OBHX 3Balha.
Pa3BOj AOKaAHe rpaA. ynpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa 67
Koje He )KeAiH. TaJK' cy HeqacHH A>Y.A:H ycneoowH Aa ce, 'K10pHCTenrr
"1 y 3anOBeCT, 330 Haj6e3HaQaj'H1H'jy CTiBap OBeTe (hk-
km), Tj. CaHIJa'K-6eroBHIMa Ji KaAHjalMa.
28
* "'
*
1104eTIKOIM XVII BeKa wexep-nexaja y AiHKapH je
6ao H6pax1H'M QeAie6uja, MYCTaq>H'H OHiH. 1101'lfQao je H3 60raTc
H BeMIlKe TprOBaqJKe l1oceAonao 'je Ao6po OOpa30'Bal'be
- M'MaO je THTYAY qeAe6M'je - il 6aJBA:>ao AY)I'()lCT wexep-nexaje
BHwe rOAHIHa. Ha3HIBlIH j'e aja'HOM y 3HaQel'bY yrAeAlHe AH"-IHocrn. lb
jeAHor 'KOjH rOB'OpH 0 BliAajeTCK>HM aja'HM'Ma MO)f(e ce
33:KAJYQHTH Aa cy 1'<llAa y nopeA wexep-nexaje y6pajarHM y
ajaJHe li AplJ'rH (15. jaHyap 1600), AOK ce 113 AlKYMeHTa
H3 1601. BHAH Aa cy y ajaHe nopeA rpaA0Kor nexaje onaAaAiH H HCKH
HojlHor CTaAe.IKa; WTO Y'Ka3yje 'Ha 1'0 Aa cy
lB rapl-fH31Ha BpeMeHOM YIlIAIH y PCA l'panalJ-la.
29
HerAe rrOqeTK!OM XVII BeKa y CapajeBY je 6H llIexep-nexaja
X3IJI1 XyceH'H; H je 1620. nOAHrao Ka:vreHlH 'MOCT KOjH ce li A3JHaC
Ha3HBa llIexep-nexajwHa nY'IlipHja,'lO a HaAa3H ce npeA 6HBlllOM l'paA-
CKOM CapajA:Hje je Ha'3HBajy (H IIIexepHja.
3l
JeA3IJ-I COlKaK
y CapajeJ3'Y ce H caAa 30se IIIexep-nexajH>Ha qHK!Ma, y IHenOCpeAlHoj
6AI-f3I-fHI-f MocTa.'J2
H3Meny 11. H 20. Maja 1623, BAaCT je H3A3'Aa O!KPY:)K-
CaHIJ3JK-6eI10BHMa PIJ'MeAiHjaKo1' ejaAel"a IKOj'H>M je oApe!Je-ro KO
CBe cnaAa y IBoj.H>HCTaAe.IK:, na npeMa TOM CTalYOY nOMe.IKe BOj'HOM
0YAy, Ka3acKepaTY PYMeAHje, a He i\'OKaAIHiWM KaAiwjalMa. Y 33n<Y.Be-
CHI ce H3Meny OC1'aA01' OAipenyje 1-\3 y BojHa AHl.la onaAaj'y II-f me-
xep-nexaje Koje HIMajy l.lapoKH 6epaT. 3anaBccT jecl1HrAa y EnTOA:>
31. IMlIja 1623. 1'OAHIHe.:
1
:
1
y OnlllTl-rr-.I LllpTalMa, nOAO)l'(aj wexep-nexaje y MalHHOIH y XVII
BeKY 600 je ,cAeAenH: "Y XVII BeK>Y y MaJIfHCH je rrocTojao wexelp-
-nexaja. I-bera je 6Hpao 'HapOA, a OH je 06aBA:>a-o -oOB'OBHe nOCAOBe
l'paAa. MeoYTH>M, mexep-nexaj'a H!H'je 6HO ajaIH." OBHIM pe"l:WMa je
CTal'be y Ma'HIHCH, rAa'BiHM [PaJAy capYXllI-!JOK01' Ca'HIJaKa, pe3lli\1lH-
pao M. 1.IaraTaj Y A'Y4aj y OBOjWM AeAH.Ma XajYl-fuja U 1-lapO1-iU
28 G. M. AH, Ha8. oe.flo, 250-252.
29 Y. Ycel, Osmanli ImparalOrlugunda Desaniralizasyona (Adem-i
Merkez.iyet'e) Dair Genel Goz.lemeler, Belleten, XXXVIII, 152, Ankara
1974, 686.
3D X. llla6aHoBI-II'i, TYPCKU U380pU 3a uCTOpujy EeozpaiJa, EeorpaA 1964,
644.
:11 A. IIIKaibHn, Typtiu3/1tu y cpncICOXpea"CCICO/lt-Xp8a"CCIWCpnclwlt'1 je3uKY,
Tpene CapajeBo 1973, 583.
To je npBH COKaK AeCHO Ha APyroj 06aAII MUtoaUKe npeMa AAH<paKOB-
IW, oAMax KaA ce npebe IIIexep-nexajHH i\-lOCT.
33 M. COKOJ\OCKI-I, A. CTapOBa, B. EoWKOB H <1>. I1cxaK, TypclCu olCY-
.'leHTU 3a UCTopujam Ha /ltalCeOOHClCUOT Hapoo, IIpBa cepHja, l, CKonje 1963,
142-143.
68
VWaHKa EOjaHHft-AYKa'i H CY3aHa BOpneBHft
nOKperu y Capyxal-tY y XVII 6eKY, H llOlbOnpU6pea, TpW6UHa Il
ecJ-tQcP0Ka opzaHu3a14uja y MaHuCu y XVII 6eKY, 'Koja HaMa HHCY
6HAa AOCTY'ruIa.
34
Hc'fM aJYrop, KlOjIH je H1f-1la'Y:'e Te"\1eMHl'O n'P'0yqHo
meplH'jaToKe CHlHUHAe MaBHce H3 pa3A06A:>a XVII-XIX CMa-
l'pao je Ha OC'HOBY AO'KY'Me<HaTa y lhaMa Aa je oCJHOBHa AY)l(JHOCT
rnexep-nexaje y XVII HeKY 6.HAa Aa OMelllTa Ha KOHaiK CBa AHu;a
Koja CY3BaJHHJlIHlHlM (AP)l(aJBiHHlM) nOCAOM AOAa3HAa y rpaA, Ha np.H-
Mep 'YAaI..\1H IH IMy6arnHpn Kode je CAaAa u;eJITpaAHa BAacr. 3a He3Ba-
lIH'"l1He [JoceTHou;e, y MaHHCH cy rrocrojaMl MlHor06poj'HH XaIHO'BH,
KKmaU;H, Myca<pupXfcl.He, 3aBIHje, TeKHje H CAnqHO. Ha Kpajy 60paBKa
3BaHlW1lHlfX 'roCTHjy, lllexep-nexaja je HonAanwBao TpoillKoBe y Be3H
C fb'H'XiOBlfM IK'iHarqeJheM, a 3arnM je npaIBA:>eH 3BMIH"laJH CITHCaK THX
Tporn!KoBa Aa 6H 6H'A'H pa3pOOaHl1 Ha CT'aHOB'HHWTBO.:
l5
WaA je pe'1 0 HcropH'jOKHIM H3BopHlMa ,KOjIH ce M'Ory ynoTpe6HTlI
3a Ca:I'AeA;aJBaJJhe MeCTa H YA0ire wexep-nexaje y l'paAOBlilMa XVII
BeKa !M'Opa ,ce 'J1IM:aTH y BllAY llYTonuc EBAHje QeAe6Hje. Y fheMY
je rnexep-nexa1ja rrOMeHYT 'Ha 6e36poj MeCTa Kao jeAraH OA rpaAOKJHX
npeACTa:BHRKa 'BAaCTH. AKO je CYAHUI no QeAe6Hj,HHHM nOAau;nMa,
wexep-TlexaJja je lJ1ocTOjao y oonmrn: wexepa (rpaAOBa) Ha EaAKaHY,
'Ka'O iH y Ben OMO OKpeHYA'H na)l(Jh'Y Ha lherOBe, AOA'Ywe
peTKe, AeqmHIJ-fQHlje wexe.p-nexaje Koje ce Mary yrrOTpe6HTH, npH qe-
MY \He rpe6a 3a60paJBHTH Aa je OH nYTOBao no OB'UM KpajeBHlMa H3-
Meny 1640. H 1682. roAlilIHe.
ITpeMa je,A;H!Oj CYACKOj npecYAH KaAH'je H3 PaWq'YKa 'KpajeM
XVII BeKea (1697. ro:AH'He), wexep-nexaja ce nOMiHfhe Kao jeM1H OA
ajaJH,a OBor l'paAa nopeA u;apcKHx H Apymx cnaXHja, najBHwHx npeA-
CTa3IHllKa YAeMe IH T'pTOBa'u;a. Y :&HTOA:>Y je wexep-nexaja
AXMeA qeAe6Hja, XacaHoB CHH, 6HO cneAOK Ha cyoeJhHMa xajAY-
U;HlMa.
36
y npBHlM AeU;eHHjaiMa XVIII ,BeKa, wexep-nexa'ja y MaHIIOH ce
naMllH>e 'Kao COOAOK IHa CYACK'WM Ben'H'M'a 1722-23. rOAllIHe.:
37
Ille-
xep-nexoaj'H je 25. cemeM6pa 1728. AOAeA:>eHO 130 l'powa 3a nAaTY
H TipOllIa'K (. .. ve yz otuz kethds'inrin creti ve ma-
sraH...), llIT je 3aJBeAeJHO y TeB311-Ae<PTePY, 06pa,qYIHY H pa3pc3Y
nope3a aJBapH3 H iHY3YA 3a lMaxaAe l'paAa Ma'HHCC H ceAa y 'KaA'H-
AY:KY. y HCTOM TeB3H-Ae<!>repy ce nOMH!H>e H MYTeceAHoM MaHHce.
38
AOAa3a'K 6p01IHiHX rocTHjy, 'HapoqH'I'D naille C HeA'l1'KOM npa'l'I-baM,
rraAao je TeU1JKO CTaHOBH'MtU;1HlMa MaJHIlK:e, na cy y Hex,MM cAY'1aje-
BHlMa CAaAH IlallJH npH11aAajyne MY nOKi\OHe nOA YCAOBOM Aa He AolJe
34 M. agatay Uluay, 18 ve 19 Yzyil/arda Saruhan'da E$kiyalik ve
Halk Hareketleri, Istanbul 1955, 16.
35 HCTO, 34.
36 Haus- Hof und Staatsarch,iv, Wien, Acta Trkei J, Fasc. 99, dok. 66;
llH:T. npeMa A. CynecKa, AjaHu, CapajeBo 1965, 16; A. MaTKoBcKH, TYPCKU U3-
80pU 3a ajoYTcT80TO U apaMUCT80TO 80 MaKeooHuja (1650-1700), ClConje 1961,
114, 116, 128.
s1 M. Cagatay Uluay, Ha8. oello, 130.
38 HCTO, 139-141.
Pa3Boj AOKaAHe rpaA yrrpaBe lia BaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa 69
y H>HX'OB rpaA (Mani,sa' ya gelmemek zere... ). li Y 1'aJKIBUM CAY-
lJajeBuMa cycatIHH>aJBaJHH TeB3H-Ae<prepH. V TeB3H-Ae<P1'epy OA 29.
VIII 1731, iHBMeny OCTaAHX 'rpowKoBa 'Y 'Be3H C n()lKAoHllMa IH<lJBIOAH
ce 11 0YMa OA 155 rpowa H 8 napa 'Koja ne wexep-nexa1jHlHo.M PYiKOM
6H1'H caK'ynibeHa H ypyqeHa rr<lJWH 3a H>erOB 1'pOW<lJK (... ve :;;ehir
kethiidsi yediyle pa:;;anirr masrafi yz elle guru:;; sekiz pare...
Y 1'eB3H-Ae<p1'epy OA 6. jYAa 1742. KOjH je caCTaBibeH paAH pa3pe3l1.-
naH>a pa"me fFoMonH (Iimdad-i seferi:ye) AP)K<lJBH H aJHaA'AOK!OM Ba-
AHjH, Kao 3ace6Ha C1'aB'Ka YBeAeH je TpOWa!K O:A 47 rpowa :HerrAa-
neHHx wexep-nexajH 3a OrrpaBaJK cYAHHue (mahkeme ta miri brk
yedi :;;ehia kethdsl0a... ) .40 IIocAe OBor AaTYlMa, AY)K1iOCT
lUexep-nexaje npeY3eA:H ay 11 06aBibaAIH MYTeceAHMH M'aJH!lfce.
IlIexep-nexaja V oaNKaJHCKH!M rpaAoBHlMa y O'BOM nepHOA:Y jaiB-
iba ce TIpiHAHlJ'HO pe1'.K, 'HajtIewne 'Kao CBeAOK 'Ha 3aCeJA:3:H>IIMa we-
paja1'GKOr 0YAa. T<lJKO je y bHTOibY 23. <pe6plyaJpa 1709, wexep-ne-
xaja CaA'YAAax, CHJH XacalHoB, 611'0 jeAaH OA CBeAOKa 'Ha cyneH>Y
xa'jAYUHMa KOjlH cy 3AOCTaBroaNH H OnibalJ'KaAH jelH!Y xpHlllnaJH'Ky.
41
IIpeMa A)OKYI,\1eHllIfMa 6HTOffi'CKIIX ,KaAHjoKHx CHUHAa, rpaACKli ne-
xaja Hlfje Ji1Ma'O HeiKY aKT.Ji1BHY YAory y OOp6H llpaAa li OKAHliX
ceAa np01'H'B xajAyYH'je. HfliaJK je wexep-nexaja PycTeiM 611'0 Ilpli-
CY1'aJH KaiO CBeA'OK y CYlAHHuH 26. jaJHyapa 1750. KaJA 'Oy 'ITpeACTaB-
HHUH BHweceAa 6.H1'oibcKor 'KaAHAYKa AaA.H 3ajeAlHw.IKo jeMCTBo
Aa ne rDHRflH xajAYKe. IlIexep-nexrrja li6paxH!M 6}l)0 j'e 'CBeAIK 20.
HOBeM6pa 1721. npH nOAaraIbY jeMc1'Ba CTaHOBHHKa 6HTOloCKlIX
ceAa MaABHlli1'a JI KaJaHH Aa ne TepaTH xajAYKe.
42
OK' 1770. WAHiHe y;nyneH je <pepMaH KaAHjaJMa, iHa1I6HMa, 3a-
6HTH,Ma H wexep-nex'aj,H1Ma A'y* nYTa H3MeDy JeApeHa H TpHoBa ,6,a
o6e36eAe nYToBaJH,e nopOA11uaMa HJl(illX MOAAarBOKIHX IH BAarnKIlIX 60-
japa Koje je 1'pe6aAo OMeOTHTH y 'Meno ApHaOYIA. li3 APYlfOT <lJK1'a
I{OjH je HanHca!H Here rOAlIHe, a IKOjU je 'Be3H!p Xaca'H IIIepilclKrarna
ynYI1HO IKaA!HjH, 3aHT.Ji1Ma :H 'Y TP.HOBY, BHAH ce Aa
je petI 0 17 PYMYHiCKHX 60japa Kojn cy npe6erAH 'Ha TepHTopHjy
TYPOK01' U'aJpc1'Ba ca OBOjl.H1M Il'OpOA'Hua'Ma, rra HX J1pe6a CJMe-
CniTH y ApHa6YA, y KaA!HAY'KY TpHOgO. aoa aKTa cy ca'lJYiBaJHa y
rrpeml'Cy, a onepHo MX je XaAUA, IKaAllfja H3 PYllltIYlKa.
43
V 60pOH np01'HB aja-BCKe aHapXH'je Koja je 3aJBAaAaAa y APY-
roj rrOAOBHIHH XVIII BeKa, ueH1"paNHa 'BAaCT je r!oKyrnaAa .Aa HCKO-
plIC1'H H Aa TOM Y'CTaHOBOM 3atMeHH 'ajaHe, lCoje je
39 Hno, 33-34, Han. 4.
40 HcTO, 198-199.
41 A. MaTKoBcKH, TYPCKU U360pU 3a ajYTcT60TO U apaMUCT60TO 60 Ma-
KeoHuja (1700-1725), CKonje 1973, 48--49, 178-179.
42 To ce MO)Ke 3aKloY"H11H Ha ooHOBY TypCKI1X H3Bopa Koje je H3Aao
A. MaTKOBCKH 0 xajAYY:HjH y MaKeAoHHjH; H3BOpH ce HaAa3e y 6HTOloCKMM
KaNljcKHM CJ.lUHAHMa; yrrop. A. MaTKOBCKH, TypcIW U360pU (1725-1775), IV,
CKonje 1979, AOK. p. 124.
43 M. Guboglu, Catalogul documentelor turce$ti, vol. II,
1965, 282-283 (M 969, 970).
70
AywaHKa BojaHHn-AYKay H CY3aH3 nopIJeBld1
HCTOBpeMeHO pOpMaAHO YKUHYAa. TeK'CT pepMd'H<l 0 VCTaHOBA,elbY
rplACKOr nexaje H y'K'HAalby ajaHa CarqYBlIH je V rrperUlcy y Cl1llY:-
Ay iKaAlIje IH3 XaLIH-orAY Ila3apUlIKa. HanHcaH je 1-10. anpHA<l
1786, a CTHTaO je y Ila3apLIHK 16. jYHa IfCTe rOAHIHe. Eno je ynyncH
MHpMHpaHHMa, KaAl1jaMa, HaH6HMa 11 APYrHM rrpBal\HMa ca AeBor
H AOOHor rroAPYlfja PYMeAHje.
44
YKpaTK' pe'leH', '1Baljpe>pMaH Haj-
npe H3Aa.IKe HCT'pHljaT ajaHCK{)r ITHTail-ba. AeA'al'HOCT ajaHa y rrpo-
BUHl\'HjaMa, rpaAoBHMa, KaAHAVl\IJ1IMa Jo{ HaX'HjaMa 6HAa je CBOjC-
BpeMeHo YOKBaparBaHa npOm1Cl-L\1a l(eHTpaA,He BAacrn, .aA'H cY 01H11
ynpKoc TOIMe 'lHIHHAH pa3Ha -HaCHma paj'H H OCTaA:QIM cTaHoBHHwTBY,
napo'luT' y oHeKH'M KaAHAYl\J1.Ma y KojuMa cy ce 'HaAa3HAa rro ABO-
jUl\a-Tpoj'Hua, na -aV ce Menyc06Ho 60pHAH 3a rrpeBAa'CT H yTHl\aj.
KaA cy HG LJ;apHrpaAa CTI13aArH Cfll-I'CK'OBH 3a rrpHol<,ynl"albe pa3HrllX
HaMeTa y KopaCT l\eHrpaMie 'BAaCPH ,Ji 'Ka.A CV oaCTalBma:J-lIH cnHOKOBH
C AOKaAHHM paCXOAHMa Koje je Tpe6aAo pacrropeAIHTH Ha CTaHOB-
HHlllTBO, ajaHHCY ce TpyAHAI1 'H yoneBaAH Aa y lbHX YiHecy 3Ha-
'laj:He CBOTe y OBojy KOpUCT, YCAeA 'lera je iHa}BHwe H A:OAa3J:L\O
AO CYK06a 'lI 'HenpHjaTemC'faBa,.\1enycoOHHX Onl'Y)lBal'ba 11 KAeBe-
l'allia. CTora je CYATaH MycTapa III (1757-1773) Y BpeMe Apyror
neAHKor Be3HpcTBa MyxcHH-3aAe MexMeA-nawe (3Hal..JH nOCAe 1771)
YCTaHoBHo cAeAenH peA: 'I<.aA ce V He>KO'.\1 l<.:a,MiAYKY ycnocTa'Bma
ajaH, .lKHTeA>H Tor Kpaja Tpe6a Aa caM11 H3a6epy 'BeKor OA 3acAY)l(-
HlIX npBaKa 11 Aa OBOj H360p AocTaBe ca CYAOKIJHI H3BeillTajeM H
MOA60M Aa HM ce 1'0 'YrBa)l(H. I1:ocAe rrpoY'laBalba OBHXlIKaTa, Be-
AHKH 'Be3Hp ne AOAeAHTH nH'OMO 'H3aOpaHOM AHl\Y Y3peillelbe 0 I-be-
rOBQM nOCTaHA>a'lhy 3a ajaiHa. oe3 Tor O>HOMa, ajaHcTBo ne ce CMa-
T.paTH HeBa:>J<.enHiJ'vl. 0 TOMe cy 6HAe pa3aCAaTe 3lIrrO'BeCIUA y CBe
npeAeAe AiHlIAOArH'je H PYMeAHje.
MenYTHlM, TH rrpom1CH oy c upeMena Ha BpeMe OHAIH 3l1HeMap-
HlBaHH, na je H3AaT IHOB pepMaJH OA 10-19. jYHa 1784. Y lbe.\1Y je
o6jamI-beHO 'K'aiKO Tpe6a nOOTyrraTH 3JK' ce 3a nOAO)Kaj aJjarlia jaBe
A'Ba 'Ka'HlAHAaTa, na jeAHor )l(eAH jeAHa, a Apyra rpyrra CTa-
'HOBHHUJTBa. BeAHIKH 'Be3Hi]J ne OAAY'lHTH 'KOjH je 0,1, lbHX noroAHHjH.
HAIH ne ce orrpeAeAHl'H 3a BeKO Tpene AHl\e. 11 'MaAa je oBaj <j>epMaH
. . .
OC'ao !Ha OHaGH, 'HeKIH ajaoHH cy ycneBaAH Aa AOOiH'JY ll110M' '0 ajalH-
CTBY OA IBaNHje, a 3aTHI.\1 cy OA IHapoAa IJlpHKynmaNH HOBaL( KOljH
cy 'Yl'pOmHAH V l'y CBPXY. ApYrH cY nOTrKynlbHBaAH IKaA'l1je II Ha-
Hoe Aa OH AOOH'AH nOTBpAlY a jeA'H0A:ywHO'.\1 3aXTeBY CBHX )l(HTeLba
3a oBoje rrocTa'BA>elbe. KaA VU JllOCTaAH ajaJHIH 1'3JKOne HOI4!N!IUnHlB3.-
I-bCM, lhHXOBH cynapH.HUH cy ycnenaAH ,t.\a HX 3alMeHe, 3601' ye'ra je
AOAa3HA'O AO 'lCCrHX npoMClHa a caB TpowaK je naAao Ha iHa
paMi'a Aena. Aa OH ce 'CTai\O Ha n'lI' AaA>\'1 rrA>a'l'Ka'lbY IHapoAa, no-
'leB 'A 1-10. anpHAa 1786. 3aopalb0Ha oie peq ajaH y rpaAOiBHMa 11
KaAHA'Yl\H'M3. 3a Bonellie BHAajeTcKHx nOCACJsa H pacnO-AeAY HaMC-
... ((C. AHMHTpOB, OCA-laHC/(U U380pU 3a UCTopujaTa Ha U ce8e-
pO-U3TOLtHa E'.tlwpuja, Co<j>Hja 1981, 174-176.
-----
Pa3Boj AOKaAHe rpaA. ynpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV 1'\0 XIX BeKa 71
Ta, )KHTel'oH H paja Tpe6a Aa H3Meny ce6e H3a6epy HeKor OA rrp-
BaKa 'KOjH ne A06Hl'H Ha3H<B wexep-nexaja. IIoTpe6Ho je Aa y rrpe-
rrOlllaMY IH3BewTaJj cM'OA60M Aa QapOKa BAacr rrOTBpAH
IbHXOB npeAAOT y !HeH3Mel-heaOM OOAHKY. BaAwja, KaAH'je, 3a6HTH
H Apym.,IHetKa ,ce lHe y H360p H He Tpa)Ke IHJfIjeA;HY rrpy.
TIOWTO 'riocTaBl'oeHH He MOpaJ}Y Aia 'l'pa:>Ke 3a ce6e AiC)lKy'MeHT 0 lIO-
CT3Blbel-hY, 1'0 IHene 'MonH Aa OA HapoAa Y3H1Majy 6HAO Ka'Ka'B 'HOBaL\
nOA l
'
H!M H3rosopaM.
45
y CKAaAY C nponHCHMa cPepMaHa H3 1786. roAH'He, rOT<mo y
CBHM rpaAOBlfMa PY'MeAHje H AiHa'Aoi\Hje orrpOBeAeHIl1 cy H36opoH 3a
wexep-nexaje. TaiKO H3a6paHrH, 'OHH cY rrOCAe KaAuje nOCT3AH lHaj-
yrAeAiHHje NH""'HOCTH y KaAHAY'Kry. Y 6yjYPYAAHjH OA 2. jaHyapa
1788, 'PY'MeAH!joKH AHlBlIH ce 6paTHo KaAujH y bHTOlbY, 3aTHM
"ropAoCl1H IMeny CAH'YHHlMa 'H jeA:Ha'I<JBHMa, rpaAcKoM hexajH", a no-
Ci\:e l-hera o'CTaAHM rrpeAcTaBHHQHilvl3 BAa'C'I1H H yrAeA'HHM rpanaHH-
Ma.
46
lb 6yjYPYAAlfje PY'MeAHjcK'or AHBaHa OA 7. 'Maja 1788. ca3Haje
ce Aa je TaAa 6UTOlbCI<:H wexep-nexaja 6.HO 3aHM-3aAie MeMHw-ara,
"ropAocT M'eny CAl-f4HHlMa 'H jeAHaJBKHMa y BHAajel'Y " , 3a 'Kora ce
Ka:>Ke jOill H TO Aa je "'BOA,,eHH H OA CTaH'OBHHillT1Ba oB'or 'KJpaja H3a-
6paJHH" .47 IlIexep-l1exaja MeMl1w-ara ce rrOMI1l-he O,A;MaX rrOCAe Ka-
.LlHje H y 6Y'jryPYAAHjH PYMeA'uj'cKor AU,BaiHa OA 15. j'YAa 1788. KO-
jOM ce -llarpenY'je Aa ce y bMTOlbY 3aBeAe Menyc06HJO jeMcTBo CT3-
HOBHll11Ka npeA werp'HjaTcKHIM MeUAH'COIM, jep cy ce y rpaA<Y rroja-
BHAH pa360jIHHQIH, 'KpaAlbHBI4H oH xapaJMHje, 3aT.H:M y TeB3H-AecP-ropy
OA 14. oKTo6pa neTe rOAfllHe KOj:WM av 422.940 aorrpH paorropeneHe
Ha 'ceAa HTOl'oOKorKaAHAY'Ka. Taj HOBaQ je OHO 'HaMel-heH 3a rrAaTY
I\BojuQe 6YMY>K6awa H l-h'HXOBHX ceK63'Ha 'IWjH cy HlIH3MeHlflIHO nO
JJJeCT MeceUH llYBaAiI1 'KaAHAY'K O,A xaj,AYKa.
4A
y cPepMliHIHiMa 'K'ojHMa
je QeHTpai\!Ha BAaCT 3aXTeBlAa Aa ce YXBaTe rreTo:p!H'l-ll OAMeTHI1Ka,
TaKone ce nOMH'l-he mexep-nexaja 0AMax nOCAe 'KaJAlHje. q>epMaHH
cy 6lfAH 'HaJItlf'ClIH'H 8-17. jaHyarpa 1789. H 11. MapTa MCTe rOAHHe.
49
CeAl1M,III je CTYIIHO Ha npeCTo 7. aJrrpHAa 1789, a YP30 rroeAe
Tora OAAYllHO Aa MHora aAMHHHCTpaTHBHa H <pHCKaAlla mna-
l-ha, rra je y TOM QHlbY H3Aao HeKY BPCTY 3aKOHHKa. Y aKTY OA 5-14.
jYAa 1789. rrocBeneHo je AOCTa rrpocTopa wexep-nexajH. Ty je TallHO
oApeneHo Aa ce ajaHH CBaKor Ka,AHAYKa 6Hpajy jeAHorAacHHM H3-
6OPOM :>KHTei'oa, a 3aTHM ce CYACKHM rrpoToKoAOM (hccet) rrOCTaB-
ibajy 3a wexep-nexarje. BaAHja ce He MeJ\'rewaTH y l:bHXOB H360p
HHJ1H H3Aa:BaTH 001\:0 Ka'K.BY 3anOBeCT, a Ca'MHlM T'HlM He lMO)Ke Y3eTH
rrapy y Be3H ca l'HM. YKOAHKO 1'0 HeKO OA l-hHX YllHHH 6Hhe
Haj'CI'PO)Ke 'Ka:>KllieH. Y rrOCAOBe OKO H360pa H rrOCT3Blbal-ha rpaA-
ckor nexaje He GMejy ce IMell.la'I'H HH KaAiH'je 'HH Hau6H (IKaAujoKH
4,; BHA. T3Kooe A. CyhecKa, Ajarw, CapajeBo 1965, 138-139.
46 A. MaTKOBCl, TYPcJU U360PU' 3a ajJyrer60To U apaMUCT60TO 60
MwceoHuja (1775-1810), V, CKorrje 1980, 121.
47 l1ero, 132.
48 l1ero 133-134
46 11CTO; 135-136:
72
AvwaHKa oojaHHn-AYKa'l 1'1 CY3aHa fiOpneBHn
HaMeCHHl.\H) H nOKymaBaTH Aa ce 3aY3MY 3a CEor KaHAHAaTa. Ka!,
ce 'Y3 OIlllITy carAacfilOCT )ITeihaH3a6epe AH-ue Koje ne 6HTH no-
'CTaBtoeHO 3a Illexep-nexajy, KaAHja HAH 'H3JH6 1'pe6a Aa caCTaBli
'-YACKl{ npoToKoA, aAH 3a 1'0 He CMe Y3e1'H HH AHHap HaAoKHaAe. Y
cynpOTHOM ne 6H1'H Ka)Kl-beH. IIITO ce THLle Illexep-nexaje H3a6pa-
tOr Ha TaK3JB Ha'l.UtH, :Ka)Kle ce AaA>e y 33JKOI-:llH'KY, OH 'He CMe Y3eTH
3a croe :HH:jeAiH'Y napy OA paje 'KaA ce pacnopeByjv H3JMeTH, HAH
HeKiHM ApynWM iflOBOAOM. CT,BapHa cYMa l1pOIll<K:1Ba oe3 063'Hpa Ha
H3HOC 'Mopa 6HTH p3JcnopeBeHa ca 3Hal-beM )KHTeA>a. npH caCTaB-
IDIaJlbY Cill{CKOBa ca CTB3JpmFM TpOllllKoBHlMa, lllex3Jp-nexaje, KaAuje
il{ iKaAH'jOKH HaMeOHHUH He oMejy y TOB3H-'Ae<PTep (onHC3'K 3a pa-
Cl110peA 'H C3JKynihal-be) YKA>YYHTH CTaBKe y CBOjy KOpHC1'. KaAHje
fi 1KaJAHjOKJH 'H3JMecHlHUH 'He oMejy Y3eTH HOBau 'KliO lJ-laA.oKHaAY 360r
,,'Ilpo1llJKOBa V 'Be3H ca CIlHGKa" nomTO je 1'0 y cy-
npOTHOiCTH 'H ca lllepHjaToM Hca KaHY'HOM. Y cAyyajy Aa 1'0 y YJ.I1He ,
Talj;HO HAH jalImo, 6une 'Ka)KlbeHH.r,o
IlOCAeAlbH nYT ce 6HTOA>CKH Illexep-hexaja nOiMHl-be V TCoB3H-
-Aeqnepy OA 21. oKT06pa 1790. KOjH je 6HO cacTaBA>eH "Ha OCHOBY
jeAHOA'YIllHor pernel-ba Illexep-nexaje H npe'ACTaBHUKa paje". PeillC-
H>6M CV 6HAli aIHra)K'BaHH 6YA>Y'Koallle H CeKOaJHU Aa 06e36eByjy
6HTOMeKiH KaAHA'YK OA xaj.AV'"IKO-xapruMHjoKHx ApY)KH'Ha.
51
y H'H3Y CBOjUX pe<j>opMH, CeAlI'M III je noHOBO YCTa-
HOBY 3Jj3JHa, a HCTOBpeMeH: je 1791. <popMaNH!oytK:HlHYO YCTaHoBV Ille-
xep-nexaje. <PepMa'HOM je 3a6paibeHo Aa ce y6y.A'Y'ne vnoTpe6A>aBa
Ha3H!B Illexep-nexaja U HapeBeHO #1 ce nOHOBO ycnocTalBH ajaHAYK y
OHlOM BHAV y 'KojeM je palJ-lHje nocTojao. MenYTHM, HaYHH CTHuai-ba
aj3lHCKOr 11'OAO)Kaja 6H'O je iHenITO J.-l3MeI-bElH.
52
OBa OAAYKa je OH'Aa
npllXBaneHa 'Ha pa3AHYHTe 'Ha:'"lli1lHe V rpaAOBH.Ma, Ben 'Y 3a'BHCHOCTH
OA ,MIJ-lOrJ.JX OiK'1J\IHOCTH. Y EHTOA>V je Ha npHMep H3a6paHa 3a ajaHa
lieTa AlfYHOCT, AOTaAalllibH Illexep--nexaja MeM:H'Ill-31ra, 'KOjH je HCTY
A'Y.lKIHOCT 'ftQA 'HOiBH'M Ha3HIBOM 06a'BA>aO AO 1. <peOpyapa 1794, 'KaA
je IHa l-bef'OBO MeCTO li3aOpaIH MenYT-HM, 3a-
HWMA>HBO je A3 je OBlIj l1opaxHM-eepeHAwja 1'aAa iHa3Ba'H "Illexep-
-eMHlH" emini), IH3KO ce l-berOBa Ha'AAe)J(HOCT npOCTHlpaAa He
caMO IHa mexep EmoA> 'Hef'O H Ha ueo IKaAHAynK. IlpeMa TOM TeB3H-
-Aeo/repv paOITopeneHa je CYMa OA 70.085,5 rpollla. C3iYHibaBaAH cv
je 'paCXOAiH Kl\L\JHAylKa IHaCTaAH TI'pHAH'KOM AOAa3aKaMHpJvl:Hpa'J-la,
6eroBa. 6erBG1X CI-rHOBa '" ApyrHx cAV/K6eHH'X AHI..\a, PalCXOAH OKO
AHKJBHAHpal-ba 6YiHTOIBHHKa Kapa MaxiMYAa, MyoawHpcKe npHHaA-
Ae)KfH'OCrn ara KOjH cy AOIllAH ca BHcOKe IlopTe, CAeAoBal-ba H MY-
6a'llmpOKe TTAaTe BHCOKHX H A:pyrHx CAV)KOeHHKa, Kao H My6alllHpa
Koje je nOCAao pYMeAHjcKH BaAHja, H Ha Kpajy npBa paTa y06H-
t,lajeHe M'HipHo/.\,O'1lClKe nO.\1on'H (imdad-i hazariye):H
N C. AHMHTpOB, HaB. oe/lO, 287-288,
61 A. MaTKOBCKH, TypclCu U380pU. V, CKoffje 1980, 140.
U A. CyneCKa, AjaHu, CapajeBO 1965, 141.
uS A. MaTKoBcKH, TypclCu U380PU, V, CKonje 1980, 152.
NCTO, 152-153.
1
73

,.
"
Il
\'
Pa3Boj AOKaAHe rpaA, yrrpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa
KaA je 1791. nOHOBO yC[!OCTaBloeHO ajaHcTBo H 'Y,K,MlHYT ruexep-
y Ml!HUCH, 0 TOMe je CTHfa!O <pePM'a:H KjH je rrpOt..lHTaH
y CY,AiHHQH. Y OArOB>Opy Ha <PePMaJH, IKaAu}a j-e nCAao If3BeruTaj H
HCTaKa Aa y MaHHOH 'Ben OAaBHO He 'Bprue AY>KH{)ICToH IHH ajaHH HH
ruexep-nexaje, 'HeI'OCe CBe Ap>KraBHe 3anoBeCTlI H3BpmalBajy ca 3Ha-
H>eM 'CBHX.
55
AY>KHOCT rnexep-nexade y MalHHcH OOtBloaO je MYTe-
ceAHM OA 1742. CBe AO 1816, KaA je rrO:HOBO 6HAO YBeAeHo 3BaH>e
ruexep-nexaje.
Y.cTaH'OBa ruexep-nexaje yonocTaBloeHa je y CO<PHjH BepoBaTHo
y nOCAeAH>liiM rOAHHa:Ma XVIII BeKa. Y nel'HQHjH l'paA0K'Or TypcKor
CPaHOBlHJHruTBa OA 22. jYHa 1800. Koja je nOCA,aHa 3aje,AiHO ca H3Be-
lll'TaljeM CO<pHjoKor 'KaAHje QeHTpaAHoj BAaCTI1, a y KOjOj ay H3HeTe
>KaA6e 'Ha nOHaruaH>e H HaCHloa XaCeKJH MeX'MeAa, MelJy 53 nOT-
nHJ-l!H'Ka 'HaAa3H ce H MeX'MeA, hexaja rpaAa (kethdy-i
* *
"
OCAe 'CMpl'H capyxaHcKor MYTeceAH.\1a Kapa'ocMaJH'OTAya XaJ.IH-
-X'YceHJHa, IKaA je nOHOBO yonocTaBloeH ruexep;KeTxYAaAYK y MaHH-
OH, 3a ruexep-nexajy je H3a6paJH xalHi MeXiMeA Ap'll'<p-aJm, OH ce no-
MM'H>e 28. epe6pyapa 1818, y H3BeUlTajy K3AHje H3 MtHHce y Be3H
ca 'YiKoI-la4eH>,eMI'OCTHjy H M'y6aru'Hpa KOjH AOAa3e y rpaA. y H3Be-
ruTajy ce 'Ka>Ke Aa cy ce CBH BHlJeHH H YTHI..(aj-I-IoH IoYAH MaHJHce OKY-
nHAH y ruepHjaTcK,ojCYAHHQIH H nOCAe AorOBapa 'OAA'Y4'HAH Aa rro-
CTaBe ruxep"nexajy y AYXY crape 1'paAHuHje y IQcMa'H'OKoj A:p>KaBH
(de'b- kadrnc devlet-i aliyye). OH ne ce C1'tpaTH 0 My6arnHpIfMa H
rOCTHMa 'K'C:ije Ap>KaBa 6YAe nOCAaAa V caHuaKe AjAHiH H CapyxaH,
3a neru3iKe 'ne ce TpOruHTH nOA;Ba rparua AHCBHor-ra M'Me Hcx:paHe,
a 6H'ne 0MeruTeHH y 'KOHa'Ke 0 ljIHjHM ne COnCTBeI-IHQIHIMa 6H1'H ca-
CTalBloeI-I nOHiMeHiH4'3H orrHcalK. focTe H My6aillH'pe 'OMelllTane I-Ia
K0H3'K Al1'41I-IO ruexep-nexaja, KOjH ne COfI'CTBeHHQll'Ma K!'I-I3JKa o6pa-
4y.HaBaTH IK'H1pHje npeA ruepHjaTcKHIM CYA:OM. Meoy ,corrcr,BeI-IHQUMa
KOHaJKa 33.6eAe>KeH je H MeXiMeA-3Jra, CHlH ruexep-nexajHlH ($ehir
kethds-zade Mehrned Aga), a YKynHO HX je OHAO 4el'pAeceT. We-
xep-nex3Jja ne 3a Ta'j nocao Ao6HjaTH rOAHWH>e 600 l'porua (ABa
nYTa no 300 rporua) KOjH ne 6HlIH YHel'H y TeB3H-Ae<p1'epeY H3
1'6KCTa KaA'lljmrar 'H3BeruTaja BHAH ce Aa je QeHTpaNI-Ia BAaCT 3a-
nOBeAHAa Aa ce Y,KOHa14eH>a cpeAe H y 'OCTaAHM npoBlfHQHjaMa H
caJI-IuarL\H'M3.
y TeB3li-Ae<pTepy ll'3 MaI-IHce A 26. anpHAa 1821, 'MelJy M'I-lOrO-
6POj'I-IH'M CTaJBKaJMaMO>Ke ce 3ana3liTH Aa cy "PYKOM ruexep-nexaje"
KyrrloeI-IH Aer5HH, H6pHQH, CBenH>aL\H, TecTHje H 4ame 3a HOBH ca-
u5 M. agatay U1aay, 18 ve 19. Yzyillarda Saruhanda ve
Halk Hereketleri, Istanbul 1955, 16-17.
06 E. HeAKOB, OCMaHO-TYPClCa unlloMaTWW u nalleOlpaifJUja, II, AOKY-
MeHTH li peQHHK, 1972, 162-167.
.;; M, agatay, Uluay, Hae. ello, 17, 244-247.
74
AymaHKa Eojami/i-AYKa'-I H CY3aHa 50pIJeBHn
paj y BpeiAlHOCTI1 OA 1.382 rpowa. Kl1pl1je 3a KaH<lJKe 11 A;HeBH'11 T'pO-
WK'OBI1 POCll11jy Y T\KY weCT Meceu,11 'H3HOCHAH oY YKynHo 16.076
rporna, a ,}l'OIlAan'H1Bao JIX je wexep-nexaja.
Sg
DpOj KOH<lJKa y MaHHCJi
CMaI-WH je Ha ceAaJMiHaeCT OAAYKOM HOBor wexep-nexaje MeKTy6'llY
CBUX Bl1neHMX 11 yrAeAHHX l'pal3aJHa 11 rnepnjaTO.K:Ol' CYAa;
OAAY'Ka je AOHeTa 7. ceIlTeM6pa 1823. Men'Y corrCllBeH'HI4H1Ma KOH3iKa
y6eAe)KeH je 11 wexep-nexaja.;'9 OBaj peA je 6}tQ nOIUTOBaH CBe AO
TaJH3HlMaTa.
60
CT3ilhe y DI1TOibY IlO'lIeT>KOM XIX BeKa 611AO je CAH'llHO, C TOM
pa3AHiKOM Aa ce rnexep-nexaja 3Bao wexep-eMHiH. T3iAarr.IllhH wexep-
-eMII1H Ae'PB'l1rn xaUI1 XyceHiH npuMHo je nAaTY OA 437,5 l'porna 3a
CBOj paA TOKOM CeA'aJM n no 'Mecel4lH 1800. l'OAHlHe.
61
l-hel'oBa meCTO-
Mecel.lHa IlAaTa y 1801. 113HOCHAa je 375 l'poma. IIpeM3
qnepy, "PYKOM wexep-eMIIlIHa" l1oIlAanerro je 80 l'powa 6e3 06ja-
Wlhelha Y KOj'Y OBPX'Y cy YTpOI1leH'H, 271 l'pow 3a 1.K:Y'IlJ'oeHH iHaMe-
wTaj 3a capaj, 166 rpoma 3a nAarno, 50 rpawa 3a pOro311iH'Y 3a
capaj, CYAOKY 3rpaA'Y 11 rpaACKe K!Ha.K:e, a 819,5 l'powa 3a nOAH-
3alhe capaljoKe KJYXl1'lhe, I1C'IJAaTy iMajcTopHMa, 3a 'KaMeH H APyro.
Gt
y TeB311'AeqnepY.K:ojl1 ce OA'HOCH'O 'Ha TpOrnKJaBe 6mXM:>OKOl' iKaAI1-
AY'Ka T.K:OM oca'M uVlel4H 11 neT AaHa y 1803. rOA'Umi, rrpeKo we-
xep-eMIma cy ncnAaneHe oAeAene CJ\ToMe: 240 l'poma 3a KYXiHlhY ca-
paja, 100 rpowa 3a aITpaBK'Y K'OHaJKa 3a M'Y3wKaHTe, 200 rP'illa 3a
H3iAHl1l4e 3HiA3ipJ1lMa KOjl1CY paAI1AH y capajy 11 "ocTaAe TpOI1lI<!OBe" ,
100 l'powa 3a HaJMewTaj 'Kojn je rrpeMa OIlHCKY KyrribeH 3a capaj
11 A:pyre 'KOHiaKe, 32 l'powa 3a OiIlpaBK'y 'KOHa'Ka Copo, 100 rpowa
3a CTaKAO !Ha Ilpo30pHiMa capa'joK:or xapeMAY'Ka, 3a Kpe'll 11 KaMeH
3a KYXJ-I'!hY, 50 rpawa 3a CTpa)IpHHI..\e npeA OCMaH-6eroBHM KO-
HaI\)OM 11 oapajoM, 150 l'powa 3a l'pO'llIaJK KOjl1 je IHarrpaBHiO wexep-
-eMHH, a npaBAl'O ra nOAP06Hilf.\1 CIlHOKiOM, 119 l'poma TpomKa y
C AOAaOK:OM 'BaAa-rje (Y3 AeTaibaJH 'OIlH'CaK li ABe IlOTBPAe), 12 l'poilla
3a ceHO lK:oje je 'KYITI10 rnexep-eMHH, Haj3aA 667 rpowa lHia UMe we-
xep-eMHiHOBe IlAaTe 3'a ocaM 'MeceI..\H, pa'llY'HajynH 110 10.000 acnpH
Mece'YlHo.
63
IIIexep-eMH'H H6pa'XH'M je 1804. roAYfHe MIMaJO rOAHwlhY IlAaTY
OA 1.000 rpOIlIa. I-beroBe AY)KHOCTH 6H.Ae cy Kao 'H npeTXOAH'l1X ro-
.
AHJHa 'Aa ce opl1Be 3a 'K:OHaMe1:be l'ocToHJ'Y oH IlpeMalhe KOHlaKa, a y
ce H3pJrlII1110 'H3.'rAamaBa WTa je H0nAaneHo lhero-
BaM PYKiOM: 100 l'pOlilla TpOll1'KOBa y 'Be3H ca OnpaB'KaJMa y Kaj'Ma-
KOB'M 'KOHaKY 11 Onp3lBKaM CYAoKe 'lleCMe, 100 l'poma TpoillKoBa
KOjH Ce 'Ha:BOAe npeMa Il'OA:pOOHOM onHCKY. HllK:O je wexep-eMH'H
SB MeTo, 251-254.
59 MeTO, 26S--269.
60 HeTO, 34.
81 II. UaM6a30BCKH H A. CTapOBa, Typc/cu OrcYJI1e1-CfU 3a Atarceol-lc/wra
uCTOpuja 1800-1803, l, CKorrje 1951, 52.
62 HcTO, 87-95.
63 II. UaM6a30BCKH, TYPcll:u OKYMeHru 3a MaKeoHCKara ucropuja,
1803-1808, II, CKorrje 1953, 13-19.
Pl3BOj AOKaAHe rpaA. yrrpaBe Ha baAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa 75
HaArAeAa:o 'HaooBKY pa3HH'X AP'Yrnx nOTpenWTH'Ha y Be3>H ca YKoHa-
'JeJ-beM, KaA je 6HAO TpowKoBa OKO orrpaBaKa KOHaKa H HcrrAate
KH'p:H'jaHiHXOJBH'M C(YfJCTBeHHU;HIMa, CBH l'pO'illKOBH cY BObeH'H '110-
ce6HO 'Y TeB3H-Aeq>Tepy, rro CTaJB'KaMa, a HarrAaniHBaHl-I cy HerrocpeA-
HO a !He rrpeKIO J-bera.
64
CAeAenHX nOAcllHa ITaMHl-bY ce Kao 6HI'OibCKH weXep-eM.HHH
H6paxwM-ara H H6paXH'M-e<j:JeHAHja, WTO 6H Mo'rAO 3Ha'lHTiH Aa je
peq 0 HCTOj AW4HOCTH. H6paXH'M-arH'Ha llAaTa je OHAa 'lfCTa 'Kao
rrAara mexep-elll1H'Ha 1804, H3HOCHAa je 1.000 J')JIoma, a J-beroBoM
P\fKOM je 1809. aCllAanaHo 795 l'powa Ha HlMe Tp'OIllJJKOBa npeMa
rroce6H'HlM pa'lYHrHlMa H 351 rpow 3a .cenoJ\!oje je A'lf'lHO H3Aao
rocTHlMa.
65
lIlexep-eMH:H H6paXHJM-e<PeHlA'Hja 'ce jaBiba 'K-l'O CBeAOlK
YCIJiA/HHD;H TIpHAHIKaM 3ajeA'HJI'l\KOl' jeMCT'Ba Koje cy JTOAO)KHAH ce-
ibal.lH 6HToiboKor ceAa MaAOB'H'WTa 'Ha AaJH 10. q,e6pyapa 1810. T'O-
AHiHe.
66
HerH Hl\;H HeI A'pym H6paXH'M-eq,eHAH'ja je 000 wexep-
-eM'H'H 11 1817; Y TeB3H-Aeq,Tepy iA 24. aBrycTa HCTe rOAHHe, I-be-
rOBa rrAaTa je H'3HOOHAa 2.000 rpawa 3a 12 MeceU;H. UaBoAoM AO-
AaCKa KajMaKaMa H6paxHl'vl-are rroTpowHO je 131 rpow 3a rroTpe6c
y caipajy. OCHlM Tora je 3a 25 J'pawa jeAalHMlIHraA 3a
coy BeA.wy.AAHH-are, BepOBal1H'O capa:jcKor l.JlYBapa; jeAa:HMa'HraA
3a mexep-eMHHa je cTajao 15 J'powa, a IKJ'DYl.I 'Ha capajKoj 'fIOpTH
6i
12 rpowa. lIlexep-eMHlH PaHq,-e<l>eHAHlja, Kojer HaAa3H1MO Ha T'Oj
...\Y>l(HOCJ1H 1828, IWMao je HCTY rOAIHWl-bY llA,aT'Y OA 2.000 l'pollIa. Te
rOAH'He cy Yl'pOWeHa 1.124,5 rpowa 3a xAe6 CAY-
raMa H cAyra'Ma "npeACTlrBHrHlKa 'Ka3e" 1'OK'OM OClrM H rro
* :]:
*
y rrepHOAY Ta!H3HMaTa - Be!U1KHX pe1>opMoH OC,\1a'HCKe Ap>l<aBe
II AipYWTBa - KOjH je 3arrO'leO XaTHX'YMajYMOM OA rHAraHe OA 3. HO-
BeM6pa 1839. H Tpajao AO 1878, KaA je YBeAeH AOUJAO je
,L\O MHOrHX npoMeHa y opraHH3aD;HjH rpaAcKe yrrpaBe y npecToHHD;H a
rrpoBHHD;HjaMa. Y TOKY THX npOMeHa HlWle3Aa je YCTaHoBa mexep-
nexaje y AOl'aAaml-beM 06AiHKy.
69
3aKoHHKoM 3a rrpOBH'Hl.lHjcKe l'pa-
AOBe KOjH je TIapMliMeHT YCBOjHO y cerrTeM6py 1878. rrponHcaao
je Aa OBa'KH rpaA EoMa H360pHo rpaACKO Bene caCTaJBib0HO OA 6-12
'-1 AaJH'OBa, y 3a
1
j3HOaOCTH OoA 31Ha'-IaJja rpaAa. JeAaJH '-l:A'aJH 'Bena 6110 j
rpaAOiHaqeArH1HiK (;;ehir emini), aAIH ra 'H'EoCY 6HpaAIi-I'lA3IHOBH 'Bena
(;4 I1CTO, 41--45.
65 II. I,IaM6l30BCKH, TypClCU OKYMeHTU Ba Maro/:lClca'W uCTopuja,
1809-1817, III, CKorrje 1955, 18-25.
66 I1CTO, 5--6.
67 II. I,IaM6l3OBcKH, TypclCu iJolCYMeHTU 3a AWlCeOOHClCaTa uCTopuia,
18/8-1827, IV, CKorrie 1957, 13-21.
68 II. I,IaM6a30cKH, TypclCu iJolCYMeHTu sa AtalCeOOHCicaTa uCTopuja,
1827-1839, V, CKorrje 1958, 34-38.
69 Ha OCHOBY paCrrOAO)f(}JBHX H300pa HHCMO MOri\H rrpaTHTH 3aMeHY
wexep-hexaje, OAHOOHO ruexep-eMH'Ha APymM rrpeAcTaBBHUHMa BAaCTH, AO
Clera je AOIlIAO y bliTO/oY y6p30 rrOCAe 1828. rOAHHe.
'76
'AVlllaHKa EojaHI-ili-i\VKa'-l H CV3aHa BopneBHll
HAH rpa.n<VHC1'BO, Bel'O ra je nOCT<VBibaAO MHBHCT3IpCT'BO YHYTpa-
WI-hHX nOCAOBa.
70
XPOHOAOWKO H3Aara'tbe HaJMa npH:CTyna'lIHHX HCTO-
pl1jOKHX nOAaralKa wexep-nexajH 6HAO je HeonxoAHO 3aro WTO
je Ta 'YCTaHosa 'HJMaAa CBOj HCTOpH'jOKH pa3B'od K'()ljl1 je 'Y TeoHOj
Be3H 'C 'pa3BojeM rpaAOBa. Aa 6H 61IAIH 'ffOllIl'jlHO jaoHH, 11H TIOAaua
ce IMopaj'Y A'O!IlY'HHl',H HeOnXOA'HHM 06jallJ!I-belhl1IM:a.
Ca eK'OHIM'DK'HM, AeMorpacPcKliM, na H npoc110pHHM
rpaA'lBa, p3'3'BHjaAa ce H AOKaAHa rpaAoKa yrrpalBa 'He3aBl1CHO OA
rpaAOKe oynpaBe 'Ka:K'BY je YCTalHOiBHAa OCMaJHOKa Aip:>K'aBa. HOCHOI.(H
/>'OKaNHe rpaA'Ke Ynpa:Be 6HNH cy npeACTaBJUfUH IMaXaAa, 'OCHOBiH'HX
yp6aHO-AeM'Orpai<>olx 3aje,1!HH'ua CTa.iW6eHOZ della zpada. MaxaAe
cy epOpMH'p3lHe Hajyewlie OKO l,Ia
l
MHja, 'MeCUHIAa, ,WM'31pe1'a 'HAIM IHe-
'IX APYI'HX 'Be]JCKHX o6jeKal'a, y 3aBHCHOCl'H OA eT1HH'IKe li K'OH-
cPeCHOHaA'He C11pYKl''Ype wexepa. I1peAcl'aBHHUH M<axaAa, HMaJMH,
npeABOAHHUH MYCA'HMaHa V IMOAHTBaMa, I1IMaAH cy HcTOBpeMeHO
MHore ApyWl'BeHe <PYHIKI.(Hje.
7J
HMaMH cy BpWHAIH ,CTaJAaH HaA30p
HaA M'paAOM Cl'aH'OiBHHKa MaxaAa H BOAHi\H palJlYHa 0 OBaiKOM He-
Il!03HaT'M HAM AHU;Y Koje 6H ce nOljaBHAO. OHH cV Y
Cl'BapH HJMaAH nOl'nYH YBHA y )1(I1<B01' CT,aM6eHOT AeA'a rpaAa. rIpa-
l'HIAH cy TlaHaWatbe CBaKor nodeAJ{Hl(a H 3ajeAHo ca OCl'aA,HIM CTa-
HOBHHUI-FMa lMaxaAa OAAY'lWBaAiH '0 raMe 'Kara l'pe6a npOl'epaTH HB
rpaAa, HAM ;J{ora rpe6a npeAal1H CYA'Y 3601' Hei)\10paAa. YK'pa1'KO pe-
'-leHO, AY:>K'HOCTH HMaJMa HHCY 6HAe HH Aa:Ke HM jeAiHOC'DaBHe; 0' TOMe
HajpeQHl'Hje rOBopli MYAa MVCl'a<pa EawecKHja 'KOjH je npOBeo
Aeo )K'HBOl'a Ka'OMaxaACKH M'Ma'M y CapajeBY y ,L\Pypoj nOAOBHHH
XVIII BeKa.
72
Kao npeA'CTaBHIHUH MaxaAa, HMaMH cY ce 'HaMeTaAH
3BaHHYIHWM Ap)KaBHWM OpraHll\Ma - 'Y npBOM pelAY KaAlfjH - jep
cY Ao6po 'fT03HaBaAH MaxaACKe nplfAH'Ke H liMaAH MorynHlocr Aa y
HenocpeAHoM AOAHpy AeAyjy Ha jaBHo M'HeJbe. rIo3HaBaAH cy AO
1'aHYHHa IMal'epHjaAJHO CTaI-be H ApYilITBeHH nOA':>Ka1j QBHX nojeAH-
Ha'I.(a y 'MiaXaAH, 'Ka-O lf Maxa.Ae y I.(eAHHiH.
HopeA HMaMa, y AOIKaAJH'Y rpaAOKY YlIIpa.sy 'MOry ce y6pojal'H
lf npeACTaBlHIH'UH MeCHe HHl'eAlfreHI..1H'je H APVTH y1'Ae,1!HH rpanaHH
KOjH cy peAIOBHo AaAa3HAH Ha BenaI-ba 'Y CYAlHHl(M H BOAHAH HeKY
BPCl'Y HaA30'pa HaA paAOM Ka'AHje. AOKaAHa rpaJAOKa rynpaBa H3-
pa:>KaBaAa ce CaOBH'M npenOOiHaTibHBO H Kp03 AWliHOCT wexep-ne-
xaje. YO'l'ibHBa je llHlhe:l-IHua Aa ce wexep"tiexaja 'He j3lBiba V XV
BeKY, aAH l'O He MlOpa 3H<V-IHTH Aa l'aAa 'HHje nOC'Jiojao. II01'pe6HO
70 OnulHpHHje 0 TOMe BHA. J, Stanford Shaw and S. E. Kural, History
of the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, vol. 2, 1808-1975, Cambridge 1977.
71 npeACl'<lBHHUH V I-IeMvc:\HMaHcKHM MaxaAaMa 6HAH CV vrAeAHH Aer
BepcKe (nonOBH) H TpaAHUHOHaAHe cTapelllH!He, V 3aBHCHOCTH OA Der
peKAa H caCTaBa CTaHOBHHlllTBa (Klie30BH, npOTYnepH). y HOBOHaCTaAliM Ma-
xaAaMa- cy ce Kao MaxaACKe CTapelllHHe (hexaje) HAH MaxaA6allle, OCHU6a<IU
Maxalla, jaBHAH H I-bHXOBH nOTOMUH, rrojaaa Koja ce cycpehe KOA npHrraA-
HHKa CBUX KOHq,ecHja.
72 M. Myje3HHoBHll, /beTonuc MYlle Myc'CacPe llle6Ku;e EaUleClCU;e
(1746-1804), CapajeBO 1968, 209.
77 Pa3BOj AOKaAHe rpaA. ynpaBe Ha naAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa
je .HlMaTH y 'BHAY MaA06pojHocT H3Bopa 3a Taj rrepHOA. Ha OOHOIBY
AaiHac paCnOAO)KHBHX H3HDpa, wexep-neXJalja ce MO)Ke nocMaTPaTH
OA 1560. Al() T3:H3HM3:ra, H TO H Ha 6aNKaJH'OK!OM 'H 'Ha M3:NOa\3HljOKol,'vl
rrpOCTOpy OCMMfCKe AP)KaBe, rAe je H!MaO HCTa OCHOBHa o6eAe)Kja.
lIlexep-nexaj'a je npe CBera HMao Ha3H'B K'OjH je OArOBap3:0 lberoBoj
OCHOBHOj <PYHKQHjH: OH je npeCTa6HUK zpaa Kao l1elluHe. CTora
ce lberOB u360p He MO)Ke 3a;MHCAHTH 6e3 'carAaOHiOCTH OBHX rpa-
naaa, WTO 3Ha4H MaxaA'CI<IUX rvpeACTaBHrHlK'a, aAH H GBHX yrAeAHHX
rpaACKHX MfqHOCTH IK'Oje cy 'l\lOrAe YTHQaTH IHia H36op. lb nOA;aTaKa
o wexep-nexajaMa BHAH ce Aa cy no rrpaBHAY 611AH yrAeAHH, o6pa-
30BaJHH H MlaTepHjaAlHIo Al06pocTOjenH NY'AH, 4ecro A6p011BOpH rpa-
Aa 'H Xal,LHje. 3acaA 'HH'je MorynHo Yl'BPA'HTH Aa AH cy 3a paA IKOjH
cy 06aBNaAH y HJHTepeoy cyrpabaHa npHlMaAH OA H:JHX IJ-IlOB4aHY Ha-
AOKJH3:AY, KoJa ce npBH rrYT IfIOMr}I)lbe TeK 1728. rOA'IiHe. MeoyntM,
OHlH cy IBen 1623. I1IQCTaAH npHlnaAHHL{H BojHor CTaAe)Ka (acKepa) C
Q'arpaK'lilM 6epalX)IM. TluMe cy Ao6H'A1H rrpH3Hallbe CBOT 'Ben cre'4C-
Hor ApYWllBeHor yrAeAa H H3Y3ene DA ,ml:HpeA'H'HX HJMeTa H peAOB-
HHX TepeTa.
Ilorpe6a 3a 3ajeAHH4'K<H<M npeAcraBHHlK'OIM rpa(l\;a jaBuAa ce H
Ha M'aA03:l3H'joKOMH Ha 6aAKaHOKOM npoCTOpy 'Y Be3H ca 'OCHOBHOM
AYJKIHOlliny npaoaHa Aa YKa3yjy rocronpHu\1C11BO 3BalHIH'qmrM rOCTH-
Ma 'Tp3:JAa, npe OBera CYAT3:HY. Kao H CBH opeAlbO'BeKoBHHBAaAapH,
H TypOKJH OYATaH je IYJJMaO peraAlHO npaBo I-\a 6YAe onOKJpi6/oeH He
CalMO craH'OM IH Ae>KajeM Hem H 'XTPaJH:'OM, l\1 TO ca UeNOKYUHOM OB'H-
TOM 'H KOlhH'Ma. To npaBo (descensus, pvocurationes, droit de gte,
de literie; XipB. 3alla3, jelluw; y cpeAlliOBeK'lB'Hoj Cp6H<jH 06POK,
c'ca H n0306; nppoKH KOHaK, saray kudumnyye,
fiyye) je I1peACr3:JB/oaA 'BeNH'KH TepeT 3a rrOAalHHJKe y'rrwTe, rra
npeMa TOMe H 3a nOA.3:JHHJKe ,y OOM3:JHCKJIiM rpaA;OiBHtMa. CTora je
oYA.TaH 3a6paHJHO OBO npaso BOjlYJJM penHlOHaAHiH1M 'H. AOIK<tNHlHIM Yll-
3aJAiP>KaBaj'Yrm ra 3a oe6e H rlpeAcraiBHH\Ke C'Boje lBi\aCTH
lK:oje je Y3 IilHOM{my IHapeA6y CAao y rpaA'OIBe paAH U3Bp-
melha HeKOlf :AtpeDeHOr 3aAaTKa, Te 3a 'TA3:CH'H.;Ke KOjH :cV iHajxHT-
ffif.je npeHOOlf.NH 'lberOBe 3alfl'OlBOCTH (ulak). Meoyrw.M, y APyroj rro-
AOBMlHH XVI iBKa, a Hapol<urro y nOCAeAffiHM AeQeiHHij<llMa, OBe 4e-
lUne ce A'Ora15aAo Aa G1IHI,IaK-6eroBlf H 6erAep-6erO'BH caMOB'OibH
npHcBaj3:JjlY Ta !I1P,3:'BO, a CYAT3:;H je TellIKO ycrreBao Aa EX cnpe4'H.
OHlH cy TOK'OiM XVII BeKa HalMeTHYAH BeAH'KJI 6poj CBOjlHX "npa'Ba",
a Meoy lhHlMa li npalBO Ha KOHaK II rownelbe. T'alK'O oy oe 06a'Be3e
rpaA;a H rpaoaJHa YABCTpyqHAC y XVII BeKY, na cy OHH qecTO
npY)K3:'1\1f ornop.73 HOB'OH3:JMe11J-1lyrnc> npano YKlOHa4eHXl npoB:HIHQHj-
OI<1HX ynpaBHnKa 033:JKQH>eHO je rrO'4eTlKOM XVIII 'BeKla.
Tl THnH<faH npHMep ;.I,aje EBAHja 'lleAe6H: CTaHOBHHUH HCKHAHna cv
OA6HAH Aa YKOHa<fe MYPTe3a-narny y <fHjOj je npaTl-hH nYTOBao 'lleAe6H. Aa 611
HX Ka3HHO 360r HenOrnTOBal-ha, narna je ca l.leAoKyrrHOM npaTl-hOM OCTao y
HaKHAHny 'l'pH AaHa, 6eCnAaT'HO jeo, mm, KOHa<fHO H Haj3aA OTHrnao ('l'pH
AaHa rornl.el-ha cy TpaAHUHOHaAHa "npaBa" rocTa V TypCKOM APVrnTBY); E.
elebi, Seyahat-nmesi, III Der-i Seadet 1314, 241.
78
AymaHKa BojaHHn-AYKaq H CY3aHa BOpOeBHn
06a'Be3e wexep-nexaje y Be3H ca Y'KOHayelbeM 6HAe 'CY CAe-
Aele: OH je 3BaJHIf
L
l'He rOCTe cayeKHBaO H CMeWTao Ha KOHaJK, Aa-
Bao je ,6iHeBiHIfI.:(e H y,06HyajeHe IllKAOHe KOju CV [lpH'rraAaAH ro-
CTl-liMa 3JalBHOHO OA lbHXOB'Or IlOAO/Kaja, JllOAMiHplLBaIO HiJ\1 je MHOTe
CHTHe rroTpe6e H cHa6AeBao lL'<: HeoIlxoAHHM HaMHpHHIWMa, cTapao
ce 0 OnpeMibeH'OCTH KOiHaKa YI no IloTpe6u Ha6aBibao 'pa'3He cTBapH
K'oje cy AOiIlpHlHOCHAe YAOOH'OM oMewTa}y roCTHjy. Haj3aA, yYe-
CTBBaJO Je y 06paYYHaJBailbY CBHX TpOillK'lBa, a Meny fbH'Ma H 1<11-
puje KO'Ha:Ka, Te y npaB<HHYHO\M pa3pe3.11iBafbY CBHX
TpOWKOBa Ha CTl'HOBiHllLKe rpaAa. BpeMeHOM ce wexep-nexajHHa
HaAAe/K'HOCT WH'plIAa, TaKO Aa ce tIeAe6uje no
KOjOj je l::exa'ja OOa'BibaO "OBe n()AOBe TpaAa", HaJK:O 'HeOAJPel5ea-ra,
MO/Ke 'MaTpal'H 3a iaj TaYHuj y. Y I1paAY KOjH Je 'HMaJO CAO/KeHY
CTp'fKTypiy no COll,HjaAHoM H eKOHOMOKOM crafbY li npaJ6HOM nOi\O-
/Kajy Cl'aHOBlHlHWTBa fI!OCTojaAa je nOTpe6a 3a jeAlLHCl'BeHOM li ypeA-
HO OAp/KaJBa!HIOiM eBlf'AeHl.(Mj'<YM. OBO l'HM rr'Pe illl'O ay ncmHcH 3eMaiba
H CTaHOBHH'W11Ba Koje je OOMaJHCKa Ap)l(aBa 06aBiba,Aa y XV 11 XVI
Bel(y 'H3O'CTaAH y cAeAen.HIM BeKOBiH'Ma. Y rpaA'()BHMH cy HX 3aJMe-
I-IHAH Ae<pTepH Koje je BOAHO rnexep-nexaja. IIIexep-nexaja je vYe
Cl'BOBaO H y oQiAiP>KaJB,l>rny 0e36eAHocTH rpaAa. MenYT.I1iM, 'Huje ca-
CBHM jaoao Aa AH je 110 IlpOHCTHUaAO H3 J-berO'I311X OOHOBHHX AY)l(-
HOCT,H. ,HA'H je V 'O.A:peneHH'M cAyYajeBHlMa 6.HAa peLI '0 APAaTHHM
06aJBe3a'Ma IKojecy 1,\1Y 6liAe 'Ha'MeT<HYTe 36ar lheI1OBor n03HaBaJ-ba
OIlWTllX npHAH'Ka y rpaAY. IIIexep-hexaja ce 'YOCTO nojaBibyje y
HC'tOpIijOKiHIM H3BopHMa Kao jeAaJH OA 'MYCAIHMaHa y CYk
HHlJ,JH, ApyrH'M peYllMa Kao jeA<lJH OA rrpeACTaJBIJ-JJH:Ka AOKaAlHe rpak
CKe VlfIpaJBe K'Oja ce peAOBHO Ol(YIlibaAa ynpaoo y CYAHHUH.74 3a caAa
Huje 'MorynHo YTBPA'Hl'H Aa AH je 6uo rrpHCYTaH :Kao yrAeAalH rpa-
naH'HH, HAiH HO AY/KHOCTlf IIpeACTlJBHlfKa l'paAa.
YKpaTKo, mexep-nexaja ceCBe AO rrOO1Kpaj XVIII 'BeKa j3iBiba
Kao A'H'YHOCT Koja 06je,lWlhyje u rrpeACTaJBiba OClHOBHe Opifa'He 1\0-
KaNHe rp<lJA0Ke ynpaBe. 3Hiar'YaJj ORe YCTalHOBe 3a /KHiBOT I1paAa li no-
nYA.apHocT y KOjy npel'nOCTaBlfTll, na'BeAIH oy OCMaJH-
CKY 6HpoiKparnj'y Aa YYHlHH jeAaJH y OOHOBH IHeycrroo nOKywaj, Ok
HOC'HO Aa rnexep"nexaJj'Y HCKOpHCTH 3a Boje H1HTepece TaKO WTO
he ra npOrAl:CHTll 3a AeraAHor opnaHa rpaACKe yrrpaBe Kora je rro-
TBPAHAa Ap/KaJOO. Ha Taj lHaQUiH je OCMaHOKa 6H1pKpa'I1Hja nOKY-
WaJBaAa OA 1786. AO 1791. Aa pewn OBOjry 6op6y rrpOTH1B ajaJHcma.
Ha 'Kpa1jy jeOBa YCTaHOBa YKWHYTa, a OOMliHCKa Ap)l(aBa je 1'0 on-
paBiAaAa l'HMe WTO je !I1IporAaCHAa Aa CV 6HAH Hecno-
C06IHH, 6e3Ha'Yaj'HilI U cAyYaj'HO H3a6paHlH toYAiH l(ojlH IH'H'CY YMeAH
Aa OA'I'O'BOpe rrOCTl:BibeHlHlM 3a'AaUHMa.
75
YnpKOC TOMe, YCTaHOBa me-
74 Vrrop. TeKCT Y3 Han. 36, 41, 42.
75 OrrHcyjynH Heycnex AWKaBHor nOKYllIaja Aa ce nOMol.y llIexep-l.exaja
YIHe ynU-laj ajaHa, I)eBAeT-rrarna je y CBOjOj lfcropuju orrI1cao wexep-nexajc
Kao Hecrroco6He lbYAe H Ha3Bao ID( HajrrorpAHHjHM HMeHHMa. flo H.eMY, 1'0 cy
6HAH HajropH A"YAH (ahadd-i nasrdan) JI AHl..\a 6e3 06pa3a (bi-'ar), na je rroKY-
Pa:moj AOKaMle rpaA. ynpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa 79
xep-nexaje je rrrpe>KRBeAa oBa1 TPeHyrHH Heyorrex H HaCTaBHAa Aa
orrcT0jIH CEe AO TWH3'HMaTa y HeWTO H3Mel-heHlOM 06AHKY H rrOA APY-
l'HlM Ha3111BOiM, a HeKaA H ca TWM Ha3lf1B:OM. Y Bpe'Me Ta:H3I1u\1aTa AO-
WAO je U AO :M'HOI'HX npOMeHa y opl'aHH3al(ujn rp3JAOKe yrrpame. Y
TOK:Y THX npOMeHa HWlJe3Aa,je H YCT31H'OBa wexep-nexaje y 0BOM
AOT3.AaIDfheM 06AHKY, Aa 6u je 3aMeHJ1AO iH36oPIH'O l'paAOKO Bene.
...
'" '"
y CBHM 06i\!Hl(HMa IH ITOCToljallia, rpa,l1iOKa YillpaBa y
OCMa'HCKOj .AiP:>KtBH 3aCAY:>Kyj e 1036HibHY rra)K!fhY lH'Cl'pa:>KiHiBaqa 3a-
TO WTO oy Aoca,A:aWfhH pe3YATaTH HeA;OB'OMHH HAM napUJwjaAHH. TIpH
110M rroce6aH 3Haqaj HMajy rpaAOBH-IFpeCTOHHl(e Epyca, JeApeHe H
I1nalH6YA. I1eraH6YA je Ao6HJO .H'3BaJHrpe,JHy MOHorpa<pJ1Ij'Y y lOOjOj
je TeMeibH'J10 06pa13eHa rpaACKa ynpalBa, aAH calMa 3a Apyl'Y nOAO-
BHlHY XVII BeKa.
71
) fpaACKa'jlnpaJBa y TypCKOj 6IfAa je H npeA!'<IeT
je,JHe AOKTopoKe MfcepTaUHje I(:OjOM je 06YX!BaneH nepl{l(),A yoqn
TalH3HoMaTa, aAH OHa Ha :>KaAOCT 'HIIfje jow YBeK OAUITalMII3JHa.
77
Co-
l{wj aA!H10-eK'OHOMCKiH II AeMOl'pa<pCKII pa3B1j 6aNKaJIroK'Ol' rpaAa y
pa3A06ibY OA XV A XIX IBeKa Cal'AeAalH je3a1HCm TeMeibHTO y jeA-
RIOM 3peAOM AeAy,78 aAH je y H>elMy 3alHeM3Jpeno nWfall-he l'paAClKe
ynrpaiBe. TIoTpe6HO je lHal'AaCIITH Aa AOKaA,Ha rpaW:JKIa 'jlIlpaBa HiH'je
AocaA H3ABajaiHa K3JO rrpeAMeT rrOCMaTpal-ha H H3YlJaB3Jfba H Kao
noce6aH '06i\!H1K ''jlITpa'Be, oyrnnllHcKII pa3NalJUT OA l'paACKe yrrpaBe
Kiojy jeOIp'falHlH30BaAa H rrAanaAa Ap:>KaJBa, q3JK :HH Ha rrpHJMepy &0-
1'paAa "IiHja je rrpOWAOCT 'Y lHOBH'je 'BpeMe CTYAII03HO oal'AeA;aJHa.
79
MenYTHM, aK' ce Ta pa3AH'Ka He oa1'AeA3 y CBWM OBOjWM -BllAOBWMa,
oHAaIHeMWHOBHlO ,AiOAa3'llAO'K'\H<pY3'.Ifje.80
TIpoyq,a'Babe rpaACKe ynpaBe y nOTrryHoc-rn, a IIOCe6H'O AOKaA-
IHe I1paACKe yrrpae, 'HaJMene ce 'Kao HeorrxOAH'O npe6HO H 3601' Tora
WTO 'Ce 'Y HalY'llH'Oj AJHTepaTypH 'OApl1lJe rrOC1'O}al-he 6HAO iKa'KBOT
l'paAClKOl'npeACTaJBHJHolIlTBa HaTA'Y OOMaJHOKe Ap:>Kae, naIIpeMa'I1OMC
H Ha6aAKiaJHCKOM npOCl'Opy. Y TOM rrol'AeAY jeHa'joApeneHJ.IjH MaKC
Be6ep: "OHO_WTO ce CHrypH 3Ha 0 'a3UjOKlIu\1 H llCTOqIW'qiKHM lHa-
ceibnMa iK'oja cy WMaAa eKOiHOMOK!H 'KapaKTep rpa.,6,a, TIOKa3Yje Aa je
Illaj nponao 360r J-bHX! Ahmed Cavdet Pasa, Tarihi, IV, llstanbul 1975, 236;
U. Meri, Cevdet Pa$Q'nin Cemiyet ve Devlet Gor!?, Istanbul 1975, lOlo
76 R. Mantran, Istanbul dans la seconde moiti du XVlI
e
sicTe, Paris
1962.
77 M. adirci, Tanzimata girerken Trkiy'de sehir idaresi, Ankara 1972
(BasQlmami!? doktora tezi).
78 H. TOAoPOB,EllILlcaHCK:ujar zpa XV-XIX 6elC, Coqmja, 1972.
79 Ynop. IllTa je 0 TOMe Harrncao X. liIa6aHOBHn y KI-bH3H I1cropuja Ee-
ozpaa, l, EeorpaA 1974; Me15ynLVl, OH Hnje nOTnYHO o6jacHHo nojaM rpaACKe
ynpaBe H TO CTora IllTO ce OnpeAeAH.o 3a Mmn.h>eJ-be Aa je Illexep-hexaja CTa-
pewHHa eCHaq,cKHX hexaja jeAHora rpaAa. ,
80 M. Akdag, Trkiye'ln ye !tinza Tarilzi, lI, Ankara 1971,
28-31, 74-75 (n nopeA CBHX HeAOCTaTaKa, OBo Je cjajHo rrnoHHpcKoAeAo).
80
AYlllaHKa EojaHldl-AYKa'l H CY3aHa BoplJeBun
HopMaNH CTa.lbe 6HAO TaKHO Aa cy CalMO nAeMlHnKe rpyne cp0lA:HWKa
H rrOpeA .lbHX, eBeHTyaAHo, rrpOq,eCHOHaAHe rpyne, a /-le CTa/-106/-lU-
UlT60 lpaa IWO TaI60, HAe IHocaoLUH AeAaJ.Iba l'pvne... li Y U31pli-
rpaAY H3 iHOA<h\10KOr opeA'lher IBeKa - A3!KAe AO XIX BCKa - rropeA
4HCTOBOjHlHX l'pyna jaJHH4apa H cnaxnja, YI BepCKHX Opr3!HH3aQHja
YAeMe H Aep,BHilla, IKao 3acTYllHHK rpalsaH.OKHX HIHTpeca nojaBibyjy
ce n TprOBa4'Ke rHAAe YI eoHaqm, allu /-luje 6uIlo /-lUIaI60l lpaclCol
npeCTa6IiUUlT6a. "81 CaOBH'M CAIH'lJHO CXIBaTalhe Yi'MaA!li cy li ApyrH
HeocrropHH aJyTopHTeTH.
82
*

V 3aJKA>yqJKy Tpe6a YKa3aTH Ha A'Mere 'H MorynlHocTH pa300ja
AOKaNHe rpaAOKe ynpaBe Kao APYUUTBeHe 'Ha 6aAKaH-
CKOM YI IMaA.aGWjOKU\1 npOCTOpy OCM<aJHCKe HMnepuje.
]. IIOlllTO je Ap)f(aBa Hlije ycnocTaBA>aAa II OlAp;K1aBaAa CHarOM
CBOjlIX opraHa npYIHYAe YI Hlije nAanaAa 1I3 cpeACTaBa
AOlKaAHa ynpaBa H3pa)f<eHa npeKO AH"IHOCTH rnexep-nexa'je jaBIIAa
ce y CBaKOM BeneM rpaAY y pa31lU'tUTO 6peMe. JaBIua ce Kao TBO-
peBWHa rpaAOK'or CTaJHOIBHlIWTBa OIHAa KaA cy III jeAiHOtM np<lJA'Y nacTo-
jaAH HHTepec II IlipaKTlI4Ha nOTpe6a 3a TaKBIIM Hal.fifHOM opraHII-
3OBaJ.lba. MO)f(e ce penlH Aa ce jaBIIAa lH Kao rrOCAeAIIQa yp6aHII-
3aQI-J1je.
2. JeAHM YCIlocTaBA>eHa II nOTBpooHa Kao IKoplIoHa, OBa VCTa-
HOIBa je Ben nOCAe HeK'OAWK' AeQelHlI'ja OMa'J1paiHa 3a o6H4a
1
jlHY ycTa-
BOBY ,II !K,ao TaKBa je HMaAa OOHOB'He YCAOBe AO yrropeA'H'O er3IICTlIpa
ca rpaJAOKOM ynpa'8iD'M KOjy je opraJH'lI30BaAa Api)KaBa. HaHMe, V
MYCAHMaJHCKoj 4!P)f(aJBII MorAe cy Aa Il!OCToje 'II 3aTeq:eHe H HOBO-
YBeAeae YCTaJHO:Be '061I4ajHor npaBa YKOAlfKO HWCY 6lIAe y CynPOT-
HOCTH ca llleplijeTcKIiM HAH C A'P)K'<lJBlHlHM (BAaJAaJpOKllM) npasoM.
3. IIoa'paAeAIHa AMIe li Ap)KaJBlHe rpaAcKe yrr-
paBe 'BHlje IWOK!i'0'Y4HBaAa Menyc06He lh'lIXOIB'lIX rrpeACT<lJBIHHKa.
OY'KOOH cy MorAH H<l'CTaTIi He CaMO 360r AH<rHHX H'HTepeca 'lI cypeB-
lhIOCTIlI, HAiH YCAeA Y3ajaMHe ,Hel'pneA>HBOCTH MelllTaJHa li AOllliba-
'Ka, Hero H 3aTO Wl'O cy ce lMlXOBe HlJAAe)f(iH!OCTH MernaAe !Ha I1CTOM
rrOib'Y AeAOBalha, npeA CTaHOIBHHQHMa rpaAa. KaAlija je IHaA3lIpao
mexep-nex'ajlIlH pa:6., aAIi je H urexep-nexaJja 'Morao Y3 nOM.on jaB-
HiorMHelha 3'axTeBanl 3BaJHlH41HY TlpOBepllj nOCA:OBatba.
4. VJTIopeAiO ca atPlIp.MaJQl11joM. wexep-nexaje paci\O je 'lI l1II-ITe-
peCOBa.lbe 3a lheroBY q,YHKQYIjy, aAH He TOAWKO KOA ajaHa KOAUKO
K'DA MYTeceAIHlMa. MYTeceAHMll cy rro npaBIIA'Y nOKyma'BaAH Aa ce
HaIMe-l'HY ppalsa!HII1'Ma 'YI npl1cBoje wexep-nexajl1JHe q,YHKQH:je paAll
81 M. aeoep, npul3pea U pyual3o, II, BeorpaA 1976, 316-317; TeKCT
rroABYKAe aYTopKe.
82 H. Gibb and H. Bowen, lslamic Society and the West, I, 1, Oxford
1963, 277.
Pa3BOj AOKaAHe fPtA. yrrpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa 81
conCTBeHor npecnDK3, aMI If npHXOAa KOjH cy 'MorAll Aa OCTBape.
Tpe6a H'MaTH y BllAy Aa cy OHlH 6H'AH l-taJ'vleCHUljU caHI,IalK-6eroBa JI
6erAep6erOBa y rpaAOBHMa KOjlH cy 6HAH CpeAllllIT<l. OalHI,IaKa HAll
ejaAeTa, nOCTaBA>aAa HX je L\0HTpaAiHa BA<l.CT Ha ruHXOB npeAAor,
na cy MorAH H!M<l.TH CHa)KaH ynIL\aj y l'HM L\eHTPH'M<l.
5. IIlTo ce Tlfl.1e ajaHa, fbHXOB npHTJICaK je 6HO MafbH. 3a
ll1exep-nexajrHiH rrOAO)Kaj H PYHKL\HJe 6HAlH oy 3aH!HT0peCOBarHH
rpaAcKH <l.jaHH KJOjHCY H3pacAH H3 TprOBa'-IKOr If 3aHaTAujoKOI'
cAoja. MeoYTllM, aja'HH YHja ce eKO'HOMCKa Man 3aOHUlBaAa Ha B3JH-
rpaAoKoj npHrBpeAH, KOjH cy jeAHI-Io CTaHOBaf-beM 6HAH Be3aHH 3a
'"
i rpaA, rHaMeTaAH cy ce ApyrnTBY y llHLpH!M pa3M0paJMa Kao npeA-
CTaBHHL\H jeAHor HAH Bmue K<l.AHAYKa, a Ap)KaBH CBOjOM MonH Aa
oKyne nAaneHWl'KY npOBHHL\HjCKY (ejaAeTOKY) BajCK'Y. ITrOCTOjallie
lllexep-nexaje y EHTOloY, Ha npHMep, HHje CTora nCKloYLIHBaAO no-
cTojafbe jeAHor J.fAH BHll1e ajaH3 y 6HTOJoOKOM KaAHA-y'KY. TaKBH
ajaH!H Y3 H3BeOHe orpaAe Mory CMaTpaTH 3a npeACTaBHHKe rrpo-
'BH!HL\HjoKe BAaCTH Il{ yrrpaBe, aAH He AiOKaAHe 3a1'O ll1TO Jl10A AOKaA-
rUOM 11pe6a nOApa3Yu\WBaTH OiBry Koja je IHaCTaAa JI nOCTOijaAa y
jevHO/vl rMOC11Y, 6e3 063Hpa Ba 1'0 Aa MI je pey 0 rp3AY 'HAH ceAY.
6. Ha nOCTojafbe AOKaAJHe rpaAcKe ynpaBe HHCY 'H0nOOOJbrHO
ynIL\aAe AeL\0H11paAH3aL\Hja H pepeYA,aAH3aQHja OOl\I<l.II-/CKe Ap)KOOe
y APyroj nOAOBHiHH XVIII BeKa. MeOYNI:M, Ta ynpaBa 06jeKTllB'Ho
Huje HMaAa YCABe Aa y nocTojenHiM ApYll1l1BeHH!M OiKBUlpHM<l H AP-
CTp\jlKTypaMa Ao6Hje AMIHiH\3IHlIHY YAOry y )KJfB0Ty rpaAa.
YnpKOC TOMe, OHa ce TOKOM CBor nocrojafba 'H3pa3JIAa IKao
CTaAH3 APYll1TB0Ba HHCTHTYL\Hja Koja je 1-wonY1ba6a.aa nocTojeny
rpaAKY ynpaBY, If Kao TaIa 3acTynaJla llHTepece rpaOl'Ha y L\e-
AH/-I'H. KaA cy ce yCMYBH 6HT<I-W ll3MeHHAH y pa3Ao6JoY pe<PoPMH
OMaHOKor Ap'Yll1TBa H Ap)I(3Be, KOjH cy H3Meo'y OCTaAor nOCTaBHAJH
rpaACKY ynpaiBY 'Ha BOBe H AeMOKpaTOKe OOBOBe, 'HOCTaAa je H no-
Tpe6a 3a OBOM HHCTHTYL\HjOM.
82 AywaHKa EojaHHn-AYKa'lf li CY3aHa BoplJeBHI.
Dusanka Bojani-Lukac ----:- Sttzana Dorevi
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL TOWN ADMINISTRATION IN THE
BALKANS FROM THE FIFTEENTH TO N'fNETEENTH CENTURIES
Summary
With the coming of Turks ta the Balkans many town centers
have been developed, while still others were estaJblished only then.
It can be said therefore that the centuries from the fifteenth ta
n1neteenth were the ones of the Oriental-Balkan urbanization.
Within the framework of the process of urbanization the develop-
ment took placeof a series of social institutions, including the par-
ticularly significant town administration and the local town admi-
nistration.
Tqwn administration as a social institution o,f the town was
under the influence of the centralized administration of the Otto-
m8Jn Empire. It appointed the officiaIs which were local in terms
of theirjurisdietion butnot in terms of the or.igin of authority (qadi,
muhtesyb, dizdar, i.e. fortress commander, batsdar, haratch-aga, i.e.
the chief of tax callectors, etc.). However, the local town admini-
stration, which is the subject matter of this study, was local both
in terms of the origin of its jurisdiction and in terms of the origin
of authority. It was neither o'I"ganized nor paid by the state. The
authors of the present study take into consideration particularly
the institution of the town representative, namely, the ~ h i r ket-
hdsi since he was at the same time the most important represen-
tative of the local town administration.
First discussed in the study, and then rejected as erroneous
are those conceptions which existed until now in relevant science,
according to which the ~ h i r kethdsi wasthe head of aIl the guilds
in a town, or was the same a.s ~ h ~ r emini, or his a'Ssi'stanlt, o,r the
same as the ~ h i r voyvodasi. While beginning from the exact mea-
ning of the term and from available historical records which are
reviewed ,in the chronological order, the authors establish the
folloW'ing:
The ~ h i r kethdsi appears firstly in Brusa in 1530, where he
was a respectable craftsman, namely weaver of the most expensive
kind of velvet (atma kad ifesi). Somewhat later on he is fcund in
Sarajevo, Belgrade, Ankara and other towns. He had a denomination
which was adequate to his function. He was the representative of
the,town in its entirety. Therefore his election can not be conceived
without the agreement by aIl the town quarters (mahale). That
election was sometimes also under the influence of other respectable
citizens of the town.
The town representatives were chosen from among the ranks
of respectable well-educated and economically prosperous indivi-
Pa3BOj AOKaAHe rpaA ynpaBe Ha EaAKaHY OA XV AO XIX BeKa 83
duaIs. They were frequently hajis and benefacllors of the town. Most
frequently they were called "Leaders of the town" (aytn -i belde).
Since 1623 they belenged ta the military social layer.
The need for a common representative of the tO!Wn is visible
also in the Asia Minm and in the Balkan areas of the Ottoman Em-
pire. It is in relation with the basic dutY of the tOlWn and of the
ci tizens to extend hospi tali ty to official guests, and first of aIl to
the sultan.
The Ottcman sul tan as aIl the other medieval rulers, had a
regal right of being treated not OOlly with quarters, i.e. residence,
but also with focd fer aIl of his suite, including the horses. That
right was a great burden fo,r the subjects in the towns. Because of
that sultan retained that right only fer himself and for those high
officiaIs whom he was sending with written orders to the towns
in order to execute some specific task, as weIl as for the
messengTs who carried in the fastest way the orders of the ruler
(ulak). However, in the second half of the sixteenth century re-
gional and local governors, namely, beylerbeyi and sancakbeyi,
began to usurp that regal right for themselves, and the sultan found
it very hard to prevent them. In course of the seventeenth century
they impose in their practice a whole series of those of
their own, including the right to have quarters and to be treated as
guests. Insuch a way the duties of the town and of the citizens have
doubld in ccurse of the seventeenth century, so that they show
resistance rather frequently. The right to have residence, i.e. quar-
ters, of the provincial governors has been legali,zed at the beg,in-
ning ()Jf the eighteenth century.
The duties falling onto the kethdsi in relation to
having residence and food were the following: he waited for the
official guests and accomodated them in the residence; he delivered
travel expenses and gifts to the guests accerding to their rank; he
also took care of other minor things necessary fOT the guests, then
supplied food and provided various objects which contributed ta
better accomodation of guests; he partioipated in accounting for
aIl the expenses, including the rent for the residence which other-
wise belonged to the Ciwners, as weIl as in fair distribution of aIl
expEnses among the ci tizens of the town.
As time went by, the jurisdiction of the kethdsi be-
came wider, so that a definition submitted by Evlija Celebija accord-
ing to which he dispensed with "aIl the affairs of the town" may be
considered ccrrect. Most signif.icant among these affairs was keeping
files on town population, namely maintaining a reg,istry with the
roll of the town population.
The importance of this institution for the activities and de-
velopment of towns and .its popular1ity induced the Ottcman bu-
reaucracy to use the !?ehir kethdsi in its own interest, by pro-
claming him a legal and officialy verified high official of the town
84
AYlllaHKa EojaHli-/\.YKa'i H CY3aHa BopneBHI.
administration. He has been in such a position only for five yeaTs,
namely from 1786 untU 1791. After that time this instoitution was
abolished. and the kethdsi was denounced as incapable and
insiignifkant indivlidual who was not able to perform the tasks set
for him, and whose electlrlig was effected without much real care.
In spjte of that, this institution continued to live ID some towns
until the Tanzimat, sometimes somewhat transformed and having
some other denomination. In the period of which intro-
duced great reforms into the Ottoman state and society, a wholc
series of changes took place also within the organisations of town
adminiskation. In course of these transformations the institution oI
kethdsi has disappeared in its original form, only to bl"
replaced by the town counci1.
nYPHl-\a KPCTHR
I10POAIUl,A H OEHQAJHOI1PABHH OAHOCH v fPAAOBHMA
CTAPE CPEHJE
TeMa rrOpoAHl-le H 06wLIajHonpaBHi.HX OAHoca, lIaK' CatMO ca Ha-
rAaOKM !Ha l'paAoKY rrOpa,LliHl-\Y, 6YXBaTa II A;pyre BHA:OBe rrOpOA;Hl-\e
Kao lllTO cy lheHa llcTopHjcKa reHe3a
1
H AHTepa:pHH oAjel-\1l n0'P0-
Mme y KojH'Ma ce yoya'Bajy I-beHa C'I'pY,KTypa, T,eH3uje YHYTap fue,
AHiH<l'MliJ<a, II yorrurre YHY'I'paUIlb'H AH00H y rrOp0A;IrWI. CTora ne
osaj npHAor 6HTH Ol'paMHYeH yrAaBHM Ha 06lI'Ya}HrrpaJBHe
liroce y rpaAC'Koj O'OpOAHl-\H y06AacTlfMa CTape Op6'Hje, H TO Y
XIX H nO\leTKOM XX nlK'a. I10peA Tora ne 6w:m peY!H 'H 0 'HeKliM
c.\eMOHTI1'Ma yp6a
l
He l.lHBHAJ:l'3al-\lIje Y'!<JOAHlKO cy Y Bem ca TeMOM.
Kao WTO je nO:'lI.lal'O nOCAeHIIl-\UMa K'OjH ce 6aJBe HHCTHTYl-\HjOM
nopOAHl-\e Ha npOCI'OpHMa EaAKaJHa, a noce6H y IKpaJjeBJoj1Ma CTape
Cp6Hje, 0 rpaAcKoj ce He M)Ke rOBOpHTH a Aa ce rrpeT-
XOA:H' 'He Y3MY y 063l!1p H Haj3HayajHHjH eAeMetHTH ceOCKe nopo-
AHl-\e. T'31KO KaA pacrrpaBibaMO 0 rpaAY Ha EaAKaJHY, a ITOceOH y
l3e3H c 'pa3Ao6ibeM 0 ,K!aMe je pey y aBOM paAY, He IMO)KlMO 3ao6HnH
ceA H lherOBe <papMe ApylllTBeHOT opraHIH3B'alha, 'Y'KibyY!yhrnH H 3a-
Apyry, ro jecT 3aApY)l<HY HAH rrpolllHpeay nOpOAHl-\Y. Ham,re, Te
q,opMe q}j)He OOHOBY nOpOAHYHHX OA;Hoca I-r CatMe ITOpOAEl-\e, Kao II
ca 'fu}j)Ma nOBe3aHHX CT3Ilha, HapaBII, 06Hyaj.aor npaBa, HaYHHa no-
HaIlflha 'lI cX'BaTalLa, II 1'0 Ka1W oieAIJJHal-\a T3IK'O 11 ymHx Ap'lf'Ill'I1Be-
HHX rpyrI1'a. OBO 'MIHill.tbelhe je YOLJeH y jyrocABeHbKo'j AHTepaTY'PII,
MI H Y CTp3lHj K'Oja 'ce 6aBJ.I rrHTalheM nOpOAHl-\e.2
Onuny oORony 3a H3yYaBaJb'e Il'Opo.AJIl-\e H 05HYajIHOIl'PaIB'HlIX
OAHooa y CTapoj Cp6UjE 3a nOMeHyro pa3Ao6ibe, rrpe OBera Aajy
ja'BibeHII paAC>:HH H3 06Aac'I'H e'DHOAoruje, HCTopHje, COl-\HiOAorHje,
<.I!Hl'pOrrOreorpa<pHje, HcropHje npatBa, aAII H AeAa Acne KlhH)KeBHO-
1 0 qeMY ce, Aa IlOMeHeMO caMO jeAHor 3HaqajHHjer CTpaHOr aYTopa H3
Be 06AaCTH, roBOpH y paAY AYHca MopraHa Ape6HO pyuLTGO, l'penH Aeo:
Pa360j uoeje nopOOutlU, "IIpoCBeTa", EeorpaA 1981, 345--436.
2 J. B. EpoMAeH H M. C. KaI1ly6a, EpalC U ceMja y Hapoo6 JyZOC/lO.-
RUU, "HaYKa", MocKBa 1982, 84; B. EOrHI1lHn, llpa(mu LUlaHtfU U pacnpa6e," J,
J,eorpaA 1927, 170-172.
86
5. KpcTHn
CT'H. C HlM y Be3H, 3ajeA:HWliKH eAeMe'HaT y eT'HOAoillKOj H COI..(IHO-
AlOillKOj MITepaTYPH je npe CBera nO'MeUYTa Aa je npH
H3Y4a'BaIDy rpaACKe, 0AHO'::':HO BapOlliKe nOpOAHl..(e 'He naAKaHY He-
OrrxOAHO AaCe HerrpecTalHo iHMa 'Ha YIMY H ceOCiKa nDpOAHlla. Oso
'Ce Il'Oce6HO OAHOCH Ha npOCT''pe CTape Cp6Hje. TaKO 3ana)KaMO
y jY)K;HH!M CpnOKH.\1 yp6aHHM cpeAHWTHMa, Ha npHlMep y HHWY,
AeCKOB'I..(Y, BpaH>Y H HHPOTY, BCMf,KH 6poj AOCeloe'HI1'Ka npeTC)KHO
H3 6NH)Ke, aAH H H3 AaA,e ceOCKe 'KOAHHe. Pa3YMe ce Aa 'oBaj PY-
paA,HH eAeMeHaT Aaje noce6aH ne4aT rpaAcKoj CpeAH'HJH y KOjy
YAa3H, l.J:ll'Me 'HenocpeAHo YTHye 'H Ha Ipaluep OAH'Oca YH'YTap rpaA-
c.Ke rrOpOAHl..(e. OBO H nopeA YHH>eHHl..(e Aa cy "BapOWH jYJKHe Cp-
6H'je, CBe Ao 'Kpaja AeBeTHaeCTor BeKa, 3aApJKaAe Cnel..(H<pHYiHa ooe-
.\emja T'HnaBa 'BapOWiH... OBe cY BapOilIiH ca'tIY-
BaAe OBoj CTapH TypCKO-HCTOYI-ba,4KH KapaKTep, ca yapWH'joM Kao
eKOHOMCKHM l..(e'HTpOIM... H MaXa,\a,\1a... ca eTHHYKH H KOH<peCliO-
lHa,\:HO CAOJweHOM rronYAal..(njO;\'I, H3AH<pepeHI..(HpaIHOM no COI..(HjaAHo-
-eKJOHOMOKHM KaTeropHja>Ma, Ha TprOBaY'KO-3aHaTAHjcKe H CHpOTHI-b-
CKe, MeWOBHTe ceOCKo-npHrpaACKe yeBTpTH... ":1 il Aaloe - KO cy
CTaJHJOIBHlHI..(H rpaAoBaKpa>jeM XVIII YI nOYeT'KOIM XIX 'BeKa? "Celoa-
I..(H, 1'0 jeCT CTaHOBH:HL\H ceAa, 'tJHHHAH cy OCHOBHI..(Y H onWTY KapaK-
TepHcTHKY cpncl<or Hall-0Aa npH Kp,ajy ocaMHaeCTor H nOyeTKOM Ae-
BeTHaeCTor BeKa. BYK je 3a cpncKo ceAO H ceibaKa"- therOBor BpeMeHa
peKao: "HapoA cpnCKH HeMa A,rVnl ibYAH OCHM celoaKa. OHO MaAO
Cp6a, WTO IKHBH no BapowHMa, Kao TprOBlJ,H... MajCTopH, .. 30BY cc
BapowaHHMa; H GYAynH 11a ce TypCKH HOce H no TOM TypCKOM 06[1-
yajy )KHBe,a Y3 6YHe H paTOBe HAH ce 3aTBope C TYPI..(HMa y rpaAO-
Be, HAH C HOBlleM 6e)J<e y I-heMaYKY; 3aTO OHH He caMO IJlTO ce He
6poje Meny HapOA cpnCI, Hero jH HapOA jow H
Ayrop BHAocaBa CTojaHyeBHn jow 6AH)Ke Oc.neTibaBa BapOWKH
)KHJBOT ca eTHOAllllKor rAeAHillTa, IKUB'OT 'KOjH npeA'cTaBiba onWTH
O'KBHp If 3a nOpOAHYHe OAHoce KOA Hallle yp6aHe nonYAalJ,Hje KaA
mIme: "TaKO ce HUp. BHlAH pa3'B'H'jeHa 3aH'aTOKa ITPOH3B>OA'ba... y
'Be3H ca TpaAIHlJ,IHO'HaAHHM HaYHH'O',\1 )KHBJTa BapomaHa, HapO'YHTO
cTapHHcKHM Hl!YHH'iM Tpl'OBaH>a, TpaHcrropTa H cHa6AeBaH>a, y YCMY
ce UCTHl.J:Y yrAaBHoM TypCK'O-HCTOYH>a'tIKJI YTHlJ,0jH H nOCTeneHO npo-
'AH'palhe 3anaAiHe KYAType." YI Aaibe: "Ta'Kobe ce 3ana)Kajy H npe-
OCTaI1JH TpaAHI..(HOHaAHe eTHIUYlKe H IKOlmPeOH:D!HaAIHe
V rrojeAH'HiHM BpcTalMa 3aBH'M'3H>a Aec.KO'.B'IaHa Bap'OmaHa npBHx ro-
A'HHa no oCA060!:>eH>Y... HOClf!OI..(H HO'BHX 3aHUMaH>a 6H1\IH cy cTpaHH
AplKaBiba'HH (yrAaBHoM H3 AYCTpHje 'Il HeMa4Ke), Kao ar-j)J<elhepH
3 B. CTojaHt.IeBHn, EAeMeHTU CTape 6G.JlIWHCKe yp6cLHe 4U8LUlU3aLjuje
y pa380jy ,,'tapumja" Tpau4UOHaAHe KYAType I-bUX08UX CTaH06HUKa y jYJIC-
HOj Cp6uju y 19. 6ezcy, AeCKOBat.IXH 3OpHHK XX, AeCKOS3l\ 1980, 201.
4 J. B. JOBaHOBHn, l1ecKoaa'tzco nOlbe LI. 5a6u'tzca fopa, YiCToPHjcKo-np-
HBpeAH3 H eTHorpa<!>cKo-cOl\HoAoUIKa HCTpa)/,HBal-ba, HapoAHH MY3ej y Acc-
KOBl\Y, AecKosal\ 1978, 48.
87
TIOPOAlfqHH OAHOCH y rpaAOBHMa CTape Cpollje
YI TeXHHyapH.., HAH 3aHaTAHje H3 CpDHje. "5 HCTH aYTOp rOBopH H 0
"Y'rAeAiHHM 1l0pOAHua'Ma HMynHHX H Ben paCA,ojcHHX, e.r<:aHOMCKH OC-
Al!6toeHIH'X AeOKOBaYKHX LWpUltUluja". "HOTaMUH OBHX CTapHx xa-
UHje'K:HX nopOAHua cy npHCY'J1HH H y AalHallHboj AeCKOBaYiKoj Ba-
pOillKOj nO'l1YAaU'HjH." H Aatoe: "Me15y CTapHM xar.rHljOKHM ACOKO-
BaYKHM nopOAHuaMa je 3HaTaH 6poj nopOAHua rp<.IKO-UlfHuapCKor
1l0pCKAa 'Kojecy OH'Ae Ben op6H3Hpal-Ie V BpeMe ocAo60l5el-ba OA
TypaKa. " EKOHOMCKH ja<.I'H CAOjCTaJpHX AeCKOiBa<.I-KHX y'Op6ar.mj-
CKHX nOpOA'H'ua npeACTaBtoa'o je IH'BY'aJHH TprOBa<.IKO-3aJHaTOKH Ka-
llHTaA CTape AeCKOBaYKe I3apOWH, a MaI-be 30MfooOI1oCeA'HHYKH CAOj..,
Ben'H Aeo Bap'waHa OMO je B03aIH 3a OKOA'H'a ceAa." COU.iljaAHo-eKO-
HOMCKa CTPY'KTy'pa BapOWaJHa OBor Ao6a H Ha TOuV1 nOA:pvyjy 6J.1Aa
je paJHopOAHa H npeTe)l<:HO nOAycetoaYKa H nOA'YBaJpOillKa. MaAO-
6pojHe CTa'P'HlHa'YKe Ba:pOWKe rrOptOA'H'ue, norrYAa'UHO'HO Ha,jcAa6Hje,
y eKOH'OMOKOM norAeAY cy npeACTa'Btoa'Ae jow'YBeK BHWH Bap.olll'KH
APYWl1BCHH 'CAOj...To je HaWAO nOCeOHO!r OiArpa3a y H
TpaiAHu;H'OIHaAlHJfIIM OK!BfllpHMa ,YapillHijOKPr' )J(l1IB'011a CTa-
par i\ecKoBua, CTape BapowKe nopoAiH1ue H A:Olllliba'Y.KO ceacKo CTa-
HOBH'H'WTRO y IBapowH, rro Me.HTaAHTeTY H KYATypH OHAH cy nOTnyM'O
A'Ba H3ABojeHa OBeTa: npBI1, IK3IO npeocTaTaJK cTaJpe DaAKaJHcKe, OPH-
jeHTaNH<>-BH3aJHTHjCK:e Y'P63JHe KYAType, H APVrH Kao npeACTaBHHUH
jaw a:Kl'HlBHe H e>Ke l'P3JA:HU'HHaAlHe naTrpH;japXaAa-Ie ceOOKe 'ope-
AfIIHe, OTIToyeAH CV 'Mel5ycooHO 3DAH)KiaBaJ-be H H3jeAHa
L
IaBaI-be. '. y
HaRUM eKOHOMKHiM, cOUHjaAHHM H H'CTopHjcIJM YCA'iBHiMa pa3Boja
YCAo6oAIHOj ,aaUHoHaNHoj 3ajeAHHIIH." "OBaKo C'oU'HjaAHo H eKO-
HOMOKH H3A'kiepepeHlIHpaHc CTpVKl'Y'pe ceOCKe H BapowKe CpeA:HlHe
y AeCKOBa'lJ1K'M Kpajy, HacAel5cHe H3 BpeMeHa TYpOKe BAaAaJBHiHe,
MopaAe ,oy YTHuaTH H IHa Me!HTaAHTeT H OOH'yaj.HY TpaA!HUH'jy C1'a-
'HOBHUKa, .. y OMHCAY ,npeHOWeI-ba POjHHX apXaHYK'HX eAeMeHaTa
06Hyaja H H'aBHKa i\ec'KOBYaJHa lJaK .il Y IH'OBHM cOUHjaAlHo-eKOIHO'M-
C[('HiM H K'YAT'Y'pHlHM npHAHKaJMa, MeH,ajynH ce nOCTeneao H 3'HaTHO
cn:opHje Hem TpaAHUUOHaA'H'H 06A:HUH HaJpOAHe 'MaTCpl1'jaAlHe KYA-
TVPC,"6
OHa)J(aJH YTHuaj Ha nopOAHY<HH >KHBOT y rpa,..i,OBHMa CTaJpe Cp-
6Hje '.opWHAO je wepHjaTcKo npa'BO ("laK II y epopMaAH'11paBHOM
KCA'Y) 'Koje cy TYPUH AOHeAH 'Y oOBojeHe 'KpaJje<Be. llIepHjaTcKo
_ je 'Ha npUMep YTHuaAO Ha Opa'1JH'H CTaTYc, aA'H H Ha A:py,re
RIl!IlO'M-Ie aKTfIIBROC:11H - 6aBtoeI-be npH'BpeAOM H CAWIHO. Oao je ra-
U'fthUlIAQ H !Ha 'H3'CACAlHOnpaIBHie oAlJ-l/oce. Ka'o WTQ je rr03HaTo,
ao rrpiHMeI-bHBaAe cy KaJAHje Kao cYAHje IKoje cy
l1&AAeJKHe 'He Ca:MO 3a MYCA'HMalHe Hero y ot-\pel5eHH,\1 CAyYa-
.Jcnuwa H la CT8IHOBHHJKe rpaAOBa H ceAa ApyrHx BepOHcnoseCTH,
npaBO yrnAO H y )lI30r HeM'YCMiMaHa. Y CYA-
8, CrojaH\lC8ItfI, Aec/(oea/.i U izeCKoeaLU:::u "paj y I1peUM WUHaMa no
e,te /x"l/o/JohftlO/J ()(} Typall:a (1878-1885), couHjaAHo-eKO-
HOMCKe H KVATYpllC KapQJ(TepHcTHKe, AeCKOBat.IKH 36oPHHK, XVIII, 1978, 163.
Hcro, 195, 197,
86
.6. Kpcmn
C'J1Ii. C HHvl y BesH, 3ajeAHHl.U<H eJ\e,vIe'HaT y eTHOAoUlIKOj H C01.l,MO-
J\lOllJlK'Oj MrrepaTypH je npe CBera no.\10HYTa YHl-beHHua Aa je npH
H:JYY'3
'
BaH:>Y rpaACKe, OAHOCHO BapOIllKe nCJpOAHue 'Ha oaJ\KaHY He-
OIIXOAHO A'3 Ce HenpecTaJH'O >I1lMa IHa ViMY H ceOKa Oao
ce Il'OCe6HO OA'HOCH Ha npOCTopC CTape Cp6Hje. TaKo 3ana)KaMO
y jY)KjHHIM pnoKH.\1 yp6aHHM cpeAHlllTJ1.:Vla, Ha npHIMep y HHlllY,
AeCKOBUY, Bpai-bY H nHpOTY, BeJ\iHoKH 6poj AoceibeHl1'Ka npeTe)KHO
U3 6J\IH)Ke, aJ\H HH3 AaAoe ceOC'Ke OKO'J\HHe. Pa3YMe ce Aa 'OBaj py-
pal\HH eJ\eMeHaT Aaje noce6aH neyaT rpaAcKoj CpeAH'I-IIH y KOjy
y J\a3H, 'fHMe HenOOpeA'HO YTHye H Ha K'apaKTep OAHoca yl-i'YTap rpaA-
CKe nopoAHUe. OBO H nopeA YHf-beHHue ,L,a cy "BapOWH jY>KHe Cp-
6l1'je, CBe Ao 'Kpaja AeBeTHaeCT'OT BeKa, 3aAp)KaJ\e cneUH<pWllHa 06e-
AeMja TUITOBa cTap06aNKaJHKIHX BapowIH. " OBe cY BalpOIlIlH caClY-
BaJ\e CB'Oj CTapH TypcKO-HCTOYf-baY:KH KapaKTCp, ca yapwwjo'M Kao
eKOHOMCKJfM ueIHTpOI.\1... H MaxaAaMa... ca eTHHYKH 'H KOH<peCHO-
-IaNHO CJ\O)NNUOM nonYJ\aUHjoM, H3AH<pepeHUBpa'HOM no cOUHjaJ\HO-
-eKJOHOMOKHM KaTeropHja'Ma, Ha TprOBaY'KO-3aHaTJ\>I1jcKe H CHPOHIf-b-
CKe, MeWOBHTe ceOCKo-npHrpaAcKe YeBTpTH... ":) 11 Aaibe - IW cy
CTl'I-llOBHlHUH rpaAOBa .KpajeM XVIII H IIOye11KO,M XIX 'BeKa? "CeA,a-
UH, 1'0 jecT ceJ\a, CIHHHJ\H cy OCHOBHUY H onwTY KapaK-
TepucHIKY cpncKor Ha'R.0Aa npH Kpajy ocaMHaeCTor 11 nOyeTKOM AC-
BeTHaeCTor BeKa. BYK je 3a cpncKo ceAO 11 BpeMeHa
peKao: "HapoA cpncKH HeMa A,PyrH ibYAH OCBM ce.-\>aKa. OHO Mai\O
Cp6a, WTO )KHBH no BapOWmvJa, Kao TproBUH... MajcTopH... 30BY Cl:
BapolllaHHMa; H 0YAynH ;la ce TVPCKH HOce 11 no TOM TYPCKOM 06lf-
yajy )KHBe,a Y3 6YHe H paToBe HAYI ce 3aTBope C TYPUHMa y rpaAO-
Be, Hi\H C HOBL\eM 6e>f<.e y I-beMaYKY; 3aTO OHI1 He caMO UJTO ce Ho;':
6poje Meny HapOA cpnCKH. Hero jH HapOA jow 11 npe3Hpe."1
Ayrop BI1AocaBa CTojaHyeBHn jow oJ\H)Ke 'OCBeTibaBa BapOWKH
)KI1BOT ca eTH:OJ\OWKor fAeAHlllTa, )KHBOT KOjH npeACTaBIDa om.uTH
OKBHp H 3a nOpOAHYHe OAHoce KOA Hawe yp6a'He nonyJ\aL\Hje KaA
IIHwe: "TaKO ce HIl!p. BHJAiH pa3B'lIjeHa 3aiHaTOKa rrpOH3BOA!llia... V
'BC3H ca TpaAiHUH'HaAHHM HaYHIJ-\'O'M )KHB:)Ta BapowaHa, HapO'YHTO
CTapHHCKHM 'Ha'YHHOI.\1 Tpro,nal-ba, TpaHcrropTa H cHa6AeBaI-ba, y yeMY
ce lf.CTHYY yrJ\aBHOM TVPCKiO-HCTOY-I-baYK'H VTHL\.ajH H nOCTeneHO npo-
,A;Hlpa'I-be 3anaAiHe KYAType." 11 AaL'oe: "Ta-KolJe ce 3ana>Kajy H npe-
OCTaUH TpaAHUHOHaAHe eTH(I1'YIKe H IKQlH-<peouOHaJ\lHe nOABojeHOCll:1
y rrojeAHiHHM BpCTalMa 3aHUMaf-ba AeCKO!BYa'Ha BapOlllaHa npBHX ro-
A'lf.Ha no ocJ\o60!:;ef-bY... HOCHoOUH H'BHX 3aHHM3I-ba 6HA(I1 cy CTpaHH
Ap>KaBiblHH (yrJ\aBHoM H3 AycTpuje 'II HeMaYKe), Kao HH>Kef-bepIf
3 B. CTojaH4eBHn, ElleMeHTU crape 6al!1caHclCe yp6aHe /fU6Ullu3mrujc
y pa360jy "clapumja" 'cpaU/fUOHaIlHe KYllrype ,bUX06UX C'caHoaHUl((l y jYJIC-
HOj Cp6uju y 19. aeKY, i\ecKoBa4KH 360pHI-fK XX, i\ecKoBau 1980, 201.
4 J. B. JOB3HOBHn, AeCKOaa'1KO nOlbe U 5a6wtlca Topa, HCToPlljcKo-rrp-
HBpeAHa li enlOfpa<j>cKo-cOUlioAoillKa HCTpa)lZHB3Fb3, HapoAHH MY3ej y Arc-
KOBUY, i\ecKoBaq 1978, 48.
87
IlopOAHlJHH OAHOCH y rpaAOB.I1Ma CTape Cp6Hje
H TeXHHyapH...HAH 3aHaTAHje H3 CpoHje."5 I1cTH aYTOp rOBOpH H 0
"yrAeA'HHM nOpOAHl\'aMa li'Myn.HHX H Ben paCA,o'jeHHX, eKHOMCKH OC-
AaJ6toeHiHX AeCKOBaYKHX LWPU1U/luja". "HOT'MQH OBHX CTapHX xa-
UHjC'K'llX nopOAiH'Qa cy npHCYTIHH H y AaJHalllJ-&oj AeCK;QBaY,Koj Ba-
pOillKOj HonYAaQ'HjH." 11 Aatoe: "MelJy CTapHM XaIJHIjcKH'M AeOKO-
BaYKHM nopOAHuaMa je 3HaTaH 6poj nopOAHua rp'-IKO-UHHQapCKor
rropeKAa IKloje 'Cv 6HAe Ben Cp6H3HpaHe y BpeMe o'CAo6onelha OA
TypaKa. " EKOHOMCKH ja'-l'H CA'Oj cTarpHx AeCKOBa'-lKHX y'OpoaI)Hj-
CKHX nOpOM1'Qa npeAcTaBtoa' je iHOB'-I'aJHH TproBaYK'-3aJHaTcKH Ka-
JJH'TaA cTape AeCKOBaYKe BapomH, a Ma'H,e 3eNlIhCYI10CeAiHH'-IKH cAOj ...
Ben'H Aeo Bap.olliaHa OH'O je Be3<lJH 3aOKOAHa ceAa." COl\HjaAHo-eKo-
il-j10MCKa CTp'JK'J.1ypa BapolllaJHa OHor ,o6a H Ha TOM nop:pvyjy OHAa
je pa3H'OpOAHa H npeTe:>KHO nOAycetoa'-lKa H nOA'YBapOillKa. MaAO-
6pojiHe CTap'HIHa'-lKe BapOlllKe rrop:OAH'Qe, nonyAaJQHOHO HajcAaoHje,
y eKOH''MCK'M nOL'\.eAY cy npeACTaBlbaAe jOlll YBeK BH'lllH Bapolli'KH
AipYllll1BeHiH 'CAOj...To je HaillAo noce6Hoir I,!pa3'a y YI
1paJAH'UHOIHaAJHiHIM o6H'-IaJjHIllJM :<YKBR'PHM'a ,'-IapllL'HijoKlor' :>KHiBOT0. CTa-
par i\ecKOBQ'a. CTa'pe 'BapOlllKe nopOAiwu;e H AOllitoa"-lKO ceOCKO CTa-
HOBHiH'lllTBO y IBa'pOlllH, rro MeoHTaAHTeTY H KYATypR OHAR cy nOTnYHO
ABa u3ABojeHa OBeTa: rrpBH, 'K,ao npeOCTaTaJK CTape 6aAKaJHCKe, OPH-
jeliTaNHJ-BH3a:HTHjcKe YPOilJHe KYAType, H Apym Kao np.eAcr.aBHHl.\H
jOlll alK'PHlBHe H OBe:>Ke 'PpaAHQ'WO'HaAiHe naTpHjapxaA1H'e ce'OOKe 'Ope-
AHlHe, OTf1IO'-leAH cy 'Mel:>yco6Ho 30MDKla'BaI-be H 'll3jeAHayaBaI-be... y
HOBHM eKOHONWKH:M, cOUHjaAHHM H H:CTOPHjCKllIM YCAOBHMa pa3Boja
y CA06oAHoj IHaQHOHaA'H'oj 3ajeAHHUH." "Osa'KO cOUHjaAHo H e:KO-
J-IO,\WKH U3A!H<pepeHUHpaHe CTpYKl'ype ceOCKe H iBap;OlllKe CpeA'H-le
y AeCKOBa'-IK''M IKipajy, HaCAeneHe H3 'BpeMeHa TypoKe BAaAalBHiHe,
MOpaAeoy YTHuaTH H IHa MeHTaAHTeT H OOH'yaj'HY rpa,'HUH'jy Cl'a-
HOBHHlKa... y MHCAY npeHOllleI-ba OPOjHHX apXaU'-IK'HX eAeMeHaTa
06H'-Iaja H HaBHKa i\ecKOB'-IaiHa '-IaK H y IfflOBHM COQHjaAiHO-eKO'H'M-
CK'I1iM H I<:YAT'Y'PHiHIM rrpHAHK3JMa, 'MeJ-bajy1.H ce nOCTeneHO H 3HaTHO
cllopHje 'Hepo TpaAHQHOHaAHH OOAHUH HapOAHe 'MaTepH'jaAHe KYA-
'e."6
OHa:>KaJH YTHuaj 'Ha nopOAHY<HH :>KH'BOT y CTaJpe Cp-
'BpWHAO je lliepHjaTcKo l1pa
'
B'O ('-IaK H y <popMaAH''npaBHOM
.y) 'Koje cy Typu'll AOHeAH 'Y oOBojeHe IKpajese. IIIepHjaToKo
je 'Ha npHMep YTHUaAO Ha 6paY'H'll CTaTYC, aA'H H Ha A:pyre
)l('JfD()TIie aKTHBHOC'J.111 - 6aBibeI-be npl1'BpeAOM 'H CAH'-IHO. OHO je Ta-
ynHUlAO H IHa 'HaCAeAiHOnp(lIBHie :OA'H1oce. Ka'O lllTO je rr03oHaTO,
W8llJa'.l'OKIO Inp(llBO rrpHMeI-bHB'aA,e cy KaJAHje Kao CYAHje iKoje cy
AAe:>K'He 'He caMO 3a MYCA'IfMaHe Bero y 'ApeneHIHM C'AY'-IU-
H 3a CT(lIHOBHHrKe rpaAOBa H ceAa APyrHx BepaHcnOBeCTH.
je llIepnjaToKo npaBO yIIJAO H y >KHBOT HeM'YCA'HMa'Ha. Y CYA-
6 B. CTojaHlJeB.I1D., Aec/W6ml U lleCK06C1
L
IICU Kpaj y l1p6U.!vl ZOUHCl-IW no-
clle oC/IOt5oheHJa o TYPClKa (1878-1885), ETHo-AeMorpaq,cKe, coUlijaAHo-eKo-
t10MCKe li KYATYPHe KapaKTepHCTllKe, AeCKOBa'-lKI1 360pHHK, XVIII, 1978, 163.
ft HC'co, 195, 197,
88
fi. KpCTHll
CKlfM !IlpOTOKOAHMa, CI1I,lI1AHMa, HraHAa3H ce raKone H Ha 3a6eAe-
lllKe A-3 cY ce yaK H XpHWn3JHH ITpeA KaAHjoM. MaAa
'" .
Aa AH
.
ooaBibaHO nOCAe BeHyaJ-ba no IJ;pKBeHlVl lflfJe rr03HaTO Je TO
06peA'Y il1peA oBojHMcBeWTeJ-lHKOM Aa 6H o BeHyal:bY nocTojao 3Ba-
IHJfq-3H A'O'KY'MeHaT, HAH YCAeA 'HeAOBOtoHtOr 6poja CBeWTeHHIKa, C
J.\'HibeM' Aa 6paK Ao6Hje HeKY 3a'KOHCK:y <POPMY. IllTaBHwe, OOAO
je A.a cY 'KaAlHje no rrpOUlHHlMa wepHjaTcKor rrpaBa pa3-
llpraBaAe 6paK xpHIunaHa, aAH je TO U3a3BaAO pearoBallie BHllHIX
IJ;plK!BellIH'X 'BAaCT,H, rra cy OHe lfHTepBeHHaAe y UapnrpaAlY. CTora je
KaAlfjaJM-3 (W3Aa13aJH HaAor Aa TO BH'We He Y'HHe.7 Kao lIITO ce BHAII,
if 'OBa'j 'BHA YTHIJ;aja Ha rropOAHY'He OA'HOCe, noce6Ho KaA je pey 0
rpaAoKoj opeAH<HH, He CMe ce 'HHKaKO 3aHeMapHTH y yp6aHc
rrDpOAHIJ;e XIX Berr<.a.
CBn OBU 'Ha<BDAH 113 AllTepaTvpe 0 nOpOA'HIJ;11 CMaTpaMO Aa cy
nOTpe6HH 3-3ro A,a 611 ce CTeKAa npaBa CAHKa D Kap31KTepy yp6auHx
CpeAHlH'a y 'K'ojlfMa je TeKao rrOpOAHYHH )KHlBOT H pa3BHjaAI1 ce rro-
PO,MfYlHH IOAlHOCH. GBH rrO.'vl:eHryTH eAeMeHllH y paAOBHlMa n03'HaBaAa-
u;a rpaAOBa AaAIH cy OOHona 3a 33JK1\:>YY3<K Aa oy CAO)KeHH IHCTOpHj-
CKH YTHu;aAH Ha <popMHpar-be HOBe BapOlIIKe ITOnYAal(HOHC
CTpYKl'ype, rrornyHo pa3AH"IHTe OA OHe H3 Ao6a TypKe BAaAa'BHHe.
P33yoMe ce Aa je onaj rrpoIJ;ec TeKao rrocTerreHO, OCOOHTO K3JA je peq
o A3JMH'M 'M'OTHBI1Ma ITOHaWaH>a, HOpM'a'Ma MopaAa, 06ul.Jaj'H'oM npa-
IBY H YOIllIITe l'paAI1IJ;Hj aMa Koje cY Be3a
'
He 3a fIOPOAI1IJ;YI1 nopoAwl-
'HU )K)H'B'OT. MenYTI1M, HCTOp'l1'jCKH pa3Bj je AOHlOCHO 'MiHOre 611THe
H cTpryKl1Y'pHe npoMeHe y HapO\L\HOM )K'HBOry YOfIwTe, a y nOpOAHI.(H
Ul:beHH'M YHYTpalll!-bUM H 06liYajlHonpaBHHM OA'HOCHMa noce6J-I.
IIpe OBera, IHaj3Hal.JajHHjH eAeMeHaT - pa3Boj rpaAOKor l'P)KHWT8
y BapOlIIHlMa - PYlIIHlO je AOTaAaWf-be APywTBeHO-eK!OHaMCKe 0,1-\-
'Hoce, HaTypaNHo 06eAe)Kje rrpHBpeAe, 'Kao H HopMe CTapor 06Hyaj-
Bor rrpana tKO'juMa je y uajBenoj MepH JI 6uo perYAHcaH yrHYTap-
ITOpOAH"YJHll )l'M'EDT.
TaJKBB O'K<BHlp H OCHOBa APYWTB0H1HX OA'HOCa OApenHIBaAl:l cy Il
l1.wrrOBe, OAlHOOHO OOAl1'Ke rrOpOA'I1IJ;e, 0 yeMy je TaJKone ,L\OCTa fIH-
C3JHO y OAiroBapajynoj jyrocAoBeacKoj IH cTpaHoj AHTepaTypH. KaA
je pel.J '0 T'l1'llOBIHI1I1a TIOpOAlHu;.e, Hawa AI1TepaTypa ce l.Jecl'O n03l1'Ba Ha
ABa 3Hal.J-ajlHa nOCAeHHKa H3 XIX 'ReKa y 'J'l'3yya'Bal:bY HapoAH'Or )IUi-
'BOTa, 'Ha BYIKa Kap-al,liWna H BaATa33Jpa BOflHillHn'a. IIpeMa BVKY,
IliOC'IDijaAa CV AlBa nma rropOAHIJ;e: IHiHOKOOHa (II1JHOKOllIl'l:IJHa), TO jecT
'Mal:ba nDpOAHIJ;a, H Bena rropoN,ru;a HAH 3aApyra.
8
TepMHlH 3aAPyra
je rHaj'Wupe rrpHXBaneH He caMO y HauIOj iHero 'H y CBeT0Ko eTHO-
rpa<pCKoj, npaBHoj H COIJ;HOAOlIIKOj AHTepaTvpiH, KpajeM XIX BeKa
je M 'EeAHIKH I103JHaB'aAaIJ; HapOAHIl1X fIp3JBHHX 06Hl.Jaja BaATa3ap bO-
nlurnn (T,nop-3U OnU/Tez UM06UHCKOZ 3a'K'Hwca 3a /(/-6QJ/ce6UHY Il, p-
...... ..r.1
7 E, Cnaxo. H3 ja6Hol U I1PU6(lTllOl :J1CU60ra y o6a TypaIca, K/-bHra 0
I)aAKaHY, 1. I>eorpaA 1936, 173,
8 B. CT. KapaUH1, CpncKlI pjC'Ii-IIIK IICTl'A{(l'leli "uCAW',,(ujeM Il _1aH/IIC/(II-
jeM puje'iUMa, I>eorpaA 1935, 81.
TIOPOAWlliH OAHOCli y rpaAOBHMa CTape Cp6Hje
89
HY Topy H3 1888) Aao rropOAIllIW iKOA jyrocAoBcH-
CKHX 'HapoAa. IIpeMa fb0MY, lfTocTojaAa cy 'IeTHpH l'Rrra nOp0,h,HJJ;e:
nOpOAlllllliHa 3aApyra, HiH10iKOIllTHlHa, rpaA'Ka MycAuMaH-
CKa BorHIllHI'i je TaKobe YOIllHO Haj3Halllaj'Hl1Jjy KapaK-
TepHCJrlJjKY y rpaAoK'Oj 11 ceacKoj Y)Ker 11Il\IIa (IH!HIOKOIllTH-
HH), a 1'0 je 'lbHXOBa nal1pujaipxaNHa OOHlOBa HAIH, IJ1ojeAHOCTaBk>eH0
peY0HO, 'BAaCT TO 'jecT cTapeIlliHlHe, H nOApebeHH no-
AO)Kaj >KeHe. Y3 HY>KHe Malbe perHoHaAHe pa3:\HKe H ocooeHocTH,
OBa ce OAHOCH II Ha rpaAOBe y CTapoj Cp-
HjH. 0 l'HM pa3AHKaMa je rroceoHo rrHcao H JOBaH UBHjHn, Hapo-
Yll-O Ral\ je pey '0 YHYTpaillI-boj OpraiHIl3aI.J)HjH 3aApyre H 'MebYCOO-
HilM ,diHOOll'Ma I-b0HHX YAaHOBa.
11l
MebYUI'M, nOAPOOI-lHja pa3paAa
OBor rrHT'3!fba je rrpe,1;MeT IKOjH H3Aa3H H3 OK'BHpa je,diHOr OBaKBor
paAa.
)KHBOT y 'KBHpJ11Ma 3aApyre TCKao je yrAa:I3iHOM no CTporHM
rrpaB11AHMa HerracaHor, 1'0 jecr 06HyajHor rrpaBa, rra je BaKH fb0H
YAaH 3H'aJO IllTa 'I1peoa, a llua He 'Me YJHlHiI1'I1H. Y 33!,dipYm je 'BAa-
A3A3 YHpCTa xHijepaXJHja; )K0Ha ce HaAa3HAa y nOTYHI-beHOM nOAO-
)Kajy, 11a
l
Ko je HlMaAa Il 'ApeneHa npalBa Il OHAa 3aIllTHneHa Ha Pa3-
He IHaYHIHe. Ca T'HlM y Be3H je H TaYHiO 'iApebeHa rrOAeAa nOCAOBa Ha
,,'M'Y'IllKe" 11 ,,)KeJHCKe" 'Koja ce, MaJAa 'Y H3MefbeiH'O'M IH 3HaT'H0 OMa-
I-beHOM 06H1M'Y 11 OOAHKY, H ,.\aHaC 3aAp)K3Aa y TIojeAHHHM 6PAKlLM
pen110HHMa Haille 3eMk>e (UpHa ropa H KO:OOBO, Ha npHiMep), aAH
H y rpaADiBHMa. lfHoKO'cHa, O,iHOOHO rpaAcKa HlMaAa je,
rrp0Ma BOrHIllJ1ny, cAeAene KapaKT0pHcTHIKe: Heorpa'HIHYeHa 'BAaCT
Ha:A HlM'OBHlHIOM YlKOAHIK'O ra
113plfYIHT TIiHCaH'H 3aKOH HHje ooaBe3lfBao Ha rrOAeA'Y ,11MOBHHe Meny
YCAeA CTapOCTH HAH 60AecTH HHje OHO KaAap
Aa 'YnpaBk>a HrraK ra IHHKO HHje Morao AHIllMTH Tor rrpa-
.
'Ba 'YKOAH'KO ra ce OH caM He OH 'OApeKa'o, aAH H y Ta'IOiM cAyyaJY
. . .
Je YAaH KOJH OH ra 3alMeHHO ,AeTCTBOBao caMO 'Y HlMe
OTan Je 'MOJ1a'O H3BpIllHTH paOITOAeNY lfIMOBHHe j01l1 3a CBor )K11BOTl,
aAH je H'MOBHlHa no rrpaBHAY Aelo0Ha TeK rrOCAe I-beroBe CMpTH.
3a 'CBe THinOBe Tora Aooa OMO je Kap3iKTepRCTHyalI
<popMaA!HJOrrpaIBH'O, a H ClBapHO rrOApebH rroA>Kaj )KHe. OH cc
113MebY OC1'aNor OApa)K3IBaO y rrJOMHlyTOIj nOAeAH rrCJlOAJOBa H3Meb'Y
)KeHe 11 aAH OHa HHje 611Aa HCl'OBeTiHa CBYAa y 06Aa-
CTH'Ma 00 je pe'l y OBOM B1fO je TaJKne 'O'YiH'rAAaJl-I
H y Aa )KeHCKa HHCY Y1.IeCTBOBaAa y HaCAebHBafbY
D B. EofllwlIn, Tlpa6liU '1/IWiI1U U pacnpa6e ..., 170-172; U. KOCTllti,
06//wlu Hau,/Ux nopoul1a, r AaCHliK ETHorpacPcKor HHcTHTYTa, VII, Eeorpa;.\,
1958, 27.
10 J. UBlljlln, Ea//lWHClCO nO/lYOCTP60 U jy:JtCHOC/106eliCKe se,Wbe, Eeo-
rpaA 1966" 46, 70, 326, 365, 440, 469-470.
11 EAll)f(e 0 rrOAeAli rrOCAosa Ha "MYWKe" 11 ,,)KeHCKe" SHA. loA B. KPCTI1-
lia, Tlpa6liu o6u,taju lCO Ky'ta (aHaAIl3a peAllKam - MeTO/-\OAomja - rrpl1-
AOSlI sa Teopujy 06H'IajHor rrpaBa), EeorpaA 1979, 107.
-----------------------
90
B. Kpcmn
11 rp30noAa'r3JH>Y IHenoKpeTHoM HlMOBH'HO'M, Ha'KO je TO AOHeKAe Ha-
AOKlHaOHlB3JHO 'Kp03 YCTalH'OBY 'MHp33a H1\'H npnHje. C APyre Cl'paHe,
pa3Y'Me ce Aa cy ce I]OMeHYTH 'O'[]1WTH THTIO:BH nopOAHue paBAHKO-
naAJH no rrojeAH'HlH'M eAeMeHl1H1Ma C I063H'pOM Ha cneu;mp11'lJHOC11H OBa
Kor TIojeA:HlHor rpaAa, 'OAHOCHO 06AaCTH. TaK' cy yp6a'HH30BaHH
UeHl'pH y MaKeAOHtHjH HMaAH 06eAe)Kje TYPOKO-opHljeHT0.AIHOr Ha-
'-l111,Ha )Kli:BO'I'a, BIUlre H A'Y)f(e OA JlpaAOBa y CT3JpOj Cp6H1j'H.
Haj'Be!l.H Aeo 'YHyrpaill}bHX nopoAWIHHX oAHoca 6HO je pery-
AHClJH HOOHC3JHHM npaBHAH'Ma nOHaW3}ba, A3KAe TpaAHUHOHaAHH;\1
06Wlaj'HI-I'M: np3JBoM. YKOAHlW EX je :y 06AaCTH npHBarT,HOnpaB'BHX Yi
nopOAJI'lll'OnpaBHlHLX 04)HOCa nOyel1KOM XIX BeKa ycmwTeH 6Y1AO,
nHICaJHYI 3a'KOHH cY peryAHcaAH BHwe :HIHCTHTYUHOHaAJH0-<p0pMaAHc
eAeMeHTe y IBe3H 'C nopoAHU;OIM, 0AIHO'CHO 6rp3JKOM, cTapaTetoCTBOM,
nOAO)f(ajeM AeueH 'CAH'YrHO. Ty je 'Hajnpe pey 0 cPOpMH 6paKa (J:wjH
je 6110 '0 HMOBH'HCKOnp3JBHOM pe)f(aMY Y'HYTap 6pa4He
3ajeAHHue (IJWjH je 6uo npeBacxoA'Ho y KOpHCT MY)Ka) , 0 3acTY
na'}bY TI'0pOlAHu;e, '0 npaBY 'Ha 33JKtoYYHBalhe VI'OiB'Opa H 3aAY)KIf.Barb3
npOA'HYHe HMOBHHe y O,llJHOCY Ha l'pena I\'H1ua, 'HaCAeOHBaLbY.
TIpeMa TOMe, BeAIHIKIH Aeo TI'0POAli'Y:HlHX 0,AiHOCa 6HO je perYAH-
calH HecPOP'Ma.AIHHM 06Hyaj'HHM npa<BOM. Karo WTO je rr03HaTo, 06H-
yaj'Honparo-Ie HopMe cY ce pa3AHlKOB3Ae OA perHoHa AO perHOHa, a
T3'KOOe H 'A rpaAa AO rpaAa, YlaKo cY HMaAe H H3BecHe onWTe 3a-
je,llJHUYKe K,apaKTepHcTHKe. CTora H 'HHje MorytiHo, a 'HH nOl'pe6uo,
H3BAaYH11H no6He 33K!o'YYiKe 'HeKHM. nOA,pOOHH'j.H'M 3ajeAHH4KHM
upl'aM3 OBHX HOpMH. T'Y onwTY OC0611HY, 06H'4aj1Hlo np3JBo je 3aAp-
MaA:O jow IH Aa'H3C y HAaHill'HOKHIM 06A3CTHov OaA'Ka:H'CKOT nO'AY-
oC11pBa y Koj'H'Ma ay ce jow MrM1 npallHl1H fuerOBH Ca'BpeMeH:-1
OCTau;H.
MeoYTHM, OHO WTO OAMax na,t.\a y 04H npH H3Y4aBaH>y nopo-
AHu;e H :a6H'y.ajIHonp3BH.HX OAH'OCa y l'paACKHM CpeAIJiHaMa CTape
Cp6Hje (na'H illHpe, y 6aAKaI-ICKiHM y XIX H n04eTKM
XX BeKa jecTe HCB10jeBpcTaIH aeA'CTaT3'K Y)l<e 06I1'YajHonpaBHe AH-
TepaType 'Koja 6H ce 'OAHIOCHAa HCKtoYYIfBO Ha np3JBHe OKBHpe H
rrp3JBHY CaA:p,)l{HHY l-bHXOBor perYAHCa}ba. MHoro BH'We na)K'}be no-
cBeneHO je H3yqaBaibY ceAa Ji ceocKe napOAHu;e, 0 qeMY cBeA041f
HBeA!HKH 6poj el'HOrpacPCK.HX ,t.\eAa 'l13 Te 06AKTYI. HaYKa TeK y
IHioBHje IBpeMe UOY<H}be 05pana'm na)KH>Y 'Ha cPelaOll-WH rropoAHue y
rp3JAY, H TO IHa .HlHTepAHCUHUA'HHlJPHOM nA3JHY Ha KOje:M rAaBHY
VAory I-tMajy C'OU;HOAomKa lfCl'pa)KHB3}ba.
ITocpeAaH H3BOp 06aBeWTeIba 0 nOpOAHYHHM 06H4ajHonpaBHHM
11 ApyrHM OAHOCH!Ma rrpY)l{ajy Ji nojeAHHa CT3JpHja K}bH)l<eBHa AeAa.
ITpHMepa p3A'H nOM'HH>ell-LO JaK'OBa I1r}baTOiBHna, J'03JKHMa ByjHla
H AHne,\Ka KpCTHna. 113 l-bHXOBHX paAOBa, AaHaWI-heM na)l{toHBOM
4HTaouy HCoKpc3Bajy npeA Oqill OBel' HaWiHX rrpeA'3JKa, MewaBHHZl
K'YATypa, YTHUajH pa3HHX UHBUAH3aUHja, 06H!qa,jH H APYrH eAe-
MeHTH 'KOjH cy 3Ha4ajHH 3a cPopMHpaH>e HapaBH y OIKBHpHMa rpak
CKe nopoAHue. YTIfC3K KOjH ce AODHja YHT3}beM AeAa je MIHoro
91
ITOpOAH'lHH OAHOCH V rpaAOBHMa CTape Cp611je
60ral'.H1jH, HaK'O Mal-be :OApeneH, jep je 6AH)I H:M'aJr.H1HaUHij'H ca:Bpe-
MeHor YOBeKa Apyre nOAOBHHe XX BeKa OA 'YBHAa y AOKYMeHTa H
Apyre q,opMatme H3Bop:e H1-H-po,pMaUHja '0 AH'OCHMa y rpaACK'Oj n-
pOAHUH.
HaBewfieM:O HeKOAHKO 'AAoMaKa H3 MeAlOapa JaKBa Hn-ba-
TOBHl1a, l1aJKO je pey 0 6eorpaAcKoj J1PaJAOK:ojcpeA'HHH, jep ce no-
cpeAHO OAHOCH Ha Hawy Te;\1Y: ".oeorpaA, npeMAa Ije 6HO y cyceA-
CTBY TaAa jow AYCTpHje, HnaK H'Mao je Hel opHjeHTaAiHH 3Ha4aj.
MHorH ApyrH '06HYa'j'H, Apym HaYHiH >KHB:OTa. Y OHiO A06a, Ha npH
Mep, KyfieBHe >KeI-JlCKe, ra3AapHue, aK'O HHCY HoMaAe 'KYBapHue HC-
npeKa, WHLbaAe Cl' CBaK jYTPO ,Ha nHjauy, Ha naJap cAyry, ha-
pauy, aAa OHe cal.'vle Hncy HWAe. HWAH CV MeCTO I-bHX a ra3Ae, I-bH-
XOBH MY>KeBH, H TO H OA oTMeHHjer peAa, CBe 1'0 6e3 pa3AHKe, H
TO HHje y OlfH naAaAO... fiHpHue Cl' y rlOpOAHYHo.M >KHBOTY 3HaT-
Hl' YAory HMaAH. DHAH Cl', AOAYille, ,cAyre HAH CAY>KHTeLbH, aAH
He pOnCK'H, BHille cPlJMiHAH'japHiH, no HaYUHY naTpHjapxai\lHOM y 3a-
;\:py3H Kao Y,Ul:H10BH. OHH Cl' Ge3 HKaKBe ellliJKeUll'je H'OI<'a3UBaAl1
cBoje Ha30pe npeA ra3,L\OM, J1a3AapHUOM 'H CBHlM YAaHOBHlM'a nopo-
AHue Ge3 pa3AHKe. HaHBHOCT I-bHXOBa HHje 'HH'KOr BpeJJaAa...
Kao lllTO caYA, TaJKO H y OIJ<.oAH'HH CeHTaHApeje cpnCKe A.eBojKe Hm:y
y CA'Y>K6y H!illAe. Ayx 3aAPY)KHOr >KHBOTa y nopOAHU,H HHje HM '1"0
AonYillTao. A H Y BapoillH y TO Aooa H y naTp'Hl.lHjcKHM nopoAu-
uaMa OCTao je Tpar cTapor naTpHjapxaAH.'r >KHlB'OTa, caMO HelllTO
yrAaneHO onONHOiM cP0p.\IO'M 3anaAHe Y Moje AeTHI-bCKO
>KeHCKHJ-he-rOCnone THTYAHcaAe Cl' cBoje MY>T<eBe ca ,BH'; a
M'Y)l< 'I-bHX 'HapaBHO ca ,TH'; H 3HayajHo je Aa U y TOM HaCAOBY
npOB.H1Pyje Mope NlajopYM, CTapemWHCl'BO Kyfie, MY>K'a npBeHCl'BeHO
HaA >KelHOM... 'HO I-berOBa CAH'Ka oCTa1je Kao THn OHor KapaKTepa
Kor Cl' CTapH a:MO AOHeAH H3 CTape Cp6Hje, rAe cl' HerAa caMO
TaKBH CTBapaAH II OAp)KaBaAH HeMal-bHIHY enoxy, Aa joj 6AecaJ(
H nOCAe CTOAefia y AaibHHH 3aoAHcTa. Tor caja npHMepHHUH caA
Cl' perKH, ,a BpeAHH cl' Aa 0YAY KO'A Il'OTO'MCTBa y cnoMeHy."12
y OROM pOMaHY Tpajafl, Kl-bII)I<eBHHIK AHbeAKo KpcTHn AOYapa-
Ba 'MopaA 'BA<tAajyner cAoja y ceAHIMa H 'BapOilllIlMa Ma'KeAoHHje rrOA
Tlj'pCKOM BAaA.aBHHOM, na TaKO rrpeA 'COO'M lfIMaMO 'l10TnYHry CAHKY,
npe OBera ynpaBo 0 Tora AoOa. H MIHore
l.(pTe KapaKTepa H Apyre OCOHHe HapOAa Tora Kpa1ja nOCTajy AO-
C1'YJTHHje H 6AH>Ke.
06AaCT nOpOAHYIHIIX oAfIOca H OOHyajHor npaBa Be3aHor 3a
l-bHX je HeCYM'l-bHlBO Haj aM6HjeHT y KOMe 'ce 'HajA'Y)J<e 3aAp)lBajy,
AeAJOM n 360r tberOBe "npUBaI'HOCTH" , OAHOCHO peAaTHBHe nOBY-
I.JeH'OC1'H 'Y ce6e, YCAOBH'O Ha3Ba'Ha TpaIAHUlioHa,\,Ha 'IlOHMIlal-ba H npa-
BHAa. OTYAa H OHO n03iHaTO "npeaocH ce ca oua Ha CH'Ha". OA CBor
nOCT3IJ-I1Ka AO A,aIHac, MAepHa IJ'0pOAHu,a je 6e3 063lIpa Ha pa3.\U-
I.!lue q,opMe OUAa H 'CCTaAa 'HajY)l<e A'PymI'BeHO je3rpo y KOMe ce
12 J. Hn-baTOBHn, MeA-lOapu - pancouje U3 npOUUlOl cpnCKOl JICW30ra,
FieorpaA 1966, 310-311, 503, 510,
92
B. Kpcmn
npeA3IMajy np01lIA'0, .If HORO, np01'peCH'BHO, 6YAy11e. CTO-
la je 3aAaTaK caBpeMeH01' 6aAK'3:HOAOra, noce6Ho aKO ce y){<.e 6aBll
o6lftiajlHlflM npaJBOM, Aa Ay6A>e 3ane n y l'y CTpaHJy rrOpOAHYHIIX
04)HJooa II 0 yeMY 601'aT OOHOB'HH MaTepn:jaA npY)Kajy
A:ocaAaWlha lllHpa eTHOAOlilKa npOYY3IBalha pemOH'3: CTape Cp6Hje,
na II illlJ1pe.
13
.
y Be3H C l'HM nHTalheM CAO)KHAH 6HCMO ce ca BepoM EpAUX,
AyTorOMlllIIlh'H'M HCHHTHBayeM KaA lKa){<.e Aa: "li y Hac
HMa Ay6oKO ycaneHHx Koje cy caMO rrOBpWHO npeKpHTe
He'K'Jl1M TetHAeH1J;uja'Ma. AWHapcKO-nAeMeH-
CKH ){BOTHH CTHA Ay6oKO ype3yje CBOj npO<j:>HA If y AaHaWJhY re-
'lfepa1J)Hjy. Op:I1jeHTa.MIiH 06AlII\Jyjy II Ma'KeAOH-
Ha. KYATVPJlJY 6alliTl1JHY rHe Oli Tpe6aAO CXBanaTH Ka'O Hel'a-
THiBHO, KaO IrHeprH'OCT I<:oja CMeTa iHaJnpeTKY, 'Hero KaO BpAO xY
MaJHY CTpa'HY A>YAH Ha KOjOj ne ce 113rpanHBaTH il Aa/ne A>YACKH
H nOpOAlfYHH 'pjHOCll, a nOMony HaWHX Aa:aaWlf:>llX
HOMGKHX MlOrynHoCTll."14
Aa pe3lI'M'li'paMO. ITOPOAHYHII 1I06lIyajlI-LonpaBHH OAHOCH y l'paA-
CK'lfM cpBAHHaMa y CTapoj Cp6HjH oHa)KiHO cy OApeneHH Ymb('-
.
HHL\'OM ,L,a Je pypaA'HH eAeMeHaT y lhIIiM'3: OHO II rOTOOO
CBeonWTe 'fl'pWOYTIlH. BeAHKH 6poj eAeMeHaTa KapaKTepHCTHYiHHX 3a
ce.A:O II ceOOK01'CTaHOBHHKa HaAa3HiMO II y rpa,Ll,CKoj >'113:-
Aa y Tp3IHC<j:>OpMHCaJHOM BHAY. Pa3A031I 1'paHc<j:>opMHcalha cy npe
CBe1'a y "TeXHO.A:01'HjlI" )KlfBOT'3: y rpaA'y, a 3aTHM 'H y 6p)KeM npo-
;j;OPy CTpaHe H K'YAType npeKO ClJBrpeMeHHjH:X opeA-
CTama MenYI'YEM, rrojeAHB'H AeA'OBH nOpOAHY'HiHX A-
Hoca, KaKaB je IHa nplf1Mep YCTlJHOBa rHaCAenlf1Balha li'MOHHHe, 11 no-
peA Tora cy A:Y>Ke 3aAp>Ka
I
BaAH <Po'PMe. HapOYHT<.)
je y 06AaJCTlI HaCAe5H'Balha OAYiBBK 'BAaAaIO oBojeBpCTa1-I rrpaBHIlI A:ya
13 H3Meoy OCTaAor nOMeHyneMo Ci\eAeue paAOBe: B. CTojaHqeBHU, Ca
ApeMeHe npOAteHe y HapoHoj tCYIl"rypu nelfall6apClalX peZUOHa jYJ/{He U jy-
10ucTOlfHe Cp6uje, CHMl103HjYM "ETHOAOIllKO rrpoyqaBafbe caBpeMeHHX npo-
MeHa y HapOAHoj KyArypH", BeorpaA, 1974; V. EhrlJi:ch, U druJtvu s ovjekom,
Zagreb, 1968; A. AHToHHjeBHn, llO.!/oJlcaj crapux y 06ulfajHoM npa6Y IYJlcHUX
C1l06eHa, y 360PHHKY paAOBa 06ulfajHo npaGO U CaMoynpa6e Ha Eal11t:aHY U y
cVCeHUolt 3eMlbaAta, EaAKaHOAOlIII HHCTHTYT CARV, EeorpaA 1974, 455; M.
MAaAeHoBHu, llopoul-(.a U nopoulfHU OHOCU, EeorpaA 1963; HCTH, Y60 y
cmluollozujy nopoul-(.e, EeorpaA 1977; J. TpH<pYHOCKH, ETHOZpac{JCIW U aHTpo-
1l0zeozparjJcKe olluKe CTaH06HWUT6a 06lfenolbcKe KDTIlUHe, y 360PHUKY pa
OBa 3a HapoHu )/CUBOT U 06ulfaje, 3arpe6; II6ujuneB 360PHUK y CllOMeli
100. ZOUUlHJUl-(.e HJeZOBOZ poheHJa, EeorpaA 1968; J. BYKMaHoBHu, 06llut{u,
CTpyKTypa U npaBa lfllaHOBa KynHux 3ajeHUl-(.a y KOHaB/zu.Ma, ETHOAIllKH
nperAeA, EeorpaA; E. IIeTpocKa, Ha ce,;wejcTGOTO BO llOIlOZ, fOAIillIeH
.160pHHK Ha <PHA030<pCKHOT <paKYATeT Ha VHHBep3HTeTOT BO CKoIIje, Kfb. 19,
ClzoIIje 1967, 101; B. CTojaHYeBllnRHKoAHn, Bpal1>CIW lloMopaBlbe, EeorpaA
1974; B. CToj-aHY:eBHU, ApymTBeHa U nOIlUTUlflt:a KapalITepuc"cuKa HapoHux
110KpeTa y lleCK06alfKOM Kpajy y XIX 6eKY o 1877, AeCKOBa'lKH 36oPHHK,
XVIII. 1978, 23-31.
14 V. Ehrlich, TridBset i tri godine transformiranja porodice (istraZi
vallja, odjeci, perspektive), Sociologija sela, 31-32, Zagreb 1971, 159-168.
93 IIopOAH'IHH OAHOCH y rpaAOBHMa CTape Cp6Hje
AH3a'M, Il'OCe6HO OA AOHOIllel-ba AYCTpujoKor rpanaHOKOr 3a'KOHnKa
H3 1811. li CpnoKor rpa5aH'CK:Or 3aKOHRKa H3 1814. rOAH'He. KaI<o
'Ka)l<e H. I1a'BK:aBHn: " ... -:rpaAHQ'HljcK,H HiMOBllHOK1PlJBiHH 'AHocn y
ca-qYB3IHH oy Ha BaNK'a'HY He CaJMO y 06.Mf-KY OH'pBHlBaAa
Ben 'Y HeKHlM IKpajeB1l'Ma, H Kao AeAOBH aJpxaHtrKOr, Y)I<e npa'BHUr,
H IImpe - iKYATypaAHOr CHCTeMa, T'O cy nOC"f'ojene >K}e npaBIIe
YCT3IHaBe 'KOje <PY'fI!KQHOIHI-rIll'Y H AalHa'c 'jInopeAo, M'WM'O HAH '-laK
npo11HiBHrO n03HTHBHOM rrpaBY"15 ilaJK!O oBaj 3M<ioy-qaK rrpBeH-
CTEeHO AiHOCH Ha ceOOKY nop0AnQY, OCTaQ'H TaK'Bor 6H'tIajIH0
'
r lHa-
'
CAeAHor npaBa 'YEMajy KOpeIHe H y rpaA0KHM cpeAHlHaMa y XIX BeKY.
IIpeMa TOMe, H nopeA OBliX orreQH<p-H'tIHOCTlH Koje cY H3 0BOjl1X no-
croj6HHa AiOHOCHA'H nojeAHlHH AeNoiBH JlpaAoK'Or CTlIHOiBHHIIITBa, Ha
rrpHMep J eEpejH II I..l!rrHQa:PH, 3Ha-qajlHa o6AacT HaCAeAiHHX O,AJHOCa
6HAa je KapaKTepHcalHa yrrp<lJBO naTpHjapxaM-tJ1IM pe>I<I.HMOIM, IIITO je
caMO 6HA'O H3pa3 rrCTHX Tall(iBHX O,6iHOCa yonIIITe y rrOpOWl-:IQH y rpaA-
lJH!Ma 'Ha jyry BaA'KaHa. ApyrJIIM pe-qJ1lMa, KOH3epBaTlHiBH3a
l
M KOjH je
611'0 KapllKTepl1JC11WIaH 3a ceooKa 'lICY,6ipyq:ja IMO)l{\MO Y3 HaIBeAeI-Ie KO-
peKType npaTHTH H y rpaAC'Koj rropOAHQ'H, MaAa je O'Ha 6HAa He-
YlIIopeAJHiBOBlUIle OA ceOOKe H3AO)l{eHa APYI1HlM, C-:rp3lHlI-FM 'KYATYP-
HUM YTlll-lajll!Ma.
YorropeHOCT y npH:X;BaTaIby HOBHX HAeja y o6i\acTH IHacAenH-
BaJJba li yonlilTe 06WIajHor rrpaBa 11 'JIHYTapnopOAIrtIlHHX 'AJHoca y
o6AacTJ1IM'a 0 IKojmvm je petr y OBOM paAy, CaJMO je AOrH1ma nOCAe-
AIDJ;a OB'HX HaBeAeHHX KiapatKTeprrCTH"tlHlllX eAelMeHa1'a. OHa je, pa-
3YMe ce, 6HAa YCAOBA>eHa li OC06eH!H'M rrcTopujoKHlM pa3BojeM H
Cpa3MepHO AY'r.HM 3aAp)KaBaH,eM TypOK!Or H opHjeHTaAiHOr Y1'HQaja
yooAacTH aAlHe ,H AYXOBHe KYATYpe.
Pa3HOAHlK!OCT y HlHTeH3HTeTy rrO'jeAllJHHX eAeMeHaTa 0 KojHMa je
OBAe pe-q y ne3H ca nopOAHQ'M H 06ll'IajHHM npaBOM Y rpaACKHM
cpeAHII11'HJMa, H1Kone je npHcyrna li '0 I-b01 HCTpa)KJHfBa....I-6aNKa,HOAor
MIOpa noce6oo 'BOAHTH patryHa. Ha Kpajy, iH l'Y A'A33lI AO iH3pa)Kaja
pa3AHKa IH3Meny yp6aHor H pypaAlH'or - y r.paABHMa I10C1'OjH 01'-
BopeHocT npeMa CTpaIHI1'M COQHjaMfO-eKOiHoMcKlIM, 1'eXHHtrKO-TeXT!O-
AOillKITh\1 lU iKYATyplIHiM HAej'aJMa H npaJKoH Koja je nOC1'eneHlO Y06AH'
l.IaBaAa H MOAepHH30BaAa IHone nopOAHtrHe OAHOce H HOBO 06HT-Iaj-
HO npaBO y CTapoj Cp6HjIH, HacyrrpoT TeHAeHQIH'jH 3a1'BOpeHOCTlI
H IlIeAOCTa-:rKa KvlYHHQHpalba y ceO'CKOM I10Apytrjy.
16 H. naBKOBHn, Tpamlujcli:O npaao u caapeMeHa ceoclca nopomja,
(PYKOIlliC y lllTaMIlll y fAaCHWKY ETHorpaepCKor HHCTHTYTa CAHY), EeorpaA
1983.
94 B. Kpcml
Durica K 1'sti
FAMILY AND THE CUSTOMARY LAW RELATIONS
IN THE TOWNS OF OLD SERBIA
Summary
The subject matterof family relations, although only with the
emphasis on town family, is rather a wide one since it 'ncludes va-
rious aspects of family lin geneflal, beginning with its historical ge-
nesis and up ta specific legal elements regulating family relations.
The present contr:ibution is therefore limited to the customary law
aspect of 1ifein the urban family in thearea of Old Se,rbia lin the
nineteenth and the beginning of the twentJieth centuries. Sorne
relevant elements of urban civ.ilisation too are considered.
The study of urban family in the Balkans can not be effected
without taking into account the most :important elementsof the
rural family.
General basis for research of family and family rel,ations is
found lin the works in the fol1owing fields: ethnology, history, so-
ciology, anthropo-geog,raphy, history of la:w as well as literature.
Thus from this literatureone can see that urban centers such as Nis,
Pirot, Leskovac, andVranjewerepopulatedalso by newcoming rural
element, both from neighbouring and more distant village regions.
That population gave its characteristic seal to the urban environ-
ments although most of these to.wns preserved until the end of ni-
neteenth century their typical appearance of the old-Balkan towns.
Thesetowns, namely, still had their traditionaldiViisilons.intomahale.
where old way of trading surv.ived and where different religious
groups lived separated, but each having their respective parts in
joint lUe of the community. However, Western influence was vi-
sible through immigrant engineers, technicians, and other professio-
naIs, such as craftsmen.
The existing socially and economically differentiated struc-
tures of rural and urban environments, inherited from the era of
Turki.sh rule, influenced for quite a long time both the menta1ity
and customary tradition.
S1Jrong influence on the customary la:w was exerted also by the
Moslem, i.e. shertat law, and the author submits several examples
to that effect, namely the influence oninheritance in the family, on
judicial and extra-judidal procedures - since cadis were someti-
mes competent not only for Moslems but also for Christian popu-
lation, on marriage and even divorce procedures, and the l,ike.
Further reviewed in the work, and only to the extent needed
for the topic which is elaborated, are the main types of family, Le.
zadruga (coopera'tive) and the inokostina (Ismall family unit). These
95
I10pOAR'lHH OAHOCH y rpaAOBHMa CTape Cp6Hje
types were analyized in the nineteenth century by Valtazar Bo-
g.isi.
Most part of the iJnternal family relations have been regulated
by the Tules of unwr.itten law, while official, namely written le-
gislatiOll1 covered institutional and formaI elements related to fa-
mily (such as, for instance, the form of marriage, ddvorce procedu-
re, gua1rdianship, legal status of spouses and children, legal position
of unmarried women e.tc.).
Rich indirect source for obtaining knowledge and infor.ma-
tian on family relations in urban enVlironments in the region of Old
Serbia is supplied also by works of literature (for instance, Jakov
Ignjatovi's Memoirs, Joakim Vuji with his comedies, Andelko Kr-
stii., with his novels etc.), so that the author quotes interesting
parts af these works of l-iterature.
The area of family r.elations is an environment where, due to
thr private and intimate character, traditianal rules of conduct
are p'reserved more than ,in some other areas and relations. Thus
also traditicnal property law relations in the farnily, according t"J
sorne authors, such as Nikola Pavkovi, are preserved in the Bal-
kans not only in the form of surviva1s, but a:s parts of an archaic
cultural system as wll. These are, namely, existilng legal situations
81I1d institutions which function parallel to, or even, in sorne extrerne
cases, contrary to t'he positive law. Although this is primarily re-
lated to the rural family, it has its traces a1so in urban farnily, par-
ticularly in sorne segments of town population, such as Tsintsars,
Jews, and Armenians.
Relatively long cultural domination of Oriental influence, and
other specifie historical developments, are the reasons for survivLng
of rnany customary law relies in the area of farnily relations in
urban environments lin Old Serbia, and elsewhere in the southern
parts of the Balkans. The degree of intensity of express'ing of men-
tioned phenomena is different rin various urban environments in
the reviewed region of Serbia, so that this is an additional element
to be taken into cOI!lsideration in studying customary lawrelations
whlthin the urban family. The other one :is the elernent of openness
urban population towards the flow of 'new ideas and techniques
ln aIl walks of life and especially that of the economy, as contrasted
oon-rvatlve attitude of rural environment - which exerts con-
(nfiuence on family reLations ,in general, and in the sphere
" .....ry leaal relations i.n particular.
PajKo A. BECEAHHOBHR.
PA3BHTAK 3AHATAHJCKO-TPfOBAY:KOf CAOJA CPIICKOf
APYlIlTBA IIOA CTPAHOM BAAlIlfiY y XVII H XVIII BEKY
Ol1urca cmllca paTl/O-nOmlTllLllCllX tI TepuTopuja/lHUX npoAleHa
3a pa3:vlaTpaJ-be caCTa'sa H KYATypHor
pa3sHTKa APywTseHor cAoja y 3HaTHOM
AeAY nopeLIja AYHasa, npecY,Ll:HH cy rrOAHTHY:KH OAHOCH H3Meby
A,sejy cyce,Ll:HHX Ap>I,aSa, TypKe H AycTpHje, rroce6HO OACpeAIH-re
XVII AO CpeAIJ-IHe XVIII Se'Ka. IIAOB.HA6a A'YHaBoM H J-berOOI-B1.
npHToKaMa je y cse sehoj MepH CAY>KHAa 3a npes03 pa6e; na je
CTora ypenIIBaH. noroAGaMa I-Ia OCHOBY MHpOBHHX yrosopa AO KO-
jHxjeAO'Aa3HA'0 nOCAe paTosa WTO cY 'HX TOl(iOM XVII IH XVIII -BeK2.
Menyc06Ho SOAHAe TY'pcKa H AycTpHja. PaTosH cY AO'BeAH AO li-
AHKHX TepHTpHjaNHo-nOAHTH'-lIKHX npOMetHa y KOpHCT AycTplije
Koja je HCTHCAa Typ-Ke H3 CpeAJ-ber IIOAYHBJoa H cesepHe Cp6Hje
II TaKO OSAaAaAa CMIBOSHIMa Hetl:OAHKO SeAH'KHX peKaIKojecy3anrM
npeTe/K'lfo nOCTaAe rpaHH'lHe l\.Iene '1I3Mehy ABejy Ap>Kasa. Kao K,\a-
oA6paM6eHa AHl-IHja TYPcKe, AVHan je speMeHoM A06HO
BeAH:KH cTpaTemKH H 3Ha'l-aj 3a AYCTpHjy y
!heHoj Te)KJ-bH Ka npHspeAH':VI npOAHpaJ-bY Ha HCTOK. To npOHpa-
!he je seOMa 'M'HOTO nOMarao MAaAH aYCTpHjCKH Tprosa'Y:,KH KaOH-
TaA, noce6H:0 KaJnHTaA poI-Ie TprosHHe, yerroxH CHOir pa3paCTaJ-ba
'lI TeOpH'joKor y0:6A'H"YSaJ-ba, Kao H rrpaKTH"YHOr paD3IJ-ba H HapaCTa-
!ha 31YCTpH'jKe sapHjaHTe npOTeKUHOHHC'PH'-IKo-npOXHHQHOHor Mep-
K<liHTHA!UCTH''liK'Or cl-IcTeMa KOjH je C'MaTpao TprOBI-l1HY 3a rAasuy no-
J\:yry npHlspeAlHOr pa3S.HT'Ka Ap/KaBe. Tpe6a,o je AalKAeAa AYBas
iITOCTaHe Haj'Ba>I(HHja peLIHa ca6panjHa, crrOHa H3Mny aYCTpHj-
CKor, OAHOOH peAJ-bOeBponCK'Or Tp)JWTa H HcnoKa Kao H3s0pa
CH'pOBl1Ha 3a 'MAaAY aYCTpHjCKY WHAYCTpHjy.
IIpsH aYCTpHjCKO-TYPOKH MIHpOSHI yrosop 3aKJ\:;YLIeH 11. H'OseM-
6pa 1606. Ha ywny )KIJTSe y AYHaB, 6AH3Y KOMopaJHa, 110CAe T3R.
"AynOf' paTa" cpeAHO je I1HTaJ-be '"MaAe Tpr'BHHe" Ha MenYAP)KaS-
HOj rpaHHUH K''jy cy ypenlmaA-H 3anOBeAHH:K Pa6a (Byp, Yanik)
;rI TY:pOKH nama y EYAHMY. MenYTIfM, 0 ".Ben'Oj TproBHHH" 6HAH cy
I13BelllTaB'a'HH BAaAapH 06ejy Ap)KaBa. Ao BHA-Hll'jHX Hacrojatba r,\a
P. BeceAHHoBHn
98
ce vpeAiH peAOBatH peY'RH ca06panaj AOlllAO je nOCAe aJYCTPHjOK'O-
-TypOKor para 3a EpAeib. MapOBHHM yroBopoM y BauIBapy OA JO.
aBTycTa 1664, TypcKa je 6HAa npHMopa'Ha Aa rrpH3Ha ayroHoMajy
EpAeiba. TIpHAHlK'OM pamqmKaU;Hje yroBopa y JeApeH,/, rpo<p BaA-
Tep i\ecAH je OA CYATaHa MexMeAa IV H3AejCTBOBaO <pepM'a'H (7. 1\('-
u;eM6pa 1665) '0 cAo60AHOM TproBaJ-hY ArycrpHje, C AOAaTKOM He-
MaY'Ke, no u;eAoj TypCKOj. kecAH je Y3 1'0 npeAAO>KH' CYAT3JHli Aa
ce ypeJ.\H peAoBHa nAoBHA6a AYHaBoM nOWTO cy aycTpHjcKH Mep-
K3JHTHAHCTH OyeKHBaAH Aa ne TypcKa nOCTaTH CHpO'BiUHcKa OCnOB3J
3a pa3Boj MAaAe H nOAeTHe aycTpHjoKe HHAycTpHje, a AYHaB rA2.B-
HU TprOBaY'KH nYT npeK:O beOl'paAa n U;pHlor 'Mopa AD I(apHrpaAa.
MenYTH'M, AiO Tora je AOWAO nOCAe BeMilK'o;r I1pOA'O'pa AoytTlpnje y'
cpeAH:>e TIoAYHaBibe, OAHOCRO nopeyje, no 3aBpmeTKY ,,6eYKOr" paTa
1683-99. Pal' je 3aBpilleH Ha WTeTY TypCKe MHlprOBHlIfM y
OpeMCKHli\1 KapAOBU;HM'a 0\1\ 26. jaiHrya'Pa 1699. jep cy AYCTplHjH npwna-
Ae AO'TaA;aW'lhe 3eMA,e nOA M.awny; npnnaAa j'oj je H u;eAa
YrapcKa ceM balHaTa, 3aTlfM EpAeib, CAaBoIHHja, A0 CpeMa, i\HK'l
H Kp6aBa ry XpBaTCI<oj, "l]Hje cy rpaHHu;e rrO:MepeHe ca Kyne Ha YB,!
H AO nAaHHHe BeAe6HTa. Y ,;BapaAHoHcK'M" aycTpHjoKO-TypCKM pa-
l'y 1716-18, A'p>KaBHe rpa'RHu;e AycTpHje Il'pOmH'peHe cy Ha jyro-
.HCTOYlHlH CpeM, Ha ceBepHY Cp6Hj'Y, baHaT n OATeHHjy (MaAa BAa-
wKa). AOTaAawlha MenYAP>KaBHa rpaHHu;a je nOMepeHa ca MopHllla
H THce Ha AAYTY (OA1'a) AO !-beHOr Yllina y AYH3JB, a Ha OCHOBV
iVlHpOBHor yroBopa y TIO>KapeBU;y 21. jYAa 1718. OA YWha AAY1'e y
AYHaB HlllAa je Y3BOAHO AO TWMoKa, AO ywna JeAaillHHYKe peKe y
TWMOK; KOA CTa,Aana je H36HAa Ha AeBY ooaAY Mopane,
Aa on HH>J<e llal.IKa npeWAa Ha !-beRY AecHY ooaAY; KOA bCibHIle ce
BpanaAa 'Ra AeBY 06aAY AO ywha KaMeHuu;e y 3anal-\HY
na Ha 3an3;A npeKO nAa'I-1HHa MaloeHa, TIoBAeI-la H Ja6AaI-lHKa, 3aTH.\1
npeKiO TIeU;.Ke Ha APHH'Y, jY>KHO OA bnjeLb'HII-Ie, Haj3aA jY>KHO 0/\
CaBe Kp03 60caHCKY TIOCa'BHHY AO peKe YI-Ie. 1'0 cy yjeAI-Io 6E,\a
Ha}Bena H nOCAeAI-ba 1'epHTopHjaAHa npouJHpe!-ba AYC1'pHje Ha pa-
YYH T'ypcKe.
OnruTa 'Ha'YeAa OCAOOOAH TprOBa!-ba pa3paneHa cy YAaHOM 13
ITmKapeBaYKOr MH'pOIBHOr yroBopa npeMa K;()Me ce CAOOOt,lHa rpro-
'l3IfHa Ha CYJ]3'y oH MOPy (terra marique) npowupyje H Ha peKe. To
je H1Haye IToAP06H0 pa3paneI-lO TIOCe6HHM yroBOpoM 0 TproBHHH li
TIAOBHA6li 27. jYAa 1718. npeMa K'O!iVIC je Ayc1'pHja AooHAa nOAo>J..:aj
HajnOBAaml1elH'HjHx HaU;Hja KOjlH cy Y>KHiBaAe <PpaoHU;YC-Ka, EHrAecKa
'lI X!()Aa'HAHja. OApeA6a H3 nOMeHY1'or yroBopa 0 TprOml:HU npoillH-
peHa je YAaHOM 12 beorpa-AcK''r MHpoBHor yroBopa KOj,H'M je OKOH-
yaH HOBlI aycTpHjcKO-TYPCKH pal' 1737-39; yroB'OpoM je A03BOibCHO
aycT'PHjoKH'M Tpl'OBU;HMa A3 1'pryjy C TIepnrjoM YiKOMLK10 TO >KeAe.
AaKAe, noroA6a
l
Ma KapAOBatLK'Or, TIO>KapeBaY.KOr U BeorpaAcKor .\11-1-
pOBHor yroBopa 3ajeMyeHa je cAoooAa pel.IHor ca06pal1aja Ha Mo-
Pm.JJY, TH:CH, A'YHa'BY, AAym (OATH), TlLVl(JIKY li YHH. AycTpHja je
beorpaAcKHMMH<pOBHHlM yroBopM H31'y6HAa CpOHjy H OATeHIljy
Pa3BuTaK 3aHaTAHjcKQ-TprOBat.lKOr c:\oja CpnCKOr APYIllTBa 99
y K'Op.HCT TypKe, na cy peKe AYlHaB H CaJBa rrOHOBO rroc:raAe Me-
nYAP)KaJBHa rp<limn.la H3Met-y AycTpuje 11 T\npoKe, lllTO cy OCTaAe
H nOCAe CBHlllToBcKor yroBopa 0 MllPy 4. aBrycTa 1971.
rOAllHe.
1
pa36UTalC (Jo.Manez 3aHaTllujc/W-TPZ06{l1."/lCOZ clloja U l-beZ08e
'1aptuuje (Jo 6elltilCe ceo6e 1690. zo(JuHe
fpaAOKa npH!BpeAa HOA TypCKM 'J1H!M'aJpCK!o-cnaJXJHJjOl<:OIM epey,L\aA-
HOM BAawny pa3BHAa ce 'Y YrapcKoj, Cp6HjH H MaKeAolllijH AO
3HanlOr CTeneHa Y APyroj nOAO'BHHH XVII BeKa, jom YBeK penpo-
AYKyjynH <l?eYAaA'He Op"Hce. MenYTH'M, pOOHO-'HOB'-Ia'Ha npHiBpeAa je
rrO'-IeAa Y'J1l1'QaTH !Ha APYWTBeHo-eKoH'OiMCKO ypeneI-be H H3a3'HLlaTH
rrOBpeMeHe KpH3e y C Apyre ClpacHe, jeAHJHO je ceA'O YlllA'O
y TY BlPCTY rrpUBlpenHBaI-ha, WTO ce, 'LJHHH HaM ce, M3Meny OCTaNor
3arr3.)Ka oH no nopacTY OnTHQaja HOBQa Ha ceAY, noceOHO Mcby
Cp6J.I1Ma y BaHaTY, 3aTHIM no rrpHAIH'-IHOM 6pojy TpnoBalp H 3amLT-
llH'ja Ha ceAy.2 3a pa3AHKY OA ceAa, rro BapolllHMa je )KHBeO BdlH
6poj 3aJHaTAiHja IH rpr'BaQa iKOjH cy rr''A!MH'plH!BaAH norpe6e CTaHOB-
IEHWTsa. Y 3a'HaTCKO-TprO!Ba1.11KIHJM 'LJ3!pWIrjaJMa je II iKyno-
naHa pa3'HOBpCHa po6a, a Y BapOl1l'H'Ma H naAaHKa'Ma YrapCKe, OA-
HOOHO BapaJI-he, CpeMa, Balme, BaHaTa, 3aTl1M Cp6Hje H MaKeA0Huje
rrOCT'jaAH cy 6POjHH xar-rOBH H KapaBaH-cepajH. CTpaHQH ,KO'JH cy
nYTOBaAH Kp03 ,Hawe 3eMI'oe XVI BeI<a )I<.aAHIl H cy ce
Ha He'-IHCDony, OMpaA H raMaA y THM CBpaTUWTH'Ma, aMi ce 0 IbHMa
OA p"pyre nOA'BH:He XVII BeKa rOBopHA10 'frOXBaNHO Y BeneM 6pojy
cll'Y'-IajeBa. TaKO je EHrAe3 Byp6Y'PH 3a:rra3H 1664. Aa cy KapaBaH-
-cep3ljH Y TYPCKOj "y IBI?AO Ao6pOM peAV" I)opl,I XBeAep, TaKone
EHrAe3, XBaAHO je 1675. KapaBalH-cepaje V IJ;apHrpaJAY H cMaTpao
Aa OH "oBaKO WTO OHAO 1\06po YBeCTH y xpHwla'HoKHM 3eMA>aMa".3
fpyna Xal,IHja ll3 Cp6Hje H MaKeAoHHje Koja je ca rraTpHjapxoM
ApCeHH'jeM III IJ;paojeBHneM KpeHYAa Ha xaI,IHA'YK 'Y JepycaAHM
CKpaneHHl.\e: CAHY - CpncKa aKaAeMHija HaYKa H YMeTHOCTH y BeorpaAY;
XAA - XueTopHjcKH apXHB y Ay6pOBHHKY; HHSA - Haus, Hof und Staatsar-
chiv y Eet.ly; KA - Kriegsarehiv y Eet.ly.
1 CAHY, Meny.Hapo/WH HaY'lHH CKyn "IlAoBHA6a AYHaBoM H H.erOBHM
npHTOKaMa Kp03 BeKoBe", Pe3liMea, EeorpaA, 5. li 6. jYH 1979; P. A. BeceAHHo-
Bun, fll108u6a AYHaeO.M U H>eZOeUM npuToKcwHa y yzoeopuMa u3/lhy Ayc-
l'puje u TYPcKe y XVII U XVIII eeKY.
! BUA. P. A. BeceAuHoBHl'i, BojeouHa, Cp6uja u MaKeoHuja no TYP-
C/WM 81lawI1y y pyzoj nOlloeUHU XVII 8eKa, HOBH CaA 1960, 38; ueTH, 0
KHe30aUMa no CYPC/(Q.M ynpaeoM y EaHaTy y 1660. li 1666. ZOUHU, 360PHHK
MaTHl.\e eprrCKe, Cepuja ApYIllTBeHHX HaYKa, eB. 10, HOBH CaA 1955, 3-7.
3 CT. HOBaKOBHn, flYTHu'llCe 6ellewKe 0 EalllWHCICOM flOllYOCTP8Y XVII
li XVIII ee/w, [oA:HllJH.Hl.\a HHKoAe tIynnoa, XVII, Eeo!1paA 1897, 89-90,
121-122; A. J. IlofloBHo, BojeouHa y TYPCICO o6a, 360pHHK BojBoAHHa, l,
HOBH CaA 1939; 297; F. Valjavee, Der deutsche Kultureinthlss, im nahen
Siidostel1. Un ter besonderer Bercksichtigung Ungams, Mnehen 1940, 258.
100
P. BeCCAHHoBI1I'i.
1682. rOAHHe 'I-{'onuBaAa je npeTe:>KHo y BeAH'KH'M H AenHM XaHOl:l11Ma
KOjH cy 611I\H nO'KpHBeHH OAOBO'Nl, a HaAa3HAH ce H3Mcny TaTap-
-Ila3aJpI,IHKa 11 IIhIAHBpHje, y <PHAH6H, Y3YHlJeBY, nynpHAHjH, Ep
ra3Y u AncH. XaI.mje 'Bucy HonuBaAe y l:leAHKHM Xa:HOBHMa jeAIIHo
y :MeC1'y EOKH Ba6y, 'Bero "y BeKe 3AlJeCTe xaH11ne oaA,OOMo".4 0'-111-
rAeA3:H HanpeA3K y A06p\1 oApfKaBaI-bY KapaBaH-cepaja TpeaAO
6H no HaIlleM MHlllkel-bY AO'BecTH y Be3Y ca HcnAaTlffioIllny II nopa-
CTOM Y'HYTpaW1-be H cnO/oHe TprO'BHI-re y TypcKoj 1'0KOM Apyre no-
i\OBHHe XVII BeKa. C pa3Aoro"\1 je AaKAe cKaAapcKH 6HcKyn IITap
BorAaJHH 113BeCTHO 3a nponaraHAY Bepe y PHMY 9.
Maja 1661. A3 je Cp6Hja 3eMloa HajBene TproBHHe H npOMeT3 Ce
paese di grandissimo commercio e trafico) .:,
y 6e3HcTaHH:vta je 6HAO p06e y 3HaTI-lHM K'OAH'-IHHaMa; TaKO je
<PpaHl(Y3 KHKAe XBaAHO 1658. rOAHHe 6eorpaAoKY H 6e3H-
CUH 360r CBl'KOBpCHe po6e.
G
Ap EABapA lYpaYH je 1669. BHA.eo y
BeorpaAY ABa BeNH;Ka 6e3HCTa!Ha OA Ka.Y1eH3 npenY'Ha Hajpa3HBp-
oHHje po6e,' a 5. BeHa;ua je 1679. nHcao Aa ce y Beorpa,L'Y npOA8.je
CBaJKiBpcHa p06a H3 HeMa'lJKe, IhaAHje H BocHe.
R
aOBaHH EanIcTa
AOHaAo, H!BonOCTaBkeHH MAeTalJKH oaHAo y UaJpHrpaAY, npoUiao
je 1681. Kp03 BeorpaA H onHcao ra Kao "Bapolll ca Ayral.JKHM, npa-
BHM JI Illlip0K'r:h\1 YAHl.(aMa, ca TproBHHa'Ma, BeAHKHM 3rpaAaMa, npe
Ma '06HlJajy 3CJMIUe H HapOAa. }Lvla BeAHKH 6poj paAI-bH ca c.l'-yno-
l(eHOM p060M... " Y3 TO je HaBeo Aa ce MelliTaHH XBaAe KaKO Bco-
l'paA liMa 40.000 CTaH'BHHKa, Aa y I-bera CTH:>Ke po6a 6el.JKOr Hcroq
HiOl' ApyruTsa ,L\a ce TY rrpeToBapyje, a 3aTHlM OA'B03H y UapHrpaA.
To je yrAaBHoM 6HAa HeMalJKa p06a, npeTe:>K'HO CBHAeHe TKai-lilHe
AOIlle 113paAe H CYKHO Ao6por H J\OIller K'BaAHTeTa. Y Be3H ca pa3-
BIIT,KOM 6eorpaAcKe lJapuI'Hje 3a;mTMfuH'BO je uCTanH MHlllfuCI-bC Ara
AHToHHja BeHeTHja, AOHaA'Bor npaTHOl(a, Aa BeorpaA "HMa Aene,
Ayre, lllHpOKe H npane Yi\Hl.(e 11 CBe 33HaTe H npoepecHje rrOTpeOHC
3a TprOBHHY BOOKOM, BY'HOM, f'OIBenOM KO:>KOM H ApyrHM, 360r
ra A:y6poSalJKH, 60caHCKH H MAeTal.JIGl TprOBl.(H CBaKOA:HeBHO no-
cenyjy paNI "J'pro B>HlHe " . ITpeMa l-berOBOM Ka3HBaHiY, EeorpaA je
Ta,;a H'M3:0 50.000 cTaIHoBHHKa.
9
4 ApXHI3 CAHY, 36.HpKa PYKonHca, 6p. 328; CT, HOBaKOI3Hh, AHeoHuK
naTpujapxa Apcerwja f..[Pf-lOjeauha 0 nYToOCl1-bY y JepycaJlWvl 1683, rAacHHK
CpncKor ytIeHOr 4PywTBa, XXXIII, EeorpaA 1872, 184-190; <jJOTo-cHHMaK
rrpBHX ABejy o6jaBHo P. A. BeceAHHoBHl'i., ApceHuje III ll,pHojeou/i y
UCTOpUjU U lt:1-blOICeOHOCTU, EeorpaA 1949, 10-11. .
5 APXIlB CABY, Prop. fide, CBe)KaH> VI, Lett. antiche, Vol. 309, ad fol. 56.'
6 X. lIIa6aHoBJ.jn, EOllllja f..[ elle6u, llYTonuc (O.tZOAUIU 0 jyzocllaoe11clCuM
3eM/ba.kla), CapajeBo 1967, 591; M. MapKoBul'i., JeaH cPpaH1lYClCU nYTOnucall y
naulOj 3e/vl/bU 1658, .fAacHHK HCTopHjcKor i\Pywma y HOBOM: Ca,L'Y, VII, HOBl{
CaA 1934, 314.
_ 7 B. TIonoBHn, llywnuc p EpaYHa, rAaCHl-IK HA y HOBOM CaAY, VI,
330-351; VII, 285-304.
. il K. H. Kocnd'i. rpaha 3a UCTOPUjy cpnczee npuapee Il TpZOOUH
Cno/,ieHHI<. CKA, LXVII, EeorpaA 1926, 204.
. 9 r. CTojaHoBHn, Aoa onuca U3 1681. zoouHe, HCTopHjcKH
rAaCHHK, 6poj 1-2, EeorpaA 1975 (cerrapaT), 136, 138.
Pa3BluaK 3aHarAHjcK-TprBa'-iKor cAoja cprrCKor APVWTBa 101
o cpa3MepiHo BeAHKOM npo:YleI'Y p06eH nYI
1
HHKa y EeorpaAY
YKa3yj-y T3Kone illeCT KapaBaH-cepaja H ABaAeceT jeAaH xaH. Oco-
6HTO cl' 6HAH n03HaTH HOBH X3:H (Yeni han), XaH 6e3HcTaH, ApacTe
X'3'H, IllexHTAY'K xaH, CeABH X3H H XaH 'Ha TP)KJlillTY. Y EeorpaAY
.le oApel5eHo BpeMe 6opaBHo H3J3CCTaH 6poj KaA<pa KOjH Cl' CTaHO-
BaA'H y T3B. KaA<paA VlJKHM KC'HaIJ,nMa, a A'OillAH Cl' Aa ycaBpme HTl,r-
'-[CHH 3lJHaT.l Y HOB1 Ila3apV .le OAP3JHHje nacTajaAo HK'AHK;Q
xa1'[OBa,MelYy K:OjH:v[CI OOLvl capajeBcKor, BpHjYUHHor (?) H '-[op6a-
I,lujcKor u jeAa'l1 "EBponcKH xaH". IlOA HMeHOM '-IOp6aUHjOKH, xaH
je V HOBHje BpeM :ma'-laBaO ra3AY, TprBIJ,a-xpUUlnaHHHa.
l1
HOBo-
na3apCKH XaJ:WBH ce LleCTO y paqYHiHMa p.,yopOBa'lKHX Tp-
rOBaIJ,a jep Cl' V J-bHMa C\leIllT3.\HKynlbeHY Byny, KO)Ke H Apyry pool'
[-lbvlClbCHY AYOPONIHICY; V jeAH'CI.v1 OA paLJVI-Ia nCiMHl-be ce TaillAH
xaH (KaMeHuTu xall). Ha nyI'V u3Meny Coepuje H IlpoKynfua, Tp-
mBnU cl' KOpHCTYlAlI V CCAY fprype (Han di dctto GharghuTi); y
Y)KHUV .le OIIAO jeAaI-laeCT xaHOBa y KOjHM3 CV TprOB1W ID AHZlAO-
AHje, ApaGHje II IlepoHje npOAaBaAH poGV; V CMeAepeBY .le TaKone
npOAaBa'Ha pa3HOBpCHa cKynOIJ,eHa
IbrAeAa Aa .le 3aHaTCTJ30 y EaHaTY 3a BpeMe T'y'pCKe BAaCTH
6H1\0 Hajpa3BHjemrje y CYAenH no 3anHCHMa TvpCKor
nYTonHcu;a EBl\'H'je qeAeoH ('Koju je l10l-leKaIA M rrpeTepH'Bao), '1ap-
illHjy V TCMHlllBapy .le C<ly.Hl-baOaA Y.eTUpH CTOUIIIe AyhaHa; 113Be-
CHO .le ,t.\a je y I-boj OUO 3HaTaH 6poj Cpoa 3aHaL\Hja, J-bHXOJ3HX K<l.. '\-
<pa H merpTa. HaH'MC, y IlehKo.'v1 KaT3'CHIXY H3 1660. H 1666. nOMH-
J-be ce Bel"l1 opoj Cp6a Ka/\<pa KOjH cy ycaBpill3'Ba/\HMaj'cl1opcllBO y
TeMHUlBapCKH'M 3a'HaTCKH!Il Ha3!fiBat\'H cy HX npHw\:'A-
UH, oenapH, jaGaHUHje (OA y.yp. ja6a/-La, illTO 3HaYH cTpaHau, 'l'yl'HIH).
CpncKonpaBocAaBHH Aeo TeMiHUlBapoKe '1apUlHje OHO je 'pr3lHH30-
BaH y OArolBapajyne eCHa<pC, naie oTYAa pa3YMldHBO illTO ce y H2'
BopHMa il3 1666. nOM'l1J-be nYP'1H6aUla Ileja, c-rapelllHHa nYPy.HjcKor
eCHa<pa. C OG3HpOM Ha MaAoGpojHOCT H3Bopa, ' HMOBHOM CTalbY Te-
MIUliBapCKHX 3aHaTAHja MO>KeMO 33'Ca/.\ ca,MO HaCAyhHBaTH. HeKH
PaA;HBaje "ITHCaO .le" 3a cc6eH 3a CHor ivlajc'l'opa (He CTOjH Kojcr
,l3IHaTa) HC3IKa y ABaMaxa 1660. H 1666. Kao npHAO)fZHHK IldiKoj
na1'pHjaplllHjH. OA TpojHue KOBa'1a KoiH ce nOMHl-hY Kao npHAo-
)!'\'l1JHUH TIenKoj ITaTpuja'pwujH 1666, )KHBKO H CTenaH cl' nHcaMI
ce6H npocKoMHAHjV V KaTaCTlIX, a MapHl-lKO je npHAO/KHO 200 ac-
npH. Y3 l1',\1e.Ha e'K'Mel,IHja (neKalp) CTojKa H HBClIHaTFOivllHl-be ce Aa cl'
npHAO/KeHa ABa THMYHa, aMI ce He BHAH KOjH je 01.\ H,HX Aao Taj
npHAor. PaAHBoj H faBpHAo, ABojHLJ,a KYHAaK1.IHja, (H3pabHlJ3LIa
10 X. l1la6aHBHli, Haa. e/lo, 87-88.
Il A. illKakHli, TYP4U3MU y cpnClCoxp6CU'CICOM je3uKV, CapajeBo, 1966, 180.
12 RAD, Diversa de foris, 95, 96-97'; 112, 14-16'; IlperrncKa 17, 51/1904,
J5; A l1oxaI,lHn, Ily-conuc E6/luje Qe/le6uje 0 cpnCKu.H 3eMlbQMa y XVII
(leKY, CnOMeHHK CKA, XLIII, EeorpaA 1905, 24, 34; f. EAe30BHn, 1'13 JIyromrca
emrie QeJZe6uje, HCTOPHjCI<JH '-IaCOrrHC l, 1-2, EeorpaA 1949, 119; J. PaAo-
1IHn, JIy-c06Ql-be E6/luje Qe/le6uje no CpnClCUA! U Xp6arCK:UM 3eMlbaAta, fOAHlll-
IhHua H. 11., XXX, EeorpaA 1910-1911, 274.
102
P. BeceAHHOBllIi
ApBeHOf AeAa nYillKe) ImcaAli cy ce611 nO,\1eH, AOK je hYPYHja J 0-
BaH npllAO)KlIO ABa rpOllIa. OBAece 1712. n0MHH>e li CTojan YCTa-
6awa, Tj. cTapewllHa eCHaepa.1
3
Y EetIKepeKY (AaHac 3peH,aHllH)
je 'Ben OA XVI BeKa Il'OCrojaAa yapwllja ca 3HaTHliM 6POjCM AY-
na:Ha, xaHOBa li TprOBa KOjH cy npHrraAaAli BllKY<PY BeAliKOf Be3upa
MexMeA-rrame COKoAoBllna, a y APyroj rrOAOBllHI1 XVII BCKa rro-
Mliilbe ce 3Ha1'aJH 6poj 3aHaTAHja y cpncKonpllBOCAaI3H'oj l.JapwlljH.
HeKH OA lhllX cy 1660. li 1666. rrpiH'AO>KHAH IJenK!j narplljapilllljH
CHe Hal3'OAe ce cYMe) 3aceoe HAll 3a cB01e pOAllTC."oC, OH'-IHO
3a nO'MeH. Kao ce nOMHH>Y nYP4Hje CaBa, AHApej, )lIB-
KO, PaKa, HecTop li PaAoje, Tep311je TeoAop, PaAliBoj, Koja H Hy-
pa,tIU3MaIJHje Mllxa, )KllBKO, IJ;seja li IIeja, KaAajl)llje I1aHa H
AMHrap, KyjYHl)llja Map'Ko, Tyepefl)llja (uywKap) Ma'KCHM li O')3a-
ullja I1Allja.l
4
Y AOH>oj MaxaAli BapollHI ACHTe, Kao
ce 1660. jaBkajy 3aHaTAHje: hYPl.Jllja BC/\llMllp KOjll jc
rpow; 'K'OIBaq BaOHk KOjll je Talf<,One je.Aan rpOoWli "mlOa"
1'a6aJHtIe HAll i\IaAY nylllKY, li 3AaTap Aaoa. y HOBoj rraANfI\ll KOA
HcplfHor Ylllna Y AYHaB, ceAHWTY C&Hl)llK-6era MOAAa'BCKor caH-
l)a:Ka, 1660. 'ce KaJO IIm411wy Ta6aK (KO)Kap) IJ;.BCTKO
KjH jc npuAo)J(Ho jeAaH npom 'li BYK Kl'jll je rrOKAOHliO i\lICHLljy
KO)KY (BepOBal'HO je OHO Tep311ja). KOBa4 MlixaliAo 113 ApaAa ynll-
cao je ceoll 1660. Y IIenKli I<aTacTap jeAHY npocKoMllAHjy; UCTe
rO,L\llHecC y KOBUHY nOMllH>e OCT'oja 3AaTapoBun Kao npllAO)iHK
K:OjH je ooehao jeA'HY l1p,';1'l<:Y; 'HeH3BeOHO je Aa AH je C:YAenli no
npC3HMeH'Y 6110 3AaTap.15
I10 ITlfCaI-hY EBNllje l.IeAe6H, y CCJ!MOOPY je y Apyroj nOAOB'WHH
XVII 'BeKa OliAO KO AseCTOTH'He 3aHaTCKHX Hajopoj-
. ,.. . . . .
'H'HJC oy Oll'AC 'KYJVHl)'liJe, rra JC l.JapwH1Y BepoBaTHo pa".\ll Tora '-lY-
na.AO A'BaHaecT MOMaKa. O.\1aTpaM Aa lI3 l.IcAeoHjH1HOr 'K'a3HBaH>a Aa
,,'CBa TaMOllIH>a paj a I-IllCY Mal3apH 'Hero BAa.Oll-xpUilln')JtflH" 1.\10/l<e-
MO 3IIK1l:>Y'l.J.,Hl1H Aa jc pCl.J 0 npaBocAaBHoj 3aHarcKoj tIapuHIjH ;,ojy
je OH 'I-lia3HiBa' rpaAC'KOM l-IaPWHjO"'1.
16
Y Eajc HaAa3IHAO
ce !IIeruaecT Ayna:Hl.1Hna, a 113BaH H>e je Y BeAHKoj BapOWH nopCA
APYfllX 3rpa
l
Aa n:OCTOja.AO 150 Aynalf-la 11 jeAlIH XaH.
17
rra l.IeAe6Hjl1,
y T'lncAY cy 1665. TprIBaAU OOtoy, a BapollI je IH1a:,a.
ocaMAeceTAynaJHa. Y Ko.Bllloy EX je OUAO MaAo, AOK je y CCHTH
T-tAa iIIocl1ojai\O 'CaMO "HCKOAH,KO MaAliX Aynalf-la AOBOkHHX ,L\a no;\-
13 P. i\. BeceAHHoBHn, 3aHaTl/Uje U rpZOBLjU no BOjBOllHU lCpajeJ1t XVJI
u npBUX zoUHa XV III Belca, H3 360pHHKa Mauu-\e cpnCKe,
CepHja APYlllTBeHHX HayKa, CB. 13-14, HOBH CaA 1956, 116.
14 liero.
15 C. MaTHn, I<aracruz nenKU U3 1660-1666, fAaCHHK HA y HOBO,lt
CaAY, Kif>. IV, 211-213, 219-220, 454, 448.
16 f. EAe30BHn, HW3. 'lIlaHQK, fAaCHHK HA y HOBO,,,[ CaAY, Klb. IV, 459;
E. Reiszig, Baes-Bodrog varmegye torlnete, y MOHorpaq)Hjll Bacs-Bodrog
varmegye, II, Budapest 1912, 132; X. llia6aHOBHn, HaB. e,iD, 522-523.
17 X."llIa6aHOBHn, HaB. eJ1o, 522.
Pa3BluaK 3aHaTi\lijcKo-TprOna'-lKOr cAoja CpnCKOr APYWTBa 103
MH'pe ITOTpeoy"; 18 lJcAeoH Aaloe Ha'B:OA/H Aa ce 1663. y CpeMcKj
MHTPO:BllUH HaAa3HAO lJeTHpH CTOTH'He AynaHa, lllTO je CBaKaKO
rrpCTepaH 6poj, MaAa H Ap Epaya 1669. cMaTpa MHTPOBHUY 3a "Be-
A:HlK'Y Baporu". KY}YHI.lH'jOKH MajcTop J'BaJH lB MH'TpO'BIHUe
je 1659. jeAiH'Y neToxAeoHIHUY 3a IMaJHaCTIHp lllHmaToiBau, a 1669. je
BepoBallHo HeTH MajcT'p .H3paA;H:'0 3a lllH'lllaTolBau H jeAa'H KHBOT
KOjH je rr03Aanw I-1eKH JaHKo; Ma'jCl'Op KpcTa BO:>KHll1<o Pa,:l,J1111Hn
je 'Ca CBOjlHM Kai\<p0:I'I 'H3paAH jCAa)H KpCT 3a EeOltI1H.
1
!J
y 6oraToj Kaca6H HeMUH (Ha EocyTY jy.JKII-l'O 0;.\ BYKBapa) Koja ce
cacTojaAa OA ACBeT MaxaAa rrOCl'ojaAe cy l'pH "MaxaAe cpnCKe H
6yrapCKe". Y J-bHMa ce I-1aAa3HAO 109 AynaHa (rro lJeAe6ajH 1663.
fDAHHe). Y BaAnoBY cy OHAe l'pH ,MaxaAe, ABa xarHa H ABaAeceT AY-
nalHa, y Hpury je ce;.W'M;.\eceT Ayna'Ha oM'rAO nOAM-HpHTH "y AOBO;\)-
'I-loj MepH nOTpc6y CTaH!OB:H'HlllTBa" , y AaloY ce 1665. rrOMHJ-hC neAe-
ceT AynaHa. HCTe rOAHHe ce Ha fAaBH'oj YAHUH y HAOKY HaAa3HA
ABe CTOTHIHe 3aJHaTCKHX paAHoHHua, a y A0J-helvI AeAY BapOllrH we3-
AeceT.
2
. TIpaBo 'Ha B'PllleJ-he 3aHaTa 3a BpeMe TY'pCKe BAaC1',H 3aCI-I}Wa;\O
ce Ha lJAaHCToBY y CCI-la<py. Y H3BopHMa, OCOOHTO H3 XVII BeKa, lUta
AOCTa rrOAaTa:Ka 0 3aHa11HMa H 3aHaTCKHM paAH'OHl:lUa'Ma HAH Iyla-
HnMa. OoalJ<H'O cy 'H'a3HBaJ-J!H "eOHa<pCKH A:ynaIHH"
"eOI-l'a<pCKH TPJlBH" H 3aHaTCKe MaxaAe, Tj. lJapu_mje; y OCHjeKY ce
Ha rrpHMep ITMHJ-he KyjYHIJHjoKa .vlaxaAa.
21
EOHa<pCKIO ypenCl:f>e rWA
Cp6a 3aHaTAHja nOA TypCKOM BAaJlllny rroTBpDHBao je cBojaM rro-
ceOHHM IIHCMOM rrcnKH rraTpHjapx y CBOjCl'BY 'HapAHor cTapcwliHe
K'Oj:H cc iHaJH:BaO MHAeToallla, caput nationis, HAM eTHa,px; oouLlaj
ce 3aA;p)l<ao H3BCOHO npeMe H ITOCAe BeAHKC oeooe 1690. rOAHye.
22
Ha lJCAY cprroK'Hx eCHa<pa 3a BpeMe TypcKe ynpaBe OHAH cy 'iCT3.oa-
rue HAH pY<PeTOallle, H3aopaml Ha rOAHlllJ-bHrM oKynlllTH<HaMa, KOjH
cy OHA'H CTapelllHJHe OApeneHor eCl-I'a<pa, Ha rrpHlMep nYPlJHOallla hyp-
lJHjcKor, MeXaHIJHoawa MeXa'l-llJH'jcKor eCI-Ia<pa, :H CAWIHO.
23
18 f. EAe30BHn, /-la6. 'UW/-laK, fAaCHnK HA y HOBOM CaAY, lUb. IV, 1931,
83-84, 458-459; X. llIa6aHoBHn, /-lae. elw, 529-530.
19 MCTO; E, EpaYH, OnU/TU onuc VzapCl (rrpeBOA BAaAeTa TIonoBHn),
fAaCHHK HA y HOBOM CaAY, Klb. VI, HOBH CaA 1933, 350; /<o. CToiaHoBll,
CTapu CpnC1W 3anucu u /-IannlCU, Klb. 1. EeorpaA 1902, 3anncH 6p, 1564, 1645,
1842.
20 J. PaAOHHn, Hae, LL1/-la/-::, H. q" XXIX, 89; XXXI, 269,
272, 290, 294, 296; X. llIa6aHoBHn, /-laBo ellO, 481, 483-484; f. EAe30BHn, 1ia6,
'1IlaHalC, f,\aCHHK HA y HOBOM CaAY, VIII, 108; IV, 314.
2[ P. A. BeceAHHoBHh, Pa3eUTalC u YIlY1paUl/1,U :J{weor cpnclCu.x; eC/-lar/Ja
y Bojeouml o XVI eeKa o YlCual-ba y 1872. ZOU/-lU, rrpeUlTaMrraHO VIJ
300pHHKa MaTHl\c cpnCl<e, CepHja APYWTBeHHX HaYKa, CB. 11, HOBH CM
1955, 4.
22 MCTO, 4--5.
G 23 P. A. BeceAJUI0Blil'i, Boj6oU/-la, Cp6uja U MalCeomlja, 53; HCTH,
Pa36UTaiC u y/-lYTpaUl/1,U :J/C1l60T cpnclCUX eC/-laljJa, 4--5: "TYPCKH eCHaqm liMa-
AH cy cBoje YCTPOjCTBO. H. X. Y3YH'IapWHpAH Bei\li Aa je CBaKH 3aIIaT no rpa-
"-\OBHMa li BapOWHMa Typcr<e HMao cBoje rroce6Ho ypenelbe H 3aHaTi\lijcKe 1<0-
Mope (esnaf oda lari), cBoje wejxoBe (seyh), nexaje (kethuda, kahya), H jH-
104
P. BeceAHHoBHh
llho ce 1'HtIe TprOBaua no BapOillHMa, naAaHiKaMa H TprOBHWTH-
Ma He MO)Ke Ce YBeK ca CHrYPHornny YTBPAHTH Aa Mi je petI 0 3a-
!-:I.aTCKHM 'HAH TprOBatIKHM Aynall-IHMa. y HajBel1eM 6pojy AY'-Ia-
jeBa, H3BOpH rOBope npHAHtIHO yonillT0HO I-bHXOBOMHMOBflO;\1 CTa-
lbY. y BapOWH'Ma H ceAH;\.la Ha3H.BaHH cy 06.11Y'H'0 "fpuHMa", a no-
lHeK3:A H "TproBuHMa". DOillTO je MHPOBHHM yroBopHMa H3Meby Ay-
cTpHje H TypcKe 3ajeMtIeHa cA060AHa TproBIIHa Ha CYBYH MOpy,
1'0 je IBMeny ABe Ap)KaBe OifBeAa TprOBHHa. lb TypcKe cy y Ay-
crpHjy npeAa3HAH "TypCKH TproBULI", y cTBapH TypCKH nOAal-IUUH,
8. no HapOAHlOCl1H Cp6H, fPUH, Ma'KcAoHUlf, U'H1HUarp,H H JepMelHJH,
aMI je 6HAO H TypaKa. CprrCKH TproBUH Ce Qewl1e I10;\'UUbY HOA HMe-
HONI PaUH (Rasciani, Raizen) H EBt\Hja qeAe6H yrAaB-
HONI rOBopH yonwTeHO 0 60raTCTBY TproBaL\a; 1'aKo cy CTaHOBHHL1H
Bpillua OHAH oora1'H T'proBI.\H; 'Y AOI-bO j MaxaAH BapOLUH ACH're )I-
BeAH oy 1660. TprOBUH KpcTa H AMHTap. DOBOMHH'je 'ycAoBe 3a pa3-
BHT3:JK l'proiBHHe HMaAe cy BapOillH >Ha 'o.aaA3:Ma nAOBIH'HX Ha
npHMep y HonoM EetIejy Ha THCH 'fIOCTojaAH cy jeAaH xml, lICAcceT
Mara3H'Ba, tIeTpAeCeT AynaHa H O,KO crOTHHY Kyna nOTACYWHI..\a, a
npHCT3:JHHWTe Ha THCH je OHA'O BeAHKO. Y DaJHyeBY :Ha Ta:i\1Hwy ce
HaAa3HA'o 'Ba./KI!-IO npHCTaHHLUTe rAe je HOKpua,Ba:Ha xpaHa 3a Te.\l-
mBap; cYATalH MexMeA IV je 1673. HapeAHo Aa ce Ha 1'0 npHcTaHH-
WTC AOBe3e jetIaM oTKynl'oeH y jeHOtrrOiocKoM CaHl)aKY 3a Bojac no-
Tpc6e H Aa ce rrpeAa TaMO'WIi>CM CAHlnJH MaraL\HHlf.
,HaAa3HAH oy ce y EeorpaAY, OCTporoHY LI APymM rrpHooaAHILvl MC-
CllHMa. Y Ee'lKepeKY Ha Eercjy Il'MHIi>Y ce 1660. LI 1666. XlIlOBH,
Ayna'BH H rprOBH y tIapillHjH; CBa paja H oepajacy BAamKe H opn-
CKe HapOAlHOCTH. THTeA Ha ywny TLice y A;YlJ-Ia,B H;\laO je 13CAHKY
'-lapillHjy H oa3ap ca oca:vlAeceT AynaHa; y lherOBHX l'pH CTonme
l'Iu6awe (jigitbasi) - H3BpWHH opraH. CYATaH CYAcjMaH 3aKoHOAaBal.\ je
ilponlicao CllojHM 3aKOHHMa, H3Meby ocraAor H rA06e 3a nojeAHHe eCHacPc
3aHaTJUlja, aKO ce He rrpHAP:>KaBajy OApeneHHX rrpOI1HCaIlHX liCHa, 0 KojHMa,
HIla'Ie, BOAH OPHrY Tp)KHa nOMlI.\Hja (ihtissab)". Ynop. H. X. Y3YH'I3pWHpAH
OrAY, 3eMiba u Hapo y AHaoJluiu y XIV u XV 6eKY, fIpHA03H OpHjeHTaAHor
HHcTHTYTa y CapajeBY, lOb. l, CapajcBo 1950, 170.
24 OKO CpeARI-le XVIII BeKa, cpeMCKa li BlipOBHTHt.ma )I(ynaHHja y ynYT-
CTBHMa 3a ca60p 1751. CTaBA:>ajy Ha npBo MOCTO IlliTaH>e "TYPCIX TprOBalla
nOABA3l.IenH Aa Graeci et Rasciani HMajy Kync y OBIL"[ KpajeBHMa caMo paAl[
113roBopa.,. JaHyapa 1700. rOAHHe lIap .t\eonOAA je H3BeCTHO XpBaTCKI1 ca60p
Aa HeKH Cp6H (Rascianos) CK\mA:>ajy no XpaaTCKoj H CAoBeHujH 3aOCTaAe cPO-
pHHTC 3BaHC Sibusschillinger, rrpeHoce HX y TVPCKY '-IHMC I-laHoce nCi\HKY
Ap:>KaBI1 11 HapOAY; 360r Tora ce 1'0 y6YAyne 3a6palbyje" (rrpeY3eTo H3
KH>HrC C. faBpHAoBlil'ia, npUIlOI ucropuju Tpw6uHe u 5aJlKall-
-nOYHa6lbe XVIII u XIX crafzelia, U3AaI-ba CAHY, OAcA:>eH>e APYw-
TBeHHX HaYKa, KH>. 67, EeorpaA 1969, 18, 73); P. .t\. BcceAHHoBHn, IIpoupal-bc
aycrpujclCe rpwBuHe y 5eOlpa y pywi nOlloaUHU XVII BeKa (cerrapaT), y
:!00PHHKY paAOBa OCJlo6of:iel-be Ipao6a y Cp6uju o TypalCCl 1862-1867, CAHY,
.GeorpaA 1970, Ha BHwe MeCTa; HCTH, 3al-laTfzuje U TPW6LjU, 118.
25 f. EAe30BHn, 7-1aB. LIJlaHalC, fAaCHHK HA If HOBOM CaAY, KI-!>. VII, 1934,
306, 309; C. Manin, HaB. LIJlaHaK, fAaCHHK HA y HOBOM CaAY, KI-b. 219;
C. Ml-lAeKep, HCTopuja zpaa nal-l
L
le6a, fIaH'-lCBO 1925, 14; 1. Karacson, Ta-
l'ok-magyar oT<leveltdr (1533-1789), Budapest 1914, 279,
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAHjcKo-TprOnaLlKOr cAoja Cpl1CKOr 105
COAH (aAH H Apyrax rrpoH3BoAa) A,oBO)f<.e'Ha je co H3
pYAoKona y EpAeibY, a nOTOM tH3BO)f<.eHa AymaBoM "y CBe BHAajcTe",
WTO je AOHOCH,\ CTaIl-WBHH1\HMa Bei\ll,LKY Ao6HT, rra oy CTora MHorH
rrOCTaA'H TprOBl\H.
2G
rro t.IeAeoHjHH'OM Ka3HB3I-hY, 1660. je y i\HI10BY
CTH3aAO ,,'He'K'OAI1iKO XHibaAa Aaba K'Oje AOI-loce H OAHoce xpaHY". Y
JeHiorrOibY Ha 'peI..\iH neAH KPH)K (Kepew) 6HO je npHAHya'H 6poj
Cpoa KOjH cY HMaAH CBor npaBOCAaBHo,r em:lCKorra. TproBHIIa cc
OBAe HaAa'3HAa y CpnCKH'M H rpY-KHM PYKalVla.
27
PCL36LiTCLlC YI-lY'fpaulibez 'CpJICUUl'Ca - aCLutapu Li l111ja
c
lHu JLLIIU
Pa3BHTaK Y'HYTpaWI-her Tp)KHUJTa jeAa,H OA eJ\C'\IC-
HaTaKoju Cl' ynJlJ;aM1 Ha rrp1IBpeAHO H ;..\p'YWTueHO pacAojaG::\H>e
BapOWKor CTaHOBHHWTBa y YrapcKoj (.6aI-IaT, .6a<JKa, .6apaI-ha),
'MY, CPOHjH H MaKe,:OI-:lHjH nOA TypCKO,\1 BAawhy. YorrwTC Y3eIHuH,
H3BeCHO je, Aa je npHBpcAHa Be3a H3Me]jy ceAa H BapOllH-i 0111\0.
BeOMa )KHiBa y APyroj rrOAOBHHH XVII BeKa,28 CeJ'oal\H cl' Y3 1'0 OA-
A'a3UAH H :Ha Bawape An OH KYD!HAH rroTpe6HY pool', WTO je YTlI-
l\aAO Ha pa3BHTaK YHYTpaIlII-her Tp)KHWTa Ha OOHOBy oTKyna pone
HOBl\eM. l'y '-IHI-beI-lHUY Tpe6a HarAaCHTH 3aTO WTO je 3HayajJio 3a
33iKLbyyaK iO cTcrrenl' y KojeM je cei\'O vyeCTnouaAO y pOOHO-HOL4a-
nO:"l nplIHpcbHBal-bY. 1'0 3I-1aY-H AO POOHO-HOHyaHa npl'lBpeAa "Hie
oHAa 3aTnopoHa l\CAHI-Ia, "l'j. oe3 BC3e ca CC,\O'N\ y npHBpeAI-IOM OHI-
CAl'. THnHyaH nplLvlCp y TOM norAcAl' npeACTa'BLbaAH Cl' t-'VOp0133Lli<H
TprOBl\H y CPOHjH H APYf1l1M IKpajeBHMa KOjH cy OAp)KlIBaAH ileOMa
)KlIBe rrOCAOBHe Be3e ca ceAW:Vla y Y)f<O'j .H WH'POj OK01\HiHH sapOilIlI
y 'Kojl1'Ma cy TH TprOBl\H BOAHAH cBoje rrOCAOBe. POOHO+I'ByaHa npH-
BpeAa HHje,I1CTHHa, MeI-hal\a KAaCHe OAHoce Ha ceAY, aAH je coaKaKO
YTHl\aAa Ha O,ilpebeHe rrpOMHe y nocToienoj CTPVKTypH ceAa, a Olle
ce 3ana>Kajy Ben OA Apyre nOAOBH:J-Ie XVI BeKa.
zIJ
HlIHMe, ceJ'oal\H
paja cy 'HanywTaAH 3eivlibOpaAI-hY 'Ji lIpeAa3Hi\H Ha H3YLlaBal.be ]Ja3-
HHX 3aHaTa. Aa OH cnaxl1ja AOOHO H3BeOHO ooeulTelieI-he C-\O IUTeTe
rro I-hera MopaAo je AOnH l'CAeA rrpOMeHe 3aHH'Mal-ha AOTa,,\lU[IbllX
3eMibopaAlIHKa) oApel5eI-l je 1'3B. LJHqn:003aH OA C.HpOMaU1HHX y CYMj[
OA 80 acnpH, a 01-\ 60raTHjHx A 100 acrrpu. BpeMeHo,\1 je L!'H<pT 603'lH
110BChal3aI-l, 0 LJei\lvie 1660. oojaBA,ella je,l,H<l Hape,L\6a.:
lll
26 X. l1J"aHOI3Ii, 7wa. ello, 526, 528. 534.
27 r. E,\e30BHIi, lU/a. '1 llaH(Il(, rAaClHfK HA V HUM C<.lA\" "lb, VII, 1934,
307, 310; J. UBaiHI. npellle zeOZpa(pCKe 1l1l1eparype 0 bW1KWlCKOAl nOIlY-
onp8Y 3a 1895, 1896, 1897, oeorpaA 1898, III, 75.
0 TOMe BHA- P. !I.. BeceAHHoBI1i, Boj8oouHa, Cp6uja il Ma/iJoHllja,
22-37, 38-55.
29 D, I3ypneB, Cpe,Hc/ca KaHYH-/lfL\W 113 1588/89 lOW-le, r AaCHHK 3eMaA>-
CKor MV3eja y CapajeBY, IV-V, CapajeBo 1950, 283.
:JO D, I3ypneB, n P/lflOZ IUlra7bY pa38U'l'lW U lcapaK,'epa ,'YPCKO-OCJlWIlCKOl
{jleyall1l3Ma, HIMapc/w-cnaxujc/coz ypeIJel-ba, fOAHLufbaK OHX, l, CapajeBo
]949, 150; Fi, TpyxeAKa, empu rypCKU azpapHu 3aKOHUK 3a bOCHY, fAaCI-IHK
3eMalocKor My3eja, XXVIII, CapajeBo 1917, 444.
106
P. BeCei\HHOBHh
I10MulbaHH AP Epa:YH lHaJBOAH Aa je MeCl'O Ha KOMe cy U,\P)I-
Ba'HH IBaruapH y AeCKOBl..\y 6HAO "nOAeibeHO Ha y AHl..\e H npOAa3e
npeMa Bpnll1 p06e Roja ce npoAaje". Ha jecelbHBamap y CPO\CKOj
MHTPOBHI..\H cy pa3HH nAOAOBH Koje ,,6eorrocAeHH l'uYAH
Kynyjy H rrpOAajy".31 Ha Bamapy y OOHjeKY rrpOAa'BaHa cy pa3HO-
60j'Ha OBHAeHa '11 AaHeHa OAeAa, pa3He BpcTe cYI<>Ha, 3aT,HM mnpen-
WHfHe H aAaTH 3a 3aHaTAHje. P06a je 6HAa H3AO)KeHa HAH ce HaAa-
3HAa y 3aTBopeHHM CllHA:YI..\HMa. I1peMa nucalbY E. QeAe6Hje, Ha
L'awap je AOHOll1eJI-1 no He]('OAlliKO X1H'ibaAa 3a,Be)Kibaja po6e, a npo-
AaBaHe CV il{ )KHBOTHlbe H "Apyre pa3HOB}J"CHe C1'BapH".32 Aypona-
YKH TproBI..\H cy AOB03HAH Ha ocje'-lKH Bamap CBHTY H Apyry p06y,
na \fKOAlfl<'O je He 6H paonpOAaAM Ha I10MBawapy 'OTrIpeMaAll1 oy je
y Coqmjy.33 Ha YYBeHH MHl'pOBAaHoKH Bamap 'Y HOB'OM I1a3apy KOju
je rrOLJHlbaO 9.HDBeM6pa AO'HomeHH oy npoH3BO'AH H3 E'OoHe,
li HeMaY!Ke. I1peMa jeAH'M rrOAaTKY '113 1657, Ha Barnap y OXPHAY
y MaIKeA()!H'HjH AOAa3HAJl1 cy TprOBI..\H H3 y)Ke OKOAH'He H H3 AlfuHX
KpajeBl.
34
I1peMa Hape1selbY oYATaJHOB'r AHBaHa 'OA 23. a'Brycn 1568,
KaAH'je oy MopaAe OHa'poAoBaTH Aa ce Hajnpe OAP)f(jH ca60p Ha
5yrpneBAaJH, a nOTO'M AeceTOA'HeBHH na3ap Ha na3apawry y 6AJl13lJ1HH
6aa.e BemNH'K, y HaxlHjH CI1'AepOKarrCl. AHBaH je 3aTHIM 21. elBrycTa
1595. HapeAuo CTPYMHY'KOM KlA.HjH 'Aa CnpeYH 3AoynoTpe;:; Koje
'-.lHHe onaXlHje H jalhHyapH npHAHK\1 'Ap)Kal13llba Bamapa H caopa
y AeibaHH'Ma.:
J5
OCHM TprO'Bal..\a, Ha Barnape je AOAa3HO orpOMaH
6poj lbYAH '113 6AHJI<e H Aaibe OK'AHHe, H 1'0 He caMO paAH Kynonpo-
Alje oH ApyrHx nOCAO'Bl Hero H Aa 6H pewH'O HeKe MaI-be cnpOBe,
paAH pa3'HOAe, HTA.:
W
Ay6pOBaYKH TprOBL\H cy ITOI-WKaA yroBapaAH
''\'le1syco6He nOCAOUHe 06aBe3C (OTKyn 'BYHe, H'CnAaTa oApehem; CBGTe
3l 01'Kyn, H CAHYHO) 'Koje cy M:opaAC 6HTH Hcny}b0HC y Ot\pebeHe
AorOBopeHe AaHe. 06aBe3e cy 06HYHO HcnYlbllBa'He rrpeA OTilapalb
naHanypa Hi\:H 3a BpeMe lberOBor l'pajalba.:
l7
EBAruja QeAe6H T>Bp'A.H
1660. Aa ce KOA BamapCKlEX Ayl.llHa y ApaAY, y I10MOpHWjy, cKyn-
31 A. J. IlorroBHn, IlYTOnuc op EpaY7-La, 297; J. PaAOHHn, HaB. 1.f.J1aHar.;,
[OAHlllI-bHua H. LI., XXIX, 89.
32 E. Ferrnendzin, Acta Bo.mae potissimum ecclesiastica CUIn in'Sertis
cditorum documentorum regestis ab anno 925 usque ad anmun 1752, Zag-
rabiac 1892, y 360PHHKY Monumenfa spectantia, XXI1I, 354; J. PaAOHHh, HaB.
tt.1aHaK, fOAHllll-bHua H. LI., XXX, 260.
33 HAD, Diversa de foris 95, 79'-80'.
:14 Il. KocOBHn H M. MHAaAHHODHh, Tpwaa'LKLL L(.eHrpLL u nywau 110
cpncKWIl 3eMJbaAW y CpeOl-beM BeKY U y 'CypCKO BpeMe, fOAHllll-bHua H. LI.,
XX, EeorpaA 1900, 50; A. lIIorroBa, MaKeoOfiUja BO XVI U XVII BeK, AOIcy-
MeHTU 00 L-IapUZpaoclwre apXUBU (1557-1645), CKorrje 1955,25,81; J. PaAoHHn,
PUMCICU Kypuja u jYJ/C/-LOCflOBeHcKe 3eM!be 00 XVI 00 XIX Berm, 1950,
247.
3.; A. lIIonoBa, liaa. oeJ1o, 25.
36 HAD, Prepiska, 17, 91/2233, 18; ynap. OBAe C HarrOMeHOM 3l.
37 HAD, Diversa de foris, 119, 188-190; 128, 135-135'.
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAHjcKo-TprOBa
C
II<r cAoja CpOCKOr APYlllTBa 107
kaAO CeA(llMAeceT AO ocaMAeceT XHkaAa kYAH "HeBepHe paje, Te
TaJKJH Bawap HanpaBe, Aa ce 'He OTIlICaTM". Ha npoAenHH Ba-
wap y CpeMcKoj MlfTPOBHl\H CAeraAO ce tIeTpAeceT AO IIeAeceT :\-H-
AJ11l\a, a TOAHKO je f\OAa3HAO H y EalbY, y OBtIapcKoj tKAHCypH.
KcaKO qeAe6H nHwe: "GAp>Ka'Ba ce na'Haoyp, 'Ka/KY TY ce BP;_lJI, KY-
nOBHHa H npoAaja.";l8
I1pH np0Y'tIaBaI-bY YTHl\aja cpncKor 3aHarcKo-TprOBatIKOI c\Oja,
OAHOCHO cpncKe npaBocAaBHe tIapwHje, Ha pa3BHTaK pOOHO-I-iOBtIa-
Bor npHBpeDHBal-ha Mopa ce lJiMaTH 'Ha YMY Aa cy Cp6H 3aI-nTA[]je
H TprOBl_J,lH nOA TypOKOM BAawny H3paOlflBaAH po6y 3a Tp>KlHwTe a
He cai\W no nopyu6HHH. KAaCHtIaH npHi\rep y TOM ITOrAeAY rrpACTa-
Bka MOA6a OA 10. aBrycTa 1711, aMI ce I-beHa caAp>KIIHa OAHOCH Ha
BpeMe rrpe BeAHKe ce06e. MOA60.\1 cy n03Ba'H:H 'CBH tIAaHOBH cprrOKIHX
eCHa<pa y EYAlIMY, HAH "l\eX03HH }\;,YAH", Ha caCTaH<atK Aa OH ce cpe-
AHAH OAHOCH H3.\reoy Tep3Hja (Kpoja'-1'Y!, ca6mm) Il I1YPtIHja. CH,vIa
ElIibaHOBHh, KyjYHUHja rropeKAoM H3 PYAHHKa y Cp6HjIl, KOjH je F
BpeMe BeMIKe cBo6e Cpa 1690. npewao y VrapcKY, H3jaBIlo je Ha
CaJCTaHKY eCHa<p.. y EYAiHMY Aa "fAiH C3!M rOAH no 'BamapHX Hwao",
cByr'Ae cy ca60BH "npOAaBaAH no BawapHX II Ha 'KynH rTOACTaS,bede
MeHTe" (AOAa'Ma rrOACTaBkeHa Kp3HO.\I, nypaK). lb OBor n':M,aTI,a
caBpeMeHlIKa jacHo np01I3Aa31I Aa cy ce 3aHaTAHje, y OBOM cAytIajy
ca60BlI (OA Mao. szabo, KpojatI "MaoapcKor" oAeAa) HAH KjJojacIlI,
jaBkaAe y ABOCTPY'KOj YA03H: I1CTOBpeMeHO Kao 3aHaTAHje-np0I13-
BODatIH pooe II TprOBl\11 KOjl1 np'OAajy OQinCTBeHe npoH3BoAe.:
w
I1a-
3apHl'I AaHH KOjlI cy OAp)KaBaHH CBaKe ce;:..\MHl\e YTHl\aAH cy AO-
HeKAe Ha pa3BHTaK POOHO-HOBCJaHor IIpHBpeblIBal-ba II Ha F"crO'BO
npOAHpaI-be y Mal-ba MeCTa (MaAlI BapaA, MOpOBlIh), aAI1 (.-[ y ne-
AMKe BapOillH. qeAeolI nM'lilliC PiHoapOK'Y lUijal\Y, Cpe/\IbH l'pl',
MaAH na3ap y EeorpaAY. I1a3apHH AaHH ce II'O,vIHI-bY H y HOBml rra-
3apy, a 6HAO HX je paHlIje H no ;:..\PYfHM MeCTlIMa
38 J. PaAOHHn, Hae. 'HailalC, rOAHlllI-bHu;a H. 11., XXIX, 53, 89; r. EAe-
30BHD, Hae. 'Uzal-LaK, H11, I, 1-2, EeorpaA 1949, 110, Han. 25; B. CTecPaHoBHn-
-Kapm,mn, feozpacjJur.ieC1W-CTarUC1'ur.iecICO onucaHuje Cp6uje, AaHHI.J;a 3a 1827.
rONIHY, 109; HarmcaAH CMO Aa EBAHja 11eAe6H npeYBeAHY:aBa 6poj CTaHOBHH-
Ka H OHHX KOjH CV AOAa3HAH Ha Balllape, aAH cy I-berOBH rrOAaU;H y OCHOBH
TaYHH KaA ce yrropeAe C BYKOBHM nHCaI-beM; BalllapH cy 3aAP)KaAH TaKBO 06e-
AC)Kje H y oCAo6obeHoj Cp6HjH. BVK 6eAe)l{lI I.l,a ce ItaPOA cKyrr,'baO Ha ca-
60pe OKO MaHaCTHpa "Kao Ha rraHa15yp", rra je TaAa AOAa3HAO "rro HeKOAHKO
XHl'oaAa AYllla. Ty TprOBU;H rrpoAajy pa3AH'UITY p06y".
3\J f. BHl'KOBHh, CI10Mel-1Wlu U3 EYllMClCOZ u nCluraHCICOl apXllGa, rAa-
cmne CprrCKor yyeI-rOr APYWTBa, Apyro OAel'oeI-be, III, EeorpaA 1873, 150.
40 J. Kanicson, HaB. CliO, 258; J. PaAOHHn, HaB. '1IlaHalC, rOAHlllI-bHl.\a,
H. 11., XXXI, 269; X. liIa6aHOBHn, HaB. ellO, 1, CapajeBo 1954, 98; r. EAe-
.CT 30BHD, E. IJellc6uja Eeozpay, 52; A 110xar,IHD, Hae. CIlO, 25; E. Byp15eB,
J<aHYH-Ha-IW EOCaT1CICOZ U3 1530, rAacHHK 3eMal'oCKOr MY3eja, 1, Ca-
pajeBo 1946, 199; Y KaHYH-HaMI1 CYAejMaHa 3aKoHoAaBu;a nOMHI-bY cc rra3apHIl
A3lHl:I; X. XaUH6erHn, KaHYH-HaAta CYIlCjMWia 3aKoHoaelia U3 npeux ZOUlia
HJCZOBC e/wc, rAaCHHK 3eMal'oCKOr MV3eja, IV-V, CapajeBo 1950, 373, 375.
P. BeceAHHoBtln
U TPW6WLa y l10pe
L
ljy AYHaea u 1690
TprOBHlHa y nopeYjy AYHa13a, noceoHo y oaAKaHcKo-cpeAfbOe'3-
porrcKoM npocTopy, llITO 3HaYH H3Me!JY TypcKe H AycTpHje, {)oa-
BibaHa je 'Herro.cpeAHo HAH Y3 nocpeA;OBaI-be AyopOBQaHa, Cp6a Tpro-
H3 TY'pcKor AeAa VrapoKe, CpoHje, MaKeAoHHje 'H Apymx 06-
AaCTlI. AYCPpH'jCKH H3BOpH H3 Apyre nOAOBHHe XVII BeKa CUeAOye
Aacy CpOH T'Pf'O'Bl.(H y TypCKOj H:'vlaAH TprOBaY'Ke Ko,\mam-rje y Ey-
AH'MY, BeorpaAY H ApynlM MeCT1{Ma. Ha npHMep, 3a OTnpelvlaI-be pooe
H3Meny BeLJa H Beorpapa rrocTojaAa je noceoJ:-la opraBH3auni3. 0,1.
ABe rpyne. JeAHY cy '-lH'lIHAH CPOH, JepMel-m li TypOI rro/-\a-
HlIl..(H KOjH cy y EeLfV ApiKaAH pa,A'Ibe 38 YB03HY HCTOLJI-ba'-IKY pooy
(Orientwaren, trkhische Waren). OOH.YI lbHX IWO BAaOHi'I'Ka p:ynaJl-Ia
(Gewolbeinhaber) ce H nYTyjyhH (reisendi.: Kauf-
leute) II rOHHYH CTOKe (Viehtreiber) H3 YrapcKe 'H TYPCKt:. pyry
rpyrry cy LJHHtHAH CPOH, JepMeHH H aycTpHjcKH rrOAaJHHL(H KOjH
oy HMaAH paAI-he y Beyy. OHlI cy pooy npOH3BeAeHY y AYCTpH'jH 1113-
1303HAH Y neorpaA H Apyra MeCTa y TYPCKOj. ITpeMa TBpOeI-bY ay-
C'J1pujoKlor pe3HAeHTa KYH'HIla (1673), CpOH 'H JepMeHlH HaCTaJI-beH'H
y BeyY OAp:>I<auaAH cy Aoope Be3e ca CBOjlIM npHjaTeloHMa y Eeo-
rpaAy.41
y ITPOKYlIloy, HosoM ITa3apy, Eeorpa,WH Apym,\'! MeCTlIMa y
CPOHjH rrOA TYPCKO,VI BA8llIny y APVroj nOA'BHHH XVII BeKa IIOCTO-
jaAo je HeKOAHJ<.o APYUlTaBa HAH 0pTaKAYKa (KOMnal-mja) h:uje cy
OOHOBaAH Ay6pOByaHH. ITpeKo I-bHX je C jeAHe CTpaHe HllIao H3BCJ3
3eMibopa,AMHYKO-CTOyapCIX rrpOH3BOAa (-BY'Ha, KOiKa, 130Cal(, hOp-
t\OBaH, y MaI-bHM KOAH'HIHaMa H HeKH ApyrH npOH3BOAH) a ca APyre
Y803 pa3HOBpCHHX TKa'HH:Ha (paca, CBHTa H CAHLJlHO) ca 3alIaAa.
c
YjeAHI-beHa Ko."maHlIja y BeOf'paAY Ap:>I<aAa je nopeA oeOrpaACJI
nHjaue jorn H lJ:-IeKe Apyre y TypCKOM AeAY YrapCKe.
1J
Ayopo-
Ba'YKe KOMnal.H'Hje y ITpoKynlbY H BOBO,\-I ITa3apy oTKynAiHB'.Ae cy
pooy Ha KooOiBY, y ITPHllITHHH, BOBOM BpAY, KOCOBoKOj MIITpO-
BalhlI, ITehlI, KpYllIeBU'Y 'H ,Il'pymiM MeCTlIMa Cp6Hje nOA TYP-
CKOM BAalllny, a Ay6po'BaYKH cy Haa'B,'oaAH pooy y Ma-
KeAoHHjH - CKonibY, KYMaiH'OBY, naKoBHl.('H, II APYfHM
41 K. VOn Peec, Alle serbische HandelbeziecJlllngen zu Wien, Mittheil-
ungen des Instituts fr osterreiche Geschichtsforschung, XXVI Bd., Heft
::l, Innsbruck 1915, 507; P. 11.. BeceAHHoBHti, npooupal-be aYCTpujclCe 'rpwaUHe
y Eeozpao, 172-173.
42 HAD, Diversa de foris, 74-75, 91-92, 95; 128, 134-135; 190, 129'-131',
132-132b; 114, 295'-296; 119, 188'-190; IIperrHcKa, 17, 51/1905; yrrap. P. A.
BeceAlfHoBlfn, Bojl3ouHa, Cp6uja u MCllceoHuja, 43, 149.
'1:) HAD, Consilium rogatonlIn, 120, 2'--4; 120, 29'-31; J. Pa/)"Ol-IHh, Haa.
oello, 270; HCTU, Acta et diplomata ragusina, 1111, I>eorpaA 1939, 844-845;
IV., EeorpaA 1941; H. EKOHOMCICU u pYUlT13eHU pa313uraK Ay6po13HU-
;a y XIV u XV l3eKY, HCTopujCKU ri\3CHlfK, 1, Eeorp3A 1949, 61.
Pa3BHTaK 3aI-IaTAHjcKO-TprOBa'iKOI' cAoja CpnCKOr APywTBa 109
iMeCnlMa.
44
MenYTHM, Ay6poBaY:Ka TproBHIHa je 3aITOQeAa onaAanl
y APyroj nOAOBIIHH XVII BeKa YCAeA eBe jaY:e KOHKypeHI.-!Hje Tpro-
Balla "Oap3'jAHja", 1'0 jecT 60CaJHOKo-xepllerOBaY:KHx Cp6a TproBalla,
3al111M JeBpej,a, JepMeHa fH Apyrrrx. IIopeA 'HalBeAeHHx l'prOBalla, YI-Ia-
llIHiM BlIpowHiMa y YrapcKoj, Cp6Hj'li H MaKeAO!HH:jH je rrocTojao 1I3-
IBeCTaIH 6poj AOManer CTaI-FOBHHWl1Ba KO'jH je CBe BHwe YAa':'Ho y
TproBHlay oH 3a<aaTe, TaJKO Aa ce nOBenaBao 5poj Y:AaJHOBa 33JHaTCK-
-TproBaY:Ke Y:apWiHje. TproBllH Cp6H aYCTpH'jCKH nOAaI-FHllH oApn-
BaAH cY TproBaY:Ke H npHjaTelncKe Be3e ca CBOjHM cYHapoAHHllHMa
TprOBll'H'Ma y Beqy H npoAaBaNH IfMBYJ-lY H APyry po6y. TpromtH0M
y IIpH3peHY 6aBHAa ce HeKOA<HllHlHa TproBalla xpHrnnaHa Kojn cY
:H3B03HAH BYHY rrpeKo BeorpaAa y HeMaY:KY TO:J<OM 1650-51; rrUA3lm
Ka3yjy Aa je 'li3B03 Tpajao jow H 1662, aK'O He H KacHHje. Y HOBeM-
6py 1651. 3aTpa)KeHO je OA aYCTpHjclx BAaCTH Aa 'OCAoo/\e lla-
pHiHe jeAlHor TproBlla Cp6H'Ha :H3 neorpaAa IKOjH je rrpeB031I0 ABe
CTOTHiHe Bpena BY'H'e y AYCTpHjy li MopancKy.4'; TYPOKH rrOC\aI-lHK
XaCaJH-rrawa 1'pa)KHO je y Maljy 1651. OA ABOpCKO'f paTHor caBeTa y
BeY:y ,6.:a oCA060AH jeAHor Cp6HI-la llapHHe 3a rreT CTOTUHa Bpena BYHe
Kiojy je rrpen03110 H3 TYPCKe y AYCTpHjy. Cp6H TPfOlBl\!H y KOMO-
paHY )KaAHAH cy ce HCTe rOAHHe ABOpCKOM paTHOM caBeTY Ha rrOT-
rrYKOBHHIKa BocaHlIja jep !lM je 3a6pal-hYI'B3:0 Aa Tpryjy BYHOM ca
AYCTpajoM. ABOpCKcH pa'DHU caBeT je TeK fl'OCAe weCT rOAHHal-wpe-
AHO BOOa!H'lijoy Aa WTUTU Op6e y lliHXOBOj TpJ101BHHIH! CprrOKiH TprOBlllI
CTapoceAeollH y KOMOp3lH'Y H Pa6y O,t.\p)i(3JBaAH 'Cy TeCHe TprOBaY:Ke
Be3e C TprOBllHMa y IIeWTH, EeoI'paA'Y H ApyrHM JvIeCnrMa; qeCTO cy
rrYTBaAH y BeY: H Ha Barnape y CABa"-IKy.1G TprOBllH H3 CTO'HOI' Beo-
rpaAa cy 110CAe OCAooobelha OA TypcKe BAaCTU 1688. 'CTynHAH y Be3Y
ca Cp6m\1a, OAH'OCHO C Y:AlJHOBHlMa 6Y.AHMcKor cpncRoI' Ma!rHCTpaTa.
YcrrocTaBJ'oeHeBe3e cy TpajaAe 'OA Kpaja XVII AO ceAaMAeceTHX 1'0-
AHlHa XIX 'BeKa.4'
Ha OCHOBY H3He'DHX nOAaTaKa Y:HHH HaM ce Aa ce M'O/KC 3a'KnY-
Y:HTH Aa je TOKOM Apyre rrOAOBH'He XVII BeKa 3I-:1aHIO nOpaeTlO 6poj
AOManHx 3aJHaTAuja H TprOBalla ,K;OjH cy ycrrewHO BOA;UAH cBoje pa-
44 HAD, Diversa de foris, 95-, 132-133; 97, 74-75', 181-183, 187-187'
262'-263'; ITpenHcKa, 17, 51/1905, 12, 3a ITpHlUTHHY, HOBo EPAO, KOCOBCKy
!VhlTpOBHU;Y, KYMaHoBo, CKOITA>e, HTA.
46 P. A. BeceAHHOBHn, BojeooLlHa, Cp6uja LI MazooHuja, 48.
46 K. von Peec, Hae. '1/zaHaK, 570; P. 11. BeCeMl'HOBHn, J/pooupal-be ayc-
'l'Pujcz TpzoeUHe y 5eozpao, 173; E. <PepMeHI.IHH, l1cnpaee zoouHe 1579-1671
wLtyle ce UpHe fope U Crape Cp6uje, CrapHJ-Ie JA3Y, XXV, 3arpe6 1892,
179; K. H. KocTHI., fpaIJa 3a UC-roPlljy Cf7/1CKe npLU3peoe li 1PZOllLl/-te, CnoMeHHK
CKA, LXVI, EeorpaA 1926, 161; E. EpaYH, OnUlTU onuc VzapcKe, rAacHHK HA
y HOBoM CaAY, VI, 1933,339; VII, 1934; H. CaKa30B, C-COI1ClHCICUTe ep3Kll MeJ/C-
cly Ay6poGHUIC U 6,apcKuTe 3eA1U 11pe3 16 U 17 cTOfberuje, CO<pHja 1930,
115; J. Valjavec, Der deutsche Kultureinfluss, 258.
.47 H. JaKLlml., Cp6u y CYO/lHOM 5eozpaoy, ITpet-\rOBop. H3MeHe, AonYHe
H 3aK1\,yy.aK P. A. BeceAHHoBHna, HoBJ.! CaA 1962, 22-23; r. BHTKoBHn, Hae.
Lt/laHaK, rAaoHHK CpncKor Y'IeHOr APywTBa, .Kl-h. l, EeorpaA 1873, 168-169.
110
P. BeceAHHoBHI1.
AHOHHL\e H paAl-be CMeWl'eHe y CIC\Ony BapOWKHX, OAHOOHO CpnCICJiX
H Apymx 4apwHja. Taj 3aJHal'AHjc.KO-l'prOBa4KH CAOj je
aOHOBHO je3rpo H3 Kora ce pa3BHO Haw l'aAaWlbH rpaoaHCK.H CAOj y
YrapcKoj, Cp6ajH H MaKeAoHHjH nOA TypCKOM BA31Il1ny.
fIopacT 6apoUlU Kao U3pa3 nopaCTa nOCflO<3QI-IJa
IbBeoHo je Aa je 3aHal'AHjcKH H TprOBa4KH CAOj Hawer APYW-
l'Ba y 3HaTHoj 'MepH AonpHiHocHo nOCl'eneHOM 6POjHO'M 110BeIaILY il
npoCTopHiOM ll1H'pemy lHaWHX BapilllH y wdHiMa ce y 4apwHjlH JI
Ha APymM MeCTH'Ma nOCAOBaAO Ha OCHOBY 'oTKyna po5e C
063HpOM 'Ha BPCTY 'H3BopHe ppaoe Koja HaM je 6H1\a Ha paOITOI\2.ra;f>Y,
Huje 'MorynH'O AaTH rrOAaTKe '0 n01\O)Kajy, 'BeAR4HJHoH, 'H3rAeAY H 6poj-
HOM nopacl'Y CTaHOBHHW'PBa CBHX IHaWHX BapOWH H naAaHKH. OTY-
Aa ce Mopa nOKAOHHl'H OApeneHa na)Kl-ba MeMoapOKo-nYTonHcHoj
rpaoH; l'y cy Ha npBOM MeCTY nYTonilCHa Ka3HB3Jl-ba EBAHje LJeAe-
Roja o.YXBaTajy MHore 3aHaTCKO-TprOBa4Ke BapOWH TOKOM ce-
AaMAeceTHx rOAH'Ha XVII BeKa. qeAe6H je,MeoYTHM, CKAOJI npe ,-c-
pHBal-bY, 4HHH IH3'Mce HajBH'We 'KaA lHaBOAH 6poj 'Kyn'a H Cl'<1HOilH:H-
TaKO je no l-berOEOM Ka3H-Bal-bY, ApaA nOA l'ypCKOM BAaluny
1660. rOAHHe HMao C TeMHwBapcKe cTpaHe 200 Kyna, y AeBH 1.500
Aem1X Kyna, y Auno'EH 1.500 M3l-bHX Kyna .. y CpeMY ce Taj 6poj Kpe-
Tao OA 200 AO 2.000; y Pal.IH HX je 6H1\0 500 MalhHX il BenHx. V YHY-
TpawHioj BapOWH IleTpO'BapaAHHa I1JOCTojaAo je 200 :Kyna 1665. ro-
AHI-Ie; 60raTa Kaca6a HeML\H HMa1\a je y 1'0 BpeMe 1.040 Ky11<1, a
3eMYH 400 WHHApO..\o{ nOKpHBeHl1'X CHpOTHI-LCKHX Kyl1epaKa. 3C;\IYH
HHje IHM3'O 4apwHjy jep ce l-berOBo CTaHOBHHWTITO cHa6AeeaAo y
EeorpaAY, aAH cy MHore 6eOrp3lACKe 3a'ITi\Hje CTaJHOBaAe y 3eMVHY.
y weCT MaXa1\a Kaca6e HpHr HaAa3HAO ce OKO 2.000 Kyha 1665. ro-
AIme, a CBH CT3IHOBoHUUH cy )J(lHneAH OA TproBHHe. Y 1'0 Bpe;\'!e je
wexep HAloK ca CBOjHx 1.160;Vlal-bHX H BenHx Kyna 6HO HajypeJ\HHja
BapOll1 H3Meny Eeorpa'Aa oH EYAHMa; y l-beWBoj AOl-boj BapowH 6HAO
je AB3JHaeCT !MycAHMaHcKHx H neT XpUWn3JHCKHX MaxaAa.
1R
LIe1\e6u
je 113 CpeMa npewao npeKO Ay.H3IBa y Ea4KY If CTM'raO y <Pyror KOjH
je TaAa (1665) HiMaOCBera 80 npHAH4
1
HO CHpoM'aillHlL'( KyhD.., a H3
<PYTo'ra je OT.HWaO y naAMlIKY KOBHLb. ,lOBe 3eMibe He ona:\ajy y
MaoapCKY, 1'0 cy cpnoKe H 60Wl-ba4Ke 3eMLbe."49 HOiBa IlaAaH:ca y
EalHal'Y Ha AYH3IBY, CeAH'illTe M''AAaBOKor ca'HlIaK-oera, HHje:
miwe OA 300 MaAHX H BeAHKHX 'Kyna, a HCTO TaKO H Bpwaq:;u
48 J. PaAOHHn, HaB. '1llaHale, fOAllillibJU-\a H. ll., XXIX, 53, 55, 60, 87;
XXXI, 267, 269, 290, 293; f. EAe30BHn, IWB. 'IlIaHale, fAaCHHK HA y HOBOM
CaAY, VIII" 1935, 108-109; V
1
, 1932,83.
J9 X. IlIa6aHoBli, I-JaB. ello, 527.
50 f. EAe30BHn, HaB. 'l/laHaIC, f AaCHHK HA y HOBOM CaAY, V1, 1932, 83;
VII
n
, 1934, 309-310; X, IlIa6aHoBHn, Haa, ello, 537.
Pa3BUTaK 3aHaTAujcKo-TprOBalKOr c,\Oja Cpl1CKOr APylilTBa 111
BeorpaA je y APyroj nOAO,BIIHiII XVII BeKa nOCTao jeAaH OA Haj-
BefllIx 3a.HaTCKO-TprOBaYKIIX BapolUlI y rropeYjy AYHaBa nOA rypcKoM
BAawfly. TOMe cy y A;orrpH'HeAe nOB'0A>HeCao6panaj-
HIIQe,cYB03eMHII II BOAeHII UlYTeBII, OAHOOHO lheros reonOAlITlI4KII '110-
A'WK3Jj. IlpeMa CaK33oBY, oTaAa je y EeorpaAY pacAa Ay6poBa4Ka KO-
AOHH'ja, a no T'BpnelhY 6apcK,or HaA6lIoKyna IleTpa MacapeKa, y Eeo-
ppaAY je 1632. rO.AJRHe 611A:0 8.000 'Kyfla ca OKO 60.000 CTaHOB<HH'Ka.
HmxO'B 6poj je CTaAHO pacTao,51 TaJKO Aa je AO A!pyre nO:J\OBIIHe XVU
BeKa nopaCTao Ha 70.000 'CTaJH'B'H'lIKa. EBAIlIja lJeAe61I, IKOjl1I Aaje 1'aj
6poj, 'lI3plItNIl'O 6eAe)K1I Aa ce rpaA "H3 Aa'Ha:y AaH pa3BH-
ja... K3'r<:o je rnexep 'BpAo je<PTH'H, TU je H3 ApyrHX KpajeBa AOWAO Ha
XHlbaAY IHapOAa HOBAe ce 'HaCeNHAO" 3a1'O jep je TO "je,AJHO )KH1BO iIl'pO-
MeTHO MeCTO". il AP Epal}'H TaiKone TBPAH 1669. Aa je Eeorpa,<.\ nC';\f3
H3'CeA>eHa H )lUIBa Baporn, na OliCMO y OBOM cAY'iajy MorAII 1l0BepO-
BaHI lJeAe6lIjlIHoM TBpbelhY Aa Ce y EeorpaAY 1665. HaAa3lIAO 98.000
Aywa, a Aa je rrope3 iHanAahlIBaH OA 21.000 xpHw1131Ha. Y Taj 6poj
lJeAeolI YHeo BO'jCKY, nAeMCT'BO ,II YAeMY, Hero caM' OHe Y.ojlI cV
OlfA,1I ymrcaJHlI y CY'ACKII npOTOKOA 1I3 'Kora 'MY je nopeCKII HaA30p-
HH'K Aao 'l10AaTKe. "CBa oeorpaACKa paja II nOBAarnfleHII rpanaHH
(beraya)c:y Gp61I."52 IlpeMa TBpneI-BY 1I3 1681. rO:AJHlHe B.oB3JRHlja Ean-
HrCTe AOHaJAa,MAeTalfKor oallIAa y UaplIrpaAY, a npeMa HOKa3Y Eeo-
rpanaHa, EeorpaA je IIMao 40.000 AyIlla, A'OoK je I-heroB AP
l
A'HToHHje EeHeTII TBPAHO Aa je Taj 6poj H3HOCIIO OKO 50.000 Aywa.
5
:
IlpeMa lJeAe61Ij-H'HOM BlIneJ-bY EeorpaAa 1660. roAH'He, rpaA je 0110
QapdKII l'pl' KOMe HHje 6lIAO paBHa. IlocTojaAa je Ayra yapilllIja V
KOjOj cy 6HAe 3acTynA>eHe CBe 3aHaTAlIje, a Ha rAacy je 6lIAa Ka3aH-
I.mjcKa YaprnlIja. r AaBHC YAIIQe y LI3PW'lIjH, H MaxaAe OHAII
cY'KaAA:p'MIIC3IHH.(iJ
H3'npeABaJ-be Y)KHQa 6lIAO je YCAOBA>eHO nOBOA>HUM reorpatp-
CKIIM InoAoMajeM; npcKo lheracy 'A nOAOBHI-Ie XVI BeI<:a npoAa3HAlI
Kap3JBaHII H3 HHKono'J'oa y EyrapcKoj 3a A;y6pOBHIN<. Ilpe,;\'!u LJ:e.\.e-
6H'jlI, y Y)KH'QY ce 1664. rOAH'He IHaAa31IA'0 OKO 4.800 Kyha; ,vlaAa OH
yernfle 'npeTepyje, YlfHH HaM ce Aa je Taj 6poj npH6AH)KJH0 ra'-IaH
'3'KO ce Y3Me y 063up YlIlheHIIQa Aa cy CpOH npHAH'KOM YCTdHK'l V
YmHQY y OK1'06py 1688. n06HAIl1 Y rpaAY 12.000 TypaKa.
55
3aTHM AO-
M. BaHHHO, HcYC06tlu y Eeozpay y XVlIu XVIII cTOlbehy, BpeAa li
npliHocu, IV, 1934, 5; \mOpeAli J. PaAoHuo, PUMClca Kypuja U jY:JICHoc/!06eHcl
.-leJlllbe, 88-89.
52 X. illaoaHOBllo, Ha6. oe/lo, 91-92.
53 f. CTaHojeBHo, A6a onuca Eeozpaoa U3 1681. zoouHe, HcropIljcKH
rAaCHllK, CB. 1-2, EeorpaA, 1975 (cel1apaT), 136, 138; A J. IIOilOBlID., IlYTOnuc
op EpaYHa, fAaCH'lliK HA y HOBOM CaAY, VIl n, 1934, 285; K. Horvat, Monu-
menta historica nova historiam Bosnae et provinciarum illusuantia, fAac-
HIlK 3eMa'bcKor MY3eja, XXI, CapajeBO 1909,386; f. EAe30Bul, E. lJe/le6uja 0
Eeozpay, 50; A '4oxar,mo, IlYT06albe, 10.
54 X. illaOaHOBHO., Hae. oe/lo, 88.
50 J. CaKa30B, CTonaHclUTe epclCU, 122, 146; H. PYBapall, Ilpu.n.OUitiU li
zpaha 3a noeeCT 0 cpnCKUM MaI-I.aCTUpUMa, CTapuHap, V, EeorpiiA 1888, 48; r.
EAe30Blio, H 3 IlYTonuca, 115; J. PaAOHlio, HaB. l.f/lal-l.aK, fOAllIIHLl\a, H. '4.,
XXX, 273.
112
P. BeCeAHHOBIi.
Aa3M HOBH IIa33Jp KOjH je TOKO.'I'I XVI li XVII ReKa H3pa'CTaO y
jeAlHiO 'A cpeAHllITa P06HO-HOBY3:IIOr rrOCAOB3JH>a y Cp-
6H'jlI II'OA TypCKOM BAamny. TIpeMa Ca'Ka30BY, 'K:OA'oHIHja
y olBoj BapOillH 3arroYc:\a je pacn1 nOyerKOM XVII BeKa, KaA je y
H>O'j 5HAO X:IIib3:/W l<yna, rrpeMa Ka3HBaI-bY WpaH1W3a AecP0Bpa. Ay-
5pOBa'4iK'H l1pf10BLT;H cy XVII BeKa IHa6a:Biba.'\H KOJKe y Ho-
BOM IIa3apy. Ao Apyre rrOAOBHHe XVII BeKa, 6poj K:yna y Bapoum:
rrorreo ce IJ-Ia 3.000, a Ay5poBYliHiHH Mal'H'ja fya-r'AYAHn 'KaJKe 3a JlapOlll
Aa je terra similmente groS'sa nella detta provincia di Seruia. qenlpH
rO,6iHlHe KaoHuje (1678), HaA6lIoKYIT 6apcKH AJHAPH'ja 3MajeBHn Il[fllle
Aa je HOBH IIa3ap terra ben populata. Ka60ra je TBPAHIO 1706. Aa ce
\' HOBOM IIa3apy rrpe l-berOBOf CrraIoHoB3:I-ba y npeMe cpnOKor ye-
l'a:HlKa 1689. 'HaAa3HAO 0'1<:0 12.000 Ky1.a.
56
Ii je TaKot:ie
6HAO jeAHa OA BeaMa BaJKHHX li neA'HiKHX 3aHaTcK'-rprOBaY.KHx Yap-
unrja, ca 3Hal1Horvr YAO'roM y pa3BlIja'I-bY rrOCA''Ba'H>a.
IIolleBllIH OA XVII 'BeKa, y l-be,v1Y je ITOyeAa parC1\H Ay6p'BatIKa 'l'p.
rOBaYKa K:oAOHHja ca Ay1.aH'IrMa 'KOjH 'CY ce Jf3fAeAa rrpeTe){(HiO Ha-
.\a3HAH IHa T3B. fOpI-bOj (fop1:ba KO.'\'HHjy je 1661.
rOAHHe CaYHl-baBaAO rreTHaeCT Ky1.a rrpeMa Ka3HBaibY IIe1'pa norAa-
'l-liHja. JeA;a'H aycTpHjcKH oanpeMeHlI H3BO'p H3 1689. nOMIJ1H>e IIpo-
Kyrr,be Kara O1'BopeHY H BeA'li'KY BapOlll (Procopie so eine zwar offene
aber grosse Stadt); y UCTOM H3BOpy ce nOl;\{HT-be H Ka'-1aHHK Kao Be
AHKa BapOllI (CacZJianeck eine grosse Stadt).5i
Ii MaH>e BapolllH y Cp6HjH rrO/\ TypOK'M BAaw1.y 'HMaAe cy Ta
1\015e oApel5eHY YAOry 'Y pa3BHTKY POHO-'HOBYliHOr IIOCAOIBa'H>a, 0r,-
HOCHO 3aJHaTCKO-TprOBatJIKe 'lIa'pumje. IIpeKo HHllIa je KopHllI1.eH
n'Il' 3a '113B03 o{('JKC '113 ceBepOHCrOY'He rrOA TypOKO';'l'l
BAaw1.y, a TaKO HO'O H3 C0cPHje H IIAOBAHRa. IIpeMa qeAeoHj'H, HHUl
je 6HO llIexep (Ba'pom) KOjH je 1660. rOAHHe H'Mao 2,060 npl-i'3eM'H-HX
CapOl'HH>CKI-IX K,y1.a, a y "-IapuIHjH ce HaAa3HAO ABe Cl'orulHe Ay1.acr-1a
c pa3HOBpCHOM p060M. AYCTPI-IjCKH reHepaA AHar
Xarj3Aep n,oMUlbe HHUI 1689. V jeAHoM H3BellITajy i\eorroAAY l
Kao 'Mec1'O 'A l'pH AO 'lerHpH Cr01'HlHe 'Kyna. y JaWAH'HH je 1660. no
qeAe6Hj'HIJ-IOM rrncaH>Y 6HAO 1.500 Ky1.a, np:O:CT'plIHMX, rrpH3eMHHx II
'Ha cnpaT, Rao H I-\Be CT10TI-nIe Ay1.aHa, CTaIJ-I'i]3IHIfllITB Ja-
rOAH:He cy norypH ,;K'jH rOBope 6011Ilba"-IKH"; npeMa lIIa6a:HOBJf1.y,
11lIM H3pa30M je 03HayaBaHO AOIMa1.e CTa'HOBHIH1lI11BO Koje je npH-
MHAIO ll'eA3:'M (nO'fYP, .58
56 ApXHB CAHY,Prop. fide, CD. VI, Scritt corrisp., Vol. 473, ,Ng 21; J.
CaKa3B, CTonaHclCuTe ep3Ku, 21, 32-33, 57, 66; B. JeAaI:nlll, J(paTlw cf!paH-
I1YCKU nYTonuc /Cp03 u Hoaona3apcICu CaHl;1a1C 1611, fAacHIlK
3eMaA:>CKOr MY3eja, XIX, Cap3ljeBo 1907, 478; K. Horvat, Monumenta histori-
ca, 387; A Y'oxaUJi, JlY'fOeal-be, 24; K. H. KOCTlIh, I-lawu Hoeu ZpC.i)0611 Ha
jyzy, EeorpaA 1922, 30.
57 HAD, Diversa de foris, 78'-79', 84, APXHB CAHi', Prop.
fide, CBe)I,aI-b V, Lett. ant., Vol. 309, fol. 56, 123; 1,-A Y Ee'-IY, Feldakt<-n 1689,
13, Prot: 32.
58 ApXTiB CAHY, KYT. LXVUl, 6poj 7893, Sa; J. CaKa30B, CTonaHC1(U-
Te ep3Ku, 145; X. llIa6aHoBHI'i, Hae. eJlo, 63-64, 67-68, Harr. 58.
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAHjcKo-TprOBa'lKOr Ci\oja CpnCKOr APYlllTBa 113
IIoMeHYAH OMO BaWap y OXPHAY Ha KOjH cy AOAa3H.AH
lf3 Y)Ke OJKOAHHe H H3 AafuHX KpajeBa. IlpeMa qeAe6njHHoM Ka31IBa-
lbY 'iH3 1668, OXPHA je 6110 BeoMa pa3B'Hjoo mexep, 60raT H neAHiKO
TprOB3JlJKO MeCTO Kao 'Ha npH1Mep EarAaA, KaiHrpo, KaJB<Ma, IJ;apnrpaA
Te rOAlliHe ce y BeAHK:oj OXpHlAoKOj TBpoaBlH HaAl3HAO OBem 160
xpHml.aHcKHx Kyna, YMeTHHlJKH carpaoeHHx, ca TpeMoBHMa, AOKca-
Tm"la JI np030pHMa KOjH cY 6HAH lKpeHYTH npeMa je3epy. CBe Te
Aene ;H ,1i06pocrojene Kyne "nparraAajy a nOAHrHYTe
cy je,1JHa H3H<l!A y 06A;HKY aM<pHTeaTpa.59 H3a IIorrHca
I,IaMuja, qeAe6H flOMilflbe H meCT XpiHmnaJ.HCKHX MaHacrnpa y ;"'06-
pOiM CTalbY, ca no lJeTpAOCeT AO rreAeceT KaAyoepa. IlpeMa jeAHO':"l
H3BewTajy H3 1658, OXpiHA je BeOlMa Aerr iH "rrYHH XpHllInaHa IIDI3-
MaTJIKa Cp6a".60 KaA ornrcyje mexep CKOfifue, qeAeoH Ha.rBOAH Aa y
IbeMY ,HMa OKO 10.060 Aerrnx K'yna, rrpIl3C\1II-fliX il 'Ha onpaT. 3aJ.HaT-
CKO-TprOBa'l.JKa lJapwnja ce cacTojaAa ()iA 2.150 OA TprolBa H
na3apa cy aajAeIIulH: lJapumja rrpoAaBaJ..{a rraMY'IIH1HX TIKa'HilHa, lJ<lrp-
umja 3lJHaTA.lija KO'jH cy JI3paOH!B'aMI CB'i1AeHe TKaH'HiHe, 3aTMM qr
'l'y jow '-laAOpI,mje, nanYI)Hje, 60jm,mje H TalJaI)Hje, Y CKorrCKHM
t-iapillHjaMa cy OBaK<1JKO nOCAOBaAH JepMe'HH, EyrapH, Cp6H, JeBpejH
H Ay6pOBlJaHH, lllTO ce MO)Ke 3aKfuYlJHTH Ha OOHOIBY nOAaTaKa Aa
cy y OK:OOfuY nocTojaAe lbHXOBe 6orlMofue. IJ;pKB'Y HiHCY HMaAH je-
AHHO Ay6pOB'l.J<1JI-IH, M'Halle n03'I-IaT'H rrOA Ha3H'BOM "i\aTHHIH", Hero
cy 60roCAY)KeHHje npW<HAH y CpnCKiH'M EABapA Epa,yH
je 1669. Aa je CKonfue A06po HacefueHa H HajBena BapOllI y
THM KpajeBHIMa; li caBpeMeHuK ATaHaC:Hje AacKaA Cp6IHH CBeAOllH
Aa je CKOIIfue "MHorOpoAHH rpaA". y ayc-rpHjcKH'M H3IlOPIHIa H3
1689. rrOMHlbe ce CKoIIfue 'Kao Barpow "Ol'pOM'He BeAHllHHe" ca 10 AO
12 XlHfuaA;a Kyna, a :reJHepM IlIH'KOAMIHHH, IKOjH ra je OCBOjHO KpajeM
oKT06pa 1689, je Aa je y rpaAY )KHIBeAO '01'0 60.000 CTa-
HOBHHKa. IlpHAHKOM oCBojeH,a CKoniba nYKoBHHK qaKH je rro
reHepaAoBoM HapeOel-bY CKonibe y KOMe HHje 6HAO
>KllBe Ayme, B<l!pOrn je 6HAa nViaa HaMlHpHllu;a, a Tpro'BallKe paAll-be
C pa3HOM p060M oTBopeHe.
62
CapajeBo ce AAyme HaAaBH BaH OK-
Bnpa Hawer rrpOYllaBa:l-ba, aAH nOlllTO cy lbero'B-lI
Ba'l.JIJ 11pfOlBIUI TproB'aAH no Cp6HjH H MaKeAOHfl.Ij<H, H nolllTO je II
OHO 6HAO >KHBO 3<l!HaTOKo-TprooallKo CpeA,HlllTe, TO je BpeAIHO no-
MBHYTiH Aa cy ra <1>paHI..\Y3H Ben 1624. ynopeOH'BaAH no BeAWIHiHll
C H TIapIf301M.
63
59 X. llla6aHoBl1o, Nae. ello, 551, 554,
GO Hero, 557; B, I1oooBl1n, nYTOI1UC, rM:\CHIlK HA y H0130M CaAY VIIn,
1934, 288.
61 X. llIa6aHol3l, Iwe. e,1O, 281, 285.
62 A. J, I1onoBl1n, nywl1uc, 289; r. EAe3013lln, E. Llelle6uja () ('1(011.10y,
360pllllK JY)/(He Cp6Hje, l, CKOTI.'oe 1936, 314-315; A 40xaUHn, nI TO(JaJM,
28; R. Gerba, Die Kaiserlichel1 il1 Albal1iel1 1689, Mittheilungen des k.k. Kri-
legsarchivs, NF. II Bd., Wien 1888, 138-139, II. Han, 1; M. KOCTlID, CnuJbu-
Galbe ClCOI1JbQ 26 1/ 27 0lcc06pa 1689, JY)I<Ha Cp6H.ia I. CKOWoe 1922, 126.
63 M, BecHHn, JeaH c1>paH/1Y3 y CapujeGy 1624, zoouHe, Docallcl BH-
M, 6p. 3-6, 1910, 59-60; J, PaAoHHn, Pu,llcKa lCypuja, 92,
114
P. BeCeARH0BHn
nOC/106He 6e3e 6eozpacKux U 6e'-tKux -rpzo6al1a - HM06HO C'CClI-bC
6apotu:KOl 3aHaT/lujcKo-TpZ06a'-tlWl C/loja O 1690. zouHe
Benu pa3BHTaK ayorpa-rjaKO-Tlj'po1\JlfX 'l'proBaY'K!HX Be3a HaCTao je
OA rpeHYlll<:a KaA je cYAra'H MexMeA IV (1648-1687), 7. AeIJ;eM6pa
1665. H3AaO <PePMaH Aa Tpro'8l,\1H ID AYOTplije Mory CA06oAHO Tpro-
Ba11H no TYPC'Koj. H3 AonHca AoopCKor paT'Hor CaBeTa 0/\ 12. jaHY-
apa 1671. npoH3Aa31I Aa oy Ce y AycrpnjlI y nOCAeAH>IIM rOAIIHaMa
H<lJMHlO)I<l:Ii\!1I Cp6lI, rpqH II Jep'MeH'H, TypOKlH nOAaJHlllI..\ll, KOjlI ce
#)npe :HeroOMilKO rOA!H'Ha Billey MorAIi OpOCTH y DelJY.O: Tpro-
Bau; Cpfum J'OBaH li3 DeorpaAa (Raize Johann aus Belgrad; Raize
Johann von Griechi6ch-Weisenburg) nyroBa0 je ceAaM nyra 'l!3 Deo-
rpaAa y DelI H3Meoy 1663. li 1668, ,a '1'0 cy lIWfIIAH li Apym TpfO'BI..\ll
Cp61I, Ha nplIMep CTe<><lJH (Ralize Stephan), A'YIK!a, JOBaH Kpyx
(Khruch), MHXaHAO MapKOB'Hn 11 ApyrlI .65 CYAetm 1Il'pe!l\1a tHMeHlHlMa
1I3B03HH'Ka p06e 1II3 DelIa y DeorpaJA, OCHJM Cp6a 6H.Ao je II Jepu\1eHa
(JOBaH MIIXaHAO Hap, TOMa MaHlIram),Mo)f(Aa nOHeKH HeMaq, 'OA-
HOOHO AycTpujaHaIJ; (Johann Khrungs, Arnoldt), UHHqaplIH (D-
metri Damassy) HTaAlljaH (Georg Foynerari) II AyopOBlJaHUH (Jo-
hann Grigoritsch HAU Griekhherisch).61l IIOCAe HeKOAHiKO OOAWHa
ll3ArBlIlba <PepMaHa cA060lII TprOBIHIHe II36HAa je KOHKypCHTCKa
6op6a Ha 6e<fKo'M 1I3Meny ApYllITBa 6eqK!IHX TprOBau;a
(Gremium der Wiener Kaufmannschaft) II cpncK!lH'x TproBaqa KOjlI
ev 60patBllA11 y DellY. Ha OCHOBy Ael<!peTa A 18. a'BrycTa 1671, 'Il0-
ce6H11 KOMecap je Mopao oHeMorynaBarli Cp6e Aa 1I3B03e p06y U3
DelIa Y Typcu:<:y.67 AOH>OaYCTplIj'Ka BAaAa je nOlfeT'KM jYHa 1678.
nOCAaAa AeKper BapOlll'KOM KOMecapllljaTY y DelIY Ha OC'fIOBY Kora
CV 1'0'1'080 CBU Cp61I l'prOBIJ;'H YAaJoeH'H ID rpllAa. AeKipeT ce HHje
OAHOOHO jeMffiJO Ha Tp:ro:BaI..\a, !Bep<manro JepMeHa II
IJ;lHIHIJ;apa (JOB'aJH AHOAaTO,- KOnCTaJiTlliH "lIIH'pHjaK) KojiH1Ma je A03BO-
.theHO Aa iH HaAa.ibe Tpryj'Y "TY'PCKOM rpo6oM". HaHJMe, pelI je 0 no-
lBep.ibIffiH\1 .ibYAHMa KOjU cy 'Y:<HJHHAiH 3Ha11H'l!je "{CAyre 6e<IK,oM ,AlBOPY,
Ha npllMep llHp'HjaK .li <l>pa'HI..\ KO.ib'lffiI..\:KH ('Bep'Ba'llH'O nopeKAoM Do-
.ibaK) K!ojlllcelI3jaJUlIhalBaO Kao Cp6WH (ein geborner Raize), a ilIHalJ'2
je 6HO TprO'Baq Y AeonoAAllITaT'y, 3aTIfM IIeTap reopm(jeBlIn?) Aa-
HlIeA Puc, IIerap :KwKoBun (CucowJc, R.yu<:OB.Hin?), ACAaH MHX.1\
('BepoBaTHO JepMCHmI) 'li reoprn:je MIIXolIlfAoBun (Original Serbe),
61IBillH cAyra JoxaHa Da'rrrlI'CTe Ka33IHO!Ba, pa'HIujer aJYCrpujoKo'r p-
3lIAeHTa Y JeApeuy.68 fapneA 3eHopnc, K:YP.lip OpnjeHTaAHe 'KO'M-
naHilIje, )KaA'H ce 1668. !Ha Cp6e, JepMeJI'e li rpKe Aa cy rypCKe yxAe.
64 P. 1\. BeceARHOBlin, ilpaupal-be aYCTpujCl(e TPW6UNC, 172,
65 MCTa, 173.
66 MCTa.
67 HHSA, Fasz. 189, fol. 812-817.
6B HHSA, Fasz. 172, S. 251, fol. 639---{)42; Fasz. 174, S. 256, fol. 763-766;
K. von Peec, Na6. I.fllaHalC, 509; K. Weiss" Geschicl1te der Stadt Wit.H, II Ab-
thieilung, die neue Zeit und Gegenwart, Wien 1872, 68.
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAHjcKo-TprOBa'IKOr cAoja CpnCKOr APymTBa 115
ITHCMOll.I H3 neoTPMa 'A 31. MapTa 1671, aycl1pH1joKH '[f()CAaIDlK Jo-
xaH <I>WAll!I1 nepHc OKpeHYo je 'fla,)K'HlY aycl'pllJjlJM 'BAacruMa Ha 1'0
Aa ,ce Tpe6a BeoMa 'lyeaT'H Cp6a y Dell'Y, 'Dy HlHalIe y rpaAY no-
lI,apCTe lKyne. H no 1IBpDelbY aycmpHjOK'Or pe3HAeHTa
H3 CpeAHIHe <l>e6pyapa 1674, 6e'4K!H JeplMeH'H IH Cp61H cY H3Be-
JllTa'B'ai\JH oB'oje npHjaTeA>e y neOJ1paAY 0 AoraoajuMa y DellY, oco-
6HTO Y ABOpcKOM paTH'o.\l caBeTY 'Kojn je CTOTa Ha jeA'H'Oj CBOjOj
ce,4:HHl(H npeKopeo OpujeHTaAHY KOMITaJHll'jy.69
TemKo je u3paAHTH npH6AH)KHO rr011I1yu:IH'jy u TallHHjy eAHIKY
H'MOBiHOr CTaH>a BapOmK!Or CAoja cpnCKor
APYlIITBa Y Apyroj rrOAOBHHM XVII B0Ka. Y ITenKoM 'Ka-
TaC11lIxy Aajy OApeneH'Hje nOAaTIKe 0 AY H Hem 0 lBapo-
lII3lHHlMa; Y lh0MV ce nOMH'lf.>Y BapomaHH 'Kao 3ajeAH'HIlj1K!Yl AapoAa'Bl.\H
ITenKoj naTpHjaplIIHjH. ITpHMepa pa'AH 'H3JBOAH'MO Aa je MaocaAa
rrpeKO MOpH:IIIa Y ApaAY npllAO)f('HAa 1666. J1MlHe 4.000 acnpH.
"BacH[cBH) BapoIllaHH" HOBe ITaAaHKe npHAO)KllAH cy 'HeTe rOA!H'He
2.000 aOITPH , Bapolli A'H<ITOBa je nOKAJO'HUAa 3.000 aonp"H, HrrA.
70
Tp-
cy ce 'BepoBaTHo 60jaAU Aa Aajy "y Beny OBOTY
HOBu;a ITOA 'CBO'jUM IIMeH'M '113 CTpaxa Aa ne HM TypKe BAaCTH no-
Bena1'H Aa)K,6HHe. 3a T3JKBO TYMalIelhe H-Ma OCH'OBa; Ha npaMep, je-
A3IH oH:3 DeOrpaA'3 je 1664. T'B!pAHO BHrAC3Y UoHy Eyp6y-
plH'jy Aa xpHlIInaHH He c,Mejy IIOK33H'BaTII CBOjy H'MOBH'HY npep' Typ-
U;lfMa :HlIT'li cMejy )K;llBeTH Y 1I306H'!b'Y, IT'OlliTO 6'11 CB'a'lGI T3JKalB X!p"HlII-
nrffii1H "OAMal)( npeKIHIM rryTeM 6HO IIp:rnrnOHYT, !Hal'OIB3JpeH TaKca,\1a
11 nope3'HIM'a H HibaLJ"Ka:H" H T'O ,,6e3 :HJK3JK'BOr pa3Aora 'H 6e3
HlK3!K'Be ITO'M0I1U".71 KaA fDHlIIe 0 l'prOBU;H1Ma, EBAH1ja 'lleA'e6H ITOMIi-
fue fuHXOBO lI'MOB'HO crmhe lIecl'O YOlllIITeHO H ne Hoa6paja ID lIera
ce cacTojaAo fuHxono 60raTCTiBO. H3'BOp 6oraTc1'Ba Baje Ha AeBoj
06aAH AYlHaBa Tpe6a Tpa)Kli11H y )KIH!B()IM nOCADiBa'fuY lheroBor II!p1H-
CTaHlHlIITa, 'AHOCIHO OKeAe 'Koja je npeACTaBkaAa BeAHKIH cao6pa-
najHH lIBep u;eAe YI BAalII'Ke,:rj. n3JHaTa.
72
y THTcAY 'H'Ma "rp-
rOBau;a 60TaTHX npeKO CBa'Ke Mepe"; lh'HXBO 6orarrcTBo je nOTHl.\aAO
OA rpJ1BUHe epAeibCKoOM COA>Y Ko.ja je 6uAa YCKA3JAHlIITe'Ha y l'pli
C.TO'I'lilHe ,\1a:rau;m-ra. Y HOB'M BelIejoy IHa AeBoj ooaAH TRce 6HAO je
Ta.KOOe 60rarrHx TprOBau;a, a CAJYIlIiHO je 6liAO y l)elIKepeKY, Bpmu;y,
HOBoj ITaAaHU;u H APyrHM MeCTiHMa. Y DetIKepeKY ce 1660. fOC>U\1lH1l:be
r,raM6ac HiHKoAa Kao nOKAOHOAalBau; ITetiKoj naTpujaplIIHjilI, a TIOeAe
lIIecT rO,6<HHa H "fpK" MHAom. ,AoBOpoKa 'KOMOpa 'Y Deqy je 1666. 1'0-
AHiHe 0AY3eAa 1.500 AYKal'a DA CPTICKHX rpToBau;a JaKOBa 'li HAJIlje
3601' rrpeKpmaja He'KlHX npomrca KOjH cy ce OiAH'OCHi\:H Ha TproBwHy.73
69 P. 11.. BeceAHHOBIII, llpooupafbe aYCTpujc/ 'c[JlOeU1ie, 177-178; K.
von Peec, Hae. Ll/zaHQK, 505-506; M. BaHI1ll0, MUCU1CKQ u3ejeu/Jia, 2, 56.
iO C, MaTlln, !{aTacHa l1ehKu, IV, 210, 450, 454-455; V, 72, 76.
il CT. HOBaKOBHh, nYT1iUL/Ke 6eJlCWKe b"aJlKtlHCKO,H nO,1YUCTPtlY, 8.
i2 X. IIla6a-HoBHn, Haa. oeJlo, 521-522.
3 C. MaTHn, KaTQCTUZ l1enKu, IV, 212, 219; r. EAc30BHn, HQIj, '1IUlHa1C,
fAaCHHK HA y HOBOM CaAY, IV, 458; VII, 306, 309-310, A. HBHI1, l1cTopuja
Cp6a y BojeoouHu, HOBH CaA 1929, 258, 481.
116
P. BeCeAHHOBHn
y CBOjOj XPOll1lt?U, WTaMrraHoj y HlIpH6epl'Y 1686, I1CTe rOAI1HC
KaA je Dl'Oep MepclI OCBOj110 ApaA 'DA TypaKa, OoeUll1jyC HaRo,c\H
je MepCII 3aTeKao y Toj BapOilllI MiH'Ore JeBpeje, Cp6c II TypKe; a:KO
je Bep<YBaTII B'OeQlljycy, l'poep MepOlI je OA jeAlHol' TI' roBlia Jeape
JHB'a 33JITAeH110 BlIUle OA l'OHe 3AaTa. Cp61I 11 Typlll1 cy TaKObe 6lIAH
neOMa 60l'aTlI; TaRO je MepOII OA ABaJHaeCT Cp6a TpraBalla 3arrAeH'110
MJIIA!ROH epOpHlHTII OOIfM oHora WTO je H!Ha'Ie 'HaBeH'o KOA APYI111X.
4
3aH'Il1MtoHBO je nCTanlI Aa ce MebY rrpUA'>K'HllIlIH'Ma IIen.lKoj rra1'pu-
japlliHjH He H'aAa31I IHilIjeAailI OA nOMcHY1'e ABaJHaOC'DOpl1l1e Cp6a Tl'-
l'OBalla Kojn cy CBaJKaKO 1'pI'OBa'AlI Ha BCA.H:KO KaA cy ycneAH Aa 3rpHY
TOAIIKII HOBaq. HHaqe HaM je rr03HaTO 113 rrl1CMa Koje je ABOpCKH
pa11H1I Ca!BeT yrrYTIIO 12. jaH'yapa 1671. l'OAH:He AB'OpcKOj K'M'p1l1 y
Eeqy Aa cy ce MUOn! Cp61I TprOBlIlI 1I3 Eeol'paAa II EYAHMa rropeA 1'1'-
rOBlIHe 6aBHA'1I II 'lI3HOillelbeM 3AaTa 113 AYCTplIje y TYPCKY.';; Y IApy-
raj nOAOIDl'HU XVII BeKa 6lIAO je Cp6a y KOM'OpaHY, He-
MeT CaTil.fapy, KauJlI, Errepjemy 'li ,c\pYn!M B'ap'OwIIMa Yl'apoKe. V
Pa6y cy nOCAOBaAll TproBlIlI )fTOM, aII He paCrrOAa)fZCMO rrOAalllI-
Ma 0 lblIXOBOj epl1HaHoHjcKoj CHa31I.
76
l-bBeOHO je Aa je TprOBlIiHa y
1'0 BpeMe MopaAa 6lITH BeOMa YHooaH rrocao. Y BpeMeHY OA 1663. ;.\.O
1668. l'OARHe, 45 TpooBalla H3 EeorpaAa 06aBMA'0 je 82 TproBaY'Ka
rry:I10BaIDa y Eeq, a :UCTOBpeMClH' OY 22 rproBlIa 113 IIewTe nYl'0'BaAa
y Ee'-I 29 rrYTa. Y Y'HOCHOj Tpl'oBlIiHII CBCAO''-I'lI rrocpeAHO :H Tl1pHMep
reopnrj-a MHX3HAiOBIina KOjlI ce OAAyglI!O Aa Kao Cp6H1H rrOCTaiH
1I3B03HIiK HCTO'-IIDa'-IKe 1'060 (Orientwaren-Importeur).7i EoraTc1"Bo
MHiornx rproB3IlIa y CprrCK()IJ]1JJ'a'BOCAaJBIHoj 3alffaToKo-Tpl'OBa''-IJwj '-Iap-
C
illH'JIH 'HH'Je n01lJIlIaAO caMo 'A 1'prOBHIHe Hero H OA pa31-I'HX OOAl1!Ka
nOMO'l1pJ-IIBpeAHe AeAaTHOCTH. AOManH II Ay6polBaY"KII TproBlIH y Cp
6HljlH rrOA l'ypOKOM BAalil'ny HMaAIi cy cBoje '-l'HepAY1<.e HAll <PeYAaNH
noceAe iKOje cy C3:J\1H 06paBH'BaAI1 fDpeKo '-Iuep'-IlIja, 6e3eML'oawa. Ap
BpaYH rrOMU'H,e 1669. Aa ce KOA JaroAHIHe HaAa3'H '-I11<pAYK "Ha UMa-
ruy jeAHor 6oraTor l'prO.ElIa H3 BeorpaAa" rAe je 6110 nplIMlbeH
1<.ao l'ocT.
78
Ay6pOBa'-I'K1I rpro'BlIl1 cy T'KOM XVI M XVII EeI<a KyrrOB3A.'H He-
rro.!<'peTHa HMalba y Cp611jH: AynaHe HAM AoraHe, BHI-IrpaAe, Kyne
74 T. Brli, Die freiwillige Theilnahme der Serbel1 und Kroaten al1
den vier letzten osterreichische-liirkiscllen Kriegen, Wicn 1854, 29; M. Koc-
THn., Aocurej 06pa06uh y uCTOpujC/wj nepcrzeKTu6u XVIII u XIX 6eKO,
EeorpaA 1952, 202, Han. 15, rAe AeA'HMl-llJHO nm.m}Le Taj H3BOp; yc,tA IllT3M-
napCKe rpeWKe CTO}H CTp. 92, YMeCTO 29 EpAMeBe KtblITe.
75 K. von Peec, Hac!. LIJlaHaK, 507; 0 H3HOWel-hY HBI.1a H3 AvcrpHjc y
TypcK,V VnoP. TeKCT HanOMeHe 24 y OBO,\o1 paAV.
70 KA, Prot. exped. 3a jYA 1690, 300a.
77 K. von Peec, Ha8. '1JlaHaK, 503, 509; CT. HOBaKoBHI1, EeJleuuce Ole-
'copa EpaYHa U3 epnclCUX 3eAW.fba o zouHe 1669, CnoMcHHK CKA, IX, Eeo-
rpaA 1891, 38.
7B MeTo.
Pa3BlITaK 3aHaTAlIjcKO-rprOBaQKOr cAoja CpnCKOr APYWTBa 117
Tf Apyre oalllTliHe.
9
Ha je/\-IOM OA 1'aJKBliX 'lH<pAY'Ka, y Bpe3HRQlH KA
ITpujenolba HaAa3HAe cY ce 1662. rOAUHe nOLb0'nplH'Bpe,AJHe 3rpaAe
ca AOC1'a miHa, HAH OOOpH 3a pa3HoBpoHy 'KpynH'lfjy (BoAO'Be, jYHaA,
l,paJBe, Koa,e, )KApeoaA) H OHTl-UIjy cm'KY. OA nOA>Q1ITpMI3pe,lWUx
npOH3BO-Aa, Ha 'lU<PAYKY ce HaAa3H.Aa H3BeOHI KOAH'liIHa C1'pHHX
MHTa, 3allHM BYHe japH'He H CYBe, A cl'O'lapOKHX npoH3BoAa H'p li
)vlaCAO, a OA )I<-HBlIEe rYCKe. npa'YH je BHAeo jom 'H n'oLbonpiH'BpeA1-Ia
opyna HAH cepMHjy, TTAYJIH paOHlfK, MOTHKe, CeKH'pe, 1'pHope3e,
KOCHpl--fl1e 3a J3HHOrpaA, ceAAo, Y3Ae H APyra.
BO
IIpuBpeAHO OCHa-
:>KeH'H H YTeMelbeiHH KynaoMa, B'm-rOrpa41HlMa H ApyrHlM 6 alllTH'Ha-
'HaMa, Ay6pOBaQ'KJH 1'prO'BQ.l--f cy ce OAO,ManHAH y IIpor<.ynLbY, IlOc)Ke-
'I-UiAH ce 'MelliTalH'KaMa 111 Bpeh\1eH'M ce npeTonHAH ycpnc:K.'H CTapo-
CeAeAa'--lKH rpanaHCKH C1'aAe)K lumenH ce "MaNo nO,MaA' jeAiHaQH
I<'apcTjaHHM-a poneHujeM y OBOj 3eMLbH". Y IIpoKyn'bY HM ce 6poj
TOAHKO IloBel1ao Aa cy AO 1680. 3aY3eA'H nOAa Ba;pOIllH HAH, 'KaK'O cc
y jeAHoM IlHCMV HaBoAH, Aa cy "n'o IIpoKynLba O<-ynaAH" .81 TIpe1'a-
na1-:be AypOBa'lKOr eAeMeT-na AonjJ'HHeAO je ja'laa,y oprnOKOnpaBO-
CAaBHe 3aHa1'CKO-1'prOBa'lKe 'lapUlI-fje nOA T'ypc-KOM BAaIllny, lll1'O
rrpeACT'aBLba 3aH'H'MlbH'BY llojaBY y )I\iHB01'y 'BapOIJJiK'Or Cra'l-f;OIBH'H'Ill'I'Ba
V CpOI1jH 1'OK01\1: Apyre nOABI1He XVII BeKa. C APyre CTpaJHe ce
3ana)Ka 1l0jaBa Aa cy ce Hel Cp6H poneHH y Cp6HjH H HllC1'affieHH
y Ay6pOBHHKY, AaKO I1peTallaAH y CPOAHY cpeAHHY. JOBaH nYPOf3,
poneH y KpyweEQ'Y (Jovanac Ghiurov da Cruscevac), A-OlllaO je 'Kao
AeTe y Ay6po'BHll-K, CTyrnro MAaA 1656. y cAY)f<.6y AYOpoBa-YKe Pe-
nyoAHKe Kao oapa6alf-ITa (BOj'H'll'K) H y ffiOj OC1'ao 36 rOAH'Ha. y Pa3-
Ifl--fM MHCHjauvl3 je Bl--fille O/\CTOT'HHy llY1'a OAA33I10 y AA6a'HrHjv, Ma-
KeAOf-lHjy, nocHY, Cp6Hj'Y, fp'lKY IH ByrapOKY, CBe AO rpalHlH'Qa Tpa-
TIe3)'1HTa; y UapHrpaA je ITYToBaro 22 ny1'a Y3 O'-IIHTAeAfH'Y /KlHIBOT'HY
onaOHOCT. I131HeMora':H nOA opeMeHO-M rOAlfHa 3aMOMt je 1. anp11t\a
J692. Aa 0YAe neI-I3HOHJ1CaJH.
82
OllIll1'Y CAllKY COL(:HjaAHo-eKO'HMoK'r caCTaBa, OA:HOOHO APYIllT-
neHe pacAojeHoc1'1I ApYWJ1Ba nOA TY'pOKOM BAamny y XVI t
BeKY, YKibY'--lyjynH 3aHaTA'Hje H 1'proBQe, Aaj'Y TToce6HH oorpaCQH 3a
llHQMa (ITH1'aK, errH'eTOAap) nefl'KOr naTpH'japxa MaKCH'Ma CKOll-
ibaJHua H3 1656. rOA-HHe. 113 aApeca1'a eTIHCTOAapa BHAH ce Aa je
oApel3eHY BPC1'Y llHcaMa TpeoaAO YllynHJ3aTH ,,6AarOlJeCl
1
HBHM roc-
79 RAD, Diversa de (oris, 84, 75-75' (1602), 78-79' (1603), 8'2-82' (1600),
84'-85 (1567), 83 (1597), 79'-80 (1607), 80-80' (1604) HT,t.\_; TIpemlcKa, 17,
51/1905, 7_
80 RAD, Div. de [oris, 106, 176-177; TIpelll1CKa, l, 91/2234, 58; yrrop
P. i\. BeCCAHJ-lOBHn, Boj600UH.a, Cp6uja u Matt::eo/-luja, 77, 165; P. CaMap-
uHn, Ay6p06LtaH.U y 6eozpay, [oAHilllbaK MY3eja rpaAa BeorpaAG<. II, Be-
orpa,t.\ 1955, 74; HCTH, Ay6p06"taH.U y Eeozpav y XVIII XVII 6eKY V KIhH3l-I
T1cTopuja Eeozpaa. J, BeorpaA 1974, 447.
Al RAD, Prepiska, 17, 51/1905, 7, 10
RAD, Consilium rogatorum. 132 (1692-1693), 32-33; yrrcp_ P. A_
BeceAlIHoBHn. J(Pyule6aL/ U f{pyute6/baH.U y aycTpo-1YPC/(UM pa-co61LHa y
XVrI Il XVIII (-/e/Cy, noce6al-l OTHcaK H3 nv6AHKawrie /Cp03 6e-
/C06e, KpyweBal\ 1972, 113; f1CTH, Boj60WICl, Cp6uja 11 MaKeoH.uja, 77-78_
118
P. BeceMiHoBun
fl!OAlIM arruM, cnaxHjaM, jY36alllaM, oAa6awaM, 6apjaJKTapOM, MapTO-
AOOOM, KJHe3iOBOM, BOeBOAaJM, KMeTOBOM H KMeTCKI1'M OHHOBlfMa, Tp-
I10B'QeM, Tep3HaJM, nypqnarM, iK1yjrY;HI)ujaM, MalHlAaHl)HjaJM, KOBaqeM,
CTapL\eM H Opa'-IeM u KOnayeM, CTapeWHHaM KynHHM,
A'OMOCTpOHTeAHHM MaHCTopOM [3HAapnMa] , KapHYiH<lM, nYTHHK'M H
ocjeM npaBOCAaBHHM XpHCnIaHiO\1 BeAlfKH'\1 )Ke H MaAHM" .83 Ha oc-
HiOBY Tora ce BHAH Aa je pnCKO H BapOIllK'O CTaJHOBHiHIllTBO AOC11HrAO
3Harrlli cTynafb pacAojeHCT'H, na CMaTpa'M'O Aa ce He MO)Ke npH-
XiBan1iTH TBpneu..e reHepaAa AOHaTa Xaj3Aepa H3 1689. KaKO y Cp-
6UjH "rHeMa HAeMCTBa, Ber.o cy OBU C Apyre CTpaHe ce
BH,MI Aa ernrcToAapH IIenKe naTpHjapIllHje Aajy CTBapHY CAI1KY, OA-
HOCHO Aa oA,rO'Bapajy cpnCKlfM ApyIllTBeHHM H nOAHTWIKHM OAHO-
CHMa Il'OA T'YPCK'OIM BAaIllny, a He cyrrpoTHo.
85
3aHarAuje u rpzo611u y YzaPClCOj o 1690. o 1727. zouHe
IIpeMa jeAHioM rronHcy H3 1699, Y BaqrKoj je y T'pH cpe3a - 6a-
qaJHOKOM, COM6opCKM li 6ajoKOIM - 6H1\,0 47 MeCTa ca YKYflIHO 298
3aHaTOKJlfX paAHOIHlHQa, DA KOjHX 31 y COM6opy. HrHje HaM n03HaTO
KOA,Hroo ce 3aHaTAHja 'HaAa3HAO y carMOM Baqy rrOICAe HCTep'HBalJhl
TypaKa, aAH ce y rronHCY AOl-be BarqKe H3 1696. nOMHfbynypqlHjl:
PaA:HBoj :H IIeTap, KOAapH i\YKa H TaAillllKo, Tep3Hja Pa,A:ocarB H KO-
Baq MHXO.
86
Y <PyTory je 1698. paAMO cpa3MepHioBeAMKH 6poj 3a-
naTAJHja, a JOIll BMIlle TprOBaQa. IIpeMa rroMeHyroM nOITHCY, y <I>y-
'PopY je 611'AO 5 6paBapa, 4 neKapa, 3 Tep3H'je, no ;1IBojaQa nypqHja,
Me!Capa H l.JiH3rM'apa, jeAaJH Kyj"IjiHl)'Hlja IH jeAaJH rrpoH3BOnaq BHiHa. Ilpe
Ma orreL\H<pHKaQHjH H3 rrOAB'H'He aITlIplIA'a 1698 Co T0\1e O'A Kara cy y
<I>yrory 'Y3eTe 6e3 pewelba) rroMwlby ce j'D'Ill a6al)Hj a
BOAeHIH\.fap, TanaI)Hja, eJfu\1eI)Hja, CBHAap (?) IJ:I TpojliQa KIUAapa.
87
IhseOHO rape'Me rrOCAe oCA,06onelba OA TypaJKa, Baja je 6HAa 3HaTHO
cpnoKo 3aHaTcKo-TproBaqKO cpeAI1'IllTe TalKO Aa cy y I-boj 1727. )KH-
BeAH H paAiHAH 8 Kpojaqa, no 6 nypqHja, Mecarpa, KBaLta H Y)j{apa,
5 pII6apa, rra 4 rocnrorHuqapa, Tocapa, Q'HneAapa, no 3 3HAarpa, 'KO-
)Kapa, caJrrY'Hl)IHje n qH3Mamrje, rra 2 6paraarpa II rrHBapa, 'Haj3aA BO-
83 CT. HOBaKOBun, llptul03U lC ucropuju cpllClCe LI ac-
Hm< CprrCKor yYeHor APYWTBa, Klh. 35, EcorpaA 1869, 61-62.
84 ApxUB CAHY, KYTuja LXVIII, op. 7893, IIHCT Ja.
85 J. PaAOHun, EIZUCTOJzap AtmWcrupll flpopo.\/a (CJlel1'le), CllmlCIIIII<
CKA, XLIX, EeorpaA 1910, 56.
86 A. J. IlorroBun H )K. CC'IaHCKU, fpalla 3a UCTOPU;Y HaceJba y Boj-
600UHU 00 1695. 00 1796, HOBU CaA 1936, 29: P. IIhmT, F/ajcTapu;u 110l1UC
CTaH06HUUiT6a H060l Caoa, fAacHHl< HCTOpHjCKl APywTBa, VI, 1933, 191-
-192; ynop. B CTaiun, fpahmlc/w pYUlT60 u CeJba4U, y 300PHUKY BOjBO/\H-
HIl, II, HOBU CaA 1940, 196. .
87 A. J. IlorroBHn u )K. CeyaHCI<U, fpaha, 38: A. J. IlorroBllh, 0 JJWU4 a-
pUMa, HeAaTupaHO, EcorpaA, 79; P. /1.. BeccIIHllOllHIi, ]wWTJlli;e 1/ TPWIJ/fll,
116--117.
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAHjcKo-TprOBaT.IKOr cAoja CpnCKOr APYlllTBa 119
,l\eHU'..rap, neKap, 6pa!I3ap, lKyjYHI.lllja, 'l'Kaq, OnaHyap, Tep3Hja H ceA-
i\<lip.88 IleTpOlBapaAHlHcKH TIOTOfbH HOBH CaA, fuo je ceAO ca
32 K'yne KpajeM XVII BeKa (1698). Y fbeMY je )KJJ'BeAO rpHiHaecT 3a-
rropoAH'Qa: Tep3lf'je IlenHH, HOBalKomrn, CTerraIHOBHn,
xAe6aJP'lf MiHX'aHAOBH'n, 3peK.o, CapH'ja, 'Mecap IIepoBIIo, 6paBaJp Aa
KaTO'IlI, npOlH3IB05ay llfrHa MapK Calla, nYPlJ;Hja Bypo, canYHUHja
HeAetoKO H xHpypr JaH:K:o MHxaMfln.
89
IleTpoBlIpaAfiHcKH IIIalHaLJ; je
!\O)Iseo cpa3MepHo 6p3 ycnoHAo 1715. rOAliHe KaA je y fbeMY
paAlfAO 48 3a1HaTAuja, a TprOBHHloM ce 6l1BHAa 23 l'proBLJ;a.
90
Y CAaH-
K.WIeHy y CpeMY, npHAH'KOM ITomrca CTlIHOBHM'W'I'Ba 1702. roAfiHe
ymrcaHe cY cAeAene 3aHaTAHje: 603aI,IHja MapKo, BOAeHHyap MHlpKO,
6ep6ep M'H'llI'KO, a6aUHja OcToja, nypYHja MHA'OlliU YH3Mm.mja
MapKo. Ilo KOAIHH.M CeAH;\la ce 0611'-1'1-10 TIO'MM\fbaO no jeAaH 3aHaT-
A'Hja.
91
Y CpeMcKiuM je 1702. rrOUoHcaHO 60 3aHlITOKIllX H
l'pI1Ba"lJJKHX paAHOHHLJ;a, OA yera je OHAO 13 3l1HaTCIX: l'pH nyptmje
ca jeAHlHM nyptJM6amOM, 3anfMlfapYIKI,IHja (ouaHyap), AYAeUHlj.a,
aoypl,FI-lja, Ta6alK (KO)f(lIp), QH3Maf)uja, AYIH5epHI (CTtOAap, ApBO-
Aeiba, recap H 3HAap yjeAHO), CaU'fIHunja li BOAeI-lHYap. Y AaibY y
CAl!BOHHljoH je paMiO capa,y IlaBAe. Y jeAHOIM nOffiflCy ce 3a Aaib 'Ka)l(e
1706. Aa je 3a 'BpeMe TvpcKe BAaCI'H 6no sapow lHa rAacy Ilf Aa je Te
I10M-fHe y fbeMY nocrojllAo "Ayna:Ha-3alHaTAIHja 16". Y OcnjeKY je
1697. paA;HAO 6 yapVKUHja, jeAa'H MVT'alBI,I<Hja (.MaJjCrop 'KOjH npa'BH
rrOKpOBLJ;e H CAIlf<me cmapH OA K'OCTpe'I'n) IH jeAaH 603aUHja.
92
y 3aAY'Ha:BibY (Dunantul[il, Tl'oAPy<rje c AeOHe oT.paHe AYHaBa,
EapalI-ba), noce6Ho y 6apaI-LOKOij H TOAiHlIHOK;oj )l(ynaHuj'l-I, )l(UBeO je
npHAHYlIH 6poj H XpBaT0I\:Or CTaHOBHJfII1I11Ba. TIpeu\1a J]OJ1IHcy
H3 1715. rOAHHe, rrOCAe YCTa<HKa <l>epeHQa II PaJKOQiHja, IKao rpaAcKa
Haceiba, (oivitas) TIOM'fffbe ce Ileqyj (Pcs) 'Da Qe-
mpH TproBHllITa (oppidum): Ceyyj, Moxay, IIIHIKAOlli H IleY'BapaA,
Te 257 ceAa. HCTe rOAHHe je y TOAHaHcKoj )l(ynaHHju rronHcaHO C-
AaM TprOBHlI..ITa: AO.'I16oBap, HHoHLJ;eXeib, lliHMOHTOpI-ba, CeKCapiA,
TOAlHa, IlaKlU H <PeAABap, ca 39 eAa 'H 3aceAaKa.
93
IlocAe HCTepH-
Bafba TypaKa, y Ileyyjy je 1698. H3BpweH nonHC CTaHOBHHWTBa y
KojeM ce rroMHlbY TpH "fpKoa" MapK', feoprnje n l\thITlIp, cOAapH
IlaBao Il. HBalH CCibaHHlH, no YeTHpH tUJ3Maunje H n'YPYHje, no 'l'pH
88 T. CMHT.IHKAaC, AeujecrazollULI-bU/,la oC,106ohclua Cllaeo/!uje, py-
zu UO: CnOA-ICHU4U 0 CllaBOHUjU y XV[[ BujeKY (1640--1702), 3arpe6 1891,
292, 294--295, 297, 301, 305, 307.
89 BHA. HanOMeHV 86.
90 P. 11.. BeceAHHOBHn, 3aHl"llujc LI 'l'PZOU4U 110 BOj60Ul-iU r,pajcM
XVIl u npeux zoUHa XVIlI Be/w, npClllTall-maHO H3 360pHHKa Manu.(e cpn-
CKe, CepH,ja APYlllTBeHHX HaVKa, CB. 13-14. HOBu CaA 1956, 116.
91 T. CMUT.IHKAaC, ABujecrazouuIIHL4a oCIl06015efba CllaBoHuje, Han.
88; P. 11.. BeceAJi'HOBUn, 3aHaTIlujc U TpZOBIIU, 114.
A. PVBapau, CpncKa MUTpol1olluja r.::apIlOBa"lrW 0/(0 IW/l.OUU/Le
XVI[[ Be1W, CpeMcKH KapAoBUH 1902, 176; T. C,\mT.IlIKAaC, ABUj.:CTa?OWIl-
fbwla oCIl06015cfba CllaBOHLlje, 49, 65, 288-289.
9:3 H. J,aKlllHn, 113 nonuca craliOBI-wurrOa Yzapc/.::c 11O"lenco!'/ XVIII
aClW, III, HOBH CaA 1974, 5-8, 13-16.
---- ---------------
120
P. BeCeAHHOBJ\
TaoaKa, o03aUHje, 'IaHKaUHje (H3paDHBaYH ApBeHOr noc'lna), no Ma
A'lHoepHlHa, hypY'lfje H Tep3Hje, 3a'HfM narrYUHlj'a, BOAlHH'4arp, ne6e-
J.lHja, MMfHap, Kp3Hap, M'lTa'BU'Hja, nepY:HHAl1ja, n'lAaHI.IHja (AO>K;aY
y Oalb'H) 'H Tap3lKUlija ('leIllibarp, 6pAap).94 Y AY:Ha et>eAABap'l (Zern-
1en) je 3a BpeMe TypcKe BAl'CTH rrocrojaAa naAaiHKa OnaC3'Ha lllaH-
u;eM II YTBpbeJ-l'a naA!HCaAOM, ca 60 'Kyna Boj'BHlKa, a rropeA rraA3JHiKC
ce HaAa.3HAO TproBlIillTe (Marktfleckh) ca OKO 140 Kvna. DorlHCO\1
1I3 1696. yrBpoeHo Je Aa y TpJ'BI1UlTY paAe nYP'lH'je A>M'HTarp 'H 0'':-
roja, 'K'BaY'H MIIA!Om H PaAojHu;a, 6paBap DeTap, Kpoja'Y HBl'H H
603aIJllja B'fKocaB. Y nonncy ce Ka)Ke Aa je nopeA 'OCTaAHX OHAO H
TproBau;a, aA!1I J-bIiXOB 6poj Hl-Ije HaBeAeH.
95
Ce'lyj je 3a BpeMe TYP-
CKe BAae1'H OUO Bene MeCTO, ' OBeAO'YH AP EABapA BpaVHKa.:\
je 'Ha nyry H3 B'lA',lIMa y BeorpaA nporryroBaoKp03 l:bera 1669. HHa-
3Bao ra BeA-J-llKOM BapoulH. Y Cey'yj'l je pa3Ba,\IHiHe HeKor CTa-
por rpaAa H "jeA3'H HOB xaH HA'H KapaBaBcapaj",glj lllTO YI3yje 'I-I<t
TO Aa av y I-beMY 6IiAli AHeKA'e pa3BHjeHli 331HaTCllBO H TprOBl1lHa.
To Oli Marao 611:1111 jeAaH DA rpa3AO'fa 3arnT c'l ce 11 CpOH nOCAe Pa-
l(,Oll'J1jenor YCTaHiKa BpaTHA'H 1-13 CAaBoHlHje y Ce'lyj. IhMeoy 1711. l[
1713, Y Ibera ce AOCeA'HAO 7 aoaUHja, 3 'Yu3Mapa, no 2 nYPYHje 'li Ka-
Carnl'H'a, 3aTH'M KaAa,jUlI'ja, y-arpYKIJ'lIja (onaH'Yap), oanYHUHja, Kana-
MaUH'ja, AYHoeprrllH, KOnay, KOAap, TaoalK H o'03aUHja.
97
3al-taTlluje U TplO6t(U Ji 6Cllwcoj ceo6u 1690. ZOOWie
BeMIKOM ce060M Cp6a 1690. rOAUHe 001\0 je IlopeA OCTaAHX APY-
llITBeH'HX cA,ojeBa 06'lx'BaneHo II 'BapolllKo CTa!HOBHlIlllTBO, MaXOM
3l'HaTAlIjcKO-TprOBaYKH CAOj cprrcI<!onpaBocAa'BHe yapllllIje 'H3 TIP'H-
3peRa, DenH, Huwa, KpYllleBua, Y)KHI\a, HO)l(apeBu;a, BeorpaAa, Ba-
ibeBa, 3ajeyapa, KarpaJHoll3l\a 'H APYPHX Ben'Hx MeCTa. BeAHKe Mace
1I30erAHua 113 ceAa II B'apOm11 KipeTaAe oy ce npeMa BeorpaAY AOAH-
HOM }f6ra, rrpeKO HOBor Da.3apa H CTYA<eHHl.\e, HM33anaAH'l H J'l>K-
a'l, OAlHOOHO BeAHK'l MopaB'Y. DpHCTH3al:be IH30er,\IHl.\a y BeorpaA H
'OK'OAlH!H'l TpajaAo je rrO'-ieB 'DA OeKeTBa rrarplfjapxa ApceHluja III
UpHojeBLH'na H3 IIenH y BeorpaA rro'-ieT:K;oMiaJHyapa 1690. CBe ,L\i no-
HOBiHior naAa neO'fpaAa IlO,L\ TY'pCKY BAaCT 8. oK,T06pa aCTe rO,L\'HHe.
l-b6erAH!l.\e oy 'oopa3BaAe lI1.Hore 35eroBe y BeorpaAY 'H J-beroBoj O'IW'
AJ-liHlI, oo06HTo rrOCAe naAa Huma nOA TypCKY BAaCT. TaAa ce HceAH
BeA!H!KH 6poj cra:H'B'HHII1l'Ba Harp.oYUTO 'HB IIO'MO'IJHloa. H3HvpeHe 'lC-
A.eA Ter06Hor nYTOBal:ba H yrrAallleHe DA T'lpOKe OOBeTe, H3erAHue
cy rce oMec'J1HAe no 30erOBUMa C HeWTO HajnoTpe6HHjlHx CTBapH, aA'11
94 A. J. llonoBuh, lle'fyj 1698. wlllle, [,,;lCIIHK HA y H13M
VII, 1934, 323-326; A. J. nonOBHn li )K Ceyal1CKH, l'paha. \-6.
93 A. J. llOnOIJHn H )K. CeyaHcKH. rjJafJa, 21.
90 B. llaHAYPOBl1h, Ce"lyjcKu CPUII 17//-17/3, r"aCHfll( H)}" V HORml
CaAV, lm. VITI, 1935, 121-122.
97 Heco.
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAujcKO-TprOBa<IKOr cl\oja CpnCKOr ApyruTBa 121
cy rrOHeAe H HOBaI..\, cpe6po, '-lame, nepAaHe, nojaceBe If Apyre BpcAHe
npeAMeTe. 33JHHiMili'I1JB je npHMep rrO)l<':apeBa'-lKOr carrYHJJHje CTCBaHa
T'OAopoBHna KOjH je Y3 npHAH'-IIHY OB01'Y HOBI..\a nOHOO H I..\CAoKyrraH
03K'apH'H canYHIJHjcKH 'aAaT OA Il-leKoOA'I1JKO 'MallbHX H BenHx Ka3aHa 3a
KYSl!lbe canYHa, 3aTHM Ka3l!H 3a ne'-lelbe paKHje H ,L\OCTa 3eMiliaHor
H KaAaJH:caHor nocyha. OBaK3'KO ce lHaAao A3 ne 'Y BeorpaAY 06aHA:>aTH
cnoj 3a:HaT, aAH ,a jeceo6a OAHeAa '-IaiK y E.YAHM, rra je C'Boj aAaT
OC1'aBHO y Eeorpa'AY KOA MHXa'HAa cI>HAHrrDBiHna.
98
y MenYBpeMeay
OA TypcKor HHma 8. cenTeM6pa AO rraHOBHor rraAa Eeo-
rpaAa nOA l'ypCKY BAaCT 8. O!KT06pa, MHore H36eTAHI..\e U3 Cp6Hje
11 MaKeAOI-J'lfje paCYAe cY ce .113 36erOBa y ''KOA:HIHH EeorpaAa jY>KIHO
OA CaBe H AYHa'Ba. ABa Al!Ha npe 'IT'-leTKa TypCKe O'ITCaAe EeOfpaAa,
KOMaHAl!HT rpaAa reHepaA Ac:rrpeMOHT OT'rrpeMIHO je "sapwa'He JI
Gp6e" 'Ha lhTfXO'BHM Aana,vla y CA3JHK3MeH Tf fIeTpOBapaAHH 29. cerr-
TeM6pa. fIYKOJ31HHlKY rpo-epy APXHrHTY je HapeAHo I.l,a nowa/De npeK
CaBe cBe 'OHe 'Koj.l1 .cy ce 3aTCKAH y EeorpaACK:oj T'BpnaIBH, 'Meny
]-hHMa +1 cae Cp6e, a Aa 3:aAp>K'H HHwe OA '-IeT'pAeceT iHeMal.{KHX
rpabaHa.
99
EKQ7-W.\;lCKO U (fnIHaJ-lCUjCKO jattalhe 3aHaTmljc/w-Tpzo6a
L
llcol cf1.oja y
1-1081LI1 YCf1.0811AUl IUl Tf1.Y YzapclCe 7702-1720. znUI-Le
Kao THTI'H'-IaH npaMep eKO::HOMc'Ko-qmHaHcuj Cl<or ja'-lal-ba 3aHaT-
AHjoKO-1'prOBa'-l'Kor cAoja 0PITCK01' APYillTBa y HI'BHM YCA''J3IHu\W 'Ha TAY
YrapCKe MO>Ke rroC:\:Y)l{HTH B3JpOm EYAJI.M, 0 KOMe HHa'-le rrocTojH
cpa3MepHO OOHlIJe o6j3JBilieHe rpaDe. Ben'HiHa H36erAHI..\a 3aJHaTAJHja H
TproBaua 'HaCTaH'.HAa ce y BYAHMY, K:OMopaJHY, OCTp''DOIHIY, fIeillTH,
CeH1'3HApejH, CTOH'M EeorpaAY H ApyrnM 'MeCJlHMa. Y o..YPlH'MY je
J702. 6rrAo nOlJl'lTCaHO 475 rropecKiHx OOBe3HJf.Ka Cp6a, OA 'KOj.HX cv
J04 6HAH 3aHaTi\Hje: 33 a6aUHje, 25 7 t1.oeUHja IH rro 6
Mecapa, neKapa Tf "MajcTopa" CHe HaBOAIH ce Koje BpCTe) , 4 carrYH-
JJHje, no 2 6ep6epH'Ha, TanaIJHje, 'KanaUHje, t'AYH!JepB1Ha, ({OBa'-la H
6paBapa, 3aTHM Tep3J.fja, KarraMaUHja (KO'j'Hje crrpas/bao KarraMY:
jeAo c MeCOM H rrOBpneM) , KyjYHuuja, AYAeUHja H 03aIJHja. lb [(0-
peOKor OII.HCKa 3Jfa ce Aa cy oonM KO'-lHjailla, BOi\3'pa, K'Ba'-la H 6a-
KaAa rracTojaAH nyp'-ll-fje, a6aUHje, Ta6aUH, MYMUH'je, 6ojauHje, ca-
608'H, CHMHuHlje, TYcPefUHje, KarraMaUHje, 'KyjYHUHje, TanaUTfje,
<PYPYHUHje, ne6eUHje, 6ep6epH, Tep3Hje, 6oom.tH'je, 'KaCanH,
"YAeLI'Hje, AYHnepH, 6aAYfUHje (pw6ap), Xai\'BaUHje, OrTl!Hl.{apH, iKa-
lliHKapH, cPYP,L\aUHje, ca6iliapH H carryHl.JIrrje.1
o
JeAaH 6poj HaseAeHHX
33JHaTAuja 6HA'H cy jep cy >KJ.liBeAH y EYAHMY jow
98 r. BHTKOBl'l, Ha8. 'IIWHQK, fAaCHHK CVA, III, 446---447.
P. IL BeceAHl-loBHn, Scolpa /100 ullClluhy Ay( 'lpujc o 761>8. O
1690. lOWI.e, V Kl-bH3H l1cropuja Sculpaa, l, Beorpa;l, 1974, 493.
A. J. ITonoBHn, Cp6u y E.VU,Yiy ad 1690 O 1740, Beorpa,) 1952, 2()-
-30, 138-139; r. BII'I'KOUHh, IW8. '1Il(l}IllK, rllUClIllK CVA. !TI, 1873 72, 74, 79,
220; P. A BeceMIHoBHn, u rplO81lu, 120.
122
P. BeceAHHOBlili
3a Bp,lMe TypCl BAaCTTl, a ,.1;pyrH AlOO ce AoceAHo y TOKY BeAHKe ce
o6e. To ce BHAJH H3 MOAoe OA 10. alBrYCTa 1711. y Taoa[Xia]HHKojoM
ce n03lliBaj'Y 'HKe 3a'HlJTAH'je YAaJHDE'H eOHa<pa, 3BaJHH "u;e'XOOBH
,'oY,.1;H",,A:a 6H ce cpeAHAH o,t\JHOiCH lf3Meoy ca6'oBa III nypqH'j.a: "npiH-
3Ba'OMO AOOPllx H nO"ueHHX cTapHx ""'flAlH, npDO Dy.AuMu;e crape 'KojlH
cy OBAe H 3a TypaKa cTajaMI iH DooTpaAau;a, 'H PYA!H:H'YaHa, H Ee'Y:-
KepeyaHa li OA OCTaAH rpaAOBa H BapolllH u;eXOBHe IoYAH." GA no-
3BaJHHX MaJjcTopa oy HMeHOBaJHH OUMa DHloaJHOBlfn, IKyjry;HJ.,FlIja H3 pYA-
HHKa, cTarp 69 rOA'H:H'l, li alMjalH, "TlroMlOKep" (der Deckmacher, he-
6el)Hja) lI3 DeorpaAa.
101
IlopecI Ae<PTep H3 1720. je Aparou;eH no no-
AaU;HMa 'Kl()je npY)Ka; 1113 fbHX ce ca3HaJje Aa je IHajlBenH 6p'O'j 3aHaT'
,\uj a rropeCKHx OOBe3'HHKa (146) OHO J110peKAOM H3 HalliHX Kpa:jeBa
jY)K<HO OA CaBe H AVHa'Ba, a oaMio je 21 ,.1iOlllaO lf3 HallIH'X KpajeiBa
ceBepHOoA THX peKa.
3aAP)KaneMO 3a TpeH'YT3IK HaJIIIy na)KfbY Ha KiPYWBU;V, c jeAHe
Cl'pllHe Kao 3Ha'l'a}HoM MeCTY y 'cHCTeMY l'ypoKe ynpaBHe nOAeAe
HaiCeloa, a ca Apyre Kao jeAlHoj OA MafbHX 3aH>lTOKo-TproBa"iIX 'Y:ap-
umja 'cprrcKor rpana'HC1<'oT CTaAe)K3 :lI ceAwwTa MalfbHX Ay6poBa'Y'
KlIX 'K!OMnaH'H'ja Ktoje CV yrAa'B'HOM TproBaAe BY'HOIM III BOCKIOM. Kpy-
lUeBau je BpeMeHoM nOA TypcKOM BAaJlllny nOCTao TIlJ1HYHa HCAaM-
CKo-xpHUInaHCKa BlJpOlll. JherOB CprrCKiOIlipaJDocAalBHlH 3aHaTA'H'jcKo-
-TproBa'YKJH CTaAe)K je HMao 3H>l'YajtHy YA'OPy y 06HllBIo3'fbY jaJBlHor
)KjlIlB'OTa IKoj'H ce pa3BHjao y BY,.1iH'MY Ha OOl-DO'BY rrp:H'BHAenrja lllTO }lX
je cprrCKH HapOA H3Aejcl1BoBao OA aYCTrpH'joK'HX BAaAapa Kpaje'M
XVII BeKa. l'b KpYllleBu;a CV ce 3a BpeMe e ~ K e ceooe Opoa AO-
ceAHAH y DYAlfM 3aJHaTAuje )KH1BKO PaTKOBlfh, JOBaH UIBe1'HHOBHn
(UBeTKOBHn), ParlIDCaB PaTK{)BHn, CTojaH MapKOBH,n, BaJAa, HllBao
CTaHKOBHn, bOillIW Pa:HHClIBloeBHh, MHXaJlfii\lO CTaHKOBHn H OcToja
3aBlilllHn. OUH 'CY 'BepOBa'I1HiO yorreMI Aa npeIHecy lflelllTO 'HOBu;a IH no-
Kpel'He lIMO'BHiHe, na cy 'OAMax no Aooeloewy MOfA'H OOaJBloaTH 3aJHarre,
1 tMO)KAa 'lI TprOBa'Y'Ke rrOCAOBe ()KHlBKtO Pa1'.KQBJfn je I1'OHeKaA 3a-
OeAe)KeH H Kao TprOBau;, 'MaAa je IIAafiao 9 <PoP'HIH'l1H rrape3a Ha 3a-
HaT). To HM je oMory'nHAo Aa eKiOH'OMOK!H IH qmIHJ!HlClfjCKH oja'Yajy,
A3 nOKynyjv I\y-ne H BIIHOrpaAe, Ha lllTa cy nAanaAH OApeneH nope3.
Tb OJl1UCKa pa'3pe3aHor nape3a DA jry;Ha 1720. BHA'H ce Aa cy IMeny
Jf>UMa TIOCTOjaAe npHA,lfYHe J1MO'BHHOKe pa:3J\1H1Ke. Ilope3 'Ha BUHrO-
rpaAe, iKyne 'lI 3aJHaT 'I1i\'anaAH 'Cy .K!HJBlOO PaT1KOIlllin 23 <poplfiHTe'lI 48
KJpaju;apa, JOfJ3a1H U,BeTHl-DOBlfn 10 <pOPH'HToII 11 10 Kpalju;apa, PaJHH-
caB Pa'DK;OBHn 9 cPOpHIHTH H 80 KpaJj U;aJpa, CT'OjllH MapK:OBHrn 5 <po-
pHlHTH, IlaBao CTaJHKOIBrrn 4 <popHiHTe H 75 Kpajuapa, DOlliKO Pall-Ilu-
ca:BloeBI-I'n 3 <PoPH'HTe 'lI 75 'Kipaju;apa, MHxaHAo CTatHiK!OBUn 2 <Po-
pHHTe'lI 35 Kpaju;apa, GCTojea 3a!Blfllllfn 1 cPOpHiHTy eH 80 KpajU;lJpa.
1ij2
GA HaBeAeHe oC'MOpHu:e KpyrneBloaJH'a, 1741. ce nOMlI'fbY caMO TpojHu;a
101 r. BHTKOBHn, 1ia6. 'tlWHalC, rAaCHIH< CYA, III, 150; ynop. K. H.
KocTHn. PyJapcr6o, pyJapclCu npeJe/lU U LlellTpU v cpnC1CLLW 3eMibaMa ry,""
C1COl 6peMeHa, HacraBl-mK, XXIV, EeorpaA 1912, 88.
102 P. 1\. BeCetUfHOBHn, KpYUle6QLI U KpYLUCGlbaI-lU, 121.
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAHjcKO-rprOBaYKOr cAoja CpnCKOr I-\PYUlTBa 123
npIIAH'KOM pa3pe3H>BaIha CBOTe 3a 'IIOrrM1JTY p;yra OA 549 <poplIHnI
KOjlI je Y1.JUH>eH .1a 'rIlllTe HapOi,AiHlO-I..(lpK!BeHe rroTpee. Ha CBa'KY 4>0-
PU'l-lTY AP)K'a'BHior nOpe3.:i ("iKpaA>eBCKa rropI.\Hja") oUi\e oy pa3pe3a1H'e
no 2 epoplIiI-ITe U 9 KipajI..(apa, TaiKO Aa je PaTKB'Hn H'Mao Aa
nAaTII 30 <POplI'HTlI U 17 KpajI..(apa, JOB'a'H UBeTuHoBiHn 5 <popnHT.H
H 48J<1pajI..(apa II PaHJ1CaB PaTiK'OBnn 2 <jJop.llIHTe 'li 38,5 Kpa'jI..(apa.
101
113 l1prJ.r3peHa cy ce V &YA'HM AOCei\JfA'1I CTojalH PaAojKoBun, MUAY-
TWH CTeBaHoBun, OpecTHje PaA'uwnn, JoO'u<p CTeSa'H'imn, XpIiCTU-
q;op TY:PBuiH/OIB'Un (TYl'p'HJHBlIn?) ,10,1 a 1I3 l1enli 3aJHlJTi\lu'je MnmKo
HBaHoBun, ./KuBatH J3p<t'HiK!OBH'n, MAaAeH l1eKo, Joon<p HeH'ap;oBJ-in II
jOllI HeKH. Ci\'H"qHO KpYllIeBA>aiI-Ma H l1ipII3p0H.(UMa, rrojeAHHII 01-\
IblfX cy Y1.JecTBOBaMI y jaB!HJ'M ApyllITiBeHOM )KllIBOry J3YAHMa. ARO
BHCHlHY pa3pe3aHor rrope3a Y:31M'0M!O \KaK) 'MepiHi\O OOraTO'TBa, O'HAa je
JO'CII<P HeHaA'BHn OIiO jeAaH OA HajwMynHilfj,nx 3aHaTi\uja K:oju cy
ce AOceAIiAIi lI3 l1enli y :OYAHM 1690. l'OAllIHe.
105
110M0Hy-re 3alHaTA1-Uje oy ce rrpll1t\.lNH/O Op30 OH3JllIi\e y iH3Melbe-
HMM Aipyrnl1B0HO-rrOi\UTH1.JIKHlM 'H npHlBpeAIHIIM yCAoBIWMa )K'HiBOTa U
paAa. Taoauli cy Ha nplIlMep 'Ben HOCi\e llIeCT ,6)0 AaM OO.A/WHa rrOCAe
ce06e ycrrei\JH Aa 1H3JlpaAe Kyne II Aa ,ce Y'lB')JCTe K'a'O BapOllIKe 3a-
IIaTAlIje, rra cy crrora 3aTpa)KHAIi AaH1M ce rr'TBpAll eCIHa<PcKO vpe-
nelhe OfHlaJIW Ka'KO je OUi\'O y06HyajeHo y CTa'pO'j oTau6mru. 3H<lT'<lJH
Aeo 'rrpmWlAa YOUPaAH cy OA BHlHorpaAa KOjrHX je TaAa OUO BeAH>KH
6poj y OKOAUHU :OYAiHMa. T() cy 6UAiH HleKH OA Y3pOKa Aa cy 'Meny
,1oce,beHIIL(JI'Ma OBe Blime OAp'a>KaJsa'He 'HMOB'He pa3A'l1Ke, a Mory ce
rrpIiOAII*HO carAeAaTII Ha OOHOBY B-lI'CIIHe rrope3a Ha 3aHaTe, ,BIIHO-
rplJAe'lI Kryne '113 Ae<pTepa 3a 1706-07. :u 1720. POAIIHY. y Ae<pTepy
1I3 1720. yrrllICa-I'O je 146 3a:HaTAlija Koje cy ce npeceAMi\eH3 Cp6HjC
y :OYAHlM Y 'J'oKYBe;HFKe ce06e U 21 0113 KpajeBa BepHO OA CaiBe II
AYHaBa; DA YKynHo 167 33HaTAu'ja, 129 je CTeKAO Kyne. AOCeibe'He
3a1HaTAiIfje cy 3a 1720. rOAHHV rri\allUi\e Ilia 'HlMe nope3a:Ha 33Ha,Te 421
<POpHHTY rH 60 KpajI.\apa, 'Ha BWHiOfpaAe 364 <popiHHlIe, Ha Kyhe 295
<pOpH'HTH U 55 KpajI..(3pa, Y'KynJHO 1.081 <P'plIlH'TY 'II 15 KpajI.\<lJpa. 3a
H'CTY l'AHiHy oy 3aJHaTA.Hje cTapoCeAeO'I..(H rrA'aTIIi\U Ha 3aH-aTe 9 0/0-
pHlH'J'1I III 15 KpajI..(<lJpa, Hia BIDIor'paAe 12 cPoPHWIIUU 19 Kpa'j I..(aJpa, Ha
Ey;ne 13 <PoPWHTH ;1I ] 6 Kpajqapa, Y'KynHo 34 <poipH:I-fTe TI 50 Kpaj-I.\apa.
OBaj MaMI craTHCTJ.lY'KM rrperAeA fOlBOpH pCYHTHje OA 6HAO ycra
Aa cy ce AQCeA>eHe 3alHaTAlije U3 jymHiH?( 'KpajeBa BeOMa 6p30
CHallIAe y BYAHM'Y, Aa cy ce WM.oIB:HO CIH3)KHlAe li nOCTai\e ceAliM
ny-ra jaye OA MenYTiH'M, He Tpe6a 3a60pllBIHTH Aa OBe
103 liero, 122.
104 r. BUTKOBlif'j, HaG. 'IJWHClIC, rAaCHffl< CVA, rn, 48; P, 1\. BeceMlHo-
BHn, TOMa PacnacaHoBLlh (Raspassani) LI H>eWB pa 3a ayc-cpo-TYPCKOl pa-ca
KpajeA-t XVII Be/ca, 360pHHK MaTHue cpnCKe :la APYUlTBeHe HaV/(c, cn. 12.
HOBH Ca/.!, 1956, 54; HCTff, 0 HelCUJ../ 11uTClH>LI"Ha nOlCpei,,' C l;paja
XII Be/w, I1CTOPHjCKff rAaCHHK, 6p. 1-2, EeorpaA 1959. 125-143.
JOG r. BHTKoBHn, 'IJlCLHaK, rAacHIIK CYA, III. 237; J, PaAoHHI,
PUA-tCKa lCypuja u jYJICIIOC10e!!IlClCe Je-"I.'bC o Xl1l o X IX GeIW, lJeorpa/\
1950,426.
124
P. BeCCABHOBHn
331HaTAHje HHCY ycrreAe Aa CTe.KH'VKyne, aMi Cl' 3aliO 0AMax IIOtIeAe
K'Y'IIOBarn BHHorpaAe. H:xHx je 6HAD 38, OA K!j:HX ce 29 AoceNWAO y
BYAHM 3a BrpeMe BeMfKe ceo6e, lllTO 3HatIH Aa Je 6HAO caMO 9 crapo-
TH 1'3B. "liHBoHepH" (der Einwohrrer) HAJH IKHpajI.IHje Ma
naAH cy 'fLOpe3 H 'Ha 3aJHaT Koj'li cl' OaJBJ\>aA'li OH ,Ha BHIHJOrpaAe, na cy
1720. TIAa1'l1WH 'Ha 3aHaT 39 <pOpHHl'H H 22 'Kpaju'ape, Ha IBH'Hor.paAe
15 <pOpH'HTH H 64 Kpajuape, YKynHo 55 <PO'P'H!HTH 'li 26 KpajU'aJpa, a
c1'apoceAeoun cy nAanIAH Ha salHaT 10 <}>opnHl1H H 40 Kpajuapa, Ha
BIurol'paAe 7 <PopHHTli H: 86 IKpajuapa, OBeTa 18 cj>OPHHTH lJ1 26 Kpaj-
II HaJBeAeHa CTaTHCTHKa nOKa3yje Aa cl' Aoceibe>H'HJJ.<I1 IIOCTaAH
Aio 1720. IlpITBpeA'Ho jatI'H OA crapoceAeAau,a.t6
MaA06pojHHju cV nOAaUH 0 Cp6HtMa 1'proBUHMa npe H nOCAe
BeAHKe ceo6e. OHH cl' ce 'HaAaGoHAH y rpyYI'liyTAeAHJ:IX nopoAHua Koje
cl' H30erAe I:I3 BeorpaAa ca cpeMOIIM BlJlKapHH!M ermCK'OrrOM IIerpo-
lurjeM iby6H6panrl1eM.
107
ApyroM 1'atI'KOINl vc,,,oBa IT'OA 'KoJ'wMa je Ka-
IlH1'YAHpiaAa aycTpHjCIKa Boj'Ka y HH'lIlY 8. oerrTeMpa 1690. VfOlBO'
peRO je Aa CBH CpOH TproBUu H 30Mto'OpaJ4!H'HUJJ1 ca OoojlHM OBelllTe'H-
CTooM, ca ueAoKyrrHJ1IM IIOPOAHuaMa H HiMOBlllHOM OCTaJHY ca BeCTpa-
ne CalBe, Tj. jY)KHO OA l-be, lllTO je 3HatIHAO Aa Cl' OCTaBJ\>eHH Tyrp-
IJ)H'Ma Ha 'M'liAOCT H HeMUAOCT; H3I'AeAa Aa cy eBH OHAH IT06wjemH.ts
y TfOrrHcy 6YAHMCK'HX Cpa H3 1702. rOAHIHe H3IBOAe ce 1'prO'S'UH
fL-'Hja BOWl-baK, HiHiKoA'a AIJ1lMH1'p'HjeBiHn-"'CfY'KypxaHAHja (oBepoBa'liHo
rropeKAoM BeorpabaHI:IH), JOB3IH H AparY11HH UanoS'Hn, 3a1'HM 26
oaJI<aAa H CTapeTllHapH XaI.IH A'HMH1'pwje 'H HHI<:oAa Pamos:un. Y
:GyAiH'M'V ce 1720. 'HaAa3HO H KpYllleBMlJH:H1H )K'I1'BKO PaTKoBHn Ko'ra
CMiO Ben n.oMeH'Yl\1I:I Ka!O 331Ha1'.t\olfjy.t
9
KpaTKO pa3AOOJbe npl1'BpeAiHOr pa3'B'HTKa BeorpaAa OA KapAO-
natIIWr AiO I10)KapeBaLJ,KOr MHipOBHor yroBopa 1699-1718. 06eAe-
nrro je orraAal-beM AOT3JAo:WH,HX 1'pro'BatII<HX 'Be3a oeorpaAa ca YoHy-
TpawlbHM H CIIOl'oaIilH,HM Tp)K'HWTeM, Ka:O 'H He'rOBpeMeHH!lvl nOJKV-
lllajH'M'a Aa ce Tp)K'HlllTe O)KH13H 'H Y'HanpeAn. Ha 'Q)J(HBJ\>aBal-be oeo-
l'paAOKe tIapmHje Cl' y 3Hal'Hoj YTHIlami Cop6H 3a'H'aTAHje H lBH-
XOBH eOHa<pH. Y Ae<pTepy Kojn o6vx'BaTa rraIIHC 3aHaTAHja Il fuHXO-
BHX eCHa<palA 1711. AjO 1717. H3JBOAjH Ce-BeAWKH 6poj 3aJHa'fAHja ID
pa3HHX eOHa<pa KOj-H cy AaJBaAJH HOStIalHe H A:pype rrp;HAore 3a CBOjy
T(PKBy y EeorpaAV. Y tbHXJOBHM PaJAI-bO:."ta cl' paA'lMH 6POjIHI Werpl'H
j{ KaA<pe, na cl' H ()IHE TaKObe AaBa,\!H npHAore, a rroce6Ho je OHAO
MH'J10 KaA<pa KOjH CV ce ycaBpmaBaAH y CB'M 3aiHaTY. IIo3HaTo je
Aa je y BeorpaAY jOIll TIpe ,,6e'1lKi'r" paTa nocrojaAo ceAaM KOHaKa
106 A. J. TIonOI3Hn, CPUll y Eyll.11Y, 62.
107 J. FiJedler, Bei/rage z.ur U11io11 der lia/ac/le Il (l//achen) il1 S/al
i
oni-
(;Il lind Svrmiel1, Wien 1867, Bei1age V, 18-19.
108 R. Gerba, Die Kaiser/iehen ill A/ballicl1 /689, 176; r. BHT1<OIlHn,
/laI]. t//lQlWIC, fAacHHK CYA, III, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237; A. 1. TIononlln,
Cp611 y EYllMY, 26-29, 62.
109 A. J. nOf/OnHn, Cp6u y 5yU.M\', 26-30; r. B'ITI(OIllZll, /'10'11;. '1.1WH1K,
r;\aCIJHK CYA, III, 231
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAHjcKo-TprOBa'lKOr cAoja cpnCKor APYllITBa 125
3a K'aA<pe npHllleAu;e, C'I1pa'Hqe (ja6a:HI,IH'je) HAH 6enape.
110
11 rro AiPY-
I(HlM BenHM 'MeCfIH'Ma cy 3a HpeMe rypcKe BAaCTH rro!Ol'ojaAH ooHaqm.
TaKo ce 1703. y IIIauIlW nOMH'lbY neKapH, KacarJH ,H OB'H 'OCTaA'H ec-
aa<lm iKOjlH oy IHa 'MeI,IA>HCY (caBeT, oA60p) H3j
1
aBHAH Aa cY rroqelHH
I<'llITalha AaAH xAe6, Meco HOCTaAe IroTpe6e T,!pOKOj rreilIaA:I1'jH 3a
BpeMe AOK ce HaAa3HlAa 'Ha MeH3HAY (Ap)J(aJBHa rrOllITa) y IIIarrqy.
l1ernaAHja jeHIT-Ia'4:e caCIB''JH'M ()(I)J{IJ;HrpiYEMa iJ1 6apjaIJ;IH'Ma 6uAa Ok
peOOI-Ia 3a 'l'flBathe Ee0I1paAa.
l11
"CJAaHOJv! 14 yroBopa 0 MHPV y CpeMoKiHM KapAOBIJ;H'Ma, l10pTa je
Aonycl1HAaayoTpHjCiKlHM rrOAalHiHIJ;IHMa Aa CAD60AHlO Tpryjy Ha the-
HOM rrOAPY'-Ijy H Aa y CMHCAY KarrHTYAalIHja KopHCTe ONoBapajyne
nOBA'aCl'HIJ;e. CpnCKH l'proBIJ;<H cy 0AMax nOCA'e KAanalba yroBopa no-
Y:eAH Aa AOAa3e Ha BeAHIKe Balllarpe I1\:OjH oy OAip)J(aBaJHH y DeY:Y ARa
IlYTa I1AH'llllhe rro '!eTHlpH 'HeAeibe. CYAeri'H no jeAHioj rrpeACTaBIJ;n
K!ojy je je3YHl'a XeBeaeillH tITOOAa'O llYC11pJ1!jIOKIOM IJ;apy 1707. rOMI.IHe,
CprrOKH 1'prOBIJ;H cy AOi\a3H'AH y Be'! Y BeAIHIK'M 6p:ojy (rasr.'ianos qua-
estores, qui aliunde numerosa ad has nundinas soltnt)./e
3aHaT.Iluje Il rpZ06J,?U y Cp6uju u YzaPClCOj no 6.1lawny Aycrpuje
o 1718. o 1739. zoUf
EeorpaAce 3a BpeMe 'aycTpnjcKe ynpaJBe PaGBlHO y TpH BapolllH.
AYUaBCKH HMi HeMa'IKH EeOJ1pllA pa3B'Hjao ce Ha AiOpnOAY, a CpncKa
Bapn (Ratzenstadt) OKO TaAaJlIfhe H caAailIlhe CaopHe I..lpKBe;
ooa EeorpaA;a cy ce 'HaAa3HAa /lY maHIJ;Y " , TO jecT OOAa cy OKplj-
)fC0Ha YTBpBeHMMa. Tpena BapOlll [lO"leAa ree pa3BHjaTH lH3BaH lllaHIJ;U
Ha OaBOI\ioj naAHBH rroA H!M0HOM H'Ba Baporn 6eoJ1paACKa, HOBa
A01ba 'Ba:pOlll, 3a pa3AiJ1KY 'OA ropllbe BapOI.illII OK!O Ca60pHe IJ;pKil3e.
Ta'KiBa rroAeibeHocT je AOBeAa AO 06pa30'Bal-ba ARajry TIpRBpeAJHlHX
cpeAH'llITa ca H3pa3HTO 3alfIoaroKo-11p'roBa'!KH-M oc06eHocTHMa. A< ce
y CprroKoM :&eorpaAY [lOCAe llyCrplI1'j'OKor QCBI()jeH>a IH KpaneT npe-
KiHAra 'H3a3BaJH1()Jr paToM, 'li Aa:ibe paGBlHJjaAa p'aJH!l1ja opnOKonpaBo-
Ci\!aJBHa 6aAiKaHCKO,opHjeHTaAJ-Ia '!a:prnnja rro(,1, iCiBe jalllI1lM 3arraA/J-{lOeB-
pOnCK:HM ,yrnu;ajHMa, A/OTAe ce ca HeMa'!K!H'M EOOI'pa/WM paBaAo jOlll
jeAiHlo '1fI0BO npHBpeAHO Cpe,AjIDllTe. Y pa:3A6My aycTpH'jCK:e BAaCTH
y C0nepHoj Cp6HjU -0f\ 1718-39. roAiH'He, npli'BpeAJHH )I.<'",BOT Eeo-
rpaAa nocMaTpaH y IJ;eA!l1HH pa3BM'jao ce y BeOMa rrOlB01\oiHlHM orrUlTe-
ll P. A. BeceAHHoBHn, PaT06U TYPclCe U Ayccpuje 1683-1717, Y KI-MI-
3Y! licTOpuja 5eozpaa, l, EeorpaA 1974, 516.
111 P. A, BeceAllHOBHn, llia6a4 u lliaa
l
llca Iiaxuja (UCTpUl!.:T) oc) 1683.
o 1739. zouHe, y KI-bH3H llia6a4 y npouulOcTU, l, IIb6al.\ 1970, 295,
112 A. Mayer, Gescl1ichte der Stadt Wiell 4. l, Wien 1911, 577; J, Pa-
AOHHn, [[pU/Z03U 3a UCTOpUjy Cp6a y Vzapc/wj y 16, 17 u 18 ee/cy, CB. l,
BOBY! CaA 1909, 179; M. KOC1'l-ln, H3 uCTOpuje Cp6a y
XVII U XVIII eelCY, III: a Pa4w.-ta Tpzoe4u.!"1a U TPZ06Ql-/ICUM lCoMnaHujaM
y 5ety y XVII ul,XVlll eetcy. rOAHllIH,aK c1JHA03oq>cKor q>aKYATeTa y BOBOM
CaAY, KJ-b. l, 1956 (noce6aH OTIfCaK), 36,
126
P. BeCeAHHOImn
IliOMlTWIKUM YCABHMa. ORH oy OOAiH 06e36eneH1H TIO)K:apeBa'l,KM'M
yro'BOpOM 0 'J\mpy 21. jYAa 1718. IIO K,'OMe cy AycTpnjH npiH3HaTe oc-
nojmre TepwropHje (cemepHa Cp6H'ja, BaHaT li AlPyre). I-bMMe je Ay-
cllpHja IQiC11BapnAa AOTaA Haj1lene TepwropHja-AHO npomnpe.tbe 'Ha pa-
'lY'H TYPCKe y TOM Ae,\!y jyrCY.HCTOl.J1He EBpone, 'O',i\JHOOHO BaAIKaHa.
YrOBOpeoo je cA06oA!Ha rprOBHJHa lJ1 'l1AJOBHA6a, a 3a BeOrpCl'A je OOAa
3'Ha'laj'Ha oA'60AfJ-Ia 'l1AOBH'A6a OT'aA cy nOAaHJ.-IU'H 06ej'y'
Ap)KaIBa-yrcmopHHua MorA'H CAo60A!HO 'H'3B03'H11H OBOj'Y p06y; aYC1'pHj-
OKH nOAaHllUH cy je HCTOBapHBaAH y TYPCl(IHM rroAYHa'BCKHM llpH-
CTaH'H1lITHMa y BlliAIIHY, pYIJl'I'YIKY III APYI1lliM H 6e36eA;H'0 je Mlibe
a rprOBI.WI H3 T'YPOI<e oy TO lllCro 'lIHIH'HAH 'Ha TepllToplHjH
AYCTp1Ije.
Ha nlpRBpeAHlH pa3BHT\lK y CprroKoM .6eorpaAY, y rOp'lhoj B3q)D-
WH, YTHuaAH cy 3aH'aTA'Hje II TPI'OIBU'H Cp6J:f, rpUH, U'llHU-aPll, JeB-
pej'H, JepM'0HlH H BAaJCH. Y Tl.'OID:Iy CTaH:OIBHHillTBa !ll'3 1733-34. ra-
AlliHe IliaMulhY ce AOM'OBll rrOdeAi!ll'HHx 33JHlaTAMja n J1prOBal.{a pa3IHiHX
rpaJHa, TI01JOO 0..\ yCAY)KfJ]HX AeAe,THOCTIJ1 (Tep3H1je, TanaU'lfje, nYPl.JlHje,
J\rYMUHje) 3aTiHM I1paneBHlH1.\l'I (HeJilMapH, A:yHnepH), APBorrpepabiH-
Ba'l.JH, PaAHllll.\JH y rrpexpaMoeHoj I1paJHJH, y yI1OCTllTeIoCllBY, TproBIiHH
(6a'Ka:AH, 603aI.Flfje HAIH 6Y3aJ)iH'je) 'J{ oaJOOpanajy (pa6aUHje). Y Ho-
BOj BapowH 6eorp3lACKoj (Ha AOlb'a Bapow :HAH CpncKa AOlha
Bapolll), y ra BpeMe je )llBeO IH paAlHO Benn 6poj33JHaTAH:ja H rpro-
Balla ,KOjH cy H3rpaF.mBaJ\JH HOJJy OPiIlOKY 33JHaTC'KiO-TpI10Ba'Y1KY 'laP-
IInrjy. Meny l-bHlMa je y npBo.M peAN 6:lfo 'H3BeCJ13JH 6poj 'M0TaAonpe-
pamma'l.Ja KOjiH ce 'He rroMHmy y roplhOij BapOlIllH (KoBallJ'H, :ca,6ibaJpH,
KJYj''IHI,I'Rje,K333JHlJMje, KaJHTapUIfje) , 3a11IfM illX je DHAO ry YCAY.JK-
HtH!M AeAal'HOOTH-M'a (a6aI,mje, nrypl.J'l{je,MyMuuje, Tep3Hje, 6ep6epH,
TahaUHje, TIaI1YUHje), y rrpexpaM6eHoj CTpYQlH (6palirHapH), y Ap,BO-
npepaDHiBaqlJ<Joj (AY,HnepH, OaLJlBapli :H:AiH Jl:HlHTe>pH, OA 'Man. pintr),
6Hi\l0 je T'aJK':De MY3H1KCl'HaTa II APYI1HX.
KHe3 AAKoalHAap B1I'pTeM6eplllKH, rrpeACeAlHIHIK Eeof'paAOKe yn-
paRe, npeAAarao je H'aJjB'HIllllH'M IBAaC1:1H1Ma y Bel.JY A:a 6eOrpa,ACKe Tp-
1'0Bue yqA3JHJH y orpaaa'K OpRjewraAiHe TprOBa"lJJKie K'Ou'.1JIIaJHiHje. Y'KO-
A:H!KO OH 'aHH TO OA6Hi\'H rpe6aA:0 OH HX CH!AOM fJ-IaTepaTH Aa Tpryjy
oa .tbOM "j:ep je ana HaU:H!ja 'BpAlO IIITeAIoHIB'a 'li 'M3JA'O nOTpe6a 'llIMa,
Te je y Moryn'HOCI1H Aa Aaje IQBOjy po6y jooTHlHIHIje :OA A:pymx". Tp-
rOBI..\ill y CprrCKIOM EeorpaA:Y CV TOAIHKO 'ojaQaAH Aa ey 1725. rrOCAaAIJ1
oBoje H3aCAaHCTBO y BeQ Aa OA l..{apa KapA'a VI 3aMOAH ecHacPcKry
ypeA6y C nOCe6l-UHM J]OBAaC1:1HuaMa. lf3aJCA'aJHOTBO cy ca'4lH.tb3iBaAH
TprosQH MaKOHM XaI,IH TIeTpBHn, AA3IM BpaIHlK'o.BHh, HOBaK, M3JK-
CH1M 'H PlIeTa TIeTpOBHn, Cl'OjlKo H MHX'aJHNO JOBaiHlOBHn, CTecPaH Pa-
AH'BojeBHn, PaAiOCaB CHM()}-jIOBHn, PaAjOBaJH HWKoAa
'J1aMHn, UeTa'P H CTOjaH ByKomrn. HacrojoaH>e.!\1 iH'3aCAaJHCTBa, uap je
np'II'3H3J 'ffiHXOB nOBAaIIIneH opncKIH eOHa<l> KOjH je eTeKia'O
.JI'OKMy1JH'B() npaBo Aa nrpoA:aje MaHY<PaJKrypHe 'H HHA:YCl'pHjoKe npo-
H3BOAe yme3eHe R3 TypoKe, HeMa1JKe ;fi AycTpnje. IYtj38;l. Tpe6a no-
MeHyrH H3BeCTaH 6pO'j Cp6a 3a.HaTAlfja HAn TprOBalla (113 H3Bopa
Pa3BUTaK 3aHaTAIljcKo-TprOBaY:KOr cAoja CpnCKOr APYllITBa 127
ce 1'0 He 'BHlAU) K:OjiH ay 1690. 'H36erAlI H3 BeorpaAa y CeHTallApejy.
T'Y cy <OCTaAIH AjO 3a:KA:>yqeH>a IIomape>BaqiKor yroloopa 0 MHPY, a 3a-
THM ICY ce BpaTHA'H y BeorpaA n'Aa xlBaTajy Ayn2JHe R K'Yne". TIpeMa
1l0fillOY H'3 1723, Y HeM:alJ'KOM BeoI1paAY je y 1'0 BpeMe .lfHeAO 'li pa-
;\H!AO YKYIIl'HJO 137 3<loHaTMlja, A IKlOjHX 53 y yY)KHHM AeAaTHOCTHa\1a,
34 ,y npexpalM6eHoj crp'Y-UlI, 3a'I1H!M cy 6RAa 23 12
MenrAonpepafinBaqa, 8 lCO)Kapa li rrpepa5HJBalJa 'KO)Ke, 5 rpa5eB'H-
Ha-ua, 2 3ApaJBCT'BeHa pa:AH'liKa. y l'PaJAY ce HaAa3H:AO 140 raCTHOHlll\a
H OBpalllmlTa.
ll3
3aJHaTA'Hje Il{ TproB-Un H3 HeMalJK!Or BoorpaAa ;Hp-
illHAH: cy oApefieH YTH-Uaj 'Ha cPUOK'Y 3aHaTOKO-TproBalfKY lJ:apillHJjy.
TelllKo je YTBPAHTH KaKO cy ce li KOARKO pa3BHjaAH: 3aHaTCTBO
H 'JlproBHJHa Y Y:HYTpallU:bOCTH Cp6Hje; Ha npHIMep, Y llla6alJJKM AH-
CTp:lllKTY ce 1721. 'HaAa3'HAO CBera rreTH'aecT rrpll'BalfHHX AybaHa (Ei-
gene, besetzte KaufJaden),lU a IHe nOMUHie ce KplJ:iMa HH Ka
carrHHlla. Me5yrHM, rr03HaTO je Aa cy pOAHTetoH HAM Haj6AH)Ka POA-
H'Ha CAaAIH AellY \Ha yYelbe 3au'aiTa. Kpal'yjeBa'Y.K1H rrpoTa je 'Ha npH-
Mep 1735. rrOCAao CBor lJeTpH'aecToroAH'llIlber CHlHa HOBalKa Ra
yqel:be KyjVHI,lliAY'Ka. OBelllTeHHJK HHJK'owaj MapKoBHn, CUH je,&JHor
TproBlla ("CHH KSrrelJeCKH"), poneH y HCTOKY 6AH3Y IIenll, "yqHO
je iKlbHpY" y IIenJI<:oj na-nplfjapnH1JjH KOA lIryMaHa AIHToHHja, a iHMa
jorn CM:lJlJIH'llX npHIMcpa.l
l0
Ha AeCTB'H'l\IH eKJOHOMOKOf Il{ c'OllHjaAIHOT
paoJ\{)jaJBalba CpOll'jaJHoKor CTaJHOB.HJlIIllTB'a IliOA aycTpH'jaK!OM oBAa-
mny, IIOC'Ae oqJH-UHpa CpTICKe Ha-UHOHaWHe MHMll.l!H'je ,A;OA'a3aA:H: cy
K'He30BH 'H 060PKHe>30BH, 3a'f1HiM 11pfOlBl\IH, 3aJH'aTAiHje H ApyrH. Taj
pe,.1lOCAeA je 6liO IIOlliTolYBaJH IH QHAa IKaA cry yrrynHoB'aHa IICBeH'apO,L\iHa
TIuoM'a" 6eorpaACK,OM MHT'pOTIOAIHTY MojaHjry IIeTpoBuny Y Be3H ca
6op6oM 3a oA6paHY iHaJp!OI,L\/Hm< I1.ip1I'BHAernja,116
Aycl1pll'ja je YOCBOjeHij Op6:HjlH 06pa3ooa,\.a Bojuy iKpaj!HHY
no oliCTeMY 'KaneTaHiaTa. ORa je 6H:Aa Cl1aAIHO ,BOjHO oAopaM6eiHo 'Yc-
TpOjCTBO, aA'H 'Hl.Hje npeAcTaBkaAa noceoH!y B'O'jlH/()-TepIHTopHj'aAHY yc-
TaHCmy. lbe3:r:IiHe npHJ1aAjllliKe CalJ1HlbllBaA'H cy rrellia-UIH 3BaJHiH xaj-
AJYllH li KOlbaHHIW 3BaHH xycap'H, TIpeTe)KiHO li3 AOManer CTa'HOBHH-
lllTBa; OHR cY ce paAo 6aBHAH TprOB'HHOM, HapOlJHTO rrpeY3H'MalbeIV\
COAli 'lf3 "ltapOKHX" cTOBaplWlTa. CTora je 6HAa 06pa3oBaJH'a illoceoHa
I\iOM'l!OHja ca 3aAaT.K'M Aa 3aiBeAe Allicq:HJIMlJHY MeBy xaljoA'Y-UHlMa; OHa
je rroKymaBaAa Aa YBeAe peA y :Be3H ca TOM TprOBHiHOM. XajAY-UH: oy
HlHalJ:e Ao6HjaMl TpenHiHry IA KOIHT'pa6aHAe, aAIH HlHcy OOAiH 3aJAO-
BONHIH TIlIMe. KOM'HOHIja je CK'peHJyAa rraJI<'lbY 'Ha Aa xaj-
1103 P. /1.. Becei\IlliOBHll, BeOlpa 1100 OlUuuliy Aycrpuje o\ 1717. 00
1739. WOU/le, Y Kl-bU3n J1cTOpuja EeOlpaoa, 1 neorpaA 1974, 52.+ 526, 529,
532-535.
114 P. /1.. BeCeJ\HHOBuh. Ula6a4 u Ula6a'tKa /lQxuja (oucrpwcT), 31!.
11J1 A. PYBapaJ..I, MUTponoiluja 6eOlpaOCICa OICO 1735. WOU/te, CnoMe-
HHK CKA, XLII, DeOrpM 1905, 113-114, 192, 196.
116 A PyBapaJ..I, Mojcuje nerpoauh, AIUTPOIlOilU1 CnOMe-
HllK CKA, XXXIV, EeorpM 1898; Hcm, Aoa npUlloza ui! wOlllie 1727. 3a no-
oecliullY Cpl1CICOl llapooa, /l.eTonnc MaTuu;e cpnCKe, Klb. 123, HOBH CaA 1880,
100-101.
128
P. BeceAHHoBHn
cacBojoM Apy)t{H'H''M 3a06HAa3e L\apHIHapHJ.I)J;y, rroABaibyj'1j
()1'pa*apHMa no qapAaU:'WMa, Bpwe AOCOBOpeHe yraje fJ1 CA'UtLHO. CTU-
ra HlM je Tpe6aAO 3a6paHTHTU Tprlallhe OH 'Ha Crpa)KH 60ibe
HaA3HpaAfJ1 npOMeT na AP>Ka'BHOj rpaHiHQ:H C TypCKOM. 110peCKa Ciffa-
ra 5H rropaCAa YlKOAIlI'KO 6H ooj'HTHLUiMa Ha CTpa)Kl{ 6HAa A-
3BOibeHa TproBilllia a 'He jep je lblli\1a TOA'HJKO
3eMibHillTa Aa ce C MaAO YAO)KOOOI' TpYl,a Mory caCBH,M YICXpaHHTH.
AA'H, BepOBa1'HO je yrrpa>BO Ta HaB'HJKa A/ace 6a:BH TprOBHHOM
pa3Aor, mm TaK.O 'MHoro Aellor A:OAetoerrOr H!M 3eM1oHWTa oCTaje rry-
C1'O fJ1 He06paneHo".117
*
* *
Bpoj OprrCKH:X 3aHaTAYIja H rro HaWYIM HaceibHMa ce-
BepHO OA CaBe H AYHaBa, y TaAawlboj YrapcKoj, paCTao je cpa3-
MepHO 6p30 y pa3A06toy OA ITo>ImpeOO'l.IKiOr AO BeorpaAcKor MHfJOB-
Hor yronopa 1718-1739. Y T'PH cpe3a Ba'l1Ke - oaqaHCKOM, cOM6op-
CKOM H 6adOKOIM - ]699. rrOIJ1YfCaHIO je 298 3l1HaTOKHX OA
110mce 31 IHlaAa!3HAa y CO'M60py IJ.I 13 Y l1eTlp'BapaAJ.:FHCKOM IllaJuJ;y.
Ho OOPOBCKOM, y IIIaHI.W je Ben 1700. rrocTojaAa TprCma'lJ'Ka OpraHiH-
U,,:H KOlM.l1amIja; y I-heMY cY 1717. l'pNBaAa CTO'K.oM, ApfJ3l11Ma
H qeTHlp11 a 3aHaJTOM ce 6aBYIA:0 AeReT nypl-flI'ja.
Ben 1720. rOlAH!He, 'BAe je paJNI'AO rreT "4U3Mapa, qe11J.IlptlI KOlBa"4a,
weOT Meca'Pa, :ocaM peMeHapa, ABOjlI-JiUa nypl.fwja, carrym.urja
H AeceT Aanapa;llB y cy Te TOA!J.IJHe PaAHAa iK!pO-
jaqa H nYP"4uja. V <PYl'ory, Hl-lHIY:e rr03'HaTOiM rro BeAHK'H<?vl
BaWap'J.IIMa, nOIlliClIHO je YICTe l'OAMHe AeBeT q>H3Mapa, rneooHecT KpO-
jaqa H rreT Mepa.l
19
BeAHJK 3Haqaj 3a pa3B'H1'aK 3aJHaTCTBa, a no-
ce6H10 Tp11BJ-FHe, 'HMaO je YrOBOp 0 TprOBWHH H ITAOHRA'U (Com-
merciorum et navigabonis tractatus; Passarowitzer CommerZJien
tractat) rCKAorribeH H3Meny Ayc'Dpuje H TypoKe y IlIOCT
AaHa flOCAe CKii\ana'H.a 'MHpOBiHor yrooopa. I-bHlMe je ycnOCTa'BibeHa
cAo60.AiHa H OllillTa 'DprOBRHa CyrBJIJM IJ.I IBOA'M (terra marique) no
oBHJM06AaJCTHJMa upOcTpllHor TypaKor Ua:pCTfJ3a, a 3aJjeM"4erra je ft
Ci\'060Aa pel1HOr cao6panaj'a Ha MOPHillY, THOH, A'IjIHaBY,
AAYT1H (OATH), Tlli\1QKY :H YHH.
Y l1e'IlpOBapliAH'HOK'M ce 1725. 6l1BHAO TproBHHOM Ae-
Bel' K,OjH cy rrpeB03UAU >KeAe3HY pooy pel.]HHli\-l ca06pana-
jeM: HeAeMKo H CTojHn BorAlIHOBHn, IIaBao HorroBun, AViKa PTHTI-ha-
117 C. TIellHH,atJKlf, noi)a/.1U 0 ypehelbY Cp6ujaHcICe ,H1LlLllluje y
1728129. ZOUHU, 360pHHK paAOBa HapO/\HOr MY3eja y lIatJKY, cu. VII, 1976,
176, 185.
ilS B. CTajHn, fpahaHclCo pyuaeo U cejbQLfU (1700-1848), y 360PHHKY
BojaouHa, II, HOBli CaA 194D, 196; HCtH, C01l1pal1ia graecica IlC,'pllllel1sis,
f",aCHHK HA y CaAY, IX, 1936, 188.
119 A. J. TIorroBIID, C/lUKa BojaouHe y XV]]1 eelCY, y 3OPIlHKY Baj-
eauHa, II, HOBli CaA 1940, 106.
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAlIjcKo-rprOBat.IKOr cAoja CprrCKOr APYlllTBa 129
lia, CH!Ma PaAoHlHn, MHxaHA TI el'pBHh, Jomm MHAarr-IBHh, AmM li
AH:M'HTpHje IvIHWKOBHh.
120
TIocAe OKAanalba BeOl'paACKOr MrHpOBHOr
yroBopa, lliHX'OB 6poj je ITOpaCTao OA AeBer 'Ha ABaJHlaecT; TO cY 6HMI
TproBUH HITI.1.lKO TI e'l'poBHti, 3BalHiH EeAHrpaAau, HlfKoAa
Jarep, KOHCTa'HTRH JOBa:HOBlil'., rpnI'OpHje PaAoHHI1, Mn.AHh PaJKHh,
BOjH!H CaBHn, MHxaHA EYPKOBHfl, KY3MaH JOIB'aJHOBH'n, MapKo Jo-
BaHoBHh, Mojcej TIaBAoBHn, 3axapHj TIonoBHh (CHH TIaBAa TIono-
Bnl1a) H TIe-rap M0i\1tJHAOBHI1.J2
1
Clfry'P'H'HjH rrOAaQ'H 0 nocl1ojalhY Tp-
rOBatJK:HX Opra'HIf3au;rrja HAH KOMuaHHja IlQ\fbY ce 1698. y <I>YTory
Il 1727. Y EajH. TIOMHfbY ce H TproBa'-lKe cYAHje (judex mercatorum)
HAH 6a3p1531H-6awe KOjH cy 3aje,AiH'0 ca O,Aipe15eHlHM 6pojeM tJAaJHO'Ba
I<OMnaH'Hje IlpeCyallBa.i\!H CITOpOBe H3Me15y "Y.AaJHIBa KOMITaF1Il1je. Y Ba-
HaTY CV nOCAe uCTeplfBafba TYPaJKa OCHm.BaJHe H jatJaAe opncKe U
cpnoKo-rpq]Ke KOMnaHHje. OKO rrOAOBJilHe XVIII BeKa, CpncKo-rp'lKa
KOMnaiHIHja je 6pojaAa Bume OA tJeTHpIlcTOTHHe tJA<IIHOBa, a Tpro/Ba-
qKe rrOCAOBe je 331KIoyt.IIfBaAac H3 TIe'rp,OIBapMHHoKor
IllaHu;a l'prOBaAu cy Xepu;eroBUu (,Ha3Ba'H1H "CaopajAuje") C BeHeU;H-
j'OM, a JepMeHH C TIepcHjoM rH TIOIoCKOM.
t23
H3BeCTaH 6poj 3aHaTAlHja
If TprOBaL(a, nOAaHH'Ka TYP'OKe, HaCTaHiHO ce y Cpe'MY rrOA xa6c6yp-
ll1KOM BAalIlhY nOCAe npOTepHBaI-ba TypaKa 'H3 jyrOH!CTO'l.JHOr CpeMa.
HpeMa nonHCY H3 1736. IlOlMUWY ce "rpU;H" (TproBuu) y 3e\1yfY,
CYP'-Ilmy, EeAenrlIlY, BOrIf>Y, HAOKY, BYKJOBaJPY, "a 'Hlap0tJuTo y Hpn-
ry H KapAoBU;HMa".m YrapcKa AHjeTa je 1741. 3a6paJHIHAa r,pU;HMa,
JepMeHHMa 'H Cp6HMa, TypCKHlv[ nOlAaI-rHUHMa, A'a Ha n'APyqjy Xa6c-
nypillKe MOHapXHje Tpryjy 6HAO KaKBOM ApyroM P060M OOH.\1 Ty,p-
CKOM.
125
CTWlai-be o6pa3o(J(UbCL - ApYU1T6e1-tO-nolluTU<flCU pa
CprrCKJH HapOA je IIOA TypCKOM 'H a:YCTpHjOK'M ynpaBM
OCHOBHO oopa30Bafbe TOKOIM XVII 11 XVIII BeKa y MaHacTlHpoKIliM
lIlKOA<l,Ma (tIIQlI<elIlHHa, ApatJa, UpHa PeKa, IIlYAIH'Ko'Ba, TImm, PaiBa-
J20 B. CTajHn, l'paIJaJ-{clCo PYWT60 lt Ce/baWl, 191.
TH liero.
122 A. J. IIorroBM, llol1ltc Cl'aJ-{06W1Ul1Ja .Ji c]Jycozy lt3 101;8. wLl/te,
fAaCHHK HA y. HOBOM CaAy., Kl-h. IX, 1936, 81; A J. fIorroBHI. Il )K. Cet.IaH-
CKH, [pana 3a uCTOpujy liace/ba y BOj60UHU o 1695. O 1796, HOBH CaA
1936, 23, 35; )K. Cet.IaHCKH, Eaja 1727 lOuHe, rAaCHlIK HA y H0BOM Ca/w,
Kl-h. VIII, 1935, 125-127; H. PaAojt.IHn, YZ060p 113Mehy EaHaTclce u lillupcKe
60pClce U cpnclco-zpllce Tpzoaalle 1,;:oJIi11aJ-{llje y Te,HuUl6apy
1753, fAaCHHK HA y HOBOM Ca/"y, IX, 1936, 427-429.
123 B. CrajHll, l'palJaHclCo PYUI1'60 U ce:ba!1tl, 19 i-192.
124 C. faBpHAOBHh, TfpUllOZ uecopuju TpW6UHe lt Jlluzpat111ja J)aIlKaH-
-TfoYHa6/be XVIII u XIX cTollelia, CAHV, OAc,belbt: ,,\PVUJTBCHHX HaYKa.
KIf>. 67, BeorpaA 1969, 26-28.
I:?r. B. CrajHn. [panaliClCO pyun60 U ce/ballu, 192, lIan. 7: .>, . ab omni
mercium non turcicarum qaestu in articult 29 anni 1741
Portae Ottomanicae subditos Graecos et Armenos ac Rascianos quaestores
arcere,
130
P. BeCeAllHOBllh
HHQa, MalHa'OH'ja, ileliKa na11pHljarplll/Hlja) , lHa IMH1'porrOA'H1'CKOM AjBOPY,
y lK:yfiaMa OBellITeIDfKa H AaCKaAa HAM MeUlTepa, lHaj3aA y eAeMeH-
1'apHlJ11M COCHOBIIHM, 1'pHiBRjaAH!H'M) llIKOAaMa.
126
Aa Ali oy H rAe cy
OBR, H'.A!H 6ap rrpe:re*aH Aeo 6YAyhJHx llIenp1'a tH KM<Pa Ca'BAaAaAI1
:OCHlHry IIHOMeHOC1', OAiHlOOHlO 'fiI.1'al:be, URCall:be, paqlytHa:l:be oH lK:aHe-
pal:be {rrojal:be), 1'0 je 3a:HC1'a 1'eillKQ VTIBPAHTI1, a Y cAyqa-
jeBa 'lI ilIeMlOpYhOO, rrOllI1'O pa'CIOC>AO)KJH'BiH H3iBOPH caMO no iI13Y3el1KY
nOMlHllhy nYTeJBe KOj'Htl'vl'a je CTH'Q3Jlba OCJHI(){BIffa 'f1iHOJ'vleaoc1', rnoceooo y
.BeE ca yrtIel:beM OAPetje{Or 3aJHaTa. KpaJryij ooa'IlKM nporonpe3'BHTep
BY1Ae Bopoes:wh, jeAa'H OA HMI\jOO!HjHIX ibYiMf OHor BpeMooa, pooeH y
OKeHAepRjH (ceAO BAacojeBWn.lH), yqtIID je y M1a'HaCl'H'P>Y IllYAHiKBH
K:QA J)Y,i\lHMib'a, 6AM3Y :BepaIH'a (iA.a'Hac ilo A06H'jeHbj NJ3--
BOMI OA J1Y'POKH'X 'BA'aeffi npernao je 1721. OOAHJHe H3 T'I@C'Ke y Cp6Hjy
rrOA aycrpHjcKoM ynpaBoM ,,13 ,t\ip*aBY R HaCTaHYIO ce C
rropO,t\iHQOM y llIa'RQY lla'Ia(l-LaKH IllpO'r.onpe3BHTep BaOH-
J\H'je C1'paTHMl1:pOBHrh, IpOAOM H3 Tpe6Hl:ba ("KOA Mopa, ceAO Tpe-
6H!OBa"), Kao AeqaK je Hajnpe "l'IRO y Ma'HaCTiHpy ilmm. 6paT
TIraBAe ra je AOBeo 'RG MalHacrupa y Y*HQe, rra je 3ia neT
" ..w6po H3yY"H!0 3aHaT nyp'IHAYlK".t
27
Cp6RMa neMo OBAe
npn!6pajami jOllI H ,oIla IKpajili'illKir rryLKJOBHlllKa HalHTeAejMlHl 00-
)KIllIna ("a OTeQ IIi Hem 6HA IKynetIeOK'arro 'IH'Ha"), aMI IMY ce 'He iRa-
BOAR MMe; TproBao je y pOAiHOM ToHTeA'y.128
HapOqrHTO je 33JIlWKeHa AeAa11HiOCT KpIY-
llIeBibaHa, llpH3p0HaQa H ilenllHa K01R oy y*HlBaAHBeA'H:KJH yrAeA y
0YAHiMY, Y oprrcKaj tIap1I.Ili'joH R CpnCKOj ICXIllll11JiHH .HA:H MaI1HC1'paTY.
CAll{qHO oeorpaAY 3a -BpeMe ayJCTp'l1jOKe 'YnpaBe, 'H 0Y'AHM je 'HMaO
clBojy Omu11Jf<HCKY caMaynpa'BY, MYHlHrwrnaAHa rrpasa (iura munici-
palia) , MaI1HCTpa1' C H!apO,t\iHlHrM B6apM (oa:60pa\1), Orr1lI11lfIHCJK'M
CKyrrllITIFHOM H onlliTHHCKliM OA6opOM Ha 'IeAy ca KHe30M HAH 6H-
POBOM, 0AHOOHO ".OOAHKHM '.sa'P0illKiliiM 6npOBOM". OnllITlH'HOKM no-
CArOBH CV 06aBA:>a1HlH y B3JpOillKOM ,APMY (Tanacshaz). l<JHe3 HAIH 6H-
POB ce nOHeKaA IHa!3l1'Ba l'pa:,6;OKli OYAllija (f]()llfl10 je ca
(IKMle1'OBJilMa) 1l'v\'l1 eillKYllH!.'\1l npeOYOH'Bao y 'M3J.H>liiM CTBap:H'Ma lKao
rrpBocrerreHa cyAeKa BAac1'. Y 'JX),\10MHOAy je OnIllTHlHlOKa Y'Il'paBa Ha-
3UBlIHa BJ.nm.I cpnCKU CYA HAH T'lIHa'Y: BapOIIJII<JH, OAIHOCH!O MarH-
crpaT.
129
KpyrrneBibaHH oy Jl1PllHH 3a MeOHe IKlHe30Be (J'OB3JH UseTiH-
HOBHn) :H 'IAatH<OBe ,MeCHor CVA'a. Kao TalHaqHiH'l\M HAH ,KMeTOB'H OA-
AyqHBaAH cy y npBoj y iOCTaBH!HoKJHM rH rrapH!HtIKJJ-nM npeA-
MenllMa, npHAHKaM AOAeMIi!BlIl:ba iHOBLlalHe TIOM!OnH, JI011nHlO}J)BaAH ce
KlIO CBe,AiOl{H Ha 1'ecTaMeHTHMa rroje,AiHiHrH'X AiH''I'HOCTH ()KJHBiKQPaT-
126 A. PYBapau;, MUTponolluja Kapll06il
L
IKa OKO 1735. zouHe, CnoMe-
HHK CKA, XLII, EeorpaA 1905, 104-106, 113-114, 1,16, 174, 176, 191-192,

121 MCTO, 192, 196.
128 C. M. AlL\o\HTpHjeHHn, Tpana 3a CpllClC)' UCTOPUjy U3 pliCKUX apxu-
6a u 6u61luOTeKa, CnOMeHHK CKA, LIII, CapajeBo 1922, 241.
129 P. A BeceAllHOBUn, onlUTWICKe y.'1pa6e 1718-1739. zo-
UHe, y KfbH31{ MCTopuja Eempaa, l, EeOrpM 1974, 529,
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAHjcKo-TprOBa<JKOr cAoja CpnCKOr APyllITBa 131
}(!OBHn, JIBalH )KH'BO 'Y 'TIeCTSOBaA'H y paAy 10000000Ter
6Y,.Al1J1MOlOOr6opa C TaHal.JOM y AOHoIllelby illK'NCKe ypeA6e 1746,
AaraBapaA:ll ce y BelH C HapyillaIBafb6M caopcKor 'OllliTKa, OYAe-
AOBaAJf y 'pewlIBafbY HelGlX OTllilTe'HapOA:H1HX IlOCAOBa Kao 1ll3a6paJHlH
ca6apa KiOjl1 cy ce OMyqHO 6oJ?IDUi
3a OlJiYBallbe CTel.JeHlI1X rnpHIBHAeI1HjaNHH'X II1Jpa'Ba. }OBalH lJ,'BeTHiHlO'B.H'h
je 'Kiao nOCAlIHilfK EYAJHMa Yl.leCTBOBaJO y EeOl'palAY 'DA 1. A:O 7. jYlHa
1730. y 'PaJAY Ha.poAHO-ltPKBeJHar ca:6opa KiO}H je oA6ao Aa np:Hl.MtH
A:pyry AelMapaTOpH'jy aYCTpHj-CK:Or KapAa VI OA 13. <lIIlpHAa
1729. jep cy lb'Me 6JIAe CY)KeHe cpnoKe llpmlBHAemje. KpyrneBibaJHe
HaAa3HMO y cn:acKY KJoja cy ceooaBe3aA.a Aa ne MII-mpOnO.NHrry
Mojoujy IleTpoBl1n'Y A'aTI1 2.000 epPUHTI1 3a OrrlllTeHaJpO,AiHe Q'HIA>eBe
IlpeA OAp)f\.aIBafbe TtOMeHYTor oa60pa ()KIrnKO PaTKoBR:ti 20 <papiHiHTI1,
JOBaH lJ,JBenllHiOBJIn 10 epoPH1HT'I1) ,130 PaJH'H1caB Pal1KJO'BH'n je roao l.JA.'aJH
Ta'HaY:a OYAeAIBao Y 'HG60P'Y nacA:aJH'HKa 3a oa6op KOjlJ1 je OAiP)J$JH Y
EeorpaAYKpajeM OKTopa H nOl.J'eTKM !HOOOM6pa 1732. Ha ca60py
je :I-f3Meny OCTaA:or 113a6paH!0 113acAaJHCl1BO iOA jeA'aJHaecT l.JAaJHOBa
Koje je AOUJHIuje ol1IlyroBa
l
Ao y .Del.J Aa 6H OA aycTpnjcKor -rpa-
IKiHJ\:O Orr03H1Bafbe AJooj'y Ae'KAapaT<Ypl1j,a (H'3 1727. III 1729. 11 HajHaBl1-
jer peOKpH[lTa OA 16. cPe6pyapa 1732. \Kan lIKaTa 'KOjl1 CV y cynpoT-
BOCTI1 c rrpHBI1AeJ1HjaNHwM !Jlipa
I
BHIMa.l:J1 )KtHBIW PaTK:oBHn, lHaj-H'My'o-
IIHj li OA CBlIX KpYIlleBiba'Ha y ByAH:MIy, H3a6palH je 1741. 3a iJJ.OCAamJlKa
pllAJI1 OAAaOKa y oel.J y 113Y3e11fIlO TeIllK:OM l1peHYl1K'Y 'HCTopwje opn-
CKor IHapoAa Y Xa6c6ypll]J<oj MOHaJpXHljtH. Tal.Aia je Map'Hja
Tepe311ja rrOA 'Ilpl1l'I1CKOM yrapCKtHX BeAHKarna oMY'Y:1HAa Aa YlKJH!He
l1011lOCKO.,ITO'MOPHWKY BOjuy 'KpajlWH!Y, a l'J11Me li npHlRHAernjaAHa
rrpaBa Cp6a rpaJHHl.Japa Y lb'01. llOA IIIplITHOKOIL\1 OpITOK!HX 3aXTeBa, aA'H
jow Bwwe 360r Kpajfbe tOIIaCHar rrOAI111HY:iKOr CTa'l-ba YBe3M ca aJyCT-
Pl1j'CKHIM paToM 3a nacAene 1741--48. Y 'KOllV1e je 113J'H1HYAO IMJIIDlIl'rnO
Cp6a 'Kpaj!lfIllH!HIK'a, je 1743. cpnoKe .rrpUBlfAernJje.
llol1BPAa je o6Ha'P0AooBlIHa 1744. 'Ha oa60py y
CpeMCJKiHIM KaJpAOBI..I,'HMa. Y 'Ca6opcKloM paAy cy Yl.JeOTBOBaAH tH :rI0-
OAa:H.H!L\lI '1-1"3 :DyAiUMa lJ(,ojtH cy 113a6pan-rn .Ha 6YAHIMOKOiM IOIlIllT(?M hV1ec-
HOM ca6opy, y l.JlHjelM je pa.AlY oYAeJ\OBaO tH KpyrnOOib'aIHlJJH JO'BaH
IJ;lJ3eT'HHoBlli .l32
Y OprrCK.oupaBOCAaJBiHoj yapwHjlI 'H MarHC:lJ1paTY cy ce
TaKone H AoceibeHH H 3aJHaTAI1je 113 IlpH3peHa; TaKO je 6a-
KaA.iHlH CTOjalH PaAojKO'BUn O'HpaIH 'BHweIllYTa 3a 6'H>p<:XBa 1.H'3Meny 1702.
tH 1710, il TaK'One li MaAYTHIH CTeBaHOBlln. 3a BeAHIKOr 1732-
-33. 6wo je .H3a6pa:H a6al,luja OpecT'Hje PlIA.H'IllHn; lI3BOOHO BpeiMe
je 6110 nOCTaBlDeH Aa YYBa cprrOKe rrpl1lBlIAemje (1737), a 3'lIjeAHO
130 P. A. BeCeA.HllOBHh, Kpyuaatl u KpYUieolballu, 122.
131 A. PYBapaJ..l, Aozoaop u ollYlCa CPI1ClCUX HapooHux ccapeullLHa u
npaaKa y 5eozpay 1733, rAacHHK CYA. KIi>. 72, OcorpaA 1891, 20l.
132 r. BHTKOBHn, HaB. Ll/lGHaK, l'AacHHK CYA, KIi>. IV, 36HpKa APyra,
328-329; J. Schwicker, Politische Ge'Pchichte der Serben in Ungarn, Buda-
pest 1880, 78-84.
132
P. BeCeAHl-IOBUn
ca CTOjaJHOM PaAojiKoBHneM je lJYB' AlBa oaJHAY'Ka ,cKynoqeHlHx npeA-
MeTa EeorpaAOKe MilITponoAlije. XpnC1'lIepop TypBJHH'lB!lIn, CIIH npa-
BOCAlIBHIIX pOAIITeiba, y;rrynen je KaOJ]()IBepibHlBa AIW1HOCT y PYClIjy
C KpyrneAoAOKiOr caopa 1708. roAiHlHe.
133
ITenaJHII cY TaJKone y>-IecT-
BOBaAJlI y jalBHlHM IIOOAOBIiMa 8'ojecmw:TIilHe y BYAHu\1Y; TaKO je Tp-
rOBaq MHXaJHAO-MHll1KO HBalHoBlin 6HpaH 3a npoBa, a KaJTIaJMar.mja
)KlIIBaH EpaJHlKOBlfn je AeceTaK nym HO !H3aO,p'aIH 3a 611paBa !H3Meny
1720. n 1740. I1()1AlIIHe. EYAlIiMdKa OTIlllTHIHa ra je iInapaAa H 3a or
nOCAaHH'Ka 'Ha H'apOAHo-rwRcBeHO\M caJ60py y CpeMOKJH'M KaJpA:lBJJ;HiMa
(1726,1735). BpaHKoBlIn je HHaqe no TI'03HaT ca'BpeMeJH!HqH'MaKaO
qOBeK "KJOjlfI KaJMaTe Y3HMa", na ra HeK.lI H'ar.r:rH HCTOp!HL1a'P'H Cnpa'Bo.M
'HaGI:rBajy ,,6a'H1K:0'l<paToM II >I<3iIIHTaAifiCTIOIM y !fac" .134 Jo-
CH<p HeHaAOBHn je lI3a6paH 3aIliOCAaJHHlKa y Beqy; OH je HO jeAaH
>A HaJjHMytliHlfj>HX 3aiHaTA1i1ja KOjU cy ce npeceAJfMi ilI3 ITenH y Sy
AH'M y BeAH'Koj ce061I Cpa 1690. roA'HlHe.
LJ5
IToMlJfH>Y ce YI 6UPOIBH
EYAHlM0Ke OnIlll'HHe rrOpeKi\OM H3 A'Pyrnx MeCTa, iHa npHU\1ep Jecl>.
THlMilI'je "CTapOBAaillaJHJHlH", POA,()IM 1I3 HO)Ka.pe:aqa, no 3a-
HIHMafbY ca6, KOjlH je HpaH qe'rlI'pilI rrYTa, AIOK je MHlXalHAO Ka6a-
KIyA[aBlIh], TprOBau; PO'AOM H3 3BOpH1HKa, 6lIO H3apa
l
H 3a npB()Ir 6:1I-
pOBa :IlOCAe 'BeAHKe ceoe.
136
Meny elliKYTH'Ma H TalHaqH!HIJ;HMa 6UAO
je TaiKOne AJ<)CeibeHlLKa H3 1690. rOAilIHe.
137

... ..
Ha OoHOBY 11I3AiOX<leHor MO)KeMiO 3aJK1\>V'-I<lI111I Aa cy Ha coqlIjaA-
Ho-eKOHOMOKIi CaCTa'B il{ oKYATypiH11i pa3BlITaJK cpnCKor 3aJHaTNHjoKO-
-'rprOBaLIKor APYIllTBeiHOr cAoja Y'Jl!opeqjy A'YIHaiBa 0/\ OpeAJHtHe XVII
AO OKO CpeAlIHe XVIII BeKa y 3HaTHoj Mepli YTIIu;aAe TepHTopHjaA-
HlO-I]OAHTIflfKe J1!POMeHe 1I3Meny AycTpH'je '1I TypoKe. AYCTpHija je Haj
npe JlCYI'J-ICHYAa TypKe H3 CpeAH>er HOAytR3JBiba 'H oOBojlH:Aa qeAY
YrapcKY 'OClIM Ea;HaTa, 3al1RM EpAeib, CAaJBOHlH'jy, Aeo CpeMa, i\IHKY H
Kp6a-BY y XpBaTcKoj (Ka;pAOBalJKII YroBOP 0 MlIiPy 1699). HelliTo
KacHlije je y HOBOM pary npoTHB TypcKe 3aAo6HAa OA lf.,e jyroHc-
TOq:H1I CpeM, ceBepHY Cp6H1jy 'H OATeHrrj'Y (MaAa BAa-mKa, ITolKa-
peBa'llK,H YJ1OB'OP iO MHPY 1718), rra je TlfM oOBajaH>H'Ma npoApAa Raj-
AYibe Ha EaAJKalH. MenynII'M, y IHOBOIM parry je y KOpWCT TYPOI<e
11I3ry6HAa CPHjy II OATeIrnjy (BeorpaAoKIli YOOBOP 0 'MIHPY 1739),
na oy peKe CaBa 'II AVHaJB TIOCTaAe Ap)KaJBIHa rpaJHHu;a H3Meny Ay-
cTpnje 'li TypcKe ose AO 3aKib'YQeH>a CBHIll11OiBcKor MHpOBHor yro-
Bopa 1791. rOAH'He.
133 C. M. AHlvIHTpujeBlI!i., rpaha 3a ucropujy 113 PYCKliX ap-
U 6u6/lUOTelW, CrrOMeHHK CKA, CapajeBO 1922, 240, 245-247; A. J.
ITorroBlil., Cp6u y EyU.MY o 1690 O 1740, Eeorpal-\ 1952, 54-6,).
134 A. J. ITorroBuli., Cp6u y EyU.MY, 64--65.
136 HcTO; P. A BeceAuHoBul., BojeouHa U Mwceolluja, 87--89.
136 A. J. ITorroBlil., Cp6u y 54, 61, 65.
137 Hero, 54-66.
Pa3BliTaK 3aHaTL\lijCKO-TprOBa'-lKOr CL\oja CpnCKOr ApYlllTBa 133
TepIITOplijaA:Ha rrpollllipelha AycTpuje 3HaTHO cy AonpuHo0HAa
npO,A!HpalhY aycTplijoKe TIpll'BpeAe Ha HCTOIK, <-leMY cy 'lloce6H:O np'H-
,1.:0HeAJH aYCTpH:jCKO-TYPCKH rnopa3lYlM 0 ype5elhY ,;MaAe rprOBlllHe"
()KMTBaTopO"Y.'KU 'MUPOBHH yrofBop 1606) li <pepMaH 0 CAoooA'HlOj "l'p-
rO'BIrHH AycTpl1je, a Y3lhY li HeMaYKe (1665). OITlllTa iHa<-IeAa 0 CAO-
OOAli TproBaH,a paJpaBeHa cy KlIpAOBaqKIfM, IIo>KapeBa"H<i:liM li
LeorpaAOKMM 'MUPOBHHM yrOBopoM; eA60\A:Ha TproBHlHa ce 'OA'HOC:I1Aa
Ha 'K;OJlJHO li Mope (terra marique), iKao iH :Ha pel.JHIH cao6panaj Ha
Mopmuy, T11011, AYHl'BY, AAYT'II (OA1'I1), TIHlM'OKY li Ya-1II1. AYHaB je no-
CTao 'I-1aj'BamHIlja crrOHa 'li3Me5y aYCTpnjcKOT, OAiH'OCHO cpeAlhoeB-
porrCKor Tp>KHUITa II Ha HCTOKY. IIpOAIIpa'lhe aYCTpIIjcKe
nplI'BpeAe Ha HeTOK je BeOMa MlH10ro ITOT'!l'MaTaJO TprCYBaq,KM 'Ka:III1-
l'aA, II!OCe6HO KarIIHTaA po6He TprOBI1II-re y ffil'OXiI1 pa3paCTalha aYC1'pil1j-
OKe BapMj 3!HTe rrpOTeKU;:HOHI-l'CllI1"Y'K r MepKa'HTIIA'H'
CTHY,KOr cHcTeMa IKOljlJ1 je OMaTparo 1'prOBHHY 3a rAaBHlY rrOAYry npu-
BpeA/HOr pa3BOja a,,!C"l'piIIjcKe Ap>Ka:Be. 3axBal'oyjynli TaJKO nOBOl'olH'HiM
YCAIOBIIMa, rpaA0KI1 CAOj 3imaTAH'ja II TprOBaU;a je )lBO pa3BIIjao
CBOjy cpn0l<DnpaJBOCAaBHY qapnlH'jy. IIo 'BapOUIJ-T.Ma je paAiHO 3HaTaH
6poj 3aHaTAJ-Ija KOju cy nO;-".'l\1HpHIBa'A'l1 pa3He n01'peoe CTaHOB'H'HUITBa,
a y 3aHaTCKO-1'prOBaYKiHM 1.IapmItjaJMa je rrpOA3!BaJHa ilI KIj'flOBa'Ha pa3-
I-10BpCHa po6a. y Be3H ca 1'H'M je no BapOIlIHMa H naAaH'K3!Ma Yrap-
CKe, OAHOCHO Bapalbe, CpeMa, Ba1.J.Ke, BaHillTa, Cp6I-l'je, Mal1AOHJIIje
H APYrHM KpajeB:HMa rrocT01ao 3HaTaIH 6poj XillHiOBa, KapllBaJH-'cepaja
II OeJHCTa:lta,
3aHaTCKa npOH3BO,il,lha y AYCTpIIjH je y 1'0 'BpeMe MOpaAa no-
AaKo ycrynaTII jv:eCTO caBpeMeHHj'j Ma,HYcPaKTVPHoj rrpOH3BOAI-bII.
fTpOLl;ec M'AepHH30Balha je 6uo npaneH eCHacPoKlHX opra-
Il eCHa<pCKHX CXBaTa'I-ha. HCTOBpeMEJHO C paBalheM
C'Kor MepKaH1'H A,lBMa , y rrpOrf3-BOAHH cy Y'BoBeHe MaIlIIJ1JHe, a
\,3 1'0 je pa3BHTliK TprOBaYlI\iOr 'KaITHTaAa, 0AHiOOHtO KarrHTaAa pOHe
rrpO.H3BOAI-be, Ha H3ABajal-be TpI'OBIIHe OA 3aJHaTa, O'mop cprr-
CKMX eCHa<pCKl.-fX Opra'HIH3aU;'!1ja rroA aYCl1pl-l'jKoM yrrp3JBiM orAeAao
ce y 60p6H 3a H3ABaja-lhe 1'proBl-llHe ''A 3aHna; 'iHa je 6HAa ycpeA-
cpeBeHa OKO Tora KO ne npOAaBaTH 3aJI-IaTeKe Il!pOH3BOAe: Aa AH
caMe 33JI-IaTAHje Ka' npOH3130BaY'u, HAH TpJ1'BIJ;lH. IIlTo ce THye l'pro-
nau;a rrOBapOIIIYliMa, naAaHKaMa U TprOBHIlI'IlH<Ma He MO>Ke oe yBeK
ca OHrypHoIlIly Y1'BPAHTII Aa AH je pey 0 3aHaT0KIHM 'HAH 1'prO'BaY-
KIIM paAI-bllMa. y <li ceAHMa cy HX 06nYHO 'Ha3HBaA:H "fp-
JJ;H", nOHeKaA Il "l'prOBl.\H"; Ha3IfB ,,1'YpCKH TprOBUH" HMaAH cy Tp-
110BU;H KOjll1 cy 6HA'II TVPCK<H rrOA3!HI1UH, a rro HapO,L\;I-fOCTH 6Hi\JH CP6H,
MaKeAOHU;H, UH'Hu;apH, JepMeHH II TYPl.(lH.
Pa3BHTaJK VHYTpaIlIH,er TP)K'HIIITa Ha OOHOBY 01
1
Kyna po6e HOB-
l.\e:vl npeACTaB:ba jeAaH op, eAeMeHaTa KOjU cy YTHU;aAH Ha rrpHIBpeA-
rro H APYIlITBeHO pacAojillBalhe BapOlllKor CTaJHOBHtHIlI1'Ba y YrapCKoj
(BaHaT, Ba'-IKa, Bapalha), CpeMY, Gp6ajJI, MaKeAiOHHj'It nOA TYPCKOM
BAarul:y. PO.QHO-HOB<-laHO nOCi\'OBaI-he '1-f<Hje :\>1el-haAO 'KAa'OHe QlAIJ-IOC
Ha ceAy, 3AH j e Ha 'lApeBeHe rrpm1eHe y nocTojel:eM ca-
134
P. BeceAHHBHn
CTalBy .A:pYllITBa. CekaJ..Uf, paja ,HanYlllTaAI1 cy 3eMkopaNbY 11 rrpeAa-
3HAH Ha H3Y'IaBaH>e pa3HHX 3aiHarna. Ha paGBJenaK Tp-
)KlIflllTa rroceooo cy ynHuaAH 6pojlHH BeAWKH -aawaipH 'Ha Koje cy
XHka'Ae kYAH 'H3 Bap01l.lJH H ceAa paAH KY'fDOBH'He ,H npo-
Aaje. IIopeABaUJapa cy 11 HeAelD'HJa na3apHiH AaHlH no BefiaM rH oMa-
H>'HlM 'MOCl'llMa YTHUaNH AOHeKAe Ha npOAHpaJlbe POOHO-HOByaHOT rro-
CAJBalba.
TprOBHlHY H3Meny TYPCKe li AYCTpH'je, noce6H'O y 6aAKaHcKO-
-epeAIWeBpOIliCKOM rrpoCOOpy, 06aBkaNHoy Ay6poByaHH, Cp6H H3
TypoKor AeAa YraJpCKe, Cp6lflje, MaiKeA;OHJHje n AiPYPlfX 06A'aCHI.
tI'IiHlI IHaM ce Aa ce Ha OOHOBY HQAaTaKa y npeTX'p)HHM H3Aa1'a-
HMMa 'MO)Ke 3aKkyYHTH Aa je 1'OKOM ApY1'e nO.t\:OBH'He XVII
3HaTJiO rropaCTao 6poj AOManHx 3a:HaTAHja iH TpJ:10Baua KOjH cy YC-
rrelllHO ,HOA/HAM 3aHaTOKe H TprOBarqKe PaAlbe y oKAlrry BapOWiK'HX,
O,A)HOOHO CprrOK'HXH ApyrHX rqapwwja. Taj 3aJHaTAHjcKo-TprOBaYoKH
CAoj je Cay;mbaJBao O'OHJOBHO je31'po lwje je YTH'uaAO 'Ha npOCTopHO
H 6pojlHO lUHipeH>e HC.'\aJMCKO-XpHlUnaiHOKHX 'BapOWH y YlHjHIM ce Ya:p-
IJ.]HIjaM'a nOCAO'BaAO Ha OOHOBy OT'Kyrra po6e iH'OBueM: ApaA, AeBa,
.t\:mrOBa, IIeTpOBapaAUH, 3eMYH, HewIUoH, HOiBa IIaAa:H'Ka, Bpwau,
EeorpaA, Y)KIHlle, HOBH IIa3ap, HHW, JarOAlHHa, AeOKonau, OxpHA.
CKOIIke, CapajeBo H Apyre BapOllliH.
IIpcMa cneAOyaH'CTBY ABopcKOT parrao1' ca'oeTa y Eey'Y '113 jaHY-
apa 1671, y AycrPHjoH oy ce HaMOHO)KHAIH Tp1'oBUH CPOH, fPUlH Ii
JepMeHiH 1'ypCroH rrOAaJHHU'H, ;K!OjH ce !H'Haye AO rrpe HeKOAIIiKO 1'0-
AHiHa IHlH'cy MOfAH BHAeTH y TOM rpaAY. Kao wro je TemK Y1'8PAHTH
Ta'IaH 6poj IIopacTa BefiHx BapOlliH, HCTO TaiK!O je TeUIIW 'Y1'BPAH-
TIf nopa:cT 'MaTepHjau\lHilr IT1 <ImHaJHOH1jcKo1' CTalba. IIpeMa OBeAOrqaH-
crny caiBpeMeHH1Ka, X'pl1llI'fi<lJHiU 1ipT
1
0BUH y TYPCKO'j HHCY CMeNH no-
K'a3iH'BaTH -cBoje 601'aTc1'Bo rrpeA TY'PU,HlMa H3 C1'paxa Aa he 6HTH orr-
TepefieHH SeAHlK'H'M rropeoroH'J'vl 'HaMeTHMa. Hna'K '113 H3Bopa HaBeAe-
HlHX y OBOM paAY 'M.o)Ke ce U3BOCTH CHrypalH 3aIKkyyaK 0 eKOHOMOKO-
-epH!H<lJOOlijOKOM 60raTcT,ny nojeAHJilu'X TprO'Baua. OOliM Tp1'OIBHHe,
M'H1OI'H Cp6H TpronUIH U3 EeO'rpaAa H EYAHMa 6aBiHAoH cry ce H3HOW,>
!heM 3AaTa 'H3 AYCTpuoje lM TV'P'CKe. Eorarr-CT'Bo He'KHX 1'plIX:XBa.ua y
CPUCKlj 3aHaTCKO-T'p1'OBaY:Koj YapUIiHjH nOTHua!\'O je JH 'OA pa3HJHX
06AlHKa nOlD'cmpH1BpeA'He AeAallHocnf Ha lbHXOBMM YHepAYUiHMa. Ao-
Maoo 'H A:y6pOBaYK'lf Tp1'OBU'H - r1pHJBpeArHlO ojayalHH iH YTeMekeHH
KynaMa, BHHorpaAuMa H APYrHoM 6aWTH'HaMa - O'AOh\fa,fiHAU cy ce y
IIpoKyn!o'Y, n:O)f{eBH:\ If ce MeWTa.HJKall\1.a 11 'BpeMeHOM ce rrpeTOlJliHAl1
y opnomr CTapoceAeAaY'KM rpana'HOKIH CTaAe>K, YU'Me oy A;OIJ1pUlHeAll
jtl"laIhY cprrOKe 3aHaTCK!0-TprOBaIYKe yapwaje nOA TypOKOM yrrpaBOM.
BeA.HiK'OM 'ce060M Cp6a 1690. rOAHlHe 6U'AO je npeTe)KIHO 06yxBa-
neHo IBarpowKo CT<lJaOIBH'HWTBO, yrA'l'BH'OM 3aHaTA'HjoKo-Tp1'O'BaYKH
cAroj opncKionpa'BOc.t\:aIBIHe 'IapllI'uje 113 IIenH, IIpu3peHa, Hawa, Kpy-
Y>roH'ua, II.o>Kape'Bua, EeO'1'paAa, BaJ'oeBa, 3ajeyapa, Koapa-
H ApY1'IIx Befiux MeCTa. Taj CA:oj je IUMao 3HayajlHY YAory y
ApYUI'J1BeHOM )I(H'BOTY npeceloeH'HX Cp6a. IIomfCOM H3 1702. 06yxBa
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTAHjcKo-TprOBal.JKOr cAoja CpnCKOr APyIllTBa 135
neHO je 475 nopeoKHx 6Be3HJfKa y 'O 'lJera ce 104 oAHO-
CHAO Ha pa::me 3aJHaTAlHje. HajBenH 6poj nOpeOK'I1X 06Be3HIH:Ka 3aJHaT-
t\Hlja 000 je ilOipeKAOM 113 OpIl!OKilX OOAaCTil jY)K,HO IOiA, CaJBe il
:YHaBa, a oaMO 21 .'113 iHl'UJlHX KrpajeBa cepiH'O 0iA, TtHX peKa (rrorIJHC
H3 1720).
Baporn Kp\illICBaIl [J()IMWI-beMO noce6:H'o Kao jeiA,lHo OiA, THITHJt{iH\HX
fi 3IHalJaJjlH'Hx Mecrra y CH:CTe'M'Y rypCKe ynpaBiHe TIOAeAe lH31celna. Kpy-
UleBaIl je HCTOBpeMffilO 000 IH jeiA,'Ha OiA, MMbllii: 3aH'aTOKO-TpI'OBa'lJIK:HX
'lJapllJiH!ja CpITOKO[ rpan31HOK'r CTaAe>K'a il oeiA,HIIITeM'a'H>:HX iA,y6pOBa'lJ'
JX 'KOM'TIaIHHja Koje CV pI101BaAe IBYtHiOlM H BOC!KOM. KpryrneBaIl je
nOCTao TmI'lJHa HCAa'MCKo-xpmuialH'ClKa BaJpom; mellOB xp.rnllI.haiH-
OKJH, cpnoKonpasocAa'BHH Cl'aAe>K je
HM<lIO 3Ha'<mjJHy YAory J1IOCAe BeAHKe ce06e y o6:H<lJBlnaH>Y jaJBiHOr iA'PY-
i111'BeHOr >KH'B'OTa KOj'H ce pa3B'Hjao 'V EYA,IWMY 'il ApyrHoM rpaAoa'HIMa
YrapoKe IHa OCHOIBY ITpH'BHAernja lllTO 'I1X je OPUOJ(;il HaipO:A, .H'3At'jUfiBO"
sao OA aYCTpJ1'j-CKHX BA'a'Aapa 'KpajeM XVII oH rrpBHX r0\,11JHa XVIII
BeKa.
MaN06pojHH cy nOAaIlH 0 Cp6H1Ma TproBIlH'i\ rrpe il rrOCAe 'Be-
AHiKe ceo6e. EilAO 'H'X je y llPY'IliH Koja je 'H'30erAa \Hl3 EeOI1paAa ca
CpeMOK'J11M BHlKapoM IIel'poHHjeM fuy6M:6paTHneM. CpnoKJlf TprOlBIlil
ce nOMill-bY y Apyroj Ta'lJNII YCJ\oBa 'llOA KJojuMa je 3lycrpnj.cI Bo:j-
OKa KamnYAHpaAa 9. ce'meM6pa 1690. Y nOffilcy EYAJHMa J113 1702.
rrOMllfl-bY ce 'lJeTHpil Tp110nu;a, 26 6aKaAa il 22 cTapeTHlHapa.
Kpa11K:O pa3,L\061be nplIBpeA)HOr 'pa3B'HTKa BeorpaJAa 'OA KapAo-
UalJKOr AO IIo>KapeBalJKor MlIpoBHor yroBopa (1699-1718) 0Ai\ll-
KYje ce onaAaH>eM AOTaAallllbHX TprOBa'lJKlIX Be3a EeOJ1)aAa ca YHY-
Tp:ailllliHM Il OrrOlnaurlhHlM TpmHillTeM, a1A1l1: Il IUCTOBpeMeHI-tM LIlOiKY-
UlajHlMa Aa ce OEO O)KHIBH H '1'HanpeA'H. Y Ae<l>repry lI<oju Ca'Ap:>I(.IH ilO-
mrc 3aHaTAlija H HJiIIXOBHX eOHa<l>a QA 1711. AO 1717. HaLBOAH ce Be-
IHlJK:H 6poj 331HaTi\'Hja pa3HHX eCJm<l>a; y l-bHCXOlBHM paAiHlOHilu;aMa cy
6POjHH lllerp11H H KaA<Pe. Y IJ!OKymaje Aa lce O)KjHlBil Tpro-
RYDHa orraAajv III OAAaOIlli cpnOKHX 'PproBaIla y Ee'lJ IHa l'aIM<YIlIlhe -Ba-
wape KlojH O,L\p)J{aBaiHrH AiBa ny'a rOAililllhe rro 'lJe1'Hpli :HeJAelne.
331HaTAlWje li TproBIlH cy IOaJBlnaAllI oBoje AeAaTH0e'I1H y BpeMe :113-
Meny nO>KapeBa'lJKOr li MlfpO:Boor yrOBopa 1718-1739.
V 3HaTHO nOBolnHHjl:lM OKOAHOCTHMa. OCBojelheM Cp6Hje, EaH'aTa li
Apym1x rrpeAeAa, Aycrpnja je rrOCTH'rAa OBQje AOTaA IHajlBehe repli-
TOp'ilJawHlo npOllIHlpelhe Ha pa'lJ'I'H TY'POKe y TOM AeAy jyrOHlC'IiO'lJlHe
BapOTTe'H EaNKaHa. YrOBopeHa CAOOOAJHa TproBuHa AryHalBoM li APY-
rHlM TTAOBJ-I:H'M peKaMa 'oMorynaBaAa je CA060A(1'H '1'B03 li 1lI3B03 Pl3-
HHX il3Meny AYCTpHje 11 TYpIOKe.
Ha pl3BlfTaK y fOplhOj napOllJ!li CpncKIOr
YTH'IlaAli cy U TprOiB'UM 3aiHaTNlIje Op6H, fp"IlH, UHlHIlapli, JeBpejH}
JepMeHH III BAaoo K'OjH cy ce 6aIBHi\1H YCAY>KHHM A'e'Aa'l1HOCTHoMa,
beBHlHapCl'BOM, 6H'A:0 je ApBOOpepaDlf.Bal.J1a, palAlHJH1Ka y []pexpaM6e-
HOj rpaHH, y yrocTliTelnCTBY, Tp110BHlHili IH ca06pa,najy. Y HOBoj 6eo-
rpaJAOKOj 'BapiOwlI CprrcI<:or paAH'O je 3HaTaJH 6p1Oij 3aH'aT-
136
P. BeceAHHOBHn
A11ja H TprOBal.\a 11 TaKO H3rpabHBaO HOBY cpn-
CKY l.IapIl1il:lljy. ITpeAceAHH'K BeorpaAcKe ynp3'Be KHe3 AA'eKUlJHAap
BMpTeM6eplllKU rrpeAAa'r3!O je HajBHIl1iHIM BAaCTl:IIMa y Eey.y ,L\a Yl..IA<1-
He 6eorpaACKe TprOBlle y orpar.Ha'K OpujelH'TaAJHe TpTOBaq'Ke Ko.\ma
}urje jep je "oBa Hall:Hja -npAO lllTeAA,HBa H MaNO TIoTpe6a 11Ma, Te
je y MorynHOC1lH Aa BOjy p06y Aaje OA A'pynrx". Tpron-
lUI y EeorpaAY cy ycrreA11 Aa OA aYCTp"lijcKor lla'pa KapAa VI AO'
ujy eOHa<PcKY ypeA6y (1725) ca UCKibY4HBHM -nparBoM Aa npoAajy
MaHY<P8.iKTVPHe Il{ uHAYCTp'HjcKe nplH3B'OAe YBe3eHe U3 TypoKe, He-
.Ma'lKe 'H AycTpHje. A'06HjaF&eM eOHa<poKe ypeA6e, TproBll'H cy CTeKAjl
)alll Bel1.'H YI'Ae,e\ y ApylIITB'!. Ha AeCJ1BHL\H eKOHJOMOKOr H cOllHjaA-
Hor pacM>jaBal-ba cp6uj8.iHCKOr CTaHOBHH'WTBa nOA aycrpHjcl\iOM BA<1'
rnliy, Tp.l'OBl.\H H 33'HaTAYrje cy y AOK'Y'MeH'HIMa CT<3!BibarHiH OA;Max H33
o<pHllHpa CpITOI HallHOHaAHe.\AH'llHje, 'KiHe30Ba 'lI 06opI<JHe30Ba.
Epoj oprrCKHx 33'aaT/wja H TprOBal.\1 rro OprrCKH'M !HaceIPHM3 ce-
BepRO OA Case H AYH8.iSa, y TaAamH,oj YrapcKoj, paCTao je cpa3-
MepHlO 6p30 'OA 1718. AO 1739 (CoM60p, HOBH CM, Cy601lHL\a, <Py-
ror'lI APYrH). CIUYPHUjIH ITOt\aL\H '0 nocTojall-bY l'prOIBal..{KiHX opraa-IH'
3al.\Hja HAH 'KoMrraHHja nOIMHl-by ce Ben 1698 (<t>YTor) li 1727 (Eaja).
ITocAe HCTepHBal-ba TypaKa H3 EaHaTa OCFIH'BaFle ay H jaqaAe cv
opnoKe li cprrcKo-rpY.:Ke KOMrr3JHuje. XepL\e.l'OiBll:Il (3B3IHiH "CapajAH-
je") HaCTal-bElliH y HosoM CaAY l1praB'aAH ay C BElli,eL\uj,oM, a Jep-
MelHH C IIepcHjoM IH ITOibOKO'M. H3BeCT3JH 6poj 33'HaTAHja'li TprO-SaL\a
roOjH oy 6HAH TYPCKH rrOAaHHllH HaCTaHI.HIO 'ce y HeKHM cpeMCKll':vl
MeCT'HMa nOCAe :HCTepHBal-ba Typau<a H3 jyrolHCTOy.lJ-for OpeMa. OHM
ce y rrorrucy 113 1736. nOMMl-by Kao "fPll'H", TprOBL\H (3eMYH, Cyp-
'!HH, EeAeruw, Boralb, HAOK, BYlwBap, a HapOy.HTO y HpJHry H Kap
AOBL\uMa). YrapcKa AiHjeTa je 1741. 3a6parHHAa l'HM TVPCKIHI rrOAa-
HHUHMa - Cp6H'Ma, fpL\HMa li JepMe'HUMa - Aa na rrO,,Pyy.jy Xa6-
c6ypWKe MOHapXllje Tpryjy 6HAO KOjM APyro'M po60M OOI1M TYP-
CKOM,
Haj3aA, rropeA yno3HaBa:I-ba COL\HjaA!HO-e:KOH'MKor CaCTaB<1
Cpll'OKOr 3arH<1TAHjKO-TppO'Bay.'KOr cAoja 3aH:Il,Nli'oUBO je 6aIJ,iHTH no-
rAeA 'li Ha I-berOB KYATypHH, AH'OOHO 06pa30BHH pa3BOj, 0 Lle,\1V
nocTojH '.MaA'O rIOAaTaKa. CprrCKH HapOA je nOA TYPOKOM H aYCTpIHj
OKOM vrrpaBO.\1 CTHIJ,aO Ocu-:rOBHO 06pa30nalhe TOIKM XVII <li XVIII
neKY y M3JHaCTI1pC:KoUM Il1iKOAaMa, y MUTprroAIHTcKOM ABOPY, y KY-
naMa KOA AacKa'Aa 'H cBeUIT0HH'Ka, Haj3aA y eAe;\10HTapHuM (OCHOB-
HUM, l'p'UBHjaAHH'M) O1KOAaMa. TellI'KO je, a y BenHIHIJ1 CAvy.ajeBa VI
HeM'OJiyI1.Ho, yrsp/XMTH Aa AH cy werpTH H KaAepe oaBAaAaAH OOHOBlIV
rrUGMeHOCT 3a spelMe H3'f'-1anal-ba 3<lJHaTa.
ITOce6HO je YO,l.libUB :>KH'BOT 'YI paA 3a-
HaTAHja H TprOBalla KpyweBi\,aHa, ITpH3peHaL\a H APyrHX npece-
loelHJHlKa y TOK'Y BeAH.!(e ce06e. O'HH cy Y:>K1UBaMI neA'H'KM yrAeA y
cprrCKOnpa'BOCAarmwj y.a'pwlIjH H Cp'llOlwj OnWTHiHI1 IHAH Man-ICTpa-
l'y 'Y EYA'B.MY. CAH1.1HO EeorpaAY, EYAI1-:'v1 H 'HeKH A:pym rpaAoBH -CV
YEMaA'H npaBa (iura munici'palia). MaPIfCTpaT ca >Ha-
Pa3BHTaK 3aHaTi\HjcKo-TprOBaLiKOr Ci\oja CprrCKOr APYlllTBa 137
pOAHHiM 36:opo;vI, onUlTHHOKOM cKynlllTHHo;,,1 'li 'OITlllTJiJHOKHM oA6o-
POM !Ha 4eAy C KHe30M (6np;OIBOM), OAiHO'CI-fO ",BeMfll<JHlM BapOWKH;,,[
OHpOBOM" npeAcTa'B/baAH c'Y rAaBiH opralHe calMoynpa:Bc. KpYllle13-
loaHH, H IIelaiHiH lm CA'Oja rpaAOKlliX 3a'l-IaTAHja li Tpro-
6HtpaJHiH av 3a npeACTl!BHIH;Ke 'pfI'CiKor Ma'flfCTpaTa, 3a nOCAa
HH.'Ke HapOAHO-U'rK:BeHHX ca60pa lrojH cry ce OAAy"'l'HO OOpillA'l1 3a
Oq"lpBaiH',e CTe4eHiHX npill"BiHAel'uj a.AIH1HX np'llBa. cy lf.M 11
lIOceDHH nOCAOBH; 1'3:1<:0 je Ha np.HMep a6aI)Hja Opecruje PaAHlll'liil
6lfp"aJH 3a BeAHKor elupoBa, a 3a 'l'13BeOHO BpeMe MY je 6HAO nO'l3epeHO
H qYBaH>C nOMeHYTe npHBHAerHje; Y3 1'0 je ca CTojaHoM PaAojKoBH-
heM qyBao H ABa CalHA,Y'Ka cKyuou;eHHx npeAlvIeTa Deol'paACKe MU,
Tp0I10NHje. XpHCl1H<pOp TYPBBH:OBHn, pOAOM IIpH3peHau;, YIliYneH je
Kao nOlBepibliBa l\'H'l.JHOCT y PYOHjHoa CTpoJHe Kp'fllleAOi\OKOr ca60pa
1708. Aa u;apy ]JeTpy BeAHKM ITO;AiHeCe .H3BewTaj 0 3a
l
KloY41..\1HMa
ca6opa.
Rajko Veselinovi
DEVELOPMENT OF CRAFTSMAN-MERCHANT LAYER OF SERBIAN
SOCIETY UNDER FOREIGN DOMINATiON IN THE 17th AND 18th
CENTURIES
Summary
On the ground of national and foreign published and unpu-
blished archives, travel accounts, and other kinds of materials, as
well as of relevant literature, the author elaborates on the socio-
-economic composition and cultural development of the craftsman-
-merchant layer in the urban society Ln Serbia since the beginning
of the seventeenth and up to the middleof the eighteenth centuries.
In that period Austria alone or together with its allies, during the
rule of emperor Leopold I (1658 - 1705) waged two wars against
Turkey (1663 - 1664 and 1683 - 1699). In that second war, by
means of the Sremski Karlovci Peace Treaty (concluded in 1699),
Austria took possession of Hungary, Erdelj, Slavonia, a part of
Srem, then Lika and Krbava in Croatia. During the rule of emperor
Carol VI (1711 - 1740), on the other hand, Austria also waged two
wars against Turkey. In the fi.rst war (1716 - 1718) Austfi.a,
through the 1718 Pozarevac Peace Treaty, gained from Turkey the
south-east Srem, Banat, northern Serbia and Oltenia (Little Wa-
lachia), namely Western Rumania. In the scond Turkish war
(1737 - 1739) Austria lost mentioned possessions on the ground of
the Pozarevac Peace Treaty, except Banat (the 1739 Belgrade Peacc
Treaty). In such a way Danube and Sava rivers became and re-
138
P. BeCeAlfHOBHn
mained Austro-Turkish state border lines until 1918.
Great part of Serbian people, including its soiety as a whole
and more particularly its craftsman-merchant layer came under
strong influence of the Western European culture. That part of Ser-
bi<an people which remaiIned. under the Turkish rule continued to
live and work under the influence of Oriental culture.
In Austria the craftsman production was gradually replaced
by more up-ta-date mam.ufacture production. The process of moder-
nizing of production was met by resistance of guild organisations
and guild mentalri.ty. Simultaneous to the establishment of Austri-
an mercantilism, machines have been introduced in the production
process. Development of commercial capital, namely lof the capital
of commodity production, caused among other thiings the separa-
tion between the commerce and crafts.
In Banat and Srem under the Turkish rule, considerable num-
ber of craftsmen, both journeymenand apprentices, were members
of the Serbian Orthodox town business district (cadija), organized
in relevant guilds (Temisvar, Beckerek, Nova Palanka, Centa; Som-
bol', Baja, Titel; Sremska Mitrovica, Nemci, Dalj, Valpovo, lrig,
and others). They were called Greeks and sometimes "merc-
hants". Traders 'Of Turhsh citizenshiJp were caUed "Turkish merc-
hants", although they were of Serb, Greek, Macedonian, 'Dsintsar,
Armelllian, and Turkish nationalities. The commerce between Tur-
key and Austria, and more particularly in the Balkan - Middle
European Area, was practised by Serbs from the Turkish part of
Hungary, Serbia, Macedonia, and other reg.ions.
In course of the second haU of the seventeenth century the
number of successful domestic craftsmen and merchants has con-
siderably tncreased and their shops and workshops were located
within the town, namely Serbian and other business districts. This
craftsman-merchant layer was the basic core, and it influenced the
development, both in terms of territory and number, of mixed Is-
lamic-Christian towns, where in corresponding business districts
(carsije) the trade has been practilsed on the ground of purchase
of merchandJise paid with money (Arad, Deva, Lipova; Petrova-
radin, Zemun, Nemci; Nova Palanka, Vrsac; Belgrade, Uzice, Novi
Pazar, NiS, Jagodina, Leskovac; Ohrid, Skopje; Sarajevo, and the
others). Until the beginning of 1671 there were many Serbs, Greeks
and Armenians - a11 Turkish citizens - while 'Only a few years
earlier their number was not so great.
It is difficult ta determine the exact extent of growth of larger
t!Wns, which applies also to the gr(jwth of their material and fi-
nancial wealth. Sorne merchants from Dubrovnik, settled in Pro-
kuplje, married Serbian girls of the town, so that in course of time
they became assimilated into the Serbian old settlers' bourgeois
layer which, in addition to commerce, was engaged in the agricul-
tural production.
Pa3BHTaK 3afiaTAHjcKO-rprOBal.JKOr cAoja CpnCKOr APYlllTBa 139
The Great Migration of Serbs in 1690 included a considerable
number of town population. This was predominantly the craftsman-
-merchant layer of Serbian Orthodox business diistric (carsija) (from
Pe, Prizren, Nis, Krusevac, Uzice, Pozarevac, Belgrade, Valjevo,
Zajecar, Karanovac, and other towns). This people ha:.<; sattled in
Hungary, Slavonia, Croatia and other regians. On the ground of
two censuses in Buda (in 1702 and 1720) it 1S kn,own that the num-
ber of tax-paying craftsmen in Buda originating of the Serbian ter-
ritory south of Sava and Danube l'i'Vers was seven times greater
than that of craftsmen old-timers.
Serbian Orthodox craftsman-merchant element played consi-
derable l'ole after the Great Migration in restoring public activities
in society, which would gain in intensity among Serbs under the
Austrian rule, on the ground. of pl1iVlileges obtained from Austrian
rulers at the end of the seventeenth and in the first years of the
centuries. The layer of town craftsmen and merchants
supplied the membership of the bodies of Serbian Magistrate; it3
members were deputies to the laymen-church assemblies and ta va-
rious delegations which were sent to Vienna in relation ,ta defense
ofpeople's rights acqUJired on the ground of mentioned privileges,
and the like. One of these rights included the right to schooling,
namely to elementary education. The elementary education under
the Turkish rule ha:.<; been acquired in monasterial shools, at the
metrarpolitain court, in private houses, with clergymen, with teac-
hel's (daskali), while under the Austrian rule also at the elementary
(so-called. tl'ivial) schools. The period since the middle of the se-
venteenth and up to the middle of eighteenth centuries, known by
baroque (and Hochbarock) style ,in Austria was rkh in works of
permanent artistic value in the fields of architecture, theatre, li-
and. music. All that influenced the life of the bourgeois
layers of Serbian society, and paruicularly that of high clergy,
craftsman-merchant layer, military officers, and especially fron-
tier,smen. These are, according to the author, basic characteristics
of social composition and of cultural development of the urban
layer of Serbian society under the foreign rule.
Bi\aAHMHp CTOJAHllEBHfi
rPAAoBH, BAPOlllH, IIAAAHKE H TP)KHIilTA IIPEA IIPBH
CPIICKH YCTAHAK 1804. rOAHHE
KYATYPHO-HCTOPHJCKA IIPOBAEMATHKA
llO/lUTU'-IICU OIWUPU pa360ja 6apoUlu y ce6epHO.N/ Je/lY Cp6uje
BeA'HiKY yAory y pa3Bojy Bapoffili y CeBepHOM AeAY Cp61Ije,
BearpaAoKoM namaAYKY, KpajeM XVIII H iIlOyel1KOM XIX BeKa RMa-
Aa cy no.AHTlIY'Ka 36.wBaH:.a. TaKo cy li aYCl1plljoK0--TypdKli paT 1788-
-91. II CpnCKH YCTalHalK 1804-13. 'BeOMa MlHOrO 'He CalMO
iHa AiOTaAallIIbe npnBpeA'He >li Aipy1I111BlHe IIpHAHIKe Hero II Ha OCTaAe
pa3BojHe 06MIiKe 'BapoillH H lBapOillKlllX Iaceiba: AeMOrpa<!?dKe, eTHHl.J-
Ke,apX'liTeKTOIOKe, yp6aHRC'I1WYKe. 3a,h:Be AerWHll'je lH'a rrpeAa3Y
XVIII y XIX BeK, BapoillKa Haiba y ceBepIoj Cp6UjH A0)KlIlBCAa
cy y TplI 'Maxa npoMeHe AipywTBeHo.nOAJITlItJKlIX rrrpRAIII'Ka: Hajnpe
je TypCKY BAacT 1788. 3<lJMeHiHA'a alycTplIJjcKa, a 3aTlIIM je TypClK:a BOj-
OKa lIcrepaAa I1OTOBO 'l1e11HaJeCT nOAllIlHa Cp61I
cy CBOjlIM 'BeAUKHM YCTU-n"OM OICAo6oAIHAili He CalMO TeplITO-
rlIjy BeorpaAOIwr namaA;y'Ka 'Hero :H MHore AeA'lBe oyceAJHlIX caH-
I,IalKa. Y MebyBpeMeHYOY jaJHJlIl.Jap:lI, AaXJHje II KpuaAHje Y'3Y'prrlIpllAH.
AeA;llMlIl.JHO lIAli tIT011IJY'HO, AeraAiHY HOPTlIIY y.rrpaIBY III 3<lJMeHUAli je
OBOjliM Opr<cHIiMa BAaCTlI. Pa3BojiHH AYK op6lIjaJHCKliX BapOillli 33-
Ha:BeAeHo paBAo6ibe m.uao je y OBaJKOM nOfAeAY HiII3Aa3lfO.oy3Aa3HlIJM
cMepOM y KOMe je BpeMe 'MlI'pa 3Ha'YlHAOlfMlX!OB onop3JBaJK li H<lil'pe-
A3!K, a BpeMe paTOBaH,a H,lIXOBO pa3apaH>e II nporraAaIne. Taj 1H3JH3-
-'1effilya'H TOI< yonoHa II naAOBa, TIOH3IBib3JH BHllie nYTa A 'Kp3Jja XVII
BeKa, Kao Tpalj'HY 1fCTOpHjCKY .HiMaJO je onaAal-be <lI He-
cTajatl-he TypaKa OOMalHAlija III 06A.WKa lM1XOBe 'MlITep:HJjaJ\Jl-Ie
li AyxpBHe KYAType. HarynpoT TOMe ce nocTynHo, HeyjeAiHal.JeHO ",1
HOKa3MBaHO Ha pa3He 'Hal.JHJH'e jaBibaAo npHMeTiHO rrpHOYCTBO XplH-
mn.:<lJHOKOr Apyrn'I1Ba Ha Koje je OBe BUwe :rrpeAa3lIAa oprauH3aqlIja
npM:BpeAH'Or >KHBOTa B3Jpolllli y Cp61IjrH, aAH IHe caMO Thera. Y H1I3Y
APYI1HX, OBAe cy 'l'pli OOHOBHe 'Kap3JKTepHC'IlIIK:e Koje CBe\L\oye 0 TOj
BeA1N<;oj npOMeffil.
142
B CTojaa'leBHh
Kao "POO, xPHCTHjt8JHlf3aUlHja HaJpOnHl y OOBepHOIM AeAY Op6Hje
OA Kpaja XVIII ,BelKa n01feAa Je ytB,eAlHIKO rpa3Aa,r,a'11H AOTaA'a.wl-bH rmu
1fHCTO oplfjeHTaA'HJ1XHapOillKHx OpeA'HIHa, lllTO IH'Hje OOAo MorynH
AO 'BeAHKllX pe<il0pMiH 0YATaHa CeAHlMa III. Apyro, ynopeA ca UlM
Ntelh3'i\la ce H BapOillK:a npHlBpeAa Koja je Ha npeAaBY XVIII y XIX
BeK rr01feAa 6H:.Ba'fH CBe 3aJ.BuoHlHja IA HHooTpaJHe TprOll3lHlHe ca Ay-
Cl'pH'jOM, Haj'BenHiM AeNOM 360r BeAHlK:Or po6Hor l'paHBHTa P'ljill'!eA'lije
ca opeAlhOeBpOnCKHM Tp)KillllTRMa, a 3aTHM li YCAeA nOnpaHH1fHe Tp-
roBa"l'Ke pa3MeHe, 1feMY je Y3POK 6J.ro eKOHOMCJKTI II APYill'fIBeHIH pa3-
BHT3JK Cpl1'CKHX ceAa C lhlIX!OBOM IKJHe)K'HlHOKOM 3JyroHiOU'vllHjilM. Tpene,
y BapOlllHMa je ja1fao CprrOKli eA'eMeHT 1flHja 'je dco6eHiocT O,HAa y
TOMe Aa je lHenoopeA'HI 611'0 Be3l1H 3a CPUOK:y Cefoa1fiKY 'ApyruTIBeHY
cpeAHJHY 'Koja je 6IMa 'BOOMa 3aJH'HT,epeCOBa:Ha 3a 'Jf.3B03 CTO;Ke 'M ar-
papHlHx llpOH3BOAa y YCTpHjy. Kao ne6Ha, OAAlHJKa y 'pa3'BOjy lHe-
KHX cpnCKHX B3JpollIH (iHa npHM'ep o'eorpaAa H IIIaulQ3, rra M CMeAe-
peBa M Y)KIIH,.\'a) rrojaBIHAa cy lCe npeArpana 'Ca ceOClKiHIM 1H31fWiOM
mHlBOTa H li 1'0 lHerroope,AjHO lf3a .aapO'llllKMX lll'3
I
HaQa,
K!a;0 CaJBaJMaAa M TIaAll'AYAa Y3 oOOJ1paA, IJ;aJpHlH3 'Y3 Y)KHiQe HM! oaHp
Y3 IIIa6aQ. CeM rora je 3a Eeorp'a!A, na lM 3a IIo)K/apea3aQ (3a
lliaJ6aQ 'U CMeAepeBO je Heli3BeCHo)furo Be3aJH U CTallllrMjlH 60paJBaK
cl'paHa'I..\a, aYCTpMjDIx nOAaJHB'Ka K()ljllf cy 6opaBel1.H lHa TAY TypCKe
Y.lKHiB3JAJH IKIOHBYAapHY 3allll1HTY il{ TpJ1OBa"lKe npH'BHAernje CTpaJH3Qa
Ha 'IlYPCKiH1M TP)KHlllIfHMa. Y 'Be3H 'C rrpOQsaTOM llproiBuHe y cemep-
HHM 1K'PaJjeBHMa Opooje, noce6Ro BapOrnJl:I y oeorpaJAClKOIM lIaJlllaA'YII<..y,
carpaneH je '11 'BeMl'KiH 6p01 P'Y'MO.K,HX X3JHO'Ba IKao BpeTa yorrynillx
npRXJB'arI1HHX CT3JHHLJ;a 3a O\A'Mop T'proaQa, 3a cM:e1ll'TaJj CTOiKe TI o6e3-
6ebelhe p06e OA iHenOPOA'3 H Apyrnx lHe311'OA3J. TIOCe6H0
HX je 6MAO Ha A'PYM'C'KHM paOK!pcH!HQaJMa, 6pOAOBHMa (np'eAa3H!Ma)
li OKeA!3JMa. BeAH:Kli 31Ha1faj cy p;06HAM XaHO'B1H y OCTpy)KoHlfUM 6AM-
3Y KAeHaK IKOA llIanQa M CKeAa 'Ha CaJBH rrpeKO uyra Ky-
fIIMHOBa y CpeMY.
MYCIlUMaHClCO U xpuzulaHclCo craHo6HuUtT60 y elCOHoJwWfU Cp6uje
U l-beHUX 6apOUtu
Ao T3JH3HMaTKM'X peq,opMH CeAiHlMa III, y TypOKOM IJ;apcT1BY
je 'Y eKOHOMaKo-npOl1'3B'AH.lli\1 nOCAOOaH>HlMa 'lloc'PojaA'a lM OBo:jeBp-
OHa ApYUlToBeHa TIOAeAa pa'Aa. Ha OCHOiBY rnepnjaT0Kor npasa 6HAa
je nporurcaJHa c1ipora 3a6paJH'3 xpMrnnaHHMa Aa '06aJBfoajy OApene-
He nOOAOBe y TprOBMlHll TI 3aJHaTCTBY. Ha nplHlMep BryiK K'apal,I!H'n :113-
PW-IHTO Ka)Ke 3a CTaJ:he y ceBepHHM KpajeBHMa Cp6Mje npeA cpn-
OKiH YCTaHa'K 1804. y 'Be3H ca 33IHaTCTBOM: "Ho 'OHM [Ty;plUIl HoM'ajy
11 3aJHaTa roonOAOKH, 'Koje CaMO Typ1fUIH oMoRje paAJMTH', Hin. Cp61H'H
He iMO)Ke 6HT'H lHaA6MITa (lIITO nOTiIillIBa 'K0'J:he) , HM Ta6aK Garber) ,
HM capa1f (Riemer), HlM 'K:aBa3 (TO'M6ap); TeillKO lM 6ep6eplIH H na-
nyI,IHja. OCUM OBH 3aHaTa, Koje pajM HMje CAo6oAHO paAHTM, OA
-----
rpaAO
BH
, BapOWH, naA,lHKe H Tp*, npeA flpBH cpn. YCTaHaK 143
HJH TypaKa) UMa H Tep3Hja, KyjytHUHja, H jeKiMe<-
\mja (Me6apa); aAH nY'PYHja IRene A,a 6YAe lRH'je.laJH."l Me5YTIH.M,
.lpyrnTIBeHa 'P'aAa lI(olja je nplHMelhHlBalHa !Ha PaJJY:
a 'KOJa Je BpeMe'HOM IY?HAa OillTlplLHy y 3aKOHOKOJ
OAPOBOpHOCl'H, iKao .la Je m-EllIe saX<J:rAa Ha TYPCJKO/M ,yaYTpalllllbeu\1
TpmHllITY HalHiMe, A!H6epaAHBa'uHja lIoAwraYIKJIlX li UiapHiH-
OKlHX 3aMe5YHapOAiY TprOlBIItHV H3Me5y TypCKe H AYCTPH-
je, 'H'3BeAelta y pa3A06ibY OA K'apAO'B't'lJ:lKOrr ;...'0 CBIHIJllT!OIBC!Klr !M'HpOB-
Hor yrooopa (1699-1791), 'BeoiMa j(: "y6Aa)KJHAa rpalH:HU'y ose no-
AeAe y 'cAo6oMIoj T'pOOBIHiHH IH :MaTepHiJa.AHHX Ao6apa
BapolliKor THlIa npoH3BOAH>e, TJ. 3alJiaTC1'Ba :H 'HeKHX 'BiHAOBa Tpro-
B,mre, aAH TaiKo5e H 3a 'prOlBlilHlV 'a'l'palplHiHl.M: ll1poH3B'()iAll!Ma iKojl.H1\o1a
cY 1Hap0"l.JHTO 06HAOiBMIH IHe<'H pePH'OHli PY'MeAHJe. Y TiproB'HI.H.H ca
3eMibaJMa CpeAI-be E:Bp.orre, 'I13 TYJpoKe cY Il'Iaj'BlH'llle H3BO)KeHlH np0lH3-
EOAM ceaCKe npH:BpeAe, 3aT.HlM HeK!J.n:, 3aJHa1'a oplHjeHTMHD-6aA!KaH-
CKor THlfla, a noce6H<O.K!pYifliHa lM :CHTil1a :C110Ka H CTO'l1H\l{ iIlpOiH3'BOiM'f.
Me5ynlM, npa'BoBepH1H 'MyCA'HlMaJHJIl 'Gy lHepaJAo YAa3HAH y OITOlPiH'Y T'P-
roBlmy C XpHIllhaJHJHMa, 6ap He Herrocpe.lHO. To cy HlM jeAiHlHM 'AeA.OIM
HaAaraAli BepO.K!H 063upH, MH jOI,Il BH:lrre rrpo<PeCH:OHawHiH cy -
AH Be3aHH 3a MOAepHO nOCAOBaI-be .K!al)HTaAHCTll"l.JKe TPrOBliHe, noce6-
HO y 06Aa'CHI nOBepil1AaillITBa li iHOB\Iallo-lKpeA!HTHlIX O\l\'HOca. O'DYAa ce
y llI?I1OBliHiH H3Meliy TYPOKe il AYCT\);Hje, KOj'Y CV IHa EaAIKaiHY AO
.K!pap XVIII BeKa y lOTBapH 'BiOAiH'AH iMYCAJo1lMaHOI TpTOlBUH, ape'l-I-
3eMibOTIoceAIHlHIllH (are, q'J{TAYK-<::aI1Hooje, "Tocna-
Aapn", lHepe11K' H BH'COKIH ynpaBHH "l.J'J{/}{lO.a!HHUiH: naJllIe, 60CafHCKH
Kaarel'aI-l'M, AH3AaJpn 'llOI1pa'HI.H"lJHHX THlloaJBa), li TO yrAaJBHOM iIIlpeKo
CBOjHX xpnUJnaHcKHx opTaKa, na3aKYtiaua, J{aAaY3a H KOMHCHO:Hepa,
AellIaJBaA.O Aa ynpaJBO TH X'lJIHllInaHH f1oltJ1HV Ba 'I1'OCA.OIBHOM ITAaH'YAO-
AaClHTH ClBe 'BUille AO H3pa)Kaja 'li. fi})ey:m;MarDH Me5'YHapOIA,HY Tpro-
'BHlHY TypoKe ca EoSPOI]OM. OBa nOJ a3a ce M0)Ke IIIpaTHTH nocB'YAa y
TYPOKOj fAe cyoammaJHa BeAiHlKa TPlUBa'lKa '.H H3B03lHa OpeAH'UlTa.
y P'fMeAHj'licy Me5y Ha1'Ba)K:H)HjHMa 6HAH Cepe3, OOAYJH, KaBaAa,
.I>eorpaA, Bli.OjHH, aMi II{ MHore iApyre BaJpO'llllH IH ppMOBH. Illup:H
A:pymTBeHIi AOAUpH ca 'OOponOKrHJM 'llpfO'BUf(-1:Ma IHa 11P)KlH-
lliTThW<l HalMeTaAH cy QOHlM noaaaJBalba TybI-JOC j-e3H'Ka, KaJO 'CpeAcTBa
nOAOBiHMX H Apyra'lJ:uje 'BH'AOBe 'lloHarLlialba H npHAaro5aJBaI-ba
60paBKY y Tyooj cpeA;Hl.H..H, llITO je [laA:a:A'O :OH'HIM MycAHMaH-
CKiHIM TpTOBl.'(IHlMa 'Koj'H oy ce ITpHAP.>I<:q,BaAH 06aiBe3lHHX 'BepCKHX npo-
IlIfllCa H-3 CBaiK'O;.1lHeBIR'r )KJH1OOTa. To je 000 jeAaH pa3AOr BlIme Aa,
I1'Oceooo V CeBepiHlJ{lM iKpajeBHMa EaAJltaJHOKor HOi\;y.O:CTpBa, l'proBJ1iHa
ca A:yC'rp!HJOM npe5e Ao6pHlM. AeAO'M y xpJi'lllnaHOKe PY'Ke, a 'Aa y
PYMeAHJcKe arpa'P
He
IJ{ YOlIDITe AeBalHTHlHOKe
3a:HaTOKe ll1p:lH3BOAH>e, 3aTRM TprOBiJ.{'!iearpapHlHu\[ 0lJlPoBHJHalMa, TIpe-
5e y PYKe cnpeT'I-liH'X f'P
Ka
,li I..J;iHHua'Pa KaT.KaA IH JepMeHa,Kao iA,O-
6pux II03HaBaAaua TypdKor je3HIKa, <J.pH'jeHrai\lHor 'PprOBaqiKOr MeH-
TaAHTeTa !J{ illH'pHX T1'oTpe6a PVMeAHkKIHX :rjaua. y OBOM rroTAeAy
B. KapaI,llln, 3a 1827, 87. l
144
B. CrojaH'IeBHn
cy ce OApa3HAH li ApyraY:Hjli rrO'CAO'BlflI IMeHTaMITeT li ITOTpe6e MO-
AepHOr Tp)KIllllTa JI TprOBalha.
y BeorpaACKOM nalUaAY'KY nOCAe 1776, il HapO'lIiTO 1791. ro-
AlIHe (rrocAeMlu;e KYY:yK-KajuapI,IlIjoKor 'II GBHlUTOBC'KOr MiHpOBiHOr
yrolBopa) 1 Il!OpeA 'HeKOAHiKO "oKeAa" 'Ha CaEH il A'J1Ha:By ,Kiao lUTO cy
KAeHaJK, 3a6pe)K, OCJ1pYJIlfIJ;a, BHlUlhHua, Ay6paBHu;a, H naporu-
K:HX TpI'BaY:lKO-3aUaToKiHx u;eHTapa (:Ha npHlMep IIIa6au; JI CMeAe-
peBO), EeorpaA je rrpeAcTaBJoao rAalBHO TproBaY:l<Jo H3B03HlO-YB03HO
cpeAHlUTe Typor ca aycrplljC'KHM TP)J(HTHlMa, AOiK je BeoI'pa,A,C'KH
rraJW3'A'fIK yonlUTe 6IIO Tp)J(!H'IlITe CrOK'QiM 3a u;eAY TepllTO'
pnjy OA IToAYHaJBlba A'O JaApailfoKor Mopa. H3B03 OThHlba y AYCTPH-
jy, Bau;a III Kooa y TYpCiKy BOCHY, Te poraTe OTOKe Ha np!HlMOpOK
nrrjau;e OOHa'lalBaO je BeorpaAOKlH nam3!AYK ca O'KOAlHHIM Aei\i()lB'ITh\1a
ceB0pHe Cp6H'je Kao 30i\1Jby HeNHJKHX np01l'3BO,i\JHiHX MorynuocTH, AJI-
HaMH'liKHX TproB'aqKHX KpeT3!Hia H pa3BJ11jer-re MonH lb0Hor
CTaJHOBH'lfllIT1Ba. MenYTHM, yrrp3'BO je Tpr,OBH'Ha CB'HllhaMa 6H'Ml y CV
rrpoTH'OCTH C BepCKHIM MYCA'H'MaJHOKHIM npOrFHeHMa. OTYAa je nope;...
BeAlHKHX cpeAlIllIra rpaAor<Jor THllla li yp63JH1H30BaHor 'oraHoBiHHlUTBa
nocrojao IH 'BeliH 6poj BapOlUH'u;a li naAaJHroH MelUOBHTor COOOKO-Ba-
pOlUKor nma, C HeyjeAHa'Ier-IHM rrpHBpeAHHM pa3BojeM li npONIeHibH-
BHlM CTa
l
H'OBH!HllITB\1; y H,HMa cy ce CBe BUille I10'leAiVI iVICTHU;aTH XPH-
lUnaHH.
CTaT-106HUUlT60 U 6CIlU'IWla cpnCl(UX eapoUlU Ha npella3Y XVIII y
XIX 6el(
Ba)KJHO IIIHTaJbe APYlUTBeHor )K'HBOTa B3JpornKHx )I<JlTe,ba 6:H'AO
je ypen0lhe OAHoca H'3Meny KOH<Pe0lfOlHaAiHiHx lH ellHlfY:iKiHX rpyna.
Kao u;eAHHe C rrOCe6H1H1M, rrOHieKaA BeOtMa 'pa3AH"lIHTHM rrpaBHlMa II
o6aBe3aJMa KaJKO rrpeMa Typ0I<JOj ,i\JP)J(3JBH TalKO fi y iMebyC06HHM Ok
H!OCll'Ma, npH TOM paSJ\JHY:HTO no IlpaBHlOIM IIOA'O)J(aJjy, ApYlUTBeHOM
paIHry, KJlYHOMOKlfM 'MrynlHocrrHM'3 'li 'KYATyrpoM, CT'aJH){)!B!HiHillTBO cp-
6HjaHiOK'liX BapOillKlix ope,AiH!Ha IIpIH Kpa'jy XVIII H 1I0y:e'DI<OM XIX
ReKa AO H36Hjalha rrpBor cprrcKor YCTaHKa rrpeAcTaBLbaAo je M03aHK
HOT!BpeM0Ho 'li uHTerpHCalHJIX :li lHorrapU;0AHCalHHX AeAOIBa. HapomKo
CTa,HOBHHllITBO ce y BepcI<OM norAeAY ca:CTojaAo A MycAiuMaHCI<JHX,
xpHlUnaHOroHX H jeBpejcKHx ca'NIOC'J1aAIH!HX BepClK'HX orrlliTHHOKlli'< 3a-
je,AiHlHu;a. MenYT1liM, OHe rro BapOillKilliM lHaoeMHMa Cp6H'je tBHiCY HCTO-
np0M0HO rrpeACTaBLbaAe, Kiao lUTO 6H ce MorAO O'leK'HBaTH, H u;eAO-
BliTe ellHHR'Ke rp'YnaIJ;llje TypaKa OOMlIHAHJj'3, Cpa 'li JeBpej a, np-
BHX Kao rOCIIO,Aiapa, APYJ1HX iKao AlOceLb0UHlKa, 'HlHaY:e II03HaTiHX V
CBHM Ben;I-IM H pa3B'HjeuHjHtM np'lllB'Pe,i\JHIHM CpeAIHlUTHMa EBporre. Y
cBaKoj Il!oHa'oco6 GA O'BHX 'HHTeJ1pHOaJHHX lKOIH<PeC'H'OHaAlHHX 3ajek
HIIIJ;3 IIocTojaA:O je H oA'pa)J(aaAo ce HapoAJHOOHO mapeHHAO He caMO
y orrOLblHIHlM H'3pa31l1Ma je3nqKe KOM'YII-:J)llIK'aUlH1e, y 06i\'HU;WMa APY-
lUTBeJ-EOr 'IIXOneI-ha H IIOCAOBHl'r rrOHamalha Hero H y HaY:!HHY rro-
fpaAOBH, BapOillH, rraAaHKe H TP)!(. rrpeA ITpBH cprr. YCTaHaK 145
CAOBaI-ha tH, AOHeKAe, y 1H3OP'Y OOHOBIHor 3aiH%MaI-ha. TaiKo je Ha
rrpm'vlep TYPOKO'MYCAIHJMalHOK'O AJPYlllTBO op6HjaIHCIK.HX H Ba-
pOlllUI..ta y 'pa3A06ibY rrpe 1791. 61ilAO oacr,alJ3ibeHO OA ,,'ITpaJBIHX Ty-
plIKa" OOMlIHAuja, IfCAlIMilf30BlIHUX "BOlllll-bllKa", MYOMilMaHOKIHX UH-
l'lIHa, CnOpaAlH4H:0 OA "ApHaYTa" (AA6aHa'Qa), MaKeAHCKO-CAOBeH-
CKlHX "nOMa'K'a" il TI'OTyp4elh<l!Ka fopaIHa, Dena:HaQa U ilOAl11Ma'Qa, a
caOBHM 'H3Y3er.HO II OA pel'K'liX Ae'BaJHTIlIHaQa. I-bHx''B je3H'K y Bapo-
JUHMa Cp6Hje 6lfiO je TypCKH, CprrOK'li, aA6a1HOKll, nOHeKaA aparrCKH.
BeorpaA, CMeAepeBo, lIIa6aQ II Y)KHQe Kao BeAIHIKe BapollliH ca
rapHH30H'QKHM rpaAoKHM T'BpOa13a'Ma H BeAHlKa npHIB'peAllm III ynpan-
Ha OpeAH.lllTa 6HAIH cy l1efTp'H ITOMITill4iKOr, AiPYlllTBHOr H BepOKO-
-I<,YATypHor mlfiBOTa MYCA'HiM'aJHCKor CT<lIHOBiHlH>lllTBa y Op6Hlju (Beo-
rpaAOK'H rramaAYK). Ty je KpajeM XVIII 'BeKa 3ajeAIH ca )KHTe.h>lIMa
YTBpoeHor COKoAa, y Al3'aJAeceTa
l
K IHaceiba 'COKOACKe J-IaxHje II naAaR-
KaMa DO.A:pIIH>a, KOAy6ape .JI lIIYMaAlilje )lUIBeO rrpeTe)KalJi 6poj M'Y-
CI\lHMaHCKor CTaHOBHHIUTBa nOA yrrpalBoM 6oolfpa.A:OK'or nawe. Y ABa-
HaeCT CpeAI1111Ta 'I<:oja cY HCTOIBpeMeHD 6J.I'Aa lJiacetoa 'Ba-
pOillKor TlI'na, H y AeceT BapOUI.JIQa lH naAaJHiKlH (BaIfPAaIH, oar04lHLHa,
IIaAaHKa, KOAapH, fpolliKa, TpcTe'HlfIK, KapaiH013aQ, lla'IaK, DaAe)K,
oOAe4, 3al'HM y Pa'MY, rOAynQY, f'paJAH>lllTY, A06piH Il{ DOpe4Y), Y3
M'YCAHiMaJHOK'O CTaJHOIBH>.Jl'UIrHO pa3Bl11jaAII cY ce MaA'l1 llprOB34Ko-3a-
H'aT'CKH T'prOB.JI IKOj'u cy 06aJBtoaAIl{ pa3MeHY Tpfooa4Ke fi 3aJH'aTCKe
pa6e ca cpnoKllfM ceAmvla lIAlilca MaAHM nOrpaiHIlf'41HIHM
rp)KHIilTHMa y AYC'l'PHj'lI.
Y Qe'HTpHMa 6e3 oeorpaAa, npeA aYCTpH'jaKO-TYPOKll
paT 1788. 6.JIAe cy 4.372 TY'pOIze K'yne, II OKO 500-550 y HaBeAeH1HM
HaCe.h>lI'Ma. KaA je OCMaH-nama 1789. npeAao AYCTpHjaJHQIllMa DeO-
rpaA, y lh0MY je norrHcaHO 11.828 Typa'Ka, OIA KOjlHX BHme OA 2.500
)KeHa H 2.700 Ael1e, He paq,YHa1'ynH OKO ABe xHibaAe ilf:3P.lf1HyA'l1'X JI
paH>eHHX Ha OOjlIlllTY. Kao Apyrn HajBenlH ryp,Ol(,1I rpaA y Cp6JIjlH.
Y)KIJIQe je 1laAa 'H'MaAO 2.900 'MYCAlHMaHCKHx rrpeMa 100cpnOKllx IKY-
ha, Batoemo 400 TypOKHX rrpe'Ma 50 GpnoKHx, ,HTA. Ha OCHOIBY npH-
1\IW4IHlO rrpoBepeHHx 'fIOAaTaKa npoQeHM'B<lIHO je Aa je y Cp6HjH y
rp<llHlIIQ3u'vla Beol'paACKOr rraUIaAY'Ka OA 1788. 6llli\iO OIKO 18.500 AO
19.000 TypcIX AOMO'Ba
2
rrpeMa CBel'a 670-700 oprrOK'HX y HaceloHIMa
BapoillKor rana 6e3 BeorpaAa, KOjH je MOTao IHlMarr'l1 ABe AO l'pH
CT'OTHJHe Kyna H OIKO 'CTOTHHY jeHpejciKlIX iAYlila. OBaj
6poj MYCAlfoMa'Ha BapOlilalHa 6HO je BeOMaClMalheH nOCAe paTa ca
AYCTplIjOM, AeAoM ll1 360r errHAeMHje K'Yre 1795, aMI je o6a-l:a'BtoaH
lhHX'BHM CraA:HHM npHAoAacKoM H3 pa3HlIx MeCTa 6ocaHcKo'r H PY-
MeAHjcKor 6erAep6erAYKa, Aa 6H no 'H36ujaI-hY npRoT cpncKor yc-
TaHKa 1804. rO'fOBO caCBIIM HllI"Ie3A'H H3 Cp6nje.
2 BHA. B, CTojaHt.jeBHn, TYPCKO CTaH08IlUUITBO, 128,
146
B. CTojaHt.[eBHI.
5eozpa IWO npu6peHU U pYUlT6eliU LfeflTap Cp6uje
AKTHBHOCT H ,AHHaMHKY npHBpeAHOM )KHBOTY BeorpaAa AO Kpaja
XVIII BeKa Aa'BaAIH CV XPHIIIMHH, y rrpB''M peAY
KO'i\.OH'Hj.a KOjy cy calJWJbaBaAH 'fipl'OBQM, 3aJHaTAiHje H lM:exaJHI,mje.
OHiH cY eKOHOMClI H APYllil'BeiHO 6HAJH YAp!y)KeH'H no QeXOBHiMa, a
'Bepa.roH H 'KYATYpHO IlpeKO ltpKiBe 11 'BapolliKellplllKe IlJJKOAe. flpeMAa
cY 6HAH y HCTOj C 600Ilp.aJACI'M Cp-
GHMa H A<pyrHM xpmliaHcIillM AoceA>e'HIDJ;HMa H3 pa3HHx KpajeB3
BaAKaHeKOr rroAlYoC"l'pBa, fpQH H IJ,:HiHQaJpyr cy ce ,u3A1BaJj3AH y no-
ce6HY Apyru11Be.HY H KYATYpHY jepcy OMaTpa-
AU Aa Il!peACTaBihajoy noce6Hy Ha'P'0AlHX)C1'Y rpyny - 'Y'P'yu\1 MlHAe1'.
TlipH3Ha'BaMI cY <paHlIp'H'OTCKOT M!Hl'pOll!OMITa 3a OBOr el1Hapxa ('Bep-
OK!OT, AYXOBHor H 'H.:QJHJOHaAJHJOrBony), AOiK ay npaBa CBOjHX APY-
11111BeHHX li npO<PeOOOHaAHliX npeACTaBHlHKa npeA 'fiY'PC1(jHJ\1 BAaCTUM:1
y narnaA'Y'KJY, O,illlfOCHO y IlP<l\AIy, npeHeAIH Ha YCTa6arne, ca'BeT ec-
HacPoK.HX CTapelilllHa. flpaJBH fpUiH 6HA'H cy MIlAo6poj.Hll y BeOTpa-
AY, IHapOlJIITO 'Kao CTaAIHO HaoeJbeHO CTaIDBHHll.Il'BO; 1'0 c!y yrAaB-
HOM 60raTH Tpl'OBI..UI, ,I<OOMlHCHiOHaipH, 'royliooAaoHHQfH 'H
MlHOrHX MaraJ3a, OKAaAMllITa uaM6apa. 'Ha AOC1'BHIJ;iH Apyll111BeHe XH-
jepapXH1je aMal'paAH cy Aa cy IHonpeA IJiIIHlJ)aJP3, 'Koj'H cy IlIHalJe TIpe-
1'e)J<;HO 6HAH OHTHH'j.H: TprO'BQH, 6aa<aAH, 3aHaTAIHje 11 MeXaHI,IlfIje. 'i
lJapIIIHjH, y rrOCAOBHMa H illHpIHIM APYWl1BeImM
IJ,l'IJHQapH ay YBeK CTaj-aMi IDa fpKa, M'aM CV npllXBaTaAIH l'plJKJll je-
3lliK H CTaJPy XeAeI-FcKy KYATY'P'HlO-llC11OipHjOKY 6arnTl:my. MenY'J'HM,
o6e OBe 'HeCAOBeHiOKe e1'HH'lIKe rpy;ne oMaTpaAe cyce 'yrrepaopHH-
j'H:Ma y npll'Bpe,6!HOM, A'pyrnTBeHoM IH KYATypHOM OMlHCAY y OA'HOC\,
Ha Op6e H OC1'aAe "HerplJiKe" BapOlliKe xpmldi'aJHe. 1l;pKlBa y Beo-
rpaAY je 6HAa y lb'lfXlBHM PYKaMa, lHM'aAH av noce6Ho l'p06ihe, no-
ceAQsali\.H rOl108O OBe HeKpeTHHIHe Koje HHCY 6HAe TY'pcr.K:a oBOjlHlHa.
Hal'AarnaJBaAH cy lfcropll3aM OBO.je HapoJAHOCHe IKYAl'Ype, a Apyre
BapoillKe XpHrnnaiHe cy OMaTpaMI 3a BapBape. AYXOBHO 'H :HeTOpHj-
OKH oy 'OCTaAH Be3aHlH 3a cTapH 3aJBHlJaj, TIa oy 'Ce 'KAOHHA'H iHeno-
cpeA'HJHX 'Be3a ca Cp6HMa, nO.6:je,AlHaK;o iH ca 6eorpaACiKllllM oH OHHiMa
ca ceAa. KOA fpKa je 1'0 611A l'01'OUO IIlpalBlH'AO 6YAynH A'a cY TpaH-
3Hl1Ha TprOBl'IJHa, KOMlH!OHOHapCTBo, iCapa<pAiVlK H petHTlIjepCTiBD (OA
HeJKipenIl'llHa) npeAcT<ihaAlll JbRXOBY :OOH'O!BHY eKOiI-tOi,vIOKY rrpeoiKV-
rraQHjy. BH!AH cY H3pa3'HTH TprOB'-U1 oH rrOCAOBHH loYAH illJ-lpOK!HX
npHBpeAHHx 3axBaTa, C MHOro6pojHHM l'prOBal.JKHM Be3aMa Koje cy
OA'p)KaBa:AH ca M'Hl1HX aycTpHjoKHx 1'p)KH'lliTa.
Cyrrp01'HO OA fpKa, 6eol'pa.6:oKlf. 1l;IIHQapH Ka' AeTa-
J'cIiCTH H 3aHaTNHje OHAlH cy y HenocpeAHlIjlflM AOAH1piHMa oa Cp6111\vla
rrpBeHellBeHO pa,illH eJroOHOMOKHX llIHTepeca, aAH Hn:CY 'H36era13aAH H
A'PY'llillBeJHe IK!OHTaKTe K,ojH cy olJ\1arynalJ3aAH 'li 6pa'IlHe Be3e H3 060'
CrpalHHX 'lf.HTepeca. Ben y OBO 'BpeJ\1e ('Kpaj XVIII BeKa), Arp'yrnTBe-
HO 'J"lpH6AiH)KaJBaThe H3Meby Cp6a IH orAeAai\'O ce H y To.Me
Aa cy opnOKH merp1'H, AOA'yrue jorn AOCTa pe111, HaY'K'OBaM1 KOA
rpaAOBH, BapOrrlH, naAaHKe H TP%. npeA TIpBH cpn. YCTaHaK 147
------_.
UHHI..\apOKIHX TprOBaI..\a IH Ayn'aJHI,Ilfja-3aHaTAHlj'a paAH1e Bero KOA 3a-
HaTAuja TypaKa. BepOBa11HO cy OpJIKJHBap:olIlaJHH ynpaJOO OA Jf>HX
Yl1iHAH rplIKH j 1e3HK 'paAiH CBOjlHX rrrOCA,oBHlliX Be3a TIO PyMeAHjH.
MebY1ll1M, H3rAeAa Aa yruI..\aj IIp"4lKe Ayx'OBiHe KYAType tHHje 6H;O
npHIMeTaH KOA Cp6a BapowaJHa OBe AO npB'f cpnoKor YCHIIHKa, aA!Jl
je 3aTO 6HO HecYMIMl'B Ha Apyre X!plIillnllHe WojlH cyce ,AloceAHi\M
y EeorpaA H3 pa3HHX AeAOiBa TypoKor IJ;apCT1Ba. Yl1HI..\aj je auo ja<.Jil-I
y cBaKOt\:HeBHOM )K;RBOTY, nO"lleB A ApyillTBeH'Or iH iflOCAOBlHtOT onxo-
l)elha AO ypeDHiBal-ba Kyne, IHattHJHa HCXpaHe 'H OAeBa'lha. C APyre
CTparHe, H3BeoHO npHAarObaBa'lhe IJ;HlHI..\aJpa HelKJHIMCpKHM Ham-
KaMa H 06HlIajHMa rrOTI1I..\aAO je oryAa lllTO cy OHH AOAa3HAH Ilipe-
Te)J<JHO ll3 'K'pajeBa KOjH cy rpaIHfflIHi\iH 'Oa CAOBe\HKH!M >I.lB:I'oeM (Ma-
KeAOIHcr-fja, EIIRp) 'H DlTO cy 3aAa3Hl1\iH y cprrCKaoeAa y 1l(00jlI'LM:a cy Kao
MeXWII.Ilfje H CH1lH'H (rryTyjyniH) T,pf!OiBI..\H ocrajaAH rrOiHeKaA rooepa-
I..\'H'j<L\1a 'H npe H nOCAe npBor cprroKo'r YCTaJH'Ka. 3a pa3AHlKJY OA rp'Ka
BapOlllalHa KOjHX je, HaJK<O y Malf>eM 6po.jy, 6H'J\:0 TaJRObe y OMeAe-
peBY H IIo)KapeBllY, IJ;HJHI..\apH oy je.M-!IH.M AeAOM npHWAiH CprrCKHrM
YCTaHHL\HMa rrOCAe 1804, a npeJ<:o HeKlHX CBOjHX npeACnl!BHiHIKa lIMe
H 3Ha"I'.H:0 AOllpHIHeAH yOTa!fmy 'Ha BOj'HIOJ\1, nOAHTH"llIK<O,\1 (ynpaIBHOu'vr)
H M1UAOM'aTCK'M ITOibY.
ll,plC6eHe npwlUlCe y Ee.Olpay
y pa3A06:'oY OA 1788. AO 1791, AO AaxHj'OJ<e Y3Y'pUaI..\iHje, AP)KlaB-
HiH CHCTeM TYPoKor IJ;apcTEa H ynpaJBHe BA!aJCTH cV, noce6Ho y Beo-
l'paACKOM naillaAY'KY, nOWTOBaAH aYT,OIHJOIMlHlj'Y .BepcKHx 3ajeAiHJHL\a.
lIIepiHjaToKo 3aKOJH'OAa'BCTB'0 3aMYCi\;H>MaHe rH HaAAe)KIHOCT I..\aJP1WplA-
CKOT narrprajapx'a 3a xplHwnarHe perYAlIcaAH cy 'Y'HYTpamlhH )KiHIJ30T
cBojHxBeprHHIKa, a BepoKe cTapeWH:He H YOTaH)One 06ej'Y peA'Hrmja
nplllHAe av Be!IJHJKJH YTH'I..\aj :Ha -0BO'jy .narcrny. BeOl'paACiKH IMiIT'p0ll10-
AHT je 3a xpHwnaHCKH Aeo B3pO!llliKOT CTalHOiBHJHWTlJ3a (mTo je yr-
AaJB/HOM 'BaiK!HAO H 3a ceocKo) rrpeAcTaJBMao cl'apewHlH'Y xpH'lIL1.aIH-
CKe paje y BepKO-nO!IJHTHl.JJK<!H:M u oa'Be3aMa rrpeMa TYP-
CKH'M A'P)Ka"BHHlM BAaCT-liIMa lI'HjU je InpeAcTaJB1H:HlK y neO'I'p3JAKOM 'I1a-
Wai\'YKY 6HO nama-YLITyri\;Hja. MHTpOnOAJ-i1.:oa AyxoBHa 'BAaCT IHaA
xpHWnaHH!Ma I10lJlHJBaAa je Ha 'K'aJHOHH!.Ma, a lhY Je y crro-
pOBHMa C .BepHrHI..\"HiMa UlTl1THAa TypC'Ka 'BAaCT Ha 'OOH'OBY noce6HiHX
0YATaJHOBHX 6epaTa H t\:pymx ynpaBJHHX aJKaTa TypCKOir IJ;apcTBa.
QTYAa je TIOTiHI..\aAa INUI"PponOAHTOBa Ba)KIHOCT H y APYI'HM nOCAO3rH-
J'I-la XpHIJlnaHC'KOr CTaIHOBHiHill"J1Ba Kojra av H'MaAIH ja'BJHIH ApYlliTBeHH
3Ha'4aj. I-b,A;BOjeH nOAO)!(aj EeorpaAKor rrarwaA'Y-
Ka KpajeM XVIII BeKa je,wfHo je CpIl'C'KOM CTaHO'HHIHWllBY iH noce-
6aH 06AH.K HapOAHe CaMoynpaBe KPO'3 YCTalHOiBY KHe)KHiHClKe aYTOrHO-
.'vl.ll'je iKojy cy y OA'HOCY npeMa TYPI..\HrMa npeACTaBibaAH KHOOO:BH
KHe)f(HHa H 060pKHe30BH ABaHaeCT HaxHja y rrawaAVKY. KHe30BH cy
y CTBapH OHAH npeA:CTa'BHiHI..\H CpITOKOr Ha;POAa 'Y nO'i\:HTiH'lJlKIlU.1 OA-
148
Il. CrojaHt.IeBIi
HOCHfMa iH eK!OHOIi\10KH!M (nOpeOK!UM) 06aBe3aMa npeMa TYP'CKJIM BAa-
CTIfMa. HaAAe>KHOCT KHe)KHHCKe caMoynpaBe HHje ce npOCTHpaAa
Ha HaceiDa lBapomKor (rpaAK,or) 'I1Hrna.
MH:I1p'O'ftOAH'OB YTJfI..\aj y ceBepH:e Cp6Hje, noce6'HO
y EeoPPaAY H IIJamw (paHJIje V YJ:I<.mW JI BaiDeBY) Kao GeAHWTHIMa
enapXJ1!ja 6HO je ceM y lllHCTO BepCKo-ynpaIBlHlJ!.liM IH l.\pKBeHo-nopecrKil:IIM
CTB'apHMa '<YceT'HlHjH Hem y A'HMa, III 1'0 nOAjeA'Ha<O npeMa iHaipOAY
YI npeMa TypOKOj BAaCTH. HHalle cY y lHaipOAY U3BaH DpaACIJX l.\eH-
Tapa, ceAH'IllTa apxHjepeja, BeAHlKY BepoKy,MopaAIHY H Hal.\HlHaA-
HlO-IfI01\!}frnllKY 'YAOTY KaA'ynepH 'If 'HrYMaHHBaJ:I<HHjHx oMaHa-
C'I1H'Pa, a Hl!K'OOe YI lHeKR nporrojepejH H3 pa3BMljeIHJ.Hjux BapOWKRX
cpeAJHlHa (JarOAJH!Ha, IIoJ:I<apeJBa'U;) <oj'If oy OB'H OOAIH Cp6H CTapo-
. a <CalMO 1H3Y3eTHO JI3 APYDHX eWWI,KHX CpnK'HX KpajeBa.
lbHX'OBa YAora H ynfIJJ;aj nOK33aAH cy 'ce y npaBOM, TI'peTe>KlHo no-
'BOibHlO.t'v[ C.BeTAY Ben y np'BWM AaHiHlMa cpnOKor YCTam<:a 1804, lHeyno-
pe,ajIfBO Jalle Hero y BpeMe nOCAeAIber aycTpHjcKO-TypC'Kor paTa, y
HapOAY n03HaTe KOllHlHe KpajillI,e.
rpaclw l1pu6pca U OPYULT6CJ-w-nO./l,UTW'!l,a KpeTaJ-ba
EeOl'paA je npeAC1,a'BiDLQ noce6aJH JlH'n
('Kor nPHBpeA;Hor cpeAH'lllTa. OOHlO'BlHo06eAe)Kje AalBa'Aa MY je TpaH-
3HTHa 'IlprOIJ3HHa OT'pOMiHJHM KAWHIlHaMa arpllpHO'"YIIHA;YC'I1pHjOKMX
CHp()BHlHa H 3a'HaTOKlIX rrp00I3BOAa; TG cy OOAH lT1JM<YiK, AYBaH, KO-
HOIIiba, npHpO,iHa OBHAa, caxTil:ljaH, 1K:0PABaIH, OH'pOBe KO)Ke, J:I<HTO,
BOCaJK, IBH'HO, rrpO!U3BOAH Kojn oy iKlhOK:HJM H Ka'M'HiDHoM KapalBaHHlMa
HA'H ap6ar,H1AYKOM C'I'lf3a:AH 1l:I3 Ay60Ke ytHyrpawIbocTH TYPCKe H npe-
IKO EeorpaAa oAAa3HAH y cpeAlhY EBporry. IIpeKo 6eOrpa,Ll;CKe l.\ap:H-
oHap'HMl.\e, jeAJHe OA HajlBenHX y eBponoKoj T'YPOKOj, oAmrjaoAace T'P-
rOBIma Koja je no CBOjHM 06AH11HMa H 6aHKapCKHM 11paHcaKUl{-
jaMa rrpeACTaBiDaAa cBojeBpcTaH crroj eBporrCKo-opHjeHTaAHe Tpro-
B:l:rHe. EeorpaA Je rrpH K!pajy XVIII 'YI nO'lJeTKM XIX BeKa 6HO y
TproBallIK'HIM Be3a:Ma C Be1\!WKl:IM HlIHlany'p01<HM TP>KHU1THIMa 'K'ao WTO
cy Cepro, COA YoH, KaBaAa, ApaM'a, EHTOiD, AapHca, CallHcTa, KMI-
cyrpa, Ae>MIHp-Xilfcap, UpHAerr, MeAIHl:lK, Bpalhe, TI pH3peH, BeAec H
lliTHII1, na llaK H ca JeAPeHOM, IIa3a:puH1KOM, TINOBPiHBOIM, Y3YoHUOBoor,
CoqmJoM, IIllI'pOToM. CHCTeM KO'J\1iWH'OHapcl\Ba, aM'aJHeTa, KpeAHTHpa-
lha H ,HlOl1AaTe, Il'Oce6HO jeMCTBa 3a '1<'BaAHTeT lH OH'rypHocT npH Reno-
PYl.\H po6e, BoneH je CBe BHIile no 06paCl.\HMa enporrcr<e Tp-
r.oBHHe H 6a.HlKapCl'Ba, ,MaJAa je 3aPip>KiaBao H M'H'Ore o6.Nl:lKe CTapc
6'a.J'uKa'HCKO-AeJBaHT,HlHKe opralHlH3aI...\Hje rrOCi\JOBalha, nce6HO y rrpe-
B03H10j TeX!HiH'l.l;H (naKOBaIbe, OKi\'aAUWTeJ-be, KOHTip'OAa) H nOfBepH-
Aat.I!K:H'M OA/ROOHMa (np:l:!'BaT'He rr'03aj'MoH'l.\e "y lleTJ.l1pH OIKa", 'BHCHlHa H
POKOBH KaMa'fe, rrocpeAHHWToBO y rrpOl.\'e>HH BpeAiHOCm po6e OA Tp-
.>KHWTa AO Tp)KHWTa). Oo06eHocT TypoKor ApymTBeHor H npnBpeA-
Hor 'YCTpojCTIBa, Te npaBHHX H APym'I1BeHlHX AHoca YI'BpneHiHX Ha
---
rpaAOBH, BapOlllH, naAaHKe H Tp/K. npeA TIPBH cpn. YCTaHaK 149
OOHOBY 'BepoKe nOABojeHocTH H3'Meny 'MycAJilM3JHa H xpHillIrraHa, rro-
ce6HO ce OApa/KaBaAa y crro.'b'H01'pf10Ba<.J'KiHIM Be3aMa TypcKor IJ;ap-
CT,Ba H Bnporre. CTora cY ce 'Ha TP)KHlllTl'UMa H3B3JH UapcTBa OBe BH-
llle nojaBA:>H'BaA'H XpHWna'HOKH Y'MecTO IMycAJ1IMaHcKHx. Pa-
3HOBpCl1HOC1' npH3BOAI-be H p06e, a noceoH cHrypHiOO1' 'H 3aibaJHiOcT
IlAaCMaHa 'H HalI1AaTe H3B03a, Tpa/K'HAH oY H npo<peOMOI-faAH3arulHjy
fl'OCi\:OBal-ba. 3a OAp)KaBa.l-be K'BaAHTeTa p06e H Cl'UpOBJ1oHa 'IlpH 1'paH-
cnop1'Y 'KOjH je AY.IK.e Tpaj lJO , 1'<l'KOne 'CY OOAI1 rrol'pe6HlI CTPY':IJHH
eBplcI{cHX 1'P/KIHWIHHX nplH'AllKa Hacynpo1' CTlJPUM 'Ha-
LHrHRMa rrpeB'3a (KapaB3JHunje, pa6auuje, lJMaHeI,Jlllje).
Ta'KBO CTa!-be je AorBeAO y oeOf1paA M\HJOre i\::iYAe H3 pa31J-[1HX rro-
CA'O'BJ-I1lIX rpaHa H '113 pa3H'HX PY:MeA'Hje. Y3 lliHX cy Ka:o no-
MonHa CHara CTlI3aAH II 6POjHH iHaAJHlf'-lapH, apraTlI , ..'KlJA<Pe"
Il Il03HanI no OBOjJflM paAHIlIIM APY)l{lI!HaMa, 1'3B. Taj-
t):JaMa, 3aTHM 3HAapH, KaAAPMUHje, MexaHUHje, KaCarrl1, MaHAPauHje.
Pa3.BHjEmaIlp.HIBpeAHaf\HIH3JM.II!Ka rpaAa C1'BapaAa je H HOBe OAH:OCe
y APYlll1'BY, lllTO ce OCenli\:O 'Ben YOY'H aYCTplljCKO-TypCK!Or pa1'a 1783,
a Hapo'To nOCAe 1791. rOAHtHe. nHlllylH '0 HO,BHlM p;OCef'oaLBa!-blIlMa H
'BOBHM OAHOCHMa y IlOf1pIJI-lJH'fHHM Kpa'jeBHMa Op6Hj-e rrpeMa AYCTpH-
jH, rroce6Ho 0 T3B. PeKaAHjaMa, i\33ap ApceHHjeBlI-il'l BaTaAaKa Ha-
BOA:H KaKO "oy p;p)l<.aA,H y Beorpa'AY xaHOBe H 'MeXlJHe, H 3a:HHMaMI
ce XaJI-IUHAY'KOM, KaCarri\:YK'M H Ma'HA'paUHAYKOM. Y AyroM BpeMe!HY,
OHH cy ce H p;06po rrOMorAH IH ca Cp6HM3 OBor rralllaAY:Ka, H3 Ba'Ke
ITaXHje, A06po rr03HaBaAH, a OC06H1'O ca MapBeHHM cpn-
('KIlIM, H CaKJHe30llHMa HapOAHHM, KOA KOjHXCY 'B'H, y Xa'HOBe, Ha
KOHaK IIaAaAH. OAOBYA cy OHH H ITO'BepeI-be, H 'H iKHe300a
'HapOAHHX, nOTrrYHO 3a,Aio6Hi\,H."3 3liHa:rC1'BO 'H TprOBHlHa 0Y.!lIUIAH
3ajeA'Ho y YHarrpenelbY /KUBOTa H ITO'BAa1.l'H'AH 3a COOOM
JI ca06panaja H 3HAapCTBa 'il rpalseIDi-
HapcTBa,a Iloce6HO II HarrpeAaiK y 'Be3lI C KOMY'HaAHjarMa, yp6aHH.3-
MOM H apxHTeraypOM. IlOB0ibHH Me5YHapOA'HllI yrOl3l0plI 'il3Men'y Typ-
H Ayc-rpHje V XVIIH XVIII BeKY IT'0J10AOBa'i\H oy He caMO P33-
BOjy TprOBHr-Ie Hero li A:pymx OOA'l1Ka APVlll1'BeHlHX Aei\al1HOCTH. To
ce ITOCe6HO oceTl-fi\O y nOTpaHUYiHHM KpajeBHMa 'H nplI6pe/K'HHM 'Ba
pOilll1Ma H BapouillqaMa rrpeMa CaBH 'H AYHaBY, a npe CBera y Beo-
rpaAY, 3aTH:l1 CMeAepel3iY H IIIaJIIIJ;Y, AH H ApyrAe, 'Ben rrpeMa yqe-
mny TlIX cpeAlIHa y UpOH3BOA.l-bH 3a rrol'pe6e H3BO'3He TpI'OBHHe. Ca
eK'OHOM'CKH'M Harr:pel1KOM 'H IMarepHjaAIHIlIM ycrroHoM paCAe cy 'H ITO-
Tpe6e 3a APYlllTBeHOM 3a nOA'H3aIbeM UHCMeHiOC1'H
Il 6pa30BaIba, 3a 60!bH'M )KH'BOrrOM. Ta'KO cy OBe ,rooH<peoHOHaA'He H
e-nHWIKe rpyrre rpalsaHa y BeorpaAY, IIIarruy II CMeA:epeBY HtMaAe
cBoje BepCKo-rrpOCBel1He illKOAe. IlpH'I3IpCiAHa CTaOHAHOCT je 3aXTe-
BaAa ypeneI-:be npaBHor nOpeTKa, jaBHY 6C30eAHOCI, 'BakaJHICT cy-
A()IBa, 'CpenlIBaI-be cPHHa'HCHjCKHX H BaAYl'HHX rrpHAI-IKa, A06pe a-
K'OHa1.I.Hlli1'a H CAHY'HO. EKO!-IlMOKa eKcrrIJH3lIja je 'HY-
3 11.. ApCeHl1jeB110 BaT3i\aJ<a, Uccopuja yC'CUHlCa, 58,
150
B CTojaHyeBl-ln
.
)J<lHO 3aAII'PaAa y rrOAIITl1'IKe OAHoce, a 'OooJe y O'CHOBe Ap/KaJBHOT
vpeOOlha. HOBa Ka:mITaAHCTHYKa p06HO-H'Bl.JaHa IliplI'BpeAa, KOIja je
iK'pajeM XVIII BeKa ODe BlIwe 'HaApaCTaAa H'aTypaAHio 06eAe/K'je <!Je-
YA'akHHX O,AiHoca II npeBAaor ceO'OKe rrp:OI1I3'B'0:Ail-be, In6m..(H'Aa je y
llpHl!3pe,AiHH li APYlllTlBe:HH jKiHB'T rpaAOIBa IHIO'By 'KAacy 'Koja je CBe
BHwe AO H\3pa)K'3
l
ja 'He CahVl'O y npHlBpeAH H CTaAeU.IIKlIJ'vi op
raHlI3aQHjaMa Bero H y jaBHHM II ynpaBHHM nOCAOUHMa napOWKHX
Haceiha.
y EeorpalY, rAaB'Ii10.l1 l'paAY EeOl'paJACKJT rramaA'VKa H Cp6Hje,
ocenaJ\:o 'Ce, Ma,Aia jOlll YBeK npHrojeH'O, IHblBOr 'BpeM0Ha
A!pyrn1'BeHe II AYXOBHe np06yne<H:OCTH 'lH'jH 'Cry !KOHlKpeTlliH OApa3II
6HNlI nory6ihel-be Pare OA ct>epe, T'ajlHa MaCOlHOKa AO/Ka H CBe Bena
ITplloyrHOCT cpnCKor eA0Me.HTa y TIpHiBpeAIHIlliVl nOCA'BiH1Ma 'BapOIlI'H.
HOBa Cl1pyja-Iha oy y pa3,Ai06A,y 1791-1801. y6P3aJHO 3aXBaTIHAa no
rpaJH!H'llHe TprOBa'lKe 'BapOllIH Ha CaliH H A''flH'aiBY ca K:'AIHHOM, rAe
cy IBe3e OpTIdKliX Tp,roiBaQa ca aYCTpHjOKIfM Cp6H<Ma rpalHH'mpOKHiM
oBewTeHIH'LUi'Ma 'H 11p'I'OBUHMa y CpeMY H Ba'HaTry 6HAC
CBe Yl.JecTaHlHje H npHCYTHHje (6eorpaAOKlI fpQH H UIHIHQapH cY TaK
Be ume OAp/KaIBaAiH ca 'CBojHM 3e!MihaQIH::Ma y 3eM'YIHY, a noce6Ho C
60raTlfM fpl.(HMa y Be'l'Y). lb 'B'lIX 'Be3a 3aOHOBaJHiHX Hia o60cTpa
H'fllM TproBa1.IKHM lIHTepeclfMa, nojal.JalJ-I'HX eT'BH'lKOM lfcToBeTHolllhy
II 3ajeAIHllQKOM HalAOM y oCA060neJhe OA TynHlH'OKe BAa'C[1H, ll3pa'cAa
je CHamHa IMiJ-lCaO 0 HaQHOHaAHOM jeAHlHCfBi\f CpITC'KOT HapOAa, Te/K-
lba 3a OA060\l\OM H COnCTBeHiOM ApJI<.arBOM. ITp'BlI cpnOKIH ycTalHaK
1804. rrponrn AaxHja H TypOKe BAaCTIH YOITlllTe 3arrO'leO je y Cp6HjH
YCAeA IJTOCe6HO ITOBOMHiHX YCAoBa, aA!H Je IIMao 06eAe/Kje H 3Ha'laj
RiaQUO:Ha'l\He 3a QeAOlKyrr3lH cpnCKH iHapOA He caMo V
T'ypcKoj Hero 'H y aYC1'piHjKoj Qape'BlIHII IJ-Ia npoCTO'p'Y OA BaHaTa
Jf Eal.JKe m BOKe KOTO'p0Ke 'H AaAMaIUIje. 3ajeAHo ca cVceA'H'H'M CKC-
Aa'Ma lM TP/K,lfUITWMa 'Y OC11pymHHl.(H 'M B'MWl-bllUIH, BeorpaA jem\1aO
H seMIIKY nOAlITaqfKY Yi\,ory y ITOKpeT3Q-bY YCT3HI<a, a 3aT'H'M nO'CAe
1806. IH Y APif<aBHOj 10praUiII'I-3auHjlI oCi\060neHe Cp6uje.
MehyeTHU'ilCU OHOCU y 6apoUlUAW Cp6ufe
y rp1aAilBlIMa fi 'BapOWHMa BeorpaAoKoT nalllaAYKa, Cp6a je y
OAlHOCY lHa Aipyro CTa'BO(B!H'lflUTBO 61H0 MaAIH 6poj lM npe H nOCAe Ko-
'lHHe IK;pajlHllIe, OBe AO rrpB'or cpnOKor YCTaJHlI. OHU oycpct3MepHO
Ha}BHIlIe /K'H'BeAU y EeorpaAY, lIlanQY 'YI Y)f('1-lQY, MaH,e V C:-1eAepe-
EY II PYAlH'HlKY, II TO y npeAI1panJoUMa, AlK HX y C'OK'OAY 'H'Hje yon-
fine 6HA'0. Ta:KO je 6liAI 'lI Y A-P'ynIlM 'BapOlllHiMa (6m Y'T'Bpnel-ba H
TypCKHX BOjHHX nocaAa) H naAaHKalVla, rAe je Cp6a HajBHllle 6HAO
'if ITO/KapeBQY, B-aMeBY -H JaroAHLHIH 'K-aO HaxHjcKHM cpeAoH:WHL.vla.
5p.ojIHHjn 'Cv 6UAH TeK y 'HeKOAIHlKO BapOillHl\a ,II 1'0 6A'HJKe rpalHiHUVI
PaMI TpToBJrne ca AYCT'pll'jOM: y ITaAaHuH, KIAapHMa, ITaAe)J(Y. Y6V,
fpaA'H'llITY, Uapeqy. Cp6. je TY 6HA,o OTKl:KO je rrOCAe BeOl'paAOKOl'
rpaAOBH, BapOlllH, naAaHKe H Tp.IK. npeA J1pBH cpn. YCTaHaK 151
M:HlpOBHOT yronopa ycrrocTa'BibeHa rpaHHl..\a Ha CamI JI AYiHaiBY H
l'praBHiHa ca TIOWTO je TYpCKiO MYCi\'HMalH'OK'O CTalH'<Y.BIHH-
1ll1'BOBeOMa rrOCl'paAaAO OA l..\ecapcKe BOjOI<e y aycrplHjoK;O-TYpCK'OU\1
pary IKpajeM XVIII neKa, OHO y rrorpaHIH'lllHIHM BapOll1lHl..\.aJMa IHMje
BI1We 6H.t\O 6POj.HO Kao palHHje. HaIl'pal'J1'B, cTapOCeAeAal.JJKO TypCKO
MyckHMaHoK' CTl!HOB'HHillTIBO CTaMiO ce OMallMB'aAo y oeOI'paAOKOIM
naIllaAyJKY, Te Aa 'Hl1je 611AO npIHAJl1l.{'H1HX AOCeiba1BaJfba MYCAHiM'aiHa
.11'3 DocaiHCKor naIllaAVK'a (noceOHO 11'3 KipajlHlHe) JI 113 "ApiHyrAY:Ka",
rpaAOBH H BapOlllH ceBepHor AeAa Cp6JIje HMaAH 6H Ben K;pajeM
XVIII Be'Ka M'Horo OOeTHHjy I1!peBary X'p!H1IIiaHC'K'Or CTalHOBHiHiIl.l11Ba.
y rropeneIhY ca CTafbeM npe aycTpHjoKio-rypcKoT paTa, OM3:IheIhe
TvpC'KOr CTaJHQBH.HillTBa 6HAIO je BeOMa np'llMeTiHo. lb 6eAe)KaLKa
Koje je OCf\aiBHO TIpoTa MaTeja
4
0 6pojy TypalKa y nawaAYK'Y YOllH
H36H'ja,H,a op'flCJwr YCTalHiKa 1804. npH'3Aa3iH Aa je y CMe,lI,epeBY
)I,HI3eAOCaMO 1.500 TypaiKa, y lIlamw 2.000, y CaKOAI..\Y 1.500,
4.500, [lO)l<3:peBl..\y 1.000, TIo:>KerH 200, KapaHoBIW OKO 700, a y PYA-
HHlKY. PaJM'Y H fpaAHIllTY no neAeoeTaiK AMna. 3a .6eo
i
rpaA ce TaAa
np0l..\efblIBaAO Aa je "y l'BPArH'H'H" HlMao 16.000 Aywa, 0iK0
25.000 y l..\eAOM oeorpaAK:OM nalIllaAY'KY, IllTO je y OAlHOCY {Ha cpn-
CKO Ba'pOIllK'O CTaHOBHHIllTBO JOIll YBeK TIpeACTalBibaAO 'BeMflK'H 6poj.
01'YAa je 11 6HAa Tal.J:Ha BYKona Ona'CiKa 0 CpOOIMa BapamaHlHlMa c
Kpaja XVIII BeKa H 0 3Ha'llajy J-bHxoe Apyrnl'B'eHe H 6poj'l<}'He YAO-
re. y TOM norAeAY je Ta'Kne 3aHI11Mibll1BOAa cy 'BeKe 'B'3:pOillH y Cp-
6Hju, rroce6Ho oeorpaA, OMeAepeBO, TIo:>K3:JpeBau IH TIopel.J, H3rAeAa
61:MH BenH'M AeN01\1 iHaceibeHH )KlITeibll1Ma IKOjlH IHlHOY 6HAH poneHH
"CpOHj'aHI..\H", Hera oY 6HAH npHAoWAMl..\e H3 pa3HHxMeCTa oocaiH-
OKar rrawaAY'Ka iH pY'MeMIjcKor BHAajeTa 1<3:0 cprrOKo, j'Y:>KIHOOAOBeH-
CKO 'HAH yarrwTe 'JilHop'A!HO CTaJHOB'H'WI..UTBO.
3a pa3MIKY OA ceibalKa, :>KHBOT Cp6a BapowaHa ono je ,MHoro
CKY'.JeHHjH. Y oeorpaA:Y, IIIanl..\'Y, c.\1eAepeBY, BaJbeBY, Op6H cy )KH-
BeNH, lUTO je 'CH'I'VpHO na3HaTO, y 3'aCe6I-l'JDM l.J:el'BpJ1HJMa, y nOCe5HiH'M
IvlaAa:Ma. Y 6eor,paAcKoj lBap01l.lJH je nOCT'jaAa CpnOKa 'Maha (IHe-
Ml!lfK'H Raitzen-Stadt), 3aTHM CaBaMaAa H3BaIH BapolliKor lUaJHl..\a, y
llIanl..\Y je 6HAO npeAl'paDe oaHp, 3aTH'M XpHmnaHClKa IMaAa "IHoa 'B3:-
POWH npH I1'OT'OKY l..\apH'HOKOM [Ha UaplI.HH] 'KA 'KaMeHe hyrrpHje y
BapowH Y )II..\y" /' y TIope'lY T3B. BAaI.IJ!Ka MaAa, H Apyre. 3a osa
MeCTa ce 3HaA' Aa cy 'MycAHIMaH:H )I,H<BeAH .oKO TBpnalBa H y I-bMXO-
BOj HerrocpeAHoj 6Afi3lIJHlH, :H Aa cy CJ1poro 6HAH H3ABOjeJHH OA XPH-
rulaHa. TaMo rAe 'HX je 6UAO Mafbe, Ha npHMep y HaibeJBY Ji ilO:>Ka-
peBI..\Y, OHH cy Il'peA OpllC'KH YCTaHaK 1804. :>KHBeAJi y 0l30jHM noce6
HllIM MaxaAa'Ma; TaiKO ce lliHXOBa l.Iel'BpT 'Y BaibeBY 3BaAa BHApap. V
BapowKHM 'HaCeiblf11vla y IWJlINla cy Y3 Cp6e :>Ktl1BeAH II Apym IHeMY-
CNI,J,MaHCK'H IH iHeCpITCiKH CT3:JHOiBHHI..\IH, 'OH[l-1 oy TalKone 6HAH
4 J1pOl'a MaTeja Hel-taAOBHO, M eAtOa pu, 149; vnop, B, Cl'Oi<JH4CllHO,
,ta(J, eJ1O, 131.
.; MalCcuMa E8zeHo6uha, )f(tl6010I1ucaHltje, 70,
152
B CTojaHyeBHll
C3!HII no CBOjlIM noceOHiIiMMaA3Ma, Ha rrpnMep fpl4lI, UliHUaPII, Je
Bpej'lI, IJ,HraHlI; OHIi cy IiMaAIi 'II rroceoHa rp06A>3 II WiKOAe ceM UH-
raHa, a JeBpej'H cy lH1aAH 'H OHlHarory y neorpaAY.
rro jeAJI-llOj KI-bII)KeBHOj peKO'lIcrpYKI4Hjn 0 CT3IbY Ha upeA33Y
XVIII y XIX BeK: "OHAaWI-biH neorpaA DIlO je nOAeibeH Ha pa3I-IC
MMe - TYP:OKY, XpIIWnI!I-WKY, jeBpejoKY H I4HraiHCKY u\1aAY. OHe CV
jeAJHa OA Apyre oliAe pa3ABojeHe YCIM H 'BeOMa KPUBH'M YA'Hl4a'Mv.,
Koje cy 06w-mo 6lIAe orpaneH'e BUCO'K!UM 31IAoBHMa. Ueo TypCKH
K!paj AeAHo ce 'Ha HeIX 15-16 ue'M?.. a CBa'KllI Ul:-
Mar lI'MaO je coojy U3JM'Hjy, oBoje 'Mye3HHe-XOI.le, oBoje rpo6A>e AI)
I,I3IMHje II coojy YeoMY. OA l4eAoKynHoTa OHAaUlI-ber craIH'O'B)H'HUlTBa,
npeKO ABe 1'penllHe, 6'HAH cy TYPI4'H, a Hen"THY TpenHHY CaCTa'Blu6AIl
cy: XpHUlnaHiH, JeBpejM H IJ,H'raHH. V OHiO A06a OHAO je 'ca,M'O i-WKlJ-
AHKO YAH'l4a C Ayn3JH'YL\1a... HajBa)KHll1jMKpajeBH 6HAH CV: A.opnoA,
BHiT-na3ap H CT3'M60AKa YA'lIua. V r A'3!BHOj "4apIDHjlH 'H 'Ha
UUAe cy Haj'Bene U H3Jj6orarHje paAI-be H TprO'BHJHe Tora A06a. Tep-
3HjcKe, KyjY'HI.lJHjoKe, I<333'H'dKe, capatrl, nYPYHjcKe, ry<peruHjcKe,
6JfyapI,liHjOKe H rr3JIl'YJ.IlHIjoKe pa'AI-be 6HAe cy T'3Aa y Haj'BeneM jeKY.
Ha AopnoAy H BlIT-n333JPY 6HAe cV, MaXOM, 3Ha'MeH'HTe T'YpOK'= aw-
l..UliHlIl4e... rra OIHAa oyperUHiHHl4e, na CH>M'HUIHHH'l4e, caAe6UHIHHl\e,
MAeKaI,JllIHH'l4e H iKpYillKapHlHl4e...; a OBAe, iHiAe, MorAa Ce B:HAeTH
111 rro 'Koja TYP'CKa K3JBa. OHe cy 6IIY'HO OnAe 'Kao He'KIH BHCOa<H Yap-
AaL!H IHa Alla 6aja: AOAe oY oUAe 6ep6epHH14e a rope KacPalHe C Be-
AHK'JIlM II lllHpOKIHM AOKCaTlfI,\1a... rIHIM ce YA11'1\,a,Ma UpOCTO HHje MU-
rAO npOhH OA CHAHe MeWaBH'He OBeTa H3 CBHjy 'KpajeBa npocrpaHe
TypoI<e l43!peEHHe: ry cy ce MorAH CEH opHje
l
HT3ACKH je3Hl\I1:
rypCI, apanOKH, nepcHjOK'H, jepMeHc'KH, jeBpejC'K!H ("ceepapAC'KH",
mnaHCKII), rpYKH, I4HHl4apCKIli, a-pHayrcKH, a 'BpAO per:K:O cpnCIKH.
XpHlllina:HCK'I1 'Kpaj 6HO je y ro Ao6a y OKOA'HHH AaiHaWI-be Ca60pH
.upK'Be. " XpHwnaHCKO rp06loe, y ro A-6a, 6HAO je H3'BaH UlaHl4a,
AONe oA BapOUl4KaIl'Hje... " MenYUIM, BeorpaA ce AeAJIM rrpaCTH'paO
M'Ha rrpOCTOpy 'H3BaH BapOillI<Or "W3JHl4a". Y CaBa'M3!AH je 6HAO "He-
LUro KOAI-I6a, Kp:B'lIiI-bapa, y KojHIMa je cralHBaAa rrY'Ka CUpOTHI-ba,
'M3XOM AlIA>aI4H H3 BOCHe, CTaipe Cp6'Hje 11 ManeAOHll1je" ,6 a fIa-
AHAYAa je ,,6HAa Kao iHeiKlH 6eorpaA0KH npI-baBop. 'caOBl--1M oABojelI
OA EeorpaAa, KaO H CBaKO Apyro ceAO. O-H03. je 3a Aooa fIp-Bor VCTaIH-
Ka 'HaoeloeHa, MaXOM, 113 HCTO"Y'HlIX KpajeBa Cp6Hje. OA CTa
l
M60A H
BHAH'H-KanHje HMaA je nO,L\OCTa nOhH AO rrpBHX
'Kyna".7
y rypCI<OM AeAY neorpaA:a, Kao "jeAa'H OA Haj6oral'VljHx H Haj ..
3HaMeHH1lHjJl)X EpA'I1'ja Ao6a" 611'0 je PycTe'M6er XaI.l'H PHuaAo-
BHn, AaAeI<H CpA'HH'K MexMeA <PoYlHn-are. V CeHI4HI-berOBe MOn'H,
60rarcTBa 'H yrH'l4aja H3!Aa3HAH cy ce r01'O'BO CBH fIOpTHIHH YHHOB-
IHlHI4H y neorpaAY. CBOjy 'Min je re\1efUHO Il{ Ha MIHo,r06poj1HHM H "ja.
KlIM" Be3aMa Koje cy HWAe Y3'K AO Uapl1ppaAa. HHaye ce y npHiBpe,.\-
6 A. KOMapYHn, npeTi1U 11 110TOJnlll, 40-42.
7 Hero, 40..
fpaAOBII, BapOllllI, naAaHl<e II TpJK. npeA IIpBII cpn. YCT3HaK 153
HOM rpaAa 'II BeAllfKOr AeAa Cp6Hje HCT,HuaO H no TOMe WTO
je "TprOBao C BAa'lllKiOM H Kapa-Bor'AaJHOKOM, AOHOCH OTYA CO If
npOAaBao je no CBOj ByrapoKo,j, Cp6H'j'H 'H BOOH'H; a AlalBaO je >Ha op-
TaJKAYK napa 'He calMO TYPUHMa Tpro:BUHMa, Ben 'II OllM:H'M 3HallH'HjHM
Cp6:H'Ma, '06.lPI:HO Map'BeHHM TpJ:1OBUH1Ma. OH je, ceM TOTa, tJ.1HHlHO,
jorn npe A:ax-Hja, CBe IMoryne OAaIK'illHUe TproBUH!Ma H'3 liIYMaAHje,
Aa cBoje ueA'ene rOBeAa H KpAa OBaIJ;a H OBlHOBa npel'YPyjy y neca-
PHjy, HapaBHO 3a A06po H 3a ce H CBe OHe KOjH cy MY y OBOj H OBaK-
J30j TprOBHHH HWAH Ha PYKY. Jow ce TaAa Be3aAO jaKo
H3Melsy MAa,Ll,Or, aMI H Ha AaAeKO YYBeHor MapBeHor TprOBua, HHKO-
Ae i\.YlheBHue, H 60raTor Typ'lHHa PYCTeM-6era XaUH-PHI,IaAOBHna...
To Aa TypLI%H 6YAe TIOKpOBWrefo cpnOK.lIM CTO'l.J.apOKHiM TpJ:10BU'HMa,
II HHaye y l'prOBatJ.1K.lf,\1: H APYI'.lIh1 IJl.OCAOBaI-h.lfMa, 'H:Hje 6no peABK
CAyYaj, rra cy MHO'J:1H Op6H YCl'BapH 6HAH lHe caMO MlMUH, Wef1pTH
JI nocNyra KOlA HIMynHl.lfjHx Tvp8lKa epi\'Hja no BaplOmHiMa Cp611'je
Hem 11 lfJH'XOBH ,,KaAay::m". opTaIJ;IH y IMlHOJ:1.lIM nOCA:()IBiHHM ITOAyxBa-
THMa, rrace6Ho y 'Be3'H C TproB.lfHOM (IK'oja je 6HAa Y'HO-
CHa), aAH H TproBHHOM ceOOKHIM npOH3BOA!JllMa 'Ha 6aillTHHaMa CpT!-
OK!HX celnaKa, npHB'HAerHlCllHe palje y ()IKB'HoPY KIHe:tKJHH'Cl caMOYll-
paBe y BeorpaACKOM nawlA'Y'KY.
npuape>I-LO-eICOIiO;\1CICU o>/-lOCU u3Mehy CC/la U zpa>a
OApeA6au\Ia CBHWTOBCKor MHpOBHor yrOBopa, IIopTa ce 06aBe-
3aAa Aa nOMHAYje Cp6e, Aa 3a6PafHlH 60paBaiK jaHH'YapHM'a 11 Aa 113-
Aa nOBAtCnIIJ;e 0 CA6oAHoj l'prOB.lfHH, iH NH'tJ.1HlOj cAo60AH
3aCTalHOBHH'WT,BO y BeorpaAoKoM rrawaA'JIK'V, lK'ojeM je V3 1'0 6HAO
06e36eneHO H rrpa'BO A;a HeOMeTalHO 06aBl"a BepoKe 06peAe, Aa on-
paBka rropyweHe H rpaAH 'ROBe upKBe. C\OOAaH npOMeT A06apil
ca AYCl'pHjOM H YTBpneHa CTona OA 3 nOCTO Ha 'Y'Be3eHY po6
1l
rroro-
AOBaAIH Cil He CaiMO TpaH3H"I1Hoj TprOB.lIH:H H3Meny TIl'PoKe H AYCl'pH-
je 'Hero II nOrpaH'WfHoj l'proBHHH BeorpaACKor nawaA'rKa oa cyceA-
HHM aYCTpH'joKiH1M TP){<:<HWTBiMa y CpeMY 'H EaH3TY, aAH 'If no APV-
l'HlM KpajeBHMa MOHapX1Hje, LIaK AD Byt.\IH\Ma, llionpOHa H ReLIa. Yc-
.-\eA CBHX OBHX rronOAHQCTH npa:BHo<nOAH:l'W'l'K:or 06eAe)Kja, CTaHlOBHiH-
JJll'BO ceBepH'HX I<pajeBa Cp6Hje je AO)KHBfo3BaAO 6p30 nookwalbe
CBor MaTepHjaA'Hor CTaI'ba 'H npenopoA CBr Apyml'Be:HOT 6Hna. IIo-
BenaI-he npO!H3BOAI-he, npe CBera y rajeI-hY 'croKe, 3aToH'M y K'OpHlllnc'-
IbY npIfpOAlH'HX 'H ApyrHx npH'Bpe:.AHiHX iH3Ropa, jaY3AO je OOWTY
eXOHOMCKY OOHOBY OPrIOKOT Oe!l:>aWl'Ba. BeN.lIKa nOTpa)K'lha CPUOKiHX
npOH3BOAa Ha aYCTpHjOKHM nHjan;aMa ynIn;aAa je nOA'Cl'Hn;ajHo Ha
YHanpeneI-he npHBpeAlHHX H3Bopa Cpl1CKor ceAa, TaJK'O Aa je OHO CTY-
I1'IfAO V OBe Y:Bpwne H OpraJHH30BalHHje TprOOaYKe Be3e C rpr'BUHiM3
aYCl'pH1jOK'H'M nOAaHHUHMa. IbB,oocTKe, 'CTOtJ.lHHX npoH3BOAa, MeAa,
BOOKa, -orpeBHor ApBeTa, l'paneBHHOKe jalJ1Hje, pyja 'Ii KO)[(a nOCTao
8 HeTO, 44.
----------
154
B CrojaH''leBHU
je Y'CTatoeH TprOBa'lKH rrpOMeT. Taj rrpOMeT ce ,110 A,axHjcKe Y3yp-
rraUH'je O,.1iBIHjao Ha AB,a Hal.IHHa: Il!pBO, IHef1l0'CpeAHlHiM 'H3B030M Kojn
cy BpmHNH ,.1iOlManH Jb'YAH y AYCT'PHjy, llITO je 6:HAO H !HajY:emne;
APY'ro, nocpeACTBoM TplfOBau;a H3 Beorpa,.1ia, CMeAepeBa-, llIarru;a,
Y)I(Hu;a, Kpa,rvjeBu;a, JarOAUHe, H APYru'x BlJp'lllKHX .pe-
AHlliTa. Y nOCAOBHMa K'C)lj'H -cy 6HAH Be3aHlH 3a IH3Ba3 CToKe, TaJKofie
cy Y1.JOCTBOB'aA'H 'H 'H'CTlJK!HtYTHj'H l'prOBu;:H 113 BapOllJlHu;a H naAaJHlKH
Kao llITO cy Y6, IlaAe>K, KOAaJpH, fpOLJ;lKa, Ba'l'Ol.UIIHa, PalM, fpaAH-
ulTe, CBH'AajiHau;, ITopeY: tH Hf>lKa Apyra 'MecTa. T'pl'oDYma CT.oKOM ce
oABHjaAa HAlH HerrOCpeA'HiOM rrpoAaj:OM K.ojy je BpWHO caM npo-
H3BonaY:, 'HAH nocpeAC'I1BO;V1 3aKynau;a, KaAaY'3a H OpTlJKa BapoillKJH1X
TprOBau;a. TIH BapOlliK'H: TprO'BU;H cy yjeAHo 6'HAH IH rAlJBHH A:06a:Btoa-
'"fH MaHly<paIKTY'PHe, 'KOAOHH'jaAIHe, n03aL'.1aHTepwj'Ke, CTl'KAap-
CKe H J1B'O>KnapCKe ("H'H'pH6epw'Ke") p06e, 6HAO Aa cy TprOBaAH ,Ha
BeAUKO Crp'O.HCl1H) .HAH Ha MaAO (AeTaibHiCTH). CeOOKH AynaHIH, xa-
HOBH H 'Mex,aJHe OHAH cy 'Ba>KaH 'IloapeAlHlH'K y OBOj TprOBa'l!Koj 'pa3-
MeHI1 ce'OOKe npOH3B'Alhe 3a p06y ca BapOillKOIf Tp>K'HUITa, OMAO
v yrHYTpaml-boj 6HAO y cnoJ'olH:'j 'l'P'I1OIBI/1IHH cprrOKor craHOBIH:HtillTBa y
bOOrpaAOKOM nalllaAY'KY. C rrO'BenaHH'M 06H1M'OM :IlpOH3BOA'lhe H Tp-
rom-me, y 4'e'MY av ceOOKa AOMaJna paIA'H1HOCT H rpaAKH 3aJHaTIH H'MaAH
TaJKone BeA'HlKI1 3Ha'4'l'j, HaTypaAIHO 06eAe>Kje H rrpelBAaCT ceoClKe npH-
BpeAe YCT'IflITaAiH cy 'MeCI'O p06Hoj pa3MeHH, OAlH<YOH 'IroBY:alHoj npl1-
BpeAH. YCAeA ITOBenaHe Ma'ce WTOBOr y ceaoKlHlM 3aApY>KIH1iJM
nopOAHl..(a-MaH lb'HXOBe YBenaHe Kyn'BH'e MonH n'04'eAO ce pa3BHjaTl1
HHTepeCOBalhe 3a oHOBe '06Am<e A'PYllIT'BeHiHX U IlpHBpeAHiHX 'Be3a K'Oje
cV, 'C A'pyre Cl'paHe, 3a'BHCHAe H 0,11 crallba nOWH11Hl.lKoHIX H nocToje-
nl1X npa'BHUX OAIHoca, a lf>HX je Tpe6aAO CTaAIHO ytHanpen.HBaTH paAH
Aaiber eK'OHO'M0Kor pa3IBoja 'Ii A'PyW1'B0HOr Hanpe'J1Ka.
rpaAO'BH, H l'omIne HapOillKa H<:l'Ceiba, OBe 'BiHme 'Coy nocTajaJ\H
IIOCHOQH HHllIeC11pY-Ke nOBena'He Ao6apa, no'Ce6:Hio y Ao6aB-
toaH:>Y 11 npoAaj'H YBe3eHe p06e ca BeAHIKHX Tp>K1H'WTa np:OC:"J1paHe Py-
MeA'Hje UNH H3 cyceAHe AYCTpH'je. IlaHanWH 'Kojnx Je 611AO y BeAH-
J(OM 6pojy y jY)J<'HHM H HCT'OY:IHHM IKpajeBHlMa Typ:CKe 'Ha nau\tKaJi-
CKOM nOAy'OCTP'BY, 0,11 KOjl1X cy ffil1X AeCeTaK OAp>KaBaAHH Meny-
HapoAHe 'B'e3e (c i\esa:HTOM, AHa'AoAIHjO'M, EI1IIDTOIM, CpeA!H>OIM EBpO-
rrOM, OAecOIM, EpiAeib''M, 'C HeKHM 3aJITaAJ}lJo,\1eA11TepaHlKH'.\1
J1njaU;ill.1a), oMHOro cy II3'HWe lHero AOTaA Y'KAana:A'H penH'O'H<l:A1HY eK'-
HOMUKY neOTpaACKO'r nawaAYKa y ml1'pe TOKO'Be 6aA:KJHlCKe, na 'H
eBp,OrrdKe TprO'BIme H npOMeTa. H3!Haro je (:OCoO'HTO !lfB npUJ<a3a
TalHacHja HAHha) Aa je KpVfliHa H H'J1Ha CTOll<a 'HB 'ceBepHlHx Kpaje-
Da ne:ol'P'aACKOf naliIaAYKa CTH3aAa Ha YAatoeHHje rrnjau;e y HOB'M
CaAY, OOl'jeKY, KaH:>'IDKH, 1lI0npolHY, Ilo)KYHY H Be'lJ.Y, a H3 Jyro-
3aJna,:HI1X KpaJjeBa je npeKO IH3BOB<HJHX 'Il!Hjau;a Y)KHu;a, Ho)K'C're, qa-
YKa, PYAIHJ.ia<a, KapaHOBu;a OIAAa3HAa Ha jaApa'HCKe llJH'jal\e lIa:K 1-\0
MAeTaKa, Cel-ba, 3\JApa, CnAUTa, HOBOf Ji PUCHa. Aeo OiBe TprOB!H1He
.i'e 06alBibaH H nOCpeAC1'BO'M :H1H'OCTpaJ-IHX Tpro'Bau;a H V'B03HHlK'a, Meny
Kojl1'Ma cy ce UCTH'l..\aAH 3e.\1YHl.\H, M'HTpoBY:aHH, HOBocanaHH, Ocje
fpaAOBH, BapOWH, nahaHKe H Tp)l{. npeA IlpBu cpn. YCTaHaK 155
yaHl1, OyAH'MqH, HOBoBap:OllIaHiH, CapajAHje, Tpe6H
1
l-bL1'H H Apym.
BaibeBcKH H IIO)KelliKH Barnap y 3anaJAlHOj nOA'OBHrH'H, a J3!rOMlHOKH
H IIo>Kape'BaY'Kli 'Y nCTOYHoj nOAOBHIHH nalllaAYrK<l 6H,\,H 'cV 3Ha<mjIHJI
3a BeAH'Ke Tprr'BaYKe Be3e C 6oca1HC'KHiM H PYMei\uj CI<JHIM 'I1'J11j aL1aMa.
YOIIllITe Y3eB, Cp6H H3 EeoI'paAcKOr namlAryKa AOAa3H,\H cy y AO-
AHpC TprO'BL1iHMa 'H3 cyAIHHx TYPOKHX, aJYC"J1pHjOKHX, !BAallllKHX, na
H 'MAeTaLJ;KHX npO'BIHHl\Jija (.L\aNMaI\J1ja, DOKa ;1:0 1797). TpI'OBHHa
COlnV AOBO'/\,oHAa HX je y 'Be3Y C 'Bi\a'l1l
I
K,HiM TprOBL1UMa H
THMa y LfepHeuv, KpajoBH, Typay-CeBepHlHY, Tpry )KHjy H APYrJ1lM
MeCTHMa, Y<l'K AO BYKypeuna.
CBe OBO je A/OL1Huje A.olllAO AO H3p3!3a. 'Y IIpBOM 'OpnoK'OoM VCTaH-
l,V, KaA ce cHa6AeBaffie Gpooje paTrHH'M nOTpe6aJMa, '[la H XpaH01\l
V 'OCKYAiHJ11M roAHlHaMa, MorAO 06aJB/naTH H3 O'BHX HAH npeKO OBHX
Tpr.OBaJl.JXHX H3'B'03'H<HX cpeA'HIUTa. TPCT, npeMa 'KiOMe ce Bei\IHrKHM AC-
1\OM 'K'peT,aO H3B03 6aJHaTcKo-rnoMoplflllK'e nWeHUL1e TH'COM, AYHa-
BlM H Ca'BOM (nopeA DeOrpaAa n IIIaIIL1a), V TOM norAeAY je TIpU-
ja1HO H3HEmaAHO 1806. BeAJ11.KiI1!M HiBYJHHM AapoM fI1piBOM opnaKo.\t
Y'CTaJHiKY, llIT je BeOMa M:Horo 3HaYIHAO H y H yorr'l1lTc
norAeAY. TpToBHlHa Ji: TprOBa'lIK'H oIJp'lMeT
6HNH cy y cpnOKOM AeAY 'CTaJHOBHHllITBa AiBa}y L1apCTaJBa TypoKe II
AycTpHje (aKo ce TaKO MO)f<e CA060AHO penH) 1'OTOBO y
I/oj Be3H C ApYUfm0HHM mnal-bHMa, norpe6aMa H nOi\HTHl.JKHM TOK-
IloaMa cpnCKor HapOAa rrOA Tyt>HHCKOM BAalllny, a npBH cprrCKH YCTa-
'Ha'K ca oCA06oneHUM ;\ei\OM ceBepHe Cp6Hje rrOCT<l je H\A.eja 'K''jOj
cV Te)1(HAH 'He caMO OH'H oBeClHiH no C'BO'M 06pa.3OiB3Jl-bY IH
Hero H mupOKH Ci\ojeBH cefualUT1Ba H3 CyceAHHX, ai\JH tH H3 HaJjYAa-
;\,eHHjux Klpa1jeBa :fJJpocropa cpllc!K01' HapOAa.
Dope!\ DeorpaAa KOj11 je y MenYHapOAlwj T1prOBHIHH TY'POKOf Uap-
CTBaca CpeAI-hOM E'BpOnOM, 'Kao YI y nOrpa'HHYHoj TpTaBHlHH ca Ay-
cTpajoM, 'ltMaO rrpB'Opa3peAJH 3Hayaj, HeMaAY yAor\, HMa"'H oy H
rpaAaBH, na yaK H -Malbe BapOUIH, na"'3!HKe H ceOOKa narpa-
HHYHa l'p)1(JHllTa. Y V j yr03anaA;HOM ;i,eAY .oeoI'paAC[<JQlr naollla-
'\Y'Ka 3HaYHJ\O je BeOMa MIIoro 3a pa3MeHY
C &acaIHOKUM nawaAYK'OM, c MAeTal.J'KOM a 3aTHM 'H aYCTpHjOK''M Aa.\-
M3iL{.Hj'OM, 'a IIapel.J-MaAa, OCTpRCKa TY'PCKa l'BpnaBa ca MH'BHM Tp-
)KUWTeM Ha AYHaIBY, 6HAa je Ba)K'Ha 3a ITOI'paIHlH'Y'Hy 1'prOBHHY C
})aHaTOM, EpAeJ\>OM H BAaWKOM. Ha I-bHXOBOM npHM0py BHAiH ce ;.\<:\
3a TprOBH'HY H1lfje 6HAO Hy)IQHO Aa ce 'MeCTa HaAa3e IJ-Ia IHajnoro;.\-
HlHj'J1lM H ca pa3BHjeHIJ\1 a'ppap'HOM rrO:3a-
I\HB'a.\1.
YJ/cUlle IWO Hm pa38ujeHe 8apowu y YHYTpaWH>OCTU 3eM.!be
Y)K'Hqe je noc,\e DeOl'paAa 6Hi\:0 IHa}oonH rpaA y Cp6H'jH Deo-
rpaACKor nalllaAyxa H no 6pOjHOCT.H CTaJH:'Bil1HIllTBa H no eKOH'Olll-
CKOM 3Haya'jy. MenYTHM, OHO 'ce BeO\ pa3AHlKOBaA'O OA DeOl'paJA3
YI H0I"HX APYllHX BapOIllE y opeAlhoj H HCT'4JHOj nOJ\OBHHH 3eMI'o
156
B CTojaWJeBul.
no TOMe WTO y }beMY y ellH'HYKO},,! 1'1 no,rAeAY :HMje BAa
AaAO Ta'K'BO wapeHiHA' H llIT'O je OHAO l.JIHCTa 'B3pOillK'a cpeAHHa ca
CpnOKH'M rOBpH'HM je3H'K'OM: 'MYCAoHMa.1WKD CTaHlBH1HWTBO 6HAO je
nopeKAa, H'CAaJMiH30BaiHO 'y pa:]-lHjH'M BpeMeHiIrMa, AeA'OM CTa-
poceAeAalfKO H AeAOM AOllllo3!YKO li3 CY'CeAiHHXK:pajeBa BOCHe H Xep-
ueroBHiHe, a cprrcKonpaBooAaJBH'O (HHaye Y'BeMlIKoj MalbYI'H'H) TaKobe
CT3JpOCeAeA3!'iKCO HAn AOCetoeHIO H'3 cyceA-fHX BapO'lllH H naAaHKn, yr-
AaBHiOM ca CAIlliBa ApHHe IH i\iH'Ma, Y npHBpeAHOIM rrorAeAY, Y)KHUC
je rrpeACTaBloaAO DpaA T'prOBa'ua H 3aHaTAiHja, aAiH je 6YIAO H AOCTa
" peHnrjepa" , Tj. 3eMtoOBAaOHlHIKa oH KopHCiHlfKa 3eMA>Hlll'He, HaTypaA-
He HHOB4aJHe peHTe no OCiHIOBH iHOCl10ua npaJBa (I{3 TypOKor cnaXJHj-
oKor arpapHo-npaBHor CHCTeMa. Y)KHl.l3JHH cy 6HAH n03HaToIf TPfO'B-
L{H CT0'K'M, CT04HIHM npOH3BoAM'Ma, Xpa:H'OM, 'K:al'paHJlM, AYYOM, BO-
lieM, a naceoH'o cy ce I1'CTHuaA'H 'l'prOBU'H BY'HOM. 3aiHaTH cy TaKoBe
OHNH pa3BHjeJHI1, n'4:eB ',L\ 3aHaTAnjaKoj'H ev ce 6a
l
B!HAH l1pOH3BOA-
iliOM pa3HiHx BpcTa MeTaNHe p06e ,L\O nyp4L1fjoKor YI BYIHapcKor 3a-
Ha'TCTBa; OA 3aJHaTa cY U,BeTaAH Ta6aYKH, Tep3HjcKH, 3aTI1M fie6er.mj-
OKH. no jeAHoM ,Ka3I1BaJlbY, "npBe epi\,Hje 6H1\'H cy Ta6aUH, KOjH cY
H'MaAIH cBoje <l?a6p'H'Ke Ha 'BOAlH AeTH'lbH, Koja je TeKAa H3 TI AaIHllfIHa" ;9
Ha I-bOj je TaKoBe 6HAO H "IBatoapHua" Koje cy ITpeACTaBioaAe HeKY
BPCTY npHMHTHBHHX <l?aoplllKa 3a H3paAY ne6a'AYI H wajKa, TepaHe
Ha norolH. 3a.HaTNHje cy npeTe>KiH' HMaAe rzyne Ha T3B. Ua-
pHHH, "KO,L\ KaMeI-re nynpl1je". AaK je BAaAHKa 60paBHO y Y>Iuy,
OH je ry npe IT'CAeAlber aYCTpHjCKo-rypcroor paTa HMao H OBOj KO-
HaK, aAH ce :u;p'KBaH'Ylje IHaAa3HAa y BapOW'11 Bero y 06A'H>I<!LeM ce-
AY CeBojHo, rAe je TaKoBe 6m\;Q YI rpootoe 3a B8pOUlKe Cp6e.
KaKO je H3rAeAao ApywTBeiHH >I<,H'BT H KaiK'BO je 6111\0 iKYATYP-
HO CTa,J-be Cp6a y Y>I(UIW nplH Kpajy XVIII H ITOqeTK'!M XIX BeKa
ormcao je 110 cen3'J-bY '113 -CBor ,LWTHlbCrn'3 Y>KIH"Ia'HHI-J MaiKC-HM E'BI'C-
HOBHn: "Tau 'ME je OHO M'ajcTop [J'O 3aHaTY ne6eUHja, J[
rOTOBHO je :HajAenwa TypcKa ne6aA. A ,L\,oceAHO ce y CBOjoOj 'MAa-
AOOTH H3 EpueroBHlHe - BapowlH l.Iaj'H'HLIa 'Ka'::JMajcTop. BE je IT'PH
11O'M... '4'OBeKKH,lDKeBH, nnCMeH, aAH 3a OBO BpeMe V O,L\ TypaKa
YAPY4eHoj Cp6nj'H jeAaH OA 'HajyqeHHjHx ilJYAI1, IlOCLIeM je y cpG-
OKOM 'l{}bH/l(eB'BO,M je3:WKY li CBeTOiM fIll1CMY TaKO BHLJ3JH 6110, Aa MY
y OBO'M TJ10CAe,L\lbeM YI rp'Y'Ke BAa,L\HKe TelllKO O,L\rO'Bapallle 11 3a 1'0 cy
ra 'HYAHAH, Aa ra rrrp'OToM HaYHHe. HMao je KJ-b:IDl.<.apHoHUY [6H6AHO-
TeKY] Beny 'Bero jeAaiH rp'lJ!KIH BA3J,L\l1Ka, KOjy cl' H CTap;OA;peBHe Ha
KO>KH H nepf3!MeHTY UI1CalHe 'K}bure Y'KpawaBaAe. ITopeA CBor 3aHaT
l
.,
KOjH je y 'BeAHiKOM paAH'O, Ap>Kao je OH 111 mKOAY y 'BOjOj COITCTBC-
Hoj KynH H -Aeuy je Oe3ITAaT'HO 4'HTaI-b'Y 11 l1HcalbY Y4HO. CUpOTOj
AeU'HKyn:'OBao je 'KH>l1re H apTHjy 3a oBoje HOBJl,e. OCIEY! 'Bo'r BI1Ule
je Apymx 3aAY>I<.6I1JHa YHHHO, ABe 4eCMe npeA CBOjOM KynoM nOAJ1-
ra:o H nYT O,L\ BapoUJ'l1 Y>Iue AO upJKBe y ceAY CeBOjlHo jeAaH caxaI'
oAa KaMeHM narooao H Bo-neM 3acaAHo; jep y B3'pOUJ'J1 BHje CAO-
60'AIHO 6HAO AJUYPDHjV CAY/l<'HTH, npeMAa Ch\1'O HlMa1\'H oJ<.lJUeAY Y'BA8-
9 MaKCUMa EI3ZeHo6u!1.a, )J{U60T0I111CQlluje, 6.
fpaAOBli, BapOlllH. naAaHKe li Tp>K. npeA TIpBH cpn. YCTaHaK 157
A/HllHJHOMK:OHaKry, rAe je AQI1YUITeHO 6uA'0 calMo jYTpelhe H iBe'lepu>e
cBprnalBaT'H, a 'Ha cA'Y)K6y MopaAoCiMo y 0ID,Aa3HTH. JeAiHlY
je co6y y CB'OjOj '&ynH onpeAeAHo 3a crpaHe oopoTe 3a lHo'hIHIIllTe,
KaA cy AOAa3HAlH Aa npoce.. "10 OBa cpnC'Ka BapOlli je 1805, a 3a-
THM If Typ:OKa IKoja je 611Aa Y3 l'BpnaJBY, .H3nopeAa y cpnOKO-TypOKO'M
paTOBalhy 3a 'BpeMe 'Il'p'Bor YCTalH1Ka, KaA oy TyPLVH KOlHalJlH'O MopaAH
Aa 'ce lfceAe y BO'OHY no cpnOK1 3<l!V3'Il'MalhY y){{iH'lKe T'BpnaBe ] 807,
rOA11'He.
Y){G-fIW je ViHeKOAH'KO 6.11'0 CAlT4alH IIIa6aq, C TIHIM lllTO je OH
6HO B:Hme YlllyneH !Ha H3BOG y AYCl'PHj'Y, H lUTO je MaXOM 'l'pr,ooao
Cl'O'KO'M. IIo je'AiHOIM C'IUl'TeTH30'BalHO''\1 CYAY. nocAe 1791. roAHHe ,,3<Ha-
l'HO BIHUle Hem y npeTXO:diHOM rrepHOAY... Ha 'Mal'P'BeIHIH Tpr H llIa-
6a'lKe OKeAe CHAa3HAH cy TprOBU;H ,ca CTaA.HMa OBau;a H K03a, KpAJ-I-
Ma CB'Hlha IH ueAeffi1lMa BOAOBa, 'He CalMO H3 06AJll){{H>HX ceAa lHero
'laKH OA IIpHjenoiba, llajHH'Y:a, PamKe H Cj6H1Uu;e", lUTO je YCAO-
ffiMO "Aa ce poj rpaAC'I<:'r CTa'HOBHHllIl'Ba y llIa'llU;y rOTOBO VA/BO-
Cl'pytIH", na je TaAa AOlliAO "H AO nOAeTa opncKe llapllIH'je Ha Ba-
HPY".JI IIaAH'He TIA<l!HllIHe Uepaca xpaCTOBllM llIYMaMa 3a HcxpaHY
OBll1H>a Il{ 'lYB6HH Ma'lBaIHClKJ1 AyrOBH C 'll'P0nAaoH'U;H'Ma 3a rajeJ-be "iM<l!'i-
naHOK:Hjex 'KpaBa" (n03Ha11HX y HapoAlHoj neCMH) noroAoBaAH cV
Ha!CTaHKY 'lHl'aBOr CAO'ja CTO'4apOK!HX l'prOlBau;a KOjH cy TpJ:01BaMl Ha
cyoeAHlHJM aYCl''P'Ilj'C.KHJM Illijau;aMa <ao liITO cy 6HAe Paqa, MllTpO-
Im:u;a, KAeHa'K, IIpOBO. HplhaJBOpau; HHJKOAa llapKaJJHja 'Il TOMa Tp-
KHn BaJKHA:H cy 3aBeOMa CnpeTiHe H 60'raTe 'l'p!rosu;e y u;eAoj 'Cp6HjH,
Kao ibYAH rr03Hal'H rro Be3a'Ma H H3BaJH llIa6a'lJIKe HaXJHje, Hapo'llHl'O
C rrpeI<ocaBCKH:M Cp6l11Ma 'li 'MHOI1I11M rrpeACTalBHHU;HMa 3BaJHlfLIIHe ay-
cl'pujcKe yrrpa:Be y BOjHOj H opeMoKj )K;yrraHlHjH, Meny-
l'HM, AOK cy Cpoo XpH'llInaHiH l'pnOBaAH HOKibY"4JHIBO ca aycrplHjoI<.HM
mrjaU;a'Ma, HAH rrpeKO CBOjUX opTaJKa (H rrOKpOBlITeiba) y llIanuy,
AOl'Ae cV llIa6a'lKH TYPU;H OAP)KaBaAH nOCAOBHe Be3e H ca BOCHOM,
noce6HO 3BOPHHlKO;M H ClJpajeBOiM, aMI H ca BeorpaAOM. IIi\;OBiHa
CaJBOKa ,ca06panajIHHu;a oMoryna'BaAa je rH 3>Ha'DHy TprOB'H'HY C U;e-
AiOM 60CaJHOK''M IIOCa!BHtHOM H Kpaj!lJiHOM, AUKAe cy J10BI-Ial'HM ,,'la-
MOBI1Ma" 1 noce6HioM 'BpCl'OM Aa5a, C11H3aAU y IIIa6au; H BeorpaA )KH-
TaplIu;e, Bane, 'KO)Ke HMHore 3aHaTOKe H3paneBH'He.
3aX'Baibyjyl:H rrOBAaCl'HU;3'Ma 3a TprOBll'H'\( ca AY'CTP'Hj'OM y Beo-
rpaAoKoM namaAYKY nOCAe 1791, 3HallHO ce n060L'oma'O npalBRB Il
Apyilll'BeHH rroA,oO}Kaj Cp6a, llIl'O ce O:ApaBHAO H Ha H>HXBO nOCAOIB'HO
Kpera-tLe H A;OCeL'oaBaH>e y llIa6au;. CpITCKa 'Ba''P'0lU y llIanu;y je npe,/.\
cpnCKH 'YCl'MH1:K 1804. HMaAa KOAOHll{jy 'OA 56 nopOAHu;a ca 616 AY-
ma, OA qera ce 'Kal TproBa'lKe TIOMWI-bY 42 nopo;AIlu;e Cp6a xp.RllIna-
Ha. "Meny xpHllInaHHMa KOj'H cy AO VCTaHKa )KIH'BeAH 'Y IIIanu;y, Ha-
l\a3HMO npHnaAHH:Ke' 6aAKaHcKor, eKMeUHjcKor, KacancKor, l'ep311j-
oKor, nYP'lujcKor, HaA6aHl'cKor H Kaepel,lH'jcKor eOHa<>a" .12 Y 1'0 Bpe-
Hl liCTO, 4.
Il y npOUl,lOCTU, 388.
12 liCTO, 389,
158
B CTOjalflleBHo
Mecy y lIlaoau; rr04eAH Aa ce yrAa'BHOM rrpHupe:MeH AOCeA>aBajy 1'1
HeKH JeBpej'H 1'13 I>eorpaAa H I>ooHe, aA'H ce HHCY '1\10rA'I1 OA'p)KaT!1
VCAeA eUHAeMHje Kyre 'Koja je 1794-96. 'BeOMa npope:AHAa CTaJH'B-
]-InIllTBO YBapOillUMa I>e:oppaA;OKor rraillaAY'Ka, HapolJH1'o IMycMilMaH-
OKO. 3a cprrCKo lH'aCeibe Ha I>a'Hr'Y 3HalJa}HO je H'a'BeCUI Aa je II1MaAO
Xa:H H AlBe ,,'KaBe" (iKa<paHe), AOK ce u;pKBa 'HaAaC:lHrAa YlMOM lIlarI-
uV, rAe je npeA rrpBH CprrCJKiH YOTa:Ha:KCTaAIHO Oopa'Bno erFH'OKOn
AJl-ITHM y 3Bau,y Y)K'JflJIKO-Ba,beBCKor BAaAHKe, ITOpeKAOM .fprK lB AO-
6ap nplijaTeib ca Cp6HhVla.
I1UTepapl-la e60lCat{uja elCOHOMClCe eaJ/CHOCTU kLaJle eapowu y Cp6uju
MaI-be BapollLH H naAa'HrKe 'ceBepHor AeAa Cp6Hje, IHapo'lJHT oiRe
Ha rpaHruU;H npeJMa AycrpH'jn, ROCUAe cy llHiillf'IlOO 06eAe)l<je rrorpa-
J-IIl-flJ!HHX 1'prOBRY)KIJ1X Il'Hjau;a IH iHeITOOpeAHe TprCmarqKe 'pa3MeHe p06a
H3Meny AlBej'Y pa3M1'YHTHX rrpUB:peAHM-X CpeA'HIHa, pa3AiBOjeHlHx rroAH-
'DH4KOM rpaHlHU;O'M, aAH K'OMTIAeJMeHTapHiHX rro TroTpeoa:Ma nojHx rro-
ce6HHX IfllHjau;a. To je HapOYHTO 'Ba)lAO 3a M.HOre 'Bapomuu;e H rra-
Aa'HlKe IJ{CTO'YJHO OA MopaJB'e: PaM, frpaAiH'mTe, fONy6au;, Ilope'lJ, Ao-
6PY, 'H A3:ibe HH3 AYHaB rrpeMa BHAlfHaKOM na'llla'AY:K'Y, ITOllJeB OA Te-
J<Hje H A.M1KaAea AO KAaA'Ba, I>pae IlaA3!H1K:e, H Aaibe iKa BIHAHHY.
CvceAe"f:BO ca AYCTpnjoM li BAaIllKJOM, C pa3A,HY'HTmv' OOHOB'HiHiM inpH-
BpeAHiH'M ,H3'BlOpH'Ma 'HA!H paJAJ1l-IlHTOM npoI13BOAI-bO'M, YTHu;aAJO je Ha
BeOMa )Kl-DB rrorpaHlfLlHI-I rrpOMeT KJOMe cy 'TIAOBHOCT 'H BeAIillill AO-
MeT AYHaBOKe ca06pa,riajHHIJ;e Aa'BaAH MHore MoryliiHocTI-I 3aAl-fHa
MIT4aH Apym1'BeH'H, npUBpeAH'H, KYATyplH'H, "lIaK H el1HlHlJ:KH pa3BOj. V
nOMeHY'I'H'M 'BapomnMa rrOA rypOl<)OM ynpaBoM je y XVIII 'BeKY, AO
paTa 1788-91, IlpeaBAaAaBaAo TVPOKO 'MryCAHMliHOKO CTaJH.oBrHU-
IlITBO, ,aiAlf je, c HeiliTO 'H3Y3eTIKa, }bIJ.ID(OO fI'}JI'H.!B'peAjHiH )K]{BOT 'I1 )KiH-
BOT HerroopeAHor ynpaBiHor H e<.OHOuVlC'Kor rpaBwrraU;UllHOif J1lOAiPyYja
Ap)KaA'O AjOCeA>eHiH'lJKO TproBa'lJlK!0-3aH'aTAlHj<OKO CTaJHOBHi11ill1'BO, '-re-
CTO fipilfCT11rAO 113 BeOMa YA3.toeH1lfX iKpale'Ba IHe caMO ca I>aAJKaJHOKor
nOAYOC1piBa Hero H TaAamH>er BeOrMa npOC11paHor TypoK'T UapC11Ba.
CA'Y't.Iaj Aiyu-I3BOK'OT HaceibeHO'r 11 'YTBpneJHor OCTpBa IIopelJa 'Ha K'paj-
fueM ']{CTOYJHOM AeAY EeorpaAcKor rramaAYiKa, iMOVKAa je Haj60ibH
rrpHU'vlep TaK'Bor pa3Boja jeAiHOr 6pojacp6.HjaHclx BaJpOrnK'HX Ha-
ceiba. IlpH'Mep Ilope"-Ia je OBaKaJKO 'BeoMa 3aJHoHlMiblfB H ca COl(H'OA'O'
11J1K'OTH KYATYPoA'illKor rAeAH'lJlTa, a !He caMO 3a rrrp-H'BpeAIHO, KYA-
TYPHO, rra H ellHH'lJiKO CTaJ-be 'y O'BOIM AeAY Cp6lfje.
BO)KHAap KOBa"lleRlI'h, OpITOKiH K'HM)KeBRHrK oH rrHcau; MIHorHX Ha-
mrca H3 iK'YATypHe HC'DOi]Jwje opnC'K'Olr lHapOAa, y jeAiHoj HOBeAiH je
eBOl{Hpao )lBOT Hope"lla HenOCpe,A:H npeA a:YC11pUjOK"-TYrpC'l<1] paT
1788. Kp03 6HO'rpa<pI-f1jry rAaiBHOf jYHaiKa, ooraTor nOpe'liKOf Tproou;a
Te0<pHAa, Aao je y cTBapn Ai\f6A>Y 00-33:AHHY APY'I.lll'BeHiO-JfJCropujoKor
fI'pOu;eC3 rKOjH je OHO KapaKrep!lIiCTHlJaiH :H 3a IHaCTalHaK IH'B'Hje 6a.\-
KaJHOKe 4apIll'Hje !lI 6aAIKaJHOK!lIX Tp)KMIllTa, a!l\H 'H 3a pa3Boj uapowlf
y HCr"lI/HOM AeAY Cp6Hje rroA TY'pOKOM BAamny IKpajeM XVIII -ReKa,
fpaAOBH, BapOIllH, naAaHl H TpJK. npeA ITpBH cpn. YCT<tHaK 159
ITHcaQ Ka)Ke 3a CHor jYHa'Ka Teo<j:>HAa: "OHO je npBIH 'IO'P6aURja y
fLope'I'Y' fOBOpHAO ce Aa 'je, 'OBe 'UAyllli no OBOMMAY, Morao OTlIJ11.H
qa\K Y l'petiy Haxu}y. A ,"'IO*Aa je jOIII BHllle J1jMaO llIro ce iHiHIje 3HaAO,
-- CBe llITO je Ap)lAa l:beroBa pO\61IJHa, pa3HH 6paTy;qeAiH, ceorPH-
nH, 3eTOBH, 'KiY'MOBU, fIOC'HJHQ'H, n06paTJ1:Mll. il TIOB'pX Tora, Kao CBy:.a
Ha AeBa:IlTY, TajHora 60raTCTBa, 3aJKOmlJHora no nOAPYMHMa oH OKpH-
00H01' TIIQ 'OCTaBaJMa - 6eAHX iH *'Yl1HX HOBaQa CB'HX QapCTalBa iKOjH
cy KOAau\iH no BHAajeTY H CA'IfBaJAlll ce y l:beI'O'Be 6a,q.BHQe. TeKAO je
1',0 caMO <DA ce6e, OA TIaJM11HBeKa, C oQa II-Ia ClHIHa. JOllI npaAeAa, AelMa,
xaA je A'OllIao 'IaJK AO T'Pe6H3O!HAe, A'Heo 'je nape H O:A,.M.ax 6HO TIP,BH
trop6aUHja. li IltHJKO, HH TypQIH HH paJja, HHcy IMOrAH l:bHXOB p:OA 3a-
'MHCi\WT1i .6IP'YKt-lHje, Heoo Kao [l'pEe. 3a OBRX neAeceT rO,6/HHa 'Ol1KaiKO
IliO namaAY'KY II-IHlje 6nAo paTolBa ['M'HCAH ce Ha nepHoA 1739-1788
- nplf.M. B. C.], 'O'HI1 cy rp'IeBMTO rOMlf.AaAiH 6Aaro. fAaJBHa iHM je
6pura 6HAa Aa ra MH'O)f(e H 'Kpujy. "13 OBaj Teo<j:>HAO je HMao tKyliy
H l'OOn:OAa'PCKe 3rpaAe y 1'313. BAaU.1Koj ,MaMi (aM6ap, llITLAe, 'KO'KO-
WH'lhaQ, CKpII'BeHa KO"-liHiHa). 3a J-bera 'H ca I-hlllMcy pa'AHAH IMIHOr'H
rnel1pm il KaA<j:>e; 'IaiJ( je lJ-Iajonoco6IHHjIH OA lhHX, CrojalI-l Ty<j:>eruaja.
H3BeoHO 'BpeMe 6110 l:berOlB iKaAaY3, na IM'Y je n'Hp Teo<PHAO "n'OBepa-
Bao TIO ABaAeceT IKeca oAjeA/HOIM, 'Y 'IeTHplll OKa. li3Meoy 'l:bHX J-Uije
6'11A'o HH pa60llIa JHH TeBTepa. Hel nyr no 'IHTaBY jecoo JI 311MY He
OH XBaTaALH ecan, H tLHrrane 'ce iMeceQ.e He BHoaNH, na 6H TY<PerUHja
oAjeAlHOM H3HHlKao iKao H3 3eMtoe. li 3a je,6/Ho BetIe YKapapl1AIH 6u
pa1.JiYH H nOHOBO ce AOrOBOpH'AIH rAe ne III KaKiBY ne crOIKJY KynolBaTIH.
fiup Teo<j:>UAO H"\1aO je 'MHOro opTa'Ka, a'Ali MY je T'Y<PeTunja 6iHO ilfaj-
AaKillH 'H naj:MAalJi.H".14 li3 OBor IHaIB,OAa 'Ge BHAe ApYlllTBeHa Cpe,AiHlHa,
OpraH.H3aQ'.Hja nplI'BpeD.1r:Balha H noCAOIBatba, T,pI101Barq:KIII MeHTaAHTeT,
ormc l'prOBaUa IH iITOCA'BHIllX lBe3a.
Tpl'O'BlHiHa H3Meoy TypOKe H A'YCl'pHje nperA pal' 1788. 6HAa je
3a'.HCTa 'Ha 'Haj6otoeM nYTY Aa 'ire caMO y e<.OHlOIMOroO'M Hera H y AW'Y-
I11l1BelHOM OMHCAY npeo6pa3!H QeAoiKy;rIIH' oraHOBIJ-IHllIT'Bo Cp6IHje y
OiKJB'HpIH'Ma Beol'paACKOr namaAryKa. MeoYTH!M, paJf je 3aycTaJBH Taj
rrpoQec III 1'0 ce IHa CpOOK'OM ITOAPyqjy ooce6'HO O1'lIM:> y MiHOnt
n0ftNHaBoKHlM IBapiOillflf,Ma H BapOllIH'QaJMa. AWHaJMU'IIHOCT AOTaMllli-
!-heM pa3BI1TKY Mo*\Aa je Y'npaBO AaBaAO HaQ'I10iHaAJHO llIaJpeHlIAO
CTaJEO!BlH'll'Ka, /o'y.,6/H IKOjl1 cy AOAa3elM ca paeHHiX CTpaJHa AO'HOCHA11
oH pa3He OC0600OCTH, nO'IeB OA BpCTe 3a1HiH:'MaJl:ba H Ha'IlIJHa nOCAOBa-
tba AO el'HOl'pa<Pc'KHX u KYAl'ypOAO'llIlK'HX OAAHKa 11 noce6iHOCTH. TIo-
pe'I je 6HO 3a'HlHlM/oJHB 11 ca 'Be no'ce6H'e cTpaHe. Ho o. KbiBa'Y:eB.Hfiy,
npeA CaJMY oojaiBY paTa 1788, 3a KIH<j:>ecHO'HaAiHO, e11HH'IiKli H IIlpO-
H3BAHO Illape'HOAII1'KY :A'PYWTI3erHY cpeAHIHY TIope'Ia 6HO je KapalKT-
PHCfIfl.IaJH 'H jeAaJH MOM1HaT 'Koju ce o,6/Hocru: ;Ha 3aje.A:HHt-JiKe :O'l1ll1TIHH-
CKe CTBapn, KaKO Ha nOAHTH'IKe npeACTaBHHKe Ty.pCKe ynpaBo TaK
'H 'Ha B<apOIlIKli B'HOeIHHjU A:pYUJ11BeHHCAJOlj. HaJH1Me, Ha rAacooe ' MO-
:Py'l:HOICTIH Aa AYCTpru:ja o6jaBJI paT, TY'PQlH "Ca3BaJllle npBaKe. Aobe
13 E, KOBaqeBJoJ!'i, ECNacjJCln1 IbYU, 48,
14 l1cTo, 54-55,
160
B CrojaH'IeBHh
rrpOTa, oop-ToocPHAO, KOHAa, AUiH Koc'Ta, IIaBAe 0e36piK, HAHja 5y-
f'j1M. .. CaMo He AOne MaIH3 JepM0HHJH... AOnHaillIe tH yrAeAHuje
KMeT{):Be ca CeA'3. TYPL'(H H Yp6aunje oeAOLUeCBaKIH H'a OBOjy crpa-
HY, a ceiDliL'(H 'cy C'TajaNH MaAO 'j1He3BepetHH, c cPecolBffi\1a y PYKaIMa,
1'PYAenH ce Aa pa36ep'Y lUTa HlM rOCUOt\apII pa3rO'B3Jpajy. HHje 1"0
6HAO TaKO, jep je Tap-ara 6HO OAHeKYA yaK ca AeAH-OpM3J!ia, rrp3BH
TYpl.fHH, AH3Aap Ae6paAHlja, a LIop6aUHje fPL'(H, U;'HHL'(apH, TO!CiKe,
JepwWHH, fa,raY3H... "15 OBO wapeHiHAO rocnOACTBa, nONHTIl1l.f.Ke Jj
croOH/OIMCKe MonH, Bepa H j e3H1Ka, A:>YAH n 06W-Ia ja, y opeAHiHiH oprr-
OKor ceiDaY'Kor AP'YUJT.Ba 'Koje je reorpa<Pcu, npHBpeA;Ho ll1 !I10UYAU-
L'(HOHO !I1peA;CT3!BibaAO 33Aene TprOBal.fIKo"3aJHa10Koj 'BaipOmH IIopeyy,
jw BHUle je OApa/Ka'BaAo ApYLU'T1BeHe pa3AH'Ke.
OOH'OBHOj nOAeAH Ha MYCA:Yb\1l'He H XpUWnalHe A;OAaJBaJHa je II
1l0AeAa y CcPepu eKOHOMOKor CT3fba n COL'(HjaWHlI'X y KO'jHu\11
cyceAo H fberOBa npOH3BO\A:1ha BeOMaMHono 33JBHOHAIH OA rpa'AC:K
rrpH'BpeAe, OiA 'BapoillI<:or nOAH'THl.J:KOr YTHl."(aj-a, 'MOnH TypcKor nOAH
TH".JlK'Or au1apaTa 'BAaCTH H XpI1Illna
I
HCKiH'X rrplI'BHAerOBaHHX '-liop6auu-
ja. HaiBOA 'H3 KOBa'YCmrneBe HOBeAe rO&OpH 0 TOMe: "IIAa'HY CTOjaH:
- PnWnalHiH'H, 'BeA;H'LU? 3ap je p'Hwna:H!l'H KOHA;a LUTO Y311'Ma ABa AIY-
KaTa 'A MHiT]JOBa AO 5ypnena? 3ap pH'LUnalHHIH MaHa JepMeHHH?
HA'Hja 5yrYM? IIeTap 1O!,t\ AOAHO'I' CeAa?"IG MOH'0iII0AH'3lJI..\Iuja rproBH-
'He, <HAH 6a1p np!H!BU'AerO'BaH, MaxOM 3al<JY'OlI-liWl.KI.f 'H TI33aKYJIlliH"1Kl1
rr'AO/Kaj y 11praBHiHH ca AYC1'Pl-ijOM, .oH0Mo:rynliBaAl1 'CV iHeutocpeAIHY
TpraBUHlY H3Meny ceibalK3 :n HROCl'pliH'HX TprOBaL'(a, 6ap llITO ce THGe
rrplfAHlKa Koje cy BAaAaAe y EeorpaAoKOIM nawaA'YKJY AO
paTa 1788, OAlHOOHO oBYAa rAe je Ba!pomKIH rrpI1'Bpe,AJHIH )K'HiBOT 6110
yopeAcpeooH y PY'KaMa "nYl'YKMlja", ,,'i:ap6aU'Hja" , BeNIfK:nx iH
:rpaHaTHX l'prOna'1'K-HX nOpO,1)HL'(a Koje cy cPI1Ha:H'CHjOKH 6HAe Be3aHe
3a Typ0K,e BAaCTH.
3aIHHu\1MRB je no:rplJI-:I'HLJHH nm naA3JHKIH ll1 'MaAHX AOKlJAtHHX Tp-
./KIflliTa iHa AYlH'3'BY HCTO"1tHO :OA CMCJAepeBa: PalM, fp3lA1illiTe, fO:AY-
6aL'(, A06pa. Ao KOl.fJRHe IKpa1jmre 1788, TO ley 6I1Aa yrAaIBH'M TypCKO-
-MycAH'MaHCKa HaceiDa lK,oja cy ce YC!l:eA IHOCMrY'pHHx nO:A-HTIl'l"YlK-HX
rrpIfAH'Ka paceiDaBaAa, TliK'O Aa cy 'If BpeMe .Hi36aja'l-ha mpsor 0p'IlCRor
ycra'H'Ka 1804. 6po}aAa cBoje rrOCAeA-he CT3'HOIBHlHiKe. OHO lMaAO rro-
:rp<l!l{;Ifl.fHe TpTBHHe ){(HTaP'HL'(alMa, CTOKOM, CTOYHIl1>M rrpoH3BOAH'Ma,
K;O/KaJMa, orpeBHHM ApBeToM, pIf60M, 'HMaA' je BHme o6e!l:e/Kje poo-
He :P3\3MeHe C 6a'H3ITCKHiM l'paJAiOK:H'M 'HaCeiDHiMa. IIOOHaTiH oy 6.J1AH
a!l:aCH - rrpeTe){(lHO 0PCAfbH CAOj H OHpOTI1:fba - KOjH
cy ce CneL'(HjaAH30BaAH 3a AOB H KOH3epBHOaI-be AYHaBCKHX BpeTa
pH'6e :ca OOPAarrOK<Or nO'Apyq:ja: 'jeceTpe, IMOpyHC, iKe'iHre. Ao6paHL'(11
cy 6Jfi\H n03HaTH Kao 0AAHYHH H iHe3a1MeHMI1B'H KpM!Hown 11 ,1iy:MCI+
lII1je Kp03 6p33!Ke BeA:I1KOr 'H MaAor 5epA3JIT'a. YCTaJH3JK 1804. H3!JV1e-
'HIHiO je He caMO t\pywTBeHy :n e11HH'l.fIKY ooHoy OiBHX 'Hace'iba 'liero y
BeAHK,oj IMepH H lliHXOB rrpnnpeAHH 3Ha
L
mj.
16 MCTa, 61.
16 MCTa, 57.
fpaAOBH, BapOlllH, naAaHRe Ii Tp)l(. rrpeA IlpBH cprr. YCTaHaR 161
3mClbY
L
talC
Ky,uYPHO'HCToPHjcR3 npo6AeMal1HKa cprrcIillx rpaAC'lx Ilf na
. pOlllKHX Hace.'\:>a Ha npeAa3Y XVIII y XIX BeK, AO pa3A06iba np-
Bor opnCKor YCTaHI,-a 1804--13. rOAlHlHe, He IlfcqprrkJyje ce caMO A<lJBa-
IbeM T<B'HpI-IIHX npHKa3a jeA;Hor THeTOPHjCK'O'r nepllfOAa IKOjU je 6'110
neOMa 9Hal.J3JjaH no 36FJ1BaJ-bHMa, a jOlllBJHrne no lfCTOPHjOIlM IfTOCAe-
AHIJ,3Ma. KaiA 6H ce YlllAO y aJH3AHTHtm.O npHIK3J3YrBaJ-be pa:moja H
YAore BalpOmKiHX Haceiba IH IDlfXiOBOT CTa'HOBiHiH'lll'I'Bo3 y IJ.e'rpaAClKo:-1
nalllaAytK'Y y BpeMe Ta'i-I3H1MaTOKOr 3aKOHOA3!Bc'I'Ba 0YATaJHo3 CeiVH1V[\
TIl, y CTBap'Il 6H ce Ao6HO npeceK 3HaIajIHor AeAa HCTopnje TypcK:o'l
IJ;apcTBa, aNH H npeceK AOOpor AeAa eKOHOMCKe H APYlllTBeHe Mcro-
p'H'je CTaHOBHHlllTBa y EeorpaAoK'M namaA}'IKy,ceBepoo'M AeAY Cp-
6Hj e. IToce6H1o 6B 6HAa CXBaTibB'Ba rrcTopuj a iHaCTaj aJ-baMOIAeplJ:lnX
("HeTypCKHX ") rpaA'Ba H I-I:MX'Be Ben eBponeH3'OBaJHe l'pa-
n<lJHCKe KAace, Kao H HOBIHX nOIB11I-1iHX 06M1JI<'a y npoH3BOAJ-bH, l'P'PO-
'3HJHH, AP'VIllTBeHH'M OAHOCH.\13, IKYATyp:H 'H 'IfAej'H\1 CTpyjal-bHlMa, lllTO
Je 3HaIHi\O HeranHjy npOIlIAOCTH, CMeHY yCTaA,eHHX ApYlllTBeHlfX
oAHoca, npeAa3 '113 CTapor opHjeHTaAiHO"6aAIKaHClKor HalIH'Ha )J(HJBOTa
Ha HOBH HaI'H'H. IlpiH'MeTHa CprrOKiH1X rpaAOBa 'I1pH
Kpajy XVIII -eeKa 3HaIII-IAa je :HCToBpBMe'HO li Jf>HXOBY "Cp6H3aIJ,Hjy"
(y nOIeTiKY TeK jeABa aK'p03 M3'Me!Hy AOTaAalliJ-b.li'X Bep-
OKiHX, eTHl-I'IKHX li npHi\,iMJKa, '11 lliHX:'BY 'H''BY yp6auIH33-
q'Hjy H eBpOneH3aIJ,Hjy.
Ono oAnajallie OA npOIllAOCTH 6HAO je y CTBarpH )I<eiba 3a OCAO-
oobellieM OA Typ.OKe BAaCTiH, llieH'IlX YCTaJHO'Ba, Ayxa AeBa'HlliiHOK-
-HCi\aMOKe I<:YATY'pe H llieHlHX lllepHjaTcKllx 'CHOBa, BepCK'IlX 'H API'-
lllTseHHX norAeAaHa CBeT. Ti TproBIl1Ha, 3anal'AJlIjoKa
CI<:a ApYIll'I1BeHa H rrpDH3BOAHa opr3IHU3aLHja AUBaAH cy IMOTOPHY
0Hary 'H YCMepaBaAH BeK:OBHY Te)lUbY 3a H36a:B/DellieM H3 ,p06oBJaJllia
H 61'AHAH 'HaAY y oCAo6obellie X'pHlllnaHa. HacyrrpoT AYX.'BJHQ;M je
I\HIOCTBY np'H'I1aAHHKa 'HCAalMOKe 'BepOnCnoBecTH 'HaAa3lfAa ce
HAH BHme jeAHiHcTBeHa BepcKo'A'PYIlll'BeUlaopraH:H3aIJ,Hja HapoAa
XpHlllnaJHCKeBepOrrCn'l3eCTH, Typor paje, )l(eMHe npOMeHa Y npaR-
HOj H eK'O'HMoKoj cepepH y AP)l(3!B1HOM cMcTeMY Typcu<e, 6e3
063Hpa Ha lliH'XOBO "pajaHKo" llla'peHHAO Y ITOrAeAY HapO,AlHOCTH,
rOBopa H o6HIajHHx YCTaJHOBa.
TpJl'BHHa H3IMeny TypCKHX nO:A,aUl1J.liI<:a U aJyCTpajoKiHx l'pro'BaL!a
H YB'03HHKa AonpHIHeAa je He ca'MO eKOHlO'MOKOM jalIa'lliY AeAo3 XPH-
mnaHCKe paje y namaAYKY 'Hero je ytKa3H'BaAa H Ha
HOBe BHA,HKe H )KHBOl'Ha YOMepellia. BKOHi'ylHIKa je 'oBAe npeTXO-
AHAa DHor TpelHYTKa KaA je JlpaACKa TIpHBpeAa AOlllAa y
TeIlllliH AOA'H'p ca ceOOKOM TIPOH3BOA'lliIM pa,6jli jaI3'llia H3nopa l'P-
l'OBBile, YBytKAa je y ja4Y eKOHO'MCK:Y 3aHIHTepeCOBaHOCT, Y3 rtorOA-
HOCl'H Bell CTBopeHe lllapOKe KiHe)l(HIHOKe aYTOHOMlI1je, 6HAa je 06e3-
oeneHa o'OHOBa 303 36AiH)Ka'BaI-Le H 3ajeAIHHIKO HcTynaIhe npOTH'B T'YP-
CKe BAaCTH, llieHllX npaBHHX, npHBpeA;HHX H nOAHT'HI-
162
B CToja.H4eBHn
KH.X ycTan-IOBa. BeAH'KOr APYllITBeHor npeo6pa>I<.aja H lMaTepnjaA-
'HOr nanpeTKa opnOK!or CTaHOBHHWTBa Ha ceA'Y y BeorpaACKOM na-
illaAYKY, 'Y npeA;Be'lep}e npBor CpITeKOrr YCTaJHKa OHO je 1H3BpllIeH H
eKOHOM'OK'lI H Apyrn'J1BElH'li "npo60j" y IBeh'HlHiY AOTaA XlMoreHUX TYP-
CKMX 'BapOillIX Haceiba. MaAa je XpHllIhaJHOKO BapOllIlKO CTaHO'BiHH-
llITBO y rrO'leTK'Y opnOKor YCTaiHKa 1804. 61IAO npeTe)KHO H36erAo '1,'
cyoelH'Y AycrpHjy, IfNH ce 'Pa3IT'ilIAO no CpnaKHM CeAHlMa H ocAo6o-
neHHM naAllHlKalMa, HO ce no ooA06ooelhY rpaAoBa 110K'OM 1804-05.
H 1806-07. BpaT-HAO H, ooaoBibeHo 'H 'Oja'llJHO HOB'HM AOCeA,e<Hl1l.(HiMa
ca pa3HHx CTpaHa, 'AHI'paAO 3Ha'laj1HY YA'ory y cHa6Aena'H>Y H on-
peMa!lliY.HOBeOpraHlH3aL(lHjeoprroKeynpa.Be. BojoKe, H Y0'IIllITe CHa-
6AeBalba CTaHOBHHUlTBa ocAo6ooeHe Cp6Hje npOH3BOAHMa BapoillKe
rrpHJBpeAe 3a Koje je cpncKo ceAO rrOIKa3lI'BaAO CBe BHme HffTepeco-
Ballia 'DA 'Kpaja XVIII BeKa.
TIpHAor l
H36erA' 6eorpaAoK'o CT<l!HOBHH1l111BO, MaX'O'M 3aHuTAHje, 1791. roAJHHe
V 3eMY'Hly17
UMe III npe3H1Me 6p.oj AH'L(a 3aHHMaij-be
HeAeA,KO IleTpoBHh 2 hYP'l%ja
3 CTe<paJH feopI'HjeBIHh 1 hrypl-J'H'ja
A!Ha!CT(ae) HHiI<.OAJ-fn 3 A}'HOep
Aa3ap I-hrK:OAHh 4 CHi'J1HH'lap
6 Ilerap MHAOmeBHJh 4 BOAeHH'lap
10 Aa3a-p BO)KaHOBHh 5 KOBa-'l
14 I1HAMe AAElKCa YAoBllL(a 1 IHaAlH'H'lapKa
15 MHxa faBpHAoffif'h 4 CHl'HlH'laJp
17 IlaYoHKo llAH'j-a 4 AY'HOep
19 Xauwja 4 BOAeHH"-Iap
30 JaH1Ko CTe<palHOBH'h 5 eKMeKUHIja
36 IleTap MapKoBHh 2 eKMeKl)H:ja
38 ;WMHl'po JOBaHloBHh 3 eKMeKl)HJja
38 JO'BaJH MUA.ojeBi-Ih 2 HaAHH'lap
49 Ilerap MMNO'jeBlIh 4 eKMeKl)Hja
PaAOBHL(a feoproBa 2
50 MaJHya CTaJHi1IJ\IOBHh YAoBHL(a 3 eKMeKUHja
51 feopr MrHl'pOBHh 4 BOAeHl-I'Jap
58 CTOjKO JOaJK;j.IIM 1 HaAHHl-Ia:p
59 feopr. CTe<paHOB'H'h 3 eKMeKl)Hja
60 AiHToHlHje 5
a6aUHja
17 I1CTOpHjCKH apXHB BeorpaAa, ApXI1.Ba MarHcrpaTa, rOA.
1791, <Il. XXXVIII, 6p. 201.
rp3AOBH, BapOlllH, naAaHKe H Tp)K. rrpeA IIpBH cpn. YCTaHaK 163
61 T'Aiop CTojliHO'Bun 5 a6autHja
66 BAajlKio BAaAKOiBHln 4 KOBa!lJ
70 MapKo HA!Hja 3 eKMeKl)ltja
72 Aecnorr ATaHacKo'Bun 5 CaTIVHUHja
73 IleTap MapI<JOBUn 2 eKMeKl)Hja
75 PlIOTO MHHfoiBYln 1 'Ha,AlHlHlJap
88 Boroj IlellKooun 5 lJU31Map
89 JOBaH MHAOBlIHOBI 3 nYPlJ1-IIja
96 MHTap IleTpoBHn 6 TIO'Kp,H"BalJIKpoo'OBa
100 ra6pHAo CTliM'H'l'OBHn 4 eKMeKl)Hja
-
112 JaHKo HeAeAKo 2 'HaAHHlJap
113 A (H}MHTap :U;BeTKoBli 3 'HaAIH'HlJap
130 JOCHIM A()IlI un 1 Ha;AJH'H'lJap
141 MHAeTa MHAHTOB'Hn 8 3HAap
167 MlIAKO rp03AaHoBHn 3 AHeBHHlJ1ip
171 A(!H)'MHTap CTojKO'BHn 3 AHeBHHlJap
HeAeAKO HUKOA0-BHn 2 lJU3MapOKH MajC1'Op
Aa3ap llH3Map 2
191 IleTaJp 4H3Map 2
HrHaL\ QH3Map 3
194 CTOjliH MHxaHAoBHn 1
200 Xauu reopm 4 a6am-rja
314 JaHK' HeAeA'KoBHn 4 KOBlilJ
1037 HecTop PaAocaBloeBHn 5 CWJ1HUlJlIP
1038 CTOjliH AHToJ-UoBHn 1
1039 JOBaJH AHAPHIjeBHn 3
CHHlKa oaraT 5
CrmcaK HaBeAeH V CV'}v[IH 48 nopoAiuL\a ca 157 AVllla, AaTupllH V
oeorpaAV 20. cemeM6pa 1791, H rrOT'rlH'CaJH OA cTpaJHe Majopa
JaK06HlJKe.
IlonucAHL\a KojacVlI3BapoillHIllanL\a,H36erAa VAYC11pH'jV HKao
TprOBL\H H3aHaTAIHjeHaCTa'H'HAa ce VPYMHAO HBBM6pa 1806.rOA!H'He:
)'\oceloeHHL\HnpejVAa 1806:
1 nopne Tep3Hja O>KeJ-heH
2 IlaBAe AO)KHH'-laHlHI ca 1 AeTeTOM
3 JO(B)a'H'-le Tep3uja 1
4 AaBHA Tep3Hja 1
5 Dopoe A6aUHja 1
6 AVKa IlaHTeAHn 4
7 JaK'OB TpKIHn 3
8 Aa30 JBaHoBHn 3
9 TaAl{ja JOBlIHBHn 2
10 Ila'BAe PaAoMupo;BHn 2
164
B. CTojaHlJeBli
AoceJ'oeHlfl.fH nOCAe jYAa 1806:
1 HacTac MapKoBHn O)KelheH 1
2 IleTap IlaHTeAHi
"
1
3 JOBaH AHArpld. 1
4 AMIITap HMJKOA'lill l
5 AaB1JA PH'CTHn
"
1
6 ha30 raBpHAoBHh
"
7 HHKoAa IloITOBun
"
8 M'HXajAo Bao.wn
"
9 raJBplIAO TpH<P''JlHOBHh
"
10 JaJHlKO KOCTH'n
"
11 Cana
"
12 A>y6uQa JOBa'HOBHn YAlOBH,Qa ca 4 AeQe
13 opaA CTaHIK'BHn O)KeJbeJH
14 ClfiMO IleTpOmn
15 JosaH TOMlJIn
16 JaKIOB ha3apeBIHn
17
18
CTaJHKO TpH<lmoBHn
)KHBaH Map:KBHn
19 PaAoBaH JOBaH'OBUn
20 TeoAop JaHKJOBHn
21 PaAooaB HtHlrooAun
22 Bopbe IlorroBRn
23 MIITaJp CTojKoBHn
24 reopr IlanoB!lfln
25 Maproo JOBHn
26 IlaBAe PaAoMlIp'BHn
27 ha3 CTOjaHOBHn
BA)KHHJA AHTEPATYPA
1
C. HOBaKoBHI, Typc/w l1apCTeO npeo Cpnc/cu YCTQl-taK 1780-1804, Eeorpa/\
1906.
A ITaHTeAHn, BojHo-zeozpa</JcJu onucu Cp6uje 00 1783-1784, CnoMeHHK CKA,
LXXXII, EeorpaA 1936; Hcm, KOttUHa IcpajuHa, EeorpaA 1930; Hcm,
Eeozpaoc/cu naUWAYJ nOC/le Cewuroec/coz Mupa (1791-1794), EeorpaA
1927; HCTH, Eeozpaoclcu l1aUIQ/lY1C npeo flpeu cpnc/cu yCTauOlC 1794-
-1804, EeorpaA 1949; Hcm, flozu6uja PUle 00 cfJepe, BpaTcTEo, XXV,
Eeozpao 1931.
A. ITaBAoBli, Cp6uja 3a epeMe nOC/le01MZ aycrpujclw-rypc/coz paTa
(1788-1791. zoo.), Beorpa/\ 1910.
M. BYKHneBHI. Kapabop17e, l, II, BeorpaA 1907, 1912.
I. Soppron, Monogmphie von Semlin und Umgebung, Semlin 1890.
A. J. ITonoBHn, 0 EeorpaA 1937; HCTH, Eeozpa Kp03 eelCoae,
EeorpaA 1964.
[paAOBH, BapOlillf, naAaHKe H Tp)K. npeA IIpBH cpn. YCTaHaK 165
II
B. CTe<jJaHoBHo Kapal,mh. AaHUl4a, 3a6aBHHK 3a 1827, Ee'l 1827.
IlpoTa MaTeja HeHaAOBlID., Me,woapu, UeAoKYIIHa AeAa, EH6AHOTeKa cprrCKHX
nt1Cal.\a.
1\. ApceHI1jeBHn EaTaAaKa, I1cwpuja cpnCKOl ycmH1ca, l, EeorpaA 1898.
Ma/(cuMu E6zel106ufia, )[I6oTonucaHuje, EYAHMrreLUTa 1877.
III
C. [aupHAoBHO, rpaha 0 CpeMY li l-beZ06UM 6e3aMU ca Cp6ujOM 1804-1815,
CpeMcKH KapAOBl.\H 1965; Hcnl, llpll/lOl UCTOpUjll TPZ06UHe li Muzpa-
lluje 5amcaH-lloYHa6lbe XVlIl u XIX cTollefia, EeorpaA 1969.
A. MBHO, Cnucu 5e't/(ux apXU6a 0 llP60M cpnCKOM YCTalil(y, l, 1804, Eeo-
rpaA 1935.
[paDa3eMYHcKHX apXHBa 0 IlpBoM cpnCKOM YCTaHKY 1. [oAHHa 1804-1808,
EeorpaA 1955.
IV
P. TpHYKOBHh, BapOlu noclle 1740, y KtbH3H lfcTopuja 5eolpaa, l, EeorpaA
1974, 641-714; HCTa, llla6a4 u l-beZ06a Haxuja o 1740. O 1804. zou-
He, y KtbH3H llIa6a4 y IlpOU/1l0CTU, l, lIIa63l.\ 1970, 347-404.
B. CrojawleBHh, Typc/o C1'aH06HWUT60 y Cp6uju npe llP6U cpnCKU YCTmiaK,
36oPH/{K MaTHl.\e cpnCKe 3a APYLUTBeHe HaYKe, 13-14, HOBH CaA 1956;
HCTH, llOIlUTU't/(li Y3POli1i npOJlleHlUta CTaH06HUu/T6a 5eOlpaa U OKo-
IlUHe y 6peMe llP60l cpnc/(ol ycraHlw, [oAHWtbaK MY3eja rpaAa Ee-
orpa""a, XXI, EeorpaA 1973.
1\. fieAan, EMulpupal-be 6eozpacKlix C'caH06HUlca JI 3eMYH 110CIle nOH06HUX
I1pe//(l3a/(a 5eolpaa 110 TypCKY 61laCT y XVIII u XIX cTolleny, [0-
AI-IWH>aK MY3eja rpaAa EeorpaAa, IV, EeorpaA 1957.
V
1\. KOMap'lHn. llpenlu U nm'OM4u, HCTopHjcKe CM:I/<e H3 nOCTatba AaHaLUtbe
Cp6l1je, EeorpaA 1901.
E. KOBa'leBHn, ECHa(pc/(u IbYU, EeorpaA 1952.
166
B. CTOjaH4eBHn
Vladimir Stojancevi
TOWNS, MARKET-TOWNS, SMALL-TOWNS, AND TRADE-CENTERS
ON THE EVE OF THE FIRST SERBIAN 1804 UPRISING
Cultural-Historical Problems
Summary
Decliningof power of the Ottoman Empire after the defeat near
Viienna and concluding of the Karlovac Peace Treaty in 1699, in
addition to 10ss of territories, was obvious in a11 the areas of the
state, in public and national activities of both Moslems and Chri-
stians. This particularly relates to further economic developmnts
of 'Durkey in course of the eighteenth century.
The grOlWth of trade between Turkey and Austflia meant, ac-
cording ta the Svishtov Peace Treaty of 1791, also considerable pri-
vileges for the border-area population in the Belgrade Pasha's i u-
nisdiction area (pashaluk), namely in the northern parts of Serbis.
This has promoted, to a oonsiderable degree, the border-line trade
as compared to the situation priaI' to the 1788 - 1791 war. The
exporting of cattle, and first of aIl of pigs, out of the wide regions
of the Belgrade pashaluk - which were I1ich in cattle - has con-
siderably changed also the character of social and economic rela-
tions in general, which applied not only to the Serbian population
but also to the Christian-Turkish relations in their entirety. The
institution of the so-called Princely Self-government, which was
authorized by the firmans (edicts) of 1793 - 1796, repre.sented the
legal and social basis for the beginning of the great process of eco-
Domic prosperity and sodal regeneration of Serbian population in
the Belgrade pashaluk. The same movement was felt also in the
strengthening of Serbian participation in the growth of population
in the towns and in the settlements.
On the other hand, new economic movementin the northern
parts of Serbia were also considerably influenced by the transit
trade of agrarian-industnial raw materials which reached Austria.n
markets from those of the central parts of Rumelia, mostly via Bel-
grade and Zemun, as state border trade and customs inspection
places. This kind of trade brought into Serbia, and particularly to
Belgrade, a great number of "professionalists" tradesmen of va-
rious specialities,of differentscial layers, and cultural particu-
lamties. This introduced, moreover, D'ot only a human and civilisa-
tion vaniety, but also the dynamics in the economic and social ac-
tivitiesin the Serbian state border towns and cities.
Just as the 1788 - 1791 war influenced in a negative way the
demographic and population growth of Moslems in the towns of the
Belgrade pashaluk, so did the new basis of legal, social and eco-
nomic relations after the Svishtov Peace Treaty cause rapid growth
in number of the Christian populatin in the towns. This population,
fpaAOBH, BapOlllH, na"'aHKe H Tp)f(. l1peA IIpBH Cpl1. YCTaHaK 167
namely, takes over the organisation of new economic movements
and organizes modern capitalist production and trade. Greeks an'.i
Tsintsars, and also Jews and Serbs, ,in addition ta the representa-
tives of sorne other Balkan (and, although rarely, Levant) peoples
and regions act more and more as protagonists of the new way of
town life and business making, as weH as protagonists of innovatLons
which were characteristic of the contemporary European economy,
society, and culitural movements, althoUigh stiH to quite a degree
blended wi th patJriarchal and Balkan local color.
The Serbian uprising in 1804 which broke out as a revoIt
against misuses and usurpation of power by the kabadahis and the
loss of authority of the legal sultan's administration in the territory
of the Belgrade pashaluk, in a radical way brought to an end that
degeneracy of "Turki<sh her,itage" Serbian people in the northern
parts of Serbia, while titiating a new era in Serbian history. Town
population and the urban economy had a considerable l'ole in that
process even prior to 1804, and particularly after the liberation
of Belgrade from Turkish power in 1806. In that period the entire
poli tical, economic, and cul tur,al organisation of national power
shaH developout of the liberated tawns and cHies which would
at the same time become the most important centers of the mili-
tary-political organisation of liberated. Serbia.
In the meantime, between 1791 and 1804, the main processes
in the development of towns, of the urban economy, and of the
activities of town population were the following: the christianiza-
tion of town settlements; the changing of the basic type and cha-
l'acter of the urban economy, which continuro to be transferred
more and more from the Turkish-Moslem hands to the Christian
tradesmen and craftsmen; the breakthrough of the moneY-E'conomy
into the former absolutely autarchical rural economy; the strengt-
hening of the Serbian population element in the towns and small-
-towns by 'Midening of residential distl'icts and by creating ne,w
suburbs; activating of the Serbian rural social environment for ex-
porting trade related to cattle with the neighbouring Austria; more
permanent stay of foreign tradesmen which are now protected in the
more efficient way against Turkish pressure by the consular juris-
diction. InternaI processes which disturbed the order in the Bel-
grade pashaluk after the SVishtov Peace Treaty (i.e. janissary re-
voIt, usurpation of power by the dahis, coming up of the krdzalias)
could not prevent the general trend of new economic and sodal
movements in that area with Belgrade as its center - where,
beginning from 1804, Turkish rule would be replaced by the cre-
ation of Serbian state organisation.
The present study, which deals with cuItural-historical pro-
blems of Serbian towns and cities on the eve of the Fiirst Serbian
Uprising at the beginning of the nineteenth century, consists of
two parts, namely:
168
B CTojaH'leBHli
--_._---
Political frameworks of the development of towns in the
northern part of Serbia;
Moslem and Christi.an population in the economy of Serbia
and its towns;
Population and size of Serbian towns at the end of e,ighteenth
and the beginning of nineteenth centuries;
Belgrade as the economic and social center of Serhia;
Situation of the Church in Belgrade;
Urban economy and socio-political trends;
Ethnical relations in the towns of Serbia;
Socio-economic relations between the town and the village;
The town of Uiice as a type of developed urban center in the
province;
Literary expressions of life in the towns of Serbia at the end
of the eighteenth century;
Conclusions,
Statistic results related to the number o.f Serbian population
obtained in two censuses in Belgrade - in 1791, and in Sabac -
in 1806, are also enc1'osed as an illustration of the presence of
Serbs in the populatJion and economy of the towns of the Belgrade
Pasha's jurisdiction area.
The conclusion to be drawn from this study is that the most
significant raIe in the economic development of Serbian towns,
until the 1804 Serbian Uprising, has been played by the foreign
Greek-Tsintsar and partly Jewish population elements. On the
other hand, the export cf agricul turaI proctucts from Serbia to Au-
stria was predominantly in the hands of domestic half-peasant half-
-tradesman people. In the town settlements Serbs were mostly
craftsmen and small merchants and shopkeepers. Hawever, this
situation shaH begin to be changed after the Svishtow Peace Treaty
and the introducing of special legal and economic status which was
ex,tended to the people of the Belgrade p.ashaluk, only to be com-
pletely changed with the oncoming of the Serbian Uprising in 1804.
Aparoi\,y6 APArOJL\OBHfi
IlITAMTIAI-bE H TIPETIHCHBAI-bE fiHPHi\CKHX KI-bHfA y
BAi\KAHCKHM fPAAOBHMA TYPCKOf UAPCTBA
XV-XVIII BEKA
TIopa3 yrapoKe J30jCI<e KO/ MOX31.J:a 1526. li nOMepaH,e
rpaHIf,-\a TypcKor UapcTBa l1peMa CPeAlhOj EB.pOl1'H A'BeAIf cy AO
lf3BeOHor OM'HpHBa'lha y jY>KiHJOCAOBeHoKHM 3eMto3JMa iKOije cy PiO Kpaja
XV BeKa l1aAe 110A 'BAaCT OCMaHAllfja. Y CDH'M OBlfiM .K:pajeBl11\1a A-
lliAO je AO 06'HOBe aKTHiB'HOCTIf , IHapO'YIfI10 'DprOBH\He YI
331HaTCI1Ba KOjU cy y rpalAOB!l.fMa H H!MnpOB113BaJHHM 'BOj'I/HlM YTBpne-
IbHMa AY)K ApplBa H OKO BojHoyrrpaBHIfx ceAHWTa AOXBtoaBaAli
npaBH npoqBaTJ 3axBalbyjyfiH O'nCTa'HK'Y 3HaI1HiO np'0illl1lpeHe OXPUI-\-
CKe apX'HeTIIl'KonHje, Koja je OA CpeA'HiHe XV BeJKa 06YXBaTaAa 11 CBe
.iY>K:He errapxrrje TIenKe naTpHjapurnje, na H caMO I-heHO CeA'HUH'e y
Henn, AOlliAO je AO '06HoBe '-\pKBeHor )KIIfBOTa H OX<'HBlb3!B3llha
neHe KlbH)KeBHOCTH Ha Y1'eMetoeHHM Bell. paHHje, If
.aOXH npe TypoKor oOBajalf>a.
2
TIprrM0I1Ha o6r-roBa '-\pKcBeHor )KH'B01'a Grua je Malhe BHAtoH'I3a 'lIa
TepHI10pHjH cpncKe '-\pKcBe KJoja ce, H nopeA cTpaAa'lha, OAP-
)KaAa OBe AO TpHAeceTHx rOA'I1"'Ha XVI BKa K'aAa je, 'H3Y3H1Majyfiu
neKe ocaMOCTatoe"He enapXlHje y l1epliiepepHBlM CpnC'K:BlM 06AaCTH.M<I,
6HAa nOT"JlHJ-beH"a OXPHAcKOj apxHerrnCKOITHjU. c-rBa,pHH npeoKpeT je
J-mCTa'o TeK 1557. rOAH'He rrOillTO je CYAej-MaH Il BeAH'Y:3JHCTBeHH
( 1494--1566) 3aAarafbeM MexMeknawe COK'OAO'BHfia 'A06p:n0 oo-
:eV TIenKe naTp:wj3Jpumje l1A 'lHjy av jypHOAH'K'-\H'jy A'0WAH B.e caMO
AeAoBH 3!naA!He .'5yrapcKe H ceBepHe Ma'KelAOHJwje Bero H CHa :nacetoa
Cp6a y AaAMaUHjH, XpBaTcI<.j, CAaBoHHjH H YrapcKoV I-beHa 06HO-
na je HMaAa BeAHKIf 3Haqaj If 3a Cp6e U 3a OCTaAe JY)l{He CAOBeHe
npaBOCA3BHe opHjelHTa,-\uje nOJJlTO je OxpHAcKa apXHeIlI1CKOnH'ja, c
1 HCTOpuja JYWCltal3uje, EeorpaA 1973, 140.
A. AHaCTacHjeBHl'i, lvIaI,;:eoHuja, Hapo,.via eHl\IilCIOrre wia CXC, Il,
647; fI. CJlHjeI1'-lesHn., H CTopuja cpncKe npa130Cltaal-le l, Ml'lHXeH 1962,
314 H Aa,be.
3 Heco, 324-344.
170
A. AparojAoBH.I.
rrpeBAawny rpY'KOT CBeUITeHCl'Ba, Ben OA Kpaja XVI BeKa rrOyeAa OH-
CTeMaTC!.K1I1 Aa IJlO'TlfcKyje CAO'BeJHCJKY 'K!}-bIHry y CBaJICOAiHe<BHQM >K1HB!OTY
H 60rooAY)I(el-bY, OHe ElIme ce OA'Bajaj'Yn'H OtA 'CAOBeHOKIT >KHBloa y
KOMe je nOHHlKAa 11 rAe j'e palHwjHx BeJKOiBa TaiKO ITAlOA/OHOOHO AeAaAa.
4
Ca O&H!OBOM IIen'Ke nal'pHljapW'H'je IJlOrYH1l-be j:eAHa 3H3iyaj'Ha erro-
xa y IH'CTOPHjH cpnoKor 11 ocraAiH'X jY)I(jHOCAoBeH'CKIHx HapoAa. Ha YU,
TaJjONI I-be'H'M nOAtpyyjy AOAa3H AiO 06HOBe CTllpHX H lJl)()A;H3atha HOBHX
iq)KaBa 11 'MaHaCn-llpa. HapaCAe nOTpe6e UpK.OOHOT 'H 'BepCKor >KWBOTa
nOACTaKAe oy oH rrperrvrCJIIBaYKY A,eAaI1HOCT 'Koja, H'alK CpeA'l-bOBeKQBHa
no TpaAHI.\oHjH H 06eAe)Kjy, 'HHje 6HAa ,rpaJHHYEma Ha CTape MalHa-
CTHpOKe OKpHllTOpHje K3'KBe cy OA'palHIHrje 6HAe y XHAaHAapy, Ka-
pejH HAH AeyalHHMa rAe cy paJAl'fA11 TIIHcapH 3axapHje, :j;'pHropHjc,
MOHax BH'CapHOH, baJKH J'O'B, jeproMOHax CaJBa, MO'HaX ABepKHje,
jepoMoiHax AaHH:i\ H AYXOBHJfK AaJMaCJH.
5
T'K'M XVI-XVII HeK,a
0praHiH30BaHe cy IH HeKe IHOBe OKpJIUTOpH'j e y 6p'jrHlllM MaIHaCTHrpH'Ma
Ha l.J'HTaBoj TepHTopnj'H IIe.l1.'Ke narpHjaplllHje, OA AecHoBa y Ma'Ke-
p,OHlHjH A:o rOMHOHHu;e y BOCHH 'Hi\H OpaXOB'l-fu;e y CAaBo-
r-fHjH. UoceH!O rBeAHJKrH yrAeA y XVI li XVII BeKY C1'eKAe cy OKpHrlI'
ropHje y rMalHaCTI-ilpy 03peHY, TIanpafiH, CB. ApxaHbeAJy 'Ha
PaYH Ha ApHHH 'li CB. TpojHI.\lH y IIibeBA>HJMa.
G
Y CBMM '!BiHlM MaIHaCTH-
pHMa npem1qrjy ce 60rOCAY)K6eHe KI-bHre, aAH H KOAeKCH pa3HOBp-
CHor CaAP>Kaja, YKIoY'"IyjynH H AeAa opncKlix CpeAtbOBeKOBHHx nHca-
ua KOjH cy y A06a TypcKor porrcTBa OAHrpaAa 3HayajHY Y:i\ory y Oyy-
aa'l-by li OHa>KeH,y HaU;ilfOHaA'He cBecTHcprrCKor HapOAa, YBeAllKo H3-
AO>KeHO'T 'H'C:i\3MH3aUHjH li rrOTy;pY3IBal-bY
Ha npolLBaT npenH'OH'Ba-LJKe 11 lliTUMuapcKe AeAaTHOCTH KA Jy-
>KHHX C:i\O'BeHa rrpaBocNaB'He prHj'eHTaJ_1IHje XV H npBHX Ae-
ueHuja XVI 13eKa, llpeCVAiHO je Yl1lIu;ao HreAOCTaTaJK 06peAJHHX H 60-
rocAV>K6eHHX 'KH,Hra. Ben y npeAroBopy II KOAO<pO'HY O/(Touxa npeo-
ZlzaCHUu:a IllT3IMll3lHOr Ha 1493-94. roAJIHe, nypan
f:mn Je J.fCTaJKao Aa ra je Ha IliTaMIT<U-he nOACTaJKAa OOKYAHua
I-J1H'X KH,Hra Koje 'CV rpa6HAa H AepaAa qeAa arapeHiOKa " .7 Ih IH'Cl1HX
pa3Aora je H BO)KHAaJP BY'KO'BHn OC,J-[!OBa'O AiPY'Y cpncKY IllTalMlflapHjy
y MAeI..\'HMa 1519. rOAIHHe. y norOBapy nCa.l1.UIPY ca 'KOjH
.ie lllTaMnaH 1519, BYKlBlin je IHaTAaCHO Aa ra je Ha mTa'M'llaJH>e OBe
KI:blfre y TynUHE HaBeo iHe;\OCTaTa'K y upK'B3IMa "CBenrx H 6:0)K3IHCKiHX
KH>nra YCAeA rpa6loeH,a H Aep31-ba HiHOBepHHX HapOAa".8 IIlTaMna-
plija E'O)K'HAapa B'YK'BH'na, OOHOBaiHa Kao 'Meu;eHaTOKa YCTaHOBa, y6p-
4 rpI.\H cy y Kapeja 1650. rO",\HHC "KlbHre oal\lf-
AH y TaMI-IH11Y A\,XOBHHKa AaMaC!OlHa, nona Il l-LHXOGOr y"eHHKa
3axaplIja; h. CTojaHoBHI, CTapu CpllCKIl 3(mUClI Il iUiC11UCU, [, J3eorpaA
1902, 3anHC 6p. 1458.
;; A. EorAaHoBHn, HCTopuja cpnCKe KHoUJICeel-WCHI, EeorpaA 1980,
258-260.
6 Hcm, 258.
7 A. MeAaKOBHn, fpafjJUlca cpncICux IU'WMnaHUX KHoUlG XV-XVTT
aelW, EeorpaA 1958, 28.
s /10. CTojaHoBHn, Crapu Cpl1ClCtl 3al1UCil U l-tarl111Ctl, l, 444.
-----
llhaMnatbe H rrpenlfCHBarbe nHpHACKHX IUbHra
171
30 je nOA ynpaBoM J-berOBOr CI-lH'a HlieHua AOOHAa KO:V1epUHjaAHO
a6eAe)Kje. 0 TOMe rOBopH H jeAalH AOKVMeHT H3 XHCTopHjK'Or ap-
XHBa y AypoBHIHlKY 0 CYACKO'M 'CfIOpYKOjlH je 1563. BOA'HiO A'HTOIHHje
fiHlHH, Kao 3aCTynHiH'K Ja'KOBa KopClHja H HalPAa IIepA'lllKl'puja ca
A'MOp03HjOM Kopcm1 H facrrapoM AeAa BeKHjeM, 6paToM cprroKor
lliraMnapa BmKH'Al'pa BYKoBld.a.
9
IIpeA CYAOM je OIlT'Y>I(;e'l-1H facnap
AeAa BeKHja npH3Hao Aa je V 13eorpaA>Y, BHAH'HY 'H HHIKIllOkY npo-
r,\ao 75 Tpuoa 'Koje je A06HO OiA AM6p'3H'ja Ko-pce, a rropeA 'I-hHX H
100 MucaJ1a H 200 nCaJ1TUpa Ko'je cY IMY Ha l.IYJBa'lhe ,AaMI Kopca H
HenaK BIfneHUo, CHlH BO:>I<MAapa BY'KoBHna. OrrTY>I(eJHH facrrap AeAa
BeK.J11ja je Aa,'oe npH3Hao Aa je KapcH ooena:o H l.IeBTpnI1H'Y A06HTH
OA, 76 M UcaJ1a, aMI je Tpa)KH'O Aa M'Y OH nOAO)KH pa'l.IYJHe 3a ABe 1'0-
AiJ.fJHe OA Ao6Il"JlH npOAaHlHx 'K'I-hHra Koje je npHMHiO y AYOpoBHHiKY OA
KH'pHljaKa fBaA TepYlJa, Kao oH OA 'KI-LiHra npo,..\,aTHx y BeHeUIfj'H.
KOMlIKO je KHiIfra 6HAa Ba)Kl'H apTIHiKA y oaAlKaH-
CKIIM 06AaCHIMa TypcKor rOBopH H Kpaj facnapOBe H3jaBe
,LIa je ca CBojHM OpTaUI-lIMa KOpCOM H AeAa BerjeM HMao nOTpa>l-
BaJ-ba 0 ..\ 26.000 aonpn KOA jeA:HOr TpTo'Bua y BHAH'HY.
OHH cY OpTal.JKH npoAarBaMI upK'BeHe 'KJ-b'Hre y EeorpaAY, HHAH\HY 11
H'HKOn01'oY H3 3aAHxa Koje cy ll1TaJJ"llITaHe y ll1TaJMnapHjH BHneHua By-
IWBHna, a BepoBaTHio rH Ihero:oor oua EO)KrH.AaJpa. KOMepU11jaArHO ooe-
Ae)Kje je HMaAa oH 6eorpaAoK,a llTTaJMnapaja KOjy je OHOBao IKJHe:OJ
PaAHllTa V IhOj je 1552. rOABBe AM'HTpOBH'n 3anOl.IeO
tuTaMnaJ-be jeAHor l.J.e-r6opoe6aHhell.,a Koje je no I-heroBoj CMipTH Y3
nOMon jeArHOr np3lBOCAaBHror CBeWTelHilIKa 3aIBpUIII-lIO oeo'rparACKiH Tp-
rOBau TpajaH rY'HrAYAHn "oA BeAIHK;(yr npaAa Av6p'J31HI-IKa".l1 Ha
llTTa:'1H3'Ihe 'K'J-blIra 3a no-rpe6e npaBOCAa'BHe upKBe, rYHiAYAlIna je
npH:BAal.JHO npeBaCXOA'HlO 1IIHTepec, llTTO ce B'HA'H II H3 no-
mIca J-beroBHx cTBap.H 'KojlH je IHanpaBkBH 1563; 'Y I-heM'Y je 1I3:.te!5y
OCTaAor HaneHo H 59 eBa'Hne1'oa, 10 npB1MepaKa OcMorAaCiHe KJ-bHre
XIlMrHH, 4 !MOAHTBe'Hll'Ka, 39 eBa'Hnei'oa H 3 rMaAa MOAHTBeH'H'Ka.
12
Ae}aH
MeAaKoBHn je Tal.IHO 3ana3'H0 Aa nOTIlH'C CaAp)KIH eBaJHnei'oa LUHI'Mna'Ha
y 6eonpaAcKoj II M'PKllTHHoUP'KBeHoj llTTa'MnapHdH, a Aa OCTaAe KJ-bH-
re, MW-le j, OC.MOlJ1aCIlUlC u MOiZUH3efllllC, nOTHl.JY H3 LUTaJMnaplIje DO-
,KHAapa BVKBHna.
1
:
l
V EeorpaAY ce npo,c\aJjOM UpKrBeH'Ux K:I'hH'ra lilT8'Mna'HHX "Cpno.KH,\'\
CAOBIlMa lB je3HKoM" 6aBHO II 6eorpaAOKH TprOBau AYrKa AHlMHTpO-
rmn, KOjH je OA je,L\/H'or TpraBua 'H3 A'H'K'OHe 1554. WAJlIHe KytrlHO 200
IJ1TaMnaoHHX KI-LHra, BepoBaTHo rropeKM.JM 113 wTaMnapHje EO)KHAapa
9 XHCTOpHjCKH apXHB, Ay6pOBHHK. Senten. canc. 128, 52v-53, y HH-
TepnpeTaUHjH A. MeAaKoBlfna, Ha6. eITo, 34-35.
10 HCTO, 35-36.
Il J. TaAHn, Ay6pOGCl'I1W apXUGClca lpa!m 3a UCTOpU;.v SeOI p(/oa, I.
EcorpaA 1950, 66-67, 100.
12 <P. KeCTepqaHeK, HH6eHTap np60Z 6eozpacKoz TlIClI:apa Tpa;aH(l
TWlylTtlf'Cl, AHaAH XHCT. HHcTHTyra y Ay6pOBHlfKY, Ay6pOBHHK 1952, 200.
J3 A. MeAaKoBHn, Ha8. eITo, 36.
172 A AParojAoBHn
BYKOBlina li rherOBor CI-IHa BHneHIJ;a.
H
y BHneHIJ;OBoj llITaMnap'Hjli
je CTe<paJH MapHaomIli H3 CKaApa 1561. roA'H1He llIT<lJMnaJO [lOC/-lU Tpu-
o.J
5
y fl!OI'OBOpy CBOj.Oj rrpBoj llITa'Mrra'Hoj 'KH:>I13H, MaplloHoBlfn ce 06a-
Be3ao Ha HOBe " nOA'B'Hre" , llITO je rrOTBpAillO lllT<lu\1naIDeM ,,60/Ka!HCTBe-
He KfbHre npH'rreCHeIJ;" y CKaA:PY 1563. rOAHlHe.
16
Meny TprOBalJK,H OpraHJll30BaJHe lllTaJMnapuje 3a lllTaMnaIDe epn-
CKe KfhHre y6paja ce li lliTaMnaplij'a %OT'!pOKOf TlAeMlina JepOA'llMa
3arypomrna y K'OjOj je 1570. 3<IJBpllleJHO UITaJMnaI-he llcallTupa C no-
cIleo6albeM U rIaC.flo611eM.
17
Y TIOrOBopy ooojoj np:Bj lllTalMna'fwj
Kl-b113H, 3arYPoBH11 je lllTaMIIao H :OI'Aa'C Aa ce fherO'BeK'I-bHre Mory
KynOBaTlI y CKOIIMY KOA KaJpa-TpH<PYHa, jeAiHQlr DA npBHx KHIH/Kapa
y HallfHJM KpajeBI1JMa.1
8
Y Ka'pa-TpwPYJHOBoj iKl-bH)!{LpH IJ1Jp'AaBaH je H
360p/-lulf: KOj'H je y 3arYPOBliJieBoj lllT<lJMnapHjn 1571. rDAHlHe H3Aao
JaKoB J:I3 Coqmje. ABa OBoI' 36opl-lUlm y TOKY jeAHe fOAHHe
YBepkJHBO rOBope 0 BeAHKoj rrO'Ipa)!{J-b'H 'KI-bllI'a BepOKe CaAp/KHlHe y
cBHM06AaCTHiVla TypCKor UapCl'Ba.1
9
To je Ao6po 3Hao H MAeTalJ'KH
IIlTa'Mnap Mapr<to flHHaMH y lJH'je je pyKe TIpelllAa 3arypoBHneBa lllTalM-
napHja nOlJeTKOM XVII IBeKa. OH je 1628. npJIopeAiHD hnpHAOKO J13-
AaIDe Op6rm-nrjeBar Olllealla YX06/-l0l, a 1640, II AHlBiKOtB'HneOOf Ha-
Ylf:a KpCTjaJ-lCKOl. MapKoB CH'H EapToA, IWjH je y <I>patl-beBa1JlKO'M ca-
McTaHY y <I:>OjIHHUH HaYlJHO cpnoKox'pBaToKlH je3HiK, npelllTaMnao je
1638. roAHlHe 3arYP'BllneB llca.rzntp lK:OjH je ca OCTaAiH':vI IKl-bH'raMa
rrpOAaBao rrpeK'O TproBaqKe 'M'pe/Ke OBor oIJ;a, HHa'Ie paerrpOC"flpaIDeHe
no lJHT3IBOM EaAKaJHcKOM Y I10rOBopy llCQIlTUpy, Eap-
'IOA rrOMHlhe H CTOBapH'lllTe 'KfhHra .)13 fHtHaM'HjeBe UITa
l
M!I1apHje Koje
je 611AO y BeAHKOM TprOBHWTY, a H3 jeAHor H3BelUTaja CO<I>HjcKor
HaA:6uoKyrra TIeTpa 'RHAli ce Aa cy KI-bHre li3 fHHaJMlfjeBe lllTL;\mapnje
rrpOAaBaHe IH y CoqmjH 1650. rOAH'He.
21
OrpllHHLJ'eH perrepToap IJ;pKBeHiHx UITalMnatHil1x Kl-bHra HaAoKHabH-
BaAtH cy AeAO'M I1HCapH 'MaJHacTlH1pKiHX oKpHnTOpHja, a AeAOM nncapH
AaHl..{H, pene CBelllTeHHIJ;J! iH iMOHaCH, IKOj'H oy ce y l'paAoBHMa TypaKor
U<lJpCl'Ba IH3 KOMepIJ;HjaAHHX pa3Aora 6l1BHAH rrpenHCl-IBalfK0':l'l A'eAaT-
I-fOlliny. Pa3BOj 'Bor BHA:a K:l-bH/KeBHe perrpOA''IKIJ;IHje nOMaraAli oy c
jeAiHe crpaJHe Lji\aHOBH IJ;pKBeaor KAepa, a ca Apyre 11iMynHHjH rpa-
DaJHH (upe CBera 3<lJHaTM-Jje) 'KOj1f ay Ben npBHX AeIJ;eHiHja T'Vp.OKor
pOnCl'Ba rro60pI-l'Hl\H npa'BOCAa;Biba n jY'H'aIJ;H
14 J. TaAHI) , Ay6poBa'-tlw apxuBc/(a zpafJa, 66-67.
15 B. Cn. PaAojw:m:n, Cwpu CpnClCU UUaMnap CuifJaii "o-r zpaa Clea-
pa" U I1pKBa HBaHOBm{ KO nenu, TIPHi\03H 3a KI-Ml.>KeBHOCT. je3HK. HCTOpHjy
H <pOAKAOP (Aaloe: TIKJH<I. XVIII, 1938. 375-384.
16 lb, CmjaHoPHn, Crapu CpnCKU 3Q11UeU U I-la'wueu, I. 638.
17 } " ME AaKoPHn, I-WB. ello, 38-39.
18 /'o. CTojaHoBHn, Crapu cpnCKU 3anucu U IW'CF"/UCtL, l, 683.
19 A. MeAaKoBHn, Hae. eJlo, 39.
20 HeTO, 39-40; ynop. M. PerneTap, H3a1ba AueICoeuf!eea HayKa
KpcrjaHClwza nKJH(/). VII, 1-2, 34.
21 E. Fennendzin, Aeta Bulgariae ecclesias.tiea, Zagreb 1887, 210; lb.
CrojaHOBHn, HaB. eJlo, l,BIO.
llhaMnal-he II nperUfCHBaI-bC nHpHACKHX KI-bHra
173
IHOBe MapnlpOA'OIIrKe 'KH:>I-DI<0BHOCTH. IIpHMepa paAH, 'l'O CY K'yjYiHI)IIja
feoprnje oJI3 KpaTOBa, "cprrcK:()I[ K'OpeHa II3A'aHaK" , 'HAH 06y,J:iap HII-
KOAca H'3 C01>aje '4'II:ja Cy IMyqeHU'l'K:a C1'paAaH>a y 60p6II ca arpOC'IIB-
'Hll'M lf!CAaM'OM y np'Boj ITOAOBIIJH>II XVI 'BeKa onlI'caAH non IIeja H M2.-
Tej fpaiMaTMlK.
22
OA 6poj'HIHX IlIH1capa KOjH cy np0<JeOHOHaAHO, 3a HBaq, paJAHIAH
no 6a:AiK'aHQKiHu\1 rpaAOBH1Ma TYPcKor UapC'l'Ba ITpe H 'ITOCAe 06HOB
IIenKe na'J1p;IIjaplliH'je caqlYBalH je MaHili 6poj IHMeHa. Y XV BeKY ce
ITOMIH.!hY AHjaWI IIeTap, Pa'J1KO, MH.Xo, A'M1H'Tap, AaqI<Jo, PaAlHlB'Oj 3pe-
AlHln, CTa!HIKO, HaKoAa H l'paMaTUIK AaJMja-l.
23
IlperrHcH'BaqKa AeAaT-
HOCT Ao6HjaHecAyneHe pa3Mepe y XVI H XVII BeKY. Hajn03HaTHjH
rrlIcapH OBor rrepH'OAa OOAH 0"1 nHca,q IIaxoMlwjc, IIHoaTe::> AOHiI1II'H,
ITWCaTe::> PaBYA, MIjaJK AMIDap, ppaJ'MaTHIK TYA;OP, AaOKaA MaKOHlM,
ITH'caq AMIliTap Jal:be3CKII, rpaMa1'lfK EaJHltfO, AaCKaA JOBa'H, Aac:KaA
ApaJra'H, AaOKaA ArpoMHje, AHja'K MHTap, AHjaK JOBaH, rpaJMaT'HIK Ile-
Tap, AHj'aJK OHMOH, J1paMaTH<K TeoAop, IAlI'jaK IleTap, AaOKaA IlaxOMIHje,
AaOKaA IIej10, TpaMaTHiK ct>HAItI'Il, rpalMaTHK AyrnKO, ,i\iH!jaiK JOBaH Ma-
AellieBaq, AHjaK AUMIITap iH AHjaK llH'pO XonoBaq.24 Iloja'Ba PYCltlIX
IlITaMnaHHX KIDIITa HarAO je CMaH:lIIA'a 6poj ITHcapa y XVIII 1J3eKY,
GlAH cy ce OBUM oBHA;OM KH:>IDKeBHe penpoA'VKI.\Hlje H Aa::>e 6aB.IIA!H Mi-
jaK TeoA;0p KOMaAHlHa, AaOKaA IlaJBAe, AHljaJK )Kj.HBKO, ArHjalK JOBaH
IlorroBHn, AaCKaA HHKoAaj f AHropeBHn H AHjaK XpHCTO IIp'!I3pe-
Haq.25
H3 jeA;Hor 6paja aYT()lpOKHX 3'aJITIl'Ca je Aa cy y HOBOM
EPAY paA'H'AH JOBaJH rpa,'I1aTI1IK H ATIjaJK ABaKY'M, 'Y JaH>eBY AaCKaA
AHiMMl1pHje, y KpaToBy MIHIOrOI'pellJlHlI JaBaJH AHjaK Bypo, y Ao-
BC'ly rpaIMa11H'K Ile'J1a'P 'H J1p3!M'amH.'K AyrnK', y EYAHMY AHjaK JOBaH,
y 3BOPRIMKY pacoAep POMaH, y EoorrpaA"1 rpaJMaTwK JalHKYA, y T'pe-
6lf1lb"1 A{l1'jaK JOBaH MaAellieBaq, y ARjaiK 1\a'30, 'Y CapajeBY AII-
jaK AMIDap HAaCKaA GIIMeoH BOpDeBlI'n.
26
Y IH3BopHMa ce nOMItl'H>Y
H alHOHlI'M1HH AltIjaU;H IKOj'II cy paAHAH 'Y HOBaM (Xepqer-HoBII), IJ;e-
TIIay, ApeHono::>'Y, Tpefurwy, Ca:pa1jeBY M Jal:belBy.
27
IIpeIlllfcHBaIheM KH>Hl'a 'H'3 iK'OMepqnja.AlI-liH.x pa3AOra 6aBHAH av 'ce
rH OBeIlITeHHl.lH rpaACK'HX qpKaBa, iRa rrpHlMep, non JOBaJH y K,paTiBY,
Iron IleTap y 3eM
r
l!HY, M'HTparrOi\!H'T feoprnje y CereAHtHY, non UBeTKo
'Y IlpII3peHiY, MOHax BIIKTap 'Y CTpym, npe3BHTep BYK y CapajeBY,
non J'naE 'H JepoM'OHax A'KceHTuje y JaH>eB"1, 'MOHaX HUKalHop y Bpa-
'HlNeBY, jepO'M'OHaX AamIAIQ Y TpHOBy 'II TIorr :>KlfHKO y IIAOBA'HBy.
2R
22 A. BorAaHOBHn, MCTOpuja CTape cpnClCe lCl-bu:JICNJHOerU, 244-245.
23 1'0. CTojaH'OBlln, HaB. eJlo, II, 4203, 4204, 4206, 4211, 4221, 4222; IV,
6188, 6178; VI, 9355, 9359.
24 MCTO, l, 1130, 1637, 1767, 451, 1920; II, 4243, 4248, 4246, 4267, 4272,
4282, 4301; III, 5705; IV, 6283, 6297, 6316, 6337, 6362, 6393, 6405, 6977, 6995,
7110; VI, 9377, 9383, 9627.
2/.i MCTO, III, 5901; V, 8095; VI, 9645, 10262, 10312.
20 Mero, l, 563; IV, 6362, 6455; l, 455, 451, 645; l'II, 5705; II, 3516; IV,
6297, 6283, 6383, 7031.
27 Mero. l, 1994, 919, 554; II, 2275; IV, 6303, 7176; V, 7788.
28 Mer0, l, 598, 742, 832, 427, 1023, 1006; V, 6664, 6744.
174
.DHAe cy AiBe 'BpCTe rpaAOKHX nHcapa, AallKa. JeAHiH cy H3rAeA,a
liMaAH cBoje OKpHlnTopHje 'Y lKoj1lfMa oy pYlKI1!IIDHe !KlhHTe nOIBe3H-
B<lJIre H K<l'O 3atHaTOKa p06a npOAaaiHe, a AipyrH cynOOO3HBY paAiHAH
y coojlHx 'KTH110pa H IloCToj'aI-he AaWllK'HX OKPWI1-
TOpHja MO')Ke ce noopeAlHo AOKaC3al1H TIOAal\ll1'Ma Aa av rrncaplH IITAanaAH
xapa4 TY'POKHh\1 BAaCTffi'l1a ce Ha'Aa3HO Ha3Ha4ef y l\eHH HK'H
PY'KOI]UCHiI:fX Klhl1'ra.
29
IlH:cap'H cy rrpeTe)KHO paAIHAH CaM'OCTaAHO HAH
y opTaKAIY'K'Y. Y jeA;HoM 3aiI1HC'Y H3 XVIII BelKa rOBOp'H ce 0
Tmcapa opTaJKa, CaBH M11AHny H Maxa'H'AY Ilo'l1BIHny, a y Apy'rolM
o OpTarKA'IjIKY I1!Hcapa H KlhHrOBeCl..\a, AaCKaAa feoprnja H Ma'jeropa
3AaTaiHa.
30
Kl-bHre cy npOOHICHBaI-re no H<l'PYUOOHlI Kl1HTOipa HAU npe-
'Ma 3aXTeBY Tp)KHlUT3. U03H'aTO je, Ha rrpH'Mep, Aa je rpaMaTlIIK JOBaH
paA;HO y HOBOM .DPAY no lHapyu6HIHH emreKOiIla HIHIKaIH'O'pa, A:lijaK J0-
BaJH Y EYMI'MY 3a 6YAlHMCiK'Or MIHl1porrOAIHTa MaTeja, rpaMaTHK IleTap
y AOBe4V 3a enHlCKona JepeMHjy, a HeKH mfOHUMHH AHjaK y HOBO.\I
3a enHOKona C3'BaTHja.
31
MHoro BHille ce 3Ha 0 Ayra:jynHM mrcapuMa, AalIl\H1Ma, KOjH cy
no n03HJB'y H 3a HOBal..\ paAHAU y K'yn'aM'a OBojHX IKTIIll'Opa. BetiIIJHa
IHX je paAHAa y rpaAOBH'Ma, y IKynau\1a 60raTUX 3aHaTAlHja, aAH 'H no
MlIHaCTHpHMa H ceA;lIIMa. AujaK je 1564. 3l1nUCaO :Aa je jeAlHY
IHbHry npooliOYFBao y ,,'MeCTY CapajeBY, y AOMY 6AaroilIecTHBoT XPH-
wnaHlma M'lIXaHAa 'Kyj'ljlHUHje AecHcaAa H 'lherOBe 6pane, HH'KO'Ae Ii
Apar06paTa", y A06a "KaAa je EOOHOM 'yrrpaBtnao 'BeA!H'KH MYCTa4>a
narna [BepoBallHo MexMeknaUIa COKoAoBun], OpOAHIHK oAaro1.IeCTII-
BOr H XpHCT'Oiby6HBor nenKoT naTpHljapxa IKHp MaJKapnja" .:12 ApY'I'H
oy '110 n03HBy paAUAH npHJBpeMel-FO y 'M<l'Ha!CTlIJpHiJl.m HAn ceAilIIMa, y KJY-
naJMa lfMVnHHjHX ceibaKa 'II OBeUITeHiJ11Ka, Ha npHlMep, AJ11jaJK PaTKO,
rpa:Mal'H<K <PHi\llln, A;HjaK H'AH AlljaK TOMa YpllCOBHn.:
l3
TypcKe BAaCTH cy nOBpeMEmo Ilp'I10Hl1'Ae IJlYtca'Pe HI1A0IHlfAe npe-
IlHCaJHe Klhwre, OC0611TO y BpeMe paTa HAH HeMllpa xpHllinaHC'Ke paje.
o TOMe I1oS'ope H 6pojiHiH ayropOKiH 3an'lIOlf AiJ11jaKa KOjlH ce )KaAe Aa
ce 300r CBOr paAa iHai\a3e y "OMp"J1HOj onalOHOCTn" H Aa ITHrny "nooe-
3Y'Mi\>eHiH" 'Y "CT3<AJHOM crpa-xy OA j'aI-FH'4apa" HA'lI "npOKAernIX Arape-
Ha" .34 lbCa1.IYBalHlIx 3armca 3HaceAa je AiH}aK HIHIKoAa, cKpHBajynH
ce OA Typa:Ka, lfBBeCHO BpeMe paAH'O y 'GeAY "y AalHe crrpo-
KAe1'Or l..\,a:pa Eaja3HTa", jeAlIH IHen03Ha"I'JI AHj'aK nOA rop,oM JeA!Hl\OM,
"y BpeMe CYATaHa CeAJ11Ma" , KaA je ,,'BeA'J11Ka Tyra il{ MeTeJK 6HAa y
OpfllOKOj 3eMtoH", rpaJMlJ11HK TeoA)op y 'CEWY KOHaB, ,,'Y Aoa TY'pdKor
MypaTa, CeAHMiOBa CWI-ra", a Ali}aK MHl'ap y jeAHO!M 3a6a1.IeHO!M
Mecl1Y, ,,'Y AaiHe CaxuH are ApHaYTOBlIna" r<:ojH je 3a xpHllinaiHe 6HO
,,3AH nac, Bei\HKO cMyrneI-lHje H cTparnHe BepHre" .35
29 HCrD, II, 2607.
30 Hera, 8053, 5817.
31 HCrD, l, 455; IV, 6297, 6283.
32 HCTa, l, 645.
33 HeTa, l, 563, 1840; II, 4272; VI, 9510.
:14 HCrD, l, 810, 455, 492, 653.
35 Hcra, l 580, 1767; IV, 6178, 6393.
lIhaJIillaI-be H rrperrHCHBal:be nHpHACKHX Kl:bHra
175
HarAO Ona!t\alhe TypoKor IJ;apcTBa y XVIII BeKy il CHe l'lelllhe
n06YJHe xpHlllnaolfeKe paje OTe)l(jaBaMl cy H paA IlHcapa Koje cy Typ-
UH Kao pOAioiby6eCBe BHillle np:orOHH!AH H oaeMorynaBaAIH. CHABeCTep
fO\1JH'OHHlIaJHIlf.H H3 pOAa CTaHHlBytKCXB'lflna 3aJITHCao je CpeAH'HOlvl XVIII
Be>.K!a Aa je "KlhHry 3BaHY AAeKCa'HAap il Aa3ap H MUAOlll
06HMln" npefllicHIBaJo 'KOA EaI-be AY'Ke, OK:pIfBajynH ce y "nAaHllJHH
3BaHOj OOJVialla, 6i\JH3}' peKe Bp6a
1
ca KOA BeA;UKe CTeHe" .30 PaAenH V
TeillKlllM 'il lIeCTO He>nOBOi\:>lHHM 'YJCA'BHiMa, nH'capn cy rpelllKe H npo-
fIYCTe y DBOMe paAY npaBA&\H,c jeAiHe C'I'paJHe crpaxoM OA TY'PaJKa
K!OjH cy MX npOrOlf:lHA:H, a C Apyre, AlOllllHiM 'M'acnri\'O'M H naJII!HpOM,
OKpo..vfHIHM 3HlIlheM J]HClIpOKe IBellillHiHe HAH TIOOMlaJKAID'A rO;6.:HHaMa.
JeAaJH :I1HClIP ce 1535. )KaAI{O 'Aa je paJAiH:O ,,'YlMopHlHh'A PYK'aJMa i:I C
OlllfMa MYTHHiM OA iHeona'BaIBa" , jep je MeCTO rAe je paAHo ,,6HAO
He3J10pjHO, TA'OBAa)KHO, BpeMe 3H'MlHO lM 'MpalJHO, a MaCl'IL\O AOllie".:L'
Apym cV, 'Kao AaOKaA ApauViH'je, lHeAOCTaTKe y OBOM npl'BAaA:H
CaJMoYKourny, 'HAH, Kao TJ:QIIl TeoAp ,,'He>HOKIyCTBO'M y iKl-bH)KeBHOM
YlIelhY HfllicalhY", a Y3 TO je paA!H ,,6e3 OllIfAa [naollapa] 6e3 'K'OjHX
I-rnje IMora" .38 OBO je crBapaAo 6pojHe remJ<Jone, a KcaTKaA AOBOAHAO H
AO cYlK06a lL3Meny rrncapa il IKTHTOpa. Tall<.o ce Ha npHMep
OHlMOH 1561. rOAilfHe )KaJAIH IHa OBOra IK'IlMTOpa lK'ojiH OIA6H'ja A'a 'l1Aani
AOllle npelIHcaJHY Klhliry, na ra MOAH Aa He "nOCTYJIIa Kao TOMa y Ae-
Bilqy", Hiero Aa .MY nAa11H 'ypaneH nocao "jep oor iHene iH'enpaBAy".39
TI'H'CapH oy'Y nOlle'I'I<'Y 'Ca..WH :rrOBe3HiBaAJH P'Y'K'rnroHe KJMIlre, a Ka-
cHHje ICY 1'0 paAiHAH npo<pOCHOHaAIHlH ,,'KIHl'rrOne3Lt;.u" IH'AH "MajcTOp.u" ..10
OA 'llOlleI1Ka XVI AO Kpaja XVIII eKa, KlhHre cy nOOe3lfBaHe y CMe
Aepeny, COepHljH, TIpli6ojy, TIOATOPHUH, BHAiHHY, EeorpaAY, fIHPO'l'Y
li y H'3BapJ:llOj l'pana oy CalJYJBaJHa H 'HMelHH
'Kao feopfIH}a KOBalleBH'na H3 HOATOpH-
,,'MajcTopa Bype CTe<PaiJ-lBiUna", C\!BpeMeH'lIKa naTplHjaJpxa MaK-
oHiMa, ",Ml'jcTopa CTOjaJHa AeBp03a", "IMajcTopa TOMe" H ,,'MajcTopa
Mojol1'ja" H3 BpeMHa na'I'pHjapxa KaAH1HlwKa.
42
JeAHa 'OA n03HaTiljHx
6liAa je y "EoorpaJAY CpTl'CJIW'M" rAe je 1662. IIOBe-
3HJB3JHO H OIKOBaJHO je'AH'O eBaJHneibe 3a 6eorpaJAO'KOr IMlHrrpO!ll:OAliTa
KHp-HAaJpHOHa, a 1668. jeAHo eBaJHneibe 3a 'Y CapajeBY cpeA-
CTBH'Ma CapajAHja: xaun-J.o'BaHIa, MHxaHAa TaAIHna, Bype
Ma;X!aIIAOiBl:i'na, Tep3lije K:OMibeHa, nyplJ1Hje MlIAeTa, MUAYTHHa Ce
KYA'Buna, MHAYTHHa BiYHI-IOiBMna, BYKamIlli'a BYH'HOBllna, KyjYHI)Hja
BeM:lJM'1Ipa iH AMHTpa, Tep3wje nypllHje BY'Ka, KyjYHI)Hje
CAaAoja H BY'HlHa MH1\!yTHiHoBHna.43
36 MCTO, VI, 9424.
37 Mero, III, 5598.
Mero, l, 1637; III, 5859.
39 Mero, IV, 6337.
46 Mero, l, 476; VI, 10087.
41 MCTO, l, 498, 735, 746, 1384, 1640; II, 2144, 2444; IV, 7015; V, 7601.
42 MCTO, l, 1574; V, 7316, 7296.
43 MCTO, l, 1584, 1640.
176
A. AParojAoBilli.
CnOibaUIl-f,J1.M y,KpalIIa'BalheM pyq<oOlITHOHil1X K'fbHra 63JBJHAM c'Ij ce H
3ArapH. I1031IaTO je HeKOAHKO TacKBHX 3AaTapa, 'Ha npUMep, 3Awrap
Mamja IH3 CO<PRjec 'K'P3Jja XVI 'BeKa H 3AaTap Carsa Koj'H je 169l.
"OKOBao y cpe6po H 31\:aTO" jeAHo PYKOUHCHO eB3'H5eibe y MaHaCTH-
PY ./KHTOMlm:::NHny.
44
BpC"m H 'KiBaMITeT rro.a'e3a 3HaTHO oy YBenalBaAH
TPiKHllll1HY rspe,JHocT P'JlKOfCIH'H'X KlhHra. JeA3IH fl!Hcarp je 1480. 3a6e-
j\e)l(jHO Aa je C3I!vI' 3a Majcropy" (KfbUroBOCl.\'Y) nA3-
11H10 345 AHHapa, a Apyrn 1733. Aa je ,,33 'KaA'HePY H nOBe3 C Xapa"leM"
nAaTRo "ceAaM rpOllIa ope6pa" If 33 "cnoj'HH'l.\e If 'JiHlBiHje T'PH YI nOAa

UeHa py,KOJllKOHHX 'KI-Mfm 3a'BHeHAa je A 03Ap)'Kaja, ePopMaTa H
orrpeMe; HajBeny ueHY TJ1MaAa cy pYKonuOHa eBaH5eiba H nC3ATHprrf.
3AaTap ilPOAaJf je 1663. IlAaTH'O xHibaAY acnpH 3a PYKOIIliHOHO eB3H-
5eibe, tIeKiMel;l!Hja CTena'H 1690. 03JMO 180 aorrpM, a MeAeHTl-fje I1oIflO-
BlIn 1767. l'AHHe TpH AY'KaTa.
46
HeHa IIca/LTupa je 1627. H3HClIA3
15 AYKaTa, a BpeAHOCT MY je 1648. H3HOClIAa OIHOAHlKO opepa K,oAH<O
je KH.Hra 6HAa T,eillKa.
47
CAlfLIHa l.\eJ-lla PY'KomroHiHx 'Klh'HIfa 6HAa je YI
KOA Cp6a y YrapcKoj. ApceJ-llYIje 1113 IM3JH3JCTHipa Op3XOBHi(e je Ha "oce-
Ila3apy" HAaTJ1:0 pytK:cmnoHo eBaH5eibe 24 ePop:HlHrre, KOAHIW je
CAHtI'HO PYKO'l1lH-fO eBaR5elne y IlIapeIrrp3AY nAaruo 111 CHlMeCXH By-
K:OBHn.
48
Klli1l!re cy 360'.1' BlfociKe l.\erre KyrraBaAH npeTe)'K'HO H'MYlllJ-ruj'li
nojeAHlHl.\I1. JeMlIH cy HX, K3JO Ha npH1M'ep, Tep3Hja 06paA H3 Aep-
BeHTe, canYHI,m1a I1eT3Jp, Jellio Boj3IHal.\, BYAe MHAO,n3JHOBHfi, MeAeH-
Tuje HporrooH'l1n HAY! MUAOJll EaJKHn, KfYI11JO'BaAM ,,3a OBOjy AYlllY" ,
3a tI'HT'alhe, a APynH Aa 6H MX 3a "oBoje 3AP3lBibe" HAH 3A;PaB-
ibe OBOjUX 6AI-I)'KHX J11PJf;\'')JMI HeKod l.\p'KBlI HA'H MaHacrHpy.J9 Me5y
AapOAa'BIWIMa OHe BpcTe nOM'l1l-f>yce BeIIITeHHIJ;H rpaAOK'HX l.\pKaiBa,
Kao nHpOTCKM jepoMHax HCaHje :Hi\JH capwjeBCKM IfIpOTa BYKoje, 3a-
HlM HMy'nJ-llHjH XpHJllihaH'H, Ha npHMep, cIIaxHja AHMHTpHje :H3 I10A-
roplIl.\e,cnaxaja CTeeP3JH A.ap31M'OBHn, onaXHIja M3JpKO CrojKOB By-
tIlfIHliti, a lHajllelIIne tIAalJ-lOBH 'PaGHHX rpaAC'KlIX 3a'HaTCKMX
;1<'310 xAe6ap KpCTO, tIIH3Mal)Hja CTeeP3JH 'H3 AepBeHTe, 3AaTap TIpO.1,UH
H3 Ja'l'pa, canYlHl).H'ja BYJK3'AfH1I-1 H3 Cap3Jj!eBa, nmorpaeP MeAeTHije H3
Eapa, Tep3Hja BeAQO H3 H'HlIIa, MI-fXaHAO HapaHI)Hl HAH
a6aIJIHja AlllMHTp'l1je.
50
KlhHTe 'CY KynO'BaHe y KlbH)'Kap3JMaK'oje cy noopeA'CTBOM Ay6po-
:na'-lKH'X 'DprOBal.\a npHBpeMeHO paA;HAe y CKO'IIibY, Bl1'AlfIHY, Eeorp'aAY,
BeAiHiKOM TprOO3HJllTY li ApeHonOlbY, lH'errCpeAHIO :DA Ca'MMX IIHcapa,
BAH OA npenp0,L\aBal.\a, HajtIewle TypaKa KOjJ-I cy EX 360.1' BeAHKe
44 NCTO, l, 735, 451.
46 NCTO, l, 349; II, 2607.
46 NCTO, l, 1596; III, 5361; IV, 7176.
47 NCTO, l, 1425;IV, 6694.
48 NCTO, II, 2206; V, 8119.
{9 NCTO, III, 5361; IV, 6760; V, 8003, 8002; VI, 9461, 9437.
50 NCTO, l, 624, 1473, 908, 1287, 1596, 1597, 1240; IV, 6438, 7176; V, 8086,
7290, 8042; VI, 10283.
llLTaMl1aH>e H rrpenHCHBaH>e nHPHACKHX KH>Hra 177
BpeAHOCl'H nloaL1KaA'H no U'p'KBa<Ma H />.mIHaCHrpWMa, a 3aTH'M npenpo-
AaBaAH 'Ha "rpaACK.H:;,,! na3apH'Ma". Y 3aJllHC11lMa ce IroMoH'l-he rrpoAaja
KH:>Hra Ha "Oce"LJKOM na3apy", a ,CMfl.JHHX rra'3apa 611'1\0 je y CKaiA:PY,
Capajesy, Hamy HAH AepB6HTH.
Sl
Onloa"lJKlJHe 'KlnHre O'I1KynlbHBaAH
cy n060)KHH xpIfwnaHH "H3 l'ljpcKor poncTBa" H HX UpiIa-
'Ma H MlJHaCrHpHMa. Y jeAH'OM 3aTTHCY ce rO:BopH '0 OTKYrry KlnHra "H3
poncTBa" y CKaAJPY 1689. Koje je MaxMYT-narna EeroBHn OnloatIKaO
H3 llenKe naTpHjapW'Hje.
52
JeAiHlo eBaJHneloe Koje ay BOjHHl.\H np'Hl-Iua
EyreHa CaBoj'cKO'f Y'KpaAM y CapajeBY 1697, a 3aTHM npoAaAH y Ja-
HOK jaHOtIK!H'M xpwwn.a'HH'Ma, 'oTKynloeno je H BpaneHI capajeBoKoj
UPKBH 3a:Aa'ralheM Capa'jAHje xaI,IH-AaJMjaHa ApHaYToBHna.
5
:
1
Yca"LJY-
ElJHHJM H3BopHlMa M'Ma AO'CTa 'I1'AaTa'Ka 0 'oTKyny KlhHTa "J1i3 pornclflBa" .
JepO_\il'Hax B6H1HjaMHH je 1682_ "H3 l'ypoKlOT pOlI1CTBa" O11KY'ilHO je/\,-
HY KIUHry H npHi\O)K.\{O "cpnoK'oj 3eMIo11 , XpaJMY Ha'BeA'eHH'ja TIpe-
CBeTe EoropoAHue 3Ba'HOM 3alBaAa 6i\'H3Y rpaJAa Ay6pOBHH!Ka" .,,4 HH-
KAa CeB<i1n je 1722. "OTKYfl1HO OA AraplHa" jeAHo e'Ba!Hneloe H npH-
AO)KHO Ma'HaCl'H'PY fO:llH'OlHHi.W'f, a jeAiHO eBalHneloe nopeKAoM H3 Ma-
I1aCnLpa CaBHHe oTKynHo je "KaneTaH PaA,HBoj Cp6HH" 1703.rOAHHe.
5
:>
KH:1HTe cY IHajtIeWne oTKynJ'owBaHe y :OiHHIM 6aA
1
K3HOKHIM rpaAoBHMa
TypcK'r IJ,apcf'Ba y Koj'HlMa je 011i\0 'pa3BHijeH'O Tp)f(J.imTe KI-bHl,a, Kao
IUTO je Ha ITpHMep, cAytIajca CapajeBoM y IKOMe je CanYiHIJHja CTe<paH
HHKOA:Hn oTKyrn-to jeA'aH ncallHLp "OA TyptIiHHa" 1738. fOlA!H'He, a
1749. je Mlnap .fiel'KOBHn TKYUJ-DO SOZOpOU'1.U1-l MOlle61-lUK ,,113 TYP-
C'BHX PYKY" H 33 cBoje 3ApaBAJe ra npHAO)KIiO MaHacrnpy 3aBaAHY
KI-bHre cy y peTKHM Ci\YLlajeBHMa OTKynAJHBaAH H upKB3Ma BpanaAH
H C3;r-. TYPl.\H. Ta'K:o je, Ha npH'Mep, 'KA06YlJIKIH A'H3'Aap PYCTeM6er
TKYIl'H OA TYip3JKa jeAHY KlhM'ry OTTAJa'1lKaHY y UPJ<lBH y Ap06lhal.\H-
Ma H npeAao je 'HrY:\13JHY Ma:HaCTHpa KOCH'jepeB'O, KHPHAY AiH
1
Ap<i1ja-
lUeBHnyY
Tpara"J.He nOCAeAHI..\e Ap)Ka:BHe caNIOCTai\IHOCTH 'H naAa
y l'ypOKO pOnCl'BO, M'a KOAHKO HenOBA>,HO 3a Aa!l>H pa3Bo'j OpHnH'HaA-
H'or KlhH)f<eB'HOr Cl'BapaAaIUTBa CAeAenHX BeKOB'a, TT:03HT'HBHO je Y1'H-
llaAO Ha p33Bj KfuH)KeBHe penpO'AYKUH'je 'Koja je OA nOlJe11Ka XVI
BeKa OBe 'BMwe AOJ1.jaAa AaHlJK:O 11 IKoMepLVHjai\JHO '06eAe)Kje. KHiHf
l-lHCY 'BHwe npenHCHBaAH OBeWTeHiHl\iH H MOHaOH Hero H :nH-
C3JpH AaHU'H rrOA 3aWTl1l'OM oH ITOKpOBHTeAJCTBOIM HMynHnjer XPll'uL11an-l-
OKor )KHBAJa, TprOBal.\a H 33JI-Ia TA'l1ja, OCTBapyjY'flIH TaKO Ha lliJl1'pe.\1
ni\3:HY 'Hero paHHjecBojy AYXOBHlY 'H APYWl'BlHY YAOTY y HO'BH'},,1 MCTO-
PI1jOK11'M H rrOi\,HTHLJKHlM OKOi\IHOCTWMa 'I<oje je Ha'MeTHYAO TypOK
porrcrBO.
51 Hcm, l, 1907, 1597, 1796; Il, 2206, 2406; IV, 6483
52 Hcro, IV, 7163.
5:1 Hcyo, II, 2444.
54 Hcyo, VI, 10134.
Hcyo, Il, 2109, 2406.
5& YiCYO, VI, 10080; II, 2746.
Hcm, II, 3675.
178 A. AParojAoBHh
DragoLjub DragojLovi
PRINTING AND TRANSCRIBING OF CYRILLIC BOOKS
IN BALKAN TOWNS OF THE TURKISH EMPIRE
Summary
More significant revlVlllg of Church activity in the South
Slav countries which came under Ottomandomination until the end
of the fifteenth century, became more conspicuous only after the
defeat of Turkish army at Mohac in 1526, and the moving of the
Turkish Empire Central EUl'opean bOl'ders. The restoring of demo-
lished churches and monasteries instigated the transcribing and
printing of ecclesiastic books which were ruthlessly destroyed in
previous epochs by the Turk,sh conquerors. Ln course of the fi,rst
decades of the sixteenth century, the old monastery scriptoria have
been restored tao, although new were established, not only in the
monasteries but also ;in other places in the Balkan towns of the
Turkish Empire. Atthe beginning of the sixteenth century Bozidar
Vukovi founded inVetnice new printJing works which was inheI'lited
in the middle of the same century by his son Vienco Vukovi.
From the small rrumber of valuable sources it is known that the
books printed in Vlukovi's printing works have been sold in the
BaLkan regions 'of the Turlcish Empire, i.e. in Belgrade, Vidin, and
Nikopolje, most often throughmediatio'll of traders from Dubrovnik.
Inthemiddleof thesixteenthcentury prince Radlisa Dmitrovi
established in Belgrade printing works which, after Radisa's death,
was taken over by Trajan Gunduli, a Belgrade merchant from
"the great city of DubroVinik. In the meantime one printing works
has been founded inSkadarin 1563 by Stefan Marinovd, while the
second one by a Kotor nobleman Jerolim Zagurov:i, whose books
were on:saLe ID the KaraTrifun's book,store in Skoplje- which was
one of the :f!irst bookstores ever dnstituted in the South Slav area.
The Kara Trifun's bookstore als6 had on sale the books printed in
ZaguroV'i's prinbng works by Jakov from Sofia.
At the beginning of the seventeenth century Zagurovi's
printing works was taken over by the Veneban master-printer
Marko Ginami who had a storehouse of printed books in Veliko
Trgoviste.
The limited repertoire of ecclesiastic prointed books has been
partly compensated by the scribes of the monastery scriptoria, the
other part being the activity of laymen scribes - and rarely cler-
gymen - who did transcribing out of conunercial reasons in the
towns of the Turkish Empire. The development of that kind of li-
terary reproduction wa'S promoted, at the one hand, by members
of the clergy and, at the other, by prosperous citizens, first of aIl
craftsmen. The latter ones already in course of the first decades of
179
IIlTaMIlalDe H rrpeI1HCHBalDe l.nplIACKlIX KlDHra
Turkish slavery became the most outstanding pl'Otagonists of ort-
hodoxy and heroes of new martyrdom literature, the
examples being the goldsmith Georgije from Kratovo, Dor the shoe-
-maker Nikola from Sofia.
The small number of names is known out of numerous scri-
bes who professionally, i.e. for money, were active in -the Balkan
towns both prior and after the restor,ahon of the Patroiarchate of
Pe. In the fifteenth cen1ury there is mention of Petar the disciple
(dijak) of disciple Ratko, disciple Miho, disciple Dmita:r, discLple Lac-
ko, disciple Radivoj Zreli, disciple Stanko, disciple Nikola, and the
grammatJician Damj,an. The transcribing acuivity assumes unim-
magined proportions in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Most famous scribes of the mentioned period were writer Paho-
mije, writer Longin, wmter Ravul, disoiple Dmitar, grammatician
Tudor, teacher (daskal) Maksim, writer Dmira Janjevski, gramma-
tidan Banco, teacher Jovan, teacher Dragan, teacher Aromije, dis-
ciple MitaI', disciple Jovan, grammatician Petar, disciple Simon,
grammatician Teodor, teacher Pahomije, teacher Pejo, grammati-
ci an Filip, gmmmatioian DuSko, disciple Jovan Malesevac, disciple
Dimitar, and disciple Ciro Hopovac.
'Dhe aJPpearing ,of RusS'i,an rprintoo boolks shar;ply decrea:sed the
number of scribes in the elighteenth century, but this kind of lite-
rary reproduction has been continued by disciple Teodor Komadi-
na, teacher PavIe, disciple Zivko, disciple Jovan Popovi, teacher
Nikolaj Gligorevi, and Hristo Prizrenac.
On the ground of a number of author's inscriptions it is known
that active in Novo Brdo were Jovan the grammatioian and disciple
Avakum; in Janjevo this was teacher Dimitrije, in Kratovo the
"muHi-sinning" Jovan and :Ouro the disciple, in Lovee grammatician
Petar and grammatioian Dusko, in Buda disciple Jovan, in Zvornik
the cassock-tearing Roman, in Belgr.ade grammatician Jankul, in
Trebinje disciple Jovan Malesevac, in Jajce disciple Lazo, and in
Sarajevo disciple Dmitar and teacher Simeon :Oordevi. There is
a1so mention in relev,ant sources of sorne other anonymous scribes
who were active in Novo, Cetinje, Drenopolje, Sarajev". and Ja-
njevo.
Besides professional scribes who were laymen, transcribing
of books was done also by the dergymen of town churches, such
as the following: priest Jovan in Kratovo, priest Petar in Zemun,
metropolitan Georgije in Segedin, priest Cvetko in Prizren, monk
Viktor ,in Struga, presbyter Vuk in Sarajevo, priest Jovan and higher
monk Aksentijein Janjevo, monk N'ikanorin Branicevo, higher
monk Danilo in Trnovo, and priest Zivko in Plovdiv.
There is much more information on the rambling laymen scri-
bes who were called on occasions to of their patrons to work
there. These rambling scribes worked in the towns, in the homes
of ri ch craftsmen, but also in monasteries and in the villages. Dis-
180
A. AParojAoBHn
ciple Dmi,tar thus noted d'OlWn in 1564 that he transcribed a book
in the town of Sarajevo, in the house of the honourable Christian
Mihail the goldsmith Desisal and of his brothers Nikola and Drago-
brat at the time of the Bosnian ru1er great Mustafa pasha (probably
Mehmed pasha Sokolovi), who was the relative of the honourable
and Christianity-loving patriarch of Pe mister Makarije. The
others, on the other hand, worked after being called, in monasteries
and in the villages fram time to time, namely in the homes of pros-
perous peasants and pries1Js; such were, for instance, disciple Ratk,
grammat'cian Filip, disciple Dmitar, and disciple Toma Urisovi.
Turklish authonities sometimes persecuted the scribes and con-
Hscated transcribed books. This is witnessed also by the authrs'
inscriptions of disciples which complain tha,t they work in deadly
pellil and w ~ t driven crazy and in permanent fear of j'anissaries or
damned Agarens. It is thus known that disciple Ni:kola, while hiid-
ing from the Turks, worked for the Ume being in Petnica, in the
days of the damned Bajazit; another unknown scribe "under the
Jelica mountain" and "at the time of 'sultan Selim" did ms work
when "great Borrow and disorder reigned in the Serbian land";
grammatician Teodor in the village of Konav did the same "in the
times of 'l'u.rkish emperor Murat, Selim's son", while disciple Mitar
was active in a remote village, "in the days of the Sahin-aga Ar-
nautovi" who was for the Christians "a wicked dog, great con-
fusion and heavy chains".
The books were purchased by prosperous citizens, most often
craftsmen for "their soul", namely for reading, or to be donated ta
a church or monastery. The books were bought also in the book-
stores which, through mediation of Dubrovnik tradesmen, workcd
iirom time to time in Skoplje, Vidin, Belgrade, Veliko Trgoviste and
Drenopolje; persons selling them were scribes themselves at the
town markets, or middlemen who were most often Turks who
rabbed the churches and monasteries for books. The books robbed
in .such a way from churches and monasteries were bought off by
religious citizens who thus freed them "out of Turkish slavery"
only to return them to the churches and monasteries. Thus it is
known from an inscription that some books were redeemed in
Skadar in 1689 after the plunder by Mahmut pasha Begovi of the
Patriarchate of Pe. One book of gospel taken off by the soldiers
of Eugen of Savoy from Sarajevo in 1697 thus has been rensomed
later to be returned to the Sarajevo church through the efforts of
the citizen of Sarajevo Hadii Damjan Arnautovi.
All the above data speak of highly developed printing and
transcribing activites in the period of Turkish slavery, as well as
of the fact that the book was a significant trade article in town
markets in almost all Balkan cities of the Turkish Empire.
I1peApar I1AAABECTPA
MOTHE AOlllfoAKA y HOBHJOJ CPTICKOJ KI:-bH:>KEBHOCTH
Mon CTpaH.U;a, AOlI1.JbaKa H TynHHIJ;a npeA BpanIMa rpaAa
jaBLba ce y HOBHjOj cpncKoj KIhI1)iBHOCTH MHoro 'lellIne Hero IIITO
Ha I1IPBH rrorAeA H3rAeAa. To je, y H3BeOHOM CMHCAJY, jeAa:H OIIllltrH,
MOTHB l(eAoKynHe HOBe cpncKe rrpo3e, rrapaAI1rMa-
TI{qaH MOTI1B KOjH C jeAHe CTpa'He roBop11 0 CI1AOBHTOM H ApaMaTI1'l-
HOM PHTMY ApylllTBeilliX H KYATYP'BHX rrpOMeHa, llITO ce AellIaBajy
'laK y je,iliHOM jeAHHOM Hapa:urrajy, a ca APyre CTpaHe 0 BpTOfAaBOM
npeo6.pa)KaBalhY npnnOBeAa'lKOr peaAJlI3Ma cprrCKe KfbH)i<.eBHOCTH.
KfbI1)i<.eBHe <popMe MeH>ajy ce yrropeAo C rrpOMeHaMa y OHCTeMY AY-
XOBHe 11 MaTepHjaAHe KYAType, OTKpHBajynH npH TOMe nplipOAHY
3aKO'HHTOCT Aa KfbI1)i<eBlHOCT OBOjOM YHYTpa'lliJ-bOM AryX!OBH'()IM, C'I1.I1A-
CKOM II CTBapaAa'lKOM OpraRH3aUHjOM OApa)i(aBa H3MeHe y CBOM
mHpeM AryXQiBHOM KOHTe:KCTY, iKao H y OnWTeM CHCTeM'Y iK'YAType
OBora A'6a. MouliB AllIiba'Ka ce noce6HO 'lecTO cpene y cpnOKoj
peaAHCTI1'lKoj 11 MOAepHHCTR'lKoj npnnOBeIJ;H Ha npeAaoKY XIX y
XX BeK, MaAa ce He ry6I1 HH KacHHje. OH ce AOCTa 'leCTO 06panyje
li AaHac, je oaBpeMeHlH 'I1.I1II yp6aHe KyAType YBeAHKO pa30pno
li nOCAeAIbe o.CTaTKe AYXOBHocrn II MopaAa TpaAHIJ;HOHaAHe HapOA-
He KYAType Ha I<ojOj je CBe AOHeAaBHO 6HAa 3aOHOBaHa KYATYpHa
6allITHHa HOBHje apnCKe IblDKeBHocrn.
01'KaKO je IIOA'BI11HOM XIX 'BeKa 3anOy.0o y)i\.Y'poa'H np'l..(,ec 'YP-
c .
oaJH!I1.3aIJ;H]e cprrcKe IHaIJ;HOH'aAHe IKYA1'ype H H>HO 3aAlHXaHO OAl3a-
jafbe OA AOTaJA rrpeBAaAaBajyner naTpHjapxaAHor il epOAKAopHor
l.J;HBHAlli3aIJ;I1jcKor MOAeAa, OMOCHO OTKaKO je rrO'leAO H>eHO HeCl1pn-
lbl-rBO npI1Aa.-ronaiBaIbe He BHCOK'WM eBpOftOKHM Y30pI1IMa Hero cllle-
IJ;H<pI-rqHJ() 6aAKaJHCKOM 11 AeBaHTHHCKOM Tlmy rrepH<peplijoKe II rra-
AaHa'lKe I<YATYpe eBpOTICKOr IJ;I1BHAJI3aIJ;:HjcKor npeAl'pana, apnCKa
KfbIDKeBHOCT HlHje npeCTaAa Aa ce cYO'laBa oa TeMOM II CYA6HHOM
Cl'paHaIJ;a. AOllIl\>aJiK 'KO}H y He,ilioYMIHUI1 11 rrpH'rYllJeH'lM cTpaxy
lIpeA rpaACKOM KanI1joM, 11 KOjI1 ce C MYKOM H onpe3HOuy YK.Aana
y HOBH CBeT, rrOCTao je OMHLbeHI1 jYHaK MHOfHX cprrCKHx npI1nOBe-
A<ll'Ia, KaJKiO OHlH'X IKOjlI1 CIIf :H!llIAlH IIl'YTeM KAaOO't1JH1O'f pea.-A,HJCTW-I1l<JOr Ae-
TepMMHH3Ma H CAeAHAH TpaAHl.J;HOHaAHiV rrOeTHKY MI1MeTII'lKOr H
AHAaKTI{l-IKor rrpnnOBeAaIba, TaKO 11 OHI1X KOjI1 cy y MOAep>HHCTH'l-
182
Il. IIaAaBeCTpa
KOMe CTIHAY cI11M60A1l'-IKOr nepCOHaAI13Ma li rrcHxoAoillKo-HaTyp-
AJ.JCTHtIlX llliBOKaQIIja oCBajaAH YHYTPallllhe npocTope Aywe, a 06-
jeKTHBHY CAI1KY peaAHor CBeTa 3aMeI-bHBaAli y CBOjl1M AeAHMa cy6
jeKTlffiHHM OApa3HM,a, HepBHOM HaneTow1.y 11 nYCTomHliM ocenaH:>eM
mmYUJTeHOCToH:, rropa3a 11 KOCMKl.JKe ycaM:lbeHOCTI1. AowkaK 11 CTpa-
HaQ OIJ IIipaTenu MOTI1BI1 yp6aHH3aQHje HOBl1je cpnCKe npI1TIOBeTKe,
CH'M.OOAJIl.JHI1 AJIKOBH C 60raTI1M 11 npOCTpaHI1M YHYTpam'JhI1M ceMa-
HTI1l.J1KJI1JM nOlbeM y K'\1e cy HeiK
'
l1 aYTopH Tpa)KHAH apXellJ.NTOKe M'O-
AeAe MeTa<pH31l'-IKOr oTyoeH:>a HenpI1AarOOeHOCTI1, CaMOne 11 Tparl13-
Ma A:>YACKe er3'lICTeHQl1je, AOK cy ApyrII BI1AeAI1 HenocpeAHe OApa3e
ApylllTBeHHX rrpeBHpaH:>a, CAI1KOBHTe 11 pe'-lHTe npHMepe MOpaAHI1X
If TIOHXOAOillK.J1X TpaJHc<popMaL(lI1lja 11 TlfJ1!I1'-11He 06pacQc I1CTOpHj-
CKllX npe06pa)Kaja. Hce'-laK 113 )IBOTa, napaAHrMa, npeTBapaH:>e
J<lHM)KeBHOr AHiKa y COQl1'j'aNI-I\I1 T'HIT 111 Tpara'H,e 3a HelKlM Bip'CTO'M 'on-
lllTer YHYTpaulH:>er IilHTeI'paAa y "jY'HaJK'Y ,HaWI1X AaJHa" Y'-!'SplJJnH'B:I-
AIlf cy 11 oja'tJ.aBaAI1 HAeOA'DillKH TeAoe H AHAaiKl'H'-liHOCT cpnl:::KC pe
aAIlfC1'lll.JKe npIflTOBeTKe H OBHX H:>eHHX AOQHl1jRX, Buwe HAI1 MaH:>e
MOAepmI30BaH'I1X MOAH<pHKaQH'ja. Ha Apyroj cTpaHH, AI1KOBH AOW-
A:>aKa II cTpaHQa OMOrynaBaAI1 cy Ay6lbe npOAl1JpaH:>e KH:>J{)KeBHOCTH
y yHJyTpaJ.IIH,y cTBapHocT 11 AyrneBHa y3HeMl1peH:>a MOAepHor '-10-
BeKa KojH ce HenpHTTpeMloeH 11 caM, 6e3 KopeHa H 6e3 nOApWKe,
Hamao y TYooj cpeAII'HI-I, Meoy lbyAHMa H 0611QajHMa KOjH cy MY
6HtMI Cl'paHI1 H Herr03Hal1H, '-JaR aMi je XTeo A;a Ca'BAa-
Aa II Aa ITo6eMI, Aa nOA:peAH ce6H H Aa y aKQHjH, y AeAOBaH:>Y, AO-
Ka)Ke cBoje 6Hne H 'MOn cBoje BOlbe. TIopa3H K'OjM cy HX '-IBKaAl1 Ha
rryry )KJ1BOl'a 6HAH ay TaKooe Aeo H:>IIXOBe A,YAoKe CTBapHocrn H cy-
rnTHHe, Aeo H:>RXOBOr IbYAcKor oaAip)Kaja y l.JHjeM cy ce je3rp'Y npe-
AaMaAe li OYAapaAe MHor06pojHe H pa3HoBpcHe cTpyje Kao 06AHQH
OHHX He3aAp>KHB:Hx eHeprlflja lllTO cy oAYBeK MeH:>aAe HCTopHjcKe
TOKOBe H jeAaH QHBHAH3aQ'HjcKH MOAeA CBeCTH 3aMeH:>HBahe ApymM
MOAeAoM.
CprroKa Kl-bII)I<eBHOCT H'BHjer pa3Ao6J\,a 06paAl1Aa je MOTI1S
AOllIlbaKa H CTpaHQa Ha Bl1llle Ha'-lI1Ha: COQHjaAHo-CaTl1pI1'-lKH, Kpl1-
UI."l%O-peaAHCrnl.JK'l1, rrCI1XOAOillKo-HaypaAH'CTWY'KI1 11 nepCOHaAJHO-
-AH:PCKH. TIpl1nOneTKe 11 pO.'\1aHI1 KOjl1 cy 6HAH 3aCHOBaHH Ha TeMH
IIp'I1AarooaBaH:>a jeAHe CBeCTI1 APyroj 11 Haj'-leWne carpaOeI-IH Ha KOH-
rpacTIiMa 11 Ha ApaMaTH'-IHHM, na l.JaK 11 Ha TpanI'-IHHM, aAI1 11 Tpa-
rl1fKO!MH'tJ.HJ1iM H rpC)TeOKHlHM <popM'aIMa 'HeYOKhaoeHOCTH pa3i\<I1'-1HTHX
K:YArypHRX MOAeAa, MopaAHHX npeTnOCTaBKI1 H AYXOBHI1X norAeAa
HJa CHeT, HaKO MOl'l1BCKJlf yjeAHa'-leHH, epopMaAHO H crnACKH HHCY
RHMaAO jeAHHCTBeHl1. Meoy fbMMa HerAe npeBAaAaBajy )KI1Ba pea-
MI:CTI.H:'IKa OIIcepBaQHja 11 CAHKOBHTa AeCKpIffiQl1ja, Ae)KepHO cPa6y-
AUpaH:>e H XOpH30HTaAHa npojeKQHja HeYTpaAHor npanOBeAaH:>a , Ha-
CheoeHa H3 TpaAl1lJ,Hje T3'B. Bildungsromalla 'KG/Me cy noja'-JaHe COUH-
jawHe '11 nl1'KapOKe lfMaH0HQHje. HerAe ce n03Hql1ja npI-Hl''Bep,a'-Ja
OKpl1Ba :H3a caTHpIIl'-lKO-XYMaHHC1
1
H'-I!KOr, BparOA<l,C110r TO'Ha C'MejaY)Ke
KH:>H)KeBHOCTH KoJa cBoje OllITpe I1HBeKTHBe 11 K!pI1TH'-II<H TeAOC oAe-
Ba y AaKpA\Hjalll'KI1 rroA,oMex, rpOTeCK'HiO 1130KpeTaJ-be, rrapa/.\O!KCe npe-
-----
183 MOTl1B AOWibaKa y HOBUjOj cprrcKoj Kl-blUKeBIlOCTIl
YBeA.H'IaBalba H <paHTaCTIltIHe 06pTe. HerAe ce, orreT, Te)ilL1,'re npH-
rrOBeAa.fba H3 06jeKTIlBHOr IlIpOCTopa A'PYUITBeHe H HCTopHjcKe CTBa-
pHocrn npe6al\yje y YHYTpaWfbH npOCTOp AHpCKOr j:YHaKa KojH ce
TelUKO 'Hi\JH <HHJKaJKO oHe C'l-IaAa3U y K'aHTeK'Cry, fi KOj.w ce 3aTO 3aTBa-
pa y conCTBeHY IIIKOibKy K!ao H30AOBaH MHJKpOCHCTeM H KanCYAapHJ1
CBeT BAaCTHTe cy6jeKTH'BHOCTH. BeillTaqKH oABojeH OA )KHBOTa jaBe
YCAeA IllOIjaqaJHor HalIJ,OIHa H3Men.y YlHYTpanJiI-bHX Te)KJblH H OOltoaIll-
fber IlpHTHCKa, MEpCI jYHaK je H3AO)KeH TparH"tIHHM pa3pewelbHMa
H K06HHM KOHCeKBeHl\aMa HerrpHAaroneHOCTH H orynelba.
3a:HHMibHBO je, Me1:rynIM, Aa ce rOTOBO CBa qeTlipH OOHOBHa MO-
AeAa IlIpunOBeTKe 0 AOl.l.I.ibaKY H TYl:mHl\Y npeA BpaTHMa rpaAa 06-
HaBibaj'Y 'Y CpnOKOj KlbH)iCeBHOCTHBHllle OA CTOTH1HY rOAiHlHa. To je,
C jeAHe CTpaHe, C'BaKaKO AOKa3 KH,H)KeBHe H eCTeTCKO-CTHACKe rHn-
KOCTH oApeneH'Or npmrOBeAaqKOr )KaHpa H CTBapaAaqKe HeHCTpo-
meHOCTH TeMaTCKOr nOiba Koje 6H ce MorAO CMaTpaTH "nOKpHBe-
HKM" MHor06pojH'HM H rpa3HOBpOHHM KOHOTal\.HjaMa AaTor MOl'HBa.
C Apyre CTpaHe, Ta OKOAHOCT rOBopH 0 TOMe Aa ce y cpncKoj KfbH-
)i(eBH'OCTH 6e3 npeKHAa 06RaBiba HCTH YHyTpaWI-bH CeMaJHTl{qKH npo-
CTOp jeAHor HCTor MOTHBa H Aa qeCTe KopeHHTe npOMeHe l\HBiHMf-
3al\HJCKHX H KYAl1ypHHX MOAeAa - Kojn cy HajAy6ibH Y3pOl\H AY-
XOBlHlHX, MopaAHlHX H CllHAOlx AHlCKO'H'I'HJHYHTeTa - KfblH')Ke'BHO'CT
HarOiOOKH rrOKYlW<l'Ba Aa npeBAaJAa rrp6HO'lllelbeM npHIfLOBeAa"lKOr !HC-
ICa3a C jeAHor Ha Apym KOMYHHKaQHjCKH H'HBO, Tj. npeTBaJp-albeM
l\HKa y THn, a TIlla y apxeTHII, y y wnpy MeTa<popy, OA-
ROCHO y CHM60A. THMe ce, Ha OApeneH Ha"lHH TaKone nOTBpnyje
npaBHAO Koje je Ha nOqeTKY <POpMiYAHcaHO Kao 3aKOHlITOCT: Aa H3-
Meny KlbH)i(eBHOCTH H KYArype nocTojH "lapCTa H npnpOAHa Meny-
3aBWOHOCT n Aa je K'J-bH)K6BHO'CT Ha OApenea aa"lHH 'H301M!op<lIa 'MO-
AeAY K:YArype y KOjOj ce oCTBapyje. l.JecTe H HarAe C'Ol\HjaAHe IlIpO-
'MeHe, Koje cy ce TOKOM rrOCAeAfbHX CTOTWH'Y fOAfIlHa AeW<l'B'aAe y
APYillTBeHOM OpraoHH3MY H y CHCTeMY HaL1HOHaAHe KYAType cprrCKor
HapOAa, y r01'OBO OBaJKOM IHaJpamTa'}y AoooAHAe cy 'H6KY A'PY'ry C'BeCT
rrpeA K!auHje rpaAa. KOA CTapHX opncKHX peaAHCTa, rraAaHa"lKa "lap-
urnja je yrAaBHoM IlIp0)i(AUp-aAa HMf lH30rraqaBaAa Hamme H AO-
6pOAYWHe Ceiba"lHne, H np'HAOlliAHl\e; HeKH OA fbHX cy
ce 'H'naJK .acaJM'ocTaibHBaAH, ycrrpalBibaAoH H IKao HOBH rOAeMa'llm: cy-
npOTCTaBibaMf OHOMe OA "lera cy Ao jy"le crperreAH. KOA MOAepHiH-
CTa H CHM60MtCTa C nOqeTKa BeKa, CTpaHau je CBOjy caMOCTaAHOCT
nOKJymaBao M caqyBa H OCTBapH K:p03 rparlI'LHIM cyK06 ca OKOAH-
HOM H BAaAajlynHM MopaAOM; lberOBa caMocBecT H lberOB HHAHBH-
AyaAH3aM OArapaAH. cy OXOAOj OaMOCBeCTH il .HJHAHBHAyaAH3MY
,tlJOHeKAe Beh OTali!\IH30BaJHe rpanaJHlOKe KYAType Koja 'ce 60pHAa 3a
CBOj AJYXOBHM H MOpaAHH orrCTaHaK, H 1'0 HCT'OBpeMeHO H ca OCTa-
IJ,HMa TpaA.l'mHOHaAHOr nmpHjapxaAHor MopaAa H oa HCI<;YilleJbHMa
'J10Be, .cypOBe 'li HeM'liAOCPAHe IBY"lje rpan<l'HOKe enrKe, 3aOHOBaJHe Ha
BOibH 3a MOn. KOA speMeHHX nHCal\a, oA KO}HX ay MHom H caMH
rroKpeay1'H: H3 nocToj6Jllie OnllITliM peBoAlY1WoHapHHM TaAaCOM yp-
6aJHlH3aUHje, CTpa-Hal\ li AOW1UaK HeMajy D'Hllie HiUKaJIor O'CAOHl\a
184
II. IIahaBecTpa
HH Y jeNIOj KYATypH. HapoAHa H <pOAKAOpHa KYATypa naTpHjap-
xaAHor ceAa H ceOOKe 3'3A'Pyre pacnaAe ay ce H H30naYHAe jow y
BpeMe rnpB06HTHe aKYMYAal\lIje KamfTaAa, Te y npOJJ;eoy COl\HjaA-
Hor pacAojaBaH>a TeK CTacaAe rpanaHCKe KAace npel'BopHAe ce y
yp6arHY 11 na,AaHa'YIKY, MaA()1BapOmK,Y H Kaca6aAlfjoKiY cneCT. TIoAP-
)JIHa npOAeTepCKOu\1 KAaOHO,\1 Ta OBeCT ce Kp03 CO-
l\RjaAHY peBOAYl\lIjy H Kp03 HOBe MopaAHe CTaHAapAe npeBpaTHYKe
erroxe KOHCOMIAOBaAa AOl\HlIje Kao XYMyc 3a cBaKojaKe COl\HjaAHe
npo6e. Y CBOjOj-HenPOCBeneHOCTH H HeCoHrY'PHOCTH, MaAOlpan'3HCKH
MOpaA H nep'H<peplijcKa CBeCT CrryCTHAH cy ce Ha HHBO 6HOAOWKor
OnCTaHKa, Ha HI'IBO AYXOBHor CHpOMaWl'Ba, rrOTpOllIaYKe rpaM3IlBO-
CTH Aaj-HaM-AaHaC H l\HHHYHOr HenOBepeH>a y 6HAO KaKBY <POPMY
APYWTBeHe eTIIKe.
COl\HjaAlJ-lo-caTUpl14'I 'H 'KPHl1HY'KO-peaAIlCTHYKH OA/HOC rrpexta
AOWloaJK:Y y rpaA H HOBO.M jYHaiKY CprI!OKe np03e - llHja je yp6aml-
33l\Hja lH caMa 6HAa Aeo onWl'er npeo6pa>Kaja Hal\HOHaAHe KYAl'Y-
pe - YCl'aHoBHAH cy Ben n'PBH cprrCKH peaAHCl'H, HapOYHTO OHH KOjH
cy Ha oBaj HAH Ha oJ-laj HaYHH 6HAH 03payeHH COl\HjaAHHM HAeja-
Ma CBeT03apa MapKOBHna IH HAeoAomjoM HerrocpeAHor cayYeCl'BO-
BaH>a KH>H)KeBHOCl'li II YMeTHOCTH y APYWl'BeHOM >KHBOTY HapOAa.
0006eH npOl\ec npeo6pa)l(,aja nal'pHjapxHAHe ceooKe 3ajeAH'Hlle y
jeAHY HOBY, MaAOBapOllIKo-n!ahaHal.IKY rpanaHCKY KYAl'YPY - Koja
je, Ha 6aAKaHCKOM K:YAl'ypHOM nOAPyYjy 6HAa He caMO CTeneHHl\a
'Ha rry11Y 410 eBponCKor KYATypHor Cl'aJHAapAa Hero loI jeAHHa 3aMeUd
3a npaBY rpanaHOKY KYAl'YPY KOHCOAiHJAOBalHor H ojayaHOr KamlTa-
AH3Ma - rrpOl\ec KOjH je Ha MeCTO jeAHor YCl'aHOBJoeHor H YTBP-
:beHor MopaAa AOHOCHO APYKYlIjy CBeCT H APYKYHja MepHAa APYW-
l'BeRor nOHaWaH>a H, GaMHM nl'M, 03RayaBaO pacnaA jeAHor H Cl'Ba-
paH>e APyror KYAl'ypHor MOAeAa, l'aKaB npOl\ec ce MO>Ke C AaK0110M
npa1'Hl'H Kp03 AeA'a rOTOBO CBHX Ba)KHHjHX npeACl'aBHHKa cpnCKe
peaMiCTHYKe npHnOBel'Ke. TIpeTe>KaH Aeo cpnCKe peaAHCTIIYKe npo-
3e 3aCHOBaH je Ha onwToj AIIXOl'OMHjH AYXOBHe H MaTeploIjaAHe
KYA'ype C Kpaja XIX HIl1O'Ye'I1Ka XX 'BeKa, Ha oYK06y ABajy OBeTO-
Ba Koje je HOBH APyntrBeHH nopeAaK nOKYlllaBao Aa YCKAaAH H YHjH
oy YJIOpeA'HiH )I(HBOl'H Aa'BaNH OOHOBy 3a 'C1'Bapa'I-be IlfAejHO'r H CTHA-
CKor ITAlypaA.H3Ma MOAepHe cpnCKe KH>II)I<eBHOCTH Il 3a CHMYATaHO
AeAOBaH>e HeKOAHKO Menyc06Ho pa3A.HYHl'HX, na yaK H HenpHja-
TeiDCKHX C1'pyja y KYATypH Jo{ Y IlHBHAH3al\HjcKolM MOAeAY rpanaH-
CKor APywTBa. Ha jeAHoj C1'paHH, y cpncKoj Klh}f)KeBHOCTH Tora
A06a BHAH ce 6a,\KaHCKa H cp6HjaHcKa naAaHKa, a TeK y /-\aA>HHU
rpaA npeMa KOMe ce oKipeny H l'e)Ke CBU nperaAaYKU, pOMaHTHl.JHJo{
H onTHMHCTllYKH AYXOBH, nOKpeHYTJI >Ke100M 3a caMooCTBapeH>eM Jo{
npeBa3HAa>KeH>eM APywTBeHe HHepl\Hje. Ha ApyToj Cl'paHH CTOjH
ceAO H3A.O)l(eHO llip0naAal-bY, oCHna!t>Y, oCHpOMalIIeH>Y H H3pa6A>HBa-
ffiY, 3axBaneHO HeH3BecHown,y, cTpaxoM, HOCTaAnIljoM HAH npKOCOM
y OYYBaH>Y CBOjHX CBeTHH>a H BpeAHocl'u llITO ce l'one H 06e3Bpe-
nyjy y HOBOM )l(HBOTY. KOHTpacl' H3Meoy CBeTa 60raTHx H CBeTa
cHpoMallIlHHx - I<ojH je cprrcKoj KrbH>KeBHOCTII enoxe peaAH3Ma Aao
185 Monre AOllitoaKa y HOBHjOj cprrcKoj Klt>J1IKeBHOCTH
eHa)KHY H H3pa3H1'Y COI..(HjaAHY 60jy - 6J1o je OApa3 Ollilue AHXO-
TMHje y Kojoj ce HaillAa cpncKa KYATypa y npoT..I,ecy yp6aHH3a.l..(H-
je. y rpaAiY, KOjH je nOC1'eneHO nOTRCKHBaO TpaAHI..(HOHaAHe ceocKe
MOTHBe H HaMeTao CBOjy KYATYPI-LY H MopaAHY np06AeMaTHKY Kao
HOBY Cl'BapHiOCT KOjy je Tpe6aAo CTBapaAa'LlKH o6paAHTJI, iHeCKAaA
H3Me15y 60ra1'Hx H CnpOMailliHlHX orAeAao ce Kp03 cYK06e pa3AwuI-
THX CXBaTafba KfbH)KeBHHX jYHaKa, aAH II KJp03 KOHTpaCTlIpafhe rpa-
Aa H fberOBe nepHCpepHje, roonOACKHX J1 npoAe1'epcKHx KBapToBa,
Kp03 cYIKJo6 BeM1'Ke li MaAe HlipOUllI H, iHapaiJ3:HO, rrpoTHBcTaBiba-
fhe rpaAa I1 ceAa l.mjH cy C1'aHOBHI1l.\H HillAli Tp6yxOM 3a KPYXOM H
ca 3e6fhoM 3acTajaA'll npeA rpaACKJlIM 311AllHaMa.
AKO 6H ce eprrcKa peaAHCTI1l.JKa nplirroBeTKa Yll1'aAa y 1'01\\
"I\>YYY, Kao npnITOBeCT 0 C'MeEH I..(iH'BHAH3al.\lljoKIHx MOIAeAa y OlKpll-
kY cpnoKe 'll 6aAIKaHoK'O-AeBaH1'WHC-Ke Hap0A;He IKYA1'ype, l-beHa .1-\0-
caA HeAOBOibHO YOyeHa li HCTpa)l<eHa cAojeBHTocT A06HAa OH APYK-
yaje 3Hayelbe, APYrH KOH1'eKCT H HOBY CaAp)KICKY Ay6uHY. Y TOMe
M'HCAY, y APYKYHjeM. CBe1'AY 3aeja'AH 6lf K'YATypoAomKli caAP)KajH
MHorHX BllIlle llAli Mafhe CT<lHAapAHHX AeAa cpnCKor peaAH3Ma -
0,,-\ r Aa6e Uleliepa HAU C13upaL1a MUAOBaI-Ia E. r AHUJ1Hna, llllCOACKe
UlCOHe li llp6U nYT C Ha jYTpel-be Aa3e K. Aa3apeBllna, AO Ceo-
cz.::e YLIUTCfbWlc, [opc/\.Oz Il [Jopywewlx ueaAa CBe1'oAHI
PaHKOBHha, ,110 nay/ca J{ 3(1 KPYXOM l1Be filimIKa, EeozpaJclcux npu-
Lta CliMe MaTaBYi\)a HAl]{ 1}malCa l-taUiIlX aHa JaH'Ka BeceAJHiHiO'1311na.
l1e1'o 1'aK'O 6H MHoro Beny BpeAHOCT li Benu 3Hayaj Ao6HAa H HeKa
paHHje nOTl..(efbeHa H 3aHeMapeHa AeAa cpoeKe KfhH)f<eBHOC1'H Kao
Ill1'O cy A6a aMaHeTa Aa3apa KOMapl.mn.a, ca KpHMHHaAHCTH'-IKll
KOHe1'pyacaHoM cPa6YAOM H Hey06HyajeHHM yrAoBHMa npHKa3HBa-
Iba l'paACKOr )KHBOTa, 3l1'HM Depe C. TaAeTOBa, "pOll'IaH H3
6eOI'paAeKOr )KYlB01'a" H3rpaneI-I y llCTOM aM611jeHTY H OA llCTor
1'KliBa Kao H TaAaIllfba cpnCKa nepllcPeplljcKa ApaMa C HaTypaA1ic-
Tr{l.JKllM crO.f1ZOTa MUMIBoja DpeAHna, /13a 60Jlcjux
1eha npl'I-IHCA3Ba HYUIuna, llo J/cp61-beNI ApalrocAaiBa H<:HaAH-
na). y 11'CTl1 K:pyr MorAH Oll paBHonpaBoHO Aa V15y JOUI H Xa41U Awua
Apary1'HH3 J. l1AHna, Kao li jespejcKe AopnOAOKe rrplmOBe1'Ke Xa-
j'HlMa AaBlil.la Ca ja,1uje, KacapHClCe npULle MHAyuma JOiBall-Jl()Buna,
rOcnoa TaM1je D. KOCTHna, li jOllI MHore Apyre AaHac 3a-
60paBibeHe nplly.e li l.\pTHl..(e, 3aTYpeHe no AliCTOBliMa li yaCOrrnCliMa
Offora BpeMeHa.
113pa3111'O COl.\HjaAHY CaTHplil.II<y KOMnOHeHTY y KPYlTllYKOM H
peaAlfCTWfKOM npJ.I(Ka3Y 'BapOllI'Kr )IUIB'Ta HMaNH cv np'l1nOBeTKc:
H pO'M3HH C1'eBaHa CpeMlI,a, lH'apil.fHTO BYlCaUH H Kup repac, a 1'a-
Kobe li Oa1'l1pllYKe aAerOpHYHe npHye PlAoja AOMaHoBHna, Mel5y
KOJHMa je nplinOBeTI<a KpaJ1.>e6Uh MaplCo 110 Pyzu ny[ Meny Cp-
UAla yaK HellOCpe.1,HO OAc.\HKaBaAl HeCKAaAI-IOCTH ABajy rrpOTHB-
peYHHX KYAT'ypHliX YI 1.(HBHA1l3alV1jcKHX MOAeAa, A'K cy CTpauja,
AaHw, !v1pT60 .'lwpe, YlCual-be CTpacnl H ApyreooBe1'AIJ1Ae OHe TIO-
A,a'HllYKe :u;p1'e y MeHTaAH1'eT'Y cpnCKor rraAaH'-laHllHa H MaAorpal5a-
HHHa Koje oy CHAOBll1'O TpOBaAe H HaI'pH3aAe Ben H OHaKO yrpO)Ke-
186
Tr. TIaAaBecTpa
ay MOpaAHY CBeCT II AYXOBHY eHeprlIjy HapoAa. Y TOMe CMIICAY,
n3pa'AHiIV1a'11Hi'IIHlY BpeAHOCT 3a OOI..Ul'jaA1Ho-<caTHplf'IiKH iAHOC opn-
CNHX nlicaua npeMa AOll1'A>aKY y rpaA lIMa CpeM'IeB BYKlJAHH, apxe-
Tl1J1CK;JI j'fRaK opnCKe IbH)KeBHOCTII KOjlI ce rOTOBO y cBaKoj HO-
BOj reHepau;HjR pana li3HOBa Kao aHTHHa'IeAO AYXOBHOCTH H MopaA-
HOCT.J1, 'IeCTwr.oC11H !lI A'OICTojaJHCTBa 'IOiBeKa J113 HapoAa. 3aJMilUllloea-I If
OCTBapeH Kao oC'YAia naAaHa'IKe nOAMYKAOCTH, AYXOBHor CHpOMaIll-
TBa, 6e30'IHOCTH, YCKOnpYAOCTH H MOpaMie 3anY'lllTOOOCTU, BYKa-
AHH je npepaCTao cBOje BpeMe H nHlll\.lOOe npHroAiHe CaTHpH'IHe Ha-
Mepe lM nOCllao CRM60A HajHIDKer cAoja II TaAo-ra y Hal..\.J10HaAHoj
KYNrypH, TeIlIK'l1X OlliTeneJl-ba 'Y Ha'1.{HOHaAJHOM KapalKTepy. B'YiKaAll'IH
je 06pa3au AYKaBOCTH, rAynocTH, npHMHTLHBH3Ma, 'IHHOBHH'IKO-naH-
IfTOHH3HOCTH 11 [lplITBiOpeHOCT:H, 'HOOHA3U 'OHor )KlfAaJBor tH He-
YHHIlITIIBHor MeHTaAIITeTa AOIllloaKa-apHBHCTe KOjlI ce ynpKOC KO-
peH:HTHM H'CTOPIIJCKHM II APYIllTBeHRM npoMeHaMa OAP)IO rOTOBO
He'rrpOMelbeH y 6YUa!KIY HaUHOiHaAIHe J\:YAT'lpe H TalKo naCl'ao O'IlHrAe-
AaH H3pa3 AiYXOBHor CTalba H APYIllTBeHe CBeCTH, KBaCal..\ "MpTBor
Mapa" y KojeM ce ryIllH CBaKa MHcao 0 HanpeTKY II AocTojaHCTBY
cAo60Ae. flo TOM AejcTBY y CBOM BpeMeHY H H3BaH lbera, OpeM'IeB
BYlCauH je 06eAe)KHO TPeHJYTaJK npH6A'H)Ka,BaI-ba cpncKe peaAlJ.lc-
TH'IKe npo3e HOBOM CTHACKOM nocrynKY II IIAejHoM 3Ha'IelbY KPH-
Tll:'IIKOr peaAH3Ma KOjH ce ynpaJB yenoX.J1 fin de sicle Y06AWlaJB"aO
Kao onAeMelbeHa CTHACKa R HAejHa TeKOBHHa HaTypaAH3Ma. BYKa-
AHH je MopaAHa 11 A:PYIllTBeHa HaAonyHa MaTaBYloeBoM oaKolbH
<ppa-opRY K'OjH je :Kao CTpaHal..\ H Men'Y ,MaJHacT1HrpoKOM 6pa
l1Hj'OM nOCTao H caM AeOHeKaAa TYf>er H AaAeKor OBera. B'lfKaJAHH je
"Il cprrOKY KlbH)KOOHOICT YBeo AlfK :rpTeOK:Hr a'H1'HXepoj a, AOIllibaiKa
KOjlI ce AYKaBlL"l ynopcTBOM AOMorao llPaAa, aAH OA lbera HHje npH-
XBaTiHO HHIllTa IllTO 6li MY nOMorAO Aa ce ycnpaBH H H3AHrHe Y AY-
xy, Hero caMO HO IllTO ra Y3 HajMalbY )KpTBY MO)Ke npexpaHiHTH H
3aKAOHMTH Aa 6H 6e36eAHo II rrpa3HO np0)KIIBeO CBOj xYAH H roAH
6110AOI.I.JlKH BeK.
HelIITo OA Te Ce6H'IHe npa3HRHe MaAorpanaHHHa, CHTor, rpaM-
3liBor 11 6e3AYIllHor, Y CBOjHM peaAHCTH'IKHM npHITOBeTKaMa H3
rpaACKor )JGJBOTa 3aAp)Kao je II HBO AHAPll:n. OH je, AOAyrne, y6Aa-
)KIIIO CpeM'IeBY CaTHpW:lNY QPHTKOCT H oTBopeHM MaTaBYloeB nOA-
OMex, 3AU H1Hje CaOBHJM 'O,A;CTY!IlIllO OA Cal'HpUYIKe AHCTaJHl..\e, 'IaJK HU
Y Ol-l.J1M np03HHM AeAHMa Koja - Kao pOMaH TocnolJut{a HAH npH-
nOBeJ1Ka 3,Aocra6lbal-be - TliopeA KpHTHYlKHX HMajy H 'O''IiH'rAeAHe
TpaI'lI'IHe 'KOIHO'l'aWllje. 11 PaJj'Ka PaAaJKOBlfn H ra3Aa _A.JHAPHja 3ep-
KOBlfn, Kao II CTjenaH KOBHn H3 npIDlOBeTKe EwjJe "TuraHUlC", H3-
pa3HTII cy l'lffiOBH HerrpliA'aroneH'HX AOIllIoaKa KOj'H conCTBeHY nyc-
TOllI HaAOK:Hanyjy aIlpeCHBHowny, 3AOCTaBloalheM, HeMiHAOCPAHOllI-
ny H TBPAOM MP)K}bOM KOjOM ce CBeTe 3a CBe lIITO MM je Y )JGJBOTY
npOM3KAO HAM OCTaAO HeOCTBapeHO. KaA je HacTynao Kao !1!pHITOBe-
Aa1.l yp6alH'HX <cpeAJHjHa H M3AorpanaHOKor CJ1l00:r )KHBOTaCa nepH-
<l>epnje HCTopuje, AJHAPHn MenyrHiM 'I-llH'je 33'Cel..\ao OHaJKO jeTI<.O Kao
WTO oy TO 'IHHlJ1AU I-berOBU npeTXlAIHIHl..\iH 'BeApajera OaTHpU'IiKOr H
187 MOTHB AOllIlDaKa y HOBHjOj cpncKoj KI-bH>KeBHOCTH
pyraAa"-l'KOr Ayxa, Hero je Ha l'panr'1HH rreOHIMIH3a'M H<WvpaAHCTa II
KpHHI'1JK:HX peaAHcra cprrOKen XpBaTOKe lK:fbH)l(eB-IOCHI HaJAOfle3H-
Bao MeAaHxOAH}Y KOCMH'-IKOr o'-Iajafba M er3HCTeHQHljakHY CAVTI-bY
OBeOnIIlTe NY;CKe 6eAe 11 HUll.ITaJBHAa. Ca 1U1'M ce rrpe H BIHUle OA
ipyrHX cY01.JaBajy H cyopeny Tyn'li'HQH, ycaMloeHHQH H AO-
ocyneHH Ha CaJMony, Al1.OTaJHQY H xAaAHlY oAOOj:HOCT OBeTa
KOMe He npHI]aAajy. TaKO je Ben KOA AHApnna 6HO npHnpeMloeH
TepeH 3a KaoHHje nOBe3HBafbe H cnajafbe pa3AH'-IHTllX npHnOBeAa1.J-
KllX npucryna H nOCTYTIaKa Y 06paAH MOTHBa CTpaHQa H AOIlIloaKa,
3a npOlIlH'Pefbe TeMaTCKor nOloa H 3a npeBAaAaBafbe jeAHocTpaHOCTH
If j.eAH03Ha'-IHOCTlH K'llKOCaTHpWl'Ke 1'a'I('O H K!pHTH'11K!O-'peaAHcru'-IIKe
COQujaAHe <PiYHKQuje KfbH)KeBHOCTH.
M'Horo jeAiHOICTalBHiHljH OIAlHOC npeMa ';\110Tli'BY AOWlbalKa j{'MaAa
je 1'3B. COQujaAHa KfbH)KeBHOCT Koja ce, jeAHliM AeAOM, HaAOBe33A3
Ha AHAaoK1'H"IHOC1' H BepH3aM cpnCl<e peaAHCTH'-IKe npHnOBeTKe, AO-
AajynH c1'apoj MopaAHCTH'-IKoj TeHAeHQHjH OApeneHHjlY cOQHjaAHY,
na H KAacHy CBeCT ocupOMailieHor celoaKa H rpaACKe CHlp01'Hlhe
Kao ApYWTBeHora cAoja y KOMe cy ce panaAe rrpOAeTepCKa KYA1'ypa
H HAeoAorHja. TaKaB QpHo-6eAH cxeMaTH3aM H oWTpa 1'eMaTCKa H
CI1HAOKa IKOHl'paCllHpa'fba ABa oTyneHa Ji Herr\olJHplbHJBa CBeTa HiHCY
6HA.lf Hen03Hal'U HH AaAeroH MHorHM cpnCKHM peaAHC1'HMa KOjH cy
H3paCA.lf Ha TpaAHQujH "HapOAHor peaAH3Ma" H ynri\JIUapHe eCTe-
THKe. lIaK H Haj6oloH CpnCK:H H XpBaTCI<H peaAHCTH cy OBoja rAaBHa
ApaMarypiliKa peutefba HaAa3HA.lf Haj'-Ieiline y 0YAapaI-bY Ji oYK06y
Onpe'1HHX )l(.lfBOTHHX Ha'-IeAa, e1'H'-IKHX CXBa1'aI-ba H ApYIlITBeHHX
C1'pYKTylpa, y npOTHBpe'-IHOCTHMa HenOIvlH'PIoHBHX HAeoAorllija H AY-
XOBHHX onpeAeloelha. fbHXOB MopaAH3aM je C1'om 6HO IlipHpOAHO H
HarOHCKH npnXBaneH Kao AerH1'HMHa AYXOBHa H KJ'blH)KeBHa 6am:TH-
Ha H OCHOBa 6YAynHx jow oWTPHjHX MopaAHHx, KAaCHHX H lI,l\..eo-
AOIlIKHX KOH<PPOHTaQHja. CH'POMaillHH AOIlIloaK, oTepaH ca cBoje
3eMIoe 3eAeHailiKHM umeKYAaQHjaMa, a nOTOM 6e3AYillHO H3pa6-
,.\>HBllH O;. rOAeM'ailia H BaJpomlKJliX ra3At3., nOCTao je '-IaJK H HeKa 'Bp-
CTa KI-bH)KeBHOr CTepeOTHna '-IHje ce AOrpanHtBalbe MorAO npaTHTH
TOKOM QeAOKYUHor pa3BHTKa npHnOBeAa'-IKOr peaAH3Ma HOBHje cprr-
CKe KfbHJI<eBHOCTH. OA fopc/.Coz l1Clpa CBe1'OAHKa P,aHKOBH'na, rra-
y/.Ca :HBe D.HIIT'llKa, CTOjal-ia MYTu/.Catue OBeT03apa fiopoBli'na AO
TpajaHa AHneAKa KpCTHna H MHorliX AeAa COQHjaAHe KlhH)KeBHOCTH
- oa Aeaoj/.CoJ\1 3a cee ,MHAiKe )KjHQlfIHe Kao Ha
1
jH3pa3'HTlIIjIHJM npH-
MepOM npOAeTepCKe TeHAeHQHje y TpeTJipaI-bY CHrpOMaIlIHor AO1lI1oa-
Ka 'Y rpaA - AlruK CTpaHQa, TYDH'HQa IH 6eoKynHli'K3 HO je y opncKoj
KfbH)KeBHOCTH rrOTrrYHO TIIITH3HpaH. CTBopeH npeMa y06H1.JajeHoM
M'OAeAY jYHaJKa H3 "pOMa'Ha BaCIIHTa1fba", :K:OIju je 'BeOMa pawHpeH
pOMaJHeOI<H'H )KaHp eBponOKe ,peaAH'CTH'1Ke K'fbH)I(leBR'OTIH, 'AOWloaK
ca ceAa ce CHaAa3HO y )KHiB011Y Ha pa3He Ha'-IHEe, 3aAlP)Kaoo.jynH y
CBOM OAHOCY npeMa HOBOj CTBapHOCTH HelliTO HCKOHCKO - Hane-
l'OCT, onpe3 II paTo60pHOCT, \.J;HMe ce CTaTH'1KO Ha'-IeAO naTpHjap-
xaAHor CXBaTafba CBeTa cynpoTcTaBlbaAO AlIHaMH'-IKOM Ha'-IeAY MO-
AepHH3aQHje. :HaI<O HHje HMaAa HlIjeAHor jY'HaKa KOjH 6u Morao
188
n. naAaBeCTpa
6HTH l\HBHMI3al\HjcKH naHAaH jeAHoM PaCTHlliaKY HAU PH6aMnpey,
cprrOKa 'INBH)lZeBHOCT je aBor 'MIHA:>eHOr xepoja HMaAa y AHIKY AOlll-
LbaKa KOjU je y ce6H cjeAHlliaBao rOTOBO CBe 06AllKe AiPyntrBeHe,
KYATypHe H rrC:HX:0A'OIllKO-el1HH't]Ke TpaIHCcPopMal\'H'je 6aAIHOKe ceo-
CKe H BapOlUKe KYATYpe.
y TOM CMHCAY cy rroce6Ho 3Ha'-IajHa ABa pOM3JHa: Croja/-t My-
rzw:allla CBeTooapa Ropooona 'II Tpaja/-t AHneAKa KpCl1Hna. HaUH-
caH rrpeMa cxeMH peaARCTW1Kor APYlUTBeHOr pO-
MaHa, ca MHOrIfM CHamHIfM oc06eHOCTHMa nporopajH'RCKe rrp03e H
ca TeMeLblllfM rr031-IaBaI-beM xepl\erOBa'-IKOr MeHTaAHTeTa, '-IapIlliHjcKe
ITCHXOAorlije AeBaHTJIlHClKe K<l:ca6e II IROBor Tpro:saZU(!or 'MopaAa, Cro-
jfll-l MyruKazua je Aao HOBH THrr AOlUJbaKa y rpaA - rrpOAopHor, 6e3-
063HpHor, ycneUlH'or H npOMynypHor TynHHl\a KOjH ce A06po rrpJ1J\,Ze-
l'olsaBa, na LIaK H HaMene HOBOj cpeAHHH. HacyrrpoT I-beMY CTOjH pO-
MaH Tpajal-l, KOjH He OCBeTJbaBa paCT TproBa'-IKe '-IaplUHje li rrpMeHY
naAaHaLIKor 6aAKaHCKO-AeBaHTHHCKor rraTpHjapxaAHor KYATYpHor
MOAeAa, Hero CVA6JIHY MaKeAOHCKHX rre'-IaA6apa KOjU OAAa3e y TY-
nHHY y rrmpa3H 3a xAe60M H paAOM Aa 6H rrpexpafllHAH
lUTO -DCTaje y 3a'BH''-Iajy. IIe'laA6a:p:cTBO, Koje je BpeMeHoM nOCTaAO
CTaAaH IIpaTHAal\ npoMeHa y l\HBHAH3aqHjcKoM H KYATYpHOM pa3-
BlI1'KY 6a:A:KaHlCI(!0-AeBaJHTH'HICKHX III 'MeAiwrepaHCI(!HX nOAyceJba'-IKHX H
paceA:>a'-IeHHX ApYllITBeHHX cAojeBa - H Koje y MOAepHOM BH;W
"rrpHBpeMel-liOr 60pa
l
BKa V 'HHOCTpaHeTBY", T3B. Gastarbeitara, npeA-
CTaJBJba jOlU He,tliOBJbHO HOfFHTaJH COL(HjaNl-lIII, 'KYATY'p'l-lIH H all-rrpOTIO-
AOlUKH <peHoMeH npe06pa)lzaja TpaAHl\HOHaAHe 3ajeAHHl\e y UUBH-
j\H3al\HjcKH MOAeA KOjH ce TeK y06AW1aBa - 1'0 rre'-IaA6apcrno je
p'oMaH Al-lneAKa KpCT'Hna IJ1pI-rKa3aO rrpeBaCXJO,L\Jl-lO IKao COU'HOAJO:LLlKY
rrojaBY rrOCTeneHor oTynHBaI-ba CTpal-ll\a H AOlUJbaKa. THMe je TeMa
yp6aHH3al\Hje A06HAa jaCl-lHja H H3pa3HTHja COl\HOAOlUKa OApene-
l-ha, KaKBa cY H HHa'-Ie 6HAa CBojcTBeHa BenHl-lH rrp03HHX AeAa noc-
l3eneHHX couJ-lljaAHo-OaTH'pHqIZOM 'II OOBeT-
JbaBawy MOTHBa AOlUJbaKa H pa3paAH TeMe paCnaAaI-ba naTpujap-
xaAHliX 3ajeAHHl\a rro ceAHMa H 6aAKaHcKHM BapOlUHl\aMa.
IICHXOAOlUKo-HarypaAHCTJfL.lKH OAHOC rrpelvIa TOM MOTHBY npo-
HCTeKaO je AeAiHMlI'-IHO :Jf3 peaAliCTHLIKOr Aa 6H ce, rroA HaBaAOM H
TlpHTHCKOM HOBHX KlblI)l{eBHHX <pOpMH II rroA AejcTBoM MOAepHHc-
TH'lKe eCTeTJIKe, rrOCTeneHO rrpH6AlZHO nepcOJ-IaAHo-AHPCKOM, CHM-
60AIICTH'lKOM H eKCnpeCJIOl-lHCTH'-IKOM pOMaHY Kao npa06AHKY U
HaroBeIIITajy KacHHjer aBaHrapAHor aHTHpoMaHa. CY)l{aBaI-be BHA-
Hor nOA:>a Ha AJI"-IHOCT H Ha AeTaA:>, Koje je 6HAO KapaIZTepHCTH"-Il-lO
3a rrpoAOp MOAepHIICTII"-IKOr cnlAa y CTPYKTYPY np03e, OTBapaAO je
HOBe rryreBe rrpe06pa)l{aBaI-bY peaAHCTJI"-IKOr HaCAena H oMorynaBa-
AO nplIIMeHy HOBor ilplIITOBeAallKor nocrynKa JI HOBJIX HapaTHBHHX
<pOpMII Koje cy ca06pa)l{aOOHe AJIKY HOBor jYHaKa. Y cprrcKoj KIbJI-
)KeBl-lOCTH enoxe ;VlO,L\epH113Ma, Koja je 3anOLIeAa nO'-IeTKOM XX BeKa,
T3Jj ITOcTynaK je 03Ha'-IH0 nO"-IeTaK npeBa3JIAa)l{eI-ba AeCIZpHnTHBHor
H MHMeTH'-IKOr peaAH3Ma II APYK"-IJIjy, cynTHAl'mjy 06paAY rpalse
HenOCpeAl-lO Y3eTe H3 )l{HBO'Da, MH nponYIII,TeHe Kp03 <pHATep cy6-
189 MOTHB AOllI1oaKa y HOBHjOj cprrcKoj KfhH)KeBHOCTH
jeKTIIDMa li nepa'HaAHOCTH MOAepHO'f l.IOOeKa, 06Y3eTor >KefuOM
3a CaMOOCTBapelbeM li caMorrOTBpORBalbeM. TaKo je y cprrcKiY Klbli-
>KeBHOCT YBeAeH AliK HOBor jYHaKa KOMe ce rrpliAa3liAo aHaAliTlI'IKli,
BIDIIe li3H\'Tpa Hero li3BaHa; cBOjliM HHAHBMAYaAIf3MOM, CAO>KeHHM
rrClIXlil.IKl:L\1 /KHBOTOM li pa3YneHOM KooPAHHaJ..U:IjoM HarOHa, rrOA-
CBeOH!lf.X CTaH>a li MOpaAJIe BOloe, Taj HOBli jYHaK je CBe BHUIe 3ao-
K'YiII/oao rraKJfbY l1lICI..!a. I-beroBa YHYTpaIIJlH,a cTBapHocT li lberOB
NlflYlHli MlilKpoKOOMOC OOMl oY cyrrpoTCfa'B.toelHIH ojeKJ1liB'HOM OBeTY
YCAOBHOCTli li KlbH>KeBHO yoAlil.IeHll Kao je3rpo ApaMaTIIl.IHllX H
Tparlil.IIrnX pa3peUI0lba. TIpoMelbeH caAiP>Kaj liAeja MelDao je rrojaM
peaAHocTli, a CaMl:L\1 UlM li KOHI..\eII.Qlijy rrpurrOBeAa'-lKor peaAli3Ma.
To BRUIe Haje Morao Aa 6YAe TpaAliI..!HOHaAHli je3HK cPOAKAopHe ce-
OCKe nplil.Ie, Hero je3I1K AYUIeBHe, MopaAHe li rrCHXlil.IKe nyHone MO-
AepHor l.IOBeKa, je3HK KOjli je 03Ha4aBao YAa.toaBalbe OA TpaAHI..!HO-
HaAcHor peaAH3Ma li rrpOAOp y HOBe OAaCTli YHYTpaUI1'bUX CTalba li
Y3HeMlipelba. Elio je '1'0 nOKper Ka IICllXOAOUIKOM HaT'YpaAli3MY li
noeToKaj Bli3lfjH <HOnaa.uTVlha li naTI'be '-IOBeK'OBe rOAe Aiyrne Kao J'pa-
rli4He >KpTBe; OHAe rAe je HapaI..!Hja 6lfAa 3axBaheHllja rrpOAHpailheM
y Ay6IIHY, Y AH4/-l0 H cy6jeKTHBHo, je3HK MOAepHe cprrCKe p03e AO-
HO je liCTaH4aHHja CBojcTBa li yp6aHli3OBaHllIjH pe'-llfiHR. TIoCTao je
anCl1paKTHHja, rrOeTH'-IHlijH, MeKlillI, pa3paoeHHjli, cy6jeKTliBHO jal.Ie
HarAaUIeH li rrpliAarooeH liHTeAeKTYaAcH'li'jHM rrOTpeaM0. H pa3HO-
BpOHHjHM 3aXTeBlIMa MOAepHor peaAH3Ma y KOMe li AliK AOllI/oaKa,
CT.paHI..\a li TyOlIHl."(a Hlije BliUIe Morao HTli caMO OApa3 crrOIoHlL'X
36liBalba li o6jeKT APYIllTBeHe ApaMe, Hero HOCliAaI..! H cyjeKT AY-
OKHX er3liCTeHI..\HjaAHllX rrpOTHBpe"lJHOCTli, CBojcTBeHHX IoYAHMa
CBlIX liCTOplijCK:lIX 0rroxa.
AOllI/oaK KOjli je KOAliKO jY'-Ie 3YH>eHO' cTajao IIpeA BpaTliMa
rpaAa, rrOCTerreHO ce rrpeTBapao y Cl1paHI..\a y >KliB011Y li 11YOlIHI..!a
Meoy IoYAIIMa. ry6etiH KOHKpeTHa pemOHaAHa, ApyIllTBeHa li KyA-
TypHa OApe00lDa, OH je CBe BHIlle rrocTajao apxeTliII 3ABojHor, CY-
J\fOpHar, iHenpHAa,rooeHor "CY'B!lNllH'Or l.IOIBeKa" IK'OjIH ce C 'MYlKOU\1 III Y3
TeIllKa OAp:!iI..!alDa OA AH4HllX CBeJ1HI-ba YKAarrao y HOBli >KIIBOT Ha
KOjH je 6liO ooyoeH li y KOjli je liO aqeH e3 cBoje BOloe. I-beroBa
rr06yua, aKO ce H AoraoaAa, HAa je YHarrpeA aoyoeHa Ha rropa3,
l.IaK li OHAa KaA je liAa MOTIffiHOOHa CliAOBliTliM li OHa>KHliM YHY-
TpallIlDHM HarOHOM 3a rryHlIM H CA060AHHM QYAHHM >KliBOTOM, Y3a-
BpeAOM eHeprHjoM BOloe I.U1T0 ce KpUIH H AOM'lI y CYAapy ca CTera-
Ma li 3aKOHHMa crrOloaIlllDera CBeTa. JIopyuHu ueallu CBeTOAHKa
PaHKOBlina Hi\lI cy caMO YBOA y TaKBY HOBy CTliACKY li AYXOBHY
oplijeHTaI..!lij!y cprrcKHX peaAHcTa APyror HapaIllTaja, 03pa4eHor
liAejaMa MOAepHora A06a. AMax rrOCAe JIopyumlx uealla AOIllao
je MPT6U :>U:U60T, a KacHHje li Eecnyne BeloKa l'vIHAHneBHna, AoLU-
Ibal1u li Ifeo.'vlup YI Ilun MHAYTlIHa Y CKoKoBHna, C HCH-
Aope CeKYAJIn Il HcnoeecTu JaiI'i'KiOBlin, EYl-bCl BeMKa TIeT-
pOBHna H I..!eo HH3 APymx BHIlle HAH Marne H3pa3liTO rrCHXOAOIllKO-
-HHAHBHAyaAHcTH4KHX rrp03a 4lije cy ce CTHACKe OMI-IKe YOAlI"Ia-
BaAe y pacrrOHY OA HaTypaAHCTli"lJKHX AO CHMOAliCTli"lJKO-AlipCKHX
190
n. naAa.aeCTpa
H HMnpecHoHHCTH'lKHX <pOpMH H npHcryna. I1pHpoAa npHnOBeAa'l-
Kor peaAH3Ma 6HAa je THMe 3HaTHO 060raneHa; cOlUfjaAHe H MOpaA-
He caAp>KHHe npomupeHe cy ITCHXOAOlIlKHM H A.HpCKHM ocseTibelhH-
Ma, na ce H MOTHS AOlliloaKa H HenpHAoaroneHor Tyn:HIHJ4a pa3paC1'ao
y KOMnAeKcaH MOTHS oryneJ-ba 3a 'lHjy 06paAY HHCY sHure 6HAe
AOSOibHe TpaAHL\HOHaAHe MHMenI4Ke <popMe peaAH3Ma.
y npo:m MHAY'n.H'Ha YOKoIKOBl.Hna, KOjH je cpm.;Koj 'MOAepiHlHc-
1'H4Koj npHIlOBeL\H Aao OANY'lyjynH nOACTHL\aj y npe06pa.>IBaJ-bY
peaAHCTH4IKe TPaAH1Ufje, tpaA H AOlllibaK jO'lll YBeK cToje jeAaH Hac-
rrpa'M APY'I'OT IKao ABa oITpe'lNla lHarqeAa H ABa 'DYna HeIlIMHpibH1BU
cseTa. I1CHxoAolliKa CeH'leH>a H MecTHMH'JHH HaTypaAHCTH'JKH THo-
ilH y HHa4e nOCTaBibeHoj npH411 nOMorAH cy Aa ce
O>KHSe AHKOBH OYMOPHHX, yrallleHHx H H3ry6ibeHHX lbYMI, YHHIllTe-
HHX MpTSHAOM H CKY4eHllM >KHS01'OM naAaHKe Kao "Mp1'sor Mopa"
H Kao 3Ae .K06H cprrCKor rpanaHCKor APYIllTsa, HeAOSOibHO cnpeM-
'HIor .A;a naTpH'japxaAIHY KtyA'YPY ry IKpaT'KJOli'v1 BpeMeHry iH 003 60AIH'HX
rrOTpeca 3aMeHlH IMOAepHOM yp6a1HO'M iKryATypOM HOBOT A06a. CyA6H-
Ha cnpaHl.\a y cycpeTY C rpaAOM On'liCaHa je y AOWlbatIUMa, rAe ce
np0I..\ec npHAarOnaSall>a "HCKOpeI-beHHX" H 36YlheHHX npOBHHI..\Hj-
CKHX HHTeAeKT-yaAaL\a npsor KOAeHa Mellia ca ceHTHMeHTaAHOM 11
MeAOApaMOKOM HCT'pHjOM HecpenHe iby6aBH oU pa.3peIlIllBa Tpam4-
HO - nOTnYHHM nopa30M AO'lllibaKoU 4Hja ce MopaAHa eHeprHja no-
AOMHAa y 6op6H 3a OAP>KaJJ-be. Y lfeoo/vluPY J1./luny, YCKOKOSHn je
jom HenOCpeAH'HjIH 'li 6PH11.K!HjoH IJ<lp11TH4ap nplHI/\,llKa \'
cpncKoj BapOlliH: 3axsaneHoj 6p3HM H AHHaMH4HHM npOL\ecoM Me-
TponOAH3aL\Hje, aAH HCTos.peMeHO H A06ap n03HaSaAaI..\ YHYTpallllhe
HarreTOCTH MOAepHor 40BeKa, J-berOSor MopaAHor oryneJ-ba li Tpam-
4Hor pacnaAa pOMaHTH'JapOKOr HAeaAH3Ma. [paA y lberOSHM nplino-
seT!KaMa 'li pOMaJHITMa HlHje -Bllll1e 6aAiKaJHOKa npO'BH'HlJ4lHjtJKa IKaca6u
Koja ce cnopo H HepaAO oCA06ana opHjeHTaAHHX HaBH'Ka H C1'apHH-
CKllX MepHAa H y KOjoj ce, H3a 6aWTeHcKHx TpaAa H 3aMaHAaibeHHx
K'aJIlIl{ja, y cKyqeHoM H 3aT's!OpeIOM npl'CTOPy 0'rpaoHW40Hor >K1HSO-
Ta-TaMHlliJ4e OAiHTpalBaJj:y BeAHrKe 'H TelllKe ApaMe eT3HCTeHI..\IWje. I-be-
lOS rpaA je LlHH KOjH ce 6YAH, paBHoAYlllHO'lYAoBwnrre Koje npH3Ha-
je jeAHHO cBoje nOTpe6e H csojy HeYTa>KHBY fl\I.A, He SOAenH pa4Y-
Ha 0 >KpTSH ,HAH j,yHaK'Y KOjH MY ce cynpoTcTaBiba.
KOA EopHcasa CTaHKO'BHna, Men\'THM, cYK06 H3Meny ABa MO-
paAa - MopaAa 3ajeAHllL\e H MopaAa nojeAHHL\a - AaT je Kp03 060-
CllpaHe TeH3Hje H Kp03 CYAap ABe MonHe eHepmje. THnH4Ha 6a:\-
KaHCKa H AesaHTHHCKa SapOlllHl.\a KaKSO je KpajeM XIX BeKa 6HAO
BpaJ-be ca CBOjHM >KHSOnHCHHM lllapeHHA.OM opHjeHTaAHllX H XPHIll-
naHcKHx CXSaTaJ-ba H MopaAHHx 06H4ajoa, yrpa13eHHx Y n:cllXoAomjy
csaKor nojeAHHI..\a H y KOAeKTHSHO ocenaJ-be APYlllTBa, Y np0311 Eo-
p.Hcalsa CTaJHKOIBHna HIHje TOAHIKO TIpol.'H'BIHlllK HeITpiHAarOneH'HX ca-
MOTHHKa H CTpaHaI..\a KOAHKO je n030pHHI..\a lhUXOSHX cTpaIllHHx Apa-
Ma, n03aAHHa -Roja OBOjOiM KOHTeKc1'yaAHOlllhJy yrH4e 'Ha rolK oH ja-
4HHY ApaMCKe paAJ-be. )KaA 3a MAaAolliny Kao jeAHa OA 6HTHll'X HAej-
HHX li eCTeTCKHX OApeAHHI..\a CTaHKOSHnese np03e CXBaneHa je H
191 MOTHB AOliiioaKa y HOBHjOj cpncKoj
AaTa npBeHcTBeHo Kao cy6jeKTHBHa OllUlW llU'tHOCTU, a He Kao
BOlna 3ajeAHHl..\e HAH APYIllTBa; AaTa je Kao AR4.HH HeM'M1J H: AHl.J:HO
npoKAeTCTHO nojeAHHl..\a HenpHAaroneHor CBeTY y KojeM ce 3aTeKao,
OICybeH Aa )K)mm y eynpOT'HOCTH ca Hl'jAy6.1nYIIM Te:IKIHaM'a OBar RH-
AHBHAyaAHor 6Hna, CBOjHX ocenaH>a, MalllTaH>a H XTeH>a, cBoje con-
Cl'BeJH'e KpmI. HOCKAaA U 0Y,K06 nojeJAHiHa'l.J:HOr H onUITer, AlIipCiIwr
U HaTYlpaAlHCTWJ:Kor, Ma'KpO H M'H:KpOlKO'OMlfl.J:'KOT Hal.J:e'Aa, CJY'K06 npa-
l..\UOHaAHor H UCKYCTBeHor, l.J:YAHor H peaA'HOr - TaKO IpaKTepHC-
THl.J:HH 3a KHjH.:IKeBHOCT H YMeTHOCT MOAepHH3Ma - KOA CTaHKOBH-
na cY HMaAH 06AHK OYK06a HOBor H CTapor CBeTa, naTpHjapxaAHor
:lKHBOTa KOjH nponaAa H ca C060M nOBAal.J:H cBoje MpTBe, U HOBe,
cy6jeKTHBHe eHeprHje ocA060beHor l.J:OBeKa, Ha6peKAor y :lKelnH 3a
caMOOCTBapeH>eM, Onl.J:HH>eHOr MarnjcKoM HCTaArHjoM 3a nYHHM
)KHBOTOM H HcnYH>eHor ceH3yaAHolllny H AHpH3MOM.
3aTO n03HaTH Banaj "CTapo IMH AajTe!", IKoju ce y QeAD/KyrmaM
CTaHKOBuneBOM AeAY jaBlna Kao YHYTpall1lH>H AajTMoTHB, Huje OA-
6paaa UAH a<pMipMaLIHja crapor naTpHjapxaAHor MopaAa jY:lKHOCp-
6H'j1aJHOKe na'Al'HKe, Hero je KpHiK 3a YTexOIM. Taj KplH'K
ce y Ta3a MllaeHY npeTBopHO y er3HCTeHQHjaAHY ApaMY CaMOne,
TeCK06e H oTybeH>a, CaAp)KaHY y l.J:eTHpH pel.J:H TeU1jKe HcnOBeCTH:
"YMpeny paH>l'B H )KelnaH". OK:peHYT npOlllNOOTH, CTa'H1KO'BlHn je
Cl'BapaO lJ1 OTtHCHBaO TPaI1Hl.J:He 0YA6H1He In'YAH H )KeHa OIJiYTarHlHX 3a-
KOHHMa BpeMeHa H APYlllTBa Koje ce raOHAO, aAU HOBOM rpabaH-
CKOM CBeTY lllTO ce pabao BHje cynpoTCTaBlnao HeKH Apym, CBeTAH-
ju, 60lnH H l.J:OBel.J:HlIIjlH CBeT; OH je jeAHHo Tpa:IKHO l.J:OBeKa - nYHor,
)KHBOr H cA060AHor l.J:OBeKa KOjH caropeBa Kp03 caMOOCTBapelhe,
ai\JH HeMa HH nYTa H1H 'Hal.JJI-lHa Aa Ao5e AD ce6e H #1 lH'C'I<a':lKe oynrrm:-
HY CBor 6Hna. y He'1UCToj lCp6U, CTpaHaQ HHje l.J:OBeK KOjH je AO-
Illao ca Cl'paHe Hero jYHaK H3pacTao H3 caMor je3rpa )KHBOTa, l.J:Hje
aCHnaH>e H raJJlleH>e l.fH'HH OKOCHHQY 'BeAHKe 'KOC'MHl.J:iKe ApaJMe y
CO<pKHHOM MaAOM cBery. IIpHl.J:a <popMaAHO oCTaje y OKBHpHMa 06-
jeKl'HBHe APYlllTBeHe H HCTOpH!jcKe CTOOp:HOCTH, aAH: ce l.J:OBeK y
npHnOBeQiH oABaja OA Te CTBapHOCTH H CTpeMH CTpyjOM BAaCTHTor
HarOHa 3a cpenOM, HOllieH MaTHQOM conCTBeHe KpBU. ibYACKe CYA-
6HHe y He'1UCToj lCp6U OCTBapeHe cy He caMO y cYK06y ca OKOAH-
HOM H APYlllTBeHHM npaBHAaMa Hero H y YHYTpallllheM cYK06y AWI-
HOC'Pli ca 'OaJMOM co60'M. llYi\JHO!CT je lhRXOiBa IK06; jy-
HiaQH Tor pOMaHa nOTBpbyjy l.J:YAHO CBOjy npHTellllheHiY H OKOBaHY
InYACKOCT, aAH IhHXOBa oYA6HHa Kao Aa TpaHcQeHAeHAHpa l.J:YAHH
CBeT: Ay6HHa Co<pKHHe H MapKOBe ApaMe je y IhHXOBOj HeMoryn-
HocTHAa H3Bl'H 3aAaTOT K'Py,ra ocT'Bape CBOjy InYA'C1<Jy AJY'llly IH Aa
HcnyHe OBOj )KHBOT y nYHoj CAo60AH H nOTnyHHM HHTeH3HTeTOM.
CAHl.J:HY ApaMY, MaAa y MalheM Kpyry H cAa6HjeM HHTeH3HTeTY,
,\O)KHBLbaBajy H jYHal.J,.H BelnKa MHAHneBHna KOjU je HaroHcKH oce-
THO H H3pa3HO HeTY MopaAHY HnCHXOAOIllKY HanperHYTOCT l.J:OBeKa
MOAepHe enoxe, npHHybeHor Aa ce ocena rybHHOM H CTpaHQeM y
CBeTY ca IWjHM Mopa Aa HCTpajaBa CBOj In'YACKH BeK. I-beroB MpTBU
'JICU60T HMao je HelliTO OA onlllTe AyxOBHe KYAType enoxe
192
II. IIaAaBecTpa
fin de sicle: nplirymeHY iH MYTHY OBeTAOCT CA'YTfuli, AaiAeK!l1X Haro-
BelilTaja, yraweHHx CTpaCTH H licTpoweHe MopaAHe eHepnrje YMOP-
lHIX A:>YAH 6e3 6YAlYnHOcTH. JYHaK pOMaHa Eecnyl1e rrpeACTaBA:>a,
MelsYTHM, aHTHTe3y YeKOKO'BHneBOiM AO'Wl't>3JKY rrJPeA IBpa1'I1JMa rpa-
Aa - OH je CTpaHaLJ; H ycaMAoeHHK 3aTO m'TO je 6ezYHal1 U3 zpaa,
oTy5eH K06HHK KOjH ce BHIlle He MO)Ke YKAorrHTH HM y CBeT H3 1\.0-
jer je rrOHHKao H y KojH ce Bpamo, HHTH y CBeT y KojeM ce Mcnpa3-
HHO JI pa3GoAeo. Te)KaK HHTeAeKryaAHH H rrCMXOAOlllKM pOM3H OTY-
nefua M TeCK06e MOAepHor 40BeKa OTpOBaHor rpaACKHM crrAHHOM M
rrYCTowHOM paBHOAJywHornny l.J,HBHAH3a:U;Hje, pOM3H HCKopelbeHO-
eTH T3B. CYBHWHHX MYAH, 06Y3eTHX AocaAOM, 60Aelllny BOA:>e li He-
H3Ae4HBHM CBeTCKHM 60AOM MeAaHXOAHLIHHX caMOTHHKa, Eecnyhe
je '3Ha4HAoO O,l-\AYLI3JH p3'OK'ilA 'HOBOr KH.>IDKeBHOr HaparnTlJja ca npH-
rrOBeAat.IKOM TpaAHLJ;HjoM MiHMeTHLIKor peaAH3Ma H MCToBpeMeHo
6HAO HaroBewTaj 6YAynHx npOAopa MOAepHHx cprrcKHx rrHCal.J,a y
rrCHxoAorRjy DpaAcKor LIoBeKa, y rroAcBecHe TOKOBe H KOBHTAal.J,e
YMa JI HejacHe AeKaAeHTHe HarOHe 3a HecTajaI-beM, raWeH.>eM H pac-
TarraH.>eM HeMonHHx er3MCTeHLJ;Mja y MarMH HecxBaneHor li HerrpH-
xBaneHor MHBOTa. CHa){H HHAHBHAJyaAH3aM MHAHneBHneBe Ben
e .
rrOTrrYHO ypoaHH30BaHe np03e, ca pCHHM JI BHAA:>HBHM TparOBHMa
nOHXOWOlliKor Ha'TypaNH3Ma, cUM60NliCTHLIKe flOeTI1:YHOOTH M AiHp-
CKor rrepCOHaAH3Ma, Morao 6H ce CMaTpaTH BeCHHKOM 6YAyner MO-
AepHHlCT,H'4'KOr paCLJ;BeTaBaI-ba n.oe1'OKe 'Yp63JHe 1JI IDIrreAelKTyaA.Ho.,,\1e-
AJiTaTHBHe rrp03e y KOjy crraAajy AHeJHUlC 0 l{apl-wjeeuhy MHAOllla
!..LpfbaHcKor, lJ,peel-le Jl1aVle H paTHe rrpHrrOBeTKe Apamnue B3CHna,
rrplirrOBeTlKe 113 npolwlOcTU HOlllAope CeK'YAiHi, EYl-ba U pyzu y
Pa6aHzpay BeA>K'3 IIeTpoBul1a H, IHapa'IDto, Ex Pontu, HeJl4UpU II
nyc Alluje Bep3elle3a Hoc AHAPHna, Kao YBOAHM al'.OpAH y BeAHKy
MHToAorHjy yoaMA:>eHOCnl CTpaHLJ;a JI Ty5HHl.J,a 3aTeyeHOr rrpeA Ka-
rrnjoM )KHBOTa.
i\:HpO'KJH jYH3JK AHAPH'neBOr Ex Ponta je xepOIj HCnOBeA-
HO-AHpcKe np03e, 06AliKoBaHe rrpeMa MOTMBY cTpaHl.J,a H I.\OlllA:>aKa;
Tel'.CT je rrAO,n, caMone M caMorrOCMaTpafba, ceTHHX "pa3rOEopa C AY-
lUOM", cyopeT yoaMA:>eHH!K'3 ca Ca!MHJM C'060M M ca OApa30IM con-
CTEeHor A:YXOBHor AHKa. IIpeA lhHM ce CTaAHO 3aTBapajy BpaTa H
lbera, BeYHTO caMor, OA BAaCTMTHX )K;YAH.>H YBel'. oABajajy HeKaKBH
H apalRe; OH je yBeK HanOlbY, YBeK rrpeA BpaTlHJMa, Kao ll.ITO
je y HeMUpWvla 6e3 HKaKBor npH6e)KHlllTa 6HO caM rreCHHK - npa-
BH Ji o!cHOBHH: AMpCKIH oy6jeKT LJ;eA'KytITHe A'HAIPHneBeHlCnOBeA:He
rrpooe: "IIpoAa3Ho caM cBHjeToM H YAapao AHjeBo li AecHO Ha Bpa-
Ta TylsHX cYA6HHa, aAH CBa cV peAOM, rro HeKOM MYYKOM Aoro-
BOpy, 6HAa 3a Mel-le 3aTBOpeHa." Kao 3a CBaKor CTpaHLJ;a li CBaKor
YC3IMA:>eH'HK!a, 3a Bep3eAe3a TalK05e IHlHJje 6HAO HJ11K3IK!oor ArpryI'O'f H3-
Aa3a ceM KOMTIpOMHCa H rropa3a: OA CEHX ){<'YAlhM 3a HAeaAOM li
CMHperbeM y IlYHOM )KHBOTY, lhera je Ha Kpajy nYTa caMO
'H3BecHocTKynAoeHe Ny6aBH. IIo:pa3 Bep3eAe3a 'K'3'O AOlllA:>3JKa H CTpa-
HLJ;a y CBaM TpHMa cHTyal.J,HjaMa y KojHMa ce Hawao Ha CEOM rryry,
HajMafbe je, Me5YTliM, nopa3 TpamYHOr A:>y6aBHHKa KOjH BeAHKH H
193 MOTl1B AOWibaK3 y I-IOBrrjoj cpncKoj KfbH)KeBHOCTH
HeAOCTH)KHH HAeaA 3aMelhyje MaAIiM II AOCTHJKHHM: lherOB nopa3
je 'HY)K,aH M Hmi36e)K3H K:OMUpOMJH'C yca'MkeHlH1Ka, MHTOKH naJA XC-
paja KOjH je 1I3lIillao 1I3 cBoje 60)KaHCKe c<pepe, CKIIHtyO MacKY JI
011K!pHO OBOj npa'BH, TpoillaH AHK. CjajHH :II !l-reHaA'MamHII
AHApHfieBH AHKOBH cTpaHaQa H AOillkal<a - Kao lIlTO cy BOHaBaA-
-rrama, nopyYHH.K MypaT, i\oTHKa U3 BHillerpaAcKe xpoHHKe Ha
APUHU hynpuja, CBH KOH3YAH H CTpaHQH y Tpa6HU'1lCoj xpoHul1u,
OKPYTHH npeBeplIQa OMep-nalIla i\aTac II MHom Apym - ynOT-
nYlhyjy H 060rafiyjy BeAHKY H caMOTHHYKY cPHA030qmjy oTyneHo-
CTH npeKo Koje ce 'MO)Ke Aofi:H AO jeAHHCTBeH'Or KpHIBeHor YJHIY-
TpalIllher HHTHMHCTHYKOr cAoja y AHAPHneBOM AeAY. CBOjOM HeAe-
JbHBolIlny H Y'BpCTHlHOM, Taj AHpOKH HcrroBeA;HH CAOj OAalKlIlaiBa <aIKO
Aa ce cxsaTe CHM60AH3aM lherOBe np03e H jeAHHcTBeHa ceMaHTHKa
lherOBor MHTOTBopCTBa. AOlIltoaQH KOjH )KHBe y BoeHH, nYTHHQH
H cTpaHQH Koje je /lBOTHa cYA6HHa AOBeAa Aa Aeo CBor )KHBOTa,
a HeKaA H Qeo )KHBOT' npoBeAY no Kaca6aMa, HCTHHCKa cy ca6pafia
H Haj6AJ.DlnI CPOAHHQH Eep3eAOBH, a caMHM l'HM H pe<pAeKCH AH-
APHneBor COnCTBeHor AYXOBHor AHKa, CKpHBeHor H3a MacKe Ha AHQY
cTpaHQa H AOlIl/n3'Ka, IK'O 3Ha KalJ(BHlM XHp:affiEvla cYA6H'He 3aTeyeHtHM
y Tynoj 3eMtoH, Meny Hen03HaTHM H HenoseptoHBHM h>YAHMa ca KO-
jHiMa Mopajy Aa AeAe CBOj toYACK'H seK.
TICHxOAolIlKo-HaTypaAHCTHYKH H nepcOHaAHO-AlipCKH OAHOC
npeMa MOTHBY AOlIltoaKa Ao6HO je AHAPHfieBHM KlhH)KeBHHM AeAOM
YSpCl'Y eCTeTCKY H yMeTHHYKY cPOPMY, AYXOBHY Ay6HHY H lIlHpOKa
aHTponOAOlIlKa Y ApyroM nAaHY, H3a THX HeBOkHHX H rop-
KHX kYAcKHX cYA6HHa TyoHHaQa H cTpaHaQa - KOjH cy necHHKY
yrA3BHoM CAY)l(,HA:H K'ao apXenI!nOKlH 06paCQH IH OHM6oAH y 06AHIKO-
BalhY lherOBe BeAHKe H TparHYHe cPHA030<pHje ycaMtoeHOCTH - y
AIHlAPHfieBHlM npHnosellKaMa H pOMaJHtHIMa ce YBeK jaoHo H y Oill-
TpHM KOHTypaMa BHAeo 6aAKaHCKH opHjeHTaAHO-AeBaHTHHCKH rpaA,
CKAOntoeH OA HecKAaAa, HeMapa H OnpeYHOCTH HeKOAHKO pa3AHYH-
THX KYATypa Koje cy ce y lheMY cycpeTaAe H np0)KHMaAe, rpaA no-
MaAO YYAHe, nOeTHYHe H fiYAtoHne vp6aHH3aQHje, AyxOBHor H HCTO-
pHjcKor 60raTcTsa H 3AexYAe cpene Aa YBeK, y CBaYHjeM )KHSOTY,
6YAe nOnpH.llITe 60p6e 3a OAp)KaB3lhe H cypOBa n030pHHQa ry6HTa-
Na H rropa3a. CapajeBo, TpaBHHK, BHlIletpaA H Apyre MaAe 60caHCKe
Kaca6e y YHYl'pamlhacrH HlfOY KOlA AHAPHfia 'Mp1'Be K'YA1H12e 3a "!'pa-
rHYHe IlcTopHje H KpBase er3HCTeHqHjaAHe ApaMe HerrpHAaroneHO-
CTH, ClIMofieH oTynelh'3, Bero cy )KIMHH opraHH3M'H ca OBOIjHlM A3Mapu-
Ma lM rrcrrxoAornjoM, rpaA;aBII ca CBOjOM H OBOjlHIM OYA6HHa-
Ma. TaKo AHAPHn Ka)Ke 3a CapajeBo Aa "HMa ABa BHAa il ABa
jeABo TaMHO H cTporo, a Apyro cseTAO H A>ynKo. Ha SH'COBHMa H3-
HaA HerrpoxoAHO TeCHor rpOTAa AH)KY ce KYAe 11 6aCTHOHH TBpnaBe
OCMaHAHjcKor rropeKAa. lb Tor TeCHaQa 6Hje yseK HelIlTO Kao Aax
M:H:HYAHX paTOBa H onaCHOCTH, MaAO CTpaxa H TeCK06e nOMeI.I1;3He
ca OIllTpHM nAaHHHCKHM seTp0M. A AOAe y AOAlfHH, rAe je OCMaHAIM-
jCKa BAaCT, y CapaAH>H ca AOMafiHM )IBtoeM, pa3BilAa, y CBOjHM Haj-
60fuHM BpeMeHHMa, CTBapai\aYKH paA H )KHBOT - llllipH ce rpaA
194
Il. IlaAaBecTpa
CapajeBO. " fpaA 6YHa H paTOBa, HOBl..\a H rAaAHHX roAHHa, KY)K-
HHX enHAeMHja H pa30pHHX nO)Kapa, rpaA BellITHX ibYAH KOjH cy
YBeK BOAeAH )KHBOT, HaKO cy ra rr03HaBaAli H C AHl..\a H C HaAWIja.
I-beroBo AHl..\e y nOCAeAI-boj CBeTAOCTH CYTOI1a H3rAeAa ApeBHO MY-
ApO: Ha I-beMY cy, K3JO 60pe BeKOBHiHX nOAB'HTa H HOK'YCTaBa, ype3a-
He AWHHje YAHl(a, 'KpH'BYAaBe 'li: CMeAe OHe H3 TYPOKe enoxe, npaRe
H KpYTe OHe H3 aYCTpHjcKor BpeMeHa. Te ABe BpcTe rpaAcKHx YAH-
I..\a jow ce jaoHo pa3AHKyjy, Kao ABe a36YKe H3 ABa pa3Ha nHCMa M
je3HKa. AAH Beo CYMpaKa, KOjH 6UBa CBe rywnH, CBe BHllle HX H3-
jeAHa'-lyje H CTana y He'-lHTKY npH'-I'Y 3ajeAHH'-IKe HonH, Koja caAa
nOKpHBa HCTopHje H AereHAe...
H
AaHaWI-ba opnCKa KI-bH)KeBHOCT y KOjOj ce MOTHB rpaAa, CTpaH-
I..\a 'H AOWiba'Ka TaKo13e ja'Biba Kao jeAaJH OA CpeAHlllI-bHX peaAHCi1H'I-
K:HX Ml'HBa, He Aaje Beny npeAiHOCT HlH'jeAiHO:M 'A OCHOBHHX 'Ha'-l.lHHa
YMeTHH'-IKe 06paAe. llITaBHwe, CBa '-IeTHpH rAaBHa npHcryna: COI..\H-
jaAHo-CaTHpH'IKH, KPHTHqKO-peaAHCTH'-IKH, nCHxoAowKo-HarypaAHc-
11.H4KH H nepCOHaAlJ-liD-A:HIpOKH rrocl'yna'K Mewaj'Y ce li nooo3yjy y
nOAH<poHHjH caBpeMeHe npo3e, l'aKO Aa qeCTO H y jeAHoM jeAHHoM
AeAy HCTor nHCl..\a HMa eAeMeHaTa H no HeKOAHKO pa3AH'-IHTHX noc-
TynaKa. EpaHKo fionHn ca CBOjOM BeApoM cMe}a'-lKOM KI-bH)KeBHOIlI-
ny, np0)KeTOM )KHBOTHHM OIITHMH3MOM li A06pOAYWHHM CaTHpH'-I-
KHM []iOAOMeXOiM, y 3roAa'Ma KpajliillHHx KOAOHH:CTa H 'HeBOib3JMa jy-
H3IK:a OC/l or/JaH3u6c 'H'CflHoyje HOBY, nocAepa'l'Hy CTpaJHa-
I..\a H AOWI'oaKa npeA BpanlMa rpaAa. BepaH peaAHCTHqKoj Tpa,AHI..\H-
jH cpncKe npnnOBeTKe, OH Aaje rrpeAHOCT COI..\HjaAHo-carnpH'-IKOM H
KPHTHqKO-peaAHCTHLIKOM TpeTMaHY, qHjH ce BHwe HAH MaIbe HarAa-
weHH eAeMeHTH C HejeAHaKoM jaqHHOM jaBibajy H KOA Apymx no-
CAepal'H'HX nHCal..\a Kao WTO cy EpHX Kow, M'Hx,aHAO AaAHn, Pa,AO-
MHp CMHloaHHn, MHOApar EYAaToBHn, Bopa fiocHn HAM CA060AaH
CeAeHHn. KOA CeAeHHna, Ha npHMep, CaTHpli'-lKH TOHOBH npH onH-
cy AOllIth>aKa y rpaA ry6e ce nOCTeneHO npeA CBe 'lHCTHjHM COI..\H-
jaA:HO-KpHl'H'LJ.'KHM n pea,,\'WCl1Hl..JiKHM rrpeAeloeI-beM aYT10pa 'KOj'H je y
POMrHHMa IIpujaufbu li IIucAw/z./la6a, Kop03 tHeKOA'WKO cnopeAoHHX
AHKOBa Kan HOCHAal..\a HCTopHjcKe H ApaMCKe aHTHTe3e, Aao HCTaH-
'l3JHY ApYlllTBeHY H nCHxoAoWKY ApaMY MopaAHor IlipHAaro13aBaI-ba
CTpaHal..\a H AowloaKa WTO cY HX TaAaCH H DAHMe peBOAYI..\Hje AOHe-
AH y pa30peHe H paCTO'-leHe rpaAOBe, 3aXBaneHe Cl1paxoM, CHpOMaw-
TBOM, MopaAHOM ep03HjoM rpaoaHCKHX HaqeAa H CBeonWTHM npo-
naAfI-beM BpeAHOCTH.
,Y BeAHKOM I..\HKAYCY pOMaHa 0 ycnOHY H pacnaAaI-b'Y cpnCKe
l'pal33JHCKe IKAace, KOjH je 3anoqeT.y KopeHUM.a H HacraBibeH y Bpe-
MeHY CMprf,.l, A06pHJJ;a fiOOHn je HCKOIJHCl'HO li 06offiTHO MHore
KAaJCH'Y'He, CTIfACKe, ':K:YATY'pI-l0-aJIflpOrrOAOillKe li Moryli
HOCl'll KpHTH'-IKOr peaAH3Ma H Kp03 06HOBfueHY epOPMIY nopOAWIHor
H APYllITBeHo-H'CTopHjcKor pOMaHa-peKe Aao HeKOAHKO CTyTII-beBa y
AYXOBHOM npe06pa)KaBaI-bY rraTpHjapxaAHe H rpa13aHcKe CBeCTH; Cy-
J<,06 Meoy RapallITajrwMa, OpOAHIlll.\HMa H Il!pHjarreMHJMa, iIWjlH '-I.IlIJHIT
-----
195 MOTHD AOWibaKa y HOBHjOj Cpl1CKOj KJ-bH)j(eBHOCTH
OCH08Y pOM'aHelOKHe CTpljIKrype li ApaMdKe paW-be, YCAOBlbeH je IlfC-
TopnjcKHIM TOKOB'HMa II ApyurJ1Beml'M KOHTeJK'CT,oM K'YAType, H3Me-
HOM l\HBIIAH3al\HjcKor MOAeAa H npOMeHOM nCHXOAOllIKHX H MopaA-
HIIX rrpeTrrOCTaBKII y pa3BHTKY Hal\HOHaAHor HAeHTHTeTa, 'mjH cy
HOCliOl\H YBeK 6HAH OHII H3pa3HTli II jaKH KapaKTepH KOjH cy IIMaAli
CMeAOCTII II CHare Aa ce oABoje OA cBoje OKOAHHe, Aa HaYHHe HCTO-
plIjCKli KopaK H Aa npHXBaTe 1I3a30B cYA6HHe. 3aMeI-byjynH cTa6HA-
HY II ClIrypHY n03lfl\lIjy TpaAHl\IIOHaAHor HacAe13a HeH3BecHolliny
YToITHIje H :neOHl,f"l'KOT OyeK'J11BaI-ba, TH TfOII<,peTaYH nopAIH''lJae M fTAe-
MeHCKe HCToplIje OTIICKHBaAH cy ce y ApyrH, Hen03HaTlI >KHBOT li
TaMO nocTajaAH AOllilbal\1I H CTpaHl\H, Ty13UHl\1I y Hen03HaTOM cBery
C KOjHM cy ce XBaTaAH YKOlllTal\ H Kp03 60py H pBaI-be OCTBaplI-
BaMl cBOjy cYA6IIHY.
EAeMeHTII reHeaAOlliKor pOMar-ra, ca AHKOBHMa AOIlIlbaKa Il CTpa-
Hal\03 KOjH ce jaBlbajy y rOTOBO CBHM nOKOAeI-bIIMa, pa3BHjeHH cy li
y BeAllKOM l\HKAYCY pOMaHa 3Ila-[HO PYHO EopHcAaBa TIeKlIna, y
KOMe je Kp03 HCTOplIjy l\HHl\apCI<e TprOBaYKe nOpOAHl\e AocelbeHe
y EeorpaA pa3BHjeaa lllHpOKa H ApaMaTH'Y:Ha MCTopHj'OKa KapTa
I{,YATypHor pa3HHTKa opeAI-b06aA!IJHOKHX rpa'AOBa III Hap:O'll.IH, a HC-
TOBpeMeHO AaTa II nOMaAO l\IIHIIYHa H <paHTa3MarOpnYHa xpOHHKa
HacTajaI-ba H jayaI-ba rpa13aHcKor CTaAe*a y Cp6HjH. TIHCal( BeAHKe
IIMarHHal\Hje 11 MonHe eKcnpeCHBHOCTH, TIeKlIn je nOCTHrao Aa I-be-
raBH l\HHl\apCKH AOli!lbal\lI, Top6apli H nYTyjynH neyaA6apli YAY
H3ByyeHH H3 npHKpajKa HCTopHje H nOCTaBlbeHH y l\eHTap y6paHM-
::lal\Hje EaAKaHa, Ia nOCTar-ry Hepa3ABojaH Aeo COl\HjaAHe H AYXOB-
He HCTopHje EaAKaHa H Cp6Hje, rpaAliTelbH EeorpaAa H KBaCal.\ I-be-
rOBe yp6aHe CBeCrH. BeAoH'KH TOqa'K nCTopHje, KOjli je pOMaHiOM 3IlL/-
n-IO PYHO nOKpeHYT 'H y6P33\H, H3>HeO je Ha CBeTAO AaJH3 T'Bopaq,KY
H rpaAHTelbCKY cHary jeAHor rel-lOca YHje ce MYTHO H MpaYHO nope-
KAO, 06aBHjer-r0 MarAOM AereHAe, Hcpa3ABojHO McnpenAeAO ca CYA-
61I1-l0M cpnCKor rpanaHCI<r CTaAe>Ka H TMMe nOMorAO Ml ce y AY-
XOBHOj CTpywrypH y'-lBpCTe HeKC Cnel.\H<pH'-IHe OAAHKe 6aAKa.r-rCKe
yp6aHe KYAllype. fpaA y TIeKHfieBOM pOMaHY HlIje r-rliKaKBO AerAO
3aAa IlliTH npeABopje naKAa, Kao IllTO je TO KOA rrallpHjapxaAHHX
MopaAHCTa l1paAH'l\HOHaNHiOr '1<'OBa, Hero je rrAOAiHO rrOAiHeOA>e y IKOLVle
AYX II I<>YATypa H'apOAa >KH'Be 'ITYHH'M >KH'BOOO1M, 'Y paCKOillI-JlOM o6HlbY
<pOpMH H CaAp>KHHa. TIo TOMe ce TIeKHneBa BH3Hja rpaAa H Ol.\eHa
yp6aHe CBeCTH y cpnCKOM HapOAY OlllTpO pa3AHKyje OA MHTCKor,
CTapor H rrplIMHTHBHor AO)KHBlbaja rpaNt Kao 3TBopeHor H HenpH-
jaTelbcKor npOCTopa, Kao KlbyyaAOr AOHl\a nopOKa li HCKYllieI-ba y
KOMe ne ce HAH yracHTH HAll caCBHM H30naYHTH YUCTa AYIlla qOBe-
Ka H3 HapOAa.
Ayx H rrOHxoAornja MaAe BapOIllH, naA3'HlKe H rrOAYYPaJHH30Ba-
He rpaAiKe nepH<peplfje, y 'CaBpeMeI-foj CPITCKOj rrp03H y'J-!IlKOMiiKO
AorrYI-baBajy onIIIl'Y CAHKY MpaYHor ./KHBOTa KOjy ca HaAHyja, y rpy-
OHM li HaTypal\,HcTHYKHlM nOTe3H'Ma, AOKYMeHTapHCl'HYiI<iH'J'v[ rroCTyn-
KOM 11 HencopeAHHM CHHMKOM )lBOr rOBopa YAHl\e cyrepHlUY nHCl\H:
196
Il. IlaAaBeCTpa
T3B. CTBapHOCHe np03e - MHOApar BYAaTOBHn, AAeKCaHAap THWMa,
.:>KHBOjHH IlaBAoBHn, AparocAaB MHxaHAOBHn, MHAHcaB CaBHn H
BHAocaB CTeBaHOBHn. AOWA>aK H CTpaHaI4 npeA KanHjoM rpaAa, 3a
l-bHX je npBeHCTBeHO )KtpTsa H TparW.JaH xepoj nOA3eMA>a OA Kojer
ce TeWKO H HepaAO oABaja H V Koje ce Ha Kpajv VBeK HeMHHOBHO
Bpana, rOl-beH Mpal.JHHM HarOHHMa H HeMorynHownv Aa ce OTprHe
DA 3Aa Ha KOjH je HaBJfKHYT. 3aax Te/la )KHBojH'Ha IlaBAoBHna H ne.-
pwpepujcKu 3A1aje6u BUAOOaI3a CTeBaHoBHna cy KapaKTepHCTHl.JHH
H peYHTH npHMepH HenpuAarobeHoCTH H oTYbeHocTH AOWA>aKa KOjH
OBaJK<OAHeBHO, 6e3 H'KI!KBe AYXO!BHe cnpeMe -H MOpaAiHOr KOAe6al-ba,
rAaAHO HaBaA>yjy V rpaA y nOTpa3H 3a 60A>HM H AaKIlIHM >IU1BOTOM;
TY no npaBHAY ry6e CBe OCAOHI4e, a cBoja BeApa Ot.IeKHBal-ba 3aMe-
l-byjy nopa30M, naAOM H paCYAOM A>YACKHX Bpe/l.HOCTH. TaK03BaHH
MaAH yaBeK BeAerpaAOKe nepH<pepH'je, CWP':\IaU.I:HHX yuepHI4a H
HeAOBpweHHX 6ecnpasHo 3HAaHHX Kyna, Koje Kao I3eHau ceOCKe H
MaAOBI!pOillI<e KYAType onacyjy BeA'I'IIKe rpa;AOBe, 3a-AP>KasajynH ,\1.3-
TepHjaAHe 06AHKe CeA>aYKOr >KHBOTa H3MeIlIaHe ca jeBTHHHM H TPH-
PiHjaA:HHM <popMaJNIa HajlMacoBHHje nOTp,owaYJKe - Kij3.
ce YBeK HaMene naynepH30BaHHM H Ae3HHTenpHcaHHM APYWTBHMa
6e3 AYXOBHe CaAp>lUlHe H MopaAHor HHTerpaAa - Taj MaAH YOBel<
KOjH je jeAHoM HorOM H Aaloe OCTao Ha ceAY a APyroM 3aKOpaYHO y
HeIIJ;To IlITO MY ce YYHHHAO Kao rpaA, Taj YOBel< HHje BHIlIe HH AOW-
A>aK HH CTpaHaI4. OH je TpamYHa )KpTBa COl.\HjaAH>HX, KYATypHHX H
UHBHAH3al.\HjcIUlX nopeMenaja Ha Iwje Kl-bH>KeBHOCT CBOjHM 06AH-
I4HMa H 3Hayel-bHMa pearyje rOTOBO HenorpewHBO - 6e3 063Hpa Ha
110 Aa AH je c,AWKa )KH'BOTa Koja ce AD6uja OCAiHK'a'Ha OBeTAHiM 6oja-
Ma, HAH je npO)l<eTa l.\pHHM H TparHYHHM TOHOBHMa loYACKor oya-
jal-ba H HCTopHjcKor 6e3H3Aa3a.
MOTHB AOUJA>aKa, CTpaHal.\a H TynHHI4a npeA BpaTHMa rpaAa je
jeA'3H OA npaTenHX, aAH AOCTa 3HayajHHx MOTHBa Be3aHHX 3a pa3-
'BHT3K rpa'AOKe 1'1 IBapamKe 'KYA1Y'pe :Ha I1'iAPyqjy BaAiKaHa. HOHefA
ce Kp03 AHK AOWA>aKa H cYA6HHY CTpaHI4a OApa>KaBa npouec HCTO-
pHjcKor H APYWTBeHor npe06pa)Kaja jeAHor l.\HBHAH3al.\HjcKor MO-
AeAa y APYI'H, -a noce6HO npOI4ec yp6aHH3aI4Hje H MOAepHH3aI4Hje Ae-
BaHTHHCKe Kaca6e, paCnaAal-be naTpHjapxaAHe ceOCKe H rpanaHCKe
3ajeAHHI4e H l-beHOr TpaAHI4HOHaAHor nOpOAHYHOr MOpqAa nOA npH-
T<l-OOKaM IH :HaB3AOM HOBHX, CaOBITM APY'KYWj'HIX H CYlPBUjux )K'WS01'-
HHX <pOipMH. IlOI-leKaA ce, Me1:}y-mM, AOWA>aK H CTpaHaI4 He nOCMa-
Tpajy caMO Kao HOCHOI4H HAH >i<pTBe APYWTBeHHX npe06pa>Kaja Hero
H Kao CHM60AHYHH apXeTHlTCKH npHMepH AYXOBHor, MopaAHor H
KYATypHor oTyneH,a, YC3MA>eHOCTH H HenpHAaroneHOCTH TIojeAHlHal.\3
y OBel'Y 'KOjH je no CBOM ueAOIKynHiO'M YCl'pOjCTBY Tyn H HerrpJ1X1BaT-
A>Ff.B 3a OCeTA>HBe, 'MeMtHXOAHYIHe, Cel'He H KOHTeMnAaTHlBHe cal-ba-
pe, Hecnoc06He ,t.\a ce YKAone y CTaHAapAe H npaBHAa 3a l-bHX
Hor H HenpHjaTeA>CKOr CBeTa. Y HOBHje BpeMe, cpnCKa Kl-bH)KeBHOCT
I<>p03 AHKOBe CTpaHaI4a H AOWl'oaKa npaTH nOCAepaTHY, BeAHKY H
ApaMaTHYHY nOCTpes.OAYUHOHapHY MHrpaI4Hjy ceocKorHnaAaHaY-
------
197 MOTHB AOWI'"aKa y HOBHjOj cpncKoj Kl-bmKeBHOCTH
Kor CTaHOSHl1Ul1'Sa y SeAl1Ke rpaAose, H3HyneHY H HarAY yp6aHl13a-
l\l1jy ceAa li rraAaHKl1. Bp1'orAasH pH1'MOBH H HeseposaTHH 06Al1l\li
)KlfBOTa rpaABa, rrOHeKaA rrpl1'SAat.Ie H Y3AiH)KY rrpH-
AOlllAe hnHa:Ke, a rrOHeKaA 3acTpalllY jy, rra qeCTO IH npmKAHpy HAIi
CA3'Majy lfAY3Hje AOlllMaKa H CTpaHaI\a, HCTprHyn1x H3 KopeHa H ITl\flli-
TeHHX y )1011301' 6e3 HKaKse npHrrpeMe.
y Haj60ibHM AeAHMa cpncIx ITHCal\a KOjH rosope 0 rrpol\ecy
yp6aHH3aL\Hje H 0 r-.lOTHBY AOUlibaKa H CTpaHaL\a 3aAp)KaHO je li
ealJYB3'HlO ),1HOW"I'SO KYA1'YPHOHC1'OpHj'OKHX, 'KYATypOAOllJlKJHX H aI-I-
TporroAoillKHX "IHI-beHHL\a 0 rrpe06pa)f{asaJ-bY MaAHX H )KHBOrrHCHHX
AesaHTC'KHX 'Kaca6aHa EaAlKa'H'Y y 0SpOifTOKe rp3J,/l;'se
y l<ojHMa je peAa1'HI3HO 6p30 3aMHpao HeKaAallllbH MHpaH H epeneH
)J{HBOT, 3aCHOBaH Ha Tpa/HUHOHaAHM MopaAY H rra1'pHjapxaAHOM
nopeTKY. Bpal-be, HHW, 'hKHl\e, MocTap, TpaBHHK, CapajeBo H oeo-
rpaA cy y Tl1M BpeM0H1H1Ma HMaAH OBaKH csor nec-
HHKa H csor XpOHHlJapa, 1'aKO Aa je y jeAHoM AeAY cpncl KI-hH)KeB-
HOCTH peaAH3Ma 3acsarAa KOH3epBHcaHo rrOHeWTO OA cTapor Tlma
yp6a:Hor )f{HiBOTa H ypoaHe iKYAl'ype EaAiKa:Ha, HeWl'O OA 3IMoojeHTa,
nej3a)Ka H AYllle cTapHx BapolllHua H rpaAosa. Ca crrOLballlJbe CTpa-
He, TH rpaAosH H rraAaHKe cy OHMI 03palJeHH opHjeH1'aAHHM H Ae-
saHTHHCKHM YTHL(ajHMa, AOK ey H3HYTpa OHAH lJBpeTO YKorraHH y
AYXOBHY 1'paAHL\Hjy HapOAa H y 1'BP;\OKOPHY CTaMeHO'CT Iher'lse CTa-
pe e1'HKe y KOjOj cy crpa'Hal\, nyrHHlK H 'H3'M0pHHK 6HAH YBeK nOlll-
TCBaH1H, a AOWLbalK ITplTXSaTaH Kao 'HajponeHlHjiH - ose A;D'}\. y ibY-
ACKHM AHOCHMa HHCY 3aBAaAaAH BYlJjH 3aKOHH HerrOBepeJ-ba, MP)K-
J'be, 3asHC1'H H TyneJ-ha Kao TpOSHH rrAOAOBH MOAepHe L\HBHAH-
3al\Hje.
Predrag Palavestra
THE MOTIVE OF NEWCOMER IN THE TURN OF
THECENTURY SERBIAN LITERATURE
Summary
The motive of newcomer, a stranger, and a foreigner at the
doorstep of a town appears in the turn of the century Serbian li-
terature much more frequently than visible at first sight. This is
in a sense general, namely traditional motive of the entire new
Serbian prose, a paradigmatic motive Wii,tnessing, at the one hand,
a sweeping and dramatic rhythm of social and cultural chlJnges
taking place even in a single generation and, at the other hand,
speaking of a dizzying transformation of the narrative realism of
Serbian literature. Literary forms are changed side by side with
198
II. IIaAaBccTpa
changes within the system of spiritual and materi,al cultures, disco-
vering in the process the natural rule according to which literature,
by its intrinsic spiritual style and creative organisation, reflects
the changes in its wider s.piritual context, as weIl as in the general
system of culture of its era. The motive of newcomer is particularly
frequently found in Se'rbian reaHstic and modernistic short story
at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of twentieth century,
although it does not disappear after that Erne too. It is rather fre-
quently treated even today, when contemporary type of urban cul-
ture has significamtly destroyed even the latest survivaIs of spi-
rituality and morale of the tmditional national culture, which only
until recently had served as a ground of cultural heritage of the
turn of the century Serbian literature.
Ever since, around the middle of the nineteenth century, the
aclerated process has begun of the urbanisatiOll1 of Serbian na-
tional cultur,e, together with its breathless disengaging from the
formerly ruling patriarchal and folklore civilisation model, namely,
ever since its impatient adapting has commenced, not to ~ Euro-
pean standards but to a specifie Balkan and Levantine type of pe-
ripheral and small-town culture of European civilisation suburb
- Serbian literature did never stop to face the theme and destiny
of stranger. A ne'Wcomer who stands up with perplexity and in
muffled fear at the town doorsteps, and the one who tries to fit into
the new world with pain and caution, became a favourite hero of
many Serbian stcry writers, both those who followed the way of
classical realistic determinism and that of traditional poetics of mi-
metic and didactic prose, and the ones who - in modernist style of
symbolic personalism and psychologico-naturalistic invocations -
conquered internaI spaces of soul and who changed the objective
picture of the real world in their works. with subjective reflec-
t.ions, nervous tension and destructive feeling of state of neglect,
def.eat and cosmic loneliness. The newcomer and stranger are at-
tached motives of urbanisation of the turn of the century Serbian
short story; they are symbolic characters with rich and vast inter-
naI semantic field where sorne authors trie,ct to find archetype mo-
dels of metaphysic alienatiOln,of non-adjustment, of loneliness and
of tragicalness of human existence, while the others saw direct
reflections of social upheavals, picturesque and eloquent instances
cf moral and psychological tra,nsformations and typical models of
historical metamorphosis. A segment of life, a picturesque paradigm,
the changing of a literary character into a sooial type and searching
for some kind of general internaI integral in the "hero of our time"
- conso1idated and strengthened the ideological notion and didactic
element of Serbian realistic short story and of aIl of its future,
more or less modernlized, mC1difications. ,f'
On the other hand, the characters of newcomer and stranger
made possible deeper insight by the literature in the internaI rea-
litY and spiritual anxieties of modern man, who found himself,
199 MOTI1B AOllI,"a!<a y HOBUjOj cprrcKoj !<fb}OKeBHOCTH
unprepared and alone, without root and support, in a foreign en-
vironment, and among people and customs which were unk:nown and
strange, and cven odious to him, but the environment which he
wanted to master, to win and subcrdinate, in order to prove in ac-
tion his own being, as weIl as the power of his will and his deter-
mination. Defeats waiting for them on the road of their life were
also a part .of their human rea1ity and essence, part cf their human
substance in whose core were refracted and encountered numerous
and different currents as forms of those irrepressible energies
which from time immemcrial did change historical trends and rep-
lace one civilisation model of conscience with another cultural
model.
The motive of newcomer, foreigner and stranger at the town
doorsteps is one of the accompanying but rather significant mo-
tives related to the development of urban culture in the Balkan
area. In sorne cases through the character of newcomer and destiny
of stranger the process is reflected of historical and social transfo'r-
mation of a model of civilisation, and more particularly, the process
of urbanisation and modernisation of a Levantine provincial town
(kasaba), as weIl as that of disintegratJion of patriarchal rural anj
middle-class oommunities and of their traditional family morale
under the pressure and assault of new and entirely different and
more brutal forms of life. In other cases, however, a newcomer and
stranger are not c!nsidered only as protagonists or victims of social
transformations, but also as symbolic archetype examples of spi-
ritual, moral, and cultural alienation, of loneliness and non-adjust-
ment of individuals in a world which is completely alien and
unacceptable to sensible, melancholic and contemplative dreamers,
unable to follow the standards and rules of a foreign and unaccep-
table world.
In recent times Serbian literature, while treating the charac-
ters of strangers and newcomers elaborates on the post-war great
and dramatic post-revolutionary migration of rural and small-town
population into large cities, and a forced and hasty urbanisation of
villages and small tOWllS. Dizzying rhythms and incredible forms of
day-to-day life in towns sometimes attract and raise outside heroes,
but on other occasions frighten and even deavour or crush the il-
lusions of newcomers and strangers uprooted from their native soil
and let loose into struggles of life without any preparation.
The best works of Serbian writers describing the process of
urbanisation and using the motive of newcomer and strarnger, keep
and preserve many oultural-historical, culturological and anthropp-
logical facts on the metamorphosis of smalland picim.esque Levan-
tine tawns in the central Balkans into European cities, where for-
mer way of peaceful and steady life, based on traclitional morale
and patriarchal order, witheredaway relatively rapidly. Vranje,
Nis, Uzice, Mostar, Travnik, Sarajevo, and Belgrade had in these
200
n. l1aAaBecTpa
most crucial times their own poet and their own chronic1er, so that
a part of Sel'bian realistic literature preserved forever S'orne seg-
ments of the old type of urban life and culture of the Balkans, as
well as a little of the mil'ieu, landscape and spirit of these old small
towns. From the outside, these towns and small-torwns were radiat-
ed by Oriental and Levantine influences, while deep in their sub-
stance they were firmly forunded into the spiritual tradition of the
people and into the firmness of their old ethics - where a fo-
reigner, traveller and guest were always respected, while a new-
corner was accepted as the dearest one. This lasted, however, only
until human relations became permeated by merciless laws of dis-
trust, hatred, envy and alienation as poisonous fruits brought about
by modern civilisation.
,'>
MHoApar CTOJAHOBHfi
cDAHAPHOTCKO il CPIICKO rPAHAHCKO IIECHHlllTBO
Kao TBOpeB11IHa yrAaBftOM aH'HHMHHX nOeTa 11 nOeTeCa, rpY'Ka
epa'HapHOT'OKa H CprrCKa rpa5aHC:Ka rroe3Hja npeACTaB,'oajv 3aMaWHO
11 3aHl1Mto'HBO mUal-be y HCl'OpHj11 CpnOK'e II rpqKe Kl-BHJKeBHO::TH H
KYATY'pe;H 'He C3'MO y J-blHMa, jep je OBO neOHlHWTBO, y CTBapH eapon-
OK'H cPeH,Q.MeH y lfHa"le HeneOHH"-I'K'M XVIII BeKY, Y Be311 ca l'HlM je y
lIallieM rpa5aJl-IOKOM neBal-bY 'H IHajTeJKe o6jaoHHl'11 MY nopeKAO H \01'-
I<pHl'H YMellH'WIKY 'j.fHOITH'paL(Hjy, no'rOTBO 'KaA ce Y3Me Y 063Hp Aa
oy IberOBH CTsapa-\H - 3aHaTAil1je 11 TprOBL\H, nal.('H 11 BOjHHL\H -
1r03HaBaAH no HOKOAHIKO je3J1lKa 11 Crp3'HHXKYATypa, AOH'CTa,
MHOraBaJK'l-llfja I1HTalba y TOKOBHMa pa5al-ba H pa3Boja cpnOKor 11
]'pt.tKor rpanaHCK'Or neOH11UlTBa HaWAa cy y npoyyaBal-uH:,Vla
HalliHX rrpeTxoAHHKa T, OCl'ojH11a 11 B, fiopoBHna,J M, 1\eCKOBIP/ 6,
E. MapHHKoBHl1a,4 1\, BpaHyc11ca," A. K3'NIap11aHO,fo
A. AaCKaA3!KHCa,7 H. KaNlapH3!HO,8 r, IIpoTonana-Ey6YAHi\:y9 11 II. I1H-
l T. OcrojHn H B. fiopOBHn, Cpl1CKa zpahaHclca IlUPUlW XVIII aClCa,
CpeMcKH KapAOBIJ;H 1926.
2 M. i\ecKOBaIJ;, CpnclCo zpahaliCKO neCHUU1T60 OCaMHaeCTOZ 6e/ca,
i\eTomre MaTHIJ;e cprrCKe, KH,. 356, CB. 1-2, HOBH CaA 1946, 57-99.
3 E. MHxaHAOBHn, OZlleu, EeorpaA 1951, 5-59.
4 CpnclCa zpahaHclCa noe3uja XVIII U C XI X erolleha, I-II.
npl1peAI10 E. MapHHKoBHn, EeorpaA 1966 (y Aal'oeM reKCTY: Crn).
:; :\. 1. BPClvr),;cr1), JO, '"\EJ'i)VC1.', 1953; 1\. 1. UpUVCJ,;cr'f"
IJ, 'Ay,VUl 1955.
6 A. Camariano, Influenza poeziei lirice neogrecesti asupra celci ro-
mncs/l, Bucar;::!;iti 1955; ',\. l\u(.lCl.pwvCJG, ACI,x 'Tpu'(CJ'J,)w XUl, (!>uVUP',WHXCt (l'Tt.-
X'XL TCJG 18') X-xL 19''-' .'\uCJypWptU III' (1912.),
112-49.
'Arr, B. '() TOU Til &P.Clli\T2pCJV
X.2tp6ypwpCJv, XClt 'EEJVO/,CJYlxY) XVI
(1962), 'A87)"Ul, 370-383; 'Arr. B. T TFUYCJ'J,)I,Cl TOi)
' 1977.
8 "Acrfl-(,(TC( XUL TerNfildHu ')W'l'CJpW',. Chansons et opuscules patriotiques
publis Jassy en 1821 par un Htairiste. Rdition, avec une tude intro-
ductive par Nestor Camariano, Bucarest 1966.
9 IIpwTorriirrCl - ?lfrroU(.lrrout,)ou, Xelpoyu'l'0l (luCJyUl, X2',-
fi,vWV III' XCt" 10' CltwvOC;, 2, '}Wa.VVI,VCl 1973, 330-367.
202
M. CTojaHoBun
cTaca.1

IToMulbeMO, AaKAe, caMO OHe aYTope KOjH cy HajBHlue npo-
llllfpHAH Haille BHA'H,Ke rpan<l'HCKOr )KHBOTa U neBalha. HCTaKHYTO je
,L,OlfCTa, a 6Hne Aa je T3JI<.O, Aa je "Ba npe J1JHliH!MHa H BOA>eHa Hero
HaAaX'HYTa H YMel1Hlf'-IKU BHcnpeHa KlbH)KeBHOCT, HerOB3JHa 'H3 ca'MO-
3ap;OBlOibCTBa y na uaA,Aa U CTora "V lbeHoj CBe-
YKyrrHaCT'H unaoK oCTaje AYXiOBHiH CBeT HejacHHx H HeOApc-
5eHIOr OaCl'aBa" .11
a KHJH>KeBiHoj BpeA'HOCTH rpanaHCKe noe3Hje pe'leHO je yrAaBHO.\[
OHOAlfKO K:OAHKO ce y lbeHe aAecrrOl1HOCTH H )KHBOTHHX
lf>eHHX CTBapaAaua MrAO penH. bHAH cy 1'0, rrpe CBr;-
. ,-'
ra, TeKCTOA'OlliK'H H Te.\IaTOKH npUCTYIlJH K10JU CV oe3 CYMlbe YHeAH
,L,OCTa OHCTeMaTIWHOCl1H H Heon;oWPiHe KpHTlI"IHOCTH y npOY'laBa,lbC
TeMa H MOTUBa rpat:i3JHOKJOT rrOel'CKOr U3pa3a. MenYl1lfM, HeUCnIn3JW{
caAP)l(aj'H PY,KonHoHHx 3afljlfCa .H o6jaBibeI-IlIX TeKcTOBa rpanaiHCKe
noe3Hje XVIII cToAena oCTajy H Aaibe HeABOibHO OCBeTib0H KY-
TaK 'Hawe HeTOpuje KlbH>KeBHOCTH V 6aNKaHoAollIKOM 'H eBponcKoM
I(,QIHTeKcTy; oH Aaibe o'Cl'ajy HHTerpaAiHi Heca'rAeAaHe CAO)KHUCTH II
HonpenAeTHlOcT y OBOj KlbH>KeBHoj nojaBH BeKa npo'OBenc-
HOCTH. TeK npeAcTojH 1.JHT3JB :HiH3 Apyrn1'BCHO-HCTOpHjCKIHx H KlhH)KeU-
HiHX rrpeApaAI-ba Ha reorpa<f>oKH H el'HH"I'KH BeOMa illHpOK'M npOCTOPV
YI y 'He<KOAHIKHiM je3HlfKIfM AOMeHHMa. A 1'0 Hac ynpt'B'O H BOAH Ka '-IH-
lbeHUUH Aa KHJH>Ke<BHOH1CTOpHjOl\JO carAeAanalbe cprrCKor rpanaBCKor
rreBalba oH CTHXOBa-ba I-I'Hje Moryl1I-I0 6e3 YKa3MBalba Ha H3B:ope H na-
paAeAC y AHTepaTypaMa cyceA'HiHX - 6aAiI<.aHC'KHX H ApyrHx eBpon
OKHX HapOAa. OBO YTOAHI<.!O npe illTO cy y neBalby Hawer rpanaHCIKor
CTaAe)Ka HeAlBO/bHO pa3jawH,eHe M'HOre noeTOKe TCiMe Koje Tpa)l(C
pa3HoAuKa 3Halba 3a cBoje KOMnapaTHBHO npOYLIa-Balbe y KOHTeKCTY
eBporrOKe KlbH)KeBHOCTH H KYAType, rrpe eBera lbeHHX 6aAKaHCKHX
pa3Mena.
AJecnoTHO - alLOHUJvlHO necHUUlT60 CA\l0WUf.L1X
<PeHOMeH rpan3JHOKe rrOe3H:je KA Cp6a HeraBaH je rro aYCTpo-
yrapCK'H1M rpa,1;OBHMa,Kao illTO je <f>IIHapHoTOKa NH'pHJKa YODAULJa'Ba:H::l
rro rpaAOK'HM UeHTpHMa - ct>3JHapHjy H nper<.OAYHaBCKHM BOjBOACTBH-
Ma BAallIKoj H MOAAaBl-IjH
12
- y Koje je y 1'0 BpeMe AonHpaAa npo-
OBeTa ca rrAOAOTBOpHHlM YTHuajeM eBpO'lTOKOr paUlIOHaA'H3Ma.
10 n. L. TI [(JTCl, '11 TW\I TOU "LXO),sLO\J TW'i \l'Cc), L-
xchw\I I:PClO'TW\I", 2, 0EcrO'ClO\lLX'l) 1967, 393-412; TI. L. IIicmz, Ta TpClyo6ihet.
'[o "'Eyxo7tto1J" 'TO .rr TeX " 'E'tl''fJ,Jtxci") 12) Eh; crcrC(),u vLX"'J 1969,
183-207.
11 crIl, l, 13-14.
12 epaHapuoru cy CTaHOBHI:IL(H rp'!Ke '!eTBpTH y Uapl:II-paAY, CeAl:IllITY
eKYMeHCKor.naTpl:ljapxa Ao 1925; oTYAa oBaj Ha31:1B Il 3a rp'!Ke CBeWTeHI:IKe
II oco6e Koje cY 3aY3eAe Ba:>KHl:Ije nOAO:>Kaje y TYPCIZOj ynpaBIl Kao AIlIIAO-
203
<PauapHOTCKO H CprrCKO rpabaHCKO nCCHHLllTBO
y jeAIH'oj neCMH C J'oyoaBHoM TMaTH'K'OM, J-WIT03HaTll neCHHK ce
AHBH H3rAeAY x<eHa H3 ApaA3. H r01'0I80 KaTaAOWKH HaBDA'H lbHXOBC
OCOOHHe nopeAenH MX ca 'O:AMIiKa;'vla AeB'ojaJKa H3 APYrHX rpaAOBa:
0, ApaAe, H'H ceAO HM rpaAe,
BeneM jeA8JH Y'Kpaj BOAe CMpaAe.
y TeoeK' cy )f<eHe nOHOCM1'e:
lliHpOKe cy KaKO Te,\1,HWBapKe,
A AeoeAe Kao CereAH'HiKe;
fAaBY Hoee KaKO KO'MOpaH:Ke,
A 3YA0cPe KaKO OCTpOI'OH'Ke;
Aerro weny KaK' CeHT8JHApejIKe,
U;pHa OKa KaKO IleUlTaHKlflbe,
A oeAe cy KaKo EY.L\HMKHlbe;
IloKAeU!bHBe KaKO OCeYKIHbe,
IlOAaT.J'olfBe Kao <PYTOWKHlbe;
CMejaYHue KaKO H EajKHlbe,
BI1'HO nlfjy K3IKO H KapA'BKHlbe;
Il0J'oyoJ'oH'Be KaKi BapaAH'HIKe,
CHTHO XOAe Kao JerapKe;
CreHOBMTe K3K:0 3eMYHKHlbe,
PYMeHY ce K3IKO llpHWKHlbe;
IlYHe l'apa KaKO COMOOpI<:Hlbe,
TalI-lKOBHTe Kao BYKOBapKe;
TpYAOJ'oyo'Be Kao EeYKepeYKe,
Dei\OHOl'e I,ao EeAl'pa1'KIHbC.
cern, l, 135)
HeKe OA THX BapOWK:HX cpeA1l'Ha, Hap()'-I'H1'O CHe y OaJ-laTCKOM
1T0AHeoJ'oY, UHAe CV' K1.'Ki nei\lO BHAel'H, 3ajeAHH4<KO HCxOAHWTe cpn-
CKOM rpanaHClKOM H cPa'HapHOrOKOlM neBarhY. Ha OBOM TepeHY cy Ha-
cTajaAH H nOTOM OHAH 33,nHCHBaJHH, fIlojeAHrHa'-IHO HAH 3ajeAHo, cpn-
CKH, rp4<Ko-cPa'HapHoToKM, PYMY'H'OKH, HeMa1.JKH, ManapcI li APVrH
Cl'HXOEHI.
OBOHOBO neOHHlli1'Bo pa3HO'B'pOHe TeMaTH'Ke H CAO)I(eJ-le MeTpHY:-
I<e CTpY'KTvpe HHuaAO je CnOJ-lTaJJ-lO 3a nOTpeoe J'oVAH CBora B0Ka, aAH
npe ApYl'e nOAOBH'He XVIII CTOAena. HaIHIMe, Ben je fe3eMaH,
H3AaBa'-I Ep.1.aleHCtcOl pytcOl1uca HaWHX HapoAHHx rreCatMa, Meny lbH-
MaTCKIl TVMaYll H KHe30BH BAawKc 11 MOAAaBHje; H,HXOil 311ayaJ Je noyeo
OllaAaTH nCAC rpYKOr YCTaHKa 1821, V KOMe cy ce HeKH 0;-\ BHAHO He'raK-
AH. y HaWHM KpajeBHMa nOA TYPI..\HMa, <PaHapHOTli cy 6UAH rr03HaTli Kao
AocTojaI-lcTBcHliUli; yrrop. M. Ph. Zallony, Trait sur les princes de
la Valachie et de la Moldavie, sortis de Constantinopole cormus sous le
110111: Fanariot0s, Paris 1830 (H KPHTHqKO - H3Aafbe j-la. rpqKOM j@.3HKY:
J\l. (1). rcEpl 't(0V ([)avo:pr.w'twv, 'Em[J.J'Evl.-Et,wywy-lr (-)rxV<X'F1
X. UarcaOrcouo, l\pt'tlx-i) "Exo-f), 'A8+,vcx 1977); 'Arc. 'E. BrxXO:01t0VVU, '!G'toptrx
"Co N':ou 'Ef)VCfJ.0, Li.', Gwcxovlx-f) 1973, 236-288; yrrop. Symposium
"L'Epoque Phanariote", 21-25 1970, Thessaloniki 1974.
204
M. CTojaHoaHn
Ma YOYUO HeKOAH'KO neOHH"llKHX caCTaBa nOCTlJHJKa, li
HeMa4KOM T3B. "volkstmliche, volkslafige Lieder" He "Volkslieder'.
y OBa'KIBe neOMe yopaja OHe nOA 6p. 1, 2, 20, 37, 38, 39, a oHAa AO-
Aaje: "KaA 'ClJM peKao A'a cY "YMeT'H1HY'KOr" nOCTa:HiKa, HHoaM T,H'Me
XTeo Aa 'Ka>Ke'M 1 Aa HMajy YMeT'HH"llIKY 'BpeAHIocT; IHlJnpOTHrB, BpA'O
ev rpy6e, a<peKTHpaHe no CT1A'Y R OMHCAY, CeHTHlMeHTaAHe H cAa6e
y ocenafbY. AAH Ka AHTepal'ypa H3BeClHiHX BpeiMeHa H
CTaAe){(a BpAO cY uHTepecaJHTHe, YTOAHKO RHllle lllTO AocaAa jOlll
HHlKaKO HHCY HCnHTH'B!He. Aa cy rpa5lJHoK!r, Bap:oillKor nopeKAa 1'0
je HecYMfbHBO ... AKo ce TOMe AOAa, KlJKO CMal'pa A. KO::T'HO, Ad
CaCTaBA>aya EpiZlHZCllCICOl 36opf-lwca "Tpe6a Tpa)f<jHT'H Meby BOjHMM
HAH aAMHIHfCTpanf'BH'U.\1 LJHlHOBHHl(iu:vla oKynal.{HHe ynpa'Be y Cp6H-
jH H3Me5y 1717. H 1733. rOAHiHe",u D'HiAa cY OBe Haille BapoUIKe neCMC
M'OpaAe HaCTaTH y npBHM Aeu;eHHjaMa XVIII BeKa. GA TaAa AO rro-
jaBe npBe BYKOBe IIjecHapul1e (1814) rrpOTeKAo je Y'HTaBO cToAene,
ca 6POj>H'HM pYKOnHt:HH'M rreOMapHu;aMa rpa5aHoKHx CTHXOBa. EPJl(lH-
leHClCU pYlConuc.H AOTlHHje rpa5aHcKe rrecMapHu;e HMajy AOCTa 3aje;.\,-
HHYlKHX ooooHHa Koje HX He Kpace Kao Aoope 36Hp:Ke CTHXOBa: cama'B-
lba4H H rrperrHCHBaYH BUCY oupaAHHCKlbV"Y'HB'O Aerre rreOMe, 1'0 cy rrpe-
TemHJO CTHXOBH epOTOKiH cAo60AHor H3pa3a; CpOAiHH cy HM je3H'K !{
npaBonHOHe Ha!BHKe, Ii B'y"K ce apH onoje npBe IIjecHa-
pUl1e CAY>KHO rpabaoBCKHM necMapHu;aMa. Ha 1'0 nopeA HaCAOBa yuy-
hyjy je3HK H CaAp)IHa neca,Ma, a Y CnOA>aUIfboj CAHYHOCTH cTOjH
npU6AH)f(HO HCTH OAROC, Tj. HeyrropeAYI!Bo BenH 6poj AHPC1X Y OA-
HOCY Ha errCKe neCMe, ){ Y BYKOBOj IIjecf-tapw(U Kao H Y MHorHM rpa-
baHCKH<M 36HpKaMa.
15
AOIK je YOMeHa neCMa oAjeKlHBaAa ca Hap0p.jHHX ycaHa H rycaAa,
AOTAe cy rpa5doHOJ<.H CTHXOBH caqy>BaHB1 Y'P'YKO:I1nOHHM neOIapHu;aMa.
3anHCH'Bd'fbe H rrpeITiHC'H1B!fbe je 6HA'0 "rOToBo HeTO TOAHiKO cTBap
HY>KAe ,K01\I1;KO H y n'PaBo;'\{ cpeAfbeM IieIKY" .16 O'HAe cy TO MaAe "aH-
TOAOI1uje" opH'rl1'HaAHe H npeBeAeJHe aAecnOTHe "BapOlllKe BeceAe,
ib'y6aBll-J'e H jYHaY'Ke neOMe". OBaj 'HOBH THn, npeTe>KiHO epOTOKHX ne-
CaJMa, npeHOllleH je nOAYTpaA;lIU;HiOH'aAIHHM nYTeM, Tj. rreBafbeM, npe-
neBafbeM H npeIlHC'H'BaThCM, ""HO'WeI-W,\1 y nelVlapHu;e oH <paHapH'OTClKe
"X!XTc(vnx.:x".17 Y fbHMa HMa CBaKaKBHX 3anJ1Ca
h'l EpllaHleHCK.U PYK.OI1UC c'rapux CP'1ClCOXPfJa'CCK.t/X HapoHUX l1eca.Ma,
H3Aao AP fepxapA fe3eMaH. CpeMCKH KapAoBuH 1925, CXIV.
14 A. KOCTHIi, EpllaHleHCK.U PYlconuc crapux cpnClCoxpaa'Cclwx Hapo-
flUX necaMa (KpuruK.a). JY)KHOCAOaeHcKH <1:>HAoAor, VI, EeorpaA 1926-1927,
291.
Ir. Ynop. C. MaTHn, Ham HapoHLl el1 U Ham crux, RoaH CaA 1964, 43.
16 T. OCTojHn H B. fiopOBHn, HaB. ello, CTp. III.
l7 'IcHop [0: '!OU "Eevou. '0 l'lITa xupto:pz.(tX (ITEp[OOO
1669-1821), Toupxoy.po:'![o: - Ao:n voxpo:'!i.o:. T6flO'; lA', 291; 'A.. 1\ O:UX
xetl E)J.. xo:l POUflclVWV '!OU 180') xo:l 19
0
0)
1\o:oypwp[tX Ill' (1959), 101; WafiO:Ylcl rrpeMa TYPCKOM H3pa31,' mecmua -
36HpKa, \mop. 'A. ITE'!pOITOUou, E['; n,v 'E"ll'nxwv
3ficnxwv '!PO:YOU3lWV (1771-1850), 'ETeE'!. 1\o:oypo:q>. 'ApXE[OU Tij 'Ae'l)vwv,
'!8 (1953-54), a. 64, 1.
205
cPaHapHOTCKO H CpnCKO rpanaHCKO neCHHillTBO
"noeTCKHX H np03HHX, H AHTepaType H OHOra lllTO je 6HAO y
r
Be3H c OOAHI..\:H'Ma )KHOOTa - paY:YHa, peL\enaTa, ',',10-
AHTaBa, lllapaAa, TprO!BRlJ'K:HX nH'Ca,\1a, 3anHca 0 npO.\1eHa:Ma BpeMe-
'Ha, AaTYMa iH3 )K.IH'BOTa Y:AaJHOBa nopO\AlfL\e cacraBA;ay:a neoMa'P'HL\a".
TIecMap'HL\e C AYXO'BoH'HM CaAP)KajelM AO'HOOHAe cy YlIeI-he OBeTHX OTa-
L\a, MYApe H3peKe, Ca'BeTe pO,AiHTeIoUMa 0 BaCflHTalhY AeL\e. TIopeA
HeKHX iHeC\fMlbHBO HapOAHliX iH K'lbli)KeBHiHX caCTaBa li necaMa Koje
cY lhHXOB HeTIOcpeAaH oAjeK, y neOMapHL\3J.Ma openeMO yneoMloeH
pa3He "licToplije" KOCOBCKlIX jytH3J.Ka li AOCTa 'BaplijaHJ1HliX CTHXOBa
11 neCa!Ma ca HaL\liO'HaAHoocAo60AliAalJ1KOM TeMaTliiKO'M.
A!,yx li THn BapOillKe nOe3H'je je H'CTH y 'MiHOflHlM 360PiH!HL\H1M3,
8.AH cy TeKCTOBH pa3AHY:HTor je3HY:Kor 3amiCHBalba - OA pYCKor H
PYCKOCAOBeHCKor AO pecPopMlicaHor BYiKOBor npaBoniHea; H'Ma 3anHca
rpana'HOKO'M nupHAHllO'M H CTapHiM npa'BonHcM, ca AOCTa OMaWKM H
neAOCJ\eAJHOCl'.H y nucalhY. TIoy:eTCllK HeKe neCMe AaT je AalUHHL\OM,
11 06UY:oHO OA Tpene p'YKe. TIoHeKa 36HpKa je, 'Ka'O OHa OCTO'j'HneBa D,
,;nHcaHa L\pKBeHOM Kyp3UBOM Aeno 'li p33ro'BeTlHo". 3aJHHMIoHBO je
Aa cy OBAe li "rp4'K'li TeKCT,oBH lipMoca H 'OCTaA'or OiHcaHH liIHPHAIH-
1.\'OM" .19 Meny AYX:OBHiH'M neCMaM3, jeAHa je AaTliHCK'H npeBOA nec';\te
XpncTY OA HCHIAopa jepoMoHaxa, "ex verSlibus slavano russicis tra-
ducta cum eodemoriginali syllabarum mensura et tonD eodem ,n
Hanece H no 'Koja ManapOKa HAH 'HeMaY:Ka neOMa - J{eil1e Liebe ist
mehr heilig, keine Treue bestehel1t.
21
Ha APyroj CTpaHli cpetieMo
BaloAa jeAH'HCTBeHiY necMY y rpan3J.HOKoj Nli'pHL\H y onlllTe, COeB3J.HY
H3H3MeHH'lHHlM CTHX:OBalbeM Ha ICpnCi<JOM H HeM34'KOM je3HKY, npH
'-IeMY ce He,W3Y:KH CllHXOBH 'PHlMyj y, TIecMa je y L\eAH'HH 3aeAe)KeHa
hHPHAHL\OM:
CaA MH Ka)KH, Apara,
Ver hat dih gemaht,
Aa ja 'He M'Ory onaBaT'
Di gance [Zibe] naht.
KaA ja AerHeM onaBaTH
Zo [t]ro[jJmt [es]mir fort dir,
CBe 'MliCAenH, Aymo,
Du bist baj mir.
Tu He Bepyj IoYA"Ma,
Di betrigen dih,
IIIToroA OHiH r-oBope
Gar iber mih.
3AO'leCTH Ha oseTY
Gibt zer iberal,
18 crn, l, 74--75. .
19 T. OCTojHIi H B. ROPOBl, Hae, ello, CTp, VIII.
20 }fera.
21 1100, X.
206
M. CTojaHoBHn
HcnmHTO penH
111 jeden fal.
TH CH MiH jeA'Ji'Ha
Majnen hercen[s] froj[d],
Ee3 Te6e j eAJHIHe
Hab[e] ih kaj,vz froj[d],
CaMO TO jeAHHo,
lst mir zer lajd,
IIlTo c' TO.i1W AaAeKO
Gal' vaj[t] fan mir.
TH CH Aerro L(Bene,
Fergi[s] mer (?) niht.
CbAa, AO.iKAe, 6pano,
Ver hat lib un[d]lust,
Hanyrl-fliTe yallIIru,e
Efentlih blust.
HeKa CB3'K:H )KHBH
Vi im zer froj[d],
HeKa CBa'K!H BHiHu;e [nHje]
Das Got imer hert.
(crJJ, l, 70)
Ma KOAH'KO nOMHllIlba.AH Aa je OBO neOHH'-l'Ka A'1XOIBHTa TBope-
e' .
BHHa 0'0pa3''BaHor tH 3'H'aAQa He'Ma"lllKOr Je3HKa, HTIaK 'He
6H Tpe6aAO 30.i!-IeMapHTH Mor'1nHO'CT Aa je 1'0 npeBO'A J--lAH npeneB no
HeKOM HeMaYiKOM MOAeAY, 3aKojuM saiba l'paraT'l'l. C-fora ce MO)KC
caCB!n-! npl'nOCTa'BHTH Aa cy HaUle noeTe ,,6alll y -IeMa'-liKoj neCMH
HaJua3HAM Haj6i\1!.f)Ke rpaoaHOKe Y30pe 3a OBOj''1 noe.3wj'1".22 HCTa1(-
11'11'0 je H 1'0 Aa HallIC rpaoa'HoKto ne-IHUlTBO 3a6eAe)l(cmO Ha TepeHY
CpeMa, EaHaTa 'J--l Ea1lKe, "HlJ--lje y C1'BapH H'HlilTa AP'1ro AO O'HO lllTO
je y GpeAf-beM BeK'Y 6HAaKoA e,ppCllHQ:Y3a la posie bourgeoise 1{ lllTO
je KOA HeMaQa 6HO Mcistergesang;.23
CpeAHUlHH QiHiKh'1C opnOKor H rpY'KOr l'pa5aJHCKOr neCHHllll'Ba
(&crTuXtf TpClyouw.), C11HAOKH H 'MeTpH'YKH npeAcTaBloajy BeO:Ma pa3Y-
5eHe lby6a6He neCMe. fu'16alB, oAIBajlKaAa 'BPXIOBJHH 'MOTHlB OBHX AHpiH-
iKa, III OBAe HMa HajBHIlle TIee3lMa. OHe cy nCRxOAOillKH HajCi\O:tKeHHje,
a Tpy6aA'YPOKH eAeMeH11H y I-hHMa 'CHTypHO HHoy MopaAH Aa AOf.>'1
ca CTpalHe Hero, 1(,31KO je 1'0 y A'HTepaT1ipH Ben IlptHXBaneHO, li ca AO-
Maner nO,ll;pyqj a, H3 A'16poBaYKO-AaNMaTtHlHCKe \1)I--oI-DKeBHOCnl.2J 01''1-
Aa MHOr-H iby6a:BH'H CTHXOBH yrrynyjy >Ha .J('I-hlUl.EK,oCT 'H YllCHOCT rpa-
naHOKor neCJHIHIKa; y I-hl-IMa cy npHCYTHe 6poj'He peMlfHHCl(CHl(Hje !I3
aHTH"4Ke nCTopHje H M1lIT10Aornje, Rao y neOMH:
22 M. EOTAaHoBHn, Hama ZpanaT-1ClCa in/pU/ca y XVIII 6elCY, CprrcKH
KI-bH)f{eBHH ThaCHHK, XXIII/7, 1928, 507.
23 liero, 506.
24 EpllaHzeHCKU PYlConuc, CXIV.
<PaHapHOTCKO H CpnCIW rpaOaHCKO neCHHll1TBO 207
HHHepe rrOAOHa,
Bje)KecTBo HaCOHa,
MO)KHO,
33JTO Te6H CAO){(HO
3aB'HAeT.
ACTpeja BO YCTaX,
KpaCoTa BO nepcax,
11 C<lJMoje TeAO
AWIH Te 3eAO,
YM'HAHa.
UBeTa AMopaHTa
y Te6H AenOTa,
Ca;Ma AHAPOMeAa
HopeA 'l'BOr rrorAeAa
Pe'B!HYjeT.
toy60!BH AOCT'OjHla
barn H caM'or TpaHa.
HHTH BeHYc MO)Ke
TIpeAcTaBH y){
TIpeA TOO'O'M.
(crn, l, 226)
Y He.K:HM ky6aBHHiM neCMaMa Mernajy ce KH>ffiUKe
UMje ca eAeMe'HTHMa Hap0/:\Hor neBaIba. 3aHHMlblfBO je npanITlI TC
pa3He cAojeBe KaKO ce Menyco6Ho npenAHny, Hnp_ y rreCJ\1H:
<I>er-liH'KC Ape'BO rrpcBHcoKO,
Ha KO'M nljeT AHJBH1H COK',
BepHY ClYojy CnO'M'HH>ynM,
YI y AHelYH II 'Y Holl.H. (Crn, J, 246)
"AH:BHH COK'" '113 HapOA'lie rrecMe He ceA;H 'Ha HeK3JIOM jaBopy;
H>era rpanaHOKH rreCHH'K nOCTaBka 'Ha Apeoo npeBHcoKo".
Hama neCMa, A3JKAe, nOY:H'Ibe 'KAaCHUH'CTW.fKH, a epaHap'HOTCKa YMe-
CTO <PeuHlKca H'Ma "BHOO'KO ApBO, 3AallHH uy;Y)Mv
xpucro HeMOna'H Aa o6yJAa cpue y ky6a'Bl:l, Ham yY:eHH
necHHK ITpH3'HBa:
BH33'HTHje nAeMeHllua,
,.
V EBponH 3H3JMelI-nna,
'hrnkH MeHH MeAHUHHe,
Aa MH c[e]p[A]ue He 1H3DH'He! (Crn, I, 246)
AeK 3a "cKop6" 'He MO)Ke Ce Aa!KAe Tpa)KIlTl'H y rp<lJBaMa H 6HkY,
Hero ce ",MeAHUI-rHa" Hapyy:yje H3 BH'3aHTHje, jep Baka nOK3'3aNI
25 "EPWTOi; 'ArcOTEMcrfJ.c(TO', 1792, cr. 14.
208
M. CTojalioB.I1h
CBOjy Yl.JeHOCT,26 lllTO HlJC nOACena Ha 'p'H1MOKe poetae docti, noce6Ho
no MeTplf'I'KllM 06A'HQHMa.
<I>aHapHoTcKli 3aiby6ibeHHK, MenYTHM, rrpH3HBa nTHqy:
AOAeTH, Haj3aA, n'I'HtJHQe, Aa H3Ael.JHlll MH paHY,
03ApaBibelhe AOHecH H YTexy 'M'Il npY)J!
(2)rp;z 1tou[ [lou, v. YlOXn [lou,
6 [lt trl.'Tpl<7.V [l0u, lW.l 1t17.P'fJYOPV1"i [J.ou.)
HHwTa Malbe ytJeHo HH)KY ce CTHXOI3H y Hawoj rrpeTXOA-
PYHHTOBO CAa<BrHO A:HQe
JUYHe :M:oje repAYrl.JHqe,
- CAaAOCT Tora MO)J<eT' CaAe
YTOAeTU l'opax jaAe;
Kao Aa pa'0npeAajy jeAaH C'l'HX H3 rptJ'Ke rrec,vre: "TBoje AHI..\e, M;Oja
CBeTAOCT, YTexa je CBeTa" (TQ 1tpcrW1t'J crau [lOIJ, 1tCl.P'fJYOpl. 'TO
xcr!.lov).
OBaKO AeAO y 'HO'IH je Teilll<O 11 naAa jOIli Te)Ke aRO je 6e3 CHa.
Hon HlHje TelUl(a jeArHHo y Jby6BJll, caMO KaA 6H je 3alby6ibeHH -MO'
rkH onHcaTH TI APyrO'Me nOKa3aTH 'KaIKO YClJMibeH-H npOBOAe
caCTaHKe:
KaA je Apann1.' Taj caCT aIfIa'K,
He naAa HoM Ha Y'M caHaK,
Hero )IBY KlIK' Y paj,y-
3a paCTlIHaK il He [xJajy. (Crn, 1,87)
AJy6aBMopa Aa OCTaHe TajHa 3aiby6LheHIHx Aa HM APyru He 6H
3aBHAeAH. OyVAa ce y neOMaMa peTRO cpeny m..leHa BOibeHHX oc06a,
Kao OHa JYArKa OCT'pOrOHJKa, Mapmqa (Maqa) MaAeweBa, CeHTaII-
ApejIK<l, HAH CAaT'Ka Jewa HemKoBHQa, H3 HOBora CaAa, HaM-flK 3'Be-
3AH AaHHI..\H, K'OjOj ce neOJfHK AHBH y CTHXOBIH,Ma:
Aenwe epap6e y'cTHe TBoje
OrAl 'Kapi\fH1Ha cKyne 60je,
AAaBacTep, TI30j'H rpYAH,
OHer rrpe6eAH, T'BOj'H YAK (Crn, l, 272)
A TeK KaKa'B je oHaj 'C)[l\HC AeOOTUQe lJ.Il-fjH Ol..\!H Mopa Aa cy He6eoKIH
60TOBH III KaJKBre He:Ma HH y QapClf<OIM Eol'Y, a KaMOAH y HOBOM CaA'Y.
OlH'a je:
y nepCOHH XUllifIarH'Ka,
y pe'-!H je Tai\iRjaHKa,
XOA je lhe3l1'H a Aa rpaJHAe, .
<PPH3YP ROCH XOAaHAjH[j]CK'H, .
Aerro xapepy 3HaAe 6HTH... (Crn, l, 268)
26 E. MHxaHAOBHn, OlJleu, 55; yrrop, M, CTOjaHoBHn, HapoHo y zpa-
oaHCIWM necmllurey BojeouHe, PaA XX KOHrpeca CaBe3a YAPY)I\eH>a <PO1\-
KAopHCTa JyrocAaBHje, y HOBOM CaAY 1973, 119.
209
<PaHapHOTCKO H CprrCKO rpaDaHCKO rreCHHUlTBO
Ha HCTY "Aenory AenojKY" OAiHocece H ApyrAe ommaHH CTHXO>BU:
"CpeliliH Te6e ROBli CaA / 3eMiba BaCTIHTaAa". llecHHJK ce OCMeA'HO
Aa 3aKJYQa 'Ha 611Ao H,eHra 0pQa:
Aaj 'MH .!D,y60B, l1BOj Aap,
C[e}p[A]Qe 6YAeT 'MiH omap,
Ha iOATapy 6YAeT CTiliX,
Xpa'M nOCTa'BH rpo[3]aH, THX,
)Kepl'Ba 6YAY ca'M
T'Boj [rKJA'lfjeHT, MaAaJM. (erJI, l, 122)
Aenol'Y BOJ'o0He Apare HHje AaJlW onHcal1H. Hu rpa!)aHOKU nemlUI(
KO}H lllTe,A,pO TpOlllH pe'lH, OA npHrOAHYlX AO rropHorpa<PcKHx, mlje
KaAap Aa yneK AO'lapa U OBOjOj iby'OaBH ca06pa3H H,eH npeAiH'BIm
CTac, ojajHo A:HQe rH 6AHCTaBe O"lfH illT cy ABe ojaj'He 3Be3A;HQe -
Aypopa H AYJHa (CrJI, l, 209), na CAaTKH rAac H Y'NlHAHlH rrOI'AeA
-KOjH Kao CHAl-l!H 'MaIlHeT cTpeJ'oajy cPQe:
Ker.( [1.Cf.TtC1.[ .xx,[v<:,
TCf.i:, OtO: [1.0\<:t. (EA, cr. Il)
'cr17_V [1.Cf.Y'l[-r1J crtP'lZt, crTa x.zi:p&::; (JO\) XCf.L rptP'l<:t
l\apoto:i: X!XL T!XI::; O\)0J\IZt,
(EA, cr. 15)
CBe cy 1'0 OJT}He Apa./KH BeHepe, OOill:II-be iby'OaJ3H, H I-beHe "up-
Be" *pTBe, Aene JeAeHe Roja je 6uAa l..\eAOr CBeT-a". lheHY
.toy6aBlHY HCTOpHjy yneCMH' je Tl Halll rpanaJHCKH neCHHK:
MHoro cy rOAHHa fpQH opelh H'NlaAH
AOK cy Te6e, CAaBHa JeAeHo, A06HAH.
BOAeAH cy O:H'H fuy6HT' A1II..\e TBoje
He)Ke A' npe6oraTO C'l<'POBHllll'Ie cBoje,
BOAeAH cy OHH npeAeny JeAeHY
He)Ke A' ce'Oe H QeAY ceAeHY.
KOMe A' caAe lfMalll, AaJKAe, 3axBaAHllH,
KOMe AH CBOj "nOMeH 6YAelli I1penHcaTU?
Jep Aa IHHlje l'pe'-leCK!H[X] noeTa,
He 'OH re6e OBor OTI1lcaAfH OBeTa.
HHTH 'OH AenOTY 'MH nepBY n03HaA:H,
Aa 'H'3!MiH HoeTe rH/HIC"! OTIH'CaAII. (CrJI, l, 196)
fpanaJHCK:H TIeOH/li'K 3Ha Aa je 6HA necHHlKa If npe XOMepa, 'H
Aa y CBHOIHH OCTaAIH aJHOiHtHIMHH -OCHiM <1>eMIH'ja il AeM'OAOKa.
.aeI103HaTH H OCTaMI cy '.MHOrH neCHHQ'H rpana:aOKe rIoe-
3Hje :Roja ce pa3BH'jaA'a yrropeAo C KAaOHQH3MOM, 'tlecTO 'If y H,erOBOiM
OKpH.h>Y. "Tu MaNlI rpanaJHcKiH: noere, 'K:pa11l{lora l1ecHR"-JlKTa Aaxa, ca
Tpe3BeHMM -e'MJfCAOM 06H'-l'Ha 11 nparM'aTHI'-llHa qO'BeKa 3a 6A<H'c<JO, ax-
TyeAiHO, BH'Ah>lfIBO, 'KOpllOHO H oBoje, CAYTHAH cy Aa liMa BaloAa HeKa
210
M. CTojaHOBJr'i.
CUNHa CHara y OB'li.\'!: l'HM aHTH'-H<HM Boj-CKa'Ma BeHepa, H J Y'HOHa, .H
KyrrHAOIHa, H ArrOAOHa, H llAyroHa, If AHjaIHa, H M.n:HepBa, H JynH-
TBpa, 'H EHelja, H A'HA'lHa, U A,A:OHa, U 0BaKoj3iKHX APY'r.HX 6oroBa H
jYJHaKa (na cy H cBoje CTHXOBe nOBpeMeHO 'KllI'HAH lbHXOBHlJ'vI CAaiIliHH').1
H CA'YTHAH CYY'-IeHe H3a MHpHor KAaClI-
qHcTW-IKOr pHTMa, H je3Y CAaTKIMX nOTcenalba I13a lberOBlIX CAO>KC-
H&L'( neOHJI'-IKHX nOCl'YITaiKa, - aAH cy :HnaK BH'ille BOAeAM Aa oe3
Hap01.fM1'HX npeTeH3Hja, OA cpqa, 3arreBajy CBOjy A'o,Many apH'jy, lbII-
Ma rrpnOHYljy 'H pe'-FHT.H'jy, HaKO He'lMlHBeHlHjy, HaKo rrOMai\:O Tl'pOCTaY:-
KY, 'KaA<peH<Y H MajCTopCKY, T'pe3BeHY, 1'epecTpaAHy."27
y fo'YO\iBHe rreC'Me 'K'ao 3aceoaH J]OTqHKAYC Tpeoa YBPCTMTH 'il aH-
THqHHqapcKecTHXOBe. Y lbHMa je AJ11BibBlbe npeMa )KeHalMa 3aMel-:beHO
OillTpOM 'KpHTJI'KOM H 1\>Y1'OM TI'0AOMeBKvI. KaKo rrpHMenyje E. MH-
xaMAOBlIn: "OBe Te rreOMe npOTMB LJ;'HlHqapa, CBe oApeAa HHcrrnpHcaHe
cy illMTalheM AeBoj<Ke, )KeHe 'HAH opllKa. I-bHXOB illOBH'HiH3a'M He'Ma <O-
pBH H '.l13BOp Y HeKloj rHeTprreibHBOCTHK<01a je oHAa 'CBoj-cTBeHa Ha-
.llIeM rpanarHCT1BY XVIII 'ReKa. lll'J3HHiH'3a.M H3pa)KeH Y OBH'M rreCMai).la
. . '"
Je IBY3eTaH H 'H'aCT'ao Je, yrAa.B'IIOM, 300r Tora .li rrOBOAOM To'ra illTO
cyce CpnKHlhe YAaBaAe 3a LJ;HiHqape, Te rAa'BHe npeTCTaBH.H'Ke jeAHo-
BepOKe 'Ia:plill:fjcKe K<OHKypeHqH'je... IJ;uHl.tapH cy HeKIlKO, 300r pOA-
OliH'OKllX Be3a, .li Bepe, 6HAH OMDK'H CBeT, BUille OBOj Hero
HeMqH MAH ManarpH, na oam 3a1'o BlIille npeA 04lH'Ma ynopenBlb y,
BMille nOA PY'KOM nOTcM0BqH. OHH cy ce )KeHHAll MaXOM AOlfKa:H H
6H'BaNH t.IeCTO 6oraTHjH, illTO je 'YcA'OBl"aBaAO Hep3iBHOrrpaBHe opa-
KOBe ca CpnKHlbliMa, y Koje oy OHe y,HOCMAe coojy 'MAaAOCT H qeo
oHaj OBel' )Keiba KO'jH ca lhOM HAe, a lliHlHqapH CBOjy CTapallJiKY 3a-
KOrrt.IaHOCT, 31HMOrpO)Ki\;HiBOCT 'H oMprOMi'Y HapaB CTapMX UI1'Mpwja.
HpUAH'Ka 'Kao Cl'BopeHa 3a rrOTOMex 'H HHj e je 'NL'ra' rrpO'ITYCTMTH Haill
rpab3JHK:H rreOHiUK Koj'H je Y3 1'0 Y:M'HOrO CAYlIajeBa 6ao H cAa6HjVI
t.IapuIHj,oKH K;QHiKypeHT, HAH oaill oHaj HC'DH 'l'-IeYCAl-lUIell-IH rrpocaq,
28
Kora cy rrOOeAHAe "forIme" nape.
AKO ce <oja cpncKa AenoTHqa YAa 3a lI,HEqapa, ",'la O'Ha OHAa "B
PY)KHLH qiBeTY paJBHa",29 TaAa nOCTaje HeBeoeAa, 6AeAa A:Hqa H ca
CTpenlhOM y opqy, jep je 'MOpM 1'ernKa 'MIYKa: "lb K'peHa cepAI-\e
ropM, / illI'O C lI,HHqapH opaK COTBOpH" (ern, I, 74). OHa HX,
l(3.!H, aHaTeM'Hille H npoKAHlbe IlIro cy je rrpeBapMAH H y Heopeny cy..
HOBpaTHAH. I-bBHe jaAe t.IHHM jOill Te)KIHIM 'I1'pKOOHO CTHXOBa'lhe, y CH'Y,
HeK'r OAOat.ItmOr npocqa joj ce pyra li rOTOBO CBeTM:
JeAa HHje KO, 3a E[o}ra,
CAaBHor MeCTa 1113 OBora
BpBAaH OHiO A11qa T'BOra
Ben qHlH'qapoKli j eAaH fora?
27 M. AeCKOBau;, Hae. Je/lo, 65.
28. E. MlixaliAOBlIn, O'llleJu, 46-48.
29 "EPI.TO<; 'ArroTE(J"[J.Cl.Ta, BLwL 1792, (J". 13: ",Q 'p6oov 0)pca6TCl.TOV TWV
),OIJOIJOLW'I xopwva, (J"VCI: xCl:6C1.ptiv TOU dx6va.
<flaHapHoTCKO H CpnCKO rpaOaHCKO rreCHlUllTBO
211
];HAO je H TaKO AerUlX Aa 'HX neOMa rro:peA'H ca Alfj-aH'OM H MH-
'HepBO'M, 'a BOA:>eHH ApanH He M'O)Ke Aa ce rrOMlHpH ca '1lMepHOM <:Jy'A-
6UHOM Aa je ()Ha nOlllAa 3a IJ,HIHQapa. TIpe je nO,,\Il'HlllA:>aO Aa ne "Ay-
HaB rope nOnH" H Aa ne ,,'Ba1'pa BOAY AaTiJ1/C 1 Hero ,A,a ne Ta olHa TaJKO
OCTaBHrH. li l'y, Y O'1ajalbY, IH36Hja IllO\BH'HH3aM:
Aa CH nOlllA!a 3a C[e}p6NHtHa.
13HAa 6H MH AYllla M'H'pHa
Bene none 3a IJ,H.HQapa,
Ty ytI'H'HH :M0He 'KBapa.
Ben y lbera C0Aa 6paAa,
A TH OH M'H, c[e]p[A]Qe, 'MAaAa.
3aldy61'o0H'H "rpa)f(AaHI-liH" rrpH3HBa oOPoBe Jymnepa, KyrrHAoHa,
AnOi\OHa Aa oBoje cTpeAe flolllal'oY "KaAajl,IHje Aa nocrpeAe":
nAvra nOlllA:>H AYQH<PePe
Aa OAHecy 'CEe IJ,wHQa'Pe. (Crn, l, 179)
JeA'HOM YAara 3a IJ,l'DHQapa, je OH'Bal\:a 'H3ry6J'oe'Ha AH'1-
Hocr 3a OKOA'HHY jep ce "Ai06paaoMRoT" poncTBa Ci\o'anaAa
TeK OHAa "IKaA ra Cl'a1ay H3IHO'CHTH H 'aPHOC' BOCIJJojarH" (Crn, l, 291).
Y HCTOj TIeoMH ryryje je,AiHa CeHraHApej'Ka H IKaje ce lllTO ce YAaAa 3a
IAajl)Hljy, KaCHO YlImnajynR 'I<aKO IJ,lfHQapJ.'l ,A,p>Ke )K{'JHe:
KaA 'H'crrpoce, Kao 6orHfhe,
KaA O)KeHe Kao 'p06H'fhe.
3arBope 'H[X] ,AiOMa caMe,
Aa KOA Kyne CBarAap l.Ia1,le.
CYUlTa cyrrpo11HoCT OBaK'13oj HeBecTH je TIaYHHHa KaTa, TaKohe
H3 CeHTa'HApeje, YJ-\,ara 3a IJ,HHQapa, HaiKO je IMorAa HanH H 6o,'ocr
roon:oAapa:
Jep jecr raHKa 'H BHcoKa,
li J\1'HA'HOra BeCMa lKa.
3aro lbOj3H MHorH xOAe,
li cac lbOMe A:>y6aB BOAe.
BHAH OHa Aa je MAa;<\a,
A y l-be'fa ceAa 6paAa.. , (ra, l, 294)
V Apyroj necMH, Ta HeTa Kara HaAMamyje AefliOTOM H CaiMe MooKO-
nOJ'oKe; rpabaH'I CTHX:OBH ro rrpooarAallla'8a j y:
VIKpH[j]re ce, AaKAe, cee fpKH'lbe M:\a,A,e,
He 'HlMaAY oBAe AH1..\a BAaAe.
Jep60 KaTa C'BHiM AenoTY OTe-.Aa,
H aKH 06AaK'M fpJillllbe rrOJK]HJAa. crn, l, 298)
212
M. CrojaHoBHn
y CrBapU, TO je rrpOTecnIH OAnOBOp Ha A'a)K}I 'II XBaAtHCaH>e UUH-
u;apaAa Y CBelY HeMa HeBeCTa Kao lllT cy MOC'KOIfl'OloKe. Y3 XBaAH-
caBOCT iH Auu;eMepje, rpalsa'HcKa neCMa HarAalllaBa lllIKpTOCT UHH-
u;apa lU I-bUXBO A'BOAH'4HO rrpUKa3HBaI-he:
TaKo HaIlm Ka/\aj[u}uje,
ApHaYTH U CU!MIu[U}l1'je,
Koju Aony [y] CeHT AHAipejy,
YI rrpOBeAY nepH<paHujy,
KaA ce xone O)KeHUTU,
11 OBaMO AoceAUTH,
OrAl Apyrora Y3ajMibyjy,
Te ce 'BAe nOKa3yjy,
C Tynu HlBl.\iH ce6e CAaBe,
11 XiUibaAaMa BeCuVIa XBaAe.
A KaA AOlsy KpeMiTOpU,
OHAaK } b e ~ y rAaBa ropH. (Crn, 1,304)
CBH OBH CTHXOBH cy 3Ha'4:aj'Hu Kao AOKYMeHT KYAType U Kao co-
LQROAOillKa rpalsa. Jep rpalsa'HoKo neOHl1'llll'BO je CTaAeWKO U y TOMe
Ae>K:H I-bero'Ba oH'CTOp'l1'joKa Clfa'ra.
,,[]OK.flULI" ('0 0opw) Puze Ba.fleCTUH.flUCa u 4JaHapUO'fCl(e
neCMe y PYKomlcHoj neCMapwlu jaKo6a l1/wjuHa
PY'KOHHOHa neC"VIapnua Ja'KOBa 11AHjoH'Ha, 'Ha KOjy je na>KI-bY CKpe-
HYO B. MapHHK'BHn (Crn, II, 251), A;am'palH'a je 1807. roAHHe; Ha-
AamI ce y }),u6AuoTeU;H MannJ,e cpnCiKe'lfl y HOB'oM Ca.o:y nOA CHrHa-
TypON! pp 145 (UIH'B. 6p. 193060). To je once>KllH pYKorrHC nOIBe3aH y
cBecKY BeAUY:UHe 20 X 12 cm, ca 170 -+- 2 HenarHHUCaHe CTpaHHue. Ha
CAOBHa CTpaHa pYKonuca je olllTeneHa; caY:YBaH je HaCAOBHH TeKcr
pYKonuca (CA. 1.) CTpaHnue 1-2 OCTaAe cy HeHcnucaHe, Y:UCTe. Ha
npBuM CTpaHuu;aMa noce6Ho, U Aaibe CBe AO AeceTe CTpaJl.\e, CHI-
XOBU cy TeWKO Y:HTibUBU, Me'Cl'HlMWl'HO ru npeupTa'H'U.
JaKOB I1Auj'HH, 3a Kora ce y aBOM racy jeAHHo M)Ke rrpeTnOCTa-
BUTU A;a je 6no 6AU3aK Kpyry 6a'HaTOKUX <paHapHOTa, caCTaBUO je
ORY neoMapuu;y npenncyjynlH neo,,"te 1H3 H6KOAHKO yrAaBH'M PYtKOfioU-
OHUX 36HprKU CpnC'KHX 'II <pa'Hllp.H'OTOKIHX necaMa. 360r Tora ce ueAHIHa
3Q 3a CTpa'Hor UlTaOJ.1a HHje CVBIilllHO AaTH HeKOAllKO nOAaTaKa 0
MaTHJ.1H cpncKoj. To je HajcTapHja H Haj3Hal.JajHnja KVATvpHa VCTaHOBa V
JvrocAaBnjn; OOHOBaHa je V jaHvapv 1826. y TIelllTH, a 3al.JeTHliK H rAaBHH
OCHHBaLI 6HO je KI-bH)!(eBHHK JOBaH Xal.lHn ca llleCTOpnl..40M nelllTaHCKHX Tp-
roBaJ.1a. HenocpeAaH nOBOA 3a I-beHO OCHHBaI-be 6HAa cV ABa Aoraoaja: o6jaBa
Aa ce o6ycTaBlba H3Aa)!(eI-be '"laconnca Cep6cICa Jleronuc', Kojn je 1825. nOKpe-
HVO HOBocaACKH rrpcxP. r. MarapaweBHn, li OOHHBaI-be MaoapcKor HaYl.JHOr
APYlllTBa (AOJ.1HHje AKaA;eMH!ja). Xaunn je H3paAHO H I-beH CTaTVT KOjH je
npJ\o!eI-beH TeK 1864, KaA ce H3 TIelllTe npeceAHAa V HOBH CaA, fAe li AaHac
paAl{.
213
cf>aHapFlTCK FI CpnCK rpal5aHcK neCHHUlTB
p\AKOfmCaMO)Ke npaTHTH 'Kp03 HeKOAHKO pa3NHYHTO KOMnOHOBaJHHX
AeAOBa. TaKOce npSoHX 27 neCa:Ma, IJ-llY.MepHC3JHHX A 1 AO 27 (Y3 Ha-
nOMeHY Aa 'HeAocTaje, YOlflUITe 'Huje npenHC3JHa, neOMa 15), HH)KY CHe
AO 72, rAe je IHa3'HayeHO KOHa? (Kpaj). y cTBapH, He,KO-
A!HKO naCAeAlD'HX CTpaH'liqa (68-72) OBora AeAa neCMapll{l..(e AOll-IOce
nOA 6p. 27 ABOCTHXO'Be noce6H'o HYMep'I-IoaJHe 0,1.. 1-28.
Ha ilfCTO'j CTpaHMUH Ha KOjOj ce 33BpmaBa neGl'la 27 (CTp. 72--
-75) 3anHcaH3 je neOMa nOA 6p. 36 (ABOCTHXOBH 1-26), lIlTO 3Ha"YH
Aa ce He MO>K!e npeTffOCl'aBHTH 6HAO K3JKa'B HeAOCTaTaK
Hero A3 je H30CTRBll>11-bC neC<lMa 28-35 CBeCTafl l.]'l-IH npenHCHIJ3a:"Y3,
CaCT313A>aQa OBO YTOAH'I<O npe lIlTO H neCMa 38 oyxBaTa
).\130CT'HX013e 1-28, CBe AO CTpalH'Hl..(e 84. OBAe je j:ow 3a6eAe>KeHO
.. APXHAJIlWHOI130M WTO Ha 3a-KlbY'-IaK Aa
ie HAHjHH npenHCHBao CTHXOBe H3 pa3HHX 3aAp>KaBajy-
liu peAOCAeA, a HeKaAa H YKynaH 6poj necaMa 36HpKe 113 Koie MX je
npeY3e-o. CAeAe 3aTHl'1'1 neC.\1e 39 (CTp. 85) H 40 (CTp. 86-88); erpa-
89-96 AOHQ;Ce YeTlrpiH q,aHapHoTcKe rreOMe (41,42, ?, 44). Y
cTBa'pH, 'OAAOMaiK neole Ha crp. 93 mrje 3Ha"YetH ca 6p. 43, KaKO je
CAeA!HA', jep cy OIBH 'CTHXOBH rrpernrCa!HH ,1.pyrm'1'1,CBeTAH-
jlWM MaCTHAOU"L Ha'KIHaA'HO je HCTH'M :vJaCTHA'OM HYMep'I-ICaHa necMa 44,
y Kojoi cY 'HCToBpe'MeHo H3BpweHe If HeKe 'HCnpaBKe (CTp. 94). OBa
neCMa je Hajnpe 6HAa 03HayeHaCa 6p. 43, a npeKO l-hera je 3aTYI:M
AOW,\a HOBa HYMepallHja 44 cBeTAHjHM MaCTHAO,"1. Ueo TeKCT neCMe
je HHaye HcnHcaH paHuje HCTHM MaCTlfJ\OI\1 Kao H rreCMe 41 11 42; He-
HcrrHcaHe cy OCTaAe CTpaHHue 97-98.
fleoMe 03'HayeHe 6pojeBH:\1a OA 1 AO 9 (CTp. 99-114) Tpe6aAo
je Aa ce 'HaCTaBe H 'Ha CTp. 115 Koja ie OCTaAa HeH'CmrcaHa. HaIhe-
HiOj nOAenHHH 'H AaA>e (erp. 116-127) CAeAH jOlIl neT rpY'KHX nc-
caMa 6e3 JeAHa 'A lDlIX je llOKflULl PHre 0).\ <Pepe (CTp.
122-127). Ha CTp. 128 YHTa'M..o ieA1HY l-Iei.HYMepHC3JHy cpncKY rpanaH-
OKY rreoMY, AO'K je cTpaHHua 129, rrpB6HTHO npa3Ha, HKHaA]{O Ae-
AJHMHYHO lICJTIHC3JHa 'MajYCJ<VAH'HM nH'P'HACIKWM CA'B'H'Ma HeA'OrHYH:ar
CaAp>Kaja. Ha 130-132 Ha'Aa3'H>MO rrOiHOBo A,Be rp"YIKe ne-
GMe, a ABecprrcKe neCMe OA rro neT note6H'0 06eAe)l<0HHX cl'poq,a !HI::-
nylDaBajy CTpaHRl..(e 133-136; 137 jeocTaAa HeHOITUCl'Ha.
fIioCAe ABe neOMe HaCTp. 138-141 CAeAH jorn jeAHa cpnOKa rreOMa
(CTp. 142-43) n"Hca'Ha ApyraYH'juM MaCT'Y1AOM; l-beH TeRCT je AOCTa
rra je CTora TeLUKO YCTaHO'BHTH Aa AH je 'H pYKonHC y
CTBapH 'Hcm 'KaO H V npeTXOAHHIM rre13JMa. ABe rpY'Kc neOMe YH-
l'aiMO IHa CTp. 144-148, a nOCAe Y-HCTe 149. CTpaHHue li jeA'He AI.H'P-
GKe ne-cMe (CTp. 150-151) CAeAH npOOlHcaHa lleCH Ha wwvpeKl1ujy
Cep6uaH06 (erp. 152-155) opnoKor rrpo0BeTHTeA>a AOCJ.lTeja 06pa-
AOBHfl.a (1739-1811). OBAe CV APyra"YHjuM MaCl1HAOM 'BpweHa HaK-
Ha'AHO li AonHCHBa'lDa HC'l1'OA TeKCTa, TaKOne je li
3Ha'K 'b y peY'H flt,OH'b A'omrCaJH A.pyraYHjmvl Ma'CTHA'M. Ao IKpa'ja
3a6eAe)l<eJHO je jOTll HeIKOAH'KO Hal..(JlfO'HaNHlocA'6oAHAa"Y-
KIHX li j/..luflurapcKux :rrecllMa. 3a Ha'CTlIH3JK 'Be nooMapul..(e 3'H30"YajaJH je
214
M. CTojaHOBtrti
3aIl1llC lleCH Ha Clla61LO Cepl1.CKO K'1W:1/c[eCTBO], CTp. 164-166, ITOA 6p.
15 H3 l'pener AeAa PYKOTlllCa; nOqHI-he CTllXOBHMa:
EearpaAe, 'MllAH fpaAe
OneT Te Cep6AllilI uMaAe.
tIepHH feopJ1I-re 'BllTe3 CAaBII-{l{ ...,
a 'Ha KJpaJjy neOMe (CT}). 166) 3a6eAe/KeHO je: "TIpenHcaH ll3 iKCH
CK'or KaAeHiAlIpa '807". qWHll ce Aa 'je II AOCH'TejeBa lleCH Ha
peKl1ujy Cep6uaH6 npem,walHa ca HlTaMITaHOr ITpllMepiKa ose neCMC
06jaBibtme y 1804. !KOA Ha'H TOOlAIocllja, y BpeMe HaCTaHoKa
JaKOBa HAlljIIHa. MOrynHO je Aa ce 1'0 llCTO AorOAllAO Il
('a rOAllHY AaHa paHllje (10. jYHa 1803), AaTHpaHHM 3amrcoM Pllrn-
Hor YCTaHllqKOr nOKAHqa. OBaj npenllc Jar<OBa HAHjHHa naAa qenlipH
rOAJHJHe pllH'llJe y OA;HOCY Ha jeiAa'H 6YKypeurTaHc'KlH Te'KCT ll3 1807.
rO,6iIiJHe,31 IH3!jcTapiHj'H AO caAa n03HaT PY'KonHc PnrnHe
paTHIIflllKe ne-re.
32
Haur PVK'IIllC AOHCTa npeHOCll caMO Aa6p<iJHe
CJlUX'OBe (1-14,21-22,41-54,59-66), aAli je 3Haqaja'H IKao caeAo-
qaHCTBO 3a pacnpOCTpar-beHOCl' PHrllI-lOr Thourion-a y rOAHHaMa npe
J1pQKOr rycTa'HlKa 3a He3aBllOHiOCT 1821. He Mafbll 3Haqaj HMa,'y If
ITOOMe, yrA'aBHoM AH'P0Ke, A;Be HapO,AlHe llAll cneBaHe no
Y30py IHa rpqKe II jeAHa ,L\yXOI}Ha, ll3rAeAa YMeT-
HYNKJOr nOCTaHIKa. Ona ITeOMa je, npeMa je,6iHoj BepTencKoj
pYCK'or rrope'KAa "OpaUHja 01' HpOAa", ll3 jeAHc HC'fI03Ha-
110r caCTlIBibaqa;3., J'"IO)f(e cc npenrOCTa'I3llTll, MopaAa HaCTaTH y
B0H1llM 'KpyrOBH'Ma y Ea'HaTY. Ha 1'0 ynyllyic II nOCBeTa Ha Kpajv nc-
OMe ynyneHa AHM'I-ITpujy II feoprH'jy TIO'fTO'Bllny.34 To 6ll MO-
rao 6llTH AOKa3 Bllure Aa je JaKona HAlljll'Ha caMO jeAall
OA oAjeKa 6POjHllX 4>lJHapHOTOKllX II Apyrnx MH1KcorAOTCKHX 3anllca
rpaOlJHOKe rroe3llje KaKBllX je, npeJM:a jeA'HOM KaTaAO'lU'KOIM nonllcy,30
6HAO Ha AeceTllHe y 3aA<YHa
I
BCK'H'M iKpajeBuMa, mYCe6HO y EaHaTY Il
no Boj'BOACPBHMa BAalIJKoj II MOAA<aBlljll. C Apyre CTpaHe, 'Ben cv
oeAe/KeHlll rp'1:KOr neCHHUlT'Ba npeiKO q,alf-laplfOTClKe noe-
3Hje Ha PYMytH'CKy nOe3'Hjy, na Oll C 063ll'pO'M 'Ha Cll'M6H03Y II :Heno-
1K'YA"J1YpHe II 'Apyre 'KOIHT3JKTe Hamer li Apyror )f(Ii\Biba y OBllM
06AaCl'JoliM:a 6llA'0 3l1HHMibllBO H HayqHo 'IIpa'BA3JHO ITplll'H'pllTH ll'CTpa-
)KHBa'l-ba II nOTpa:>KillTll Y3ajaMHoCT y I-hllXoaOj rpaOlJHOKoj nec'Mlf.
y ITplfAory AOHOCllMO nOqeTHe II 3aBpurHe CTllXOBe
CJ<illX necaiMa y 3a'ITHCY JaK'OBa HAHjHlHa, Ha incipit -
:)1 'An;. n. '0 't'O d 't'o
Y<:lp6ypacpo'J, XIXl 'Ewlp<:i:a 't''ij 'E),,xoQ, XVI,
'A8'ijvlAl 1962, 370-333; A. DPIXVOUO'1), "AITCI.'J't'1A 't'(;'" 2, 674.
32 I1pe Tora lUTaMnaO je XpHCTO<pOP IIepeBoc Ha Kp<py 1798; ynop.
A. "Amxv't'Cf., 680.
33 T. OCTojlln H B. ROPOBHn, Haa. eflO, XXI.
34 Y deAHOM yroBOPy (PYKonHCHO OAetl,el-be MTHl\e cpnCKe; M. 14. 240);
r. IIonoBHn ce nOMHl-be Kao yroBopHa CTpaHa ,,0 H3AaBal-bY l\pKBe-Kylie nOA
J<HpHjy; Bpwall, 6e3 AaTYMa",
:15 Ynop. C. Litzica, Biblioteca Academiei Romane, Catalogul manus-
criptelor grecesti, 1909.
215
<I>aHapHTCK H CpnCK rpanaHCK neCHHlllTB
finitur. JeAHlHO je PHrWHa paTl-IH'4
I
Ka X:HlM'Ha rrpeHeeeHa y l.{e1\.IHlHiH KaKO
je 11 3afljH1eaHa. 3a CBaKY OA Ih'HX 'OMO, K'1\.H'KO j-e TO 6H1\.0 'MIO,rynHo,
YTBPAH1\.lI napaAeAe y llITm\1TIa'HHM H PY'KOTIHCHH:M H3BcypHMa.
33
[1] 89
Ine.: pO'J WPCXlTCX TOV, ,WV xopvcx.
2:t TOU
Fin.: "0'lT(0::; cpUTO'l TCO,) (Jou TCYlycxl'lou'J
!J.'JO'l ,( T0l'i crou fL'IOU'I.37
[2] 91
',f, ,''10' , ,
Ine. : V'+'YJ f\O'J xpucro'J f.,
'A\axEpo'l fL oO'l xwpi

Fin.: xa &'1 'la

T rrpcrwn-o'l crou, <pw flou, TClZp'l)yopilZ 't'ou xcrfLOV.38

[3.] 93
Ine.: TI lxpa &'JcxcrTYJ'Ja(,), T<X fL1hlIZ fLoV Tp'IJVOU'I,
rrCl.p'IJyopllZ 'I T<X crrr<Xx.'JCI. fL TCOU'IOU'J.
39

94
Ine.: "A'J (J
va fL TVpCX'lV-fjcrY),
xet.l
ta 'la 't'upavv'l) itaL (jbJCJ.,
F j 11.: l &'J ,OtOiJTO'J TO '10 I(fj::; ,
tuU VOU') oiv
[5J 116
Ine.: KcxEJ(:J (, xafLTCo::;, 1 xet.l ,(
cra'l / d'lw. xcxp<X.
Fin.: &cpo'i, TCEpacr'l), / 'J
/ xCI. &'Jocr'rLtX.
[6] 116
Inc.: 'HpGJy), w xlXi fLwp /
W 8'l)pio'J xet.i EX8pt,/
Fin.: cr(7Jcro'J, &/ = <;J/ 1xw.oxpiTCX, xCI. ETC,xXOlJcrO'l
xlZi T YEvfLcx / = et.lfJ.lZ/ TOUTW'l TW'l .
:J l.J:flTal-he li HAeHTH<pHKOBal-he rpYKI-IX CTHXOBa, ueHY 3Ha'-laja PYKo-
IlHca, IIoce6HO y OAHCY Ha AAMaK Pi-frimor Thuriona, 6jaBIoyjeM y capaA-
l-hl-f C KAerOM IIaHajTHcM C. IIHcTacoM, aCHCT. Ha 3a HaOrp'-lKY
KI-bH)f(eBHCT YHl-fBep31-ITeTa y COAYHY.
37 "EptTOC; 'A1tOTEtcr[J.GCTeX, Bdvv, 1792, 13; A. 'A V;}OOYLtX,
TtmpTo, Ol WtX'ICCpL0JTE ;cal 1966,
38 "EpulToc; 'A1tOTEtcr[J.tXTCC, 14.
39 "EptTOC; 'A07tTtcr[J.CCTO'., 17.
40 "EpUlTOC; 'A1tOTZtcr[J.CCTCC, 131.

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217
45 Pwfl.cxl;o'. x'. Boup'(:xpOt xt 'Apfl.:;:vv[,
&prrYJOE xcxl i.rrpO'., [J-,t fl.t(Xv
YTEX. Z/':u&Eplcx'l etc; (jrr cx.&l ,
Yt(!,T[ dfLET::: cl:vTpdo . rrCX'ITOU CXXO'JTO(,
"Et [="O'] cl:n:' 1tIx.&plcxv [= n:cxTplOcxv]
[
50 TOV T6 rrvv TOU 1:)'\)"I) y,.(;, ,tSU&:;:PVZ:
x.d TOV rrofl.ou T/..V"I)V .yptXO;;'I,
t:') & TUp&V\IOU 'JrX VtX.OUV
-(, PVo)(J."t) T()O):; (1.[ [-= fl.] C(x!cx c1,vo .
54 TOU:; ))[OE', xd TO.CJ'I, &E;[cxc; XCX[ Tq.UX;,
126-127
59 ){cx[ ;)crOt !)'I :;:l'I(f.t ;r),vl,
60 cl:O/,cpW. .\l'O:'IeX. ytvouv, & d'i' xd WVI.XO[.
MeX. QcrOt &eX. &VT[XpU '/1. 1j,00TOUV [= O'TCX'&OU'I]
&.'1 dvcxt X(f.[ Otxo[ [J-cx, XO:[ x.dVot Il XCX&OU'I.
'Hton [= xcx[ jv[cxvon::; [= Mcxwh:;:], j,tovTpw,
(:l n:on::; O'TeX. O'n:f)),teX. [=O'T:; O';cf))".te]cro::; XOtfLeX.O'n: O'cpO'.AtUTc-I,;
65 Mcx;;po [= X(f,[ n:/,c.VtCX [=x.o:.n:),eX.VI.CJ.J, &),0'. vc.
TCXUP('ll}OU'1 l = 'O'/IIJ.rrOIJ TG(')pC'-ETO[J,
66 XL (}.'I ypc.'t'OU'1 [ Xt 'Ayp:xty)v] ku &:::ptWI [TeX. ;:::cpTpto:.J, Y['I<:'TC'-t
[= Y['ISTE] fLl.cX. lj;ux'V:l
1803, 'Iouvl(JU 10
[10] 130
Ine.: Kop"I) [L' [L Tc,( [LcxHti
x(/. [ [L[/=[L/ T'l. [L(/.;;PCX Wi,Tt(I./
xd 1).[/ = [L/ 1'0'1 !.O'rrpov 1'0'1 t[LO'11 =---'- ),(J.t().O'I/
XIl. [ [J-[ "i [LCXUP(f wxna,/
00 , ' ., l ' / '
Fln.:: on I\tOtPOlV:t xopcpo [J-OU, = "ZPOlV:;:t
XCX'I7. 1'6 n:powrrov [LOu,/
, '1 t/ ) , < ,
xat [Lt = [L" 1-1.0'. ,(')'1:;:1. 'f) [LiXV(f, [LO')
fl.[/ fl.tl =oPVZt 0 (.J.ito:.[LrreX.; l).Ou
4
:
3
[11.) 131
Ine.: 'H rrapa TT"I) cr ((-J./ = rrzprrCXT"I)cr',eX.; /o'J, xUP''l' =XOP'I;/ [L',
creX. TCJU n:1l.'(V'lVO;;/ = ;rC'-'(w'ltv;;;/
Fin.: 12 ),oul.(;lvl = ),(JYt0JV/ 7"((I.I.YV[Ol,o:
!f.xov/ =!f.x.ouv/ "cl. cppouota crv\) ...
42 .\, I. BpO':VV')()r1> 389-393; :\rr. 6czcrxO:ax'0' 7tEpl BE'
i,Eu'\'lV)__ AD,,, VO:'. 1964; "ArrO':'ITO: N K),o:crcrtXWV, J3E),scrn v)'-"(PEparO,
trrq.r.).EtCl: JI,. I. J3po:vouu''', 2, 1968, 673-680, 728-731,
43 6. Ik.p67tou),ou, 'E),'l)vtxa o'I)!-,-OTLxo: TPO:YOUOto:, 2 lJ3o:cr . xYj eXp.
47/, 'A6hvo: 1959, 91 'l'ci TPC(YOUOtlJ. T'ij 'Ay6ptc(v'l), 'A8'jvo:t
1939, 68.
218 M. CrojaHoBI-rri
12.) 144
Ine.: "R fLs crdv<:1. 'tY)v XapO(1X fLou, xpa't xa( 't XOPfL(,
7t<:8IX.lvw xd yk,wvw, <X7t' 't+1'1 'tom)v fLoU
Fin.: "O't( &'),ov 'tP07tO'1 [3m:(c;, 7tWC; (; vou fLOu ov y<:vv(J.,
Xtl.L <:llxaWYl 7tlOtI. cr'to = ov fL 7t<:vFi.{ =7tav/.
14
[13) 146
Ine.: 0),0( XaLpov'tw., fLO'JOV yw t,U7tOUfLtI.(,
Yltl.'tL 't <pwc; fLoU 't Yuxo, ucr't<:POU[lCt:l.
fin.: 7tpL7t<:l/ = 7tpsm.l/ 'Ici. <ptl.'ld, 7tsov <:cr7t),tl.YXVLtI.,
Yla'tl &y<X7tY)c; tYl 'ICI. 8av,xTou Ct: L't lCl.. 45
Miodrag Stojanovi
PHANARIOT AND SERBIAN URBAN POETRY
Summary
As the creation of mostly anonymous poets and poetesses, the
Greek phanariot and Serbian urban poetry is a complex and in-
teresting question in the sphere of history of Serbian and Greek
lterature and culture; and not only in that sphere, since this poetry
is, in fact, a European phenomenon in otherwise non-poetic eigh-
teenth century. In relation to that, in our urban poetry one of the
most difjjicult issues 1S to explain its origin and to discover its ar-
tistic inspiration, bearing in mind particularly the fact that its
creators - namely, craftsmen, pupils and soldiers - knew even
several foreign languages and cultures.
In fact, many important issues in the trends of orig.ination
and development of Serbian and Greek urban poetry found their
answers in the studies of our predecessors (T. Ostoji, V. orovi,
M. Leskovac, L. Vranousis, A. Camariano, A. Daskalakis, N. Ca-
mariano, B. Mihailovi, G. Protopapa-Bouboulidou, and P. P,istas).
We are mentioning only those authors who did the most to widen
the horizons of our urban life and poetry. lt has been emphasized,
in fact, and rightly it seems, that "this more intimate and loved
than inspired and artistically skilled literature has been nurse-d out
of self-pleasure in the corners of the heart" so that probably because
of that "it remains in its entirety yet a spiritual world of unclear
borders and indefini te composition". .'
44 EPWTO 'A1tOTE;).crlJ.Cl:TCC, 181.
45 EPWTO 'A1tOTE;).cr[J.CCTccJ 175.
<PaHapHorCKO H CprrCKO rpanaI-lCKO rreCHHWTIlO
219
Literary value of urban poetry has been treated to a degree
of its availability to analysis and life preoccupations of its crea-
tors. These wre predominantly textological and thematic appra-
aches which undoubtedly introduced much system and necessary
criticism in the research of the subjects of treatment and motives
of the urban poetic expression. Hawever, unexamined contents of
manuscripts and of pub1ished texts of this poetry still remain not
exposed constellations of our history of literature in the balkano-
logical and European context.
The phenomenon of urban poetry with Serbs has been nourish-
ed in Austro-Hungarian towns, just as th phanariot lyrics has
been taking its form in urban centers - in the Phanar and in the
across-Danube dukedorns in Walachia and Moldavia. Sorne of these
urban environments, and particularly the ones in the Banat region,
in Serbia and Rumania, have been the cornmon point of departure of
both Serbian and phanariot urban poetry. In these territories took
their origin only to be written down after that, indrrvidually or
jointly, Serbian, Grek-phanariot, RumaniaJn, German, Hungarian
and other verses.
That new kind of poetry with diversified themes and com-
posite metric structure grew spontaneously, but long time priaI'
to the second half of the eighteenth century. Namely, already Ge-
semann, the editor of the Erlangen Manuscript of our folk poems,
noted among them several poetic compo'S1itions of "artistic" origin,
in German terms - so-called "volkstmliche, volkslaiifige Lieder,
and not the )} VolksLicde,.,<. These poems included the following
ones: numbers 1, 2, 20, 37, 38, 39. The corresponding remark by him
was: "undoubtedly aIl of these are of urban -origi.n. They were
most probably created in the first decades of the eighteenth century,
since the inscriptions in the Erlangen Manuscript date back to 1720
Noting down and transcribing in the eighteenth century was
"almost that far the need as it was in the Middle Ages". In such a
way urban verses rernained preserved in the hand-written collec-
tions of poems. These were smaIl "anthologies" of original and
translated "urban, cheerful, love and heroic poems"; they filled
up also the phanariot song-books "x1y.:r<1.cr'ttxcI.", "fltcrf.lGl.yd;; cc. Thy
contain aIl kinds of inscri,ptions - "poetic, prosaic, and literature,
including the things related to most common forms of living, such
as bills, receipts, prescriptions, prayel'S, commercial letters, charades,
notes on weather changes, dates from the life history of members
of the family of the creator of the collection of poems".
The central cycle of urban poetry is represented by rather
complex love poems in terms of their style and metrics. They are
the most complex ones in terms of psychology, alth0ugh many love
verses refer to the fact that their urban authors were educated in
literature and otherwise. Besides love poems, as the specifie sub-
-cycle, there are anti-Tsintsar verses tao. In these verses the admi-
220
M. CTojaHoBHn
ration of woman i.s replaced by severe criticism and bitter mockery.
AIl love motives analyzed here are significant as documents of the
culture and as sociological materials, since urban poetry is of the
class character which explains its historical force.
Thourios by Riga VelestinliJS and phanamot poems in the hand-
written collection of poems by Jakob Iljin (Jakov Ilijin) from
Tomasevac, appear as the 'illustration of the phenomenon of joint
creation and writing down of Serbian, phanaI1iot, and Rumanian
poems both in the Serbian and Rumanian Banat. AlI poems in
this collection are selected with great ability and their manus-
cript is deposited in the library of the Matica Srpska in Novi Sad
(sign. RR 145).
Jakob Iljin who was supposedly rather close to the circle of
Banat phanariots, composed his collection of poems while introduc-
ing the poems from several, mainly hand-written collections of
Serbian and. phanariot verses. Therefore, the entity of the manus-
cript can be followed through several parts which are composed in
different ways, having usually particular numbering of poems.
These include also Thomios by Riga Velcstinlis (pp. 122 - 127).
That inscription by Jakob Iljin dates four years earlier in relation
to a text from Bucarest of 1807 - which is the oldest known up
to now of the complete Riga's warrior's hymn. Our hand-written
inscription indeed transfers only the well-selected verses (1 - 14,
21 - 22, 41 - 54, 59 - 66), butit is significant as a testimony of
the extent of Riga's insurgent cry prior to 1821.
Not less in importance are also phanariot poems mainly lyrical
ones, to be followed by two folk poems, or poems composed in the
pattern of Greek folk poetry, as weIl as one spiritual, probably
of artistic origin. These ecclesiastic making of veI1Ses most probably
tonk place in the Church environments in Banat. The ground for
such a conclusion 1S found in the inscription (or a part of the letter)
at the end of the poem sent ta Dimitrije Kacan and Georgije Po-
povi (from VrSac). This collection of poems by Jakob Iljin is but
an echo of numerous phanariot and other mixoglotic written men-
tion of urban poetry in the cross-Danube regions - as evidenced
by one of the relevant catalogues.
Enclosed to the text are the beginning and the final verses
of the phanariot urban poetry from the work of Jakob Iljin quoted
along the principle of incipit - finitur. Only the insurgent cry
of Riga Velestinlis is submitted in its original entirety. Each of these
poems is accompanied, as far as po.ssible, by the corresponding pa-
rallels supplied by. the author in printed and hand-written sources.
CA. 1. - HaCAOBHa CTpaHHUa PYKonHCHe neCMapHue JaKOBa HAHjllI-ia
Tille-page in the collection of poems by Jakob Iljin
t1L..1t 1 . Il/..
. ) j PO
!. "il(" v",.UI ntv.;J-
".1'''' 'S<. '5... f.;"., ..
... ..
p
... 4 Z ,
r'l (. J,., .... j'" lnf1" L, i ..
rn-oI. ,0/ 1/1, f . ,t "
1o.uC' t{QtJtt},... _

"'1 I/'''':!.' - - -' r:-
.,
M a
t
IL;' r Cl - IV _,JI..' ... "Y- '- . (
lI) .. . . 1.. "'if''-IJ,
-1
ft
.,!1/''' c-" #f4. ;.' Cl /, r
-., 1 LJ"'rol,r' cl 6- r
9
t)
.? <aa,a' ..Jj,,",;h ... t:.a
rw .fJ /.'" . _r-. 'tel tt(",'
J... rJ''J .,. ,,..,.... v" 'J
:5, L t"ii ri: j)dt' -y,"!f' Zr....... r?
. _ .:" v , . ,
C--'-1/') IL. -s...
. J ',t /1 ' r
iJ rtr 'I>II , flll.
t -.
..\t n .1, 7.. 6'r,p/;)( 'J 9
1 fj'!hL< /7' dl.' u
....: .}" '_'fi. .{., 1'J-C 1j.-,
CA. 2. _ PYKonHcHH TeKCT neCMe flOKJI,Uli PHre BeAeCTHHAHca - ThOL/rios by
Rigas Velestinlis in the hand-written collection of poems by Jakob Iljin
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DaMe BACHFi
I10CTBH3AHTHJCKO CAHKAPCTBO y CP.5HJH y XVIII
H XIX BEKY
PetI "nocTBI13aHTHjcKH" 3BY'-IH Kao HelUTO WTO ce Ben caMO no
ceoH pa3YMe, MenYT>H'M y 3HatIeI-bY Tora nojMacrycpene ce ReKa BpCTa
npoOAeMa. Aa AH je 1"0 XpOHOAOlJTKH TepMHH KOjH je HaCTao rrOCAe
1453, 'MAH C'J1HACKH KOjH ooyxBaTa rrp'MeHe HaCTaAe y BH3a:HTHjOK\Oj
'IjIMel'HOCTH rrOCAe TIaAa U;ap'HrpaAa y TypCKe PY<Ke? AKO OJfOMO ce
orpaJHHl.fHJ\,H 'Ha TIpSO 3H3'tIeI-be, OHAa OH MorAe 'H3'CTaTH TeillKone
rrpH K.AaCH<pHlKaU;JfjH rrojaBa Kojece ja'Btoa,j'Y y 'Bl13aHl'HjoKoj YMeT-
HOCTH nOCAe T1aAa U;a'PHrpaAa, aAH He o a p p r ~ 0111\.0 K3KBa OACTY-
naI-baIOA AOT3JAaWr-bHX Cl'HAOKHX oOp33au;a. AKO Y3 1'0 He OHOMO 3HaM1
K3A cY HaCTaAe Te npO.YleHe, TaAa He OH OHAO OOHOBa Aa HX
OMaTpaMO 3a nocTBH3aHTHjcKe. Ha OCHOBY "wra? CroraXpOH'OA'11liK
o6jawl-heI-be 'He CaAp>l nOTnYHY OHTYp'HOCT 3a MAeHTmpH:r<O'Ba:I-be
nOCl'BH3aHl'HjcKHx eAeMeHaTa. .5HAO OH r01'OBO napaAOKcaAHO OMa-
Tpal'H MX 3a nO'CTB'H3a'HTH:joKe 3JKO ce HH no tIC<MY He P33AH!K,yjy OIA
BH3aJHTJfjCK:HX, na 3a1'O rroc1'ojH oB6HtblHa orpaAa npC<Ma XpOHAOW-
lKoj rrOAeAH. Y'K:OAUKO OHCMO YCBOj'H'AH CTHACK'Y rroAeAY, OHAa OH-
OMO OBa:Ka'KO 6'HAH 'Ha cHryprmjeM TepeHy, a Taroone 6HCMO Ao6HAH
OApeneHHje MepHAO nOWTO OH ce 'lTOCTJ3iH3lJHTujC:l<'e nojaBe OApeneHO
pa3A'HlKOBaAe :DA BH3aHTH'jC'KHX. TH'Me 6H 6HAO \'vI''ryIHo Aa ce Aajy
Ta"IHa oojaWI-beI-ba rwja He OH OCTaBAxlAa MeCTa HeAOYMHu;H. OBO y
'WAH.KO npe WTO av Te 'Il'OjalBe npHA%l.lHO YTBpneHe, a IMIX{)(B pa3-
BOj H XPOHOA'OJ1Jf.ia ce Mory rrpaTHTH ca OH'rYPH0wny. I10cTaBJba ce
'IlHTaJffie illTa OHe AOiHoce Koao HOBO H y tIeMY ce pa3AHKyjy OA Ha-
tIeAaBH3aHTJfjcr<eYMeTHOCTH.
AKO je BH3l'H'THjcKa YoMe'J1HOCT - <peHOMeH .J1CTOl.lH!Or OBeTa -
ycrreAa Aa catIysa CYWT'lf.HY CHor oCHOiBiH'Or 6una, Y'-IeI-ba Koje ce
cacrojaA'O y nOIIlTOBaI-bY OApeneHHX OOAHJKa WTO oy BeKOBHiMa l'Dpe-
H'OrneHH KaJO HeKa BpCTa Aparou;eHHX rrpeA3'I-ba, Ha rrpHMep HatIeAO
HeIllpOt'vleHtoHBoCTH AHKa CBeTHTetoa, KOj'H y CT'Ba'pH rrpeACT'3Biba l-f>e-
rOB nopTpeT sui generis, 'HAa je CBa'KIO HapYIlll'BaI-be Tor Ha"-leAU
222
II. BaCHn
6HAO OACTvnal-be OA TpaAHL\J1je, 3anp2l'BO 0/1, YT'Bp5eHe :H1CTHHe.
1
ITpeMa
TO""le, IOHO 6H VHOCHAO HellITO HOBO V B'I1'3a'HUljcKY YMel'HOCT. He-
AalBHO je HCTaKHYTa YAora ITaoAa BeHeL\HjaHa KOjH 6M TpeSaAO Aa
je YHeo H3BeOHe Hamme V CAHIKapCTBO enoxe I1aAeDAora 1p'HAeceTlix
roAHHa XIV BeKa. To 6H MmKAa 6HAa Goja IHllKapHaTa, IIlTO 6H
oAYAapaAo 'A AOTaAa::.IHbHX BH3a'f-FJlHj'OKHX <PoPMYAa 0 oCAHKaI-by !'Dyp.,-
OKor no rrpaBHA'H'Ma ep?I'IlIHHja.
2
AOAYlIle, 'HeKH
OBor MHllIloel-ba HHCY caOBHM H'rypH'H Aa je BeHeqHjaHo H 6HO V
UapH'rpaAY, a AiPyrn, Ha npaMep E. EepeHCOH, cMaTpajy Aa je 1'0
rrOY3Aa'HO. YKOAH'KO 611 ce H rrpHXBanIAO Tl'KBO MH'lUloeI-be, I-IAa 611
1'0 6HO YTHL\aj MAeTal.IKe YMeTHOCTH HaBH3CHTHjoKo CMI.'KapCTBO
KOjH on ra 'H3:\1eH'H'0 V l-berOBHM Te.\1elol-I-Ma. KaA je opeAHlliTe Y"'IeT-
HH'1JKOr )i<!HBOTa rrpelIlAO Ha KpHT nOCAe naAa UapHrpaAa, Ta'Al je
AHA'pea PHL\O (1451-1492), jeAa:H DA 'KP:HTCIxCAH:Kapa, <P0PMVm-I-
cao CTporH CT'HA V KOMe je BlU2l'HTHjoKa YMeTHOCT 6AeCHYAa cjajeM
HeKaAailllf>e Cl'HACKO'1HKOHorpa<pC1ze 'IHCTOTe. MebVTffi\1, I-beroBO CAli-
KapCT'BO je rrOCAY)IUfAO Kao IIOAcTpeK 3a rrpe06pa){<'aje II H3rpanu-
Bal-be RTaAO-KpHTC'l(Or CTHAa.
3
(CA. 1).
ITpBH npoAopH 3anaAHe Y"'ICTH'OCTH jaJBHA'H cV ce Ben rrO'Jel'KOJ\l
XVI ReKa, Aa 6n HX 6'11AO CBe BHille y CAeAenH,vl CTOAcnWMa. 06A'aCTH
illHpelba H VTHIJ;aja rpl.lKe Y'Me11HiOCTM 6lIAe cV Mm<.eA;OIH'Hja, Cp6H1ja,
EyrapaKa, a nOTOM PY'cHja. Ha npBoM MecTY, rpa<pHKa je 6HAa Ta
npeKO :K!ojecy 3ana;6jHe Y'Me'I1H:OCTH C1lli3ai\JH y V lW-
joj oy 6HAH npHXBaneHH y fJ-IelIlTO H'3Mel-beHOM BHAY. HajHeno:::pe,\-
J-IlH'jH H H'aj'HorrVAapH'H'jH cy 6'HAH 6aKpope3H MapKaiHToHHja PajMoH-
AHja (OKO 1480- OKO 1530) KOjH cy npeHOCH:AH .MuKC'AaiHneAolBa H
Pa<paeAoBa AeAa, 6eonpeKopHa y aaaTo.,\1CKoj H KOM-
rr03HIJ;I1!OHI1-.\1 CXCNla.\1a.4 OHa cy NlOpaAa nO\i\crann )KeIoV rp'IlKHX L\P-
Taqa H CAHKapa iH:e ca;vl'O Aa Y)KHBajy y I-blla Hero IH Aa IYfOKop.HcTe
MHJKeA<:l'HneAOBe 06AHlKe II Pa<paeA''J3IY KMn03HlIHjV. OHH cV 6HAH
BacnHTaHH Aa nOIIlT'yjy XeA0HJfCTJ.o!'-rKe TpaAHIJ;uje IJ;apHrpaAcKe IIlKO-
AC, lbeHor CXBaT3H>a ypaIHHOTe>KeHC KO'NlU03HL\Jfje, 'A'MepeHe recTH-
KYAal\lHje <pHrypa H PiHHaMHKe y paCnQipeAY ApanepHja. CTora cy
y,MCA'H Aa L\0He BPXYHCKH A'OM3UJaj p0HecaacHIHx >\1ajcTopa y TOj AH-
1 T. OCTporopcI, OC/-lOeHU IlpuH/1UnU UCTO'1HOXpUtUnaHcKe UKOHO
Zp(l(/JUje, YMeTHM'IKH nperAeA. Kif,. II, EeorpaA 1939, 43.
2 S, Bettini, Venezia e Bisallzio, 8-VI-39, 1974, EJecta, ditrice, 87.
:) S. Bettini, Andrea Rizzo di Cal1(!ia, sec. XV; MapHo KaTarraH je Ha-
wao AOI{YMeIlTa V Ap/IBII011 apxHBY BelleLUfje 113 KojHX np0113Aa311 Aa je
PHl..\o /KHBeo Ha Kpmy OA 1451 (OTKaA ce rrOMHlf,e Kao cAHKap) AO 1492.
4 A. Procopiou, La peinture religieuse dans les les ioniellnes pen-
dans le XVIIIe sicle; Essaai sur Ja transformation de la peinture byzantinle',
en baroque, Athnes 1939; T. P. Spiteris, L'volution de la peinture post-
byzantine dans les les ioniennes, Athnes 1952; Introduction Ja peinture
neohellnique, Athnes 1962. 9-10; M. Chatzidakis, Etudes sur la peinture
postbyzantine, Variorum reprints, London 1976, 5-28, 147-161 (III Marc-
antonio Raimondi und die postbyzantinische Malerei).
IlocTBH3aHTHjcKo CAHKapCTBO y Cp5HjH y XVIII H XIX BeKY 223
Ben y npBH!M XVI lJ3eKa, y
AOManHX 'CAH!KlIpa jaBHAo ce nOApa)KaBaJi,e MH'KeAaHbeAoBHx 06AI1-
Ka H PacPaeAOBor pacnope'Aa, K'Oje je YXBaTHAo KopeHa H Aaibe OA
BeAH'KHX YL\1e11HHY'KHX CpeAHUITa. Ta.Ka je cAHIKap MHxaHA AaMaCKH-
HOC (1570-1591) Ha KpHTY npHXB3THO 3anaAJi,atI'Ke y KO;\!-
li Cl'HAY. (CA. 2). TIpeHeo 'HX je li MAaAOM AOMeH'H'K1[ Te-
0'J10KonYAJHj'Y (1541-1614), 'KOjH je 3aTHM OTHlnao y II y
HiOj nplIxB3THO Ji,t?HHX CAlHIK3rpa, OC06HTO THHTOpe1'a, TalKO
Aa je OOlfM oApelseHHx MOTJma ITOTHC'HYO oeAe)J:<.jaBiH3aHT!HjcKor
CTHAa, Ha npHMep CHMYATaHeH3Ma y HeKH'M H'KOHaMa.
5
y caMoj BeHeU;HjHce ABa CBeTa, 3anaAHIH H HCT'OtIHH, l[cpelll[
y AeAY Ci\H'Ka'pa H3 BVIIBapUH'H ca OCTp'Ba MypaHa.
)JeaAU3l1M paRe peHeCaJHCe YAiPY)K110 ,ce OBAe C Ae'KorpaTH'B'EHM cja-
jeM 11C110Ka, n03AaneHll'L\1 n03aAHHaMa HoopeA IK:OjHX ce JI3ABajajy
peaA'HC11HtI'Ke cPHType OBeTItTeib'a li 'KTH110pa. Ael\'O
nOCAY)KHAO je li APYTHM 3eMi\,lIMa Aa li3rpaAe oBoje BapnjaH1'e nOCT-
fl1I3a'H11H'j'CK'T CTHAa. f AaBHH Y31p 1K1QI}1I je OM'OlynlHo Herrocpe,a.ij-:lO
rroApa)J:<.aBaJi,e 3aJrra,4JHHx C paonopeAoM cPH'Typa 6HAa je
rpacPHKa. y nOtIeTKY je IMorAO JH3rAeAaTH Aa j'e IBH33'HTlIje'Ka YMeT-
BOCT H'Aa 11lfMe ClIMO 060raneHa, Aa je HanOM CBor C1'HAa YUHAa eAe-
M'eHTe 3l1naAa 6e3 H'KaK'Be OnaOf{,OCTlI no CBOj AYXOBHli H CTHACIKH
H'HTerpHTeT. MebYTlfM, 3anaAiHa yM'eT'HOCT iHH!je J1IMai\a 'Ha pa'CIl'01\a-
ra'HiY caMO Taj 'KOMl1J03liQJHlOHH pa'Ol1JOpeA KOjH ce 'Morao n03ajlNl'lI'TH
6e3 lllTeTe Hero H Apyre eAeMeHTe IKOjH cy 3aTlfIM IlOCTeneHO 'HatIl{-
Ji,aAH 'BH'3aJHTlfjCKiU CTHA JH 6HTHO IRa [lIpOMe<He y Ji,eMY. Taj
HecAyneHH apceHaA 3aua,AiHe 000 je ancop60BtH Aa 6H
HeoceTHio CMeHYTO CTapH CTHA, y C:I'BapH ''HIO IllTO je 6H1\a vecchia
maniera greca.
. HOCl'B1I3aH1'HjcKH CBeT ce palsao H3 ABa IHI30pa: H3 rp'-fII<.e Il
PycHje, a je 6110 npHAH'-N-W AMaK'30 y XVII BeKY. Y fp'lJKOj
joe T3Aa UO BeAII'KH 6poj CAnKapa, OOOOl-IT:O KplHl'OI<.HX, KOjH cy pa-
AHAH y T\1 AYXY: EMaHyeA UaHec (CA. 3), b\H MOOKOC, I1eTap
haMapA'oc, <I>HAoTej C'K:ynoc, TeoAOip I1YAaKoHc li MIHOTH .d:PYTH. EAH
MOOKC je Ben 1657. npHKa330 BaCKpCei-be no 3anaAHOM Y30PY: XPH-
CTa IKOjlH H3Aa3H H3 CB'ora llp06a Y'Mecl'O CUlzaetca y a. OBa TeMa je
DA XVII BeKa Y'IllAa y 'penepToap rpY'Kor CAHlKapCTBa H KO'Ha"lI'HO
OCTaAa y Ji,eMY. Apyra TeMa je KpYHuCa1-be SOZOpoul1e Koje je Ta-
Kiolse nOCTaAO MOTHB np3JBO'C'AaBHor CA'H:Ka:p<:TBa, a y cpncKY YMeT-
;; 0 AaMacKHHocOBHM AeAHMa AOCTa je TIHCaHO, ai\H ce Mal-he 3Ha 0
l-herOBOM )[<UBOTY; l-herOB pa3Boj OA KpHTcKor AO MAeTat.IKOr CTHAa 5HO je
rrpHAHt.IHO AHHaMHyaH, CAHt.IaH rpeJ<oBoj CAHKapcKoj KapHjepu. 1\J.1T.:
Thieme-Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Knstler, VIII, Leip-
zig 1911, 314; 3acaA rAaBHa AHT.: S. Bettini, Il pittore Michele Damasceno,
e l'inicio dei secondo periodo dell'arte Atti deI Reale
Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venezia 1934/35, Tom XCIV,
Parte sec., 331-380. rpeKo HHje Morao Aa ce oCAo6oAH cHMyATaHeH3Ma
cBojcTBeHor BH3a:HTHjCKOM CAHKaopCTBY (Ce. MaepUlcuje u re6aHclca Ilezuja,
ECKopujaA; Aeucuc y flolpe6y lpoc/Ja OpW3a, KaTeApaAa y TOAeAY).
224
Il. BaCHn
lfOCT je YlliAO C jyra nCTIIM nYT0M.(; HOBH'ja RCTpa)I<H'Ba:lha cy nOIKa-
3aAa Aa ,Ha rpYKe CAHIKape HH'CY ynUJ;aAlI caMO HTaAHjaH-
CKHX MajcTopa XVI BeKa 11 'MAeTaYiKO CAHKapCTBO Hem li Apyra He-
OyeI<Jl{Ba:Ha IKOM'fIOHeHTa, M'aA;a caOBHlM pa3\I\,V1MlfBa C 063HpOM !Ha Be-
AHlK'y KOMymf,KaTHBlHY :J\lOn rpaqmKe, n01.JeBlllH DA peepopMal.l,Hje KaA
Hllje l:JJMaAa caMO y'MeTHW-IKY IHera 11 nOAJHI1HYKY YAory: 110 je 6HAa
epAa:MaH'OKa rpaepl:J!Ka. HeAaImO je O'CBeTJ'oeHa YAora ppaepHiKe JaHa
CaAeAJepa (1550-1600) y epopMHpalhY rpYKOr cAHIKapa TeQAopa
IlYAliKJHca, 3HayajHor y jeKY rrpOIJ,iBa1'a nocTBH3a:HTH'joKor cAHiKap-
CTBa y BeHeIJ,HjH H Ha JOI-IOKIIM OCTpBHlMa.
7
JOHCKH CA'J1KapH cy 6llAII
HOOnOl.l,lI jeAHor xR6pllAHor CllIIAa y KOMe je 3AaTO Kao Ba)KaH AeKO-
pa1'lfBaJH eAeMeHaT 6UAO crrojeH'O C peaAiH3MO'M epIIrypa, YOMepeHllX
pa3HHjM KOMn03HIJ,ROHJHM 06paCl.I,H1Ma y Ci\'JlT-I'HOM rrpaBIJ,Y. TaKBa OR;\l-
6H03a je 6HAa peAOBaH rrYT KOj'HM cy HOBa CTHACKa CXBarralha naCTe-
rreHO OMeI-hHBaAa 1'paAHIJ,HOHaA:I-!JY CI1PYKTYPY BH3aHTli'joKor CNHiKap-
CTBa. IIpR TOM ce YBeK 3aAp){(l!BaAO Helll1'O OA paHHjRx OOAHKa, ya-
paBO OHOARKO ,KAHK' je 61IAO n01'peOHO Aa ce cyrepllille H3'BeCH1H
K:OHTlllH'YRTeT 1I3Meoy cTapor l{ IHOBOL TalK:o cy 'HBe BapHja'HITe npa-
BOCAaBHor CA'H'KapCTBa rrpeAcTaBJ'oaAe y cTBapH onpoilnaj C rpaMIl.I,H-
OHaAHM npaBOCAaBHM HiKOHorpaepH1joM. 3a jaBHocT, 3a npaBocAaB-
HH oBeT, 110 je oHAa rpYKa YMeTiHOCT nOf'>iMAa!JeHa eBponCKOM KYA-
G G. Sotiriou, Guide du muse byzantin d'Athnes, 1955, 22. Haj3Ha'-Jaj-
HHjl1 CAHJWP y OBOj rpy:rur 6HO je EMaHyeA IJ,aHec (1610-1690), pobeH Il PeTH-
Ha KplITY; KM je lherOB pOAHH rpaA rrao rrOA TypCKIl BAaCT 1646. CKAOHHO
ce Ha Kp<p, a rrOTOM 1655. Il BeHel\Hjy; 1659. rrOCTaBibeH 3a KarreAaHa l\pKBe
CaH Bopbo AeH fpel\H II y T0\1 3Batbll OCTao AO CMpnI. I-heroBO HajcTapHje
;.\,eAO rrOTWle H3 1636 (Ce. CnupuoH Il MY3ejy Kopep); Y'-IeCTBOBao je y CAH-
KalhY HKOHOCTaca y IJ,pKBH CB. Bopba y KOjOj je OCTaBHO HKOHe
(caAa y MY3ejy XeAeHcKor HHcTHTYTa). BHo je Haj3HaqajHHjH rp'lKH HKo-
HOrrHCal\ XVII BeKa; y CTHAY MY ce YAPY)l(y;jy maniera greca H THIlOBH
THHTopeTa 11 IlaAMe MAaber, Te HTaAlljaHcKa rpa<plIKa XVI BeK<l.. Y CAlI-
KaMa rrojeAHHHx CBenlTeloa 6HO je rrpere>KHo KOH3epBaTHBaH, a y HCTOpHj-
CKHll.l cl\eHaMa ce BHllle npH6AH>KlIO 3arraAHHM YTHl\ajHMa. OMH10eHa TeMa 6HO
MY je XpHCTOC BeAHKH ApxHjepej, a AaTHpa jOlll H3 BpeMeHa IlaAeoAora;
HapOY:HTO ce rrpOlllHpHAa y rrOCTBH3aHTHjcKoj erroxH; H rropeA 3arraAH>a'lKHX
CAeMeHaTa (KPYHa, CKHrrTap), OH je II Y crapocTH OCTao BepaH TpaAHI-\HjH.
Plyorrouo '0 tXrro-rpcupo 0soowpo Ilouaxt xcd Yj
Xxoyp<pL :molox-rop[ xoocn 1979. J. Rigo-
poulos, The Ieon Painter Theodore Poulakis and the Flemish Eng-
raving, Summary in English anld Index of Icons, pp. 489-500, Grigoris Publi-
cations, Athens 1979. IlYAaKHc je pobeH 1622. Ha KPHTY, a YMPO 1692. I-;Ia
Kp<PY, Ha KojeM ce HaCTaHHO OA 1675; Ha KpHTY MY je 6HO YY:l-lTeib MaAO
rr03HaT KaAybep AM6p03HjyC. Y BeHel\Hjy je CTHrao 1645. H OCTao AO 1657, a
rrOTOM ce BpaTHO Ha Kp<p. Y AeAY MY ce cycpene CHI-iTe3a WKOAe H
3arraAHoeBporrCKor peaAll3Ma KOjH je yrr03Hao jow Ha KpHTY rrpeKO AHpe-
poBe rpa<pHKe, OC06HTO 6aKpope3a; Y BeHel\HjH je Harnao CaAeAepOBa rpa-
<pHY:Ka AeAa, rra je AOWAO AO cnajalha rrOCTBH3aHTH[cKor CTHAa C MaHHpH3-
MOM <pAaMaHGKe BapHjaHTe (OOAaTKe 0 IlYAaKHcy A06HO caM OA AenocaBc
IIIeAMlm, CaBeTHHKa faAepHje MaTHl\e cpnCKe, Ha 'leMY joj H OBOll'! rrpHAn-
KOM 3axBaibyjeM).
IIOCTBli3aHTlijcKo CAHKapCTBO y Cp6lijli y XVIII U XIX neKY 225
TY'POM H fb6HffiVl TeKOBH'Ha'Ma.
8
MO)KAa cnopo 3.AH yrrropHo, QlHa je 3a-
J1I()qeA'a Aa ce OA XVIII 'BeKa I.l.IiH!pU lHaceBep, y M<liKeAlHiHjH, Cp-
6HjH, 'Y fJ1peAeMI'Ma npeRo Y1Haa H CaBe, CBe AD BYA'lf.Ma, rAe je
C'J1.HrAa y rrOCAeAH>oj "LIeBTpnrHH XVIII BeKa, 'lj'llopeAo ca POiI<JOKOOM
KOj'H je TaAa ocBajao IMeCTO Meny Cp6HlMa 'lI YCTaAHo ce 'Y cpnoKoj
y,Mel'HiOCTH.
IIrpo,Nop eAeMeHaTa 3anaAHe y,"leTHOCTH ocTBapeH je y PY'ClrjH
OAH'IHUM n'ITeM H CAUqHHM orpeACl'BI-I'Ma. AOA:Hip Pyca ca CTpaHl'h'll
TprOB3:'lKIH'M K.oAOHH'j<lJMa Y CBOjOj 3eMlb'lI CA'060Aa" ,
"x,OAaIHAOKa cA06oAa") HL"130 je o36HlbHHX J]OCAeA!I-Il.l;a no 'KYATY'PiHH
)KI-I'BOT PycHje na li 'Y"1eTHOCTH. BaKpope3H npOTeCTaJHTCKHX BH6A:Hja
,K;oje cy paAHAH HH'303eN\'CKH Y'Mel'H!H1.\li M<lip'IlHJH XeMcKepK IH IIeTep
<p.muep 3B<liHH llHCKal'Op HMaAH oy Hery YNory Kao H Map'Ka:HTO'BH-
jeBiH 'lI CaAeAepOBiH 6aKpOpe3H. PeaAH!CTHlJIKe 11 pea-
AHC'I1H'tl'Ke llpeACTa'Be Du6AHjCKHX nO"LleAe cy Befi y XVII BeKY
Aa oMefbyjy BH3aHTHjOKH CTIfA, fberOiBO CX'B3!Tafbe <pHrype, rreponeK-
TlIBe iH OAHoca rrpeMa rnpupOAU. IIpeoKpeT Ce TIoqeo HcnOlbaBaTH 'fI0-
OAe 1659. Y AeA'Y Q<lJpCKOr 1J130rpa<pa CHMOH. Ym<liKOBa -( 1622-1686),
Kiojn HHaqe mrje 6HO jeAHJHH Y'MeTH'HlK H'B!r 0Mepa. HCTY YAOJ1Y je
}fu\1a 11 u;ap:OKH )KHJBOl1iHCaQ BorAa:H CaATa:H'OB, a y YKp<lijHHH je lHa-
CMflK<liH Aeu3uc XeTMal-ta CG.JHOjJW6t1<ta 1672, "Y."HjH je ayrop OCTao
AOCa:A HeII03HaT. Ha Y'KpajHJHoKY Y'MeTHIocT je YT.HQaAa IIolbcKa. IIrpo-
u;ec npeo6pa)Kaja 6p30 je 'Y3H'Mao Maxa 'Y J]ocAeAfbHM AeQeHHjaIM3
XVII 'BeKa, OC06HTO KpajeM 'BeKa, KaA je ,A;06uo rroApillKY IIeTpa Be-
MfIKOr IKlOjH je jeAHH'M YKa30;\1 Jf3 1707. OABOjHO QpKBeao CNI-I'K<lip-
CTBO DA npopa'Hor 'Y3 CapaAH>y HB3!Ha 3arpYNh'Hja. Il,.pK'B6HO CA'H1Kap-
C1'BO je DT3'A Tpe6aAO Aa qHHH CHM6U:03Y CTapor 'H HOBOT. To cy 6lfAe
peaA!H'C'.Nf"lJ'I<.e <pHrype OBeTiHTelba Ha YKpameHoj 3Aauwj n03aAH'H'H,
c AeK'OpaTHlBHWM cYI'Ha'Dyp3!Nla C'Y 6HAe CAH"lJ'He OHYUMa y CllpO-
ralHOBCK'oj illKOAH, Ha CAH"L)a>H HaqHH IKlIO y C1'I'lAY MAeqllHa, 0')\#0-
CHO BllIB3:pHHuja npe 'BHWe OA AiBe CTOTHHe rAHHa. AOAYIIIe, CA>H1KapU
cy y nOqeTKY nOKYIII3!B3.AH Aa HOBH'M I)WMIT03HQHOHHM paCopeAOM
IJpHAaroA;e purype BH3<lJHmjoKoM CT11Ay, rrrpeKpJ-llBajyl1H: UX OpiH'aMeH-
1'HKOM iKao p3!HHje. AMi "LI'BpCT 11 cyreCl'HBaJH peaMi'33!M 3aITa:,A;lh<liKa
'HHje Morac 6HTH 'rpa:HHQeH jeAHRo cxeMY: OH je
8 IIpeo6pa.IKajli CTI'IAa nOA YTHl..\ajeM MAeTaqKOr CAli1<apCTBa Haj60ibe
ce YO'IaBajy aKo ce ynopeAe ABe HKOHe E:'WH\/eAa !..\aHeca: Ca. AUMU'lpuje
H3 1672. U C6, [eopwje H3 KaoHlijHx rOAHHa; cnajafbe 3anaAHHX il HCTO'l-
HHX eAeMeHaTa je O'llirAeAHo y aHaToMHjli TeAa CBeTliTeiba 11 fbliXOBliX 1<a-
:fba, nOABprHYTliX cTporoj aHaAH3li, rrpH6AmKaBaI-bY peaAH3MY, AOK cy AHl..\a
CBeTliTeiba OCTaAa rropTpeT CAliKaHa y Bli3aHTujcKoM AYXY ca OCBeTibefbeM
sui generis Koje HHje nOAperieHo oCBeTibefbY H3 jeAHor li3Bopa. II oBAe rroc-
TojH AeAOBafbe CliMYATaHeH3Ma rro KOMe CBeTAOCT MO.IKe 6HTH pa3HoBpcHa
HCTO OHaKO Kao H pa3He paAl-be y jeAHoj CAUl.\U, rAe CAliKap jOllI Hlije YCBa-
JRO peHeCaHOHO HaqeAO jeAllHCTBa, BpeMeHa If paAfbe, Kao Hnp. y nllaf1al-bY
rlOpe3a OA Ma3aqa (CaHTa MapHja AeA KapMHHe). To 3HaqU Aa HU cjmpeH-
J'!.CKO CMIKapCTBO HHje 0AMax MorAO Aa ce OCAo6oMI HaCAena Koje je
OCTaBilAa vecchia maniera greca.
226
n. BaCliI
3aXTeIBao CBe, H CYAOHIHa Bl13aHTJijoKor CTHA:a HAa je perneHa, Hcrn-
Ha He oe3 011IIOpa U;PKBeHllX lbYAM. Ta.,KO je jeAalH naKOH, CPOlflH Jo-
BaH l1ibewKOBHfl, l3efl me3AeceTHx rOIAH'Ha XVII BeKa yerao npOTHB
ffooe ryMeTHIOoTH rOBopeflH KaK'O ca:A,a CAHKaj'y XpHCTa ,,1K'ao illBa6y
. rh ,..,.. y
'KO'Me Jorn ,,aNH caMO HeMaqKa caOiba '0 'OeAPHMa". npeAa3HOM rre-
pHOAY IMorAU cy jorn Aa KOer3H'C1'Hpajy CTapo If HOBO, aAU IfIO'CAC
1707. IHHje LBHrne OHi\O rOBopa 0 rrOCTBH:5aHT'HjoKoM CTHAY 'Hero 0
OllpOJ<iY. 3axBaibyjyflH rroPiprnU;H l1eTpa Be.i\llfIKOr, oapoK je Ao6uo
cHary 3aKClIH'a, a llOMeHYTH "fKa3 je pernHO IKOHal.l'HY oYAorfHiY noCT-
BH3aJ-l:TujcKor CAHKapCTBa 'Y PYClfIj:H.
9
KalKO je rp4'Ka YMeWlioCT OHAa CTaAaJH oopa3au; 3a YMeTH'HKe y
M3IKeA'OHlfIju, EyrapcKoj 'H CPOHjIf, TO 'lBaJK!Be npOMeHe HoHCY MorAC
H3OCTaT>H y TH1vl 3eMib3lMa oe3 003Hpa Ha orerreR 'BapujaJ-laTa. Tarr<o
ce Ha rrpaMep y rpacPHU;H CPIr'CKHX KI-h'Hra rnTaMuaHHX y BeHeU;H'jH y
rnTaNI!ITaip.ujH EO>KUAapa U BlfIHfleHu;a BY'KOBH'fla, Ben 3ana>Ka Aa ce
y Hi\'YCTpau;uj'H I.\IpK'BeHUX Kf-bUra OApa)KaBa IMAeTa'tJ'Ka Y'Mel1J-10CT. Ao-
nojacHe cP'H'rype CBe11lneloa nOAcelia:jy 'Ha 'HeKlU BHA sacra conversa-
zione KaA BlfIf-beTa, a oHoAnjC'Ke Cu;e'He,
pe3aiHe no AeA'HlMa IMAeTaqKHX CAlHiKaipa y peHecaHCHOJ.l CTHAy, ca
rrpeA,.eAOIM y nepCrreK'I1HBfl1, rOB:ope y rrpUi\Jor lJ-IerroopeA'Hoj n03ajlMuU;H
113 IKaTOA'U'I'KUX EUOA'l1ja. OHe AeAyjy yrraAibRBO 'Y OIUPY u;eA1HHe
'IIflje cy UAYC'Ppa1wje 'OCTaAe y rpalH'Hu;aMa rrpaBiOCAaBHe HKJlf'Orpa-
qmje, 'llJpeHeTe y TexHlfIKY ApBOpe3a.l Taj npou;ec je lfrMaO CTI'pUjl1
TOK y CAHlKapcTSY 3aTO rnTO Cp6H'ja J-IIHje UAa H3A.Q)l<eHa 'HenOcpeA-
HOM ymU;aJjy 3aJIIaAHe YMeTHOCTH, qal< HH crpaHe rpacPlflKe Koja je y
TOM norAeAylfIMaAa Haj6p)Ke AejcTBO. HaI1pOTH:B, rrpUBp)!WJ-IIOCT Tpa-
AHlJ)HHa.A!HUM IHa'IeAHiMa BAaAaAa je 3aAyro nOCAe rraAa AecnoToBHHe
1459; TaJKO oy ce Ha rrpHMep cAHiKapu 3HA'HUX CAl1'K'a y XonOBY A'P-
)!<aAU Y tHa:ocy cy CA'l1'KaAH cPpecKe 1608. IKOTI!Hpa'}yl:.n
AeAa l1'3 MHAYTH'J-llBUX 3aAy)!<jwHa, a y rrpH'rrpaT1U je 1654. 3aOTyrr-
ibeH jeAaH C'I1UA C 'HarAarneH'UG'vl T'aKTH1\lHHM BpeAHocTlfIMa, )KHJBibHiM
I"OAOpUTOM U H3A;Y)KH.lf1M <pll'PypaMa l.je je rropeKAo cBeroropoKo,
aAU cy C'Al1<apH OUAU fpu;n. YCBal(;()lM 'cAyqaj'Y 'HeMa 3Ha'KOBa HU
3a ilTpOMeHY C'l:HAa iJ-IIH 3a TIOJCl!BY lf1AejlHux tHOBUlHa. l1al'pajapx li
Ba oy 'IYBaAIUCTapo C'MI:KapCT'BO YBH'XOpy nOAHT'W.J1K'l1'X 3lfIBa'f-ba iK'oja
HIlCY 'M'Or1\:a Y3ApMaTH 'opnCKY npa:BOCAaBlH'Y U;PKB'Y y I-beJ-lI1'M TetlVle-
ibHMa. 3naHl1''I<Ha YMeTHoCT 01<0 pnCl<e naTpwjaprnHje y l1eliu cy-
OMl'MHCaAa je fCBaj l1AeaA y pacPH'f'liOBaHOM C.i\;HKapCT:BY A;BOPoK.'OT CA'U-
Kapa PaA;YAa. To je OHAa oK'BHHl'eCeHu;uja 'Bu3aHTujoKor CTHAa, jaooa,
9 H. fpa6ap, HCTOpHFl PYCCKaro HCKYCCTBa, Kfb. VI, CB. 22, 1916, 424-
--454, 469,
10 A. MeAaKOBHn, TpaqJUKa ermCKUX UiTaMnaHUX lC/-bUza XV-XVII
eeKa, EeorpaA 1958, 146, 214, Ta6. LXIV-LXX; C. IIeTKoBHn,
Meditationes vitae Chris,ti o llceyo-EoHaeeHType y jel-lOj cpnclcoj K1bU3U
U3 XVI eeKa, 360pHllK CBeT3apa PaAoj1.na <l>aKYATeT, OAe-
A>efbe 3a HCTOpHjy YMeTHOCTH, EeorpaA 1969, 258.
IIOCTBI13aHTHjcKO CMU<apCTBO y Cp6uju y XVIII u XIX BeKY 227
,AiOCAeA:Ha, TpaAIIQIIOIHMHa, II y Ta'K'BaM 11>eHOM 3paLIel:b'Y I-mje 61I'A0
oAcTyna'lba OA 'Ka:J-I10Ha 'KOjH '0'1 OHAH CTaNHO rroIll'toBaiHH.
ll
A:ooa :H ana'OHOc"I1H AOHeAa je lBeAHKa ceo6a 1690. ro-
Mme. HcnfHa, CpOH cy KpetHYA'I1 U3 OTaUOHHe OOCAe 3HaTHHX [lPll-
npeMa: fI10HeAH cy nOKpeTHe CTBa'pH, MOIll'l'lI 'KpaibOOa, H'K:OIfe, U;PK-
BetHe Yl1Baip:U, APa'rOQeHOCTH, K'llill're, Ail1H1Jje, 6apj'a:Ke, yonIllTe OBY
nOKpeTHlY HiMOIBH'HY. 3a HMMa je :OCTaAO ORO rAaBHO -MaHaCTllpH,
lM eppeCl<e. HaKO cy nOHeNH epMHHHje IH Apyre npnpyYJHiHiKe,
H'nalK 0'1 OCTaAli rAa'BHH 'H3BOplI cA'WKapCTlBa: eppecKe :Ha 3HAOBJ'IiMa
H H y 'KynoA'a'Ma QpKaBa IJ{ Ma'HaCTJ-Vpa. To je HoMaAO
JliOCAeAHQe 3a YMeTHlNKH .>KHBOT Cpoa y YrapcKoj H XpBaTcIf<;oj.l2
TIoLIel1KoM XVIII BetKa j\lBHA'O ce 'HelllTO HOBO y YMeTHocTH
y Cp611'j'H, a nplICTHrAO je ca ceBepa H j'YTa. Ha npB'M Meery cy
Yel'npH HKOHe 3a MaHaCTHp PalIWBHQY IK:oje je Ao6HO IHry.MarH rplH-
3a YCAyre Y<fHlbeHe prYOKOM nOCAa'RHKY nplIAHlKOM 3aKMy-
yelha KapA'OBa"lKOr MlIrpoBHor yroBopa 1699; %KOHe cy AOHeTe y Cp-
6H'j-y 1701. CA'WKaAII cy HX PYOKH QapoK,u I-UKOH[JHCQH 1687. 3a oMa-
HacTHp BaToneA y CBeToj rOpH, aAH 0'1 cyrrpoTH'O O'BOj HaMe'HlI 6uAe
fWKAOlbeHe HrYMaHY MaHacTHpa Pa:KiOBHQe.l
3
OHe cy MO'I'Ae nO'CAY-
>KHllH Ka' H3BecTalHysOp, aAH 0 TOMe 3acaA JIeMa nOAaTaKa. Huje
HOKLbY,LImro Aa cy 'MorAe YTH'QaUI Ha Kpyr OKO ,pa:Ba'R'W]KO'f IHryMaJHa
CTe<Pama. OH je 011'0 KTH110p jePiHe l-lKOIHe JOIBa!Ha llpereqe 'K.oja ce
HaAa3H y enH'KonOKOM y CpeMoKHM KapAoBQH'M'a', a oHAa je
HaiMelbeHa Q'PK'BH Ba3Hecelba.
14
HrY'MaJH CTeepaH ce BpaTHO y Cp6Hjy
nOCAe TIKapeBa"llKOr MlIpoBH'or yroBopa 1718. H YOP30 nOA;H'l'ai li
;fBOllHcao npnrrpaTY MaJHaoTHipa PaBaIHrn..J;e 1721. T,MIIHe.
15
H'B'HlHY
y TOM 'CAH'KapCTBY npeACT<lJBAoa )KUBAoH rKOA'OplHT KOjlJI ce MeCTlfM'H"l'HO
jaBHo Ha TepHTopHjlI 6eOI'paPiOKO-<KapA'Ba<']Ke MlHl'pO'lIAlHje, Ha
npH'Mep Ha IHKOH3:Ma 3a QrpKBY y CAaJHK:arMeHY 1726. rOAHHe.
16
)KUBO-
nHCQ.H 'M<lJHaOrnpa Apa,qe 'VHeAH GY HeW110 HOBO 1736: eAe:M0HTe jY)K-
Hor oapoKa y 'YIKpam'aB<lJlh'Y rrpeCTOi\a borop!6iHQe, Kp\nHe, CK'HflTpa,
K<lJrmTeAacTyoBa CTH'AJ-!Ta, KajH AeAyjy 'Kao pycTHLIaH OGA'HK OHor
Cl1HAa IKOjH cy Y'BeAHK.' nplFMelbWB<lJAH 'CAHoKaplI ca JO'BCK.HX OCTpBa
(CA. 4). CAHlKapH Apaye 0'1 OCTaAH IlpII np'HI'VWeHOM KOAOpI-I11Y I{
MOl-IYMerUaAH'HM :ooAH'Q'HMa KOjH cy noce6Ho AOWAiH AO
11 C. IIeTKoBHti, 3UOHO CizWcaPCTBO Ha noopy<zjy DenIce narpujapuzu-
je 1557-1614, HOBH CaA 1965, 153-156.
12 II. Bacuti, 30zpacp CTarlOje u l-beZ080 eJlo, 360pHHK 3a AllKOBHe
YMeTHOCTH, 14, HaBu CaA 1978, 330 H Aaibe.
'13 II. BacHti, AYTOPU, nOpelCJlO u 3H.a<taj npec'coH.ux UlCOHa U3 BeJluzee
PeMere, 360pHUK MaTHl.te cpncKe 3a APywTneHe HaYKe, CB. 28, HOBH CaA
1960, 93.
14 II. Bacuti, YMeTHOC'Z' y CpeMcKuAz KapJlOB/.of.uAW, YMeTHKYI Torro-
rpaq>uja CpeMcKHX KapAOBaQa, HOBU CaA 1978, 166.
15 M. fiOPOBHti-IDy6uHKOButi, Aac/(lJl jepoMoHax CTerjJaH, PaA BOjBO-
l5aHcKHx MY3eja, HOBH CaA 1956, 73.
16 II, BacHti, Cpnc/w CJlwcapu XVJI1 Be/ca y CpeMY, Ao6a 6apolCa,
cTYAuje u '-lAaHQU, EeorpaA 1971, 65.
228
n. BaCHh
113pa3a y Aparrepwja!Ma XpHCTa, BliIlle 3anaAIbaqKHM Hero 'BlnaHTHj-
CKIBL TurroBli 'Y 06AHKlfjy ce H3BecHOM AHiHeapHO),l
MHlI-ryU;lm::momny IKoja ce YAaloHAa OA B'H3aJHurjC'lwr 'K<tHOl!a
MenYTrl'IiM, H j.\'!-mMa H APVflIu'v1a Ae)l(H Ka:O 1lf3BeCl'8.iH peaAli3aM
qHje je 06eAe)l(je Bliwe cneKYAaTH'BH 'Hem 5.1nli'PMqlKO, 'B'HllIe 3a-
MH'WibeH a pri'ri Hero H31'paneH a posteriori. AYT'OpH CAHKaJpCl'Ba y
patI'H nOTH'tIy c jyra, a cYAenH rra je3ll'K'Y 6HAH C'Y HAH tIaJK
IipU;H. HewTo 'BlIme ce 3Ha :0 Ta'.<j:>H AiHAipeje AiHiApeaBHna lK<oja je
)fBOlJiHCa:Aa MlIHacTHp a OCHM AIHApeje 'Y rpyrlH cy
GUAH <PHi\JUn AHApeoBwn H 30rpa<j:>H HeAeMKo, HnK01\a H reopraje.
Ilocroj'HMoH'lliibeIbe Aa je OIBa rpyrra rrOCAe 3a'BpWeH'H'X p8.A{}Ba V Bpa-
paAHJ\a 3HAH'O CAIIIKaJp:CToBO y U;pKBH Aa3apnun '! KpymeB-
l.4y. i\'1ebyniM, 'A OBo'r Ci\:l1IKapcl'Ba oy catIYOO'HiH ca'MOMaAlI AeAOBH
BAaAap0l(HX TIOpTpeTa KOj'Yi rro CTl1AY HeWTO Beny CAo60AY."
HCTOIBpeMeHo je no Cp6Hjn y YrapoKoj C'AaHauIlbOj Boj130AHHH)
PaAWO H XpHCTo<P0P )Ke<j:>a'poBHn (YMPO 1753. y MOCKBH) KOjU je
AOWa C j'l'ra. HHCY ff03HaTa JberOBa AeAa H3 rrpBHX rOA'i'l'Ha, a lbe-
rOR HaJjPaJHHjlU n03Ha1'H U'HrKAYc CAlfKa HaAa3H ce y IMa'HaCTHpy Eona-
HIi'Ma, iCAlHlK<liH 1737.r.oAHlHe.
18
I-heroB'O 'CAIiKa;pcl1Bo ce y 'I1OrAeA'V CTHAa
J:fa.Aa3H OmpHMiKe 'Y Ci\:II1t.I'HOj 'KAWMH lKao li JberOB'llX caBpe\1eHlHlKa.
a.A:H lUTO ce TII'tIe TeMa, y H>eM'y cy H3J3eOHe HOiBIi'He rra KojH'Ma ce
illIA'H ,A/a je <y1IT03Hao n:ojeAlllHe eAeMeJHTe C'.i\HKapcwa oa JO'HOKllX OC-
TpBa lKOjH cy rrpeJHeT'H il ry rp'lJKry,19 Tu ce 3al[[la')l(>3. [EO ABeMa TeM3.vIa
K'oje 0'1 CAHK!aJHe ry EobaJHHiMa: BaClCpCe/-be XPUCTU60 u KpYHuCaJ-be
DOlOpoul4e. )Ke<j:>apoBHn je 6HO paAo3HaAa npHIp0Aa; nyr 'IlpeKO beO-
rpaAa, Eona'Ha, opm-MiHe H IIIl1IKAyma 1B00AIJi!O ra je 'Y J3eq Y KOMe ce
06peo 1741, WKO !He li 'Pa'H'lfje. Ty ce aJKTH'BHO 6mmo rpacjmKo:vr, na
je H3 nOCTBH3aJHTHjoKe epa3e npewao y 6ap:OK, Aa 6H y6p30 npH-
XBaTHo 'Yi eAeMe'l-ITe pOKoKoa. )KeepapaB'Hnena 6worpa<j:>Hja nOKa3yje
nyT K,OjilIU\1 cy IBepoBaTHo np.omAH H Apyrr:H IH>3.WI-I YMeTl-IlHl.\H. /lCeepa-
pOBan y Ol3aKQ.\1 iCA'yqWjy Ka'o :ReKa BpCTa apnOKor 501'a KOjH
je ARH<liM'll'lHillM paBIrojeM H311paAHO YCA10Be 3a iHiOBa OT'K!pUna, 3a Aa,\'H
K'OpaK IllTO oy ra OCl1BapHAH l'eJK APY'rrH: npeA'CTa13HH'l.\H PY0J(,O-YKpa-
jlIiHOKor CTIMa y CprrcKOM iCAHlK!arpcl1BY. )Ke<j:>a'pOIB'Hn je rHwao 'HorrpeA
CBor BpeMeHa; OH je YlH'elO Te.MtaTOKe HOiBHrHe y OBOj penepToap, AIOK
oy JbeI'aBH CaBpeMeHlIUU li3 paqe H Bpa,neBillHIi'l.4e OCTaAiH 'IlpH cpeA-
17 M. KOAapHn, Cpnc/ca YAtemOcT XVl/I ee/ca, EeorpaA MCMLIV, 21;
n. BacHn, EapoKHu e/leMeHTU y cpnCKOM C/lUlcapcTey npee nO/lOeUHe XVIII
eeKa, EeorpaA 1964, 8; B. PHCTli, a :ncueonucy LlpKee Ce. CTerfJaHa y Kpy-
PalllKa 6alllTHHa, 1, KpaloeBo 1975, 53.
18 A MHpKoBHn II H. 3APaBKOBHn, MaHacTup EohaHLl, Eeolpa
1952, 56.
19 G. Sotiriou, Hae. e/lo, 21; OH nOMHI-he CAHKape feopmoca BllAa-
Allca, JOBaHa MocKOca (1713), KOHCTa.H1'ltHa KOHTapllHHca (1715), feoprHoca
Q,pllCai\OpaCa (1733), MllxaHAa E<pe3Hoca (1738), )Ke<papoBlieBe ca-
BpeMeHllKe.
IlocTBH3aHTHjcKo CAHKapCTBO y Cp6HjH y XVIII H XIX BeKY 229
l-hOBeKOBHiHM MOTIfBHMa, 'Ha npHIMep CUJza3az Xpucra y a. I-beroBo
lfAejHo anpeAeibelhe nOKa3Yje H l-herOBKpaj: nYl'OIB3H>e y MOOl<JBy.
20
Hcre fO'AJ1IHe 1737. KaA je CA'HKa'Ha BpaneBillHilfLla, H feopmrje
CTojaJHOiBH'n, HKOHOnH'Cau H3 CBHlIIroBa a rpaoaJHHlH 6eOI'pa,AOKH, Ci\.!H-
KHO je llIKOHie 3a U;PKBY OB. JOBaJHa y CaBaMaAH 'Y BeoI'paAy.21 feop-
rH'je je no OBeMY CYAenH 6HO naTplfjapxoB CARiKap. I-beroB'O CAHiKap-
CTBO je HaCTaAO H3 YKplIITeHHX YTHuaja ceBepa - '113 Y'K'pajl'JlHe - I:!
jyra, npI:! yeMY je COA'yaCK'H oapOK HMao 3HaTHH'jH YAeo. OH ce I:! K3-
oHHje ja4e HonOibHO y J1IKO'HaiMa Hero y 3H'A'HOcV1 cAHIKapCl'By. feoprn-
jeBaBe3a c jyroM orAeAaAa ce y TOMe lIITO je rrOCAe CA'HIKaha I:llW0-
HOCTaca 3a U;PKBY CB. IIeTpa H IIaiBAa y CpeMCKoHIM KapA'BUlIiMa 'IIO-
HOBO lHllIlJQ IHa jyr 1746, rAe je U'PTao MaHacnrp Ae4lJHe
22
, a nOTOiM
Aao Aa ce H3paAH 6aropope3.
3a BpeMe aycTpnjcKeBA'aAaBHHe y CPOHlj'H - "aAlMHB,H'CTpaUllje"
- Cp6Hja je 6HAa y Be3H ca AryCTp>H'jOM IH OA!HeKAe HMaAa Be3e C
PY'clfMa KOjH cy AiOAa3H'AH y }fawe 3eMloe iKao yqllTeibH, rprOBT..IJH,
MOHaCH, a noce6I-Io Kao YMeTHHUH. MeoyrHlNl, Taj npoLtec je OMO 'npe-
KHlHYT BeorpaA0KHM MHpOBHilI'M yI10BO'pOM 1739, TaKO Aa cY CpoHja,
oprrOKa Up'K'Ba H cprroKa qpKBeHa Y'MeTlHOCT oneT 6HAH ynyneHH Ha
j'yr IKao npe aYC1'pH'jcKe oKyrraUIIje, WTO 3Ha4H Aa cy TO OHAH y:3iOipH
1f3 fp'lfKe. OHH Hu.ioy HMaAH OHaI'y oHenocpeAHOCTH C KiOjOM oy PYCH
npeHOOHA'H 06pacue H Ha4eAa YKpajHOK'T CAHKa'pCTBa y CpeMiCKe
Hero cy OHAH orpaHH'4eHH Ha nocpeAaH A;OAHp y cy
ce iHOBa CXBaTalha jaoibaAa '.V1eCTHMW1JHO, KOJ\:HIKO je AocaA n03'HaTO.
TaKO je :aaoeJ-lla HKOHa JOBlJHa KpcTH'I'eiba 1f3 1745. Y &y-
KOBY, AeAO H'K!HOflHcua. feH4a <PHAYflioBOKor H3 fa6poBa. Y M3!Hd-
CHIPY PY'K'Y'M'HjH l-I'aAa3H ce CA!H4Ha l1lK':Ha ca 3anH'OOlM: GBd'J'IH IOdH'h
MOilH MHilOC'I'HBdrW Crd 3d CBE'J'd 1784. HKoHa HMa 6a'poKHH OK-
BHip H MO)KAla nOTH4e H3 BojBOAHHe. I-beR CTHA nOMaAO nOAcena Ha
CAHiKoapCTBO GHABeCTpa IIonoBHna Ha y MOHOllITOPY,
AOHeKAe eKcnpecHOHHcTH4KO. Y ceAa fopo6lIA>a HaAa3U ce
HKOHa JOBaHa IIpeTe4e Koja 6H no 6apOKHiHM eAeMeHTHMa MorAa
nOTHUa H3 cpeAHHe XVIII 'BeKa. 30rpa<l> C'I1aBpO je 1754. CAllKaO
HI(OHOCTac MaHaCTIlpa Bpal.eBmHlIue C PYCTl!4HHM nOCTB'H3aHTII:j-
CKHM CTHACKHM 06eAe)KjeM.
23
Y MaHaCTHipv BpaTHH HaAa3H ce l"a-
Kooe jeAHa BoropoAllua H3 XVIII BeKa.
OA we3AeceTHx rOAH'Ha XVIII ReKa, y 3l1a,A,lH'HlM KJpajeBH'Ma Cp-
oHje paAH'o je ClfMeoH a30BiHn 'H TO y CH'poroj'H'Y 1764, y Ce810jHY
20 A. AaBHAoB, CTeMaTolpaqJUja, HOBH CaA 1872; BCTH, Onucai-lUje fe-
PYCCUZUMa, HOBH CaA 1973.
21 Il. BaoHI., CpncKu Eeolpa y o6a 6apotca, A06a 6apoKa, EeorpaA
1971, 174.
22 B. BY'lKOBHn-CaBHI., 30lpacjJ reopzuje CToja1-106Un, 360pHHK MaTH-
l..\e cpnCKe 3a APYWTBeHe HaYKe, CB. XVII, HOBH CaA 1957, 35.
23 P. CTaHHO, Htcol-locrac A-tal-laCTUpCtce I1pK6e y Bpane6UII-lUI1U, 360p-
HHK 3a AHKOBHe YMeTHCTH MaTHl..\e cpncKe, nocBeneH IlaBAY BacHny, 7,
HOBH CaA 1971, 148.
230
II. BaCHn
1779. H Y MaJH'aCl'l1py KAHCYPH 1801. rOAlIIHe.
24
npH'CYCTBO feopmja
M'OAepa 3a6eAe;l<eHO je y CTYAeHHUH 1766. rOAI'EHe;25 Aa AH je 1'0 OHO
feoprnje CTojaH'BH'n HA!H MO){<:Aa aHaj feoipmje H3 APY)KHHe A'HApeje
A:HAipeOBHn'a, TeWKO je penH. JeAaH OA 3anHoa cKpaja XVIII BeK<I
H'aAaI3H ce Ha ceBeptH!()I,M nopra,AV MalHaC11Hpa CB. PMa'Ha 'K'A Ey-
Hlfca: "Ma'lfCTOpH COTHop IIIYiHlAa li A'H!MO 1796". III'IjIHAa je 611'0 poe
AOM :H13 Hllilla li nOMHI-he ce y KapanopnCBOM Ae,1060HOM npOTOlCO-
Jly.26 lb HCTor BpeMeHa nOTHye H HI<:OH'iCTac ry CB. POMaHY KOjH je
Ci\'H,KaO Hen03HaTH 30rpa<}l y nOCTBH3aHTHjoKOM CTHAy. (CA. 5). Taj
HlKOHOCTllC Haj60loe npeACTaJBloa Cl
1
HA KOj,H je y Cp6HjH Ao61l-L0 npe-
IJ;H3HMje 06eAe){<:je; Tpe6a PChH Aa je I1M'aO A,Ba 'BH',,'a: jeAa'H CTP'Q)I,
M'O)Ke ce penH a A'Pym 'HaHBaH, 6aCTapAH30BaH y rropenCI-hY
C joHOJN1JM fCAH'KapCl''BOM. IlpBoj npynH 'Koja je MaI-be 3a'CTynloeHa y
Gp6HjlH rrpH'TIaAajy Ma:jCTapH H'KOHOCTaca CB. POMalHa, MajcTop Malle
y HHmy '113 1815. rOAHHe,27 AAeKOO'je Aa30BHn C ,L\e'laHOK 1+:\01
li'KOHOCTaCOM olf3 1814. fOMU:lC,28 (CA. 7) 3aTI1M Awro 3'rpa<p H3 Be-
Aeca KojH je CAl1JKaO HKOHO'CTac U'PKBe Y BpaI-bY 1860. rOAHHe.
29
Aa-
30BHh H Aww oy Ha'cTojaAH Aa ce npU6AH)Ke 6apoK'Y CAHAHHje rpa-
DeflllljM <pH,rYPaJMa, 'lnprnnHM CX'BaTaf>eM <polpMe 'Kloja 6e3Ma,i\'0 m"ra
l:KaJAeMOKe npeTeH3H1je. CTora oll'M ce He MO){ AaTH H'Me ,,l'pe'leOK:HX
MalfCTopa" Ka'O HH CA11'KapH'Ma CB. POMaJHa H IH'HWKC upKBe IKOjH npeA-
cTaBloajy BH'llIJH AOMeT rrOCl'BH3aJHTHjoKor CT,HAa; OH ce IK'OA Aa30BHna
II AH'Ya 'YKAana y 6apOK, Maip:a je TO y cyrnTH'HH nOCTBH3aHrujoKI1 <pe-
'f-IOM'eH. MenYTH'M, 11 D'Ba ABojHua 06HAaTO paCrrpaCT'HP'Y 3AaTO Ha CH-
jHM RKOHaMa Kao Aa 'He )KeAe li3ry6HTH ca 'OBOj'HM 30Irpa<pOKHM
nOpKA'OM.
Apyra rpyna, MHor06pojI-lHlja, Koja y rrOTrrYHO'CTH onpaBAa'Ba
HlMe "rpeyeOK;J1X MaH'CTOpa" A,eAQ.BaAa je y Cp6HjH TOKOM npBHX ce-
A:aM Ael."(eHHja XIX BeKa. Aa je Hama Y:\o1eT'HOn Ben V XVIII nelKY
6HAa )KCAma lIIH'lBaIJ;HjaBHAH ce rro AeNY XP.J.rcTH<popa )Kepa<poBllna.
:f<!a'toA'I1'Y'Ke TeMe 'cy 'MorAe ynn y IherO'BO CAoHKa'POTB'O nocpeAcT'BoillI
CAH!Kapa iC JOHiOKHX OCTpBa. HCTHIHa, Taj jY)KIH'H (HAH 6a-
pO'K je 6HOM'aI-be HpHCYTa'H y 3HAHOIM CAoMIKa'pC:rBY Hero y lfKOHaoM3.
y HiKOH3IMa ce lIcrrONHo y lHarAarnE'lH'oj AE'lK'OpaIJ;Jl1'jH oKoja je 'YHeA
CTHAIH'30BaJHe eAeMeHTe H3 npnpoAe, npeTe>KHO oM3 611'i'o'HOIr aMI H
<parypaNHor CBeTa YoMeCTO reOMerpH'joKe opH'a!MeHTHKeBH331HTHjcKor
CAHlKapCTBa. HOBa AKiOpaltHja je rracTaAaKHTI-h'a!CTa, pa3rpa:HaTa,
21 K. IIaBAOBHn, Hel103fLaTe U!(Qlle 1764. lO()uHe, il pau pa 302 par!Ja
CUJI-leOHa Aa306u/1a, IIoAHTHKa OA 16. aBrycTa 1964.
25 B, P. IIeTKOBHn, Ha6. eJlo, 314.
26 AeAOBoAHH1 npOTOKOA OA 1812. Mal{ 21. AO 1813. ADrycTa S. Kapa-
lsopna IIeTpOBJia, Bp'oBHor BO)l<Aa H rocnOAapa HaOOAa Cp6Hje, ACC, IB-
AaAO ApywTBo CprrcKe CAoBeCHOCTH y EeorpaAY 1848, 26 (744).
27 II. 1\. fanjAl-, MaJlu HUUllCU ca60pHu xpaM ca Jleronuco,w, IIpHf\or
HCTOpHjH HHwa H errapxHje HHWKe, 1961, 19.
28 B, P, IIeTKOBHn, fW6. eJlo, 88.
29 K. TOMOBCI, Ca60pHa C6. Tpo;mre y Bpal-bY, noce6aH
OTHcaK H3 BpafbCKor rAacHHKa, Kfb. III, Bpafbe 1967, 20.
IIocTBH3aHTHjcKo CAHKapCTBO y Cp6Hju y XVIII YI XIX BeKY 231
npeTepaHia; OHa je YMaI-bHAa yoo.If'.IajeHo ocenaI-be Mepe y ITOrAeAY
Ae!<''pant:BH'OCTH Koje je BH3aHl'lIj'cKa YMeTH'OOT upITeAa 13 xeA0HH-
CTH'l'KOr iHacAena. AKO je onAo Te)Ke ,MeI-baTH oopaCue:H:3 epMllHHja y
3HJAlH!OM CitliIKapcTBY, UKOHe cy oHAe nOAAO){('H.H'je OBl1'M rHOBllIHalMa 'Koje
H'Iwy MeI-baAe OYWl'H'H'Y np<IJBOCAa'BHor Y'-IeI-ba Bero oaMO CITOibH'Y ,cl'pa-
'H'Y A!lilK'OBHOr H3pa3a. OBaj OMep je BHlIle IlOAarao Ha YTHoalK fKoj:H
OCTaBiba AeKopaUHja Hero 'Ha AlHlK'OBHY AeAa. HORO y cPpe-
CKaMa orAeAaAO ce y nojeAIJ.-I'HOCTHMa, y OAenH OBeTHX paTH.I1'Ka
je fl'OCTaAa Ayra'-I'I, y OH3apHHM WAeM'OBH'Ma, y A0K.OpaTHBHO'Cl'H npe-
CTOAa, MooHAHjapa, KpYHa, CI<HITTapa, liH'CnrHJ11ja, a y HKOHaL'vl<a y
OOUNHOj yrroTpeoH 3AaTa Koje je rrOyeAO Ilp0Kp'H'BaTH
Aa TOM npeHarAam0HOlUh:y 3AaTa OBYAa H Ha CBa'KOM AeAY HKOII-Ie
nOTHOI-IJe AHKOBH'H H3pa3 '!<'OjH je CHe "BHlUe ryoH'O y ITH'lnypaAHOC'I'H.
OBaj HOIB'H 'Ma1fH'P je 'IlAeHYl'O A,yXOBe, 1ll0nOTOBY O'He rrpOceYlH'e 3a II('Olje
je H CClJM nojaM 3AaTa 03HaY'asao H Haj'BHWolf AOSOJ'oaJH 3a
DpeAlHOCT AeAa.
JY){H, OOAyHJOKH, oapOIK, je npeAcraBJ'oao He caMO nOTpeoy HCTO-
4He YMe'DH'OCTH 3a OaH'O-SOM Hero H )Ke,bY Aa ce !KOpHCTH npaBaq
Klojn 'ce rrpOllJllfpH' no 'CBeTY, 'li 1'0 He cac'vlO y EBpm Il{ !Ha DAlHOK''J\1
HCTOK'Y Hero H y JYiKHOj AMepHUH 3aXBaJ'oyjynH IIIna'HHjH H IIop'DY-
raAHljH. Ha CAHlIaHHaYH'H Kao lUTO cy y XVI BeK'Y ITpeY3H1Ma
I
HH eAC-
Mea'DH peHeca'Hca, ay npeY3H'MaHH e,\0MeHl'H oapoKa. A Ma'PH-
HHjeB 06pa3au oapoKa "abbagliare, stupire" (,,3aceHHTH, 3anpenaCTYI-
TH") YH3MeI-beH'OM 'BHAY je CTHra:o AO rpaJHHue B'H3a'H'DHjcKor CBen\.
Ka110AHYKH oaplK je AeAOIBao npH6MJ)KaHaI-beM YMellH1Hfll,KOr AeAa
MacaMa yoeAJ'o'HBowl:y trompe l'oeila, AOIK ce 6apOlK y l1'paBOCAa
'
BJ-rOM
CBeTY :HcnOMHO IHarAaWaBaI-b'0:vr AeK.OpaTIli'BIff.OCTH, lUTO je H'vlaAO OC-
HOBY y BH3aHTHjoK'oj tyMeTHOCTH. MenyrnM,. A,OlK jeB.H3a1HTHjaKa
YMeTHO'CT y 'Jiaj :H3Ba<H:peAHoj ClIB10H.o3H AHIKBiHor II AeKOpal'.I1'BIHOr
6HAa -<YKpeaYTa Ka AYXOBHOM, AOTAe je cjaj 3A'aT,QiM YKpalU0He oplHa-
M'0HTHKe BHwe npHnaAao CBeTV oMaTepHja.'\'HOr, oHiOMe 111110 je O':llH-
rAeAIfO O:flHilibHBO. ,a AH TpeoapenH Aa je TaK' Ci'maneHa A0Kopa-
THBHOCT OJi.<\a YOTTune a'HTHTC3a ,\HKOiBHOCTJ-I, YB'Obe.rbe.\1 Tor
CTpaHor peHecaHCHO-TPOI\H\'ICH3HOlIaAHO\1 IWIIuenTY AHKOBHor
J\1cnYULvl, OHa je ocsajaAa 'seCT lUl1p.OKHX Maoa Kao 'H 'oopa3OBHor
1<AI-Lpa, I<:OjH je y TOMe rAeAao 'HajnoTrrytH'HjlH 'l1'3pa3 ITpaIBO'CA'alBHOCTH,
IJOce6HO y CpOHjIH.
y np'Bc.j nOAOBJol'lIH XIX BeKa, 0006HTO nOCAe XaTH'll1epU.f<pa lU
1830, HaCTa,\a je npaBa: Haje3Aa 30rpaq,a ca j'Yra. Ben y Ca:MOM no-
YCH<.Y ce y KAaAo'BcKoj Upl<'BH HaAa3H HKOHa DOroPOIAHUe, paA He!lO-
3HaVor CA'HIKaHa ,,180111'0 aJyrycTa 'Y DeOrpaT'b". 113 1815.
je HKOHOCTac CTape HHillKe a H3 1817. AeOKOBaYKe K''jH je
pe3ato O:A lUHMlUHpa HeK1 3awMa H3 BeAC'ca HAH IIpHAena.
so
Ja:I-ba
30 TIoAaTKe 0 AeCKOBa'lKHM lIpKBaMa AaAa MH je KOAerHHHlIa PaAMHAa
CTOjaHOBHI., KycToc-eTHOAor HapOAHor My3eja y AeCKOBlIY, Ha 'leMY joj H
OBOM rrpHAHKOM 3axBaJl"yjeM.
232
II. BaCHn
CTepB1jemIti (HAH CTepreBHn), MOAep 'KHe3a MHAllIa, 1822. je CAH-
Kao H'KOIHOCTac V JaroAH'HH, a 1824. HeKe :HJKOHe 3a cTapv l..(p-
KlBV y HrKlOH'OCTaC V OBO}HOBY C'AJHIKaJH je 'H3Meoy 1821-
H 1826, V OO.HiTla'omII-\'H 1827, y H BeAHKoj ApeHoBH 1830, V
A030BHlKY 1831, y BeA'lfKOM fpaAWllll'Y 1832. MHxaHAO <PHAHMoHoBHn
je CJ\lH1Ka' HoKOHOCTa'C ry MHA'aJHI)H 1833, a y iMaJHaC11.H'py pa'-IH 1838;
HoK'OHOCTaClf (HAll 6ap <BeKe H'K10He) V fopo6Hlb'Y H BeA'oj U;pKBH Ka-
paHK10j :cy 113 1833, Y BarpAalHY H ITUPOTI( H3 1834, V rrynpHjH no-
CAe 1837, y PaMY 1839, V Pa)KlhV 1841, y CAaB'-IH 1843, V KpryllIeBlW
YI ITaJpat1JHlHY 1844, V BPC30'B'YI 1846, y qa'-lKV 1847, y MeABeoH 1848,
a y MaJHaiCulrpv 3aoBH YI 1849. lb 1850. je nOCAeAI-bH
paJA )KHBKa ITa'BAOBHna y (KO)KeTHlHY). }b OBe alK-
THBHOCTH ca'try1BaHa cV 3a'caAa MHora IH'MeHa: JepeMYIja ITonoBIdi. K!OjH
j.e paAHO 3a Kapafiapoa, JaH>a CTepujeBHn, 301'pa<p 'KHe3a MH'AO'llIa,
MHXaYINO K'ocnrn, 30rpa<p KOHCTaJHl'HoH H3 B'HTOlba '-IHje cV MJKO'He
6HAe "X'1fIAO):KeCJ1BeHO" H3paOe'He, )K!HIBKO ITaBAaBHn YI3
BHTa HHKOAYIn, YI3 ITapanHHa; MHxaHA <PHAUMOHOBHn,
HHKOAa J-aHKooon H3 OpHAa (OXpHAa?) (CA. 8), AHApa AujaKOBJ-Il'i
H3 BojooAJfHe, 'DO'Ma CToj:KloBwn l1'3 BaJpBapHiHa, A'H'MiH'Tlp'Hje ITaJBAO-
BHn H3 BaTO'lllfHe. AH'CTa THlMe 'J-I'Hje IJfCl-lpnlb0Ha nOllIl'O je npHAYI'-IaIH
6PDj 30rpa<pa onao ,Herr03HaT. ITonIY'Huja CJ\lH'Ka 0 30rpa<pcKoj a,l(-
TlHiBHlOCTM 'Y Cp6rrjYI Ao6HAa ce TeK 'i\1HOfHX HelIO-
3H'aTHX 30rpacPa H3 XVIII H XIX
Ca YOTaHKoM 1804. rOAHIHC jaBHAa cc JCAIIla HBa aKI'HlBHOCT 'Koja
je YHeAa ApaManrKY V YMeT,HH'-liKl1 )1('l1'B01' Cp6uje. Ha npHOM 'MecTY
cV TelUl-be Be3C ca AYCTpHjOM (AaHawlcboM BOjBoAlIHOM) KOjC CV V
Cp6.Hj'y AOBCAe BeAIH'KH 6poj lbYAH, 'Boj'H,HJKa, lJ1IfHOBHlIKa, npo<pecapa
H cAIIfKarpa. ITodeAHlHH CAH'KapH cy 'paAiHAH 3a Cp6Hjy 3aCT3Be, ne-
'-IaTe, 3aTYfM II0'PTpeTe, rroje,L\iHlHa'-lHe HKOJHe H rrCltHeKM UKOHOCTac. Ty
je 6UAO li CTpaJH<UX CAH:KaJpa :K'OjH y OCTaJBHAIH AIHKOBHa AeAa K'ao AO-
KY'M0HTa 0 YCT3H:KY. J0,.1iHOM pe'-lj'y iHaCTaAa je BOBa IKYAT'ypHo-YiMeT-
HHq<Ka KAI1IMa y KOjOj ce AOTaAallilha AQI;\1'ana CY'K06HAa C
,AajynlI 'H0llITO APYKquje <li 'BO'BO. Y OBHM K'pajeBHMa
Cp6H'je AeA.oBaMi I()y i\a3ap CTajHn U3 CpeMcKe MHl'pO-
BHIW (1765-1825) V MaQBH,33 HHKoAa AnocToAoBHn 'H A.HiI'I:Hl'plIje
31 ReMaI-ba EpKHn, CAHKap H npo<j:>. AHKOBIIHX YMeTHOCTH
y EeorpaAY, Hamao je HcnoA Pacneha 3aill-fC Aa je l-IKOHOCTac (HAH HeKe tbe-
rOBe AeJ\OBe)CAHKaO AKceHTHje JaHKOBli CAHKap H3 Bpuru;a; MenYTHM,
npeCTOHe HKOHe nOAcenajy AOHeKJ\e Ha CT/-fA AJ\eKcH.ia Aa30BHna.
32 II. BaCHn, CIlUlcapclCa nopOWla Jalcwulia U3 Selle Il,pK8e, 360PHHK
3a AHKOBHy YMeTHOCT MaTI-IJW cprrcKe, 1, ROBH CaA 1965; HCTl-I, Addenda
'-IAaHKY: CIlUIcapclCa nopou14a JalCwuna U3 Belle Il,plC8e, 360pHHK 3a AHKOB-
He YMeTHOCTI1 MaTl1ue cpnCKe, 2, ROBH CaA, 1966; HCTH, )Ku8KO lla81lo8ui
,Hollep 110Jlcape8altlCU U I-bezoeo o6a, EpaJHH'leBO, IIo>KapeBau; 1968; l-ICTH,
BellewlCe 0 YMeTHUltlCUM YJICUltlWl lCpaja, Y>KH'-IKH 36oPHl-IK,
4, THTOBO Y)J<Hue 1975, 311-359: HCTH, CIlUIcapclCa nopou14a MapKo8un,
360pHHK RapoAHor MY3eja, VII, 1.Ia'laK 1976, 5-52, 30 CA.
33 II. BacHn, Tpu UlCOHOnUC14a, Craju1, Craiun-ToUllC08Ul'i, u Kllajun,
360pHHK 3a AHKOBHe YMeTHocTH, 11 ROBH CaA 1975, 305,
nOCTBH3aHTHjCKO CAHKapCTBO y Cp6I1jH y XVIII li XIX BeKY 233
Epal'OrAlHn H3 3'elM'Y'Ha y EeorpaA>y,34 IIeTap P'aAocaBhleBHn H3 IIa'H-
yeBa y EeorpaAY, HeTO Kao H feopm:je i\aU;K'OBH'n M3 IIaHyeBa KOjH je
paJAiHiO y 'MaJHaCT.Hpy BpaneBilll'l'HI..Uf 1817, IIerap MOAep
KOj'H je CAH'KaO 3HAiHe 'CMI'Ke y T0'l10AH 3a KapaJJopJJeBY 1812
(l.JHjH je HeH'Map 6J{o Aycr]Y.HjalHalLl CajAeA HAH CajMep), a C'H'MeoH
JalKllIH,n je paAH'O y Il'O>KapeBaYlKOM lK'paj'y.
3
" HOC'Ae YCTaHKa, HWK'Aa
Ano'CT.oAOBH'n je 1816. CAHIKao }Jll(iOHOCTaIC y flpOK'ynhlY y AYXY
HOBHX Cl'pCMibefba, ocAo6ooeHHx OOAytHcKo'r 6apo'Ka.
36
HCl'H'Ha, 3a
J-bHlM je CAe,AiHiO 11 CHMeoH JaKwHh ca HK'O'HaL\1a 3a Ca60pHY U;pK'BY y
U3 1819, aAH 1'0 cY 6HAH YClJMibeHH CA'I{4ajeBH. 060jHlla
cY cAHlKaAHqmrype XplIcTa M y cTojeneM CTaJBY !Kao Ji
APYrH CAHKap'H y AYCTP'H1jH. MHOro KacHHje, 1840. y MaHaCl'Hpy Pa-
YH, feoprH'je EalKaAoBHn je ITOHOBHlO OBY HOffiiHY 3a Cp6Hjy, aMI
rrpe Tora je ApCeH1fje Ja!KI1lHn, IK'OjlH je CAlUKa'O npecTOHe H'KOHe V
KnCIfibeBV, ('CA. 9) Epaa'HyeBY, CMOJ'o'H'HUY, MopaoAa rro-
Cra'BH EoroPOAH'UY .li XpH'CTa Ha TIlpecllOAe y ceAeneM CTaiBY IH Aa ce
rrpHAarOA/H 30rpa<poKHM, OAiHO'OHO rrOCTBH'3alHl'Hj:OKIHIM o6paOUIH'Ma.
IIPHlBP>K'eJHOCT 'l(iHe3a MHA,OWa 3orpa<plflMa 6,HAa je np:HMep 11 3a 1J-beI'O-
roy OKOAHH'\o'; TaKO je 6HAO ca conjeTHHKoM HAHjOM IIonoBHneM KOj11
je 3a UpK'BY y IIpHABOpm(oH IKf3;O 'KTHTOP ABejy H:KOH'a noroA'lIio JaJ-bY
i\10Aepa, a IflOpTpeTH'CaO 'Ce :KOA Ypoma KJHe>KeBHna 1842. rOAHlHeY
CAHKapH H3 AycrplHje cy CTH33NH y Cp6.ujy Kao H0Ka nAeja!-\a: .t\a3ap
MHNHh If3 5YAHMa, Ypow KHe>KeBHh H:3 CpeM'OKHX KapA''Baua, JOBall
YfcaHAoBHn 0113 AaJ'oa, JOBa'H IIOITOBHh U3 II3IHYeBa, a JOBaH AeMCTpo-
BHl1 M3 Y:aKOBa; paAHAH 'CY ClJMO 'Kao rropTpeHICT1H. KJHe3 MHAOW je
Aao npH'Mep Ta'KG WTO je 1823. n0313ao IIlJl3eAa EY'PKoB'Hha Aa ra CAH-
Ka ,ca lleAOM <paiM'HAHj'\l. IIopTpellHcafbe ce Ae..\10KpaTH30naAO T'PH-
;-\eCeJ1HX rOAH<Ha, nOCTaAO MaCOBHa rrojl'Ba y YHIHOBHIFIKHM, rpaoaB-
CK'HM H 'BOj'HiHl.M K'P'fIJ1'BHMa, IlITO je CTepH'ja iIlpHlK'a3ao y CBOjOj 1<JO-
MeAH}H Ee.ozpa I-telca u cai), HarrHca:Hioj y jeKV oAyweBibeJ-ba 3a
nOpl'pellH:Ca'I-be. MeoYJ1HM, UPK'OOHlO CAilfKapCTBY je OCTaAO y p'flKaMa
30J1pa<pa CBe AG cpeAil'me cToAel1a.
TaAa oy HaCTaAe HeKe nojaBe Koje cV KiOIHaYHO YC'.\1epHAe TY
l'paJHY cNHK'apcT'Ba -BOBH.\1 nYTeM. To je Ha npBOM MecTY 6HAO rpa-
oeJ-be Ca60piHe upKBe 1837, :Koja je rrp:ojeKTOBa'H'a y CTHA'Y HeOKAaCH-
UIH3Ma C 6apoK'HlHlM TOpJ-beM. OHa je y HeKY PY'KY rrOCTaAa Y30P 3a
BOBe upKBe V Cp6l1'jH, at\tH Ta 'Ol(iOAHOCT 6H 'Mo>KAa 'OM0>KHAa cYA-
6H1H'Y 3rpa<poKor cAHiKapCl'Ba Aa IcprrcK'a 'HH'je n03BaAa
3,1 T. HAHIi, 113 :J/CU60Ta HU/colle AIlOCTollo6uha IWO CIlUicapClCOZ }''le-
HU/ca U H>eZ06UX pouTeJba, Pa!-\ BojBoDaHcKHx MY3eja, HOBH CaA 1962, 2.11.
35 TI. BacHn, CllulCapC1::a nopoul1a Jalwwlia U3 Selle IJ,plC6e, 36op-
HliK 3a IIHKOBHe YMeTHOCTH ManIlle cprrcKe, 2, HOBH CaA 1966, 321.
36 Il. BacHn, l11wHe HUKolle Al10CTollo6u/ta y llpOICYI1JbY, YMCTHH'lKII
)IBOT, KI-bHra APyra, Eeorpa!-\ 1976, 255.
37 n. BaoHn, )[16lCO lla61l06uI .MOllep 110:J/capeaa
L
llCu U l-bewao o6a,
nO)KapeBaU, 1968, 12.
234
Il. BaCHn
Tpnja ABpau\10BHna 'H3 HOBOr CaAa (1815-1855) Aa CNHKa HKOiHocrac
II >KHBOrrHllIe 3HAOBe CaopHe upKBe. AnpaMoBHneB YMeTHH4KH aYTo-
. . .
pHTeT 'Oao Je TTTKperrl'oeH H 'K'I-hU>Ke'BHH'M, 3anpaso 'HCTOp'H)CKo-YMeT-
J-rHlflGl'M AeAaM, ABeMa IKI-hHf'aMa Koje cy :jaIBl'oe'He y HCTO BpeMe:
OnucaHe ApeeHocTu Cp6CKU y CeeTou (ATOHCKOU) Topu, EeOI1JaA,
1847, C XIII AHTol'paqmcaHHx TaAllua (CA. 10), H C6em Topa ca
cTpaHe eepe, xyJoJ/ceccea u noeecTmnle, EeorpaA 1848, C A'HTOlrpa-
q,HCl'H'M HeM'l'I-hHHOM rrOBel'oOM XH:i\'31HAapy.
38
Ty je rAaB-
H'Y YAory IH1MaO lIeT8
1
p JOiBlIH'BIlID. !H3 HOB:OT CaAa KOjH je
rro naAY IKHe3a MHi\iOWa AOHO oAp'eweH'e PYKe y upKBeHoj rrOAHTHUH.
YCTaBopaHHTelocKa BAaAa, y KOjOj cy 3HaQajHo MeCTO HMaAH CpH
H3 AYCT'PHje, rrperAa je OBHiM CHA3IMa Aa H3BeAe CPHjy H3 3a'OCTa-
A'CllI1. noce6HY 13a)KHOCT HUvlaAO je npOrAaUIel-he TpanW!CKOl 3aKO-
HUlCa (1844), KOjU je y cTBapu HIO oKpaneH rrpe'B'A aycTpHjoKDl-
rpana:HIOKor 3aKOHa H3 1811, jep je OOHOBHiHM oApeAaMa YT'BPAH
npaBO Cel'o3lKa 'Ha 3eMloY H Kpaj q,eYAaAH3'Ma y Cp6HjH. TI03rHaTe cy
BeAU'R:e U 31H3IY3'jHe J-:('OBHHe y 06Aa.cTH npOOBe-re Koje cy OCTB3.ipIJHe
sa BpeMe ycTa'Bopa'l-i'IITel'oa. U;pKBeHo OAHKapCTBO je HAO y HaA-
Ae>KHOCTH MH:HHCTa:pcTBa npOCBelllTeHHja, K'ojece y 'rropy H3Meny
Y>KHYIWT enHCKona HHiIcP0pa H ,Ll:BojHue cAHKapa 1851. rOAHHe OA-
AyYHO onpeAeAHAo. Ha'l'ItMe, enHCKOTI je cMaTpao Aa cy 30rpaq,DKe
HJKHe "xYAO>KeCTBeHiO 1f300pa)KeHe", a 3a 'cAH'KapC'rBO AOWI'oaK3 je
peKao Aa je"q,ywepaj". MUHHcTapCTBO je CTaAO 'Ha cTpaHY AOllJlba!Ka
H l'l1JMe je cYAH:Ha 30rpaq,cKor cAIHlKarpCl'Ba HAa peWE:lHa.:
l9
HOBH CMep CAoHIKapCTBY Aa10 je ,il1JM'Hl'PiJ.Ilje ABpa",lOBHli.YHjH je
cnIA IIpOHCTeKao H3CAHKapCTBa HeMa4KHX 'Ha3apeHa, rrpeMAa je OH
H'Mao CB'ojy OpH'rMiHaAHY Upl'y: CKAO'HrOCT Ka T3uWHO-c.BeTAOM Koja ra
CBpCT'a:Ba Meny pOlMaIHTHYape. MenYUliM, HOB'H'He y U'PK'BeHOM CNI1IKap-
CTBY pa3BHja1\e H ce c.rropHjmvl TOKOM Aa iHHje OUA'O ABoj,H'ue CAH-
. .
Kapa cy M'HOrO AonpHHeA'H npeOopa)Ka'JY upK:BeIHOT C1\iH:K:ap-
CTBa'Y CpUjH. To cy 6HAU MHA'Hja MapKOBan Pacnon (1812-1873)
H AUMHl'puje HocHHiK-TIacHHKBHn (1814-----1891), a oojHua cy ce
n03HBaAH IHa ABp3lMOIB'Hna Kao n,erOBH yY,eHHUH U nOHiarna'J\H ce TaKO
Kao Aa cy TO AOHOTa 6HAH . P.aorran je 3arrOYOO C1\HKapcKY KapHjepy
KOO 3OI'pacP KOjiH ce cPOp!MH'pl'O ,,'KOlA rpeyeOKH'X oH APYI1HX
H3opa>KeHHX x YAO>KHH!Ka " , a TIocHnK je iBen qeTpAeCeTHx rO:AuiHa
AOillao H3 A'Y'crpnje y CpHdy. MHAHja je 6ao J.l)HTeA!HreHTaH YO'BeK,
OK1\:OH npHXBaTal-h'Y HOBHHa, na ce CHe AO opeAiH'He neAeceTHx rOAHHa,
yrrparBo AO HiKOHOCTaca y UpI<'B:H Paye KparyjeBa4Ke, C 'MY'KOM OC1\O-
6anao OCTaraKa 30Tpa<j:>CK'or CTHAa. TeK ca 'H'KaHaMa y Pa4H 1859.
MOrA:O ce penH Aa ce KOHaYHO npHAH)KiHO oHOB''M C1\;lH<.apCTBY, H1\H
ap Aa je HM.\1e 'OBAaAa'O. TIpeMa A'HYHOM Ka3HBai-hY 'l-IaCAI1'KaO je y
38 Il. BaCHh, AUMuTpuje A6paJa06uh, faAepHja CAHY, EeorpaA 1970,
36.
39 Il. BacHl., CAU/capelca l1opou/.fa MapKo8uh, 360PHHK HapoAHor
MY3eja, VII, l.fa"-JaK 1976, 9.
TIocTBH3aHTHjcKO CMiKapCTB If Cp6HjH y XVIII il XIX BeKY 235
CPOHjH yeTpAeceT JJKOHOcTaca.
IO
MebYTHM, Taj YMeTHHlIKo-rroAHTHlI-
KH flI0AYXB<iT 'He Tpe6a ClMaTpaTH cpenHoM O'K01\!HOillny rro 'Harny YMeT-
HOCT. Harrponm, MHAHja je OCTaJ3HO rro Cp6HjH BeAHKH 6poj AeAa
rrpoce"me 'BpeAIHocl1H, Y'KOAHKO nOHeKaA IHHOY 6uAa H J!crroA Tor IH'H-
Boa, o6apajynH u;eHy 01301\1 pa'AY H O,A:CT'pa'ffiiyjynH CBe 'KOHlKypeHTe.
Ta'KO 0'1 'MHom CARKapH, Ha TIpHMep By,pa JaKrnun, Yporn l<'He)Ke-
BHn, JOBa'H llonOBHn 11 ApyrH, HH3J"le HeynopeAH'BO TaA0HTO'BaHHju
OA MHJAH'je, OCTaAH 6e3 nOCA'Ba K'OjU 6H M'Horo BUille OOO1'aTU1\H
CAHKapCTBO y Cp6HjH OA MHAHjHlHe cepHjoKe npOH3BOAthe UKOIHO-
CTaca. M'lli\i.Hja je 'Y3 TO 6uo crr0006a!l:-I ,,6U3HH'CMH" , rra je Ben 1850.
HaY"o Aa epoTorpaepHUle H THNl'e A'OnplHIeo naA'Y IllopTpeTcKor )f(a'Hpa
y Cp6HjH fKOjH ce rrOCAe 1860. 3HaT'l-W c."rathHO 'H YCTynno ,,,reCTO <po-
TorpaepHjH.
41
AUMHTpH'je IIOCHHIK je OHiO '.'v1)f(Aa Ma'the eHeprHlljalH O,\.
MHAHje, aAH HHIllTa Ma'the rrOCAOB3JH. OA Y)f(IHu;a 'H MaHacTHpa Pa4e
'Ha ApHiHH ,Ai0 Am-ber MHAaJHoBu;a 'H op3e IIaAaJHKe, 11 OH je AonpHlHe:.:>
rrooeAH IHOBor cAuKapcTBa H rrpOnaC"NI 3'l'paepa. ITOCHHK je OHO HMa-
peH oH HClIHeKA je YMeo Aa oYAe Ha 3HaTH'oj flIH.KTY'paAHoj 'BlfCoHiHH,
f1iOAcenajynH y TOMe 'Ha cmA AHMHTpHja i\!BpaMO'BHna CflYT y EMayc,
u;pKBa y Op30j ITaAa'rrU;;H) .42
CMfKapCTBO 30rpaepa 'HaAa3HA ce 'Ha BpX'YHl\'y opeAuH:)'M XIX
J3eKa. ITeAeCeT'HX l'O,c\HHa 'Beh ra je 6HA'O 'MaI-he, a TOKOM rne3AeceTHX
je )f(H'BOl'apHAO, jasibajyliu ce nOHerAe: y MHAaJ-IUH 1856, y HayrmpH
1860, y Oparnjy 1868, y TeKeparny 1868, y BapsapHJ:-IV 1869, y Kai\'HII
1877, aMi TO je 6HAa I-berOBa Aa6YAOBa necMa. CAH'KapCKH rrOCAOBH
y IJ;pKBaJMa cy OJ3e Mathe 30l'pa<pHMa, TeK nOHel' Ae Ha
nepH<pepH'j'H YMeTHIJLIKHX 36HBatha. ,,301'pa<puja" ce raCHAa Kao OlI1ib-
Ka 'Kojoj cy HeAocTajaAH :>KHBOTHH COK0B'H - 'IIoTpe6a 3a TOM 'Bp-
CTOM CA'H'KapCTBa. T3JKaS je OHO 'Kpaj 30TpaepOKor-6aNI<aHiCKor CMI-
'KaJpCTBa y Cp6HjH.
30rpaepCKa YMeTHOCT je HMaAa aIKT'H'BH'Y YAory 3a BpeM:e TvpcKe
'BAaAaBHJHe. CBE rrpe06pa)Ka'jH Koje je A'O)f(HBibaBaAa OA XVII H
XVIII seKa y fP'IiKOj HJ\raAH cy AjeKa y ,cyceAHHM 3eJ\11ba:j\'Ia, 0'00-
OliiT'O OH'HMa 3a Koje je fp"l<Ka oHAa H3BOp BeTA'CTH 'li 'Ca.3Ha,I-ha. CHM-
6Ho3a :H3Meby B'H3a,J-f11Hlj'cKol' H MAeTa1JKOl' CA!HIKlJpOBa Ha JOHCKHM
OCTpBHlMa H 'Ha K:PHTY, KOjlf je TeK 1646. AeAIW:Vl'lfYHO rrOTnao :llO/\.
TYlpKe, OH1\a je npH'XBaneHa Ha rplllK!M K'OIl\HY, y COAYHY, 'OAalKAe cy
l-heHH TK'BH cTpyjaAH AOAH'HOM Ba'PAapa Ha ceBep, y MaI<eAO'HHjy,
Cp6Hjy IH oyrapCKY. OHH cy A'IlpAH AO 0YAHMa y XVIII BeKY cne
AOI-fAe l'AC je 6HAO Cp6a. MebYTH'M, npH'Mibel-la rrOOpeAH'HM nyre,'1
npeKO lMaIKeAOI-!OI<HX 30I'paepa, "rpe"leOKHX 'MajcTopa", Ta YMeTH10cT
]-jIHje HMaAa 06eAe){(je HenoOpeA'J-ICT'H H 'C'Ha.re 'Kao y Ae.\HJ\1a jOH-CKHX
CNHrKapa IJ;alHeca HAH ITYAaKMca, MAM. OHHX 113 KpYl'a CH'MOHa Yrna-
40 MeTO 11
41 TI. Ao/l(p Aaj'( U pael101t MU/luja, TIOAHTHKa OA 29.
jYAa 1972.
42 K. TIaBAoBHll, CmllcapcT60 AU,wuTpuja TfoeHUlw6uha, 360pHilK He-
TopHjcKor MY3eja, 5, Eeorpa,c\ 1968, 93_
II. BacHh
236
KOBa.
43
30rpa4>cKo CA'HlKapcTBO y Cp6HjH je rrpeACTaBtoaAO AaAeKU
OAjeK OHWX 3Hat.Iaj.HHX t.IHju je I..\HJo 6'H0 Aa ce' 3eMJoe TIOA
Typ'OK'OM .BhJarnliy npJf6A:H)Ke eBponcKoj K:yATyp'H, I-beiHl'L\1 TOKOBlI'Ma H
I-beH!lM rrpOII1pecy. Y 06AaC'1'H 'lMeTHO'CJ1H je Hane<H rnjT KojH je 6wo
Maryli y ![1O'CTojenJIM YCAOB'WMa. I-heroBe BapHj'a'l-J!1'e y Cp6Hjn TOKUM
croAena, a aco6HT O'Ha 'Koja ce HiCrrOh>HAa 3a BAaAaB!.H'He YCTaBo6pa-
'HIHTetoa, H>lllMa je H3rAeAaAa 'Kao aJHTH'HTe3a KOjH je 'l1PO)K:HTD-
JoaBaA'O I..\'pK'BeHO CAHKalpCJ1BO 'Y EBporrH. YMel'HOCT Ha3apeHa OHAa je
npllXBaneH'a y CBH\1 KaTOAHt.IKWM, np.oreCTaHTOK:lIM :H rrpaBOCAaBHH;'l
SeMtoaMa. Ha OB'O!M nYTY Ka 'ocA060neJhY OA o6H't.I<lJja H Tpa\AHI..\'Ifja
Koje je TaAaurH>lI npocreneHH APyrnweHH 'CA'Oj oMaTpao ,,1'YPCKH:M" 'H
Ha3aj\HHM, Cp6Hja je IMopaAa Aa Jf3a6epe CalM'O je,LWY Moryny aATep-
Harmy: ooA'06'OneH>e OA OBera mTo j'Y je AeA'HA'OOA KyAType eBpon-
CKUX 3elM'<l.toa. HOBJI I..\HtoeBH yMeI'H:OCTH y Cp6Hj'H, y IK'O'Jll'Ma je Ben 6JIO
rrpeBa31fne.H net.I Kao YMel'HlI']KiO cpeAlllliTe 'K'OMe cy rpa'BHTUpaAH
Op6H JI3 AycTpHje CiBe ;A,O IfIOCAeAJhHX AeI..\eHuja cToAena, HCTa'KAH 'CV
MlllHXeH ,Kao )K:JI)Ky KJOjiOlj cy 'Ce YeMepaBaAJH YMeTHHI..\H 'He C<lJMO 113
Cp6H'je .Hero JI BajtBO'AB'H'e. Ty HlHje 6lfAO Mecra 3a 30rpa<pe 'li Ib!I-
JOOBO x'YAomec11B'O.H He caMO Aa 'BHllIe BRey 61IAlH Tpa)KeHH Hero je
H 'BAaCT 6HAa npoUfB 'H>HX. IIoCAOB'H cy HM ce 'HarAO rrpOpe,L\HAH,
MaJAa cy HaKywa'BaAIH Aa ce npHAaroAe HOB'!M BpeMelHV cAuKajynH
nOpl'peT 'KaJO H IberOBH npOT'H'B'HHI..\'H. AAH H TY je yrrOl'pe6toiiBaHO
3AaTO cBYA'a rAe cy 6HAIH 'MeTaA'RH AeA''BH Ha OAeAj! H 0PYlKjy. OBa-
'K:BH paAOBH oy penH, aA'H: HX liMa, rra OIHH r01'O'I3'O rOBOpc y rrpHAO!'
30rpa<pH'Ma. TIopl'pel'H 'Koje cypaPiHA'H 'HliCY H'HUlTa ropu OA KOH-
Tpa<pa TliojeAoB'HlHX "MOAepa", llKO IHe Jf e<peKTIIHjH. IIlTaBHUle, oHIH CV
nOK'YUlai\'lI Aa cAuKajv "H306pa)l(eHHja y l.\eAOI;'1 cTacy TeAeCHHM".
IIpI1'Mep je H poJujaa )K'HBKa IIaBi\'oBHna 'Ha TaBaHHI..\H MaHaOTHpa
3aoB'e, y I..\eAoj <pH.rYPH, y rpaAcKoj HOUlI-bH, C Kp'H:HOAH'H'M H 6aja-
AepaM. AAH TV iBH:Ule HtHje 6HAO rrQ;.1O'h-H: 30Tpa<P01(!0 CA'H'KapCTB'O, Taj
IUpa:3H'I1H nAOA 6aAJKaHCKe 'KYArype, :mIIt.Ie3AO je iHa'rAO Rao Aa je
)KeAeA'o Aa CBeT KOj>H IMY ce TOA,HKO AHBno, OA rOpH>HX A'O A'IbHX APY-
ll1TBelIllHX Ci\'ojooa, 3aIKaAH 3a H>HM, Aa ra n09KeAH. MenYTIl'M, Taj rre-
pHOA jaoHo 'JApeneH y HAejHH'M, 'CTHAOKHlM tH XpOIffOAOllJlKlH1M ;ODeAe)l(-
jlH!M'a, y MiCropHjOK'Oj rrepcrreKTI1'BlI 3aY3H'Ma 'IIOCe6HO MeCTO y ApaJMa-
THtIHlH'M TOIKOl3'H1Ma Y'Mel1HOCTH Kojn oy ce 0MeJhH:BaAH 'YIIope,AiO
'I-TeMJHIpHI1'M I10A:.HTWlKHM 36HBCtIbWMa y '6HO'BJoeH:0j cprroKOlj Ap)l(aBH.
43 C. IIeTKoBHh, )[(ueonuc llpKee Ycne/va y CpnCKOM 360p-
HHK 3a ApYllITBeHe HaYKe MaTHue cpnCKe, 23, ROBH CaA 1959; A. AaBHAon,
[(YIlT Ce. HaYMa y Eyu,,\'lcKOj el1apxuju, EeorpaA 1980, 103; Acadmie Serbe
des Sciences et des Arts, Institut des tudes balkaniques (Balcanica, XI).
44 E. ByjOBHh, L(pKeeHu Ha nopy<tjy zpaa Eeozpaa,
KJi,ura APyra, "I1IHpe nOAPY'l.je EeorpaAa", EeorpaA 1973; y OKBHPY nOAPyqja
rpaAa EeorpaAa ca BHlile OA llle3AeceT MeCTa, y OBOj KI-b1I31I cyrrpoTcTaBtoeHH
cv 3acTymmUH ABajy cyrrponmx rrpaBaua: 30rpaqm Kao "rpe'leCKH l-IajcTopH"
M "MoAeplI" Kao CAHKapH HOBor CMepa KOj'H je CTHrao H3 BojBoAHHe; Tpehy
rpyrry, MaH>e 6pOjHY, Ca'lmbaBajy OHM KOjH cy HacTojaAIi Aa IIpHXBaTe HO-
BHHe ca MaI-be HAH BHlile ycnexa. OBAe ,je rOTOBO CTaTHCTH'lKH AaT OAHOC
CHara 'lHjH ce cYKo6 MO)/(e npaTHTH XpOHOAOlllKH II rro MeCTHMa.
TIocTB1l3aHTlljcKO CAllKapCTBO 1[ Cp611jll y XVIII II XIX BeKY 237
PavIe Vasi
POST-BYZANTINE PAINTiNG IN SERBIA IN THE
18th AND 19th CENTURIES
Summary
First question to be ra:ised lis the one of the meaning of the
notion - the post-Byzantine. Namely, is it a chronological or a style
describing term? Does it mean an art origmating aiter the fall of
Istanbul in general, or the stylistic changes taking place in course
of tJme within the sphere of Byzantine f,ine arts? There exists a
controversial scientiiic hypothesis on the stay of Paolo the Venetian
in Istanbul, which could have certain influence on the style of the
Paleologs epoch. Related to that is the iact of the painting of Andrea
Ritzos, of Crete, which did exert influence on the development of
the Italian-Cretan style. However, the influences of Renaissance
graphies are obvious, and more particularly those of the works of
Marcantonio Raimondi, whose engravings already in course of the
sixteenth century exerted influence on individual painters just as
the Venetian art of painting did. This refers, for instance, to Mi-
hail DamaS'kirros and Domenico Teotokopulio, called Greco. The
symbiosis between the Western and Eastern arts is visible also in
the work of Vivarini, which on its turn influenced sorne countries to
develop a variant of the post-Byzantine style.
In the seventeenth century Ionian Islands were a source which
radiated in that spirit towaTds Greek mainland with the works of
Emanuil Tsanes, EH Moscos, Theodor Pulakis and others. At that
time two themes were taken over from the Western art of painting,
namely Christ's ressurection instead of descending ta hell, and the
coronation of Mother of Jesus. Recent research show that Greek
painters, for instance Theodor Pulakis, were influenced also by
Flemish engravings. ronian painters became protagonists of a hybrid
style which, in fact, meant abandoning the Byzantine iconography.
In these changes sorne of the earlier forfiS were always present,
and eX'actly to the extent needed to suggest to those interested. the
eX'istence of certain continuity bet;ween the old and the new. From
the beginning of the eighteenth century that transformation expand-
ed slowly and persistently towards Macedonia, Serbia, and across
the Sava ,and Danube rivel's, over to Buda.
Similar phenomenoiIl is noticeable in Russia where commercial
colonies (so-called "freedoms" of German and Dutch origin), in-
fluenced cultural developments and activities, as well as the art of
engl'avings used to decorate Protestant bibles, made by Dutch drafts-
men and engravers. The consequence of these influences and chan-
ges was the order by Peter the Great of 1707, by means of which
Church art has been separated. from the secular one, and directed
towards the realism.
238
n. Bacnn
Venean art exerted influence on Serbian books printed in
Ven,ice, where to-the-waist figures of saints appear, somewhat si-
milar to the compositi'ons 1n the Sacra Conversazione, but complete
compositions as well of the events from Christ's life. However, the
a'rt of painting remains outside of these radiations, as witnessed
by works created around the middle of the seventeenth century
(monastery Hopovo, for instance), or by icons of the court's painter
Radul on which the Byzantine style reaches its melancholic subli-
mation.
The era of restlessness and transformation was brought about
by the Great Migration in 1690. In course of 1701 four kons from
Russi'a were brought ta the monastery Rakovica in Serbia, which
were painted by emperor's icon-pa-inters. It was intended to send
them further to the Vatoped monastery in Mount Athos. There are
no records of their direct influence in Serbia, but already in the
first half of the eighteenth century considerable changes did take
place in the style of Serbian muraIs, and even more in icons (mo-
nastery Draca - 1736, Vraevsnica - 1737, and the Belgrade church
.of St. John (Jovan) - 1737). These changes are the expressions of
the southern ("Salonika") baroque, and are characterized by certain
elements, such as the following: decoration of the Mother of Jesus
throne, the crown, the sceptre, capitals of the columns of the throne
and of the stylit columns, which give impression of a rustic style,
otherwise appearing in the Ionian Islands.
There is mention -in Serbia of a certain number of names of
icon-painters, but most significant among them is Hristofor Zefa-
rovi (died in MoscO\W in 1753). He paints Christ's Ressurection
instead of descending to hell, and the Crowning of Mother of Jesus.
There exists in Serbia probably certain numbe,r of eighteenth cen-
tury works, but they are not registered according to the system,
150 that new discoveries are still possible. Works of painters are
mentioned in 1745, 1748, 1754, 1764, 1766, 1779, and 1796. Best
known in the second half of the eighteenth century is Simenon La-
zovi, succeeded in the next century by his son Aleksije. These
painters are frequently called "Greek masters" (greceski majstori),
while ,their style is divided into two variants, namely: the first one,
which is strict and in course of time doser to the baroque, and the
second, which is more popular andalmost rustic, which is predo-
minant in the beginning of the nineteenth century in Serbia. The
latter one is more numerous and its characteristic is tufty, diver-
sified and excessive decoration, with plenty of gold and less leaning
on pictural effects.
There are many of these artists (zografi) and their works were
created ID 1801 in Belgrade, in 1815 in Nis, 'n 1817 in Lesko-
vac, in 1822 in Jagodina, and in 1824 in Kragujevac. After 1821 -
in Svojnovo, 1827 in Ostpaonica, in 1830 in Prilipovac and Velika
Drenova, in 1830 in Lozovik, and in 1832 in Veliko Gradiste. Prin-
fIOCTBl-l3aHTHjcI<'o CAHKapCTDO y. CPHjH y XVIII H XIX BeJ<.y 239
cipal master of prince Milos Obrenovi was Janja Stergevi od 8.te-
rijevi. Then follow the iconostasis in Gorobilje and Bela Crkva of
Karan in 1833, in Bagrdan and Pirot in 1834, in uprija in 1837,
in Ram ,in 1839, in Razanj in 1841, in Slavca in 1834, in Krusevac
and Parain in 1844, in Brezova in 1846, in Cacak in 1847, in Med-
vetta and Miokovci in 1848, and in monastery Zaova in 1849.
In COUI'se of the Revolution certain number of painters come
to Serbia from neighbouring Austria, while their paintings in Au-
stria have already acquired characteristics close to the European
ones. That influence is gradually being expanded in Serbia, first
of all through portraits, and after that also in church painting. The
building of Belgrade Cathedral Church and painting of its icono-
stasis (in the period between 1837 and 1845) were, in a way, an
example by means of which Church and State authoritie,s promoted
the painting of newcomers. The initiator of that movement was Di-
mitrije Avramovi kom Novi Sad, whose followers Milija Markovl
and Dimi trije Postnik, through their enormous activity, helped that
the painting by zografi, namely by the "Greek masters" gave up
its place to the innovations, sa that after 1860 it almost vanished
out of Church and secular spheres. This was an era of fast emanci-
pation of Serbia which, after the recognition of Hs autonomy il1
1830, endeavoured to free itself as saon as possible from cultural
backwardness inherited from the times of Turkish rule. The paint-
ing of zografi which flourished under the Turks as a recognized ar-
tistic category from Thessal'oniki up to Sava and Danube, although
considered by high clergy as a genuine characteri,stic of Orthodoxy,
had to give up its place to new times and its postulates. However,
this did not happen without resLstance. Zograf painters too attempt-
ed just as their adversaries to paint portraits decorated with gold,
and these works of art, characteristic of their time, sometimes were
n'ot inferior to the new painting. That style which is clearly marked
in itsideological, stylistic and chronological characteristics assumes
particular position in the Balkan elements of the culture in Serbia.
CA. 1. AHApea PHUOC ('), EoropONlua ca XpHCTOM no,\. XV B.) l.!,pKBa
y ceAY MHOKOBUHlla rWA LIaljKa. <POl'O Ao6pocAaB
Fig. 1. Andrea Rizo (?), The Blessed Virgin with Christ (second hall' of 15th
century). Church in the village of Miokovci near acak. Photo by Dobroslav
Predi
CA. 2. MJ,lXaHA AaMacKHl-!oc, C13enI 1\\'[(a, XVI B. j\'1I'.'lcj i\OOCPI"O, A-r[[[-ra.
<POTO 6pal-ll<O I1eM1HoBH!j
Fig. 2. Michal Damaskinos, St. Luke, 16th century. Loverdo Museum,
Athens. Photo by Branko Peljnovj
CA. 3. ~ H y e il,aHec, CB. AHMHTpHje (1672). MY3ej f.)eHaKH, ATl-iHa. epOTO
opaHKo ITeAHHoBHI.
Fig. 3. Emmanuel Tzans. St. Demetrius (1672). Benaki Museum, Athens.
Photo by Branko Pelinovi
CA. 4. Herr03HaU[ 30rpacP, bOrOpONJl\a ca (OKO 1796), MalJacnrp
CB. POMall KO,.\, nYHlrca. cI>OTO A06poc,\al3 TIpej.\,lrn
Fig. 4. Unkown icon-painter The BL-ssed Virgin witll Christ (around
1796), St. Roman Monaslry llear Djunis. Photo by Dobroslav Predi.
CI. 5. HCl,iC XpIlCTOC, (01(0 1796), CB. PO.llaH KO;-\ 5YHHca. <Po-ro
AoGpoc/UII:l TIpel\1i1't
Fig. 5. Jesus Christ (arollncl (796), St. Roman Monastery neal- Djllnis. Photo
by Precli
C". 6. H ~ p e j a AHApeoBHn, AeH3Hc (1737), MaHacrHp Apa4a
Fig. 6. Andreja Andreovi, Deisis (1737), Monastery Draca.
CI. 7. AAeKcHje l\a30llji/'\,Eorop0.:.\HL.la ca XpVlCrO\.1 (1814), MaHacTHp Aey.uIll{.
tPOT A'fwall KO'\'fHulll
Fig. 7. Aleksije Lazovi, The Blessed Virgin with Christ (1814). Monasler'j
Decani. Pholo by Dusan Kolundzi
CA. 8. HHKOALL JaJ-llCOBIIO, Belle XpHCTOC (1860), ,\laHaCilip Havnapa. cI>OTO
Aoopoc/\aB TIpc/_\IJh.
Fig. 8. Nikola Jallkovi, JesLlci Christ (1860), Monastery Naupara. Photo by
Dobroslav Predi
CA. 9. Apcel-lHje a K l l l l ~ n XpYlCTOC BeAHKH apxl-ijepej (1826), upla y
KHCHA:>eBV. epOTO AywaH KOAVHUHI
Fig. 9. Arsenije Jaksi, Christ Great Archpriest (1826), church in the village
of Kisiljevo. Photo by Dusan KolundZi
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Ci\. 11. HacTac TOMHn, ApXaHrei\ MHxaF{t\O, (1870-
-1873), UpKS3 y e ~ y PaTaje. <poro Ao6poci\as
ITpeAHn
Fig. 11. Nastas Tomi, Archangel Michael (1870-
-1873), church in the village of Rataje. Photo by
Doroslav Predi
AUHfW AABHAOB
HKOHOCTACH CPITCK11X BAPOlIIKHX UPKABA CPEMCKE
APX11AHJEUE3E y XVIII BEKY
'A 6Hl'HiHX HcropHj-cKHX nOCAeAHl.\a aycTpHjcKO-TypCKW<
pal'OBa KJpajeM XVII BeKa HAa je OHa rr03HaTa H CYA;oHoClHa ce06a
Cp6a H3 cpeAHUlHHx AeAOBa oaAKaHa y IToAYHaBL'oe 1690. CeBepo3a-
rraAHH Aeo CpeMa 6HO je TaAa OCA06oDeH OA TypaJKa, WTO jenOT'Bp-
neHO MHpOBHHM yroBopoM y CpeMOKH'M 1699, a rrOCAC
HOBllX cYK06a je H jyroHCTO"lmH Aeo cpeMaKe 06A'aCTH Aowao ITO)Ka-
peBa"llK,BM MBpOI3HBM yroBopoM 1718. y caCl'aB Xa6c6ypIUKe MOHap-
x.aje. YrrpaBo OA l'BX BpeMeHa rrO"llBffie 'HI()lBHja rrOABTH1.JlKa H KYATYP-
Ha BCTopHja Cp6a y Cpe",ry, y caCTaBY BeA'ltKe rroAI,!,HaBDKeMoHp-
xHje.
1
MenY1'l-I.M, OBAe l'pe6a rrOACenI:J1H Ha 1'0 Aa je 3a TvpCKe BAO.-
AaB'HiHe CpeMO'M, y MaHaCl'HpHlMa, ITOAHrHYTHiM 'K>pa-
jeM XV H rrO'"lleTKm,1 XVI BeKa, HenpeKHHy-ro Tpajao AYXOBHH )KH-
BOT, a y l.\pKBeHoj YMel'H'OCTH 'H KI-bH)KeBHOcTHKoje cy y I-bHMa Hero-
BalHe, 6PH>K1'ol-fBO je OAP/l(3B1lHa 'BH3a'HTlljoKa 11 y HOBO-
rrpH;\HlKaMa, YAaCKOM y cepepy 3a:rraAHl0eBpOrrCKe l.\IHAH-
3aQiHje, IHHlje ce MorAa rroBynlH OWTpa 'Mena H3Meny TpaAHUHoOHaMTe
H HOIre KYAType, "lIaK HH nOCAe OJ-lHX lHCTOpHijOKllX AaTyMa Ha MH-
pOBHlHiM yroBopHlMa KojlHMa je nOBYl..IeHa rpaJHiHl.\a 'H3Meny ABa l.\a:p-
CTBa. TpaAHl.\IJ1ja je jowYBeK y l.\pKHeHOM OAH1Kapc11BY, liTO
ce 'Haj'BH1A1Hlfje H3pa)K'aBa,\O y TpajaI-bY nOCl1B.H3aHT'WjOIx Ka'HOHa.
OAAaOI<OM TYPOKIHX rrocaAa H BapowKor M'!'CAIUMlJHOKOr /l(IHiBloa,
CTapa 'Hace1'oa y CpeMY, 3eMYH, P'!'Ma, HpHr, CpeMOKa MHrpoBHl.\a,
CpeMoKH KapAOBl.\H, BYK'OBap 'If OoujeK, 6Hl'HO oy H3MeHHAa AeMO-
rpaepCKH caCTaB. Y OBe BapowH ce TaAa Haj6pojHHje HaCe1'oa
l
Ba.jy
1 J. PaAOHlln, BOj80<nw 00 BeJnIKe ceove (1690) O ca60pa y Kpy-
uleooflY (1708), BojBoAHHa, II, 1-47; A nonoBHti, Cp611 y CpeMY 00 1736/7,
EeorpaA 1950.
2 M. !\CCKOBaL1, CpnclCa lCI-bUJ/ce8HOCT y BOj80UHU O BellulCe ce06e,
BojBO/VlHa, I, HOBH CaA 1939, 415-440); M. KawaHHH, CpnClca y,tteT1iOCT y
Bojaowiu o Be.llulCe ceoJe, BojBoAHHa, I, HOBH CaA 1939, 441-454,
242 A Aa.:aliAOB
Gp611, a y HeKe H XpBam (OrnjeK H B'lKOBap), KAOIHH3yjy ce He.\I-
AOK y nojeA'llHa MeCl'a, y MaJ-beM 6pojy, AOAa3e JeBpejH, Ulm-
l.(apH H Jepu\1eHH. Y npBoj OOAlOBHlHH XVIII BeKa, cpeMoKeBapOlll'H cy
jOlII Y'BeK rro.Ka3H!BaAe H3pa3HT AeB'aITOKH KalpaJKTep, !He CaJM no ap-
xHTeKTypH Hero H rro KYArypH CTaHOBaEba, 'l'prOBHHH, no cTapHM 3a-
'HaTHu\1a, .AeBall-by, Kao M 'HaJBHlKatMa Koje C!Ij HIMaAe 6aA.KaHCKa 06e-
Ae/Kja. Ha y6p3aHiH rrpuBpeAHH pa3iBH'TaK ITOr.BOtoHO cy 3a-
HaCTB'O H TproJ31HiHa, aA'H TeK OA CpeAHHe XVIII neKa KaA je CpeNl
nOCTao )J(HlBa 3a pa3MelHY Ai06apa 1H3MeBy TYPoKe Il
AYCTpHJje - AeBaJHTa M 3a'l1aAa. To ce, pa3yMibH'B0, nOB'Oib'HO OApa-
3HAO 'Ha OBe BHAOBe ApYlII'I'BeH'r /KHBOTa H n<YHar.ual-ba, OC06HTO Ha
KYArypHlH ymoH, a TaKOBe H Ha yp6a'lf,llC1'M"4JKO-apXHTeKTOHCKII lI3-
rAeA 'OIDiX JfOrrpBa 'MaAHX CAHlKO'BIJfTM'X 'BapOlIJIH:. OA 3amll.llTeH'llX TYP-
CIX rraAaHKH, peAaTIIBHO 6p30 ce 06pa3yjy 3anaAHoeBponCKe yp-
6aHe oa 3rpaAaJMa y CTllAY np0B.HJHQJHj>CKOf 6apoI<a. OBaJKaKO
Aa je 'BeA!HKH Ha Il!pOMeiHe IKoje CYycAeAHAe HiMaAO II 1'0 lIITO
cy ,ce 'Y CpeMY 'HaAa3HAH CP1TOKHX ,MHTpoITOAHTa (y Cpe,"I-
CK,HJM KapAoBUHMa),3 BojJ-Ia yrrpaBa rpaJHH,qapCKO'r ll''lKa (y CpeMOK'oj
MH11pOB'H'UH)4 H ceA:.HlllTe opeM'OKe )J(ynaHHje (y By,KoBapy).5 To je,
AaroaKo, YCAOB'HNO 6A'll/Ke AO,A:lIpe C :IJi()ljeWHli'M aYCTp'HjoKHlM H yrap-
OK:JilM oc06IHTo ca Ee1.IO\,\1, OA'aKAe oy A'OAa3HAH NUHIOI'OBp-
OHH yrrAH!BM 6.H1'HM 3a K'YATypHM pa'CT CB'HX cAojeBa cprTCKor APYlIITH3
y BeKY rrpO'CBeheHocTM.
o IJf3fAeAY cpeMOKlIX Bapo:rllM H 0 I-bHXOBOIM COUHOA,oIl.llI)M pa3-
BOj,y OCTaBHAH oy 3aH'HiMtoH!Be Il HCTOP'Horpa<pClICH KOpHCHe 3aIl!HCe
BHCOKH rrpeACT3B'HIfl#H aYCTpHjoKe IIpmr, C3)J(T
H3BelllTaj 0 CpeMY caCTaBlfO je JOXaI-I XpaCTO<p EapTeHlllTajH, rrpeA-
CeAlHHX HARpOKe A'BOpOKe a Apyrn, OiflIllHP-HIj'll H Ba-
)J(HHjaOll'H'C nOA IH3CA'OBOM Historische und geographische Beschre-
ibung des Konigreiches Slavonien und des Herzogthumes Syrmien...
6ja'BHo je eppH'A;pRX BHAXeA!M epOH TaJy6e, KOjtH je y 3BlIHHt.IHOj MlI-
OHjH nyToBao npeKO CAaBoHRje II CpeMa 1777. fOA)HHe.
7
I-beroBa KI-blf-
ra AOHOCH OfIHce l1'3fAeAa ,ceAa Il Ba'piOillM y jy)KHll1'M '06-
AaCI'JIMa MO!Hapxnje. IIa)J('l-b'Y II1p:Hr.BAalIH )KHlB()I11H'CHa CAHKa CpeMCI<HX
KatpAoBal.(a (Karlowitz). C iMaAO pel.JlM, Tay6e je BepHO OI1Hoa'o ce-
AHlIITe cpncKlIx npanCAaJBlH.HX M'IITpOnOA'JI1Ta, 'YHeBlIIH y TeKCT CHe-
JKlI!Hty nyroIllica: "JeA'Ha rIDAOB>HIHa rpaAa Ae)J(IJ-I 'V A;OAHiHH a Apyra
Ha 6pe/KY Y TOMe Il!OAO)J(ajy JL\1a Heqer JoY'!J1K:or ,II npHBA,a'-J-
3 P. fpyjlIn, llpo6/leMU ucropuje Kap/lOfJaLuce AnrcpollO/luje, fAacHHK
HCToplIjcKor APywTBa y HOBOM CaAY, Kl-h. II, CB. 1, HOBH CaA 1929, 195.
4 C. faBpHAOBHn, Ceuuae uaa6a zpaHu"tapCKOZ ny'ca, 360PHllK pa-
AOBa CpeMcr<a MllTpOBllJ.1a, CpeM. MHTpOBllJ.1a, 1969, 93-118.
/j HapoHa eH/fUK/lOneuja CXC, IV, 3arpe6 1929. 1183--4.
o A, CaHAlIn, KpaTaK 1136eurcaj 0 CfafVY _M/-toz06pojHoz U/lUPCK07 CT(l-
H08HUWT8a pacejaHoz no 14 KpaJb. HaC/le/-twtt 3e,MlbaMa, Eeq 1866.
7 <P. B. Tay6e, Onuc C/la601-1Uje u CpeMa, 360pHHK MaTHJ.1e cprrcKe 3a
Kl-hlI)KeBHOCT li je:mK, Klb. II, HOBll CaA 1954; Klb. III 1955; KI-b, IV-V, 1958
(H3HllIAO II Kao cerrapaT).
HKOHOCTacn cpn. BapOIllKHX IlPKaBa CpeMCKe apXHAHjelle3e 243
HOr. " OBAe je 845 HY,'vlepRCGI!HHx rpaOa:H'OKtHX 'Kryna H MHOro 'AY-
x:oaHHX 3rpaAa Haj601ne iKyne cToj'e y 6AH31iJHH apxHellifoKIloKe
HeWTO HX je 'Mau\O 'MeoYfblIMa 3a Koje 6H ce H y
.6eQY HAH nepAHHY peKAo Aa cY Aene... IIpBa H Haj'CYI'Me'HHja aA -mx
a:pXHenHOKaIlCIX je TIOAO)KeHa rrpeMa
ceaepy AY)K AYHaBa, IKryAa je 'KpeHYro fbeHO A:H'!..\e... 113a fbe Ae)KU
ropeorroMeHynI 11pr. " OAocTpar !Ha OrraMeHJYToM Tpl'Y AOOHAalHa je
rropeA 3rpaAe Aerra A:BOpCKa il(.aJIIeAa YKparneHa Ky6eToM. OBAe ce
OAp)Kaaajy oowma 3aceAarfba IKOH3RC1opHje H OH'HOAa... Y'HYTipa-
llIffiOCT pe::nrAeHI.\'Hje ryl(.pailleHa je ca IlAeMeH'H.TOM jeAHO'CTa'B1romny
cTapuHe. Hm'vleIllTaj je BeOMa AaAeKiO OA paCliIITHHtIlK:e paOKowu Aa-
HaWlher caera. "8
Tay6e je ca noce6HOM na;KfbOM ,ornrcao 3eMYiH (Semlin), 3a
je Aa je "BeAll'KiH. IH A06po IHace1neH 'J1prOBaQKH l'paA CiMe-
IlITeH y ymy IKOjM l'paAe AVH'3fB U C3Jaa rnarjajryl.H ce npeMa Eeo-
rpaAY. fpaA lHIaK Ae)KU BUille Ha CaBH, TIpeiK iKoje je pwmje 6u
carpaneH IMOCT 3a Be3Y ca Eeo:rpaAoM; !HO OH je 1739. rO\AiIme n:peKu-
'HYT". T3Jy6eoBOj na)KI-bH HHje 'li3M3JKao HU 30M'YlHCKIH "iKOIHTryM3'I.\;',
na je HCT3JKaO Aa ce "OA Kap3JI-tTHlHa HH!<'O He <QcAo5ana, tIarK 'HH XPH-
WnaHOK.H H T'lpCKH 3oMacaAopiH H rrOCAatllliI.\H IKOjM (H(3 UapH11paAa
HAY 3a Eeq". I1naK, npHBpeAHH ormc 3eM\nHa je "OH
1111'0 OBO MeCTO tIHHH Ba.>KHUM jecTe TprOBHHla. KaKO ce OHO HaAa31I
OTrrpHAiHIKe Ha ICpeAl1'HlH u3Meny Eeqa tH IJ;apunpaAa, 'li K:aJKO CBe IIlTO
ce K:pelie TaMO U aMO Mopa APAH'Puym oBaj l'paA, 110 je OH nocTao
jaJKa m:rjaI.\a li rAa:BHO cr,OBapmIITe OBe lHeMaqKe III 'J1ypOKe po6e, 3a "lIHje
cy CMellnafbe TprOBI.\U oarpaAHAU MHTopojlHe ,Maral.\lJ11He il KAa-
AUWTa... ApasM il AYH!B'M AOAa3e Aane ID IIlTajepaKe, MaoapOKe
Il AYCTp.Hje ca ManapOKlM, H:eMaJtIoKOM,<ppaHI.\'Y'0K:OM H eHrAeOKOM po-
60M. tIHM ce p06a acrO'Ba'pH 'Y lMara'I.\ YLHe, Aaoe ce IHarOBa{Pe TY'pOKOM
po6o..'v1 H wa'lbry HaTpar... OBAe je Morylie MeJ-baTH 'HOBa'I.\ CKOpO 3a
CBY A3Hjy H EBporry: nOY3A3HO 06eAe)Kje il cHrypaH 3HaK H.anpeAHe,
llIll1'pOK:b l'pro8'lllie".n
Orruc CpeMKe MUTpO!BHI..(e (Mitrowicz) je lK:paTaK, aAU je uc-
T3iI<JHiyrO Aa je 1'0 "Al06po 'HacetoeH', HeWTO YToBpneH TproBilurre" H
I\a je rAa:BHo MecTO BojlHe l'paHHI.\e - lIITa6 IIe11pooapaJAHH0Kor l'pa-
llH'lapOKOr nYK'a. "CTaJHoBHUI.\n MeCTa, K:Ojil ce 63JBe IKaJKO 06pao.HJBa-
Ih5M 3BMlbe TaKO il 6pOAapCTB'OM lU pH63JpCTSOM npHrIaA3Jjy CBH rptI-
KOj j) 'BepmfCnOfBeCTil." 10
Y :OfIiHCY BYlIWRapa (Wukovar), Ta'Y6e H3JBOiA,H Aa je TO "TIPU-
AHtI'HO SeA'H'K, Ao6po rpaneH H BpNO HaCe1neH rpaA OA 700 Kyna" II
Aa je "rAaBHil rpaA I.\eAe CpeMKe )Kyn3JHllje", a Aatoe Aa je CTa'HOH-
HHKa "Ha 6pojry 3.600 OA KOj'HX Buwe IHel'O nOAOBHHa npHDaAa rpq-
'Koj (cpnoKo-np3BocA3BHoj) J.\p!<'BIH... y CTapON! l'pa/w, Y CR3
1
KOj l'pa-
8 HcTO, III, 31-32,
HCTO, III, 33.
10 HCTO, III, 35.
9
244 A. AaBHAOB
fi3HcKojKiynlI 1I,\;ia no Tpro'BaqKa paAH>a 11 .d:yl.aH 'KOjH cy nYHH
po6e" .11
Haj3aA, TY je II OflllllIp:lmj!H CaCT<l!B 0 OcnjeKY nOA H3CAOB'OM
"KpalOeBOKO A06po OC'lIje'K" (Das Konigl. Kammergut Essek) IWj!H
aA:MHHlI'0'I1panmao npHnaAa CAaBoHHj II , aAII je 6AH33IK Cpe:,\<lY y CHa-
1<0,\1 norAeAY, a npaB.QCAaBHII Cp6n y OB'OM rpaAry II OKOAHMM ce-
AIIMa (OcjeqK nOloe) OA/Baj'KaAa cnaAajy nOA Ope'MOKY
I..l:e3Y. Tay6e noce6ao o:rmcyje TBpfiaBy-rpa:,1, carpafieHY Kp3jeM xvn
BeK3 II HOBe 3rpaAe Koje cy y H>oj TTOAI-ITHyTe, ,lOK YI-IaCTa'BKY 06aBe
IllTaBa'O fopH>oj BapOilllI, a noce6H1O 0 AOH>j Ba'p.olliH 3a 'Kojy lH3'BOAJ-J
Aa "Ae)K1I jY)JO OA TBpfiaBe II IfMa Aen J]()AO)Kaj y IoYllJ('oj 3eAeHoj
OK'OAHlHlI. OHa ce cacTojll1 'aA 400 Kyn,a, A 'KOj'HX je 'Bel:HHa caCBTLVl
/,06po carpabeHa Ha HAH'pOKH (jy)J<JHOCABeHOKlI) aaqHlH.
jeAHa IIOAOBHlHa 'CTaiHOBHHK'a nplI'IlaAa A3TlIHO'KOj a AP'yra rpqKj
(cpnoKo-npa
I
BocA3Bilwj) U:PJ<lBH".12 Y OBOIM AeAY BapOlllH cy H cplICKa
u:pK'Ba II ce,A!H'IllTe npOTOOpOTI'HjaTa,
Tay6e lilije TIponYTOBao Kp03 pYlMY H Hp'lu; nplBa 'BapOill je y
paBH.H:4:3IpOKOM AeAY OpeMa y XVIII 'BeKy 6111\a n03H1aTa rro 331HaT-
CfBY II 'BamapHlMa, a APYTa y AeAY, Ha <PpYIllKOj ropH,
OHAa je je,A:HO OA Haj'HaceloeHiWjHx 'MeCTa y CpeMY. ca ABe BeAHJKe
npI<Be.
"OnIIC CA3BoHHje II CpeMa" caMO je jeAaH OA IItHoro6poj'KHX
!I3BOpa 3a yn03Ha'B3'H>e H3rAeAa BapolllH 'Koje cy y Kaclmja BpeMeHi't
AOCTa Inry6lIAe OA CBar CAHlK'OB'lITOr, 6apOlKHor H3rAeAa. Y !hUMa cy
y npB06HThlOM 11I3rABAV 'OOf<lJi\e H>HXOBe u:pKBe ca 3aAHIBJ'oaBajyl.lIM 62-
pOKHMM HKO'HOCTaC'lf<lI1a. OcTaAli H3BOpH II Jlpafia KOjl--! ce OAlIOce ml
cpnOKe I-rKOHocr3ce y 'BapomKIHiM U:PKIBa,\1a CpeMCKe apX:H,L\;Hjeu:e3C
IIPY)Kajy nO'T'ITymljy Ci\lH'KY npeA K'jO'M neiVLO 3aCTaTH Aa je 1136AH}Ke
pa3rAeAaM<. Ta CAJIKa oTKplflBa 'HeKOi\H<KO cAojeBa cprrcKe AHKOBH'C
KYAl'ype y CpeMY, a OCOOIITO y BapOlll11Ma O'Be 06..\aCTH. TIpBII CAOj
Te KYA'I1Ype OABeo 6H Hac y AV6Jo.V HCTOpHjCKV npOlJl AOCT, 'If npeMe
npe TYPCl<JHX OC'BajaH>a H 3a H>!-lliOBe BAaAaB1'IHe. TIpe TypOKIIX ynaAa,
yrapoKII 'BAaAaplI cy 'Y'CTI/illai\'H nojeAuHe YT'BpfieHe rpaAOBe opnCKHM
t\ecnOTIl1Ma KOjlI cy,nopeA OC1'aAO[, Ha na'AII'HaMa <f>pVI1J!Ke l'Ope OCHO-
BaAII HeK;OAH!KO npa'BOCAaBHiHX MaHaCHiJpa. Y H>HMa je HeraB'JHa no-
3HOHH3a!HTujoKa :!<'YATY'pa, rrpe C'Bera apXJUelnypa, a 3al1HiM HKOHO'
nHC, M'lI'HllIjaTY'pa, ITp'WMelheHa YMeTtlOCT H CaJlZpaAiH3. 'KH>H>Ke'BIIOCT.
AYXOBHH >KHiBT Cp6a y CpeMY, y MlHacTlIpHMa, BapOlJlJf1.\1a li
ceAHMa HMao je 'Y XVIII 'BeK'Y ITl\j3Aa'H OCACliHau: 'Ha TV n03HO'BH3aH-
THjOKY enoxy. Y npBiYlM Aeu:e!f-lHdaMa Tora BeKa, y CpeMY cy ce jOUl
VBeK OCenaA'l1 fl10'I1M'YA'H OAjeU:H YMeTHH'-IKe TpaAlIU:Hje. OHH c<y ce Kao
cm npOlllAHX IBpe'MeHa IllHpnAH na'HOHCKHM npO'CTpaJHCTBOIM, Aa Q.H
ynpaBo l'y 'YTHX'H'YAH, oCAa6Ioe'l-IH, YCryTI'HRlllH MeCTO YllHu:ajmvla II
3Byu:mV1a YMenIOCTH n03Hor 6apOKa. Ta'}<JBa KYATypHa Ki\!l1)Ma 'BAa'AaAa
11 MCTO, III, 21.
l? 11eTO, III, 4-5.
HKOHOCTaCH CpIT. napOWKHX L\pKaBa CpeMCKe apxHAHjCL\e3e 245
je' Ha l\eAOM npOCTpaI-ICT'BY TaAaWl:be VrapOKe, OAiHOOHO '1-Ja jYPHC\A!HK-
L(llIOHO'M nOAPYLJjy KarpAOlBa'lJKe 'MWrponOAHje, K'oja je 06YXBaTaAa
n,mal', EaYKY, CpeM, CAaIBOIH'Hjy, napatby, aAH li CpeA,HWH'e AeAone
IToAY'HaBA>a, OBe AO CeHTalHApeje, KOM'opaHa oH OCTaA'WX Ba-
poum y 'Koj.ltMa 0'1 Cpoo iHiMaAU cBoje KBapTOBe lU CB'oje UpKBe. Taj,
YCAOBHO peYHO, APYru CA,oj 'cprrOKur CAH'KapCT'Ba y KarpA,0lB3YiKoj
MHTpOnOAH'jlI oHerO'BaAH cy M'aAOn03Ha1'H HIKOHOfliHCUU-30rpa<pH. V fIo-
AY'HC\JB/DoY, a ao06uTo y CpeMY, 'j'Ow y npiBUM AeueHujalMa XVIII BeKa
BeroB3IHO je aYT0'XToH!O UPIKIBeu-IO cAiHiKapcTBo. He06uYiHa Y'M'eTHocT
CKpOMHHX 30Tpa<p3 J1lMa.Aa je Aocra orrop pa3'Boj, MaAa je 6uAa lI3AO-
>I<.eHa pa3HiliM Y1'UUad'HIMa. JeAlHO je Ta'lJHO: 30,rpa<plI cy ce YiHeKOA'ilIKO
OCA3:I-baAU Ha OTap.ujlH H1KOHlIHC, aAU 0'1 Te crrOBe TIOCT,ajaAe OBe
Tatbe U Aa6aBH'je. OHU cy C'l10'HT3IHO OACl'ynaAH OA CTpOT1UX K3JHOHa
BU3aiHTHjKor H:IKH'OrnICa, a ynpa:B' 1'0 ce npHTIucyje I-bUXOBOj "OPH-
nI'H3-AHOCTU" H CXBaT3-I-bY HiKOHe. OBoja lJ-IeAOBOMHa CAHJKap-
.
CKa 3Hatba, 'KOJa cy CTHuaAlI Ha Op3'UHY 'Y ceooaMa, 30rpa't'H 'CY 'Ha-
,L\OK'HaAH'AH li 060raTUAH: CnO'HTaIHO'M aAIH caryplH''M CAHK3IpOK'OM 'WH-
TYHUYlj'M lwja je BOAHAa tb;HXO'Be AapOBHTe pYKe y I-JeH3BeCHe OBe-
TOBe HeOyeKoJ-fBaH'HX KOA:opnCT'HYIKYfX H3HeHa5etba, Y3AeTa 11 CKO'KOBa,
aYl U 3a'l-lH'MA>IIBHX, AHIKO'BlH'O 'Heyo6uyajeHHx "norpeUlaIKa". 13
V36YlhH'BO AOna,L\A>H'Be 30rpa<PcKe HiKOHe, He Bume BH3aHTwjoKII
CTpore H xujepaTH\!1He IHero jeA'HocTaBiHe iH nYHe lHeOY'KoHB3IHiUX m3Jpa
11 6oja, O,!\rDBapaAe cy YKYCY HajwHpHx cAojeBa cprrCKor APYWTBa.
V liCTO BpeMe cy Ta'J<oBe HKOHe rrOC'TerreH' Il'OCTaAe CTpaHe l.\!pKBe'H'Oj
'jepapxHju, Koja je y HOBHM YCAOBHMa, OA cpeAHHe XVIII BeKa,
rroKywaAa Aa y jeA,tHaM K0'P3IK'y npe15e, Aa ITpeoK'OYH j33 KOj'H je no-
cTojaoa3Me15y }jlKOHOrrHca 1'paIAH'l.\!HOHaAHor npaBocABHor HCTolKa
H peAHrHljoKor cAHIKapcTBa 3ana'Aa. Me15Y11HlM, xHjepaxIIja je HaCTO-
jaAa Aa ce MOAepHH3au,Hja H eBpOneH3au,H'ja onpoBeAY 'fI0CT0rrOOO H
nOHeWTO 3a06HAa3Ho npeKo pyoKor, 'OA:HiOOH'O YK:P3Jj'IIHe'Kor upKBe-
Hor CAHKapCTBa Koje je TaAa 6HAO y 3HaJKY oc06eHOrCAOBeu-ICiKOr
6apoJ<oHor CTHAa. To je caOBHIM pa3YMib'H'BO 3aTO liTO AO nperropoAa
CpITI<!ar 'cAHKapcTBa HHje MorAO A'OnH 6e3 onO/ualllI-bHX YTHu,aja, OA
KOjHx cy OHlH ca HCToKa 6HNH Haj!H3pa3HTHjH, a y je/_\HOM nepuAV
(OA rreTe A.O OCMe Aen;el-rvrje XVIII BeKa) y,aK H npeCYAHU. OrrpeAe-
;uyjynH ce 3a KHjeB 'H 'ocA'albajynH ce TIpeBaCXO,L\iHO !Ha AYXOBHY aJKI-
AeMvrl'Y K'HjeBOne'lJepCKe AaB'pe, a rrOTOM H Ha lbeHY CA'IIKapOKV llIK!O-
AY, KapAOBa'lKa MHTporroAHja je Y30Aa A06ap npl1'Mep 3a yrAeA Ta-
MOWI-ba AyxBHa aKaAeMlHja je 6uAa BeAII'KH UeI-lTap npa'BOCAaB'He
TeOAOUJ.Ke 'Mil1CA'H, rreAaroraje, U3Aa'Ba1.I
I
Ke AeAallHOC1'H H Up'KBelHe
Y'MeTHOOT'u. V l'D'Me u,eH'Tpy je T10peA OCTaA'HX npOMeHa Aara'Ho Te-
'Kao rrpouec eBporreH3au,'J.i'je 'H' 06HOIBe cTapHjHx cPHA030<pC'KaX 'II ec-
TeTCKHX CXIBaT3:'tba. H3 3arr3lAHOeBpOnOK'Or Ci\'H<apcrBa 0'1, nocpeA-
cmOM rpaqJHiKe, ca'MO 3a HeK'AHKO Aeu,eHiHja npeY3eTa BOBa IrKOHO-
13 Yrrop. A. H A. HICOHe cpncr:::ux 30lpcuf;a, EeorpaA
1977 (KaTa"or CAHY, 6p. 30).
246 A. AaBHAOB
rpa<POK:a pelieH>a, a TIOCTeneHO H cntAoKa 06eAe)Kja. Ty je HaCTao
'CAOIBe-llOKII 631pOK - CT,IIACKa OApe,6!HllIlla KO}y C m,/1H pa3A'OTa J1pe6a
npHX'B'aT:lITII. lf3a Te Ape,6!HlIlle CTOjH cneUII<plf"4lH CXlBaT3iH>e 'lIiK''He.
OBAe Tpe6a IICTanlI Aa cy YTlII..(ajlI 1I3 YKpajlIHe II KlIjeBa CTlI3aAlI
ABO!OMepHO: OA(1!HAe cy Cp6llMa A'OAa3lfA'H CA1H'KapH, a y6p30 cy 0'1-1&\10
ynynlIBa:HII rnITO'MUII Ha CAH\KapOK liK'OABa'H>e.
Pel.J je 0 nOAMAaneHOM II OH()IBibeHIOM CAHKapCTBY Koje je, Ha-
rryliTajynlI n03HOBH3aHTHjcKH KOHuenT IIKOHe II rpaAerilI CAHKY V
3anaAHoeBporrcKOM CXBanU-bY, 3aAp>KaAO MaAe, aAH HnaK BII;U1e cno-
MeHe IHa 06MJlKe jOli 'He3a60rpaIBibEme YMeJ1HHYiKe npollli\10Cl1H. Y nH-
T3IH>Y je, Aa!KAe, 6lIAa OHM6n03a y IW'jOj je IHO'BH 6a1pOK'HH CHiA nOT-
rry'HO npeOBAaAao, a'AII IInaiK 'Hllfje CaCBH!M 3a:Me,o cen3iH>a Ha TpaAH-
UlIjy II Ha aYTOXTOHa 06eAe)J{ja. OTVAa je H YKpajHHcKo YI cpncK
CAH'KapCTBo TOra A06a caCBHM oo06eHo, y 1.JeMY ce, nopeA OCTaAHX
oMHKa, oTfKplIBa II 'Hey06lI1.JajeHa Apa)K ()IBHX ,,6apO!K'HIIX ITKoHa".
Kao lIITO av IHeKaAa Ha 31KuecopHlHM AeA'B'HMa 30rpa<pCKHX IIKOHl.
nplIlMenUJBalHe 6ap'OK,He ynaAHue, TaKO cy CaiMO ,HeK'OAHKO AeUeI-iHja
KacHiltje Ha peA'Hf'fljOKIIM 6apOiNHlH!M IK()IMIfI0'3Illi1lHj l(Ma , oneT Ha 000-
PeAHHM AeAiO'BH!Ma, IlpII.MenlfiBr3II-LII jeA'Ba BII\AiblfBII TparO'B'H CTa'por 'UKO-
HO:rnEOHOr Ma!H1Ipa. CyIllTH'I-Ia ce, Aa1KAe, H3JM'eHIIAa: y npBOM neplfOAY
je AeT3..ibHMa HarOBeUJTeHa CTHACKa 6YAynHocT CAIIKapCTBa, a y
ApyroM CNY1.Jajy je AHJeKpeTHO 3a6eAe)KeHa YOIJOMeHa Ha npOlliAOCr.
AOAHPII TIip'IIA'HJKM IKOIjHX je AOAa3liAO AJO oa>KHMaJ-ha CTapor H HO
Bar, HeT:O'YlHOr TI 3anaAHor, H'MaAH cy pa3B}HiY NHKOBay 'BereTa'I(li-
.. .
JY, a TY Je 1I3paCAO MHoro 'HeOOlfl'I'HO CBe)K'I{X II JeApHX H3A3IHaIK<1
Kao nplI OBaiKOM npup0A;HOM YKpTa'H>Y. Hanynrl'aH>m11'pa'AHU'HOII-fal\-
Hor CXBaTallia IIfK'OHe 'KY'Al'HOr 3HaMellia 'lI YOBajaH>eM KOHuerTTa 3a-
naJAjHoeBponoKe peAWflIjoKe CMlJKe, ,Koja AOHOCII rpa3yneHlr}y fl{)KI'H!O-
-l.,. '"
rpa'j!Hjy, AliTepap!HV 'HapaTIIBHoIcT, AUAa'KTl1lKY, 3 AerOpRYlHiOCT, OH'MOO-
AI,m"y, ai\1H II Aor1a'AibHBOCT 'HOBIIX 00l\iHKa, OCl1B3IpeHiH cy rrOTnYH3
CTIIACKa npeBAaCT II ca3peBalhe cpnCKor 6apoKa. Ha Taj Ha4HH cy O,L\
CpeA1fHe XVIII BeKa Cl'B'OpeH:H rrOBOibHH YCAOB'H 3a 6H1'He rrpoMeHe,
. ""' .
'KoJe oy KOH3tfHO A'BeAe AO CTrHA'Kor rrpeOOpa)K13]aCprrCKe upK'BeHe
YMe'IUi'OCflI. Al'aj nplloc je II oTape <ppymKoropoKe M3-
HacTlLpe, npIJoBl{',6!He "YY;Bape Y'Mel1H1Hl.JKe Tpa,6!HUH'je.
14
OBe cyrnTJj1H:CKe npuMelHe y Ci\olIlKapcTBY npeTxOAHAe cy oHO'Bpe-
'MeHH!M ,,6!pyllIl'HelHlHM fKpeTaH>HL\, lIAH CV HX HenOCpeAHO rrpaJ1HAe
YTKH'Ba}yn'H ce Y l'aH3IHe HliTH A:YXOlBH:HX caAp)Kaja, na 11 y CBeCT
I1panllHOKe 1KA:3Ce Koja je 6apoIK 'Kao CTHA COIJCT'BeHe
J\1A3AOOTH II IJOAeTa. To je 6lIAO jaJCHO lfiorrOibeHlO y CBlI'M BH.AOBHM8
ApyrnTBeHor II()IHamaH>a II AyxoJ31Hor >KH'BOTa. IIopeA OCTaAor, 6a-
pOKJHM CTHA y cpnoKoj Y'MenrOC1'1I XVIII BeKa oJ'l,wryn3lBao je OTB3Jpa-
llie HOBHX 'J3IHAH'Ka, a TO je 3a OHe 'CT3Ae)Ke OHOBp0M0Hor CpIJOK,Or
AlpynrTBa y IKpajllioj AHHl1j'H 3'1I3'111A:0 rrpHXBaTaI-be HAeja npOOB'eneiJ-fO-
14 A. AaBH,L\OB, VKpajuHclCu ynl4aju Ha Cpl1ClC1J 1Jo\WmOCT cpeuHe
XVII 6eKa li C1UKap BaCll.1uje POAULI-106U
C
I, 360pllllK 3a i\HKOBHe
MaTHI.\e cprrCKe, 5, HOBH Ca,_\ 1969, 121-138,
HKOHOCTaCli CpIl. BapOIllKliX I..\pKaBa CpeMCKe apxliAI1jel..\e3e 247
BOCTlI. Y HlOTO Bpe...\1e, MaAa qecTO 'Y oyx06y C KAaOOM,
HeyrropeAlfiBO 06pa'3OBaJH1lfja opnoKa UpiKBeiHa X!l1jepapxHja je iH3JAa-
llDHO rroMalfaAaym:paBo Taj 6apoKHli OMep V1MeTiHOCTII rpaAeriH y TOM
CTHA y ca6op'He upK'Be, BAaAUqaHOKe ABopue, rrapoxl1joKe li MaHaCTlIp'
CKe up,K1Be H 'J(!OHlIKe. BapOI<JHH IMaHlHp 6110 je npHx'BaJneH y ABOpCKOtiVi,
rra H y upK'BeH!OIM pHJryaA'Y ;H uepeMOHajaAY. OTYAa ce H M'O/Ke penH
A je YAeo xHjepapXHje y 'MOAepH'H3aUlIjH cpm::Ke YMeTiH'OCTH 6no
HajBlIAImjH a iHaj'Ben'JoL
Aerra 3AaI-baUpJ<'Beaor YI rpanaJHC'KOT 6apKa HaCTaAa c"'! Y CpeM-
CKolfM KapAOBUHM'a, 'CTOAUUH op:rroKor Ml1.TpOnoAwra. Y HCTOB'Pe.Me
ce y KapAO!BaqKH'M up.K'BaMa HaAaJ3e :HiKOHOCTaCH ca 'HlKlHa'Ma JH'MH-
TplIja BaqeJ3llfna, TeOAopa KpaqyJHa H JaJKooa OpcPeAl1iHa, AOK cY HiKO-
HocTace y OCTaAHM BapolllHMa CAHKaAli JaHKo XaAK030BHn y OelI-
jeKY, BalJ'eBHn y 3eJMV1H",!, CTe<paH TeHeUoKH y PYMlI, Ba-
cHAlije OCTojHn y B'f'Kooorpy. I-blIX:OBH 'MoHY'MeHTaA:HTI U'KOHOCTaCH -
OATapCKe rrpel'paAe IH3paneHe y pa36oKopeHOM rr03AaneIrolM Ay6pe3",!,
DHCOKe H AO AeceT MeTapa, HMajy 40 AO 60 HKOHa pacrropeneHHx y
HeK'OAHK'O 30Hia.
XpaHOA011liKH je Ha rrp:BOM MeeTY I!'I<'H'OCTaC JaJHKa XaAIK030BlIna
y UPKIBH YorreI-be BoropOAiHue y A;O'lnoj !BapOlliH y OCH!je'KY (1761).
OBaj IMajcTop je AOlllao aK'O 1740. TOAHHe :y ROBH CaA H3 MaiKeAo-
Hlfje, ,MO)KAa 6am 1I3 COAY:Ha rAe CV 30
1
I'paqm jom YBeK CAHKaAH y
rr03HOBM3alIT'ajcK'M MaJrurpy. Y je,AiHOM rplJlKOM AOKYMeHTY nOTIIH-
cao ce Kao JaHKO "XaNloo30", rra ce rrpeTI1OCTaB;,,,aAO Aa je UHHuap-
OKor rropeKAa. MelsYTIl'M, y ApyroM H3BOpy HalBOAH ce Kao "Mane-
I\OHau" JaHKo XaAK030BHn; Kao "JaHKo MOAep H rpalsaHHH HOBO-
caAoKa" nOMIIf'I-be ce 'y HOBOM CaAY rAe je 3a
1
je,AiHO ca OpTa'KOM BacoM
OCToj'HneM rrpnrraAao cAHIKapCiK'M A;omaBlIIH ca j'Vra, OH
je, HeMa CYMI-be, rrOCeA'BaO lfI3BeOHO WK!OIHOIIHCa'IlKO rrpeA3JHa:I-be, a
1'0 H'OKYOl1BO je 6lfAO Be3alHO 3a n03'HOB'H'3atHTlfjcKH IMaHlip. Y HOBOj
Mopao je rrpana Kp03 APYKqHjy CTHACKY rrpaKcy H 06pa30-
Baine, npeBaCXJOiAoHo 360r npHX:BaTa:I-ba 3atrraAHoeBparrOKlfX H!KO'HorpacP-
'CK&fX peureI-ba, a ![JOTOM H PaJAH H3pa)KaJjllI'O-CI1aACK.HX ycaJBpIII3JBaI-ba.
Ben TaAa V ROBO'M CaAV, a jOIll npe y 06AH)KHMIM Opel\1CoKI-rM KapAoB-
lUHM'a, TaKBa 3Ha'I-ba cY ce MorAa 'cTena y aTetoeHiMa 'HeiKlHX CA'HtKapa.
BaJI<pope3Ha rpa<pHtKa, \nrroTpe6toa'BaIHa Kao CA'Il'KapOKlH npeAAO)K8JK
CTH3aAa je IH3 y'AatoeHHjux l'pa<plI\jjK'IfX aTetoea, aAH cy 3a OEY C:BPXY
paAO KapHllI.neHe 'lI HAyc-r;plB'aHe DM6AHje. OBe ce TO TaAa 'MorAO AaKO
Ha6aJBWT.H y rrojeMilHRM BapOIIIHIMa JY)KHe YrapCKe, a OC06iHTO y
Cpe;\1OKHM KapAOBL(UI,\1a. OryAa cy cprrDKlI Il'KOHOnHCUH 113 OB11X
rpa<pHq.K.HX rrOMaraAa Ha}qemne npey3aiMaA'H KOM'IT03HIJ;'I{OtHa pem0I-ba
3a BeA'HKe rrpa3HH:Ke li CTpaA3'I-ba X pHOTOBa - "V'ia crnois". XaAiKO-
30Blfn je 1'0 'YIf'HIf0 'M'elsv npBHIMa, aAH Ce,Iffi3JK, 'RH'je caOBWM rrpe-
06paTiio Y 6apO'l<JHor CAHKapa. JOIII YBeK je V I-berO'BHM paAO'BHM3
TH:I-baAa yiorrOMeHa HanocTBH3aJHrI'wjOKY rpaAH'UHj'y, lUTO ce YOqaBa
Ha npOCTOHlIIMHlKOHaMa, qeCTO CXeMaT'OKIH Ha'CAUKaJHHM. MelsYTlI:.M,
I-berOBH H3AY)KeHH AHKOBH 'Ha KOIMn03lfUlIIj3JMa 'BeAH'KiHX rrpa3HH'Ka 'lI0-
248
A AaBHAOB
Ka3yjy H.oBa OnpeAeA:>el-ha. HK!CII-IOCTaC I..\pK'Be y OCHjeKY HaCTaO j
1761-62. rOAHHe, y BpeMe nYHe cAHKapcKe 3peAocTH laHI<a XaAKo-
30BHna, nO-CAe 06HM'aHX paAoBa 3a MaiHo'cTwpe Pa'KOBal..\, EeoY:HH H
MaA'Y Pe,YleTy.
15
aCTHX, we3AeceTHX, l'OAIIHa CA.l1!Kao je 'Heuno MAabH AHMHTpHje
EaYelBHn, ,,'MOAepKapAOBaY'KH", oBoje np'Be Bene paAO'Be: HKOHo-eTacc
fapl-he ll'P'KBe y CpeMCKH:M KapAOHI..\HMa II HHKoAa'jeBC'Ke y 3e,\1'YHY.
V npBOM paAY ce jow HHje OCAOOOAHO H3BeCHe nOyeTHHYKe cxej',la-
THY'HOCTH, Aa OH ce Ben y APyroM AeAY H3pa3HO cMeAHje li HHAHBil-
AlyaA'HHje. Ha WKOiH!OiCTacy HHiKoAa1jeBCiKe lWK'Be y (1762),
EaJy:eBun ce aqmp'\cao KaO ll'ytHLQlKpBiHH npHCTaMll..\a CAOBEJHCKO'r 6a-
pOKa, na ce oTYAa CH rrp0l'nOCraBA:>a Aa je YLfHO IKOA
CK;HX MajcTopa. I-beroBH AHKOBH Ha rrpeOTOiHiHIM 'H'KOHaMa, anOCTOAlI
11 npOpOI..\H y ;i.pyroM H TpeneM peA'Y, M!OiH'YMeiHTaNHD oy CXBaneHH;
I..\pTaHH KapeKTiHO. OHH U nopeA YT'BpneHlJr CTaTHYHOr nOAO/Kaja Y'Ka-
3Y}Y Ha nOKpeT TeAa KOjH ce HacAynyje H-cnOA HaopaHHX Apanepnja.
Beny na/KI-hY npHBAaY:e HKOHe BeAHKHX npa3HHKa y YeTBpTOM peAY
H 'HlKOiHe OTpaJA3Jl-ha XpOCTBHX V AHIHern HIKOHOCTaca. Ap/KenH ce
3anaAHoeBponcKHx rpaq>HY:KHx npeAAO)KaK<a Kao HKoHorpa1:>CKOl"
MOAeAa, EayeBUn je ,KOHl'paCTHHM KOA0'PHCTHY:KH.M OAHOCHMa OCTB1-
pao llKHBO peAH:rH'joKe KOMfl03HU;Hoje IKoja ,ce 6HTHO pa3AHl<yje OM
IIKOHe HCTO'Y'H'Olrrpa
'
BO-CA3JBHOT rropeKAa. VnpaBo 300r Tora rpe6a ILl-
MeHHl'H AocaAawl-he IKaTerapu3al..\U1je no KojHIMa je EayeBHn cBp-cTa-
BaJH y "npeAa3HH nepHOA" cpncKorcA'HiKapcT'Ba OA TpaA'HI..(Hje Ka oa-
POKY. jep je OH, HeMa CYMl-he, CAHKJp 3peAor oapOKa, l-herOBe CAO
BeJHCKe BapHjaHTe. EayeB:IlneBHlM ,HIKOHOCTaCOlM y HUKoAajeOC'Koj I..\P'K-
B'H, 3eM'YH je 'Mer.ry npBHIM BaJpOlllH:Ma 'Y CpeM'Y A06HO YHTa'BY raM:.'-
pwjy OA rrpeKO ne,L\eceT caKpaAiHHx KO'Mn03UI..\Hja.
HJ
HKOHO'CTac L(tpKBe I1peHo-c 'MOW1'Hjy OB. HHKOAe y BYKOBapV
CAH:Kao je Ba:cHAHje OCTojtlln 1768. r0AIHHe. OBa,j nAOAHH CAH!Kar
CTeKao je nOY3AQ.'H0 AHiKBHO 06pa30'Bal-he y OpeMcKIHM KapAoBuHMa,
y P3A'HOHHI..\H KHjeBClKor MajcTopa lOBa BaCHA:>e:B:l-p.Ia, 'KONIe je JOUI
y MAl\AOCTtH nOMa,rao y -cAHlKaH:>Y HIKOHOCTaca I..\pKiBe -Ma'HacH'lpa Eu-
naJHa y Ea'llKoj. I10ll1'T'yjynH y rrYIHoj <MepH rro.yKe YKpajHHoKor oa-
pOKa, OCTojnn je Hawao MorynHocTH Aa ce 'H3pa'3H cm\10CraA:HHje.
liC'J1HHa, 3aAp/Kao je 3Aal'HH TaneT Kan n03aAHIHty CSOjHX npeCTO-
+IIHX HK'OHa, AOK je 3AaT'He AHIHHje yBHAy 'CTHNH30,BaHe OHloHe op-
HaJMeHTHIKe, HAH y BHAY aJKl..\eHaTa Ha Ha&opH'Ma ApanepHja, 'H3Aa-
W'HOHCl..\pTa:sao, llITO cy YOICTaAO'M YHlH'HAH H OCTaAH CAH'KapH llierOBC
rooepal(.Hje. li no THM AeKOpaT'H:B1UI'M yna,Hl..\a'Ma, OH je Ayro OCTao
npHBp./KeH CTHAY YKpajuIHOK'Or npKBelHOr CAH'Ka,pCTBa. V aCHO,BH,
OC'J1ojHneBO'M CAHKapOKOM 'CH3HoHAHTeTY OArO'Bapao je oHaj enc'KO-
-CBetIHJH CTHA CAOBeHOKor AO)K'H'BA:>aja oapOKa. CAHKao je arrOCTOA
15 O. MUKHh il A. lliei\.\lHn, Majcropu npe,1a3HOl l1epuoa CpllCIWl
C/lUl.capcTea XVIII 6ezea, HOBn Car" 1981, 79-87,
16 Il BacHl, Ao6a 6apOiCCl, EeorpaA 197J, 191-205, 211-214.
HKOHOCTaCH cpn. BapOlllKHX upKana CpelvlCKe apxHAHjeuc3c 249
11 npopoKe Kao OHa)J<JHe lbYAe, Ha'rAameHOT CTaoa, :KpyrrHHx Ol.:IHjy,
BHCOIKor qeAa, y rroAo)J(aJj'l{,Ma IKOjH cy rOToo CT3TWIIHo!r aAH MOHY-
;l1eHTaAHor AejcTBa.3a KOMrr03HI.J;Hje BeAHKHX rrpa3HHKa rr03ajMiblIBao
je KOMrrOsHW,I'OIHa peweH:>a H'33arraIAiHooBpOnOK'HX J:1pa<pliq:K'HXH3Hopa.
11 aBe Be.l. THIliHl.JiHiO 3alrraJ.A1HOeBpOrrcKe Ci\lIl'Ke A06HjaAe cy Ha a.ero-
BH'M IKOMU03HI.J;Hj-aMa ./-I3BeOHa iHOrO'IHOrrpaJBOCAaJBHa 06eAeMja. OCTO-
jHh je rrpeY3H'Mao ca'MO OOHOl3'Ha H1KJOHOrpa<poKa pewerba, A'K je CAH-
Ka A06HjaAa Hemrro H3MeH:>eH H3rAeA. Y TOM ycrreAoM rrpeBone-
IbY Cl1paJHor CTHAa 'Y' IHaI.J;HOHaAHH H3pa3 HaJAl'3e ce 'OCIHO:BHC
CAlH'Kapcr<e BpAl1IHC KOjc je OCTOjlHh H'CrrOibH' 'H Ha HlK''Hocra-
cy y BYKOBapy, V rrpBOM rrojacy, y COKAY HKOHOCTaca, a He-
nOA rrpeCTOHHx HKOHa, HaAa3e ce KOMrr03HI.J;Hje: Kywarbe XPH-
CTa, {{VAO CB. IhIlKoAe, EeKCl'BO y ErnrraT 'H YceKOBaI-be rAaI3e
CB. JOBaHa. Ha I.J;apcKHM ABepHMa oy yo6HtIajeHe EAaroiBccTH,
Ha ceBepHUM OB. a1px. CTe<paIH, a IHa j'ymHl1!M CH. apx. MlixajAO.
l1pecToHe HKOHe ca rOTOBO YBeK liCTHM AHKOBHMa (CB. HHKOAa, Eo
a XpHCTOM, I1cyc XpH'CT<YC H CB. JOBaJH HpCTeqa) '4HiHe
A'PYTH nojac, a V HCT 'BpeMe cy lJ1 HaJjIM.oHY'MeHTaAlHlHje. Y T'pe-
heM cy paorropeneHe HiKOHe BeA'H.K:HX Ilipa3HHKa: Ba3lHeCeH:>e XPH-
C'POBO, EAarOBeCTJ-r, PooeJ-be XpHCT'BO, CpeTeJbe, BaBeAeH:>e, YAa3aK
y JepycaAHM, BaoKpeceH:>e Xpr-rCTO:aO, Poocl-be Bo'ropOAIHI.J;e, KpwTe-
H:>e XpHl0110BO, IIpeo&pa>KeJ-be, BOro,poAHtI'HIH nOKpo'B H CHJ\a3alK y AA.
{{el1BpTH rrojac wcrrY'H:>e'H je 'WKOHalMa Ha IKojHiMa oy IHaCiUJ:Ka'HH CTO-
jehH J\UK'OBH arrOCTOAa (6 +6), AOIK je 'Y CpeAJHlHH O'Bor <ppI-I3a H'KOlHa
,Li,eH3JfC (MOAeHIIje) CMeUlTeHa y noce6HoM 6aAAaXH!HY. Haj3aA, y
AHiHeTII H1KOHO'CTaCa HaAa3e ce: IKpCT X'P'.HCTOBOr pacrrel:a, EOTOpO-
AHI.J;a lM CB. JOBaH, Kao H ABe MlHp'OHOCHI.J;e, AOK je OKO H:>HX pacnope-
beHO 13 MeAaibUHa ca NI-tKOOlfMa npopoKa.1
7
lIK'oJ-flocTac Ba3HeceH:>OKe u.pJe y PYM'H 'CAHIKao je 1772. rOt.\HH
CTe<paH TeHeUKH, jet.\aJH OA Haj'AapOBHTH'j'HX cpnoKHx cAI'fiKapa XVIII
BeKa. TIOpElKAOMH3 i\WfI10Be v ceBepOHC110'l.JiHM EaHa'TY, rAe je Cpe!AH-
HOM Tora BeKa UBerrao 30Tpaep:OKH 3aIHaT, O'H je KOA Herr03HaTor 'J{'I\.O-
HiOITI'iCI.J;a A06HO OOHOBHe 'CAHlKap:OKe rrOYIKe. y rreToj AelxeHH'jH OTH-
rnao je y KHjeB H rroxal3aJo CA:H1KapcKry llIK'OAY. EOpaJBHO je y 6aJHaT-
OKOj BapOWHUH ApaAY fAe je ApMao CBOj'Y CA<HKapCK'Y ca
ry'IeI-lIJ1'I.J;HMa H TlMora Y!HM a , a paAHo je H 'KaJO ,\'BOPCKH 'CAl1!Kap apaA-
OKiWX errHKorra, IKOjH cy M'Y ,AaBaAH nOCA'Be aAH H Ao6pe rrpenopYJKc
3aCAIWKa.J-be H'KOHocTaca. EHJO je nAOAalH AH'Kap, a I-beroBa AeAa,
npeTeM'Ho .:H1KOHOCTacH, HaAa3e ce Y CpeMY H EaIHaTY. BepaH C'BOjHM
VlKpajillIOIQilM OA'HKapOK'H!M IHa30pH'Ma, OH 'je 'Mcny a Hajyone-
wHHje, CAnKa'O y AYXY "CAOBelHOKa[ 6apOKa". CTHA 'MY je rrpen03'HaT-
ibUB rro oco6eHOM cMi'KapoKK>M PYIKOrn-roy, a nopeA 'OCTaAO'f ce O'ANH-
'KYje H pa<pH'HOBaHO\\1. M'AcAaI.J;HjOlM HiHJKapHaTa. r AaHe OBeTHTeiba cy
ONH'KaJHe CKAaAHHM CTanaH:>0M PYM:yr,t,IaCfHx, cMel3Hx H Myrnx TO!HOBa.
TeHeI.J;'KH je yorreo Aa y HeU<HiM HiKOIHaMa 'H3pa'3H NHpcKa pacnO,AoMe-
17 O. MBKHn li A. IlIei\lvmn, /-La6. eJlo, 45-54.
250
A. AaBHAOB
lba, a lberOBe EorOpOAHIte 'Ha rrpeCTOH1J.1M HJKOHaMacy HajHAeaAH30-
BaJHHjH H HajnOel'H'l'HHjH )KOOCKH AlLKO'BH Y CpnCKOM 'CAHKapcl1BY
XVIII BeKa. HKoH'OC:rac 'Y PYMH, Kao yocTahloM H Apyre penpe3eH-
TarnBH'e H1KiOHocrace, ViKparuaBaJjy pa3'BHjooH 6apoKHo-poIKajHH o-
A:HI.tH Ay50pe36apeHmi: 'l103AaneHH'X oK.'BHrpa, opHaJMeHaTa, Kap11Yilla,
KOH30A'a li crymrna. Ha raK'Boj pas-yneHoj rrOnpIlI'H'H'H HCl'JfllY ce
H'KOiHe rHa KojuMa je IMajcTop OCTaBHo cB'oje cHniaTvpe ,,1772. C. T."
HKoHacTaoHanperpaAa je peilleHa T3JKIO Aa np'H'MH BHIlIe oA IlIe3At>
ceT HKOHa, 350r 'lIera HJMa}y HeJ.Il'T() Mailf>H <PoPM'aT Hero06R4Ho. Y
COKAY cy MeA;al\)OHH ca H'KiOHaJMa 'K!oje ce 'pene CAIl1Ka.i'y y OKAJOny
HKOHOCTaca: OB. CO<l>Hja 'ca Knep1J.1M1a BepOM, fuyOOM H HaA;OIM, a 3a-
THM cAeAe )KpTBa HojeBa, Ja1rooBIoE'B CaJH, )Kpl'Ba ABpaJMOBa H )K,PT-
Ba AaiBHAoBa,AOK oBaj TIojac 33'BpillaBa HJKOHa ,A!Hnoo 'lIYBap. npe-
CT()IHe IHlK'OHe, nopeA OOHOBHa '4eTIHipH AIHIKa (CB. HHKIOAa, l3'oropOAHIta
ca XpHCl'OM, I1cyc XpHJC110C H GB. JOBaJH) AOrrywy.i'Y ca erpaHe jorn
JiJKOHe CB. AHMHTpHje .J1 CB. feopnrje. Ha Itl'POINflM ABepHlMa, Y3
EAar-OBeCl'H, rrpH'Ka3aJHH cy jOili H JOllKJHlM 'li AHa; Ha jY)KHHM A:Be-
pHiMa je Apx. MmvajAo, a Ha ceBepHHlM BaOKpece",e i\a3arpeB'O. Y rro-
Ce6HJHM KapTyuI3'Ma, ,H'3HaA A'BepH, OMeJ.JJTeHe cy Taj'Ha
Beqepa, Ba(}Hece",e XpHCTOBO fH CH'Aa3aJK CB. Ayxa. CAeAenn nojac
cacTojH ce H3 aflOCTOAa H npopOKa, AOK je y cpeAHHH KpYiHH-
ca",e BoropOA:HL\'e, HK'oHa HKoHooraca. Y MllHeTH je KpCT
XprroToBor pamena, a rropeA ",era H'KJOHe Eo'OOpOA'H'Ite 11 JOBaJHa Eo-
rOCAOBa, AOK av OKOAO pacnopeneHH MeA31o'OH'H XpHCTOBIlX qYAa,
npeTemHO X'PHC110Bor IJf!CI.teloelha.
18
BOAenH CAHKap opOOKor 6a:POKiHO-piOKajlHor CTHAa, TeOAOp Kpa-
qYH je HaJCAJll'KaO HK'OHCTac Orarpe ItpKIBe y CpeM'CKioj MHTpOOHI.tH
1775. naAJ-rHe. OH je npBe cA'HiKapoKe rro'ljlKe rrpH'MHO y CpeMOK'H'\1
KapAOBUHMa 11 OKiQi\JHIflM 'MeCTH'Ma, HajBHIlIe capanyjynH C AUMHTPH-
jeM Ea'lIeBHneM. Y TaKIBoj VMeTHHqiK'Oj al'MOCcPePH Koja je BAaAaAa
y CpeMY y mecToj H A:MJoj AeI.teHaj!H XVIII BeKa, K:paqyH je McnpBa
CA'HKaJO nOA CHa)J<'HHlM YTHI.tajeM V1KP3'juHoKor u;pl<BeHJor 6apoKa. Y
TOM CTHAV HaCAHKao je cBoje np'Be HKOHe, Aa 6H KacHHje ca
JaKOBOM 0PcPeA'H'HOM nposeo HeKOAHIKO TOAH:Ha y Eeqy rroxana-
jynH YMe1'HWI,KJY Oroo 1770. Ben je "'MaD yrAeA'HO 'MMe
Meny CAHlKa'PHlMa H MeIteHlh\1a IY OpeM'Y. fiaCAe npBH'X 06IflMlHlHjHx pa-
AOBa nOKa3aAIO ce Aa ce orAaCHOCAHKllP l.mjH paAOBH Haj60'loe OApa-
)Ka'Baj y 'YIMel1HHlYKe Heil\iOVlMIHIte li AOMeTe cpnOKe KYATVpHeerroxe rrrpo-
CBeneHOCTiH. Kpa'lIYH je HlljBHme H'aC.\fH,KaO y OOMOj AeIteHiHjH 110ra
neKa, 'aAH .ie YMeTIH:H'lIIK'H'M 3aMaxOM H'CnyHIHo I.teAO Apyro 'Il0AYCTO-
Aene. EHO je OAHCTa npaB'li "MlljCTOPK'OjIH je y CBOM AeAY lHajrroCfn\'-
IllYrie ca)J<eo YMeTIIlI'lI1Ka XTewa CIBOra BpMe'Ha, y qH',iH'M je paAOBIIIMa
HajAO'CAeAlHuje o!Apa)Ka'BaHa 'BeAHlK3 ApaJMa '1MHpallha Ayro'Be'4HHX
18 O. MlfAa.I-IOBHI-JOBlfD, }fKoHocrac C"reifyaHa Te/-Ietp::oz y Ba3/-IeCeHr
creaj lIPK(3U .\1 pYJl1U, 36oPHlfl( 3a AHKOBHe YMeTl-IOCTH, 2, Homl Ca
l
\ 1966,
307-315.
HKOHOCTaCH cpn. BapOWKHX lIPKana Cpe.\1CKe apxHAlij elle3e 251
YMel'H'li4KHX OOA,HKa, npeTnapaH:>e cTapHx HiKOHOfU{calJlK'l1X cxeMa y
apoKHlyciHi!Ky".19 AO"K je 'Y paJHoj cil.li1KapcKoj <pa3H OHO nOA yni'Ua-
M Oa"lJeBHna H Y1Kpajm-IC<Jor 6apO'KIHlor Cil.HIKapCTBa, AOTAe je y 3peAu
a Ha nojeA'I.J:HH'M 'H:KOHa:Ma ,H'OfliO/bH'O H3pa3'JUe C'KAOHOCTH Ka no-
eni3aUH'jl1, a l'aAa cy I-berOlJ3e 'peAm'HjoKe 'KOMfl03HUHlje OH!Ae 'Y 3HaKY
poKOKoa R )(lo.\OpI-J1'O,M 11 CM:lKapCKOM i\laTepHjo,\<!. HKOHocTac y Cpe'I-
CKOj MI-lTpOBHUH HaCTao je OKO cpeAHHe cAH'KapC!<e Ka-
"pHjepe. Ben je HCT31\'H'YTO Aa je M-ajCTOp QlI3Ae 'nOCH:lrctO ,,'MapK<l-IITH
penle q"H3HO!HOMl1'je anOC110Aa H npopoKa H3BeAe!-Ie TOH-
CKOM MOAeAaUHjl"1 HaJKO cy OBel'HTe''o'CIKe (pHrype 'CAH'KalJ-Ie TBpne H
,1'OMOKi HeoarYPHl1'je. HeOlcnopH'o je Aa cy Ha nKOHOCl'aoy 3a'HWM-
iHje npa-3HH'fHe ,WI"oHe, paneHe CAo60A,iH:Hje 'H oe3
MCA'J"KQBalJ-b'a oH neA3!HTHOr AOTepHBaI-ba. 3a J-bHX cy, 'HeC'Y'MI-b'l:IBO, 'KO"
plUlIheHJH npeAAOillU'11 H3 3a:naAI-ba'4iKHX CAI1'KapOKHX rrpH'poy'4!H\HIKa jp
lIojeAHHe HMajy BHUJe H3rAeA npaBHX oapOKHHX Cil.I1Ka Hero waoil.o,
NIi3JfPIJHHX H1KOiHa" .tO Kpa"lJYIH je lH'aCA'H'Kao 57 HKHa 3a o'Baj I1IK-
HOC'l'ac.
KM oy Y Apyroj nOAOBHIHiH XVIII nelca 'V CpeMc'KHI;VI KapA'OB-
a caJfpanHe 1I-lIOBe ClJKpai\lHe 11 npo<paHe rpaneBH:He, I-bHX je apxH-
'roIIOKIH HaA,BH'CIJ-!Aa IH IKpymwaAa HiOBOflioAJHI'HYTa Mll'rpolIT'Oil.HjC'Ka
upKJBa (1762) nO'CBeneHa CB. HHKOA'H. 3a l-be!J-lO CAHIKapClK
a'l3a'l-&e 1JHra)KOBaHH cy 'BOAenl1 'cpnoKiI1 "alKaA'iv1.C1KJi ;'vIOAelpH"
Kpa't:J'VH '11 }aK0:J3 Op<peA'HiH. ITPeTX,<.\iHO je KpaLty"H HaCAH:KaO
J.ID<.OH'oora:c 3a 'I<aneNY OB. feopmja Ha xopy ROBe Up'K'Ile. Ty je,
ce 'IlO'Ka3aAO nOCAe fIIpoyLtaBa.I-ba CAH'KapCTBa OBor MajcTopa,
aa,jYOI1eWHHje AeA'O. OBAe je KpaLt'Y'H 3alj-JEY,vlapJiO Ji J1IHa"lJe
-..osotoao jaoHe Mene 113Meny Oa1p'CJIKIHOr H pOKajHlor CT'HAa H Aao
poKOiKOY. Ha l1l1'M MaAH\M. H3A,iY)lWHHM MelAa,b()lJ-1'HMa, 06a'BH-
Ay6ope3HiHIM. <pA'opaAIHor Il'OpeKAa, MajcTop ce pa-
ooj O'M , OI<AaAtHOM 'Hrp'oM saAepa IH Aa3ypa, nOCToH)Kynl-! CBH-
po3lpa4\I-JlY <PaKTYPY paepHlHoBaHe cNHlKapoKe MaTcpuje. 3or
BipeAHlOCTH OBOIf CA:I-:IKaJpcTBa, lMe,L\a100HlH YAa3'l!K XplHcl'on y
fIpaJI-be HOry arrOCT0i\'l1'Ma, fOCTOi\>y6loe ABpa,M10'BO H fIpo-
MojcI-:Ija 6HAe cv H3i\O)KeHe y fIapH3Y Ha 113AO)KOH "L'art en
de la prhistoire nos jours" (Grand palais, 1971 ).21
UeAlllKOiM IHiKOH'OCT,acy K3'TeApaWHor xpalMa y Cpe\1'CKHM Kap-
Maj'cTopl1 Kpa'<I"YiH 11 Op<j:>ei\lHH HaCi\'I1IKail.H C\' 41 H'K'O!HY npc-
BeM:llKOr <popMaTa. y yroBOPV IKOj
J
I1 oy OI<AOHHAH ca U'PII('BC-
THHOM Huje Ha3HaLtHO Koje ne HKOHe CAI1KaTJi npBH, a
CAHKaJp, UJTO je 360r rrpHBJi'A'H'e CAH'4'HOCTH l-bHXOBOr paAa
r "'0 1iEYAoy:,v1l1Ue y fl'OTAeAY aTpH6Yl\l1je. Menynl'.\1, rAaBHH pa-
HeAoYNlHue 6HO je y TOMe UlTO cy HKOHe 6HAe npeKpHBeHe
r. A. MeA,aKOBllh, CPIICI::(/ y.llcnLOcf y XVlIl I.JCKY, BeorpaA 1980, 38.
Il 0, MJlKHli, Ae,lO Teoopa ](pattYHa, KaTaAor fat\epHje ManIlle
HUBH CM 1972, JI.
'1 Kunlt\or: L'art en Yougoslavie de la prhi,stoire nos jours, Paris
1 (Nt 474, 475, 476, 477).
Ci\;ojeM yalSH H rrp/\:>\lBWl'HU-J:e, a Y3 TO Il1JKiOIHe y rOpI-bHM 30HaMa HIfiCY
6HAe AOCTry;IllHe 3a \lHaAH3Y 360r IDIJcHlHe OA npeJKO AeCeTMeTapa.
TeK ITOCAe tIH'WfieH>a H ce oMaTparn CaCBH\\1
rrOY3A3IH'H
'
M .MB'WibefDe Aa je KpaqYH 'HaCl\'H1Kao HIKO'He y 'COKAY, 'llKOHC
BeMFKJIX npa3iHHlKa, AlBe npeCJ10He HlK'OIHe (CB. CaBa 11 OB. ClilMeOH --
CB. H CB. fpHrropHlje), 'Kao H A'Be H'KOIHe 113 l.\HKAyca CTpa-
,L\a'fDa XPHCTOBHX y A:HiHerH H1KOilfO'CTa'Ca. OCTaAe HlKiOHe npnrra'Aajv
PYUil J aKOiBa 0p<PeA'H1Ha; OBaj ,L\pynr M'ajcTop KaJpAOSal.fKOr I1<KOiHO-
CTaca li KpaqYH3 OpTaJK 6HO je J-IGY30TJHO 'IIAiOAaiH cAHKap. HCTHiHH
30. 'BOmY Tpe6a perm Aa je y nopTpeTHHM paAOB:HJMa AOillAa Ao iTI'Y-
H'/{jer l1C'IIOmaBaH>a IberCJlBa Ci\lH'K'ap:aKa 'BeWTHtHa, aA'H je 1'1'IIaK npe-
BaCXOA:HO CA'H'KaO BepOKe TeMe. Ha nJpecTOHHJM H'KOHaMa y CpetM-
CKH'M KapAOBlUiMa jecAHKao 0P<PeAHIH HCOiOmeiHa je OOAH\jHa
CAIH'KapCKa TeXlHlHIKa, aA1'1 6e3 KO'A10PH'CTl-l'q'Ke CBe)KlHiHe H TeMnepaMen-
Ta Kao roOA Iber0I30r KOAere I{;paL[1YH a, rra je OTYAa H rrpH'MenenO Aa
je 0PcPeAHH "H3pa31'1TM 3acryrnHJHIK je,L\IHe Y'MlHpe'He, OKOP'O pal.\HOHa-
AHlCTH'1Ke BapH'ja'H'Te 6apoK'a, KOjy 'KapaKTepHme Y3AP)KlI:MBOCT 'H Y
upTe/KY H Y 60jH" .22 no THlMOC06HH3JMa KO'je je HcrrOibaJBao Y 3pe-
AIOM A06y, 0P<PeAYfH ce MO)Ke OMaJ1paTH rrpEHiM npeACTaBHHKoIM KAa-
OHl.\J.I3Ma y OpnOKO'M CMiKapCTB'Y.
ITocAe oCA:060neI-ha Cpel\1a OA TypaiKa H YAaOKa OBe 06AacTJ1 V
caCTaB Xa6c6ypmr(C MOIHapXlHje, y cpnoKoj '\j\MeTlH'OCrn je BAaAao
jom YBeK AYX n03H''Bll3aJHT'HjoKe rrpaiAlHUHje, Kao '\j'OCTaAOM il y APV-
rHMAeA0I3IM1a baAIKaHa KOjH cy H Aaibe 6H1\IH rrOA TYPl.\'HMa. Men\,'-
THM, OB,L\e je 6a,w 360r BeA.H'KJHX npoMeHa rrOAHTH'qIKOr H rrpHBpeA:HOr
Ka:palKTepa nocreneHJO AOlllAO ,L\O Cl'HAOK>HX CAH-
KapCl'Ba. HOBa eCTeTOKa YOMepelba Aa'Aa je l.\p'K>BeH03 xHje.papxHja, a
H.eHe I1Aeje npHxBaaTAa je rpanaHcKa KAaca H3 Koje ce H3ABajao
'Ci\oj 'IfHlTekli,reHl.\Hje 'H Mel.\eJHa H3 TprOlBaqIKO-3aHaTAIHjcKHx peAOB'a.
IIpHcyCTBo TpaAHl.\Hje IHa HIK'OHOCTaC:HIMa IBaplllKH'X l.\pKaBa y
CpeMY llpajaAO je AO CpeM'l'He XVIII BeKa, a Y Apyroj rrOAO'B'H'HlI
13eKace Cl'HNOKH il BAe jaCIHo IHcrrOibaRao. Ca-AawlhH
HKiOHoCTa'OH T'HX upKa:Ba, 'KiOjH AeAyjy Kao MaAe 6a.poKHe raAepHje,
o TOMe yBeploYfS'O CBeAOqe.
22 A, /-La6. eJ1o, 125,
HKOHOCTaCH CpII. BapOllIlX llpKaBa cpeMCKe apXHAHjelle3e 253
Dinko Davidov
rCONOSTAsrs OF SERBIAN URBAN CHURCHES OF THE
SREM ARCHBlSHOPRlC IN THE 18th CENTURY
Summary
One of the greatest consequences of the Austrian-Turkish
wars at the end of the XVII century was the well-known and fatal
migration of Serbs in 1690 f,rom the central parts of the Balkans
into the Danube Basin. The north-western part of Srem was li-
berated at that time from the Turks and that fact was confirmed by
the Sremsk;i K:arlovci Peace 'l'reaty concluded in 1699. After new
conflicts the south-eastern part of Srem Area .too entered within
the borders of the Habs;burg Empire (Pozarevac Peace Treaty of
1718). Fwm that time xactly dates the beginning of new poHtical
and cultural history of Serbs in Srem wi thin the borders of the
Habsburg Empire. However, it is' necessary here to remind that
during the Turkish rule, monasteries were built in Srem at the end
of the XV and the beginnmg of XVI century, and spiritual life
continue<! uninterruptedly, while Church art and literature promot-
ed in them carefully fllowed and mairutained the Byzantine rtra-
di1Jion. In the new circumstances too, while entening ill1to the sphe-
re of Western European civilisation, a clear-cut border could not
be set forth between the traditional and a new culture, even after
those historical dates of mentioned peace treaties which drew the
border-line between the two empirres. In the church pain1Jing tra-
dition was .still alive, which was expressed primarily in continuous
following the past-Byzantine icon-painting canons.
After Turkish garrisons and Moslem population left the old
towns of Zemun, Sremska Mitrovica, RUIna, lrig, Sremski Karlovci,
Vukovar, and Osijek, the demographic composition of the population
did considerably change. Most numerous to come into these towns
at thalt time are the Serbs, then Croats who settled in Vukovar and
Osijek, to be followed by Germans, while sorne to'Wns received,
although in small numbers, Jews, Tsintsars and Armenians. In the
first half of the XVIII century towns in Srem still have the Le-
vantine character, not only in terms of architecture but also re-
garc1ing the craftsman products, culture of liv,ingin homes, wearing
apparel, as well as the usages and habits which had typical Balkar
characteristics. Crafts and commerce promoted the development
of ec-onomy, but only beginning with the middle of the XVIII
century, when Srem became a hvely trade crrossroads between
Turkey and Austria, namely between the Levant and the West. AH
that, naturaHy, exerted influence on aH aspects and activities in
society, on cultural ascent, and more particularly on general urban-
-architectural view of these formerly small picturesque towns.
The view and 3Ippearance of towns in Srem and the state of
their sociological development is found in interesting and histori-
254
A aBHAoB
ographioally useful records made by high representatives of the
AustTian administration. First condensed 'report related to Srem was
submitted by Johann Christof Bartenstein, who was the president
of the Illyrian court deputation, while the second, which is more
detailed, and with the title Historische und geographische Beschrei-
bung des Konigreiches Slavonien und des Herzogthumes Syrmien. ..
was pubEshed by Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube, who travelled ac-
ross Slavonia and Srem in 1777 Ln an official mission. Ris book
brings about valuable descriptions of view and appearance of towns
and villages in the southern parts of the Monarchy.
Taube's ".. Description of Slavonia and Srem..." is one
of mther significant sources for obtaining information regarding
the appearance of towns in Srem which, in cowrse of the XIX
and XX centur,ies lO5t much of their picturesque view. Original
appearance was preserved in them as far as their churches were
concerned, with high multistmy iconostasi,s, where considerable
numer of religio'Us figures and compositions were set in gold-plated
wood-carved frames.
Chronologically the first -is the iconootasis made by Janko
Ralkozovi in the church of Assumption of God's Mother in the
lower town sedion of Osijek (1761). Dj.mitrije Bacevi, "icon-painter
of Karlovci" (moler karlovacki), painted in the same peri'd the ico-
nostasis of the Upper Church in Sremski Karlovci and of the Ni-
kola's Church in Zemun. Bacevi ;won acceptance while working on
the iconostasis in Zemun as a devoted follower of the "Slavic ba-
roque", 00 that it was presumed that he took his lessons from
Russian and Ukrainian masters. The iconostasis of the Church of
Transfer of Roly Relies of St. Nikola in Vurovar was painted by
Vasilije Osroj'i i'n 1786. This prolific icon-painter acqui,red solid
fine-arts education in Sremski Karlovci, in the workshop of Ukra-
inian master Jovo Vasiljevic. The iconostasis of the Assumption
Church in the town of Ruma was painted in 1772 by Stefan Te-
necki. Faithful to his Ukrainian education obtained in the Kiew
School of Painting, he painted religious compositions in the style
of "Slavic baroque".
The leading painter of Serbian XVIII century art was Teodor
Kracun. Re painted in 1775 the iconostasis of the Old Church de-
dicated to St. Stephen in Sremska Mitroviea. In 1780 and 1781
Kracun, together with Jakov Orfelin, painted the iconostasis of the
cathedral church in Sremski Karlovci containing fourty O!l1.e icons,
mostly of large size.
The presence of tradition in the iconostasis of town churches
in Srem is noticeable until the middle of the XVIII century, while
in the second half of that century new iconostasis partitions begin
to be built, where the transformation of style is clearly visible.
This is convincingly proved by the present-day iconostasis in the
churches in Srem.
CA. L HKoHocrac ca Ay6ope36apemlM OKBHpHMa CTape I..\pKBe y CpeMcKoj
MHrpOBHI..\H (1775)
Fig. L Iconostasis with wood carved frames of the Old Church in Sremska
Mitrovica (1775)
CA. 2. I1KoHocTac ca Ay6ope36apeHI1M OKDHpH.Nla ca60pHe QPKBe y CpeMcKHM
KapAOBl\HMa (1780)
Fig. 2 lconostasis with wood carved frames of the Cathedral Church in
Sremski Karlovci (1780)
DaMe BACMfi
fPAACKA HOliU-hA CPEA OA XVI AO XIX BEKA
IhBopH 3a oprraK'Y rpaAcK'Y IHOllHb'l{ ay pa3HoBpcH'H, aAH He Aajy
rroTrry;HY CAHKY 0 'lbOj Hera CWMO AeAIHlMIH"tJlHry, Be3'WHlY 3a If10IjeAIHlHe
Kpajeae, II HeiKa xpcmoAaillllKa pa3A,06loa Ha OC'HOBY KOjiHX Ce MOiry
llpolllHpHTH per lllro 3Ha'liH 'Ha Beny ,06Aa.cT oH AY)Ke pa-
3A06loe. f Aa:B1H'H 1I3BOIpH cY AlIIKaBHlH H IIHCa:HH, aMI ill\1a li erurrpa<p-
CKHX lIAiH Aipyre BpeTe !H'a iOiOH'OlBY 'KojHxce 'Mory AOHOCHTH OAipeneHII
AHlK'OBHil lI'3BOplI ce :HaAl3e y CAH'KaMa, Mli'HlIjaTypau\1a,
TIiHCafill npeTe)KHO 'If MlHor06pojiHHtM nY:I1ornroHMa CPpalI-IHX IT'YI'HIm<a
KOJH cy 3aBpeMe TYpc[<.e BAaA:arBllHe rrpo.i\!a3HAH Kp03 Cp6ujry H A'Pyre
3eMIoe y IKajHMa cy )KHIBeAH Cp.6H. Apyra BpcTa llH:G1IHIIX OOBOpa cy
KlbH're 0 iHOWlbH '1{ XVI, XVII li XVIII BeKY Koje llpHKa3yjy pa3He
HapoAe rroIIrPo je Ha'Kcm O"I1K'plIna nocl1ojaAo 'BeAHlKO HlHTe-
pedOBa'lbe 3a CTpaJHe 3a\1loe, oao6lHTo 3a TYPOKY II TYPKe 'K!OjH cy
Y'IlpO)KaBaAH EBporry. TYp0KOj cy ITOOBeneHe II noce6He KlbHire, 'le-
CTO AparoQeHe Kao H3BOp 0 )K(HiBlO'PY, OlI'lwj!H<:vm H H'OllllbH, jep oy
rro rrpaBiHAY 6HAe y AiPHOpe3Y li DaJKp:OIpe3Y 'Y'KpallleHerpa<pHi'lIKlo:Lv[
npeACTa'Ba'Ma Apynrx lH'<lJpOAa. BeAHKJI 3Ha'laj 1l1Majy IlHcaHlH H3B'OpH
I<OjlI IlIOl'lI"-IY iH3 Ay6poBa'<IlKor apX:JllBa II ,raBOpe ' Ay6,p0B'laH!HJMa y
Op6Hj:H, y 'KOjOj je 'HlHa'le 6no rrpHMftIaJH 6poj ,Aty6POBa"lKHX
mrja .lliO'AaQII 0 AypOB'l3iHHlMa cy J]()I()peAaJH lI3'B'P oH Q Cpli'M<a lMenv
KiojuMa cV )IBeAII Ay6pOBaljjKJl[ l1proBQH, YII<:Oi\ili'KO \J-lHOY 'V ITlUalliY
II IHerracpe,AJHH
Houl1-ba y XVI aelCY
IlITO ce TU'le AiH'KOBHIIX lI3BIopa, CNHlKa, l'pa<pHlKa, oK'I{AIITvpa, OHH
Aajy HajnorrI"lY'HHje rrOAal'Ke 0 HOilllbH pa3H'lIx ApyIIITBeHHx cAojeBa.
MenYTHlt\1, 3a Cp6lIjy ev HajBa)KH'HjH rr'pTpeTH Kl1HTopa 'Y QpKIBaMa
H MaJHaCl1H1PH'Ma. IIocAe rrpOJlaJCTH CipJllOKeAp)Ka'Be, LVpK!BOOH IoVAM,
rrAeM'HnoH oH rpaDaJHlI av ce jalBlbaAH 'Kao IKToHTOplH, lllTO je <HeTOpilIjV
1 J, TaAHn, Ay6pOBa'1Ja apXUBCJa zpana 0 Eeozpay, Ii3A, MOHO rp:lAa
EeorpaAa 1950.
256
II. BaCIlh
Haille 'HOIllI-be '060ra1'H'AO 6POj.J-{HIM rrOpT:pe'HMa H3 'KOjHX ce MO)Ke
AOCTa Ca3Hal'H 0 OAeBa'I-bY A>'VA'H y Harnoj 3eMA>H.
2
MenYTH'M, y rryro-
rrncHlMa ce r-raj:BHllle rOBopH -KOjH ay 6nA:H JHaj6pojIHHjH
!\:pYlllTBeHH CA'Oj Tora Ao6a. IlAeJMcPBo je 'Y 3'HaTH'OJM 6pojy H.::ml1HYA'o,
n06erA y MabapoKY HAB 'ce rroceloa'rlfi\!O, 3601' l'ora cY nYTofmCl..\H
HajBHllle onHCHBaAH cefoaKe, OC06HTO y Cp6HjH, H 1'0 yrAaBHoM Ha
CAH'1aJH Ha'rHIH. OHH cy 6H1AlI OAe'BeH'l1 y OA:en:y OA rpy60r 6eAor 'UAH
CH'BOr CYII<JHa, 'Ha rAa:BH cy lllHfoaTe Kane, a Ha HiOraMa OmrH!Kc'.
!\.eTH cy .HOCHAH CaiMO ra1f\:e H KlllYfoY ,,Ai0 IKOAe'Ha, a Ill\'WHYT je H
jeAaJH CBernreHUK 'AeBelH HCTO 'K,a'O cefoaU;M W1'O je lfMao A:Y)f(Y
KO'0Y 11 KaJI1Y. Py6foe cefoaJKa D'BAO je YKpame'HiO Be3OL\1.
)KeHe cy IH'MaAe iHa rAaJBH IKlpYJHe oA npyna no yrAeAY Ha 'KpY'He cpeA-
ffiO'BElKO'BJ-I1HX flA eMIK'HI-ba, a 'At'BojKe cy ynAHTaAe 'KIOCY yKJH1KY OKO
TAaBe. YKpalllalBaAe cy ce je4JTYllHHIM IHaKil1TOM KOjH cY :HlM KOBaAH
UnrlJHH. CeA>a,UH cy npOAalBaAiH J11YJ1HHUWMa BOne; 3a6eAe)f(eHe cY JI
H3BeaHe HJlpe Y3 rrec'M'Y 'K:oje ay H3BO,lH'Ae )f(ElHe. CAH'1iHa iHOIllI-ba je
6HAa y MaKeAoHHjH H EyrapoKloj, rAe cy cefoauH HOCHAH 'KapaJKTe-
pnCTlflJJHe Karre Koje cy y A:OI-beM AeAY H'M'a'Ae '1eTlHpiH HA'YI llleCT lI<pa-
KOBa. Ty SpeTY Karre je BepOBallHJO AOiHeAa Ha EaNI<aIH 1'ypCKa BojoKa
jep nOAcena Ha 'MaAoa3ujoKI[ HOillfbY, 10:AiHOC1H0 Ha cPpIUHjCKY Kany.:\
llho ce TH''re rOpI-bHX cAojeBa IIAeM011Ba, rpanaIHa H KAHpa, 0
ffilllMa rrac1'oje H'3'BeOHH rrOAaUH, AeNO.N1 cPpaJlMeHT3!pHiH, rrpY)Kajy
H3BeOHY OCHOB'Y 3a illHpe 3aJKlnytllKe. Ha nJP'B!OM J'l'cT'Y je AeC[lOT J 0-
BaJH BpaJH!KOB'Hn '-lnja ay Kalla H 'Ce.Ai\O '-lY1BaJHJH y 'MalHalCTH'pV IlpHDH1.Ha
rAaBa OBe AO 1941. rO,AiHlHe, KalITa Je 6uAa H3AO>I<elJ-fa y EY'AHJMllernHI
1885, rra je TOM npHA'l11I<J::\1 AaT fbeH IIO,Aip06aIH OI1lHC: MHTpa C nAl:lT-
KHM T0MeHoM, BHOOIKa 17 cm, y ropfbe<"1 AeAY lllHpa 3a 2 cm Hero y
AOlheM, H3pa5eHa O. 3eAeHe xaAH<pe, C H,e3eHHM wapaM'a nA 31\aT3 H
ope6pa, nOAefoe<Ha Ha '-leTH'pH :KpHillKe. Ha BaiKOj DA I-bHX 6HiO je H3
Be3eH AMK cepa<pHMa, a Ha jeAiHiod jow H AH'K Eo-rop:lAH'lJ;e. Y AOlheM
AeAY je 6!-'fAa 'OIIITOqeHa upBe'HOIM KaAH<p'M, A'K ce Ha TeMelHY 'Ha-
Aa3HOMeTaAH:H 'KpCT "Aeno 'CAO)Ke<H" 0 OBa Kana nO'Acena Ha Kanlj
KOjy HO'OH /CB. Bopt.ie K:paTOIBau, Ha eppecUiH y IMa!HaJCTHpy IleTK'OBlHuH
(1588).4 J'lll jeACliH H3B:Op 3a IHOlllffiV AeCI10Ta J OB\JHa npeAcTa'Bfoa
'HIKOHa IKlojy je 'KorrHpaJo HHlKoAa HeillK0BHn 1753. rra HapeneI-b'y eH-
CKona JOBaJHa feopnrjeBHna. Ha lliOj j'e AecrrOT TlpH'Ka3alH ca He-
06H'1IHOM KPYHOM 'KJoja ce cacTjil1 H3 ABa AeAa (A'oJbeir li ropI-be-r),
a AeA MY Cal.IH:l-baBa nAaBa A'OAlIMa Y'l<paWeHa rYCTHM 3Aa"[1HH'M raj-
T3JHHMa AO l1oja'Ca;H3rA0Aa.A;a je OHAa 1J10CTalBI'neHa xepiMei\HJH'lM. lbe-
l'OB llAalllT, TH'ITa XAaIMHAe, 3a
'
Kon
L
laJH je HelliTO HcrrOA AeCHor pa-
i'vIeHa. MenYTH'M, A'OAaMa 6'Y1 6Hi\a :H'CY'BHllle paHa 3a rrO'-leTaK XVI
BElKa, a Y'KOi\HKO ce CYAH rro AOi\aMH BojH'Ha, crraxHje H3 CS. Tpoo
2 C. ITeTKoBHI., C,1wcapCT60 /la 110PY'ljy nelKe l1C1Tpujapuluje,
1557-1614, HOBH 1965.
3 n, Baolli, Howna Iwpoa JY20c.!w6uje Kp03 uCTOpujy, EeorpaA
1968, 48,
4 IT, BaCHD, CpnCKa y cpelbeJH eeKY, EeorpaA 1979, 50.
fpaAcKa HOW/-ha Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
jHI..\e y I1ibeBibHMa, KOjU je )KHBOnHCJH 1592, OiHAa oplDrHlHaA'Ha iHKOIHa
HHje CTapH-ja oA npBux XVII BClKa. OHa 6H y TO'M cAY'iajy
6HAa nOAaTa'K 'HOmlliH nA0MCTBa Ka:OHHjOj 3a "LIlITaIBOCToAene.' AAH
nocTojoH Apyra M<>TyI1JH'OCT: TO je nopTper ,go}BlAe PJAoja Xpa6peiHi:\
113 y TPHje6H>Y CAll!KaJH 1534, Ha K:OMe je njJiHlK:aGafH Hi'BH 06-
AHlK 'AeAa - OHO je 6e3 HKa:KtBHX YKpaca aOWM AonTaCTe
A'YI'Ma,lH, Pa3Al[lJ)HTOr pa:crropeAa, KOjO.VI ce 311KOITY:aBa cnpeAa. Jc-
:&YPI<hV1ajepoB 6JKpope3 KOj'H HlHaqe npCAcTaBiba 'OAAWKOBa:He Ma-
napoKe UA'H cpnOKe BajiHHiKe, npHIKa3yje Ta'KIBO OAeAO C AeAHMHl.J:1HOM
noja'BOM WH'pHTa 'Ha rpYAH'Ma Kao YKpaca. 3a6eAe)KClH je nOAaTaK 0
jePiHlM cpnOKOMIL\eMHfi.y H3 JarOA'lflHe 1553. KjilI je H3jaBHo XaHcy
AepalUBaMY Aa je nAeMHn, Aa noceAyje 6oA>Y oAeIiy 11 nocyne, aAI1
Aa TO !He OMe nOK13aToH npeA OBaj nAeMoH.I. ce Ilioceiba4HO,
a 0 H:.eraBM OAeAY ce 'He IMO)Ke penol{ 'H'HWTa APYro OCHJM Aa je 6HAO
60ibe OA cY'K<mme ceiba4iKe oAene.
1j
Me5Y1'l'FM, OAeNO nACuV1Hna je OCTa'A AyraYKo. illy6e K!He3a By-
Ina BYAeTHna H3 Mapaye (1::'74) H BojulHa, cnaXlHje ilI3 OB. Tpo-
y (l5n), Tail<:one je ;xyraY'KD, HMa rajTalHe 'Ha rp,\,-
AH'Ma, a 'Ha 3apYK<aBibY 3JaHiMibliB nONIj'K!py/K,!JH YKpac, 'KOjH ce IIiHa'le
oAp)KaO 'Ha OAeAY rp3!HUYapa H IHa rYH>eBHIMa y Op6nj.H C'Be AO XIX
BeKa. AOH:.H Aeo PYlKaBa H:.HXOBHX AAJMa je TJK05e YKpaweH Ayr-
MaAHiMa IKoja cy ce 'MO)KAa M'OrAa 01'KiOnyaBaT.w. fa
1
jT3:.!m cy HCT'O'i-
H:.al.JjKor-<MeC0I10TJMOKor nopeKAa; y 'Hamy 3C1MibY cy lIX AOiHeA!lI Typ-
na ,HX je rrpeKo jJHilI4apa np'Hh\AO H Baille IL\eMCTBO, 'KaKO MH-
CAM J. KOBayeBlIn. I10pTpT OrIaXHje BojlIlHa npHKa3yje nOCAeAH:>y
<pa3Y pa3Boja nA0MHniKe 'HOWH>e y Cp6HjH, I\.a'A je nAe}.fCTBO npHXBa-
THAO TypOKe YKpaOHe eAeMeHTe.
7
Ha Apyroj CTpa'HIH, y JY/KiHOj ManapcK:oj (AIIHawlboj BOj'BOAH-
HH) 6HAe cy IlocrnYlHo APY'Kl.JIHje np!lIAHKe; lIlMa IHeWTO nOAaTa'Ka
3Ha4ajHHx ibYAH To,ra ;li06a: JOBaH'Y U;PHO'M 'li I1aBAY
nJKH'ny, nOCAeAI-beM Aecnory. JOBJH U;'P'HH je CTeKa:0 npHAH'4aH no
AoHl'H4KH H BO'jHH yrAeA; '113 nOAaTJKa '0 l-beraB'H'M O\A)HOCl-'LVla 'C
<pepPilt:HaHAM ca3Hajy ce :HeKe 'llojeAlIlHOCTH Koje cy 3Ha411j'He 3a
HCTOpHjy cpnOKe 'HOillH>e. JOBa'H je ypeAilI'O TeAeCHY rapAY OA 600
neWJKa, jeA:mliKO 'OAOOel-rHX H Ha'Op'Y)KaJHlHX, H Ha'3Bao ux ja:HH'iapiHlMa.
AYCl'pHjCK-H <I>epA'HlHalHiA MY je Ha nOlKA!H 500 K'O'MaAa
yoxe 3a OAeAa. Ha ApyrolM Mec'fIY ce nOiMilIH:.Y OKAO'llH, WAeMOBIi II
1-lpBeHO CyK'HO 'Koje je l'pe6aAO Aa ce nomaA>e 3a JO'Ba'HBO AB'OpCiKO
OC06LbC. Y3 TO je JOBaJH Tpa/KHO D'A H 3aCTaBe H A060we 3a
CBojy BOjOKy.8 3aHIIMibH!B je H H3Be'CTaH 6pod lJl:OAaTa'Ka 0 I1aBAY
naKHny 'KiOjH je IKao ll'OCAeAlliH AeonOT 1537. rOA'lIIHe. Ha
'H:.erOBOM ne4aTY ce iHaAa3H npeAcTaBa KOH:.alHlHlKa l'KAOnlHlI'Ka (UITO
5 fI. BacHI, HOUlfba Hapoa fyzoclla6uje, 7.
6 HCTO, 50.
7 J. KOBal.JeBHI, Cpel-be6elW6Ha HOUlfba EaJZ1WHCICUX Cllo6eHa, CAH,
EeorpaA, MCMLIII.
8 fI. BacHI., Houlfba Hapoa fyzoclla6uje, SI.
258
n. BaCHh
je }l'HeYO JI y I-heroB rp6 PJ06UjetH 1533) K'Oj'l1 lliMa lllAeM 6e3 lllilp'Ma
H Hoc06pa'Ha, AOK MY .113 opeA'I1IHe IllTpYI1 oaKldl je IHO-
'QHO TI-I.'TYAY "magnificus dominus Paulus Bakyth de Lak capitaneus
generalis huzaronum Regiae Ma'iestatis", a l1!Haye je KOMaiHAO'Bao Aa-
KCM <PepAllIHa
1
H:L\a.
9
Y n03HaT!O'M AeAY JaCTa A'MalHa
Das Kunstbchlin U3 1599, rropeA ppyna 'pa3Hux 'MI1TlOAOiillKUX 'U ll.'::ro-
Pl1'j'CK!l1X AU'Y1HOCTll, Meny ManapOKJ11M ca CA'l1'YH(l1iM lllAe-
MOM np.l1iK'a3aH jeH jeNl:H KOjJ.f AP)K'll KOMaHA1HiY a O'KAOn
MY je npeK'O A'OA3JMe c MaAI1lM 111l1pIITH'Ma. I-beroB 1111'UT HMa opHa-
MeJHT rrperrAeTa 'l13HYTpa AY)K anaAa. fLo IMeCTY Y MorAO 6u ce
3aJKIoYYUTU Aa je 6AIJ.I3aK Manapu'Ma; no O'llpeMU n:oAcena Ha OIKAOll-
'HHlKa 'Ha UU'Mepy oaJK!UneB'r rp6a.
10
oaJKuneB YHYK ileTap Y3eo je 3a
CBOj l'p6 KOJ-baH!HKa, CkI1Y:HO HaopY)KllJHOr, Y'HjH je rOpI-hU Aeo calMo
y 1KA.ony, rro '-le'MY ce 'BUAIll Aa je Y n'l1TaJ-bY AalKJl1 'K'O'l-haHU'K KaKa'B
je 6HO n ilaBAe oaK'uh. MO)KAa ce y TOM OKAOI1JHUIKY lHaAa311 cayy-
BaJHa ilaA'OBa <p'l1rypa HAU OI1'petMa, HelllTO OA aYTeHTHYHUX eAeMe-
HaTa 0 onpeMU Cp6a Y XVI nelKY.u
fpal5aJHlcKlH KO:CTill\1 Op6a Y XVI Be.KY ca cBoj'l1'M 'pa3BojeM orAeNi
ce Y npeACTaBaMa Eopna KOjl1 je cTpaAao \Ha AOtMayU Y
Coq>I1ju 1515. 3a rrpaoCAaBJHiY lBepy. HajpaJHuja rrpeAeTaBa OBm MY-
yeHiHIKa rr01'J11ye U3 1537, a HelKOAJIIlKO <ppecaKa Y ilehH, Cry <f
flJOIKa3yjy 3aJHHMIoUIBY etBONYU'Ujy. H'OIlll-ba 'lm 1561. U3
ileh-l{ llIMa AOCTa CAU'4IHOCI1.l1 ca HOlll'J-bO:M U3 XV Beil<a. IbrAeAa He-
BepoBa:llHO Aa je Ta'KB 06AI1lK napther OAeAa Tpajao Buwe UA 100
rOAHlHa! MeaYTI-IlM, ,Kao Aa AIHJKOBHIll 1ll3BOpU TO n01'Bpnyjv; OA 3a-
K{)Ha y PYAiHHUIl1'Ma U3 1412. AO <ppecail\.a Y ilehu II Cn;AeHill'Uu U3
1565. :u 1568. HeMa UTHHX rrpoMeHa. ilpeMa jeA1HO,\1 H3'B0PY, l1Ka-
'HU'H,e oy 'Y TO BpeMe 6uAe BeaMa jaJKe II 'l13Atp)Kib'll'Be. MOIiTeth iKaJI<e:
"Y'Bujao caM ce Y CBlOr Tj. 'HOClflQ je orpTaY CBor oua. fooprujc
je 000 3AaTap, 11111 3IHaYH rpal5a1HlllH, a Beh je 1588. lHa
y Ma'Ha.cT.HJPY npUil\.a3alH Y AeAY c AOUTaCTaM
AynMaAH, He ca 6eAOM rny6apOiM lHern ca KanOM Ka!KBY je BepOBa1'HO
IHtOlOUO AecnoT JOBaJH.l
2
3AaTap XOyalHll1JH il13 illoeBaloa WMa llly6y YH\jH:
je OKOBpaT1HUK OA Kp3Ha, IU'Haye CAillYa:H 1'paAHUluoHaAHiM OOJ\il1iKY
Q;KOBpaJT.H!HKa 'OA I-heroBa my6a ce 3aTBapa Kp03
ABa MaAa npCTeHa. ApiYJ1l-1I..\1 pe'Y'lIJ\Ia, rpanaJHOKll KOCT1UIM je no 'Kpojv
O'OTao CAMyaH rrA0Ml-fh:KOM, aAH 6e3 rajTaJHa Ha rpYAl1!Ma. 06e llly6c
cy 6uAe rrOCTaJBloeJHe Kip3HOM. C 063l1ipOIM 'Ha TO Aa C'B. feoprnje Y
UMa l'0p'J-be OAeAO Kpahe 'A A'OJ-ber, TO 6u MorNO 3Ha-
YHToU Aa je OH1() rrpeY3eA'0 'l[J\ory KYHTYU{{l- Kao HOB OAeAO. MaAa cy
Cp6u Y IMHJOI'OM rrO'I'AeAY, 00061J-fTO KYATYp'HOM, 6UAU nOA
fpKa, 'l1oITaiK je rpaACKa HOlUtha Y 'Bo Ao6a, rrpH rrpeAa-3Y lB XV Y
9 A. I1onoBHn. Boj13owUl, II, ROBE CaA 1941, 89.
10 J. Amman's KUl1stbiichlin, Dover Publications, inc., New York
1968, 103.
11 A. IIorroBl-ln, Boj130UHa, II.
12 II. BacHn, Cpl1Clca l-lOtUl-ba y Cpel-behl 6eKY, 51.
259
fpaACKa HOllIlba Cp6a 0;)" XVI AO XIX BeKa
XVI 'B0K, HMaAa C'Boje 06eAe)Kje. ITpe.\1a HeKHtM npHMepHMa Koje je
HaBeo J. KO'BayeBHn, CA:H'glHa HiOllilha je 6uAa II y EyrapClKJoj, C TOM
pa3A!HKOM IlITO cy )KeHe HOCHAe llIaA'Barpe Koje y Cp6ajH HHCV oHAe
n]JIHXBaneHe, je AjocaA rr03'Ha-ro. TI'O AocaAaJUJ-bIIM H3-
BopHMa, Cpfl'OKa HOIlIJ-ba y XVI BeK'Y Ha ceBepry je 6AIH)Ka iManapoKoj.
Y30P [pYKa HIHje 6HAa nOApa')Ka'BaHa, UTTO ce AaKO
3ana)Ka ynopeneI-heiM c HOIlIJ-bOM rp'f,KHX HAeM[fil'ia li TprolBau:a iKoja
rroKa3yje <popMe sui generis, 6AH)Ke Ty;pU'HMa H TY'pCKtHM 06H'LlajHIMa.
1
:
J
)KeHoKY HOIlII-bY y Ma'KeA,'O!H1HjH nplIKa3ao je "lJ:e3arpe
BeqeAHO; lheH cnOJblHH 1I3rAeA rroAcena na cpeAfflo'BeKoBHY HOllJllhY
'lm <ppecKa'Ma. MenyTHM, 3y6YH OA TaqJTa je lHelliTO H'0BO, a tK:pY'Ha
OA AaJK:or MaTepYljaAa YI AOlha oAena ocraAIH cy no cTapo.vl. YAaTa
)KeHa liMa Ha je,AiHYBpCTY l'yp6alHa, a AHl..\e joj je 3aopaneno
npeKO qeAa -YI 06pa3a; xaibHHe oy o.KO BpaTa. MenYflHM,
roplha 'OAena MaTpOHa je OA epwHe nAaBe qoxe 'HAH 'fOXe APYTe 6;ojc,
a M'Hare HOce H U:PHiY oAeny. OHa nOAcena Ha 3y6YifI rro IlIHPOKII\1
J;paTKHM pYKaBHMa KOjH nponYIJJTajy lImpoKe PYKaBe AOJ-he xaibHHe.
BeqeNHO c,vlaTpa ,L\a cy B-HCOKe HaIHlYAe, o6ojeHe u:pHeH'O HMI n03Aa-
neao, 6HAe TypOKH 06H'yaj. OBaJK!Ba BpcTa ooyne, BHCO'Ke 'HaJHYAe, y
BeHeU:'H'jlI je 03HaqaBaAa 'KAaCHe pa3A'l-EKe (1590). eJ>HTypa CeibaH:Ke
H3 MalKeAHHje npHIKa'3aJHa je y je,AiHOCTalBlH:oj xaibHHH 'Koja AOlfllH\pe
AO YAaHa'Ka, npHNH'.fHO BH'COKO rro'TnacaHoj. AOK rpanalH<Ka 'M'Ma xa-
l't>H'HY AO 3e..\1ibe, 'IHa 'ce 'KOA IT'Ae'M'KHlhe Byye no 3e."'1ibH Kao MaAH
IlIAerr. Ta pa3H10BpOHOCT HecY'MJ-blI'BO ITO'Ka3'yje 'H KAa'CHe pa3AHKc.
Tpa'AHl.\'HOIHaJ\'HY KPYIHY OA rrpyna M'Ma H ceibanKa, a ca KpY'He n03aJAII
BIfCH Kpal1KO Be3aHa Mapa!Ma.
14
C nOyeTKa XVII BeKa, ').-[3 1603-04. rOAil'DHe, n011J.-J'LJe 'KTH'rOpOKU
ITOpl'peT H3 UpKBe Ycnelha y AHBA>y.15 KTIITOpOBO 'OAeAO ,L\eAyj ap-,
XaHYHO: roplhe OAeAO (He BHAH ce Aa AH je TO AOAaMa) OTKpHBB.
06AUK KOIlIYibe KaKiBa je HOllieHa y XV BeKY, a Kana <::a YeTHpH
KpaJKa OKO i\'OrrTaCTe rAa'Be nOAcena 'Ha ceibaY'Ke IKarre Koje cY npc-
Y3eTe OA TypaKa. KnnopOBa cyrrpyra HO CH rrpeKO y6paAa\.le 6eAY
npyraCl'Y MapaJMY Koja joj o6almja rAaBY II lllHpOK,HlM IKpajeBll'Ma
rraAa Ha pa:MeHa. 060je HoMajy MacHlBHeMHHbywe - KOA lhera rrpo-
HyyeHe Kp03 YIlIH, a KOA I-be H3rAeAa Aa EIKe 0 TpaU:H CTaBA>eHOi
npeKI() rAa<Be, HClI10A
CBeWTeHH"lKa HOWlha ce y 3HaTHoj MerpH MO)f<e BHAeTH Ha <ppe-
CKaJMa. TaJKO je naTplfjarpx MaKapH'je rrpwKa3aH y EYA<HCa'Bu;.liMa 1568.
y OOH"fHOj 'C1\'Y)KOOHOj oAenH, oalKiocy npeKO TYHHlKe, ca OMO<pOpOM
OKO BpaTa KOj'H naAa HanpeA. Koc'a MY je YflAeTe'Ha y IlKe KO'je na-
Aajy ca cTpaJHe, a MO)f(Aa 'H rro3aAiII.
10
MemawKa 'HOllITba je ja'CHo
1;] Le navigazioni et viaggi nella Turchia di Nikolo de Nikolai del'Del-
iinato, in Anversa MDLXXVI.
14 IT. BacHn, lYlOclloacHcKe HouabC y XVI BeKY, 360pHHK ETHorpaq,-
CKor MY3eja y BeorpaAY, 190J-1951, Beorpa
/
_\ 1953, 134.
lj C. ITeTKOBHn, HaB. CIlO.
16 J1cro.
260
II. BaCl1n
IJ1pHlKa3alHa y MaiHaCnlpy AOMB'HI..(H KOA 3sopHHlKa 1607-08. rOAHBe.
Allia 'KTlf"ropa feHaAHje !li AKaKHje H!Majy IlOT'lTaCalH'O AOlhe
npeKO IKora Hoce llUrpO'KY MaiHrnrjy Koja ce 3aKOlI'-Iana HcrrOA rpAa.
Ka!Ile oy HL\1 Ol'Bopooe OKO yeAa, a KPaljeBH, OnepBa)f(OOiH ooYAa Ba-
OKJOAO, naAajy no pa'MeHHIMa. Ha npeA;HieM AeAY Kane H!Majy MaAH
K'pCT; Kane oy I-tHaJye l\pHe, a OAeAO oseTAHX 6oja. MOIHaX!lH-ba AtHa-
cTaJOHija y CTYAeHHUH, CA'HlK31Ha 1568, je 'y CAH''fHY HOllllbY,
JQHTOH H :MaH1'Hjy, a,\JH joj je l\eA'a rAasa 3a6paoeHa OCHM A!H'I..(a;
noplbH Aeo KaJne HlMa .o6NHIK y.aAJMe. OAena je T3JKOne CSeTAe 6oje,
a nOKipHisa'Ao rAa'se l\PHO,!7 CTe<PaH fepAax onucyje 1574.
HOIlllbY jeAHor CBeIllTeHHKa KOA CMeAepesa KOjH je 6HO OAeseH Kao
H ooraAJH celoaI..(H, aAH ce pa3AH'KJOSaO jeAHlHO A'YrOM KOCOM K;oja M'Y
je naAaAa npeu<iO paMeHa H APyraYlHjoM IKaJrrOM.t
8
Op6H il<a'O 'BOjIHHI..(H ay y 1'0 Ao6a 6HAH CalSe3HHI..(H HAH capak
HHI..(H Manapa, a nOCAe 6HllKe 'Ha npHIllAH cy AYCTpJIjaHI..(H-
"\1a, fHa npHMep TIasAe oaJK!lIn. 3acaA HJHje f]03HaT .orrHC
HiefosHX KOlbaJHHKa OCllMAa C'Y 6JIAH AaJKO fHaJOpY)Ka:HH (Ievlis arma-
turae) H Aa cy jaxaAu "MaAe paI..(lKe K}be". MenYTmvl, HTai\JHijaHoKH
nyTCillIiCaI..( nH'racPeTa je Aao 3Hyaj.31H rrolAaTalK iH3 A;06a 6HllKe KOA
CHreTa, IllTO 3Ha
t
JH TpHAeceTa'K rOAIIIH'a KacHHje: "lb YrapoKe je
6JIAO 4.500 KOlbaHlHlKa iKi()j'lI cy H'MaA,H Ill11.HTDSe, IKal\Hre, K'Ollloa,
llII11loa'CTe J\1ayese a 'BpX 110ra )KeAe3'HY KIIllYIoY. MenY1'HM, 6HAO HX
je (no cmpoM OKMroK'OM o6H'Yajy HAH no orroHaIlla'lbY TypaKa) KO!jH
oy HMaAH Ha .TIAeillJ:x Hajsena opAosa KpHAa, a rrpeKO paMeHa Kao 0lK-
Aon OA KO)Ke 'MeneAa HAM OA Apyre Aa ce npel'sope y Ill'!'O
y)Ka'cHHje crpaulluA,o. OSaJKise 3tBy TypI..(J1 "AeAH" l'j. "AynaI..(H". MH-
rH nHCI..(H Ka./Kiy Aa cy 'Ose AeAuje KOA TY'Pa:Ka perpYTosaHe 113 Cp-
6Hje HAH oorne. TaJKO je H. HHJKiOAe cycpeo y JeApeHY jeA'Hor roo-
lbaJHIIIKa KOjlH je 6RO HCT.OSeTHO orrpeMloeH: I..(eo je 6HO OAeS0H y
Kp3lHO, a Ha KaJnH H IllJlmy je HMao opAosa KpHAa. OH je H3jaBHo
HHlKoAey Aa je Cp6lfH, OYlHTaO ,MY QBe TpH rA3JBHe MOMIl1se - "Oye-
Halll", "ooropOAHI..(e Aj0BO" JI "Bjepy}y" -IH peK'ao Aa ce 'Mopa TaKO
'AesaTH 360r TypaKa. CaosHM je MOJlynao Aa je 'H y Oa'KHneBoj A3-
l<j KOHiHI..(H 6HAO CA'li'.J.lHO Onp0MIoelHHX Cp6a KOH>aJHHiKa KaA HX je
Ben 6lli\J0 Meoy Manaplli\1a H Typl\lIMa. Cp6H cy CAY)KUAU H y ne-
Ill3JAHjH nOA Ha3UBOM "xajAYI..(IH". AYlllaH HonoBHn je Hapojao l-bH-
XOBY onpeMY: YaKllllllpe, ManapcKO ne6e, je,AiHa "sY'Ha" Ka6a.HHI..(a,
AOAaMa, 'BV1HeHiO OAeAO, a OA oPY)Kja \Ma,y. JeAaH CaSpeMeHH peloecP
npllKa3yjeManapOKor nemaKa H3 npBe nOi\iOBHHe XVI seKa; lbt>
rosa cPHrypa Aaje np..H'6AH)KtHY CAHlKY xajAV1Ka. Cpoo oy rrpeAcTal3-
loaAH jOIll jeAaH pOA BjoKe y ManapoKoj, a TO cy 6IM'H IllajKaIllI1
- HaOaAHe'I'H, 'llije ce cpe,6JliUlTe HaAa'3HAO y KOMOpaH'Y, a I<acHHje
y T:wreAY. OA opY)Kja cy lLVlaAill cTpeAe, Ayra KOIlloa, MaY0Se, IllAe-
17 Mero.
18 BHA. HarrOMeHY 3.
fpaACKa HOlllfba Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
261
MOBe H llll'HTOBe. HaCaA:HJCl'H ay H'OOHAH nAaBO :OAei\:O; Ha jeAHloM
ApBo'pe3Y '113 XVI BeKa npHiKa3l1He ,cy lbHXO'Be 3aCTlIBe 'Ha illaJjiK'lIMa
KOje cy HMaAe ABa nepa H 'MaATeillKIH KpCT.t
9
MenYTHM, Ba)KlIH H3B'Op 3a 'HOllllbY XVI BeKa y EeorpaAY jecTe
npenHcKa Ay6poBa4Ix TproBal..\a KOjHx je 6HAO y MHorHM cprrcKHM
rpaAOBHMa Tora 1'l/06a. To cy HiHiBe-fTap'H HeKH'X TppoBaLi'KHX paAlbR
C IToruH'OO''>"f 'pa3He po6e, npH 'ieMY je HajoBIfllle 3a6eAe)KeHO rOTO'B'HX
OAeAa pa3AHLIHTOr flJOpeKAa, H3 OKaApa, COAYHa, AOH/\''Ha, lhaitllje.
KapaKTepncTH'4JHa je npO'MeHa HOMeHiKAarype OAeAa y nopene'lbY C
H3 XV BeKa y Cp6lfjlH. BRille ce IHe rrm\1IYH-b<Y cYKl-ba, 6apxaH.
li KYH.1YW IIero HOBH 06AHI..\H: O/zaAW, MUHTaT-l, 3y6YH, 6eHe6peKe.
IlpoMma je HlICTaAa rrOCAe naAa EeorpaAa y TypcKe pYKe 1521. OYH-
rAe,.1JHO je Aa je HUllba EeorpanaJHta npHAarOnaB3IHa HOBHaCTaMlJM
npHAHiKa'Ma H 06H'-IajH:,\1a olCBaja'-Ia, a rrpll'cyn-Ia je Ben 'y OfiHCiK''BHlMa
p06e H3 1542. rOAH<He. Hajyeillne ce TI!OMiH'lby OAeAa OA IKapnI,JIwje,
AOAaM iH 'M11'HTe (u\/HTaHIH), IHH3013H AiYl'Ma:,.1JH 3a AOAaMe, cprroKe
Kane OA 'iOxe, 'PKaHHHe pailla, Aau\1aOKa, npoTIKaHe 3AaTOIM, 3a'J1I1M
<pHipeHTH'H'OKe, MAeT'a'4IKe, 'BepO'H'Ke TKa'HH'He, illaABape, 'KlIITe cKynloe
OA 'CpnOK'H'X 'K<oje cy CTajaAe OBera 15 napa KOIMaA. ApyrH nonHC 113
1564. caAp;'KIH OAeAa OA IKapHI.fHje OBHX o6AHKa, 3aT'11'M H3 AOIHAOIHa,
AOAaoMe 3a )K0He, 3y6YHe, MaCKe (ferega), illT'exPOBe, nOTOM 'H3 C-
"".!Ha H CKaApa. IlOI\IHI-hY ce AOAaMe, MHHTaHH, 3y6YHH, CBHAeHH raj-
TaJ-J1H, AyrMaA 3a AOAa'Me, AYPMaA 3a 'MUHTa,He, ,QAeAa OA a6e, llll'O-
<p'BH H3 AaMaCKa H "CaMapl'HlHOKIH" , 3y6YHH 'H MH'HTaHn nOCTaBloeH'H
6eAHM, I..\pHH''\1 11 Kp3HOM.
20
Kane cy no npaBtHAy OHAe OA I..\pBeH'e iHM1 toy6HyaCTe 'ioxe.
KaKO ce IlOMHlbY "barette di panno serviane", 3a1'H'M "uno zubon di
schlavino", Ta po6a je lBepoBal'lfO 6HAa HaJMelbeHa Cp6H'Ma. T'KaHllfHe
cy 6HAe pa3HHX 6oja: 3eAeHe, TaMH03eAeHe, ITAalBe, CBeTAonAa'Be, toy-
6HyaCTe, qpBeHe, Il'O yeMY 6H ce MorAO 3aJKtoYYWTH Aa oy rpa'AC:KH
CTaiHO'BHiHl..\H, BepO'BaT<HO H CpM, 'OMeAiH Aa IHlOce CBeTA1uje 60je Koje
cy HiHa'Ye 6HAe 3a6pa'lbeHe pa1jn. TeillKO je 31JMHCi\lHTH Aa je OBa
po6a 611Aa npO'AlIBaHa jeAmro TYPI..\,WMa. Y EeorpaAY je 6HAO MHoro
Ay6pOBYaJHa H Cp6a TproBal..\a, Ayn3lHI.FIfja 'lI 3aHaTA'l1'ja, 'Ha}Blfille nyp-
'-fHja, Tep3Hja, eKMeKuHja, Ty<pen.mja H KY}YHI,Iwja; npeMa B'YKY,
OHH cy ce OAeBaAiH no TY'pCKH H Ap)KaAiH l'ypoKMX .o6Hyaja.
21
C AO-
AaCKOM TYPaK,a npux'BaneHa je 11 ffiHXJOBa MOAa, a 1'0 3HaYM AO-
i\Ma 'Kojy cy rpHAoceTHX rOAHHa XVI BeKa 'HiODHAIH BOljlBO'Aa PaAoje
Xpa6peH, a 3HaTHO KaoHlHje H feoprnje KpaT'Bal..\ Ha <ppeCI..\IH y
MaHa'CTHpy IlellK!OBHI..\H. I-beH rAaBH'H 'V!K!pac 6HAa cy AOllTaCTa Ayr-
MaA Koja cy ce OAp)KaAa rOTOBO ;\!Ba Cl10Aena.
19 II. Bacuh, Crpaliu yrUl1aju Y epnelwj IiOUll-bU, MY3ej npuMefbeHe
YMeTHOCTli EeorpaA, 1958, 7; Mohaqs emlekkonyv 1526, Budapest 1926, 95.
20 J. TaAHn, I-ta6. ello, 147.
21 Mero, 31.
262
II. BaClln
HOUaM XVII eelCa
AOA3Ma ce paWH'pHAa !vIeny rrAeMCTBOM y Manap'OKoj, XpBaT-
Ol(;oj, na pa3YMe ce H 'KOA Cpoa. AYWIIH IltOlIlOB'Ii je Aao rroAPo6HY
IHoMeHKAal'VPY cprrOKe rrO'l.lellKOM XVIII BeKa, y KOjl()j ,A-
A30Ma 3aY3H'Ma rA,aJBHO 'MeCl'O iKao M'Yll1IK' AOAywe, Tpeoa
penH: Aa je OHa rrOCTaAa Kpana, np1KAaA-IIH'ja, rror:01'OBY 3a Hay.HI-I
):lIBOTa KO'j'HM 0'1 )KlIfSeAH CpOH y Jy)f()Hoj YrapClKoj rrOCAe ceoe
1690. fO)l)1lHe. EHrAooKIH nY1"HfH!K E. BpaYiH HCTaJKao je Ma-
napcKe HOWlhe, 'OCOO'HTO AOAalMe IROja je Kpana, AOIllHpe AO 6Y1'HHa,
noroAlHIfja je 3a fK1peTa'lhe, jaxalhe, paTo'Balhe, 1'aKO Aa cy je npil-
XiBaT'H'AiH H T'Y.Pl.\lH oKO}H cy )KI}\lBAIH A'Y)K ManapoKe rpaHHQc.
23
AOAau\1a
je AonYlhalBaHa jow H nYP:KO'-\1 HAll nYPAnj'M, rOpHrHM AeAO(\1 OAene,
Koja MO)Ke OHllH "'-pana HAH Ay)Ka. OBO AeAO je rrOC1'a'BA:>e<H'O Kp3HO:\t
li Ha rrpeAlh'Oj CTpaiI-lH :HJMa illupHTe pacnope15eHe Ha pa3He HaY.!I:lHe:
y HH3y., liAlI rro 1'pWy.e1'HplH. CpeAHlft'M XVII BeKa, WHp'H1'HlMa je
pene Y'KpaweHa li AOAaJyla 'Kojj 'Kao rAaBiHill V'Kipac IQc1'ajYKJ'P'ynHa
cpeopHa KAH oalKapHa AyrMaA. JalKa A)OAlJMe 011Aa je rro rrpa'BHAY
yonpaB'Ha. Y3 t\OAaIMlY cy HOllleHe Y3aIHe "Y.\IKlIIHpe H Kpa1'Ke "Y.1H3.V1e
ManapOKor, a MO)KAa oH 1'ypoKor rropeKAa. Hajrro1'rryHHjH H3BOp rrpeA-
C1'3!BA:>a cep.Hja OaJKpope3a EMfjaca BlfAe.\1aHa (1619-1652)1 oellKior
OlJKpOpeCL\a KOjH je npHlK3'3ao MabapoK'o llAeMcrBO. Ta'KBY HOWlhY
H1M'aAH cy Ii XpBal1H <H CpOH jep je olfa oiCBoju1Aa WHlpC rfOAP'Y'Y.j.::
ManapoKe, Ayc1'pHje, I1oiboKe, YIKpajliB'e CBe AO Pycuje. BUAeMali
je y CB'ojy 30HPKY Y:HCO II HeK'MIIKlO XpBa1'a: HHKOAY 3PH'I:hCKOr,
3a1'HM nYKoBHHKe xpBa1'Ke Aa'Ke KOlh'HQe, HmWAY ct>eABap.Hja 11
IbeHor KOMlIHiAaH'ra BBaHHja AOAolBHlKa lf30AalH'Hja Y.HjH je AHK
pe3ao y oaKpy I1e1'ep Ae JeAe no o.\JHQ'H roonapa Ae KpojAepa.
21
OBa
'KOH>HQa je Ca1JHl-baBaAa Ba)KaH Aeio BaAeHllI1'ajlHoBe "ApMaAe". TaKo
HBaJH KoYKYA:>eBHh CaKQHHC'KH Ka)Ke Aa je y roj KOlHHUH OHAO "jOlll
Manapa, Bi\axa, PaQa, H 'l\1/HOrO npUBp){<eH<H!Kax rpy.KO-H'c1'O'l.lHe Bje-
pe", aAH Aa cy XpBa1'H OHAH y npe1'e){(IHJ()IM 6pojy 3a1'O W1'O je OA-
AY'KY 0 OpI1aHH30HlIl-by OBe llpyne AiO'.HOOHO XplBaTCl<lH ca60p Ha ua-
peso Tpa)Kelhe. Y IbOj ce OA Cpoa lHaAa3'Ht C1'e<paH TIYTIHUK, rrOl1nH'
OHH1K IIOOHa1'e I1A3eHoKe Ae<..A.apaJQuje 'KOjOM oy BaAelHlll1'aj'HOB'H o<pH-
I\Jip:H iHKa3aAH OAaHOC1' BojcKo':B!OnH. 3acaA HBC'Y rr03Ha1'H HiH rrop-
TpeY I1Y1'IH!H'Ka HH lherOBa HOllilha, Ma'Aa 'HC'Ma 'HHIKaJKBe cyMI-be y TO
K3JKO je OH Mopao 'H3rAeAa1'H, aA'H je 3a1'O rr03iHa1'a cPHrypa jeAHor
BaAeHowl1aj'H'tBor 3aC1'aBHHKa, CBalKaKO Cp6HHa CYAehH no lJ-IOWH,,rH,
OPY)Kjy H 3aC1'aBH C "rplfKHM" KpC1'OM.
2
:;
22 A. IIonoBHn, Cp6u y EyuMY, Cl<3, Eeolpa 1952, 272.
23 II. BacHn, CrpaHu ynn(aju y cpnclCoj Hom/bU, 19.
24 HCTO, 21; G. Cenner wilhelmb, ber die ungarischen Portri.tfolge/l
1'On Elias Widemann, Acta historiae artium Academiae scientiarum hunga
ricae. Budapest 1957, 325.
25 II. BacHn, ilWW(JHU U360pU 0 XpeanlJvla y 'cpueceT070UWI-beM
pa'cy, 360PHHK MY3eja CAaBoHHje OCHjeK (y llITaMrlli).
fpaACKa HOWlha Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
263
CprrOK11 Al1KOJ3JHH :H3BiOp 3a ,dIOA31\1Y je <ppeC:Ka n01Uwrbe1-bC ;VlY-
'113 1654. Y MalHacrnrpy XonOBY. MYArpaUH Hoce AOAaMe IWjC
cy Y33:He y CTPYKY, WH:pOIK'HX neweBa, nOTnYiJ-rO npeMa
'M'OAH, c MaMJ.1M rajTaHIHIM03 !Ha rpYAHMa, A'OIK HlM je 3ap\,'Ka'Bibe Y'Kpa-
IlleHO ca TpH XOpH30lHTaAJHa rajTaiHa. qaJKlliI11pe cy Y3aHe, ManapOKor
Kpoja, a sepiaBaTH'O H CpntDK'OT. HOA rpAiO'M cy UMaNH npJ.T4lJ3pWneiliC
AenpIllaBe orpTa4e. CBa ,J.TMajy onaJH'Ke Ha HOT!Ma. OAeAO
npsar nOiKA'OH'H'Ka je nAa'IJ3'O 'Ko3O 11 K()IH,OKa ama, a o,rpTa4 pY:>KU'4aCT,
AQlK ApyrlH 11Ma 30AeH arpTa'4, TalMIH'OQpBe:HY AO'AaIMY H TaMHOfuY11-
"LIa'CTe "Lja'KIllH'Pe.
AYIllaH ITonoBHn je Aa:o HCQPHe ]]joAaTKe a HOW'H:>'H Cp6a y
nYA11MY nO"Lje"tK'-"I XVIII Be:Ka; orrHcao je Here TKaHHHe lK'oje oy
HOLU0He y XVI cT.oAeny: aoa, '"LI'Oxa 'l1 KapIHUfJ1ja. O::JHOBHl1 Aeo 'MYillKC
HOLUI-be H 6'11Aa je AlOA3IMa c AYllMaA!H'.t'"la OA MAlH H
cpepa. q.alKLUHpe cy H3panH1Ba'He OA ,I-l'CTHX 'MaTepujaAa, aA11 ICY
6HAe pa3NH4:HTe nOKlpojlY. IToruoBun H!B'OAH M'HOre BpCTe, aAH He
Aaje o6jaIlll-beH,a y "LjeMY je OOAa p33AHlKa. Hna;K H3'rA0Aa Aa je oc-
'HoaHO 'OH'O IllTO H3IB'OAH OKepA'Hn: <.aA cy Crp6H rrpeLUAtH y Yrap'CKY
1690, OAei\JO 'fpan'3'Ha, na H Apyrnx cAiojeBia, 'HlMa'AO je HOT04fha4,KO
OeAe)K'je: 31HTepaje, AIH'M'Hje, nallTY4e, "LjaAMe, CBe rra rYPCKG,M OOH-
"Ljaiv. Hcl104H>a4KY oAeny'HOClH'o je H oprrC'KI-l AeC'fTOT feopnrje BpaH-
1<JOJ31l-ln: Ayra4KYAo 3eMibe, IHa rAa'BH HelKa BpCTa 4aA:Me, rvpCKa 06y-
ha - jeMeHuje.
26
Ba)KaIH H3BOp 3a cpnrOKY XVII BeKa npe.c\-
CTaBiba nYTomrc EBA'J.fje qeAeHje KOjH Ka:>Ke Aa je paja y Beo-
rpaAy HOCI-lAa OACAO ''A wajalKa IH Q'PBeH'OT H 6eAor OYKJHa, a Ha
rAaBH :rp3lHiH4l'pCK'H 'K03An3iK. CT3iH10BHHQH ITapan'H1Ha cy HOCHAH 40-
xaHY oAeny oBa:K'oBpC'He 60je. Ham XpOHI-l"Ljap AHl:O!HHje AacKaA Ka/l<e
y C'BOMe n'HOMY 'BeJ\%Koj PY<:1j lK,HerH'fb'H, ceCTpH ITeTpa BeA'HiKOr,
'Aa cY ce J'0Y'lH 'Y Cp6HjH OAeBaAoH "B 0Ae:>K;H A06pHj'a 'T C\/iK'Ha :Kap-
'M'3HHoBaro" H Aa Cl' AOP.a )K'HBeAH.
27
Ca 1'HIM 'ce CA,a:>Ke H Bpa\TH
'KaAa TaAamI-hy Cp6Hjy OITH'oyje 'K3JO nAO(ll;HY IH AonaAibHBV 3eMibY
y K'joj HMa IMeTaAa, 3Ap3lB1I'X ib'Y\AH, KOfh3, BHtHa 'H peKa. npa'YH je
vjeAHioM 6aKpope3Y Aao H yn:o,peA'HY oH'OilllbY cprroK'or ceib3'Ka (",\
Sclavonian"), HeMQa, IToA> alI<a, Manapa '11 X'P'BaTa. Cp6H'Hie r'AO-
rAa'B C "LjynepK<YM KOce CnpeA'3, V rYfhY 'KOjH je CTeI'HYT nojacoM H
Y33'HHM Q3JKWUpaMa; 110 je 3acaA jeMIHa 03HaTa HOWFJ:,a cpnoKor ce-
ib3'Ka '113 ceAHHe XVII 'BeKa. MHi0f10 je nOA:p06HJ.lja npeACTalBa ce-
ibaHKe H3 OKOAH'He nal'04'J.IHe; IHa l-beHoj 'KPY'H'J.I, K'Oja je CAH4Ha OHOj
H3 npeTXOA:H'Or CTOAena, IHaAa3M ce npOCTa OpH:lMeHTH'Ka XOpH'30H-
TaA'H'HXM:OTJ.oLBa, AOK joj je XafuH:Ha 60f.aTiO lBe30Ha A'Y)K rpYAlHjy, PY-
K3JBa H OA nOAOBIfHe CYKfhe IHaHH)Ke. OHa AP:>KU AHfhY H HYAlH je n!YT-
HHI..Ni1Ma Ha APYlMY, CYAenH rra fheHOM K,oCl'.HiMY, H OBAe ce 3ana:>Ka
TpaA:HQoJ.fO'HaAHa CKJ\OHOCT Ka A0KOpa11H1BHOCTH K;()Ij'V cy 3ana3HAiH H
paHHjH nYTonHCQH.
28
26 Il. BaCHI, erpW-lU y cpnclwj I-lOmH>U, 21.
Il. BacHI, Hom/ba Hapoa lywcJla6uje 1Cp03 UCTOPUjy, 67.
28 Heco, 64.
264
n. BaCHn
KaA je AYCTplfja npelllAa y 10<p3!HGH'BY rrOCAe oncaAe Delfa npu-
APY)KHAH GY joj ce MI-ronH CpOH Ha nal'pMja'pX'OB n03UB. AYCTpHjaHI..Vl
oy 43JK Ha'MepaBaAJH Aa YlHH<poplMUrny "CpnCK!Y IH AaAIf
cy joj 3aCTaBe OA )Kyre I1Ka'HlHlHe l.K!oje cY HlMaAe c jeA!He CTpaHe KpCf,
a ca APyre aYCl'pujoKor opAa. He 3Ha ce KaJKO je U3rAeAaAa Ta u\UI-
aAU ce Ha OOHOBY Ka'CHujux nOKYlllaja y 'Be3H ca THM MO)Ke
rrpenl:OCTaJBUTU Aa cy ce BAaCTll TpYAIlfAe Aa Y.H'H<popMa liMa Hap'AiI-IO
o6eAemje, BaJoAa Y Aa HU\-! CpOU cy y norAeAY
6lfAU CAWJ1HOr MeHTaAIl-fTeTa Kao Typuu, jep cy nOCAe lhHXOBe A!yre
BAaAaJBHlHe CTeKAH HCTe oco6HJHe: HeTprrreib!H!BO'cr npeMa peAiO'BHoj
BOjC1..l'H U eBpOnCKI-FM H3JBHlKaJMa H o6lf4ajwMa. MenYT'H'M ABe rrpeA-
craBe - apnCK:or BojlHiHlKa 'H - 'JllOTlU'4'y ynpaBO C 'Kpaja
XVII BeKa H Ha H3BCCTaJH HaYH1H ,AJ,OiIT'Ylhyjy pel1Ke AHKOPlHe 'U3Bope
o 'fM BpeMeHY. HO'CH ,AiOAaJMy Koja ce 3a
l
KOn
L
taBa ca TplI
rajTaHa y rOpHr0M AeAY, CAU4'HiO ''HlilMa IKOjoU ce KaC'l-l'l-rje nOjaBlbyjv
Ha ceibaLlKiHM rylheBHMa. KaLITa AH'4JU IHia Ay,6poBa4lKY ,,6apeTY". Boj-
HWKBa HiOllilha nOACena Ha j a
l
HU4apOKY no KaIliU, Y3a'HlfM LIa'K1liU-
pllMa H TYP'OI<nj o6ynu (jeM0HujaMa). 06AIUK roplher OAeAa 'Huje
ja'OaJH, aAJH ce BHrAlU Aa je 6uAiO HCT0'4lha4lKio.
29
HOUlI-b XVIII 6eIC
o HiOllllhH Cp6a Y XVIII BeKy 'H'Ma A:OCTa nOAaTaKa, BUllie 0
Cp6uMa Y YrapoKoj, i\1aH>e a OHU'Ma 'Y Cp6HjU nOA
cy 06HAHujH Ben OA 4eTBpTe cepHja:Ma rpa-
Impa-6aKpope3a KOjU cy npeAcTaBibaAu Cp6e Kao BojHuKe Y cacTaBV
aycTpujoKe 'Boj,OKe. Ea:Kpope3u cY 4eCI10 6HAH nponpaneHM:
CTHlxoBHMa, ucnfHa npOCe'I.HHiM, aAU HanUC3iHIHrM Y noxBaAY il CAa'BY
BojrI-llllKa "CT:paIU1X lHapOAa" IKOjlH cy npOArl1lBaAJH KpB 3a CA<l!By li 'KO-
pHOT Xa6c6YJPulKe MOllmpXIfje. CpDH ay 'Y OBHM 6aJKpopC1H'Ma npH-
'Ka3l1H:H IYO,\1rrAeT!HO, OA MY3ll'Ka'Ha'fa 11 CBelllTeHiHKa 1. '] ro-
'
'BeAapa, BOjlHulKa U lhHXOBUX )KelHa u CYAenlH no BeAH'KOM 6p.oi\T
He06wJ:HIux nojeAiH'HOCTU, OAeAa, 'oPY)Kja, 3acraBa, Ta AOKY:MeHTap-
'HOCT je aYTeHTU'4Ha, na 6e3 063wpa IHa 'YMeUfWYiKY BpeA'HocT OBRX
0AeAa, olHa cy ca H'e'POpHjoKlor l'AeA'lllllTa. HlHelYaA ce,
HCTI1Ha pene, jaBJ'oajy OBe BpcTe y peTKuM CAUKaMa XPilCTO'
cP0pa )Ke<l>apoBHna HAl}[ JoaKH'Ma MapKOBHna, aAH cy OHU orpami-
'-IeI-lu Ha rrAeMCTBO, l'OplhU CAOj, A()IK 'aJKpope3U npeAcraBkaY U3BO[)
3a H3I'AeA Cp6a f1OTOBO OBHX Tl\AalUlhHX A'PVlllllBeHHX cAojeBa.:
30
OAcna HAeMCTBa je 6u,\a CAH4'I-:Ia ManapoK,oj, C Malhe rajTaHa HlIH
C neTibaMa YMecTO ra:jT<l!Ha, IKaiKO ce Ta B1I1AIH 'Ha JoaKUMa Map-
KOBHna 'Koja l'OBOpU .0 Trp:I1iMalhY npHBuAenuja \' ceAY AHlllHlHIKY
29 n. BaCHn, Cp6u y o6a 6apolw, 360pHHK MY3eja npHMel-beHe YMe-
THocm, 15, EeorpaA 1971, 150.
30 n. BaCHn, HOLUJ-ba Hapoa Jywcll.aeuje ICp03 UCTOPUjy, 75.
265
fpaAcKa HOlJJl-ba Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
OAeAO je CA'HlJIJ-IOr Kpoja Kao xpiBaToKO OAeAO, ai\'H oa
nene jCAIJ-IO';::TaBHOCTH IH CTporOCTH. OHO je CA'Hll'HO oAeAY ABa CTpaTH-
MIl'pOBHna OA XPHCT'<popa )Keq,apOBH'lia 'K'oje je IKoIIHpao Apca Teo-
Y3 '!BO oAeAo - AOAa?l1Y, "-JalKWHpe H llH3.\1e - H'OWeHH cV
K'aAnaK, IiYPaJK HAH I1YPAHja nOCTaBibeHiH Kp3H'1M. boja AeAa 6HAa
je 'HAM nAaJBa, 0A Kojux je OBa Apyra cMaTpaHa 3a lHapO,L\JH,!
6ojy. Ka'A cy 1740. y PYC'HjH OClHOBaHilI xycapcKH nYK'BH, OHlH cY
AOOHi\lH 60je no 'HapOA'H'CTHlMa: ManapC'KH l(p'BeH<Y, >KYTY,
opncKH nAa.BY. CpOH Oq,H'l(HPH y aycTpHjcKoj 'BOj'Cl(H olfMaAH cy xY-
capoKY ytHlfepOPMY C KaAnaIKIO\M, llalKOBIOIM H.\H TpOpOI1ffi\1 WaWH'p'O'M.
il 'KOA l-blIX oy mjTaHH 6HAH MaI-ber <popMaTa H AeK,opaTHBlHio;::nf,
Taj YKpac je 'HMao rH YAOry rreT10!H !Ha A;Ba AyrMeTa, Kao mTO AaHac
Ha'ee CBeWTeHHQiH Ha 'Ma'H'rnjaMa.
31
fpana/HOKY HOWI-bY npHII3ao je AYlli'aJH HOil1C1Bl1n AOCTa HOA.POO-
HO HaOCHBY apXHJ3'OKe Tpane H3 EYAH'Ma. Ta HOUJJ-ba je y npBuM
Ael(eHajaMa XVIII HeJ<a 6HAa npeAa.3IHOlr 1llIna y KO'Me ce 6aAlKalHoKo-
"HCTOllTball'KO 06cAe)J<je rrpIWAan:::>naIBa'Ao Y3aHIHjeIM H TelilI-be?l1 IManap-
CKOM oAeAY. JeA:3H 0HrAeOK'H nYTIl'HCal( je 1737. on'H'cao 60raTe Pa-
lllaHe Cp6e y Eell\, y a1HTepHj3JMa, 'H ca '-IaAMOM caCBHM.
H'aAHK ,Ha TypKe.
32
Y TO HCl10 BpeMe .ie HHiKIAa <ppaHcoa Ae Cnap,
cA+IIKap AOTpHHwKor BojBoAe,ci\lH1K3IO 6eorpaAoKe CTaH'B'HHrKe y 0PH-
.ieHTaAHoj HOUlI-bH, BepO'B31'IW 3aTO Aa 6H HCTa:Kao KOHTpaCT H3MCby
EBpone C 6apO'K'HO'M apxuTeKT'YpO'M 'H H'CTO'-U-baIKa KOjH ce CHaAa3e
HOBOj KYATYPHOj IKAHMH.:
J
:
j
Tpe6a IHarAaCH111 A3 cY TKaHlHHe 3a
OCTaAC H'CTe K30 y XVI BeK'Y: lloxa, IKapHU'Hja, a6a. KaA cy Hany
lllTaAH HCTOllI-ballKY HOWI-bY, IlpanaJHlH ay YOBajoaNH 'rlCTe AeAiOBe oAe-
ne Kao H nA0MC11BO: AOAa'MY, "-IalKWJ11pe, nypaK HAH n\'PM1jy. CTpOTO
Y3eBWH, TO cy HCTH AeAOIJH K'oj'H cy 'H'meHH n y XVI Bell'Y, Halle
npeY3eTH OA TypaKa, 'Ha rrpHJMep A'OAa'Ma, aAIH nOA npHTHcKOM rrOAH-
1'H'-IKH-X AOTanaja Kao mTO je 6HAace06a, Cp6H cy ce npI1Aa[(}naBaAli
ManapoKoj rrpatKTHll'H'oj HOlllJhH. OBaj npol(ec je 3ana3HO E. EpaY-H
3a BpeMe CBor 60paJ3lKa y Man3JpCK'oj H J-I1CTaI<a'O ra ,Kao yrr3AibH\BY
QH'J-beHlIUY. IIh3JBHwe, OAeA'O je 'J{CTe :Ha3J11Be, a Ha3J11B "AO-
A3'Ma" IQlCTaO je AO AaJHaWl-ber AaJHa 3a xycapOKO oAeA'q. Ao,\aMa je
6HAa Y'Kpaw0Ha AyrMaAHoMa HAH 'KOrr'-IaiMa, llalKlHH'pecy H3palYH'BaHC
UA a6e HAH ll'oxe H 'Be3WBaAe ce 'YllKYp0:Yl, OA o6yne cy BomeHe ll'H3iMe,
H OnaHl(iH, a y KynH iIlarrylle. fpanaiH'H cY IHOOHAIH mTanOBe
HAH Haua'Ke, HeKIH H car 'Ha AaIHL\Y. XaUH'je cy no npaBHAY HO'CHAC
6pojaHHl(e. BenHHa ibYAH je rrywTaAa 6paAY. nonoBHn je nOAP06uo
onHcao H )KeHcKY H'OlilI-bY TiOra 'l3'peM0Ua }\JOA Cp6a y :&Y.M'MY. HefHIHa,
>K0HCKa rpana'H'CKa HOWJ-ba je oHAa 'MaI-be npHlKa3alHa y i\'J1oKOBHH\1
H3BopHMa OA HOWJ-be >KeHa Boj!HHiKa H naHiA:'tPa, ceibaJHK'H, 3ajeAHO
ca AeUOM. fpana'HKe cY HOOHAe "onAeniaJK", CyKI-bY, a nOBpx Tora
31 Hcra, 78.
32 Hcm, 77.
33 n. Baoili, Ao6a 6ap01::a, YMeTHH<Jl<a aKaAeMHja y neorpaAY, neo-
rpaA 1971, 204.
266
Il. BaCHn
hYPAHjy, J]()IH0KaA OnepBa)KOOY A'H'OH'tIiHjH'M. CylKH>e Cy H3panHBaiHe
OA parne pa3:HlHX BpcTa y rrorAeAYHIl1H, a Kal1KaAH OA K')Ke; "lHrrKC
H Y:KpaOH CV paneHIH OA opMe. Jow 1714. 3a6eAe)KeHa je <pepeua
Koja je HOilleHa 'Ben y XVI BeKY, 'li TO AIOHAOHOKe npOBeH'HjeHl.-\Hje.
06yna je 6HAa iHCTa Ka'O M lKOA MyI.DJKapaua. )KeHe cy Ha fAruB'H HO-
CHAe pa3'He :EpCTe Mapa'Ma Hi\H W<ld'1Hja, a y6aAa"le cy npa'BloeHe
OA cl>nHe T\JHlKe TKaiHHHe; U'H1o HlM je BH'We 6HO Aa 3aKAOHe AHue
Bero rAaBy.
34
fpabaJHoKa IHl0lliH>a je AOtH0KAe II1pHlKa3aHa Ha cl>peoKar;v;a
XP'HCToqmpa )Ke<papOBHna y MatH3CTHpy EOnaJHHlMa; '1'0 cy CU0He
napa60Aa K'ojHMa 'ce n03a6aBH'O A. M'ilpK'BHn, C'MaTpajynH Aa TI!
:I-nrcy TIpH'Ka3aHilI CpOH. Me!J.yYHM, y napa60AH 0 TPHY Y O!KY, AH"l!HO-
CTH fIIoce ManapCKY HOWH>Y C TpOpO'I'H.M weulHpM, aAH je OAeAo
ITA,me 60je Koja je OMaTp3JHa 3a cprroKY 60jy. JeAaJH OA rrocpeAlHHx
IWKa3a 6HO OU H l'p6 rpa;:\a COM60pa U3 1749; npHKa3aHe cy AB-=:
<pHrype, jeAHa y UpBeHOM OAeNY, lllTO 3Ha"ln Manap, a Apyra y
ITAaB'OIM, 'l'j. Cp6H1H 'HAi.H EYH>0Bau.
35
y OAen'H celoaJKa IH 1B0jiHHJKa jow VBeK ev ce OrAeA3AH TypCJ<JI
'OAHUH, 'O'C06H:110 y ll1IHp<YKHM "l3JK'll1HpaJMa HaAlfK 'Ha A'H'MHje, Koje
cy AOIfIIHpaAe He'KaA AO HonO/ KOAeHa, a BeKaA AO KOAeHa; HOCHAH
cy HX Cp6M "laK 'H nOCAe yr,HH<p-opiMHca'I-ba rp,wHwlapa 1744. rol-\'H'J-1e.
AycTp'H'ja ce 'H TaAa H IOHHje Ap)KaAa rrpaiB'HAa Aa IH''Wl-ba CTp2.-
HHX J'pyna H',\fa HapoAHo OeAe)Kje, 'BaA,Aa C UHIoCM Aa CTBOp," Y'I'HCaK
KalKO OHH CA Y)Ke 'HeKOM CWM HBTepecy. Y3 O'Be "la'KWHpe je H'll1eH<1
Kpa'IlKa AOAaMa, nypalK 'C IKpa111G-!M pn,nKa'8iH'Ma OIITOY0H Kp3H'()M
'KowYloe WH'pOKHX pY'Kana, 3BaHHX "f1pYKH", rYI-b HAH ICaOa'HHua C
'KanYloayo.'v1. Ha rAaJBHCY HMaNH <pecoBe HAH 'KaA'narKe C AyroM IKC-
COlM lKoja je naAaAa IT03aAJH H nOi,CenaAa Ha jaHH'.JapcKe 'Kane. Ha
Hora'Ma cy 06Hq)H:0 IHOOHAH OTIaJHlKe, a K:aT'KaA H UH'ue:\e. YonwTc,
<pHrype OBHX BojlHHrKa cy MHoro nO:p;cenaAe Ha TypKe; WTaBHwe, H
opY)Kje H",-1 je 6H'AO TVPOICO, iHa npiHMep oaOloa ca ITTllYjO'M ri\'aJBO'hl
JIAM apXaH"l'Ha nYWIKa. 3aCTaiBe .cy rHOOHAH Ha KpaTKO\\! KO'llIoY iKao
HeKaA NaIHA'OKiHeXTH. Celba'UH cy J1iMaA'H 6eAO OAeAio JI xajAY"l;KV xany,
xycapoKH yalKlOH Kojn np'BH nYT 'rroMlH-H>e E'BMlja qeAe6H
KOA paje. '1'0 Bp.eMe ay CBloaUiH y Cp6Hj'H HO'C:HAH 6eo rYH> AO
KOAeHa 'H "laKll.I'l1pe, 3aTlHIM u'p:Be'He, U'P1He JH oeAe Kane a6eH>aQe, a
nOHeKiH CT<lip<lU je HMao H my6aprv; Koca je 6HAaBe3a'Ha y nepYlHH.
Kana je 6JIAa rrOAYAOTITaCTa, BepOBaTHO CAJI"lHa OHOj Twja ce IIO-
;\lhC y rnHCa'H'H'M 'H3BOpUMa H3 XVI 'BeKa. OoBa Kana je OCfoaAa V
Cp6njH, a "xajAY"lKH KaAnaJK" je np0HeT y YrapoKY rAe je AO)KHlBeO
pa3He rrpoMelIe, Aa 6H ce KOHaLLHO YCTaMfO Kao xycapoKa Kama II
3aiAp)KaO 'Ce AO YAacKa y XIX BeK. 3eM\fiffOKH celbal\H: cy je HiOCHAJI
AO XIX BeKa Kao OBe"laHY Karry 3BaHY "pora"l" Y3 nAaBO OAeAO,
34 A. IlonoBl-!I1, Cp6u y Eyw1Y, 277; li. Ka",\aK, CpnclCa lpahallcKa
HOUtlha XVIII 6elCa y BojaouHu, 36opHl1K 3a APVlllTBeHe HaVKe, p. 24,
HOBH CaA 1959.
. 35 Il. BacHn, YMeTHu'tKa TOnolpaqJUja cpncKa, Honn
CaA Cv lllTaMnH).
rpaACKa HOIllI-ba Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
267
rpYAJhaKe oe3 pYKaBa, l.IaJKUJ.Hpe H OJllaHKe. TaKo cY np.HKa3aJHH Ha
6a'PjaKY "PY<PeTa opa'-lKJora" 1776. l'OAIHBe (IMY3ej y 3eMYlHy).36 Ay-
waH ilono'BHfi je np'UKa3ao U CBelLl'TeHiHl.IKY lHollnbY y XVIII BeKY.
OHa je nOl'naAa nOA 3aJnaJAlHH ymu.\aj, na je npaMeHHAa OAHK iKO,\
BHCOKor CBeWTeHcrna Koje je )KeAeAO A3 ce y TOMe TaKMHYH C
IKaTOAH'-lIKHM KMrpO,\f. Y Yl'apl<JOij je H3MelheH 06AHK KaJMHAaB'Ke;
enHOK'OUiH cV 'HOCHAiH l\pBelHe, nAaJBe iH OHIBe 'Ma!HTHje, B03HAli ce y
'KapYU3Ma Koje je 'B'!,KAO mecT 6eAiaI.\a, y nparrlhH ,,<peAA-jerepa" II
H30pY)Kl'HHX KaTaJHa. OBa .l:lzei\:,a .3a TaJK,WHl.IelheM je pa3Y:l1ibHiB3 V
y K'OjlOj je 'ApebJHH CTaJHAapA lIO 6e3.\1aNO YCAOB 3a on-
CTalHa
I
K.:
l7
Be3e Cpoa ,ca PYCHjOM C'.\1eTaAe cy AYCTPHj,H, na je npeAV3eAa
lwpaJKe Aa H3\1eJ-l'H TOCTaHoe. PerY:\aJMe'HTHIMa H3 1770. H 1778, OPIl-
CKe lUK'o:\e cy 'H3Y3eTe H3 H3AAOI<JHOCTH LlpKBe, 3 y Eeyy je OOHO-
BaJHa lllTa"mapHja JOOH<p3 KY'Pu6eKa Koja je Tpe6aAO I\a YOYAyhc
WTa:;vma cprrOIze 'KHliHre. Cp6H ,CV y raJK'BIH'M O!J(A:HO'CTiH-Ma IM.opaAH Aa
ce YCM0pe npElMa AYCTPHj'H H Ap'Y'K'-IIHjeM Ha'-lHHY .I:I<HBOTa, OC06HTO
3a BA<lJAe JOCH<pa Il, npOiOBefieH'or BAaAapa 'I<OjH je no I\OC-HTejeBH.\1
pe'-lHMa "v cBoje BpeMe npeMHbre OAvweBibaBao H YMOBe Bocnepja-
Bao" .:;8 MebV'I'l1M , l'0'K'OM BpeMeHa I-1acTynHAH ay o'APCbeJ-lH npe06pa-
)i<ajH y rpaUH Koja je 6HAa na/KHa 3a HCTOpHjy APywl'BeHHx I1pu,
AI-I'K'a. To je nojaJBa lIop'rpcra 'KOjIH je V no'-lcT'l<Y 6HO caMo npH-BH-
,\enHja BHOOKliX npeA3Ta, a no'fO'M je nOCTao Tpa)KeJ-l V
KpyroBHNla I1AeMCl'Ba, OOral'HX H Ta'l(O Aa je JlpH
Kpajy XVIII BeKa npeACT8JBibaO Ba)K3:H H3BOp ::la yno3Ha'Batbe O!Ae-
Bal-ha 'J'HX cA'OjeBa, Eo-raT,H rpabaJHH HHCY )KeAeAH A-a 3aocTaHY 3a
eBpOIf1CKH'.V1 I-1aYHlHOM )KHlBOTa, na oy JIOCTneHO npHxBaTaAH H en-
ponoI<Y MOAY. I--bBecTOIH 6poj nopTpeTa ApCElHiHja TeoAopoBHha Il
TIaBe,\a EYPKoBHna npHKa3yjy npoMeHe y TaAawlhoj MONI KOA Cp6a;
UCT'H'-lY ce .VIOAO:\1 pOKoKoa, na '-lalI< li
YK'I'c Cp6a ce npHA'anobaJBao 'BHIM HOBH'H3'Ma, a nOTON! ne,3H:BaO :'la
EYAHM, OOOOH1'O GA TpeHYl'Ka <aJA je lllTaMITapuja oHAa
KynA:>eJ-la 3a nOTpe6e HelllTalJ-liOKOr YlI'IIHIBep3HTeTa. OTaA je EYA.H'\-I no
OTao KVA TYPHO cpeAHw1'e Cp6a; y lheMY ay liTI'aJMnatHe e-pnCKe 'Kl-bH-re
'-laI< H 3a BpeMe cpncK'or VCTaJHIKa ('l<lBHre r'aJBpHAa KOBa'lJeBlifia, fc
oprHja MHxa."oeBHna, BHiKeHTHja THM nYTeM cyce Cp6u
HenOOpeA-HO Y'KibYl.IlHAH y e:BponoKH IKYAT'Y-piHH )KH'B01' , a noroTOBy CV
np-I-IXBaT'HAH M'O:AY.
06 II, BaCl-th, Oe.l/o U oPYJlcje, YMen'II1YKa aI<aAeMHja y EeorpaAY, Ee-
orpa;.I, 1974, 165.
37 A- IIonoBHl1, Seozpao npe 200 EeorpaA 1936, 144.
38 M. Kocnil'., fporjJ KOllep IWO lCYIlTypHonpOCGeTHU pe(pOpMrop IWO
Cp6a y Yzapclwj y XVII[ 6elCY, EeorpaA 1932; AOMaha 11.UCMa Aocureja 06-
pao8uha, CK3, EeorpaA-3arpe6 1899, 176.
39 M. KOAapHn H M. CTe<paHOBHn, J1aB,1e EyplCOGu/t lcaO l1op-rpeTucra,
EeorpaA MCMLIII.
40 II. BaCHD., Seozpai) 3a 6pe,l'Le Kapal?opIJa, 36opHHI< HCTopujcKor
MY3eja Cp6Hje, EeorpaA 1983.
268
II. BacHn
HOUl/-ba XIX 6etc:a
llITO ce ml.Ie Op6Hje, O'Ha je y 1'0 Bpe,vIe 6HAa ceibaYiKa 3eMiba
'flIjH je rpaDalHG.K!H CAOj 6uo se3lH 3a rpaA:Be. IIpeMa BYKY, 1'0 cy
6UAl1 TprOBI..I,J-I li 3aJHaTNHje KOj'H cy 6opaBefil1 MeDY TYP:L\HMa )KH'BeAH
no l'ypcNCXJVl o6H"'-Iajy, na HX Cp6H HHCY pa'l.-I."YHaNH y npaBe Cpe.
MeDVJ'HM, He3l'B'HOHO OA Tora IKaiKiO cy )KH'BeAH li Ka'K' cy ce OAe-
naAIH, OHiH cy ce f1ICmalllaAH KaJO Cp6H. y apXH'BH PaJJ3a-
'llIH:L\e y BPAJHHKY CaYYBl'H je H3BeCTaH 6poj paY"ljiHOK'HX KlhHra YKO-
jUMa oy 3a6eAe)KeHH )KwreAili oeorpaJAia, llIan:L\a YI CMeAepeBa KOjH
ay Aa'AIH ITpHNolfe 3a ITOAJH3aH,e HOIBe MalHaCTRpC'Ke 3rpaAe H 1'0 jmu
1787. TOAIllHe.
41
llITO ce l'Hye lBH:JQOtBOr Ha"YlHlHa )KH'BOTa YP30 no 1-:13-
6Hjaa,y YCTaHKa HMa nOAaTaKa 0 MHAeHKY CTojKoBHny, KOMaHAaHTY
KAa,AO'Ba, KOjH je 6H BapomKH OA.eB0H: Ha rAaBH je HMao IKany A'H-
}bapy, ,HOOHo je I<:paT3JK rYlh 6e3 pytKaBa, lllaABape, nanyye, II IHMao
Ayr YH6YK; APYUIl'EO Kiaje ce KO\L\lhera 'HaAa3HAO nYlllHAo je Ha Ayre
QOOYKe.
42
BAacTH cy 3a 'BpeMe YCTaJHiKa A()IH'():Oli'Ae H3BecHe OA1"YKe 0 HO-
UIlhH, 'TIllITe li nocee iITpllpiOAe. TaJKJ je 1809. 6HAO 3a6palheHo
)KeHaMa Aa Hoce H3'KHT Ha AOTHAaUI'I-bH IHa"YlH'H, a ibYAH'Ma Aa 6PHjy
rAaBe IKao TYP:L\li KaA je OCTaBibtH ca,\10 je:AalH np3'MeH Koce, Hera
cy MopaAH Aa nyuuajy KOOY. 3aT1IlIM je 1810. AHeTO Hapenelhe KO-
jIfM ce 3"a6palhyje npHlllli'BalI-be ll1IHpIHTa Ha 'AeAa 'noA npeU.bOM CTpO-
rHX 'Ka3HH. llIHpHT je BepOBa11H'O 03Ha"Y:aBao HeI<:O 3UaI-be HAll! 0eJ:>H-
WlpOKH H YH'HOBH'H"1
'
K'H YHlH. IIoce6Ha HapeneI-ba cy 0 YEH-
<popMHca:I-bY perYAapHe Boj-OKe nelllaAHjOI(;Or 6a'.f'ai\,OHa H 6aTepHje
y KOjOj cy no oaTaAaK!HJHlliIM peYH'Ma 6HNH ,,'OBe caMH 6eorpaAcKH
ClfHOBH". PerYAaplWI nellla:L\H lHiOHAIH cy :L\pH CeibaYKO OAeAO ca
eBpOnOKIH'M Ya!KOBOM, a O<JH:L\HpH, 3HayapH H T06I,.liHje GY HMaAH
PYOKY 'YHH<POP'MY oeorpaAcKIH ,,6J-1prepM-ajnep" Pa-AHY IIeTpo'BHn je
UMao OBeyaiHY Y'HH:<pOpMIY: llleII1lHp, TIAalBIH KanYT CHAH cPpa'K?) ca
3A,a"I'HHiM errOAeTaMa H May ' <xpJIl.J)!1.pdKOM Kaja:oy, lllTO 'My je CBe
norK.'paAa l-berOBa H<:plllTeHIH'l.-'ia A3lBJH:L\a IH no6erAa v 3euVly;H. Kapa-
DopDe je 1812. Tpa)Kl!o 'A ConjeTa Aa npoilHllle YlHHcP0PM'Y 3a 1'00-
IJuj'e Il{ A060lllape. Y AeJl060HOM npo'coKOJlY nOLVlUlhe ce Kapanop-
Deoo 0AeAO: "Aa IHaYHlHe JOUIT jeA'He "Y:3JKlllHpe H :Kauy focnoAapy,
H TaKO Aa ce CaCTa'B'H Karr aibHIH'a". IIo OBOj np'HAU:L\'H, 1'0 HHje
6HAa IKana 'KOjy nOM'H'H"Y Haum: TIHC:L\H - cPec myapa - Bero
PycKa K,ma, "lllanKa", KaK:Ba je npoAaB-aHa iRa AH:L\HTa:L\'Hj H y 3eMVHV
1813, rrOCAe nponacrn Op6Hje. MlH.ono 'palHuje cy TypC:Ka nOKplllTeJ-Ia
Ae:L\a Koja cy OCTaAa 6e3 pOAIHTeiba OH:Aa OAeOOHa y PYCKO "P%".
ApYI1.HiM peYiH'Ma, nlHTaffhe HOlll'lhe je 6HAO npej\MeT lI'HTepecoB-aI-ha
YCTaJH'H'1'IUIX BAaC'H 'K'oje oy 'HaCTojaAe Aa Y rpaH-H:L\aMa MorynH'OCTH
41 II, BacHll, M(UlU npWlO3U UCTOPUjU np60l cpnCKOl YCTaHlca, 360p-
HHK MY3eja npBOr cpnCKor YCTaHKa, III-IV,EeorpaA 1964--65, 108.
42 II, BacHll, Eeolpa 3a 6peMe Kapanopna.
---------------
269
fpaACKa HOlllllia Cp6a OA XVI AO XIX BeKa
YKAOHH CBe OHO llITO je rrOAcenaAO Ha -ryPCKY BAaAaBHHY H npHXBaTe
3arraAI-b'a'rKY KYATYPY n OOO'4aje.
HOlllH:>Y rpanaHa 1'pnOBal4a npHIKa3ao je BaATa3ap Xa:Ke; OH je
omrcao A:yro OAeAO, 3'HTepujry, :If KaTIe AHH:>ape, 'a TprOBI4H y ayc-rpHj-
CKH'M rpllAOBRMa IfiMaAoH cy meI..I.LHpe.
43
JoaKHiM ByjlHn je Aao CAH'KY
6eorpaACK'OT TprO'Bqa c AHI-bapo:,\'I, y 3'HTeplHju H jeMeHuja1V1a, HOlllH:>H
K'Oja aBlIKaKO 'fTOTH'le H3 XVIII HeKa. MenYTHIM, OHa ce rrpOMeHH'Aa
flO'CAe 1830; H'OllIeJHiH cY caMi <pOC, rYH:>, jeAeK H lllupOKe 'lalKlllMpe AO
AOAalMa je 6UAa OBe'll1Hi3 HlOlll'H:>a rrpe'Ko Koje ay AOAa3HAH
TIojac H jeAeK 6e3 PYKaBa. OKiO 'Bp3JTa je 'fIBHjaiHa I4pHa MapaJ.\1'a, rrPBu
peKBH3HT e'BponOKe IH!OillH:>e. Hpe TO'ra cy YCl'lIHiHI4H A'HeAIH H3Be,cHa
Hapenelha Koja oy ce T,Hl4aA
i
a iAenalH:>a: Kao rrpBO je 6HAO 3a6paH:>eHO
6pujaH:>e rAaBe Kao y A:06a Tryp3'Ka, a rrep'-liHlH je rroAce'-leH Ben 1810,
3a lllTa je Kapan'Opne 'Kao rrpBH AaJO ITp;H'Mep. fOpI-ha oAena ce ca-
, cTojaAa OA K'a6aHIHl4e BAH nYP,Aluje GA rrAaBe, 3eAelHe HAB I4pBeHe Qoxe,
IJ10QeHe Kp3H'O'M, OC06BTO KO'A CTapeIlJi11JHa . .bafAO je rHenpHcTojIH0
H31f1nU ClIMO y rYH:>Y rrpeA KaJKBY YBa)l{eHY AB'lHOCT. ITHpX Ka)l<e Aa
je 'lO'BeK K''A, TypaJKa 6uo y1iOAHlK' l4eI-heHtyuju YiKOAHIKO je Hace6H
H:MaO ,BHllle oAene. UPOOHH OJ1pTaQ, 6WI-hH'1lI, AOOHjMf je y 3HaK OA-
AiH'KOBaI-ha. TaKO je XYPUIH\A-nailla 1813. fIl0lKAOHlHIO I4pBeHe 6HI-bHme
3apo6IoeH'H1M c1'apl4'Hu\1a, CHellITeI-l1HI4H.Ma, Kii\1eTO'B(j.f,Ma H KHe30BHMa IKO-
jH cy 6H1\,H rrYllITeH'li Aa 'HapoA<Y ojaBe a'.\1HOOTIHjy.
H
HajBHllIe AUKiOBHHX nOAaTaJKa 0 OBO'M Bpe!.\Je!HY Aao je JoaKHM
ByjHh y CHOM IlyreUlecT6ujy /10 Cep6uju (1828) Y !Kl,\1e je rrpH'.Ka-
3l1Ha IHOillI-ba :I<He3a MHAOllla, llAa'H''Ba H:>erOBe II'pOAUl4e, ABOpaiHa,
TeAOXp3'HlHTel'ba, BojIJ-lHIJ<:a, rpanaJHa, celoaKa, KaAynepa H Ha IKpajy
K'He3OBa y 6HI-h'HllJiJflMa, lllTO je Byjun 'Morao BH.AeJ1H Ha nYTOBaH:>HJ\1a
no Cp6Hj'H. ROBa <pa3a rrpeACT3iBA:>a npeKpeT'H'HI4Y Koja je HaCTaA3
rrOCAe 1830, a rrpH'Ka3yje je CAHJ<a JOBaHa HC3:HAOB'Hna KI-Le3 MUJlall
I-ia opy (1839) 'Ha KOj'Oj je lHaCJ\lWKaH AB'OPOK'H Kpyr,MernaiBH'Ha YHH-
<pOpME 'If o.pwjeHTa'A'He iHlOlllH:>e KOA )KeHa H3 nOpOAHl4e 6peHoBiHh.
ITpoMeHe J-I'OIllH:>e y rrpol4ecy eBpOrreH'30B3!H:>a HUlAe cy no eTana'MU:
Tpena eTana je 6HAa 1848, a H:>Y je OIIH030 AH'.M'HTpHje MapHHKO'BUh
y cBojmvl MewapuMCl. MHonr IoYAH H3 Cp6Hje, "Halll CBeT H OTMeH Ji
rrpoOT", OAAa3UNH cy y BojIBO,AlIflHlY 3a 'BpeMe 6YHe, a fIl0CAe Man3ip-
OK:HXo<P3iH3UBa, BeAWKH 6poj BojlBonaJHa je n06erao y Cp6wjy rra
OY TH AorahajH AorrpHHeAH Aa ce yrro3Ha cprrcKH OBeT ca 06e cTpaiHe
peKa. MapWHlKOBun Ka)l{e Aa je cTa'pa 'HOillI-ha, "T3:KO 3OBeMO TYP-
CKe alo'UHe", flO'leAa 'HarAO Aa ce ryo.H.
45
MynIKa-PI4H oy IH'OCHAH <pee,
aTHAY H eBporroKe fla:HTaAolHe, a QHlHOBHIHoI4H YH'H<pOpMe rro yrAeAY Ha
4WHOBHWKe y Pycnj-H, aMi I-b'HX ay iWMaAe .If Apyre eBporrCKe 3eMtoe
Koje je Cp6nja npaTHAa, na je illYA1auHlw /by6e HeHaAOBHna AO-
HeAa BeCT 0 'lWH'O'BH'H'-IKHIM y ManapaKoj. Taj IIpOl4ec
43 II. BacHI., CpnCKa HOtUI-ba 3a 6peMe l1p60Z YCTaHKa, HCTopajcKIl
fAaCHHK, 1-2, I>eorpaA 1954, 161.
44 II. Baclln, HOU/lba Hapoa lyzocflaauje Kp03 ueropujy, 99.
45 Nero.
270
n. Bacul:.
je TeKao j1ll 6p)Ke rOK\1 neAeceTHX rOAHHa nOCAe ITapHoKo'r
HOT yroBopa KOjHM je Cp6Hja CTaBibeHa rrOA 3a:WTrHl'y eBpOTIK'HX BC-
AIlflKHX CHA!a. Ao TOr BpeMeHa je PY'OKlH Qa'p iHOCHO 3>HaHHl.1HY T.Hl'YAY
"QapCBHX Pyca 'H npOTeKTOp CpHje".
ITpH6AH)KaBaH>e CpOll'je <PpruI-HJ;YCKj ce y BJIWe BH-
AOBa, rra je je,d;aH ()lA H>HX 6HAa H Mop,a. JeAa'H XpOHtlflIap
rrpJfKa3yje A'BOp KJHe3a AAe!KC3JHApa: KHe3 je HOCJ{O a'f'HAY H cxPHl..\'Hp-
CK'Y lllanI<!Y, 'KHerHH>a ITepnlAa je lflM3Aa opnoK'Y IHOUHhY, 3 ,KHe)'KeBe
KnepH cy 'BHna'He y 'Bap01llH OAeBeHe no rrOCAeAH>oj rragrrcKoj MO,M-l.
Kao "CTapa opnCKa iHlW H>a " , a'l'l1'Aa je OA:pa)fQ'\JBaAa pa'M3lHTHlIapCKO
paCITOAO)KeH>e AlYXOBa. HewTo IKaoHrrje je M HapoAH3 IBojoKa Ao6'H.ACl
CAUl.jlHY Y'HH<pOPMY C rajTaJHHlM3. )KeHClKa HOWI-ba je cnajaA'3 MOAy C
TpaAlH{\rrj'OM li T<lJKO CTB'OpIHAa H3>B'aJHlpeAHO npO)KHMaH>e. Y rOptbeM
AeAY je OCTaA'O MI6aAe 'HAH nypaJK, Kpa1
1
KH AO nojaca, a 'Y AOlf>e'Yl
lllHpOKa cYKH>a C KpHHOl'L'HIHIIM, AOK je 01i(0 naca 611'0 HexajHo Be3an
0BHAeHH rrojac OBa HOllItba (AM6aAe) Koja nOAcena Ha OPII-
jeHTaAHH ODAHIK j3iI3'HAa ce y fplIiKoj y XVIII BeIKY, Kl!A je rrpl-EK333Ha
y AeAH'Ma ,rryT'O'illtcau;a, 'aAH je MO)KAa III paHHjux AaTYMa. Y XIX BeKY
je Ben OHA3 OCBojuAa 'BeAl1'KH AeD f'P'lIKe cYAellli rro MaTepHjaAY
A'O)Kem)!M y MY3ejy EH3JI,46 a j3JBiHAa ce 11 y EyrapoKoj. Y ITpe06pa-
)!WHCKOM MaHaCT'Hp'Y je )I<JHlI3'O'rrH'Ca!H CTpaulHu cy; AeMHll Tepajy
rpeillH.HKe y naJKao: MyuIKapU;1H cy rrpHKa3ruHH 'Y CeAJal.JKoj oAenu, a
)KeHe y BapoillKoj.47 To je IHCT'H KOCTHM KOjH je 'HiOllIeH y CPDHjH, a
BepOBaT'HO lWY je rp'-tKa HOWH>a iOCAY)KHAa 'Kao Y3'Op. Y Cp6njH je
Ta HOW'H>a 6e3MaAO u;eAD CTOAene. I1olC'Ae npBor OBeTCKOI'
para 6HAO je jow -,KeHa Koje cy je HlO'ClfAe, AOAyweHCKlbYlIHBO u;piHe
60je, rrpeT.e)KiHO y Y'H'yrp31lli'If>OCT.H. AJH6<lJAe je Y XIX ,BeK'Y 6HAO Ta-
MiHOrrA'aBe Doje, aK'iA AeJB'jaKia OBeTAHX ooja: p03a, OBeTAnAa'Be HAll
6eAe.
ITpoMeHa je 6P30 3aXBaTHAa UM'YWK'Y HlUH>Y; oA6alIeHe cy lllH-
pOKe lI30Klllnpe H ll'pHJe:B3neJHe na:HTaWOIHe, V'MeCTO rYH>Qa npeY3eTa je
ZlTHAa, HA'H peAeHrOT, aA11 je Ha rAa'BiH HoweH KapHK3Type AH-
MUTpnja ABpaMOBnna 6jaJBibeJHe Y NHCry DiPHMI'-liHO AI)-
DpO HAYCTPyjy TY rrpaMetHy Y 0POlfljIH l'Aie oe crapa HOllIH>a Merna ca
eBpOnCKQM, aAIH ce H Y3 je,a:HY IH APYry 'Hoce llIaJrIKa HAiH <poc. To je
KIHHh.aJHHlH )KHBO rrpeAOT3JBHO I<JHe3Y AAeJKiCaJHlAPY H YJKa3ao Ha ,,'RaIlle
'HeCpenHO rrONO)KeHlf1je", KaJA TYPU;IH Tpa)Ke Al. oe H<:>VH <pec, a PYCH
Aa ce .BoeH warIK3, "rra OB3KH one A'R 6lllje... a f1Ae je 6UAO Aa ce Ha
jeA:HY rAa'BY CT3Blbajy AlBe IKarITe". BB:p:O'I1iCIKa IHOlllIf>a je Y CBa'Ko.M CA'\(-
lIa:jy ITpeaBA'3AaBaA'a y Kpyr'l3'HlM3 'Ben neAeceTI1x
roAH'Ha, Mn je BYK Kap3I.1Il1'n OCTao rrpH <pecy, a K;HUnaHIl1'H 11 TOMa
BYl.)JJ{n-ITepl1'w,Hn cY AO Kpa'ja )J()llJBOTa HOCHAH HapO:A,HO OAe'AO. Ka-
cHHje je Ta HOBHHa npOAH'pHAa IH y llI'HpOKe cAojene rpaAC'KO'f CTa-
46 Muse Benaki Athnes, GUIDE, Athnes 1936, 219, 222-224.
47 npeo6pa:JlceHCKU MaHaCTUp, 5,napCKU J1WHaCTUpu, H3AaTeACTBO
HayKa Ii HCKYCTBO, CO<PHfI 1972, CTeHOI1HC "CTpawHH CYA", AeTa,bH, CTeHo-
illlC ,,3axapH 30rpa<p".
271
rpaACI<a HOIlHba Cp6a Of\ XVI AO XIX BeKa
HOB'HHlllTBa. MenYTH'M, CAY)f<.eI-be y BOjcD;n YTJHI..\aAO je Aa ce lia ceAY
oA6aD;H <pec H npHxBaTH "rKana rpaJHiH'-I apOKa" , waj\Ka1.Ja, aAIH
H weWHp; CeibaD;I-I onpe,l,eA:>eHI-I 3a paAHKaAe HOCHAH cy wy6ape H3-
BY1.JeHe y WHMIIK. Y ITOJCAeAI-bI-IM AeI..\CiHJijaMa XIX Be:I<a, )KeHClKa MOA:l
y rpaAOBHlMa, YI TO rKA q,I-IHOBrJ-IHl.J.KiHX YI 0<PYlD;UPCKI-IX )KeHa, OBe ce
BHwe 'O'cAnoanaAa HapOIAiHe HllIl I-be, y t.reJ\1Y ce OApa)KaBaAa H3BeCHa
nOA'BojeHOicT APYWTOOHX cA'C>jeoo. OBe npO'MeHe ce Mory npa1'I-ITrH y
Ca1.JYrBa
1
HiH'M nOpOAH1.JIHlllM aA6yMHMa. MenryTH'M, TaiKone ce 3ana)K3
Aa ce MOAa <oBe ynpa'BibaAa no MOAeAH'Ma H3 Ee1.Ja 11 fIewTe Ji
CHe EHwe KpeT'aAa ynopeAo C rrOAII-ITYl1.J'I<JHM onpeAeibel-beM TaAawI-bC
Cp6Hje I<:Olja je rrOCAe fIapn:OKr MrHpOOfJ-IO'f yro'Bopa 1856. Tpa)KHAa
no MorynCT'BY OCAOIHaD; Ha <PpaJHU:YCKY.
HC1'Opuja :HOWI-beK:O\6. Cp6a npeACTaBiba rrpHNHLJHO CAO:;'KelH eBO-
AYD;nOHH npou:ec. OH je 6!H0 pa3AH1.JHT y TJlojeAHHHM APYWT'BeHHM
cAojeBH'Ma, KOA ceJ'oa'Ka, rpanalHa, rrAe'MCTBa, BojIHrH1Ka H KA'Hpa, a
3lJBHCHO je 11 Of.\ Tora Aa AH cy OAiHOCH ca cyceAHlH'M 3eMlbaMa 611AI1
;1I06PH iHArH ArOWH. ArKO cry ce Cp6H {)CAaI-baAH Ha cyce,1,a, OHAa cy 1'0
6HAH ManapH; lIK' cy 6HAH rrOr;.\. C'YceAO'BO-M BA3wny, 1'0 cry 6!HAIl
Typu:u; lIKO -cy OCTaArH ry H'3BeOHHiM AYXOBIHO-iJ<:YATYpHHM Be3aMa, Ta;l,a
cy 6HAH fpD;H, rpl.J.rKO-BH3l1HTlHjoKa KYATypa. TynuM yruI..\ajHJMa OHAH
cy Hajnpe nOAAO)K,HYI llAeMCl'BO H rpanalHCKH CAOj, II''TM BOjHHD;H H3
pa3A'Ora, a Haj'MaI-be ceibaU:iYI 'H rKAHp, rrpeMAa HH OHH HHOY
6HA'H H3Y3el'YI OA THX 3pal.leI-ba. T3JKaB Apyw!'BeHo-eKOHOMC'KU ca-
CTaB YTYI'CHYO je HCTOpHjH Bawe HrOillI-be 06eAe)Kje xeTep'reHOCTH,
rrOMO)f<He OApeneHHIM 3aKOlHHTOCTrH'Ma HapOAHor )KHBOTa yoonwTe.
Pavle Vasi
TOWN COSTUME OF SERBS IN THE 16th TO
19th CENTURIES PERIOD
Summary
The sources for studying Serbian town costume are diverse,
but they supply only a partial view, related to individual areas or
per,iods, so that more general conclusions covel'ing larger areas and
more extended periods could be obtained only by deduction. These
sources are f the fine arts and written natures. The former are
found on painbngs and miniatures, while the latter ones in travel
accounts written by travellers through Serbia and other lands po-
pulated by the Serbs during the Turkish rule. Parti culaI" kind of
sources relates ta the works on costume from earlier centuries de-
scribing Turks, but also making precious data for the costumes of
our people. Significant sources are those in Dubrovnik Archives
p
272
Il Bacl
concern'ng the citizens {Jf DuhrclVnik in Seflbia, as well as indi-
rect informat'ion on Serbs..
The most s'ignificant fine arts sourCE:S include the frescoes,
name:ly portraits of foundern (ktitor) of C1hurches and
AfteT the destruction of Serbian state various personalities, high
clergy, noblemen and founders of churches and monasteries, take
the role formerly held by the rulers. And while these belong to the
higher layer of soc'iety, travellers speak mostly of peasants and
their costume, which was similar in a wider territory of the Bal-
kans, namely in Serbia, Macedonia and Bulgari.
Sorne objects belonging to the rulers of noblemen are pre-
served, such as the cap and saddle of despot Jovan. The travellers
provide in sorne cases the data on costumes of noblemen turning
peasants. The characteristic of aristocratic suit is its
length, decorated with cords or braids, to the Turkish
pattern. However, since after the destruction of the Serbian state
a major part of the people, and particularly noblemen, emigrated
to Hungary in order to continue the struggle agaoinst the Turks, the
Hungarian costume .did inHuence ,the ,SeIibian -one whiohap,plied .Dot
only to the noblemen but also to soldiers, hussars and haiduks in-
fantrymen.
The middle-class costume of Serbs is similar to the one of
noblemen as far as its length is concerned, but there are no cords
on the breast. W'oman town costume is not frequently depicted on
frescoes. In any case the always present piece of clothing of mar-
ried women has been the special type of kerchief (ubradaca), while
jewelry was worn in the way similar to that practised by noble-
women in the Middle Ages. Noblewomen in Macedonia wear the
short-sleeved jacket (zubun) and a crown as they formerly did.
High-heeled wooden slippers (nanule) here too, as in Venice, re-
flect the class differences.
Church co.stume of the high clergy and monks is represented
rather frequently on frescoes, since their members appear as foun-
ders of churches. That costume consists of a wide mantle buttoned
up to the neck, caps are open across the forehead, while long coat-
-mils fall sidewise. The clothing :of nuns is similar but covered with
a kerchiJef around the face, and with a cap shaped as a small
turban.
The appear,ance of Serbian soldiers who fought together with
Hungar1ans and after that side by side with Aus1Jria, is described
by individual travellers. Cavalrymen had helmets, wire-wowen
shirts, whhile their side arms consi,sted of so-called palos and spears.
Sorne of them wore eagle's wings or bearor wolf furs, as Turks
did. Infantrymen, namely ha<iduks, had a dolman (dolama), trousers
a ki<nd of overcoat (stTuka) and 'a cloalk their
side .arm was a sword. Sailors in Austrioan river naval battalions
----------
273
fpaACKa HOllUba (pua 0,\ XVI AO XIX neI<a
(sajkasi) were armed also with long spears and arrows, while their
clothing was blue.
Inventories of Dubrovnik merchants Living in Belgrade are
rather important for the history of costume in Serbia, since they
contain detailed lists of clothing, with a breakdown according to
the types and purchas2 ppices. Also interesting is the origin of mer-
chandise, which scmetimes cernes from Lendon. With the coming
of Turks the:r terminology of clothing has been accepted too (do-
lama, i.e. d:::>lmaD in.stead of the fC':-mer kind (kuntus, svita).
In the seventeenth century tOlwn costume was already stron-
gly influenced by Turkish desing and Serbs move to Hungary in
the 1690 Migration with that costume. In the new homeland their
clothing gradually approaches Hungarian costume, namely the one
otherwise spread over wide areas in Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, and
up to Russia. English traveller E. Brown says that, due to ils appro-
priate form for horse riding and for fighting, that costume has been
adopted also by the Turks in the state border area. A Viennese
E.,ngraver E. W'iedemann submits many varieties of that costume
worn both by Cr-oats and SNbs. It was accepted aiso by the middle-
-class layer of Serbian merchants and craftsmen who deserted gra-
dual1y their Oriental fashion. Austrians tl'ied to introduce uni-
forms for the Serbian militia, but when this was achieved in the
eighteenth century, it kept the characteristics of folk costume.
The process of modernisation of clothi,ngs of Serbs has been;
continued in course of the eighteenth century, when already deve-
loped and rich bc.urgeoisie kept pace with Eumpe by adopting the
bareque fashion, as weIl as that of rococo. In classicism that bour-
geoisie achieved equal footing with Vienna and Buda. This applies
to the commanding staff and the army in general, which after the
attempt at imposing uniferms with national characteristics, obtained
in 1767 the Austrian uniform of tawny colour, which was characte-
ristic for the border guard regiments, composed of Serbs too. High
Orthodox clergy endeavoured ta compete in' clothing with the Ca-
tholic one. The col our remains black for the monks, while blue for
priests. Upper layers of bourgeoisie requested to be portrayed (this
came into fashi.cn after the French Revolution). Portrait is an im-
portant source of ilnformation related to costume of that social
layer, and the one which is characteristic much more in that than
in the previous centuries.
Serbia of that time was a country of peasants whose thin mid-
dle-class layer was limited to towns where it lived among the Turks,
behaving and dressing according to Turkish cust oms. After the Ser-
bian Revolution many foreign citizens came to Serbia, introducing
the elementsof Western fashion. These elements include the uni-
forms of officers in the anny who, together with Serbian clothing,
wear high EurOipean mihtary coll ars and neckerchiefs, as weIl as
make their hairstyle to match new fashions. Serbs introduce uni-
274
n. Bacul.
forms into their regular army, among Turkish chri$ltianized children
and, probably, clerical emplcyees, since an order strictly forbids to
i ~ i ~ n s to put on braids on their clothing, smce bra'ids were pro-
bably the symbol of a position and/or function. Belgrad Brger-
meister Radie Petrovi had a blue spencer with golden epaulettes
and a hat. The wardrobe of sorne high officiaIs contained parts of
European men's and ladies' costumes.
After the faU of Serbia this transformatiOlIl comes to stagna-
tion and the Turkish costume remains, namely the former Serbian,
because of Turks. When the autonomy of Serbia was recognized by
the 1830 Hatisherif, duke MUos put on European uniform together
with clerical employees, military officers and soldiers, and that uni-
form became the issue of permanent ca.re in later legislation. An
important aspect of emancipation is the portraying, which also
contributes to the spreading of Western fashion, although it is re-
duced to the narrow upper layer of society. However, the turning-
-point in the development of Serbia takes place after the 1848 Hun-
garian Revolution, when thousands of volunteers migrated to Voj-
vodi:na, where they found a different life and different customs.
An author says in his memoiTS that since then everything began to
change lin SerbiJa. People left their "Turkish" cloathing and put on
"dusanke", dn fact atil, whiile firmly belieV'ing that this w.as the old
SerbLan c1othing, which really was in use in the preceding century in
Vojvodina.
The process of development of European fashion becomes s.ince
that time more and more intensive in the towns, but also in the
vinages, where rich and prominent peasants begin to wear hats,
instead of fez (fes), or Serbian soldiers' and peasants' cap (sajkaca),
which graduaUy become the component part of peasant's clothing.
European fashion enters into lady's town costume, which is rather
simi1ar to the Greek ,and B'LIlgarian ones after the 1856 PaiI'is Peace
Treaty, but Serbian costume, particularly in the province as far as
oider women .are concerned, remains almost until the Second World
War.
CI. 1. BZlllelLwTajHoB 3Z1CTZlBHHK, GaKpopC3 H3 cepHjc ner-J3pa
.bZl3HAe KOjy je pe3ao KpHCTl1jal-l BHAxeAII-l (1742)
Fig. 1. Wallenstein's standardbearer. engraving From the Genaro
Basile series made by Christian Wilhelm (1742)
)J;'\.
OFl!1ICIER
NUI.' SER
s.
CA. 3. CpncKH OqJl1UHp, 5aKpope3 Hen03HaTor YMeTHHKa (1744)
Fig. 3. Serbian officer, engraving by an unknown Duch artist (1744)
CA. 4. AecrroT Hi\Hprn(a feoprHje EpaHKOBj.1I1, alapei\ Herr03l-faTOr
aVTopa (nocAe 1711)
Georgije Brankovi, despot of the Illyria, watercolour
Fig. 4.
by an unknown author (after 1711)
t f " ''lI"' ' . l(!: f' 1
.: III II 11"1' '1\,(1l;1 Idllli Il'Inl"111
ft. 1:/11, .P
lu..J;' /111"1" .!J..l'lf. loi". Illrlllrl' ;C "I"IlI1111 rllTI11
,il/la:'H. rJI ,\", III11,r,',III.-I; fl/l:; ",111,1,
;ri) f,l'rit! rll "'''""''' .)1/ ":\,"11
Ci\.. s, CrapH Cp6ml ca 6aKpope3 li3 ccpHje f.ieHapa
Ea3Hi\.e (1742)
Fig. 5. Old Serb \Vith his son, engraving from the Genaro Basile
series (1742)
CA. 6. Ao6poBoi"au H3 Cp611je (V llhajepcKoM <ppajKoPV) 1793,
6aKpope3 MI1Xal1Aa KavrrepL\a 113 fpaL\a
Sig. 6. A volunteer from Serbia (in the Steiermark Freicorps),
1793, engraving by Michael Kaupertz from Gratz
CJ\. 7. BOjHYK, APBope3 1-13 nYW6al-ba
HI-IKOJ\e Ae HI-IKoJ\ea (1569)
Fig. 7. Vojnuk, wood carving from the
Nicolas Franois de Spar

.' .
._...
_ . '1""

. ....----
CA. 8. Eeorpabal-IH 1739, cennja
HI-IKOAe <PpaHcoa Ae Cnapa
Fig. 8. Citizens of Belgrade in 1739,
sepia by Nicolas Franois de Spar
CI. 9. ITopTper JaHVlnVlja J3ypHJ1a, Kapabopl5eBor CCKpeTapa, C!Hll<aO
YpOJJl KHe)l<eBYln. 1855 r.
Fig. 9. A portrait of Janiije Djuri, Karadjordje's sccretary, paintcd
by Uros Kndevi in 1855
BepHa XAH
TYPCKH nOLIACHH KA<PTAH y Ci\Y)KEH XPHIliFiAHCKE
AHTYPfHJE HA EAAKAHY
(XVI-XVII BEK)
naCAe TypCKHX oOBajaJ-ba 6aNKaHoKHx 3e;\>lalba, )KHBOT 11 6H-
Yajll 'H'CAaJM11l3'l1paiHOr CraHOiB'HJ.1UrfiBa y aAU 11 IOHor lKolje
je OCTaNO npu Bepll OBojllX OTa14a, 6p30 .cy 'ce 'MeJ-baAIH. Y3 CBe APY'ro
xeTepOrelJ-l!o 11 KOMHAeKoHo, IlIT je YlllluaAo \Ha Te peAalllLBHO 6p3e
npOMeHe, OIlA'1l cy TO 11 HenOCpe,A!Hll oyopeTll oa J.UfoBeHTapOM IHOBHX
npejMeTa 'MaTepajaAIHe 'KYATY'pe 11 V:\IeTIHOCTH Y!lljH 'ce 'YTHUaj llIH'pllO
C HAJHMOM paTHllX oCBajaJ-ba '11 nOMepa:J-beM Pp3JHIl14a I.J;arpCTBa [l1peKO
reorpa<pCK'IlX H ITOAH'THL!'I{IHxMel5a EaA'KaHa npeiMa OpeAJ-boj EBp.onH.
HecAyneHo opHaJMeHTHiKe iKoje ce lionObaBaAo Ha npe/\<;Vle-
l'M'Ma T'YpOK!HX YMeTH1w.rKHX 3aHaTa H rrpW:\1eJ-beHe YMeB-IlOCTH, BUCOIK
CTeneH KBaAJ.1Terra fuHXOBe 06paAe, nAeMeHHTH MaTepHj-aAH OA IKOIjlHX
cy H3paDHBaJI-IJH, nAOAOI-l'OOHO cy YTH14aJ\lH IHa A:OMa'ny ,,'Y'MeTHOGT MaNllX
cP0PMIH". y 'TIljeAiHIHHM oOBojeHIHM 6aAIK
I
3JHO.KJWM 06AaC1II-I1Ma ,L\'Aa3HAO
je AO 'He06WIHHX CTHAOKIHX CHiHlJ<lpern33JM'a, 06eAe)KeHHX cneU'H<pWYJHO-
CTH'Ma, 3a Koje ce ApyrAe :He Mory Ha'n'H aHaAoPllje. OBa noja:Ba y Ha-
Y1.l,'H aAKaHOKiHX 3eMaba 6HY\a je 3aAyro Bllille llAIH Mal-be CBeOHIO 3a-
HeMapHBaHa, HAH je Kao He3aoGHAa3HO oGjeKTHBHa YHil-beHlll.\a Y3-
AP)K3JHO npm@aTIIHa, YI 1'0 cy je TIpe npHXBaTaAlll H'CllOpllYapH.
HOCTH ca CTp3JHe Hero AOManH KOjll cy, n03HaBajynH npllAHKe y
3aBay.ajHoj cpeAHHH, MorAH Aa l'y nojaBY HenOCpeAH'Rje H [IOTny-
HHJje OCBeTAe li Aly6/oe 06j,aCHe. AHHM03HOCT npeMa iH3a3HBaYllMa H
Y3pOYHImHMa KpBaBliX paTOBa H ApaMaTliYHliX TOKOBa HCTopaje
33ipaneHHX CTpaHa, aJ\lH li npeMa HOCHOUHMa Te KYATY'pHHX
Ao6apa IlITO cy ce T,M'O)KHAa iKp03 I-leKONH'KO BeKOBa TvpoKe }'lrIPaBe
y rrojeAllHHM 3eMbaMa, CTBOpllAO je Ta6Y-TeMY Koja je HepaAo HAll:
HHKaKO AOT:Hl.\aHa. MeI5YTHM, HayYHa Mllcao je HuaK - HeKaA 6p-
)Ke, 'HeKaA cnoprnje - KpY!HAa nYT Ka llcnnm.
y npoTeKAoj 1983. rOAHHll opraHH30BaHe cy ABe 3aHHMibHBe
H3AO)K6e, H3y3el'HO 3Hal.JajHe 3a nHTaJ-be 0 KOMe je pey. JeAHa je
276
Bepclla Xau
OAp)KaHa y IJ;aplIfpaAy,l Apyra y Eey:y.2 13aAKaHcKO npOCTpaHCTBO
HalllAO -ce y rrOAUpII3a1wjH KYATVpHO-'y.\1eT1HH'-IIK1HX BpeAH'OCTH H3
npomAocru ca THX ABejy BeOMa HHTepecaHTHHX MaHHcPecTalwja. Ha
)KaAOCT, HHCMO HMaAH MorynHocTH Aa ce yno3HaMo Ha AHIW J\,leCTa
ca THM H3AO)K6aMa. I-bHXOBH KaTaA03H cy, MenYTHM, Ao6po MeTOA-
CKlH KOHQHUHpalHH 'H 6'raro HAYCTPOBUHfH, na Kao npaTena Hcqpnr-m
AOIKYlNIeHTaQHja Morynyjy Aa ce H par distance yn03JHa 'MaTepII-
jaAHH CaAP)Kaj THX eRcn03HQHja, a TaKone H HAeje Roje cy I-bliXO-
DHM aYTopHMa CAY)KHAe Rao rrOAa3He OCHOBe.
y III, nOCAeAH:>eM TOMY KaTaAora QapHrpaAcKe H3t\0)K6e KOjH
rrpHKa3yje QHBHAH3aQHje Ha aHaAOACKOM TAY, OAHOCHO nepHOAe
cet\.l,lY'lKe H OCMaHCKe YMeTHOCTlI, CHCTeMaTCKH H3AO)KeH MaTepHjaA,
AeAOM Ben n03HaT, a AeAOM jOIll He06jaBibeH, OTKpHBa pa3BojHe
TOK'Ba THX YIMeTH'OCTHKp03 ceAai;,,1 CTOAena, Tj. 'O,-\ XII AO XIX
BeKa. Y OBOM TpeHYTKV 3a Hac je 3aHHMA:>HB nepHoA ocMaHCKe
YlMeTlHOCTlH y XVI-XYI BeKY npeAcTaBloa H HajaoraTHj..::
cTBapaAaY:Ko-cHHI<JpeTHcTHY:KO CTHACKO pa3A06A:>e TypcKor YMeTHHY:-
Kor 3aHaTCTBa H npHMeH:>eHe YMeTHocTH yonlllTe. Y CBeTAY THX ca-
3HaH:>a, 11 YiMeTHO'CT 6ai\!KaJHKHX HapOAa Tor BpeMeHa AooHja eAC-
MeHTe 3a APYKY:Hje carAeAaBaH:>e HeKHX nUTaH:>a HAB 3a OTKpHBaH:.e
HOBHX.
y KaTaAory 6eY:Ke H3AO)K6e, opraHH30BaHe y rrOBOAY 300-ro-
AHllllnllQe Apyre TypCKe HeycneAe oncaAe aYCTpajcKe npeCToHHQe,
H3Meny OCTaA'Or je Meja Aa IOIHO lllTO je 'A MaTeplHjaA-
HHX A:06apa 3aO'CTai\0 OIA Typa!I{a, OA KO:jHX H 3a:HaT0Ko-y,vreTHiH'IKH
rrpeAMeTH, BHllle HAH MaH:>e cKynOQeHH, He npeACTaBA:>a ce - HAH
He 6H rpe6aAO Aa YAe TaKO rrpeAcTaBloeHo - KaKO ce TO paHHje
oHY:aBaAO, caMO BOjHHM TepMHHOM IITypCI nAeH" (Trkenbeute),
mTO je HIllAO y npHAor npH3HaBaH:>Y BojHe BelllTHHe jeAHoj OA 3a-
paneHHx crpaHa, aAH He H nOTBpDHBaH:>e ApyrHx KBaAHTeTa THX
MaTepHjaAHHx A06apa. Ta Aopa ce, MenYTHM, caAa HAeHTHcPHKyjy
rrojMoM "TypCKO Aaro" (Trkenschatz).3
OBHM ITpHAorOM )KeAeAH CMO Aa y AYxy H3AO)KeHHX HAeja
YKa)KeMO Ha jeAaH OA 3aHaTcKO-YMeTHHY:KHX rrpeAMeTa TypcKor
nopeIV\a H Ha Moryne HaY:HHe I-berOBOr AeAOBaH:>a Y cpeAHHaMa
rAe ce nojaBibHBao Y BHme BapHjeTeTa, rAe je 6HO QefbeH Kao CTBap
BeAI1Ke HOBY:<lJHe BpeAHOCTH, a rAe je rrpeTpneo YI 3JAanTaQHje npeMa
cneQHcPlf'lHHM nOTpe6aMa Te cpeAHHe.
Ha OCHOBY nOAaTaKa 3a6eAe/I<eHHx y cKynHRH AOK,YMeHaTa KO-
jH ce qyBajy Y XHCTOpHjCKOM apXHBY y Ay6pOBHHKY ca3HaAO ce
Aa cy y nepHOAY OA cpeAHHe XVI H roTOEO I<Jp03 Qeo XVII BeK,
1 The Anatalian Civilisations, III, Seljuk /Oltoman, Catalogue, Torr-
kapi Palace Museum, Istanbul 1983.
2 Die Trken VOl' Wien - Europa und die Entscheidung an der Donau
1683. Kata10g der Sonderaussli:ollung, Wien 1983
2
.
3 Z. Abrahamovicz, Europas erbeutete Die Trken VOl'
V1tien - Europa und die Erltscheidung an der Donau 1683, 172, 173.
TYPCKH nOyaCHII !<pTaH y CAY)K6H Xpl1WOaHCKe }\l1Typnrje 277
y T'a'j rpaA npacn'ISaA'l1 npHIMeplJ!H nOyaOHHX TypOKHX 'KaqnaHa Kao
HapO'lHTO CBe'laHO, u;epeMoHHjaAHo OAeAO U3 rpyne 3aHaTcKo-YMeT-
HH'lKH H3pa5eHHx 0AeBHHX npeAMeTa TypcKor nopeKAa. I10'laCHH
KacPTaH je Kao I-JOCHAall, xHjepapxHjcKo-APYLUTBeHe CHMAHKe Koja
je BA3AaAa Ha OHAallHbeM ll,apHrpaACKOM ABOPy npeACTaBJbaO II
MaTepHjaAHH AOKa3 YKa3aHe nOyaCTH OHHMa KOjH oy ra npHMHAH
Ha Aap. Y HOB'Oj CpeAHIHH, y AYPOBHH'KY, Me5VTHM, nOCTaBllIH CreA-
I!TBO 3a OaBJbalhe KaTOAH'lKOr ll,pKBeHOr pHTyaAa npeCTaAa je lhe-
rOBa A'aHY'Ka HaMeHa, a 1'l1'Me ce H3ryouo H IherO'B parH'l1jlH 3Hayaj 'K''jH
je y 3eMibH MaTHUH.
KOHTaKl'H H3J\'Ie5y AapOAaBaua K3<pTaHa H Aapl-aHHX oABHjaMI
ay cc Ha ooaOBH A:H'IlN'MaTCKITX O,i.\BOCa H3Meoy AYPOIBHH1Ka H I1op-
TeH Y3 IhIIX Be3aHHX rrpOTKOAapHiHX H0'P.\1H nHailIalha IKo'je cy npH-
MelhHBaHe y UapHfpaAY, Ha I10PTU, OAHOCHO Ha CYATaHOBOM ABOpy.
AOHocenH roAlUlJlhH AypOBa'lKH TPUYT H Y3 lhera YOH'lajeHe Aa-
pOBe, BHilIe HAH Malhe a AeibeHe rrpeMa 3Hat.Ia'jy nOAO-
)Kaja KOjU je nojeAHHau HMao H crerreHY yrAeAa KOjH je Ha UapCKOM
ABOPy Y)KHBao, rrOCAaHHUH AypOBal.JKe BAaAe CV, Ben npeMa YCTa-
JbeHOM OHyajy, HAH AapHBaHH Ca BHilIe HAH M3lhe cKynou;eHHM
KacPT2nO.\1, hil'at-om, uepeMC'HHjaAHHI,\1 nOl.JaOHH<:\1 'AeAOM, "aJbH-
HOM 3a AHBaH". OBaj oH4aj Aa ce Aapyje nOyaCHO OAeAO nojeAHII-
ll,HMa 3a HapOYHTe 3acAyre, YHja cy H3paAZI H KBaAHTeT TKaHI-IHe
3a'l)HOH1\H OA jeAH'O'f 0,1, l'pH CTeneua Ha AeCTBHUH APYilITBeHor 3HZI-
'laja no KOjOj cy AapHBaHH HAH CBpCTaHH,'i BYl.Je cBoje KopeHe H3
BH3aHTHjcKor ABopCKor uepeMoHHjaAa H H3 jOill cTapujHx, a3HjcKHX
qHBHAH3all,Hja. 11 CM KacPTaH npHrraAa HHBeHTapy CTape HOilIH>e
CpeAlhoa:mjcKHx HapOAa; y XIII-XIVBBKY n03HaT je 11 y MaAo'j
A3H\jH.
IIO'laCHH u;epeMoHHjaAHH TypCKH KacPTaHH HAH cy KpojeHH OA
AYKCY3HHX TKaHHHa H3paneHHX CAO)IzeHHM TeXHOAOilIKHM nocTynUH-
Ma, a npOH3BeAeHHX y aHaAoACKHM paAHOHHuaMa, nOHajBl1l11e y Byp-
CH (BpYCH), 6HBillOj npeCTOHHUU TypCKor UapCTBa. CaMoj H3paAH
THX Ka<pTaHa 3a CBe41IHe TpeH'YT'Ke, yeero nO'ACTaiBJbeJI-IHX oKynHM
Kp3HOM, YKa3HBaHa je BeAHKa na)Kl-ha. I-bHXOBO ilIHBelhe npeY3eAa je
y UapHrpaAY noce6H3 OA npeKO CTOTHI-IY Cnell,HjaMI-
30BaHHX Kpoja<ra KOjH cy 6HAH 06aBe3HH Aa paAe caMO 3a CYA-
TaBa." Taj :;aBHAaH 6poj Kpojal.JKHX paAHHKa OTKpHBa Aa cy, no-
peA nOTpe6a ABopa 3a TOI'vI BpCTH Aene, AapHBalha KaepTaHa I-Ia
IIOpTH 6Hi\a 'leCT3 H 6pojHa. I10'laCHe KaepTaHe A06HjaAH cy npe
CBHX AOManH JbYAH, yrAeAHH H 3aCAY)KHH nojeAHHUH, Be3HpH, naille
11 Apyre l1CTaKHYTe AHYHOCTH H3 TypcKor ynpaBHor anapaTa HAM Boj-
4 D Cantemir, Historian of South East European and Oriental
Civilizaliuns. Extracts from "The Hislory of the Ottoman Empire, ,edit. by
A. Dutu and P. Cernovodeanu, Bucharest 1973, 159.
5 R. Mantran, La vie quotidienne Constantinople au lemps de Soli-
man le Magnifique et de ses successeurs, (XVIe et XVIIe sicleos), Paris 1965,
151, 152.
278
BepeHU XaH
CKe, 3aniM AHnAOMaTCKH eBpOnCKHX ABO-
pOBa li BAaAa, xpHIlInaHCKH npHHyeBH H APym H3 BH-
COKor ApYllITBa. IIyryjynH npeMa UapHrpaAY HAH Ha nOBpaTKY H3
npeCTOHHJ..{e 'l'H 'CV yeCTO 6HAH ycnYT AalpJHoBaJHiH 'llCTO\1 np-
CTOM noyaCHe OAene KOjy cy HM AapHBaAH TypCKe
BAaCTH y rpaAOBH1\1a - Be3Hpli, nallle, 6erAep6erOBH, CaHl)aK-6ero-
BH, AH3AapH - y eBponCKOM AeAY TYPCKe IIpHMepa paAH
n01\1eHHMO nOCAaHCTBO y EYAHMY Koje je 1628. BOAHO aM6a-
CaJAop XiaJHC AYABHT <pOIH IVI<plllTajlH, 'li 'K'OjiH je TOM AO-
6no OA 6YAHMCKor Be3Hpa ABa nOyaCHa Ka<pTaHa. a YAaHOBH a,e-
rOBe npaTa,e yeTpAOCeT OK'po!:Y1I1mje OnpeMA>elHlHX npHlMepaKa 'li Y3 TO
jOIll HelllTO TKaHHHa.
G
BpanajynH ce H3 EeorpaAa y Ay6pOBHHK. H3-
BeCHH Ay6pOBaYKll cy y HeKOAHKO HaBpaTa y
EeorpaAY Ka<pTaHe Koje H1\1 je CYATaH nOKAOHHO.
7
IIpHAHKOM onca-
Ae EeorpaAa 1521. rOAHHe, "npe6e3H", Ae3epTepH H peHeran:l H3 OIl-
ceAHYTor rpaAa A06HjaAH cy OA oyATaHa "n04aCHe Xalt>H'He", Ka<p-
TaHe, 3a 06aBelllTeI-ba H nOAaTKe CTpaTelllKor 3Hayaja.
8
y nocTynKY npOTOKOAapHor AapHBaI-ba Ka<pTaHa 6HAO je H He-
KHX cynTHAHIHX BapH'jaU;H'ja. IIpHMepa paW1 HaIDeAH,\10 CAyYa'j <ppau-
nOCAaHH'Ka Louisa Dehayesa, 6apoHa de Cormenina KOMe je
nailla y oCBojeHoM EeorpaAY 1521. rOAHHe "IlpeMa 06Hyajy" Aapo-
Bao jeAaH 6poKaTHH Ka<pTaH H, /I<eAenH Aa MY YKa)Ke HapOYHTY
yaCT II 3HaKe npHjaTelt>CTBa, AHYHO ra je H>HMe orpHY.O IIpHAHKOM
noceTe xpBaTCKOM 6aHY HHKOAH 3pHJ-bCKM Y HOBeM6py 1666. Y
rpaAY EBi\.Hja l.JeAe6H je npeAao AapoBe Me-
AelK Ax,.\'ieA-nallle, 'H'3Meny aCTaAor " ... jeAHY cBHAeny, ypelllHY ,1
AHBHY xalt>HHY 3a AHBaH... " Y 3HaK 3aXBaAHOCTH 3a oCAo60neJ-be 6H-
xanKor KaneTaHa MycTaj-6era XacYMoBHna H3 TaMHH-
II jOlll Kao xBaAY 3a 60raTo yalllnaBaI-be.l
CYATaH je AapHBao Ka<pTaHHMa pa3He Apyre, He HapOYHTO 3Ha-
l.Iaj He, aA,H HIlaJK Ha 'HeKiH IHal.IiHlH IlpHMepa pa-
AH KOjH cy XBaAHAH Ao6pe CTpaHe TypCKor )IBOTa, na
TAYMu;e KOjII 'CV ycnemB'O 06aiBloaMi CBDj IlOCaJO APYUITBeHHx aH!HMa-
Topa,H HAH ABopCKe YMeTHHKe H BelliTe 3aHaTAHje KOjH cy ra IlPH-
AHKOM pa3HHX ABOpCKHX CBeyaHOCTH H BepCKHX npa3HHKa AapHBaAH
6 K. Teply. Die Kaiserliclze Grossbotscl1aft ail Sultall Murad IV, 1628.
Des Freihe1'11 H(ms Ludwig VUlI Kuefsteil1s Falut ml' Hahell Pfarte, VrJg.
Schendl, Wien (s. a.), 63.
7 XHCTOpHjCKlI apXHB Ay6pOBHHK (Aaibe: HAD), Dona Turcarum 2.
fol. 12'; fol. 19'; fol. 22; fol. 24.
8 F. Tauer, Hi:;toire de la campagne du sultan Suleymal1 1er CO/ltre
Belgrade en 1521, Prague 1924, pp. 58, 59, 62, 63, notes 189, 196, 198, 200, 202.
o P. CaMapmj, Beozpao u Cp6uja y CIlUCu.Ma (jJpaH4YCIWX ca8peMC-
HU/m, XVI-XVII 8eK, oeorpaA 1961, 167.
10 Evlija elebi. Putopis. Odlomci 0 jugaslovel1skim zemljama, Pre-
veo, uvod i komentar napisao Hazim Sabanovi, Sarajevo 1979
2
, 249.
11 M. And, Karagoz, Turkish Shadow Theatre, Istanbul 1979
2
, 25.
TypCKH nO'-laCHH KaqJTaH y xpHwnaHCKe i\HTypmje 279
rrpeAMenlMa UlTO cY HX ca lIOrO na>KJH>e li TpYAa H3PaAHAH 3a OA-
pe5eHry rrpHAHKY,12
Ca cBoje CTpaHe, nOqaCHHM Ka<pTl!HHMa AapHBaHe AHqHOCTH ey
Ha pa3He HaqHHe KopHeTHAe Ao6HjeHo OBeqaHO OAeAO. TaKO je Ha
npHMep <ppaHIWCKH nYTonHoau; Jean Thvenot (1633-1667), OPH-
jeHTaAHcT li 60eM, A06ap n03HaBaAaIJ; rrpHAHKa H )IBOTa y Typ-
CKOj, napyt-IH'o oBaj rpaJBHpaJHiH rrapTpeT Ha Koj eM je rrpH'Ka3a1H y
TYPCKOj OAdiH ca 06aBe3HHM, Ha H3rAeA He HapOqHTO cKynou;eHHM
Ka<pllaJHOM H Typ6aHoM Ha rAaBH, KaKO 6H TOM CAHKOM, Ha KOjOj
Ka>KHnpCTOM nOKa3yje TypCKY Ha ManH Ha CTOAY, HAYCTpOBao CBO-
jy peAaIJ;Hjy 0 nYTY Ha AeBaHT, li3Aal'Y 1664. rOAHlHe, H Aa 6H HeTO-
BpeMeHo 'IHM AHl.IHHM rropTpeT01\1 MaHH<pecToBao HaKAOHOCT KOj'y je
rajHo rrpeMa TYPCKOM IJ,apCTByYl
ApyrH pa3A03H, HaMepe H nOTpe6e H yonUlTe opraHIBaIJ;Hja >KH-
BOTa cy YCMepHAH Ay6pOBqaHe Aa 3a ynoTpe6y Ka<pTaHa, nOKi\Olhe-
HHX lhHXOBHM nOCAaHHIJ;HMa, Ha5y oAroBapajyne pewelhe. Y AOKY-
MeHTIfMa y 'I--IeKOA'HlKO cepHjaKlhHra 'BAa-
/'MHe aAMHUHCTpaIJ;Hje, ca "-rHoro 6pIDKMH'BOCTH eAe>KeHiHCY no-
,L\;aUH 0 n,npCKHiM KaqnaJHlH'Ma Koje CV rrOCAaJHHlJ)H p.ny6A'H'Ke AiOlH'o-
OHi\JH 'H3 IJ,apl1I'paAa, HMI 113 rp3\A:OBa, J1Ae cy O'A TypOKIHX Ha-
MeoHHlza Ao6lfjaMI H'CTY BpeTy TIOqaOHHX Aa:pOBa. BPeAH 3a6eAe>KIHHI
Ci\yqaj KOjH ce H3ABaja 'H3 OBe, rOT080 BK IH Il!O OA'P>KaJBaJHe npaKce.
KaA je l'ypOKa <PAOTa BPX!GBJHH'\1 3anOBeAHIHWTBO:,\1 I1HaNH-rrame
ynAoBH"a y M:'pe y ITpOAene 1566, je 22. jYAa
Te rOAH'He ca HeK:O'J\;HlKO raAHja AOoITNOBI1!O y Ay6po'B'Hll-LK l'AC je OA
BAa;Ll,e npHMHO rOPiI1W}bH TpH6YT.
u
Ca a.AMHpa,\'O'B'OM rroceTOM MO>Ke
ce AOBeCTH y Be3Y H rrOAaTaK 3a6eAefKeH y apxHBcKoj cePHjH Dona
Turcarum Aa je Talw5e y JYAY HCTe 1566. rOAJme (AaH 03Ha-
qeH), I1HaAH nawa AH'lHO nOCAao Ay6.poBa'lKoj BAaAH Ha Aap jeAHY
3AaTOTKaHY "vestu", 1'0 jeCT ITO'laCHH Ka<pTaH KOjH je 6HO npou;elheH
Ha 50 AYiKal'a, UlTO je y O'HO Bpe:Vle 6HAa 3Ha'DHa 'OBOTa IHlofBIJ;a.J:5
HajpaHHjlH HaMa n03HaTH JJ;epeWO!HiHjaAIH'H Ka<pnllHiH 3a6eAe)KeHll
y Aoy6pOBa'lKHM AOKYMeHTHMa HaBOAe ce Kao "veste".16 OBaj nojaM
nOCMaTpaH y urnpeM KOHTeKCTY, MenYTHM, OTKpHBa 0 KOjOj je Bp-
CTH npeAMeTa pe'l. 3aTHM ce OApeneHlije nOMHlhY "veste turcicae"17
HAH, Ha Kpajy, jacHo H OApeneHO Kao "veste turoicae dictae ca-
ftanj" .'H OBe 'ApeAHHuece jaBibajy y IHeKOAHIKO OK'PH'IlIJ;uja. OA rne3-
AeceTHX rOAHHa XVI AO ocaMAeceTHX rOAHHa XVII BeKa, y OAAY-
KaMa Bena YMOibeHHX H OApeA6aMa MaAor Bena, a TaKone y cePRjH
Dona Turcarum, HaHWAH CMO Ha BHUle OA. 150 HaBOAa 0 AapHBaHHM
nOqaCHHM TypCKHM Ka<pTaHHMa. BepoBaTHo Aa oBaj 6poj He rrpeA-
U The Analolian Civilisaliolls, III, p. 98.
1:1 P. CaMapUHn, HaB. eflO, penpOAYKlIHja C nopTpeToM Thvenota Ha
Aa:m ce H3Melsy cTpaHa 32 H 33.
F. Braudel, La Mdilerral1e el le monde mditerranen l'poque
de Philippe II, Tome II, Paris 1976
e
, 35.
10; HAD, Dona Turcarum 1, fol. l',
280
BepeH3 XaH
CTaBiba l-bHXOB peaAaH, KOHaY3JH 36Hp. YBepeHH CMO Aa je Mopao
6HTH 3HaTHO BenH, a 0 pa3A03HMa 360r KOjHX H3BeCHlI nOAaIJ;H 0
Ka<pTaIillMa Hacy cAY)K6eHO 6eAe)KeHH, MO)Ke ce caMO HaranaTH.
I1pCI\CT'aBHHU,H BAal\e KOjH cy Ha I10pnl HAH
npHMHJ\Y1 rrOyaCHe l<iaqnaHe Ha Aap OA 0YATaHa HAH OA TypCKHX,
HaMeCHHKa y 6aAKaHCKHM rpaAoBHMa 6HAH cy 06aBe3HH Aa MX rro
nOBpallKY y Ay6p.oBH'H'K Il'pc#lJj'Y BAa,L\!H1HOIM K\I'OPHlHIK'y-eK'clH'OMY
(camerlengo, camerHngo) KOjH je 6HO y CAY)K6n MaAor Bena. TIo
rrpeAajH Ka<pTa'Ha BpweHa je H>HX''Ba HOB'-I'alHa rrpO'l.\eHa. Ha QOHIOBY
nCKa3a:He Bpe,L\!HOCTH THX npeAMera, mo HepoAO'Cil'ojHe,
MorAO 'ce AOIHelKAe OIJ;eHiHTlH H pacnoNo>KeH:le I10pTe y Aa11OL\1 rpeHYl'KY
rrpeMa Ay6pOBHH'KY, HNI1 MepHTH cYATali-lOlBa iH3JKAOl-lJ0i2T npeM'a 'no-
jeAMIHIIM I1OCAaJHlIIJ;'l1Ma Peny6AH'Ke. AyapOBaY'Ka BAaJAa je cBojOlM DA-
A1j'1-C00\1 0 Oa'Be3:HOIM Aen031UY noqaOHlI1X 'KiiqnaiHa vcrali-POB1HAa AP-
)I<aBHH <}yJHAYC uBa6paHHX npHu\lepa'Ka 'i/\peneHe Bpere AYKCY3He, 3a-
Ha'rOKO-YMe'PHWIKJH IH3panooe Typ'Ke o/-\ene KOj'OIM je 'J\1'OTAa cAo6oAHo
paorrOAamnI.
I1peMa nOj.\au.Ih\13 H3 AOK'Ij'MeHara, Ka<pTaJHH AapOIBaJHH Ay6pOBaY-
l:H:\1 nOCAaJHiU)H'.\la 6HAH cy H3paneHiH OA 3AaT011KaJHlor TeJKJCTHAa 3e-
J\ene HAH u.'PBeHe oCHoBe, 60je KG'je cy 6HAeKapaI<.TepH'::.:ruy.iHe 3:1
TYPKC YOI1ruT, 3anh'vI OA ",,13eAyra" - C0.\10Ta, 6a'pruY'Ha, KaAH<pc -
OA TCWl<C CBlIAC npOT'KaIJC 3AaTH.\1 l-L\'H pe6pHOM HI11H, T38. 6po
KaTa HAll! OA 6poKaTeAa, AaI<e C13'lI!\CHe 'DKaIHIIHc, TliKObC npoTKalHe
lHITH'Ma OA I1AeM0I-HfT'HX MeTaAa, HAH 'Y'KpaUWf-lH Be30'.\1 K''jH je H3Be-
I\eo 3,\aTiBO'.\1 l-li\JH cpe6p'H<O'M )Kl-IUO,\1. Kao,\1eCTO rrpoH3IB'OAI-bC OBHX
TKaJl-U!IHa, y Ay6pOBay.Kl-I.\'[ AOKY,\leI-lI1J1Ma ce Ca'M' iHeJ<.oNHiKO n'lTa 11'0-
MHIbe 3IIaLJajaH MaAoa3HjcKI-I TCKCT'HAHl-I l(eHTap Eypca.
19
C'KA'iHO::':T Ay6p0'8YaJ-fa rrpeMa paUH'OHaA'HO'.\l yonUlTe u crroco6-
HODf 3a rrpaKTH'-IHO peUI3'Bal-be rrpo6AeJMa 6Hl\0 Koje BpCTe rrocelHO
HonOA,HAecy ce H npH OApebH'Ba'I-bY HaJMeHe 3a TypcKe K3<pTaiHe yv-
BaHe y Ap/KaBHO'M Aenoy. Aa 6H CeHaT YAO'B'OMlW 'Moi\.6aIMa npeACTan-
HH<Ka IJ;pKaJBa ca rroAPYY.ja Perry6MIKe 3a cpeACTBa Kojl1'Ma 6:1 H<l6a-
BHAH lllH'aye BeOMa oK'yne, a nOTpeaHe penp3eHTallMBHe u.pK'BeHe OAC-
npO'C'HpKe '1-I nOKpaB'Ke, oBaj Haj'BHlliH yrrpaBH!H 'OpraiH Peny6-
Al-IKe HaAa3HO je pcrueI-be Ta:KO UlM je, Ben npeMa 3Hayaj'y 'H Be-
AWfHHH IJ;pI<JBe KOjy cy 3acrynaAH, Aa'Bao 60ra1'O orrpeMibHe HMI
OK,pOJ,\IHil1je AeKOpH'CaJI-Ie npH'MepI<e rypoK'HX rro'-!'aOHHX KaepTalHa. Ko-
Al-IKOCe Ha OOHlOiSY paCnOi\'O>K1-I'BHX MorAO Ca3HaTiH, Ha-
NleHa TypClIX IJ;epeMOIHHjal\!HHX KaepT<l!Ha y TY CBPXY y Ay6pOBHlHKY
H'Hje 'MeI-baJHa OBe ,L\OK je TpajaAo I-bHXOBO AapH'Ba'I-be Bi\aA;l-J'HlfM rro-
Ci\.a'HHIJ;JfMa.
HHje He3aiHl-l'Mib11'BO ,L\a ce Y3rpeAiHO orrHllIeKaJKO ce oABHjao no-
cTynaK OKO AOAeJ\,HBalf:,a Ka<pTaHa 3acTynHHIJ;fJ-IM'a u.pKaB<l.
lu NeTO.
Jl HAD, Cons. Rog" 100, fol. 178; 107, [al. 220; 11t, fol. 12.
18 HAD, Cons. Rog., 118, fol. 5; fol. 118; 122, fol. 2'.
Jg HAD, Dona Turcarul1l, 1, fol. 151; fol. 161.
TYPCKH rrOclaCHH Kat]naH \' cAY)j(DH XpHlllhaHCKe AI'ITyprHje 281
oocpe,6,CTBO'."1 HCKOAUKO B'lI'C'faHl.I,'Hja A'1opOBa'l-Ke 13AaAHlle aAMHiHM-
CTpal.l,Hje. 3axreB liJ-ICTHrYl.I,Hje-'MOAHOl.l,a pema1nalo je CeHa'r, a 'KOMOp'
HB'K-eKOHO:-l je no lliero:noj OAA'1l.I,H H Ha OOHOBY HaA'ara MaAor Be\'la
H3Aa!sao OApeDe:H 6poj Kaq,ralHa npeACr3rBJ-I11l.1,HMa l.I,pKaBa y rpaAO-
BH'Ma, MecrHMa 11 ceA'I'1a Ha rroAPyyjv PenyOM1IKe. OL\elliyjeMo AH
raj CHCrElM pa'IT'OAeAe rroy:aCHHX Kaq,r3'Ha 'Ha OOHOBY AOK'Y''\1eHal'a
.. '"'
K''J'H CY'Ha'M craj3AH Ha pacno'Aaral-by, OiHA3 oe3 ABOYMlbel-ba 'MO)KE"vlO
3aKloYYH111I Aa je A06po q,}nHKl.I,nOI-l'HClIO.
Kp03 rrepHOA ICOjH je rpajao BHwe OA jeAiHor CrOAena, TYlpOK,H
cy 1\,3Ba'HH jeAalHinYT !HA'H BHme n'11'a ClJKpaA/I-I'H'M .nIHCTlIT'1-
rOTaBO Ha ueAOiM rrOAPY'-Ijy Peny6NHIKe: L\p'KBal\<ra y Ay6pB-
- caMO KaWApa.\:Ha JJ,pIa je 3a TIO speNle OprHMII,\a '8Hwe a,\,
ABaAeceT rLpHMepaKa
21
- 3aTHM JVl3H:MM vI Ben'HIM y MaAOM
CroH'1/
2
BCAHKOM CTOHy?:l 'H l-beroBoj O'K'ONH'HH,"4 a ralK,abe qp:Ksa',"13
V J-faCe!bH.vla H Y1'BplJCHiHM rpaAOBHMa y )KYfl'l'I:?'; H K::.JH'lJBA'HMa;2G ycry-
rrllHH C'1 H rrOI-IeKOM W:lIHacTHp'1.27 IIpeKpajaHiH -CV y caKpaMIY OAd\y
- 1\33YAe HMI n.\aHHTe (MHCHiHue) H nA,!8wjaAe - IKoja je rro npa
SHi'>y OHAa H HajGoraT1Hje YKpalllel-Ia. H:>HXO'BO WHBeI-be je nO'HeKaA
H3'BeAeI-JIO Ha BAaIA'HH 1'pOwa1<.:?H OA !<'aq,raHa cy TaiKOnC H3paDH'BaIHH,
aAli petJC, U.p'KBBHH 6aAAaxHHH'?D '1--j'AH cy yno'-fpe6.ba'BaWH 321 ,i,\eKopa-
TJll3Jl OnpCI\laJl,e I\PKBCHHX rrpacTapIIja noce611C HaMCHe. IIpHMepa
pa;..\,lI YK<l3Vjc.\llla orrp0.VlY CaYIUbCHY a,:, TypCKHX KaqH<l'Ha y KaneAJ1-
-PC,\HIKBlljapy ,:ly6p'u<lY'!Cl' KCtl'l'Apai\( Upl(He OB. MapHjc;,l(I O/AYKY 3a
rpaAlbY KanC,\C ,'\:aHcAo je Behe YMOi\"OHHX 1607. ITOMI1H>C,\10
l'dlKObl' OIlpe,\1\, 'K<l'llC,\C V KHe;lceBO_\1 AB'OPy,:l:? I1AH OH,! Y MallIlaCTHP'1
CH. MapKa,'3') Ha ;J<li\OCT, y OBa,vl TPOJlYIU{ljHC paCnaAa}KB.\10 nO/-\<l-
lU1.\ll Aa AH je ua nOAP'Yyjy Ca'lYBal)-[ rHBKH npHMepaK
rypCI<or rrOyaOHOr Kaq,TalIa, OAI-lOCHO AHryprHjcKc OAOKAc 'HCKpa-
jHe OA J-hcm, rOKO'."1 XVI HAB XVII BCKa.
20 BAD, Cons. minus, 72, fol 67'; fol. 110; Cois. Rog., 98, fol. 6; 100. fol.
178; 107. fol. 220; 111, fol. 12; fol. 117; 118. foL 5; 122, fol. 2'.
HAD, Cons. Rog, 98. fol 6; 100, foL 22; 103, fol 11'; 105, fol. 97';
107, foL 176', 110, fol. 254; 122, foL 2', 102
HAD, COM minus. 72. fol. 256'.
2:) BAD, Cons minus, 71, fol. 3; 72, fol. 143'; 74, fol. 130.
BAD, Cons. minus, 71. fol 117.
2., BAD. Cons minus, 72, fol. 157; fol. 176; fol. 230; Cons. Rog., 109.
[01. 52; 111, foL 12
HAD, Cons minus, 72. [01. 265'; 73, fol. 157; Cons. Rog., 107, fol.
220.
BAD, Cons. minus, 72, foL 40; foL 61; fol 72; foL 74; fol. 148; Cons.
Rog., 106, fol. 97'.
28 BAD, Cons. mim;s. 68, foL 240; 74, fol 125'; fol. 130.
29 BAD, Cons. minus, 72, fol. 143'
30 BAD, Cons. minus, 72, fol. li3'; fol. 175; fol ]98; Cons. Rog., 98,
fol. 119'.
BAD, Cons. Rog.. 82, fol. 23
32 BAD, Dona Turcaru111 , 2. fol. 19'; Cons. minus, 68, fol. 227'.
33 BAD, Cons. minus, 71, [01 225.
282
BepeHa XaH
IbrAeAJa ,L\a ce u;eo nocTymllK OKO TypOK'HX KaqnaHa OA1311jao
6e3 A'Ka3a 0 H'Ka3WBalY lIHHiM03HOCTH npe?l1a TOj penpe3eHTaT11D-
aoj 11 AYKCY3HO onpeMibeHoj AawIKoj OAen11 HCA3JM'OKHX BepHH'Ka 'Kao
HOCHOU;Y OApenetHe, TYne XHjepapxHjcKe CHJM6'oAHKe, OA,enH Koja je
rrpeTBapalHa V 'Kal'OAIHl.J.K'Y KYAl'HY AHl'yprH'jcKY, 'HAH je tbOMe H3iB-
neHa lHapoY:UTa 'HeKHX u;pIeHHX rrpOCTopa noce6He Ha-
MeHe. De3 c'tMI-be Aa cy TKalH'HiHe oA KOj!HX ay 6HAH H3panHB3HH no-
1
l.JaCHli 'Ka<pT3JHH npeACTa<Biba'Ae rrpm\1epKe ca 'o.AaOpllHJllM MOTHBHIMa
11 rnapaMa, a y OAHOCY IHa 60je 6HAe cy ,,'paAOCT 3a o Y!H" . Y TH'M Bpe,1,-
HO'CTHMa Tpe6a Ha3peTH jeAlIH OA '-lHiHHAau;aj(:ojll je 'MOrao Aa YTHy:e
afa TOAepaHT3JH CTaB npeMa l1M.VI rrpeAJJ\IeTHiMa y Be3H ca lHXOB;OM npH-
MellONI 3a K3TAH'-lKY AHTyprH:jy. Tex'HoAoillKe H Y'MeT.HUY:'KeK!BaAtH-
TeTe npeKpojeHHx K3epTaJHa CBaK3JK'O cy .BHCOJ:(;O BpeAiHOBaA'H HOBH 'KO-
pliCHiHU;M, H 'BepOBal1HO ce Ta ou;eHa rrOH:CTo.BenHiBa'Aa 'ca CTerreHO\I
BpeAJHOBa'I-ba KOjH cy A3JpOA'<bBIJ;!H A3J13aAiH l1HM rrpeAMel'HiMa, Ha'KJO ce
OMIicao I-bliXOBe npaKTll'-EHe npHMeHe y K'YATHe CBpxe 'KaTOAH"Y.Ke U;p-
KBe OIlLTpO pa3HAa3U ca CMH1CA'M H .3H3I'-IeI-beM WTO cy HX H'MaAlI
Kao TypOKe noy:aOl'ie oAope, ca 3Ha"Y3IjlH'oM APYllITBeHO-IllOMfll1HY'KOM
<PYHKU;M'jOM. MenYTI-i'M, TO pa3.\1IH'MOHAa/KieI-be HHje YT'Hu;aAt> 'HaOAp">
nHB3II-be I-ber013e IHOBe, IHHWTa MaI-be .3Ha'-IajHe HH MaI-be 'OBe"Y3JHe, a
HOrO'BpeMeHJO 'KopHiOHe 'H3'MeHe y 'Bonoj opeAiHHII, aAH rro CMHCAy II
3Hay:eI-bY cyrnl1uHoKH pa3A'H'lHTe.
De3 CYMI-be cy H eK'O:HOM0K!1l pa3A03H YTHu;aAH Ha nOMHplo'HB 0i'.,-
HOC ,L\y6poBa'-IKe BAaAe H KaTOAHl.J'KOr CBeWT0HCTBa ca ,;y6pOBaY]Wr
TTOAPyry:ja npeMa noy:aOH'HM, BH3yeAIH'0 eepeKTHM'M 'KaepT3IHHMa rrowTO
cy TlIAa A''tKOY3He TKlIHlHlHe, Ha63'BibaiHeCa 6HAO 'Koje CTpa'l-le, 6HAC
Ha H3y3eTHO BHCOKOj I..\eI-flH. Kan nTBpAY TOMe HaBOAH:VlO npHMep 1I3
CA3'BOHM'je, orryc11OillelHe H 'dCH'pOMarneHe paTOBHiMa, rAe je 'KaTOi\IHYiKa
u;pKiBa y XVII BelK'Y T3
1
Kone rrpllXBaTaAa TypoKe TeKCT'HNHe rrpeA'MeT
3a ill3p3JA,y U;pKJBeHliX OAeiKAiH, CA'YiKenH ce 'OHIHM WTO joj je 6H1\0
Ha AOXBaTY.34
I1MeHHMO jorn HeKe OA MorynHx ep3JK110pa KOjH cy YTHu;aAlH Ha
'-IHI-beHJHU;Y Aa cY KaTONHY:iKH BepHlHU;'H !Ha fJ!OAPyqj'Y Ay6pOBa'Y
/
Ke P-
rryoAI-i'Ke npHXlBaTaAH U;'PK'BeHe OAeiKAe OI"pO'JeHe 'OA CBe"YaHHX l'YP-
C .
OKIM'X IKaeJ:>T3IHa.
IJ;eHH AU ce no 6AHcTaBoj H IOAenH OBeTHTeiba KOjH cV
rrpeACTaBibeHH Ha AeNH'M3 Ay6pOBa"Y:K,e ICA<Il1K,apC'Ke w'KoAe, oHAa ce
MO){(e OMaTpal'II opHa'MeHTH TvpoK<or TeKCl1HAa 'll3 XVI H XVII
BeKa HJ-fCY 6HAH CTpaHH BepHiHqJ-i',\1'a A:y6pOBa'YKor nOAPy-y:ja. Ta 'oAena
C
.le oe3 cYMI-be CA1-IfKaHa npeMa CTBap'J-IHiM Y30pU;HiMa l1KaHIHiHa KOJ'H cy,
HCTHlHa, H3Ij'Ben'H'M AeAOM iHa63JBibeHe IH3 'DK3''-I'KIHX u;eHTapa I1TaMrje,
aAlH oy paneHe rro UCTO'-I'I-ba'-IIKHIM OpH3JMelHTaAtHlHlM 06pa'CU;HMa npe-
V3H1M3JHH'M oa i\eBaHTa. YocTaA''M, y MY3ejy TOrDKanH Capaj !cY jOIU
34 V. Paveli-Weinert, Misl10 ruho u Muzeju SIf1vonskog Broda dio
furskog satora 17. stoljea? Vijesti muzcalaca i konzervatora Hrvatske, br.
5-6, Zagreb 1969, 39.
TYPCKH nOc!aOIH Kaq>TaH y C,' Y/KOn xpHlllhaHCKe AIuyprnje 283
cayynaHlH npHMepUIH CBeYa'HHX TYPOI<!HXKa<pTaJHa C IKpalja XV BeKa,
KOjlH cY Tall<olse H3plbeHH OA HTaAH!.ialHOKHX A'YK'0Y3J-l1HX TrKalHHJHa.:
I
.
MeIsYTHJM, Ha 113 <pOHf\a 'CMIIKapCKlIX AeAa Ay6pOBaYKe
illKOAe H.\1a 'rrpH'Mepa CBeTHTel'oClKHX xa">HHa 3aKoje ce '.\1'O/Ke rrpeT-
nOCTaBIITH Aa cY CAIH'KaIHe Ha OCIl-IlBY opH'I'HiHaA!HHX TeKCTH'AJ-lIHX npo-
H3B!0>Aa .\1a"Oa3HjOKJ11X TypCiKIHX Ca HI(\1 y Be3IH 'He 'MO;:Ke
ce npeHe6penH YIH'lbeHIHu,a Aa je y Ay6p:OBIHHIKV Ben TOiK'M XV Bel
nC'P0A 06wl'H'or ynoTpe6L'oa
'
BalH H A'YKCY3'HIH TyrpOKH Te!K'CT'HA 3'a H3paAY
AaHYKe OAene iH Kynll-lHx ynOl'pel-lHX rrpe,Ai,\1eTa H'3paneHlHX 'OIA TeK-
Cl'HAa, lllTO je OBaKaiKO AOnpH\HOIOHAO CllH'lbeHlHUH Aa CV y ppaA'Y \HO-
llIeHH HeKH 'KO.\1aAIH OAerie cneUH<j>HYHOr TypoKor Kpoja, HAH yaK
npH'MepUM HenOOpeAiI-fO Ha6aI3ibeHH y TypKOj. Y Ary6po'BHHKY cy pa-
AHAH H Kpojacm KOj,yrCY lllHA'H oAeliy TypOK''r Kpoja.'3' YCBaja'lbe He-
KtliX 06MlIKa TypcKor HaLI:HIHa O;\eBalha y rpaAY OB. BAaxa CBaKa'KO je
YTtHuaAo H Ha nOTpa/l<'H>Y TypKtHX T'KalHHIHa; OHe cy Hajo8ibe OAJ10,Ba-
paAe T3IKIBOj MOAtli 'li cneU;iHcPHYl-lOMKP0.jy KOjH je OHa 3a1CT!YnaAa.
Haj3aA, y HaIllHM HacTojalbHMa Aa YTBPAHMO H 06jacHHMo MO-
rylie Y-HHlioue KOjH cy YTHuaAH Ha T'AepaualH A!H'C BepHIH'Ka H CBe-
lllTeHH'Ka llpeMa upK'BeHM PYXY, 1H'3palseHOi.\1 O'A opHa'MeHTaAIHO JI
CTHACKIH rrpen03HaT/bl1'BtHX TKaH'HlJIa l'vpCKOr nopeKAa, HlHTepeCalHTHa
je TaiKolse nojaBa pa3HOBpOHHX npeA\1eTa ca OpI-Ij eJl-na, ITOceOHO OHHX
. ,.., r
TypCKor 110peKAa, KOJH cY ynorpeoibalBaHH y Ayop'O'BaYIKH'M AO\1'OBH-
l\'la H 'Ha WlfpeM AyopOBaLJ'K:M nOApyyjy.:l8 Ca TI-!'M rrpeAMeTH.\la, cne
LJHcPHYHI-IM no OOAHKY a yeCTO H no HaMeHH, MeI-baAH cy ce HCK'H
OOAHL(H /Ic'H'BOra H HaY'HIH'H iKyhf-lor nOCAOBalba, WTO je y pe!HeCall-
OHOM H 6apOKH();;\1 AYOP:JBiJ-l){iKY npeACTainibaA'O !-\aWaK aT.\10cepepe ca
i\eBaHTa, TalKO Kapa'KTepHCTH'-!He 3a 'BeAI}!!K 6poj 6ai\!K'aT-K!K'HX rpaAO'Ba,
TaAa nOM HerrOCpeA:H'0.\1 Ty'p'C'K':I1 ynpa'Bo.\1. CKi\OHOCT A'YopoB'-!aHd
npeMa 1'I-JIM npeAMeT'IT.'.'la OHAa je, npe 'CBera, H3a3BaHa lhHXOBH:M 'He-
06HY'H'H.i\1 ecreTCiK'l1'.\1 'KBaAJITeTHeMa H 3a1HalroK'HIM Ma'jCTOIIJCT'BOM, IlITO
je H Pa3\fMfbHBO C 063JHpO,\1 IHa 1'0 Aa 0v MIHore rpaJHe TvpCKor y;\1eT-
'HB'YKOr 3aoHaTCT'Ba OHAe y Il'Y'HOI.\1 L.('BeTaI-hY y XVI tH XVII BeKY.
ilpHMi'KiOM rrpeKpaljalba TypClKIHX lJ<.a<pTaJHa y OAe)KAe 3a KaTO-
AHYIKO CBeWTe'HC1'B, n'Kp'J1IBIKe,npOCT'Hr'Ke, 1<3:0 H R:HX'Be ynoTpe6e
3a noce6J-f'Y AeKOpaTH'BHY onpeMY upJ<Be'H<HX eHTepHjepa, no'cTojaAa
je onaOHOU Aa ce HapywH OpHalMeHTaAIHa ueAHiHa - IlITO ce, HeMa
ClY'i\1'lhe, H AellJ'aHaAO - a l'M'Me 'I1 C11HA M01'HIBa Ha T'lsalH'HiHaMa Ka-
qJTall-l a , 'Hi\lH yonlllTe A:pynHx TeKCTHAIHI-IX npeA:MeTa TypCKor nopeKAa
KojH cV Ci\Y/lUfA'H APYKYUjOj H3:JMeHH YoeAAMB npH.'.1ep ca Ta1<BH;,,1
3:; The Alla/o/ian Civilisa/ions, III, E 26, p. 121.
.16 B. J. nYPHI, Aypol3a'tlca c/U/lCapCKa u-uco/w, EeorpaA 1963, CA. 33;
CB. CTjenaH ITpsoMyYeHHK Ha nOAHnTll:\Y y MaHaCTJ.iPV HOCM
naKOHCKV AaAMaTHK\i, H3pabeHY Of.\ TKaHHHe HajBepOBaTlmje TypCKor 110-
peKAa; ;\W)I(Aa je 06.uIKOBaHa OA npeKpojeHor Kaq>TaHa.
37 HAD, Mobilia, II. fol. 31'.
V. Han. Orijentalni predmeti u rel1esansnom Dubrovniku, Prilozi za
orijentalnu filologiju i istoriju jugoslovenskih naroda pod turskom vladavi-
nom, sv. VI-VII (1956--57), Sarajevo 1958, 115-136.
284
BepeH3 XaH
lIeraTHlBH'H'M nOCAeAiHuaMa npeACT<l'Blba ca'KpaAiHa A!HTYpruj'OI<a rapHH-
,-' ..
Typa OA OpOllililp3JHOr 'COt\1'Ta rJ<:0JY caI'IHh3lBaJY 'Ka3YAa, O1'.oAa rH MJ.
HI-frfIYA 'H3 XVII BeK'a; 'M3iHrH'l1YA H'Ma HamI-IC HC'1'Ka'H aparrCKHiM CAO,
B11Ma Ha rrepcHjoKO.M je3M1KY. faplHJHTy'pa je 'OTKipHBeHa y CB.
I1eTpa y y 3 Al3!HaC 'LJJHIHlH Aeo 3HlpKe TeKCTHAl
y MY3ejy npOAOKor fI:oca:Biba y CA3IBOIIfC'K'M B3JHrAa ITaIBe-
AHn-Baj'HepT, a:yTOp 'H3Il1HCa 0 1'0j AHTypnfj'cKoj rapH'HTY'PH, Yl'BpAHAa
je Aa cy 3a H3paAY Ka3y,\e yrroTpe6!beHe AlBe, no MOTHBHiMa, pa3AH'Y'H-
Te "oKyrapH" nOIK'PH'BKe - T3
1
KO Ha3B3!I-:Ie no !'I1eCTY npO'H3I3''AH>e OKY-
TapH (skdar) y MaAoj A3HjH - H ABe TpaKe HCTor rropeKAa 331
CTOAy .HMaHrH'nYA .-1Il HaI3eAHn-BajHepT je npeTIlI:TaBHAa ,c\a cy "CK'1-
Tap1'l" nOKpHBrKe 'H TpaKe 6HAe Aeo paTHor rrA0J-Ia Hi\11 HerKe 6I-ITKe
If3Mel)y XpHllln3JHa H TyparK!a y CAaBoHiHju, a Aa CV cAY>.KHAe Kao YK-
pa'c 'Ha TypC!QOM waTopy.H Y'Ka3HB'aH>e.\1 '113 npH'Jvtep 3AeHl.I3IHiCKe rap-
. . .
'HI-ITY'pe, Ha IKO]'OJ cy 01.lHrAe,c\'He c\:aOOCTH p:o KOJHX Je AOllil\:O npHAH-
K'DM H:>HXOBOr npeKpajaH>a (CA. 1), aYTopK,a je y Be3rH C I-bHXOiBOM
TIpHMeHOM yonulTe, Aa 'll'O.J:3atbe 3a TY'pCK!IfM TKa'HII-tHaL\13
paAH H3paAe U'PK'BeJ-IIHX O,c\e)l<AH npeAiCTaHMa, nOOMaTp3lHO y eBpon
OIfM H3Y3eTalH rCJ\yqaj,42 aArH Aa "AyroTp3ljlHo Ca)l<HBAJa-
RaH>e C 06A'HUIfM3 o'p'I-ljeHTaNHe opHaJ\1eIHl1HiKe, WTO CV HX Ty'Pu'H AG-
HOOHAH y Te KpajeBe (aYTOp 'MHCAH Ha CA3IB'IHHjy) H Y HajHe3JH3J1HrH-
jl-frM npeAMeTHr.Vla CI3aI<,HAaWH>er )lUIl3'OTa, 6pHcaAO je pa3AHKe 'H3\leby
opHjeHTaNHor H 0BporrCKur"
HeKH A'HKOBHH rrpHMepH l'farBO;.l,e Ha lIpenIOCTZlHKY ,\l. Co' H Y
CpeMY 6HAH ,c\3'PHBa'HH AY;I<CY3H1H Ka<jnaHH, IHMl MO)l<Aa
1'OKOM paTHHX onepaU'H'ja, KOjH cy rrpeKpajaiHrH y 33 rrpaI30-
CA'aBHO CBeWTeHCl'B. HarBOAH'MO xalbIfHY "AaAMaTrH1KY" 'Ha naEOHY
rrpH'Ka3aHOM Ha "IIlToI3aH>e H'KOHa", cAHIKaHoj 1608. rOA:l-1HC
y 'H'aocy upKBe -M3JHa:CT.J.-Ipa XOTl'OIBO (CA. 2).44 CWMeTpH1.lIHO KO.\1110IHU-
BaHa lU3Ipa caCTaBlbeHa A "TYPOKT u;Bel.a" , K3JpaHqmAa, TYNH,naHa Il
AlHBlbe pY>.Ke, IHa baKolHoBoj "AaNMaTHuH", rrOK'3'3yje 6i\!JfCKY <::NH1.I-
BoeT C TaKBHM UBel'H'H?v1 MOTHBrH'Ma IHa l'VpO.KJH'M l'KaHIfHl'M'a iH3 'MaAO-
a3HjCKHx paPiHOH'Hua.-
15
AIHaAorHje ce oTrl<pll'Bajy Ta'KObe Ha npeA7.1e-
THMa APY.!'HX 33JHaTC'KO-VMellHHIKHX A!HC'L\'I-lrrAIIfHa, npHMepa paA,H Ha
J13J-11W1'Koj 'Kepa'MHU'H 'Koja je ca'lY'8a'lIa Ha <jJacaA.aMa upr-<a'Ba H y !-bH-
XOI3I1'M eHTepnjepHMa H0KHX M3'HaCTHpa 'Ha CBeroj fOPH,i BAI-! Ha
39 V. Paveli-Weinert, ILaU, CIlO, 36-41.
40 I1cm, 37-38.
41 11cro, 39.
42 11cro, 39, 40.
43 11cro.
44 V. Han, Les courants des style.s dans les metiers d'art des artis(L/1s
chrtiens, au XVIe et durant les premires dce1lnies du XVIle sicle dans
les rgions centrales des Balkans, Balcanica l, Beograd 1970, 249, 250, sI. 9.
43 Tahsin Oz, Turkish Textiles and Velvets, XIV--XV cenluries, An-
kara 1950. PI. XIX.
46 J. Carswell, Pottery and Tiles 011 Mount Athos, Ars Orientalis, vol.
VI (1966), Plate 1, Fig. A, 33, 34; Plate 2, Fig. B, 39; Plate 10, Fig. T.
---
l
[
l

TYPCKH llOLlaCl-Ht K<:Icjn<:lll '! C\ '!)KOa XpllUdl<lJ1CKC Alrrypnfje 285
rrpeAlvIeTH'!I1a OA ,<-\;pBeTa, YKpaweHJ.-L'v1 KOUlTaflOivl HHTap3HjoM, YI? XVI
H XVII BeKa. lloMeHI1MO TpOH eK}'lMeHoKe naTpHjapWI1je y UapH-
rpaAY H3 1577. CTaAaK 3a U1KOIHlY EO'fOpOA;H[(e y fAaBHoj
UPK:BH Ma'HacTHpa XHAe'HAapa, 'HaJTa! 1688. rOA'I'PHe
48
il JJ;pKBeiHa Bpa-
Ta y lvIaiHaCTHpH'Ma ITHBH
l9
('Kpaj XVI BeKa) H M'pa't:fiH"o (rro\.jeTaK
XVII BeKa).
UpwKa3H l.(PKBOHI1.X i\IHJJ;a H i\aJHKa Ha 3HAH'M cA:HIKapcTBY XVI H
Y rrpBoj n''i\OBH:HII XVII BeKa y HemfM oaAKa'HOl<'l-fM 3eMJ'oaJMa, o:i.ene-
HIiX y xaA>IilHe ca opHaJMeHTaAHlHM wapa'Ma Koje YKa3yjy Ha H>HXOB')
OplJ.tjeHTaAIHO, rroce6:H'O TVP"OKO rropeKAO (EYAl1'Ca'BUYI, nYlBa, XonoB,
13a\.(KoBo ),;1 CBeAOqe Aa je i\ 'lKCY3lHtH TeJKCn-li\ 3a norpeoe XpHWna'l!4l
YBO)((H Ha 13aAKali H YI3 MaAoa3HjoK1fX l1Kaql!<.'l-lX qeluapa rr ope,c\
YB03a ca 3arraA(L
Kacj)TCl'H je y XVI Ii XVII BeKY y BAamKo'j H MOAAaBHjH 6HO
J:apa:KTep'HCl1KLJa'H rrpeAMeT CReqalHe ABopCKe OAene, H3pat>HBaH OA
I.YKCY3HOf TeKCTHAa j.uaAHja:HOKe H TypCKe, MaAoa3HjoKe rrpOiH3BOA-
CKyrrou;eHH rrpYI'MepL\H Ka<pT'aJHa AO'.'vlane 1I-I31paAe ca HElKIHIM crr-
JJ;YI,<p'YI\.jHHM BapYIjaHTa..V!a, aMI 11 OHE rropeKAo..V! YI3 TYPCKlHX paAiHORH-
qa, HajBep'BaT'HHje u;apHrpaAOKHX. Hai\a3'HAIH cy oBAe 'Kao H y Ay-
6P0B'HiHKY, a oe3 CYMI-be H y HeK'H\v! ApyrI-IM OaA'l<.a'H'OK'H'M rpaAOBIlI'Ma,
CBOjy C0KYHAapHY rrpl-l'MeJHY, l.(P10HY, i\HTYP'I1HjCKY. HaiUle, nCAaBHo
je YTBpneHO Aa cy H3BeOHIH epeAOHH H U;p'I<.BeiHe rrpOCTHpKe H nOIK9Hl3-
Ke 3a rpoOHiU:u;e, KIl'BOTe HAH tIaCHY rpne3Y, CaYYBaJHl-l no UPI-:B<l.Ma
il UPKBe<H'H'M p'H3r-mua,'vta BAaLUKHX 'H MOAAaJBOKHX MaiHa'CTHpa, caCT3B-
l'oaJHH O'A HeKaAaWH>HX Kaq)'faHa, H'Oure<HoHX 'Ha ,A:B:opOB'lIIMa BAaAaopa H
rrAeMHlla HAYI no rpaA;OBl-l.\la H MaI-bI-IM MeCI'HMa (CA. 3) .,;;; Ta lliHXOIBi:.1
Apyra, BOBa Ha.\leHa je ooaiKa'KO AorrpHlHeAa Aa AO 'HaWHX AaHa O'CTaHY
peAaTYIl3HO Ao6po OtIVBalH'H.
C1'pnMHBHM l-lCTpa)KH'BalJ'K'Yl'M paAO.'v1 je,A:He eKiH'!1e HaYYlHHIKa ILl
OACloeI-ba cTape PYMYHoKe Y.'vleTlHOCTH YMeT1Hl-ltIKOf MY3eja CP PYNl'I/-
I-I'I-fje y EYKypewTY KOjy je BOA'HA,a KO'pJIJHa HHlKOAeOKY, H
HHM paA'M CTpY\.jl-baKa PaAIIOHiHu;e 3a pecTa'ypHpaI-be TiKaHYI-Ha I-U
HCTor MY3eja, ycneAo je Aa ce 'HeI O,A npeKpojeH'HX Ka<pTaHa BpaTe
'1 CBOj npHi'.,raprm 06AHK, Me!5y lMIMa ce IlaAa3e H3BaHpeAHo AenH H
3aJHiH'MiOH'l3H npI-fMepUH TypoKor rrOpeKi\a, HacraAH KpajeM XV 'HAy{
TO'KO'M XVI BeKa.'>4 HHjC HOKI'oY'-IeH'O Aa cy HeKlH OA -rIIX KaepTa:Ha
47 l'. A. KEr'l[];\lA TOr OIKOYMENIKOr KA1
<l>J'AAKIUN, A0HN,\ 1937, J7-21, El[(. 4, IllN, 5-6.
48 B. XaH, fhlTap3uja /./(l 110pY'Ih' nelL/ce l1arpujapUluje, XVI-XVIII
6., HOBH CaA 1966, 105, 106, CA. 65.
49 l1 C'fO, 72, 73, CA.. 40, 42,
.,0 HCl'O, 76, CA. 46,
.)1 V. Han, Les, courall/s des s!y/es..., 249, notes 35, 36.
K. HIII<OACCI;:y (C Nicolescu), AaopcICu ICOCH1,\ol PYMYHuje 00 XIV
00 VXIII (Je/w, KaTa,lor JIJ.IOlh:Oe, My:.;ej npHiVlel'bcHc ','MeTHocTH, EeorpaA
1969.
03 He'fO, KaT. 6p. 1, 2, 3, 4, 19, 21, 22.
54 l1eTO, KaT. op. 1 II 3.
286
Bepella XaH
6Hi\l{ Y TO BpeMe Aa'PHBa:H1H BAaillKIH'M HAIH MOAAaiBOKiHlM BeA'MKOA'O-
croj'HHUH'Ma,BAaAapHM'a, rrpH'HyeBM'M,a, HAH AHrrAOMaTOKIHM npe.1,t:TaB-
HlHU'H_\1a A'BOpa H APYl'fIIM MCTa'KHYTH'M A,l{''-EHOCHIIMa rrpl1AHKOM I-bHXO-
BHX ITOCeTa HOP'I1H, ON{;OOHO CYATaiHOiB'OM ABOpy.
TypoKa ynp3lBa iHaA 3etMfoaiMa eBporrCKor jyrOH'CTOKa OCTaBIiAa je
BeAiI1JKJH 6pO'j rrpeA'Mera, rroHaj'BHWe TB0'PeBHlHa l'YP'OKor y:vteTI-IH'-lKOr
3aiHaTCTBa, K,ojH cY yrrpKOC YIUbeHHl.J)H Aa cy .I-bHX''BH HOCHO'l-ur 61L\H
H'3a3HBaYlH Te1l.l:KJHX H AyroTpajlHlHx 60POH H parO'Ba, Te Y3pO'l:HlH'UH
BeKOBHlHX rraTl-MI ili CTpaAaI-ba HapOAa Ha OBOa"1 TIOAPyyjy, YAenwaBaAIl
)KIIIIBOT AOMOpOAHOIr CTaiHBHHllITBa y rpaAOBIIIMa, MY IHerrOCpe,6JHo
CAY)fNfAH Y CiBa'Ko;.\HeB'HUH. TM npeAMeuf cY aCToIBpe:I.1eHO :npeACTaiJ-
/'aAH Tpajl-fO H3BopHwTe rroAcTHuaja YMenrHUHMa H AOManHM Maj-
cTopHMa H'CT'HX BAH CpOA'l-:llHX 3aIHaTa 3a iHO:Ba ACKopaTHBHa peweI-ba
HC11HNCKe CHHTe3e, Kao H 3a BOBe rrocTyrur<e y TeXiHoAowKoj o6PMI1.
Ha BHWBM CTerreHrY 61HAH cY MHpO/ny6HBiH cycpeu1 yrAeABHx AHYiHO-
CTH 'Ha IlopTH, OAHOOHO cYATaHuBoM ABOpy y U;apHrpaAY, rAe je rrpo-
MeT OHO /KilIlBH 'KOHTHHlynp3lH, HapO'lIIH' AlHrrAOMaTOIX npe,,CTaE-
HHiK'a 3eMaib'3 eBporrrOKor jyroHcTOIKa 'lfl\JH yorrUlTe EBpone, rAe cy 1'0-
rBOpeHe CAallKOpeya-I.lBe rrpOTOKOAapI-Ie iby6a3HocTH H H3MeI-bil11BaIHH Bn
ille HAH Ma'I-be oKyrrOl\eHiH AapOBI1, Meby 'KojlH'Ma je ca l'YPCKe CTpaa
IlOyaCI-lH, L\epeMoHHjaAHH Ka<pTaH npeACTaBfoao CIlel\H<plf'IHOCT, a
lf,J1iI+H ce Aa je yonwTe 6HO jeA3IH 'Meny TYp':JKior YMCT-
J-IIH''-TiKOr 3aHaTCTBa I(,j'H je IHajBH'We I<pY)f"no no eBpOTIOKHM npeCTO-
I-lHua'Ma.
lb Kpyra Typc'Ke YMeTH'CUr, l\eBTpai\l!f30BaiHe 'Ha cYATaHBo,"1
ABOPy npOH3Hwl\JH CY'H rro OHA'H 6H'yaja H Ha OOHlOBY rrpaBHAa lIpO-
TOKOAa Ba>KenHX Ha DOPTH 6HMI Kao AapOBH Aefo0HH !MHOrH npH-
.\WPl\H l\epeMiHH'jaNHe 'OAene, OBe'-IalHOr Ka<pTaiHa KOjHM je, Aa ce H3-
pa3H'MO C3IBpeMeH'HM TepMHHOM H3 pe'-IH'H:Ka rrOA'H'J1HYiKJl1X nojlMana,
BpweHa Ao6po OMHllllneHa H AeAOTBpHa 'KYATypHo-nOi\'WlillYiKa npo-
rraraI-fAa nOlllTO je Taj crrertH<pHY3IH npeAJMeT
IlAeHiao OUWT'Y rra>KI-bY OBOj'H1M I31HOO'KJl1'M l<rBaAHTeTO'M. Taj IK:BaAIHTer
ce rrpe OBera OTAeAao 'Ha OKY'rrOl\etH'OM Te'KCl1HAY MaAoa3HjoKe npOH3-
BOAI-be OA .Kora cy Ka<pTaiHH 611AIH oKipojeH1H, 3al'H'M Heo6HYlHiHiM OPIHi-
MeHTaAHHc\1 iM'OTI1BHMa, lllapeHilfAOM H /KiWBiOlllhY A06po YCKAaneH'HX
60ja, oja'jetM /K.lfl\a:DA nAeMeHHl'HX M'-T0p:wjaAa KojlHIMa je 6HAa npoT-
K3IHa OCHOBa 1'Ka'HI1He, nAH je 6H!0 1lI3BetAetH lBe3eI-fH Y'Kpac Ha HMMa.
YBepeHH OMO Aa je jeAaH OA Ba/KiHHX tIiJ11H1HA,al\a, U\1/K.Aa '-T3IK 'H npe-
cYAaH npH AOHOWeI-bY oAAYKe - y npBH Max He06HYHe, 6H3apHe -
Aa ce 'OA TY'pCK:H'X l\epeM
i
<YHil1jaAIHlHx lKa4T3IHa H3paAe 0Ae>KAe 3a XPH-
rnn:aHCKY AIH'f\npm}y, 6no npe clBera I-bHXOB BHOO'K 3aHaTOKO-YMeT-
Hll4IQH IaAHTeT.
I-bHXOBHrM Y C3IKpaAiH13 oAeAa HAB: l\pKl3eHe i.rpo-
Cmj)Ke H niKpHiBKe, nOyaOHlHM Ka<pTaHHMa je npO\A'Y)f<.eH BCK Tpa-
jaI-ba, rra je peAaT'HBHO BeAlIIK 6poj THX rrpe,lllMeTa caY',!,BaH Y npl<l:le-
I-fHlM H A'aHY'KHM plf3H
'
.H l\alMa, Te Y npHIBaTHHM 36npK3IMal1iMYDHHKa,
Y Koje cy AocneBaAH Ha pa3He HatIlHlI-le, Aa 6'11 aaj3aA IHeKH IMeny I-bH.\la
TYPCKH nOlWCHH KaqnaH y CAY/I(H XpHWnaHCKe J\liTypmje 287
IHaWi\11 6e36e/.\a'H cMewTaj y MY3ejil1
1
Ma WHpOM CBeTa !Kao iKpajI-hoj
CTamI OBor II 3aBpmHHUiH c/Bojnx HeKaA lHeo6H'lIHHX npo-
Mena BJ\aOHl1!K'a H jorn Heo6I.f"4'HlHjIHX MeHa CJB<Yje ynoTpe6e Kp03 He-
KOAlfKO cToJ\ena.
Verena Han
TLJRK!SH FESTAL CAFTAN IN THE SERVICE OF CHRISTIAN
UTURGY 'IN THE BALKANS (XVI - XVII CENTURIES)
Summary
Festal, i.e. ceremonial oaftan as a luxurious and costly piece
of artistic craftsmanship of Turkish origin served, particularly in
course of the sixeenth and seventeenth centur,ies, as a gift offerred
by the Porte or in the towns of European part of Turkish Empire
to individuals of foreign nationality, and first of aIl 1.0 diplomatic
representatives of European royal courts and governments, then to
Christian princes and other members of contemporary high society.
The festal caftan as a substantive proof of respects and a sign of
benevolence by the sul tan or sorne high official of Turkish admi-
ni.stration power was at the same bme an appropriate tool of rpoli-
tical propaganda. Donated caftans, namely, due to their obtrusive
beauty and excellent craftsmanship, were accepted with pleasure
and used in variUs ways. Particularly 'nteresting was a solution
for their practical use 'applied by the Dubrovnik government. Fes-
tive caftan, in other words, as the sign of the hierarchial social
symbolics at the Porte, was remodelled into priest's vestments for
performing catholic church
Rich funds of the Historical Archives in Dubrovnik contain
numerous data on Turkish festal caftans brought by the envoys of
the Republic of Dubrovni.k from Istanbul or fram the towns of
European part of the Empire, after receivLng them on the ccasion of
deEvering annual tribute. After returing to Dubrovnik diplomatic
represen:tatives were under a dutY to submit caftans they received
to governmen's chamberlain. The chamberlain then evaluated these
garments, often rather high (even fifty ducats a piece on sorne occa-
sions) and deposited them in the s-tate depository where they were
at free disposaI by the government.
The inclination of the citizens of DubrovThik toward rational
way of life and their capacity for practical settlement of problems
of any kind foundits particular expression in designing the pur-
288
BepCI-Ia XaH
pose for thes2 Turkish festal caftans. In arder ta meet the applica-
tions by the representatives of churches in the territory of the
RE:public for resources needed fair purchasing rather expensive l'--
presentative church garments, carpetry and covers, the Senate of
Dubrovnik granted them the possession of caftans from its de-
pository. Degree of ornamentation on the caftans depended on the
significance and size of each church, since there were differences
in the richness on the caftans. Thus, for instance, in course of more
than a century the cathedral church in Dubrovnik received more
than twenty pieces c.f caftans_ These caftans were remodelled into
or pl uvialia, thE:n they were used !to .build c'anopies
of decorative type, or for decorating church spaces for specific pur-
poses (reliqua.ries). We have no data on any pice of remodelled
Tu.rkish caftans from sixteenth and seventeenth centuries preserved
in the territory of Dubrovnik. However, on sorne paintings of Du-
brovnik school there are examples of saints' garments which may be
deemed as being painted on the ground of the original textile pro-
ducts from Turkish Asia Minor workshops, or, probably, of already
made, i.e. remodelled caftans.
As fllr as Dubrovnik documE:nts shaw, it seems that in cour5C
of processing Turkish caftans, i.e. of their dividing or remod.elling,
there were no reluctance or expressing animosity towards that lu-
xurios Turk.ish layman clothings as the sign of speoi.fic social hie-
rarchical symbolics. There are several factors which could influence
that tolerant attitude towards these visually effective abjects and
their use ,in the catholic church. They can ,inc1ude, fst of aIl, est-
hetic and technological qualitiE:s of these caftans, which attracted
attention of observers and were pleasant ta their eyes. There is no
doubt that economic grounds were also of importance, sa that
church had ta accept the caftans, since luxurious dothes fram any
source were exceptionally expensive. Finally, it should be empha-
sized that, in course of the sixteen,th and seventeenth centuries,
the renaissance and baroque Dubrovnik was full of various abjects
from Lev.ant, specific -in form and purpose, which gave to the town
that characteristic atmosphere typical for a great number of Bal-
kan urban ce-nters under Turkish direct rule.
In addition ta Dubrovnik, the,re is mention of sorne other exam-
pies of secondary use of Turkish festal caftans or, in general, of
some other textile products of Turkish origin (casula, stola and ma-
nipulum from the chapel of St. Peter Veliki Zdenci in Slavoni!a);
there is also menon of relate-d fine a,rts source (the fresco of "Ado-
ration of Icons" from 1608 in the church of the Hopo,vo monastery
in Fruska Gora - Vojvodina).
In course of the sixteenth and seve-nteenth centuries in Wa-
lachia and Moldavia oaftan has served, obviously under the influ-
ence of Levant, as a characteristic object of festive court attire. It
was manufactured out of luxurious fabrics of Itali'an and Turkish
TYPCKH nOyaCHH KaqHaH y CAY:>K6H XpillllnaHCKe AHTYpmje 289
(Asia Minor) production. These caftans, just as those in Dubr.ovnik,
Slavonia and Vojvodina, and undoubtedly also in other areas and
towns in the European South East, found their secondary use in
the church. The examplEs from the churches of Walachian and Mol-
daVlian monasteries are characteristic to that conclusion. Recently
the experts and research workers of the Fine Arts Museum in
Bucarest succeeded to restore into primary form and shape some
examples of church attire (felons) which were remodelled from the
caftans or from some blankets and carpets in mentioned monasteries.
CA. 1. Ka3VAa, npeAI-bH Aeo, cKpojeHa OA "CI<VTapH" nOKpHBKe, ca rrpe-
Cebel-lHM opl-la,vlel-ITaAI-IH:M i\\OTHBI1Ma, rrpBa rro,\. XVII BeKa. MY3ej
EpOACKor TIocaBloa, CAaBOl-lCKH EpOA
(no TIaBeAI1n-Weinert)
Fig. 1. Casula, front part, cut out from a skutari cover, with
interrupted ornamental motives; first half of the XV1lth ntury. Mu-
seum of the Brod Sava Basin, Slavonski Brod
(By Paveli - Weinert)
CA. 2. naKoH y .1l,8AMaTHUH ca MOTJIBHl'vla "TypCIzor" u.Bena, eppecK8, 1608,
Haoc upKBe M81-JacTHpa XorroBo
Fig. 2. A deacon in a dalmatica with motives of "Turkish flowers,
frescoe, 1608, naos of the church of Hopovo monastery
CA. 3. Ka<jn311, MaAa A3l1ja, XVI neK, KacHHje npeTBopel-l V <jJeAoH,
lIeAaBHO peCTavpHcaH. YMeTl-IHCJKI1 ~ v e j CP PVilIVHHje, bVKvpewT
(no K. HHKoAecKV)
Fig. 3. Caftan, Asja Minor, XVIth ccntury, transformed subsequently
into a felon. recently restored. Art Museum of the SR of Rumania,
Bucarest
tEy C. Nicolescu)
MapHjaHa rVWHR
POINT DE RAGUSE - AYEPOBAl..JKA l..J11I1KA
I10 YCBojeHoM MllWJoeH>Y, '1llIIKa je AjeAo HajBlliller AOMeTa
TeKCl'HAHOr YMHjena CBHX BpeMeHa. Y rrpoQBa11Y eBporrCKe '1llTIKe, y
XVII cT010eny jeAHa OA Haj601011x '1HTIKapCKllX TBop6a HOCH Ha3HB
Point de Raguse. KatKO cy ce Bpcre '1,HTIa'Ka Haj'1ewhe 3BaAe TIO 'Mje-
Cl'Y CBor TIOpHjeKAa, 1'0 He Tpe6a CYMH>aTH Aa je Ta '1llIIKa AOHeTa
TIOTjeQaAa H3 Ay6poBHHKa (OTTIaAa CBaKa TIpllIIaAHOCT rpaAY Pary-
3H Ha CHQHAHjU). 113 cPpaHQ'YCKHX BujecTH XVII CTOloena A03Ha-
jeMo Pia je Point de Raguse 6HAa caBpweHa '1HnKapCKa TBop6a,
npBa no pacKowHoj loenOTIl 113Meny CBHX TaAaWH>HX 'lllTIaKa. Y
H3BopHMa ce Point de Raguse jaBtoa '1eTH;pU rryia,l
OA '1era AB3 TIYTa y EAHKTIlMa KojllMa MHHHCTap Colbert HaeTojH Aa
3aYCTaBH rOAeMe paCXOAe 3a Ha6aBKY lliH03eMHHX '1llIIaKa. CTora
KpaloeBCKHM AeKpeTOM H3 1665. OCHHBa '1HTIKapCKO cpeAllllTe y
Alen'onu, AOTaAaWH>eM cpeAllwTY )KeHOKHX Be30Ba y <I>paHuyeKoj.
,AeKpeTOiM je oApeneH0 Aa Point de France no IKIBaA!HTeTH Mopa 6WtH
paBHOTIpaBHa '1HllKaMa "Point de Venise, de Gnne, de Raguse...
Ty AaKAe Point de Raguse CTOju paBHonpaBHo C TaAaWH>HM Haj-
60loHM Y.HIf]K13IMa 'H O'1HTO je 6HAa COOB'HIM rrpBopa'3peAiHa '1UiIlKa. Kao
caCBHM H3HHMHa, Point de Raguse ce jaBloa y noeMH pyraAllQH 0
IfHHKlIMa. Y oBeMonHoj MOA:H '1lHlnaK'3, Ta njecMa je 6HAa rAacHH YC-
TYK Ha 3a6paHY '1HnaKa H3 1660. rOAHHe. CaTH;pH'-ma noeMa je pe-
QHTHpaHa y caAoHY Mme de Svign, a 3a!1J1'M llITaM1Il3Ha.
2
Y TOj
aAeropHjH HacTynajy CBe TaAa 1l03HaTe BpcTe '1HnaKa. 3a Hawe TIH-
TaH>e je Ba)KHO Aa BeHeQHjaHcKa '1HTIKa, Koja BOM fAaBHY pHje'1 y
onneM 360py '1HTIaKa, omTpo npeKopaBa Point de Raguse 3aT0 WTO
OHa CBOjOM pacKoillHoM nojaBoM YHHWTaBa APYWTBO H Ap)KaBY.
Point de Raguse, Ka)Ke ce, CBaKaKO je "OA cPHHor CBI1.jeTa" H Kao
1 M. Deanovi, Anciens canIac/.{ enlre la France el Raguse, Zagreb
1950, 105 Il Aa",e; M. Schuelce, Alle Spilzen, Braullischweig 1963
4
, 124-125.
2 IloeMa Revolte des passements, y 36HPllH Recueil de Pices les
plus agrables de ce Temps, compo'$s par divers aUlheurs, IlapHc 1961;
f
M. Schuette, Ha8. oe,lO, 120, 223, Han. 35.
1.
292
MapHjaHa fYWHn
kYKCY3HY Tpe6a .le ymullTHTH, H3arHaTlI H3 Ap)K,aBe. A KaA TO roBO-
pH Ia dentelle de Veniise Koja .le TaAa cyBepeHO BAaAaAa Ha cBjeT-
OKOM TP)KHillI1Y tJ
J
Hfl1Ke, TiJA'a HY)K'H'O 3a
l
KibY'lyjeMo Aa .le Ay6poHa'-W<l
'HmKa 6HAa Cl'OBIHIM oco6II"ra. Jep rrpe..'v1a TaMe rroAaToKY, KOA'llKO rOA
MO)KAa rrpeTjepaHoM, Point de Raguse .le no CBeMY 6HAa tJHnKa BH-
COKe WIjeHe, jow pa<pHHHpaHHja OA cBoje MonHe cynapm1ue H3
BooeUHje. MH '0 TOM HeMlJMO fl1UCaIHHX BH'jecTH HH MaTepHjaAJHHX
CrrOMtlliHlKa. rrOKymaT neMO rrocpeAHO A03HaTH H Il!piHanH IKaJK'Ba .le
TO 6HAa TeKCTHAHa TBopeBHHa Koja .le HMe CBora rpaAa rrpoHHjeAa
cBRjeToM y A06a HajBener UBaTa tJHrrKe. MO)KAa neMO HanH H rrpHM-
jepKe aHTHKHe tJH:I1Ke KojH 6H MorAH oArooopaTH TOj BHCOKOj Ou-
jeHH Point de Raguse.
Kao yorrne Ha AeBaHTY, TaKO .le li Ha HCTOtJHOj 06aAH JaApa-
Ha y o p e ~ v BHjoKY rrocrojaAo rrpoqmlhelH'O )KeHOKO 'PYJKO>I1BOp-
CTBO li3 Kojer ce y peHecaHCli OKO 1500. rOAHHe H3ABaja npaBa tJHrr-
Ka y o6je TeXiHHIKe: Ha HrAY H Ha 6aT'Hne. epHHe Mpe)KHue OA 3A:.I-
THe H cpe6pHe HHTH rrOTHtJy H3 CTapOXJpBaTCKHX rp06HHX HaAa3a, a
AaTHpaHe cy y IX cToibene.
3
OtJHTO .le TO 6HO y06H'IajeH AeKOp Ha
BeAHKalllKoj orrpeMH. l-I3paneHe cy y ABHje TeXHHKe )KeHCKOr pytJ-
Hor paAa - macram H filet. 06je TeXHHKe cy CAY)KHAe 3a pa3He
cyrrrHAHe TeKCTHAHe TBop6e li y CBOM apXeTHTIY cy rrpeTetJe paHHX
tJImKaHHX TBop6a. KacHHje rrpaBa tJHIIKa HarrYWTa 06je apxaHtJHe
TeXHHKe. Y MeAHjeBaAHHM TeKCTOBHMa ,'ll3 jY)KHe HTaAHje cycpene
ce jeAaH OA Ha3HBa 3a TaKBe paHe AeKOpaT'HBHe paAOBe. fOAHHe
1181, y cAY)K6H npMlAjooa Ka tobalea trinata4 caAp)f{3JH .le oHaj
06AJHKK!0j-n .le KaoHHje Kao trina CAIY)KH'O 3a rrpaBY YiHrrIKY. Kac-
HOMeAHjeBaAHH rrpHMjep AeBaHTCKor AeKopa .le H rrepH30M In
MonHMa CB. CHMeOHa y 3aApy,:; OBaj YHHKaTHli npeAMeT .le y CBOM
YI<ipaCHOM rrOibY caCTaBibeH OA MOTHBa. 3BHje3Ae y TeXHHUH crreUli-
jaAJfl1ar K'PY)K;/-IOr macrama. rro HaT'rruoy OA KpY'fDHOT 6Hcepa A03'Ha-
jeMo Aa .le HaCTao y ocaMAeceTHM rOAHHaMa XV cToibena. rro jeAH-
HOM MOTHBY 3BHje3Ae, Taj jeAHHcTBeHH rrpeAMeT .le cyrAacaH C rro-
AaLJ;HMa y HlJ-iBeJITapy <paMHAHje Sforza y MHAaHY H3 1493. rDAHHe.
6
Meny OCTaAHM, TV .le IIi peza una de tarnete d' argento facte a
stelle, AaKAe 'flKaHa TBop6a caCTaBlneHa OA MOTHBa 3BHje3Ae y
cpe6pHoj HliTli. A KaKO A. Merli, jeAlaH OA Haj60ibHx rr03Ha<BaAaua
8 M. Apanf"lleBHn, l.J eTUpu cj:JpaZJueHTa TeKCTWW U3 CTapoxp8a'CCKUX ZpO-
608a, CTapoxpBaTOKa npocBjeTa III/e, Cni\HT 1981; HcrH, HeKOIIUKO cj:JpazMe-
HaTa TeKCTUlla U3 zpo6oea HeKpOl1OIIe C8. Cnac y cellY aeTuHu Ko BplluKe,
CTapoxpBaTcKa npocBjera III/12, CnMIT 1982.
4 G. B. de Rossi Nitti H T. Nitti di Vito, Coc/ice diplomatico Ba/ese,
l,' Bari 1897, III; Monopoli 1181, y '\mpa3Y: ... et unam tobaleam
trinatam...
5 M. rYlUHn, flepU30AJ y pmal ca. 1lI1IMyHa y 3apy, Ba\canica, VIII,
EeorpaA 1977.
6 F. Bury Pallisser, Histoire de la dentelle, Paris 1892
2
, 37.
293
Point de Raguse - Ay6pOBa<iKa <iHnKa
XHCTopHjcKe '-IIillKe, H3pa3 tarneta H3jeAHa'-lyje C Ha3HBOM trina,7
1'0 ce ynpaBo y TOMe o'-lHryje npeAa3 H3 MeAHjeBaAHHX AeBaHTIlH-
CKHX Mpe)KaCI'HX TBop6a npeMa paHoj nojaBH peHecaHCHe '-IHnKe.
y HameM epOAKAOpHOM TeKCTHAY ce 3aAP)KaBajv 06je apxaW-IHe
TexHHKe, macram H fiilet, ycnopeAo C nojaBoM apaBe peaecaHcHe
'-IIillKe. Ben y CnOMeH'YToM HHBeHTapy Sforza, Ha nOCTetoHoj py6e-
HHHH ce 'HaAa3H AeK'Op C Ha3J1B0:\1 reticella. HaK:O y p<l'3Ml''-Inro'j
rpaepHjH (H3 '-Iera cy HaCTaAa pa3AH'-IHTa TYMa'-leI-ha OBe puje'lli),
TV je AOHCTa pHje'-l 0 reticeHi, 0 OHoj '-IHTIKaHoj TBOp6H H3 Koje je
HenOOpEl,lllHO HaCTaAa caMOCTaAlHa '-IHHKa nOA .J{CTIfM iHa3H1BOM. Y
Ay6poBa'-lKHM cnHCHMa, reticella ce jaBtoa Ben OA 1504. r O e ~
na HaAatoe, a H TY HajnpHje Kao YKpac Ha 6HjeAoj KynaHcKoj py-
eHHHH, na je Tel( y XVIII CTO/benV y Ay6pOBHHKY nOCTaAa caMO-
CTaAaH YKJpac Ha )l(eHCKOM KOCTHMY. PaHa nojaBa reticelle je O'-lHTO
y epaKTYPH jow 6AHCKa pa3BHjeHoM AeKopaTHBHOM paCilAeTY, Mit
je Ben 060raneHa '-IHnKapCKoM TeKcTypoM H3paoeHOM Ha nOMonHoj
Mpe)l(HI..\H. TaK:Ba Mipe)KHI..\a - reticella A06HBeH'a je V nAal1HY OA
HHTH H3OCTaBtoeHHX OA OCHOBe H nOTKe, aAH C HHAOAaHOM nOMon-
HOM AHjaroHaAOM. To je AaKAe npHMapHa rel:Jicella Koja oCTaje y
nAaTH'Y caora npeAMeTa. Ha AatoeM crynI-hY, nOMonHa Mpe)KUI..\a oc-
TaBtoa nAa'PHO, Ta'KO Aa je rrpHI.JIBplllneHa Ha np'HBp0MeHoj nOAN03H
(OA nepraMeHa HAH nanHpa). Ha TOM CTYIII-hY HacTaje CaMOCTaAHa
<IIillKa y epaKTypH Koja H HaAatoe 3aAp)K,aBa Ha3HB reVicella. Hcnpaa
AHKOBHO y dessinu ONOBapa npHMapHoj, HecaMocTaAHoj reticelli,
aAH ,1lOCKopa eaMOCTaAHa reticella nocTaje npare '-IHnKa y Texmn.ur
lllHBeHe '-IHTIKe Ha HrAY. Y XVII CTOtoeny AOCTH)l(e paCKOlIlHe AH-
MeH3Hje BeMme 6apOKHe '-IHilKe.
AaHae ce Ha TAy HeKaAalIlI-he Ay6pOBa'-lKe PeTIY6AlIKe HaAa31t
IICKOA'HlKO npHJMjepa'Ka x,HCllopnjcKe '-l'IffllKe; H1aj'flpHje, 1'0 je OA1'ap-
J-I'HK y I..\pKBHL\H foone OA llIYI-ha Ha OTOKY AonryAy.
9
OBaj YJHlHlKarraH
npeAMeT npOHaoeH je 1950. Kao oA6a'-leHa KJpna, pa3pe3aH V ABa
I<OMaAa. PeCTaYPHpaH HcaCTaBtoeH y I..\jeIH1JHY ITOIKa3aO ce Kao He-
BeAHK CTOAI-ha,l( HAH oATapHI1K HaMHjeH>eH 3a oATapHY MeH3V IIOA
I..\H60pHjeM. CpeAHHa MY je OA TelllKor CBHAeHor AaMacTa y T'PH rra-
CTeL\He 60je. Py6HH YKpac je V ABHje 6oje, )KynKacTa je OA CHpOBor
AaHa, a HeTH KOHaI..\ je o60jeH y cBHjeTAH HHAHro. OA Tor AB06ojHor
KOHL\'a H3paDeH je illl1ipolK'H PYOH'H Y;K'pac IKOjH ce CacTOj'H OA epHAerra
H py6He '-Illl1Ke. llIHpoKH epHAeT HoeH opHaMeHT H3pa3HTO lllIIaI-hOA-
CKor CTHAa XVI CTOtoena, aAH no AeTatoH'Ma y H3BeA6H BHAH ce Aa
7 A. Merli, Origine ed llSO delle trine a filo di rete, Genova 1864.
~ XH'CTOpHjCIGI apXHB y Ay6pOBHHKY: Diversa cancel1arie Rhagusinae
(Aatoe: Div. canc.), 97, f. 118, 1505: entemelle con bottoni et rechielle, bone,
numero 5,,; 98, f. 2v., 1509; due entemelle con la retella et con le loro bo-
tone"; 109, atergo f. 2v., 1519: uno fazolo de tell a cum rechtiela, doi fazoli
de fachiello cum rechticlla; 109, f. 41, 1519: capezali con reticel1a;" 114, f.
35, 1525: fazoli dua di lela suriana lavorati con li reticel1e 3; 121, f. 25,
1534: Item dua intimelle lavorate con la reticella, nove, da bombasin.
9 M. rYUJHn, Y3 nu:ralbe y6po6a'llCe 'lunlCe, AHa!l.H XlfcToplfjcKor IfH-
CTHTyra JA3V y Ay6pOBHHKY, II, l, Ay6pOBHHK 1952,
MapHjaHa fylll'Hn
294
je TO paA AOMafll1:x )KeHa. lJHnKa je y HCTe ABHje 60je, )Kyl1KaCToj
11 MIOAPO:j, a H3paneHa je Ha 6aTHI1e y palHOM XiBaTY AHKJ'B'a, Te no
CBOjOj nOAHXpOMH:jH H no paHoj nojaBH OBe TeXHHKe nOTH'-Ie TaKO-
nep HajKacHlfje H3 cpeAHHe XVI cToibefia. Apym HaAa3 XHCTopHj-
CKe t.JH:nKe y Ay6pOBHHKY cy y.HnKaHe rrpyre Ha jeBpejcKHM Topa-
Ma.
JO
H 1'0 je paA Av1.al1Hx )KeHa. One OKpOMIHe l.J.lHf1\Ke Ma IKa'l<O He-
BjelllTo H3paneHe Ha 6aTHfie, ynpaBo no CBOjOj HeAoTjepaHocTH
cBje,A:o"Y.e Aa je Y.JH'ITKa 'l1 y Ha 6aT,Hl1e Befi paHO YlllAa y lllH-
poroy ynoTpe6y rpanaHCTBa y Ay6pOBHHKY. KOHay.HO, TpeillI Ba)KaH
HaAa3 aHHfKHe "Y.HIlKe y Ay6po13HHKY cy TpH y.HiIlKaHe npyre Koje
nonItly H:3 OCTaBI:UTHHe nOpOAHl..\e COpKOy.eBl-II1-Sorgo. CBe 1'pH cy
rroAjeAHiaJKe, a 1I3paneHe cy Ha HrAY y MaCHBHOM AaHeHOM
AOMane np01I3BOAlhe. HaHMe, y OApeA611 0 paCKOllilI H3 1624. no-
ce6Ho ce }{arAaWaBa Aa ce AeKopaTHBHH )KeHCKH paAOBH He CMHjy
paAH:TH: ArpyrHM che di filo Raguseo.ll Y dessinu 3aAp)Ka-
HOM jorn H:3 reticelle, aAH Befi C npaBHM 3pay.HHM 6oAoM y.HnKapcKe
H3paA6e IH C MOl1l1'BlIMa NYAOK!lIX 1\'l1'K013'a y CI1HAH3aI..\HjH rnnalhOAKor
KOC11HIMa, OBa 1'pH 'K!Ma,A.a nOTHy.y TaKonep H3 XVI CTiJbe'na. K:a
py6Ha y.H:nKa OY.lITO cy npHIlaAaAe 6HjeAHM nAaTHeHHM oATapHH-
LUL\fa, HelllTO Bel1a Ha rAaBHOMY oATapy12 H ABHje nOAjeAHaKe Ha
ABa Malha nOKpajHa oATapa.J3 Ho AOK je AonYAcKH OATapHHK jow
rroARXpoMaH, AOTAe je 6HjeAa y.HIlKa Ha nAaTHeHOM OATapHHKy Ben
y AYXY TpH:AeHTCKor 0 6HjeAoM upKBeHoM npH60py OA
AiaHeHOr TIAa1'Ha. THMe y.HnKe COpKOy.eBlIl1-Sorgo CTaBibaMO y KaCHO
XVI cToibene, na cy CTUACKH H TeXHHy.KH 3aKaWl-beAe npeMa Ta-
AaIDlheM pa3Bojy 3anaAHe y.l-illKe.
IlpeAcTaBHHK AaAMaTHHCKe reticelle y Haj60ibeM H3Aai-hY 6HAa
je a1\.6a y eppalheBay.KoM oaMocTaHY ApHAY Ha OTOKY lJHOBO Kpaj
TpoI'Iipa, caAa Ha )KaAOCT H3ry6ibeHa. Taj npeAMeT je y CTPYY.HOj
AH:TeparypH OI..\HjelheH Kao BHCOKa penpe3eHTaTHBHa renicella XVI
cToibena
14
jOlll y npHMapHoj, y f1AaTHY ypaheHoj AaAMaTHHcKoj Ba-
pRjarlTli. Y KpOjy H YKpacy, 3HaTHO CKpoMHHjeM, OBOj MHCHOj KO-
ruyibli oAroBapa oHaj npoepaHH habito schiavonetto KaKO npoc-
TpaHY )KeHcKY KOWYt"y rrpHKa3yje MAeTay.KH KocTHMorpaep C. Ve-
cemo, roao ibe'J1HY Kyl1HY xaibHHy15 epacoHHpaHY npeMa oAjenH ,L\aA-
Mal'H1HClK,HX )KCiHa.
10 M. fyulHn, lfw'l/,'a Ha JlcuoaCICUM Topa.Ma y Ay6poalUllCY, foeTOIlllC
JA3Y, 71, 3arpe6 1966; HCTa, IlelCu I1puA-tjepl1u 1'elCcnUla y 36ujJLfU CLiHawlC
JeepejclCe onnuHe y Ay6p06HUICY, JeBpejcKH HCTOPHjCKH MY3ej, 360PHHK, l,
EeorpaA 1971.
Il XHCTOPlfjCKH apXHB y AYPOBHHKY: Acta consilii rogatorum (Aa/"c:
ACR),89, f. 21v, 1624, oHpebyje ce Aa )KeHe H3pabyjy Be30Be "di alto filo,
che di fila Raguseo.
12 N. Bruck 'Auffenbcrg, Aa,uwl1uja Il I-bel-la' YMjeT/-IOCf, EeC!
1910, r. XXII: l.JHrIKa COpKOyeBlfn-MltpoWeBun.
13 OBe YHrIKe cy 1950. Ha nocre-
AOBaJi:,e OTKYrIkeHe 3a fpaACKH MY3ej y Ay6pOBHHKV.
14 N. Bruck Auffenberg, Haa. e.1o, 1'. XVII; M. El1ll\!ic1</L/11-
gsgeschichte der Spitze, Wiell 67, t. XXVIII.
15 C. Vecellio, Habiti anlichi el l1lodemi, Venezia 1590, .N'<! 119.
295
Point de Raguse - tlHnKa
rrO OBeMY, AaKAe, YilllKa y <PaKTYPH reticelle y u
AYOPOBHHKY je ClIHxpOHa C HajpaHHjoM nojaBoM reticelle y jry)KHOj
IhaAHjH. TaKBa rrpHMapHa HecaMOCTaAHa reticella y AOCmeAHOM
H3A:aH7Y je CaYiYBaHa Ha y U;pKBH CB. EYCTaxHja y Ao-
6POTH y OOKiH KOTOpCKOj.16 Taj CBOj CTapHHCKH paA, y
A06pOTH, H caAa 30SY caMO "Be3", Ao6pOTCKH Be3. 11 y Ay6POBHHKY
ce y XVII CTOmeny 3JHaA.orHa AeK!OpaTU'BHa TBop6a jaBma K!ao nica-
mi detti vess, AaKAe Be3.
y Ay6pOBaYKHM CIlHCHMa HanH neMO 6HjekH AeKop )KeHCKe
Jl3paA6e y pa3HiHlM cepnja!MIa.
17
HajnpHje y KllhH-
raMa DiveJ:1sa cancellariae y nonHCHMa p06e KOjH cY
npweHH y KynaMa J]pHTOAOM OCTaBWHma, HHJBeHTapa H APyrHx npaB-
I!HX nOCAOBa, HaAa3H ce rOAeMO MHOWTBO KynaHcKHx H oAjeBHHx
TKaHHHa YKpameHHx pa3AHYHTHM Be30M H TKalheM. YrAaBHoM ce pe-
,1\ajy coperte - rrOKpHBaY'H, fazoli - tovaglie - If
YOPYOH, aAH 'If O'cTaA'ay;rroTpe6Ha If At'K!Opa'I1H'BHa TeKCllUi\JH'a p06a.
Apyry rpyrry cnOMeHnKa OO)KHHX 3a Hawe rrHTalhe YlIHe OApeA6e
o 3aOp3JHiH A'YKcY3a 'KaKO HX je m:mpeMeHO AOHOOHAO BHjene Yu\10-
meHI-ix.
19
fOA:HHe 1624. YCTaHoB/oeHa je cepHja Prammatica y KOj,y
cy Y3 OApeA6e H nporAa.wefba ycnopeAo 3anHCHIlaHH H
rrpoTHB npeK!pWHTema.
20
rroIlHce p06e y KlhHraMa Diversa
cancellariae rrpaTHT neMO OA J]OyeTK'a XVI CTOmena, a IKaJKO OApeA-
6e H nOYHlhY ca 1624. H TeK'Y AO 1661. 1'0 neMo Ao6HTI1 Bpe-
MeHCKH npocjeK 0 nOCTojawy 6HjeAor AeKopa H3 Kojera y TOM Pa3-
AOomy y )KeHCKOM PYKOTBOPCTBY HacTaje npaBa YHITKa. TaKO CMO
Ben 1504. HamAH reticellu. MepryTHM, )KeHe cY H nocAHje nojaBe
npaBe YHnKe H HaAame H3paPHBaAe pa3AIIYHT YKpac y TeXHHKaMa
K.:oje oY ce 'K!()iH3epBaTHBHo npeHocIfAe II YWAe y Ha'me <l?OkKAOpHO
A06po, rAje oy ce 3aAp)KaAe AO AaHac. JeAaH OA TaK-
BHX eAeMeHaTa je H pa3BlljeHH pacnAeT KOjH ce y Ay6pOBHHKY ja-
16 M. fYWHh, EujeJlu TCl(CTU.1 y 4pu:eu ce. CTacuja y Ao6pOTU, SOKa
KuropcKa, fAacHHK 1J;enHbcKHx MY3eja, XIII, 1J;enu-be 1980.
17 3axBatoyjeM APYI'OBHMa y XHCTOPHjCKOM apxHBY y Ay6pOBHHKY,
;\HpeKTOPY apxHBa MaTH KanoBHny H apX1IBHcTy 3ApaBKY IIlyHAPI-ll\H WTO
cy MH oMorynl1AH paA y apXHBY. TIoce6HO 3aXBatoyjeM AP BHHKY <Pope-
THhy WTO je Ha MOA6y a 3a nOTpe6e OBor paAa eKcuepnHpao HajBa)K-
HHje 113 OApeAa6a Acta consilii Rogatorum 11 Al1jeAoM 113 Klbl1ra Pramma-
lica, 1 11 II.
18 fpana 113 Div. canc. ICKop"WTeHa je OA Kl-bl1re 95 (1500) AO 3a-
J<toYYHO 125 (1545).
19 fOAI1He 1624. npHxBaheHo Providimenum super pompis, ACR, 88,
L, 25Iv-252v, a HaAonYHaMa HCTe roAI11-1e. 89, f. 21v, f. 28v-29v; 1636. je
npHxBaneH HOBH 3aKOll, .ACR, 95, OA 'Jera 3a HaUle nl1Talbe f. 88-92v.
20 fOAHHe 1624. YCTaHoBtoeHa" je cepl1ja l et II OA 1624-
-{)I; Y 1 KIbHry YHeceH je TeJ<CT jaBHor nporAawelba YpeA6e OA 1. HOBeM-
6pa 1638; HOBa OApeAoa je npHxBaneHa 1661. 3601' CBe Bene paCKOWH,
Prammatica II a tergo, f. 1-2.
296
MapHjaHa fywHn
Biba y jeK1aooKOM <PCllHeMY, H'ajt.Ieillne y rpa<pwjH ""paOnAHeT".21 H
YKpaC KOjH ce AaiHac 30Be "H3PH3" HAH "H3pe3aHau", y Ay6poSHHKY
ce jaBiba Kao "HCTPHC", AaKAe HelllTO lllTO je IlCTpIDKeHO, H3pe3a-
HO, a TO OArosapa H TaAHjaHcKoM tagliato.22 Y OApeA6aMa ce 3a-
6pafflYje )KeHlaMa Aa Ha pyiKaJBH:M.a palBHe TIAa'l1HeHe 'Kornyibe ('l10 je
yn:paBO hahito schiavonetto!) HMajy pacnAeT lllUpH OA Asa rraAua,
a Ta YKpaCHa npyra rro AY>KHHH pYKasa 30se ce AOManHM Ha3HBOM
traciaz, 'J1pat.Iau.
23
AAH Tpat.Iau cMHje 6HTH H3paneH caMO y jeAHO-
cTaBHOM pacnAeTY, a HUKaKO Kao altro lavoro ad ago, AaKAe He y
reticelli HAH Apyroj t.IHUKH Ha HrAy.
24
OA pacnAeTa H H3p.H3a pa3AH-
KYje ce ricam-vess,25 AaKAe 'BeG 'KOj'H nOA OBo:j.HiM X'PBal'OKiHIM HroH-
BOM OAfOBapa Be3Y y A06poTH, na je TO H y Ay6pOBHHKY Ot.IHTO npH-
MaipHa HecaJMOCTaA'Ha reticella.
MenYJlHM, H BeA'H'Ka caMOCTaAJHa recella je n03HaTa y Ay6-
pOBHHK.Y. Y OApeA6aMa ce jaBiba y Haj60ibeM 06A>H'KY 6apOKHor
oKoBpaTHHK.a. fOAIlHe 1624. je oApeJ)eHO Aa TaKaB oKoBpaTHHK CMH-
je 6HT'H caMO OA jeAHocTPYKe reticelle 6e3 HeK'liX Apyrnx AOAaTaKa
y t.IHTIKH.
26
TaKaB oKoBpaTHllK ce y Ay6POBHllKY 3sao "t.IHXOpHL\a",
a TO oAfOBapa HTaARjaHcKoM lattughe ,2 KaKO cy ce TaAa y po-
MaHCKHM je3HL\JHMa Ha3llBaAH BeAHkH oKpyrAH OKOSpaTlilllUi, MY-
IlIKH H )l(eHCKH, Kao T06o>Ke HaAHK Ha AHcTOBe caAaTe. YOCTaAOM,
amiAorne oApeA6e 0 jeAHOCTpyKOM t.IHnKaHOM n;pH60py nocTojaAe
cy H Ha 3arrawy, noce6Ho y <Pp3!HUYOKOj. AMi He caMO recella 'Hero
H OCTaAH t.IH'IlKaHH AeKOp Morao je 6HTH oaMO jeAHocTpYK, a TO ce
21 ACR, 88, f. 253, 21. MapT 1624: "Item si prohibisce l'uso delli rasp
glieti e degl' istrisL ..; 95, f. 88, 1636: .,. si prohibisce l'usa del1i ras-
pglietti e dei li istrisL. ,; Prammatica l, f. 5, 3, jYA 1624: .,' ili rasplet.. ,;
f. 29, 1. HOBeM6ap 1636: , .. tagoghier sabragnuiu se liste i istrisi od koie-
mugodi drago varste i raspliet isvan mire .. ,
22 Mero, Ha6, MeCTO, ynop, M, Schuette, Ha6, jeolO, 28, CA, 14; A, von
Henneberg, Stil und Teehnik der alten Spitze, Berlin 1931, T, 1.
23 ACR, 95, f. 88, 1636: . , e si concede il raspliet camise detto
traciaz, largo due dita al pi... non vi sia fatto altro lavore ail' ago, ..
24 MeTo, Hao. AteCTO.
25 ACR, 88, 21. MapT 1624: III) Item si prohibisce l'uso deI recami .
detti ves; '" IV) Item... si prohibisce l'uso de' detti recami detti ves :<;
Prammatica II, 1661, 3a6paH.yje ce 3aHaTAHja .. tutti le ricami e
vesi ...; 1660. 3a HeKH crropHH YKpac y npouecy mua ce Aa AH je 0 vess,
o istris.
26 ACR, 88, .. V) II) 1tem si, prohibisce l'uso delle cihorizze da
colletti con ricami e lavari, infuori delle' cihorizze con reticella sempliee
senza diversita di lavoro...
27 G. Brio. Diziollario del dialeffo veneziano, Venezia 1856; S.v. lal-
tughe - tripete de la camisa.
297
Point de Raguse - Ay6pOBa'lKa 'lHIlKa
npOTHBHAO pacKolllHoj MOAH Koja je <popCHpaAa 60raTe 4HnKaHe
BOAaHe Ha MYlllKOj, )KeHcKoj, na H Aje4joj oAjenH. 3a npHAHKe y
Ay6pOBHMKY nOY4aH je 0 TOMe CYACKH npOl..lec lllTO cy ra 0<plli.I;H-
jaA'H 3lJAiY)l<eHH 3a OApeA6e 0 paKlllH BOAHAH OA 1648. AO 1651.
npoTHB HHJK:OAe 5ypneBHHa-Gi'rg.
28
I-heI'OBe l'pH KnepH AjeBoj'-IH-
I..le, HaJMAanoj je 6HAO ocaM roAHHa, BabeHe cY y I..lpKBH Ha HOBY
rOAHHY y KOIUYibHl..laMa <paCOHHpaHHM no 3anaAlba4Koj MOAH, C 4H-
nKaHMM BOAaHHMa OKO BpaTa H Ha MaHllleTHltaMa PYKaBa. Y on-
lllHpHOM 3anHCHrHlK'Y orAeAa ce 3HaT3IH VTjel.\aj KOj'H cy A'ClIMane )fWHe
H3 Ay6jJosalIKe nOKpajHHe, H3 KOHaBaAa ri PHjeKe Ay6posa4Ke,
CAY)KClllt: y .naTpHltH'jcKHM KynaMa YHOCHAe y rocnOACKO Pyxo npH-
MjeH7yjrynH 6HjeAH YKJpac H3 cBoje TpaAHLIHjcKe oAjeneP Ynpaso
je 1'0 6HO nYT KOjHM ce AesaHTHHCKH 6HjeAH TeKCTHA cse SHilIe YHO-
CHO y peHecaHCHH habitus, HacynpoT MeAHjeBaAHoj nOAHxpoMHjH
lwja ce y H'aIIl1HiM <j>OJ\lKA'Op'HHJM se30tBIHIMa jY)KIH'HX saplljaH'aTa 33-
Ap)KaAa y apxaH4HOM M03aH4KOM pacnopeAY. y Ay6posa4KHM cnH-
CHMa cY 4eCUI xpsaTcKH Ha3HSH 3a TeKCTHAHH YKpac: pacnibeT, HC-
TpH3, se3, l'pa4aq, 3aJl1'a'KHlIl..le,30 OIllHHl..le,:l1 neTibHl..le,32 KHl'Ju.\e,:33 se3
Ha MHlllje 04H.
34
fipaBa 4HTIKa jasiba ce Kao reponti,35 trina,30
Prammatica II, f. 11-14v, 1648-1651: ... le figlie di Nicolo di Gi-
orgi siano state presente... COn le camise... fatte a nova faccia, 3aTO ce
OTBapa npouec.
29 Hero, Ha8 .Mjeero: ... Zvieta serva di delto Nicolo di Giorgi. .. dis-
se. " che Le tre figlie di detto mio patrone ". sono state... in fatte et
piegate a crespe a modo di gremiali et io 10 feci di spontanea mia volon-
ta senza ordinamenti di alcuno altro et di pi delta Zvieta... porto al
Officio uno priliepco di nicdhra fatlo a crespe... gl' altre camilse a
pli1iepzi.
.0 Hero, Ha8. ,wjeero. .. le maniscetli videlicet sasciacnicze...; ACR,
95, 1636, A03Bo!oaBa ce .,. rasplet. .. per gli orli manichetle cio sascia-
cnicze... .
31 Hero, IWB. Mjecro, A03Bo.'oaBa ce ... osviZie aile donne di' Canali.
Terre nove et Ponta .
2 Prammatica J, f. 5-5v, 1624, y npouecy ... pizzelli COn le pet-
glizze...
3:1 ACR, 89, 1624, A03Bo/\,aBa ce ... le chilize semplioe di filo... cio
pod skutom...
Prammatica J, f. 44, 1640, Y Ilpouecy ... la camisa... con raspliet
ct con certo Javoro aile manichette zoe na missie occi ...; I-l3pa3 "Ha Mlunja
oKua" CAY)K1f y bocaHcKoj KpajlfHH 3a AOMahy BYHeHY TKaHHHIj ca CIfTHHM
upHo-6HjeAHM dessinom.
35 ACR, 88, 1624, 3a6palbyje ce .. l'usa de' reponti e recami ad
ago...; '" l'usa dei reponti e recami ail' ago.
36 Hero, HaB. ,wjeero, 3a6p'clfbyje ce "... l'uso delle trine; ACR, 89,
1624, A03Bo!oaBa ce una semplice trina; una sola trina, che non sia dop-
plicata; Prammatica II, 1661, 3a6pafbyje ce 3AaTO 3a trine, pizzilli, mer-
Jetti, bottoni. .. (OCHM 3a HeBjeCl'e); 1665. y npoqecy "trina sopra rasa re-
camata; 1639. V npouecy due trene di seta.
298
MapHjaHa fYWHn
merliJ H OA THX HTaAHjaHcKHx pHjetIH, "nHL\Hib" ce y AyG-
pOBHH:KY YAOiManHo H AO AaHaJe ocrao AOKaAIHH Ha3H'B 3a npa'13Y YHn-
Ky.
39
Ha3HB trina, n03HaT y Ay6pOBHHKY y XVII CTOtoeny, TY ce li3-
ry6lio, a merli, merlett-i, "MHpAHlin"40 3aAp)Kao ce y AaAMaL\lijli li
EOKlf KOTOpCKoj 3a 6apoKHY YHnKY 3anaAHliX, HajBHwe MAeTaYKHX
BapajaHaTa.
rro oGliAaTliM apxilcKHM nOAaL\HMa A03Hajell:l Aa je y Ay6-
POBHHKY y TOKY ABa cToibena, 3a L\BaTa peHeoaHcHe 'H GapoKHe YH-
nKe, Y3 OCTaAe pYYJHe pLAOBe Kao Ba)KIHO )K5H'OK'O 3l1HJ11Mltlf>e
nocTojaAo H YHTIKapCTBo y HCTOM HHTeH3HTeTY Kao H Ha YHTaBOM
3anaAY. MenYTHM, AOK je tlHnK3JpCTBO Ha 3anaAV y BplijeMe Haj-
Bener rrpOL\BaTa YHTIKe 3aXBaneHO y KOMe.pL\HjaAHY eKoHoMcKY
CTPYKTYPY, y Ay6POBIDIKY je YHnKapCKa AjeAaTHocT OCTaAa y aHO-
HHMHoj APyllIiTBeHoj n03aAHHli. AAli Aa cy ce H y TOM CKpOBHTOM
OKBHPY npOli3BOAHAli HeKli caCBHM HCTaHyaHH paAOBH, 0 TOM A03-
lfajeMo ynpaBo ,",3 AOKaA'H'HX OAlpeAa6a npOTI1B paOKOI11lH.
OCHM lllTO ce Ha )KeHOK1f1M. 'KomytoaMa 3a6pa
'
Hiyje mlfipOII{jH pac-
nAeT, HCTpH3, Be3, a rrorOTOBO nHL\Hto, y )Ke.HCKOM npH60py je yeCTa
ynoTpe6a "KonpeHe" H "KOnpeHHL\e". Ben y nonliCHMa po6e ce KO-
npeHoM 30Be <j>HHO np03HpHO TKalf>e y cAY)K6H He.njecTHHcKe no-
KpJ11BaYe.
41
AOAYllle, y HCTOj cAY)K6H ce yemne cycpene Beo.
42
Y
CTapoM AyGpOBHlWKY je pa3MFKa H3MenyaBa AlBa AaralHa TeKiCl1HAa
6HAa liCTa Kao H MlHac. Beo je TaHKa TKaHHHa OA AaHeHe HAH CBH-
AeHe npene. CBHAeHH Beo je H3panHBaH OA ABuje BpCTe npeAHBa,
H TO HAH C paBHO onpeAeHOM HHTH Kao M'yceAHH, HAH C HHTH npe-
npeAeHOM H YCYKaHOM OA yera ce Ao6Hja ra3a. OGa opHjeHTaAHa
HaYHHa GHAa cy y AyGpOBHH'KY npOlf3BOA A'OManHX /KeiHa H 3aAp/Ka-
Aa cy ce y cj>OAIKAOpHOM TeKCl1HAY, Hajm1'llIe y nOKpHBaYlHIMa H3 Ku-
HaBaAa. KonpeHa ce pa3AHKyje OA BeAa, a OArOBa-pa AaHaWlf>eM
;37 BHA. HanOMeHY 36, merletti.
as BHA. HanOMeHY 36; Prammatica J, 1634, Y npouecy ... li pizzelli
grandI aile manichette... .li pizzelli attorno le manighe... .li delti pizzelli
largi tre di ta...; ACR, 1636, A03BOIDaBa ce CBHt\eHl-L nojac AjeyaUJ1,\IU, at\H
senza pero alcuno lavoro, 0 ricamo, 0 pizzi1. ..; Prammutica II, y npouecy
ricamo pizuI...
39 PjeYHIIK JA3V nOA oApeAHHum,1 nHUHA,; n. CKOK, ECltMOflOZUjCKli
pje'lI-tuK Xpf/aTC1COlQ /l,lU cpnCKoza je3uKa, II, 3arpe6 1972, nOA oApeAHHUo,\\

40 M. fYWlll'i, Euje,lU TeKcnlfl, 58.
41 Div. canc., 109, f. 2v. 1519, y hony/-w lre copriene, duc fruste d
una nova; 114, f. 35, 1525: fazolo uno da koprina; 121, f. 25, 1534: ".
una copriena de seda virga de bianco, brazza 4 1/2.
42 Div. canc., 107, a lergo, f. 13, 1518: ... UIlO fazol de velo, uno [azo-
lcto de velo turchescho lavorado con oro, una pocrivaza longa (npel\pTaHo)
nova de velo, UIlO fazol de velo grande ; f. 18, 1519: item uno velo...;
115, f. 73v, 1526: UIlO velo da ducatum 5 ; 120, f. 24, 1532: pocrivaze dua
da done ide vero...; 122, f. 24, 1534: De tela sQtile brazza unrlecim et mezzo
cioe de vello, uno fazoleto de vello de seda..." etc; y OApeA6aMa je Beo
cynpOTCTaB/beu l1AaTHY; ACR, 1624: cihorizze di velo e tele, 3aTHM ce )Ke-
HaMa A03BoibuBa velo per gli ubrusi da testa, per Je ogernacize e colletri
di done ..
299
Point de Raguse - Ay6poBa<JKa <HfTIKa
np03pa4HOM tulle - TMAY. Taj TeKCTMA je A06MO Ha3MB no MjeCTY
Tulle y ueHTpaAHoj <l>paHUYCKOj, rAje je 6MO UMjeaeH npoM3BoA
)1<eHCKMX Pywy. KacHo y XVIII cToibeny, y pa3A06ibY pOKOKO <mn-
Ke, 4MnKa OA PY'mo M3paneHof TMAa 6MAa je Tpa)I<eHa Kao rrOMOA-
HM apTMKA TaRO Aa cy 4MnKapMue y Tulle jeABa cHa6AEjeBaAe Tp-
)KMI.lITe cBOjMM cJ<,ynou;jeHMM npJ13BOAOM. Ho KaA je y paHMM ro-
AMiHaMa XIX cToibena npoHaneHa MaI.lIMHCKa M3paA6a TMAa, PY4HM
TMA je caCBMM Hecrao. flpaBa KonpeHa - tulle H3panMBaHa je y OHe
/\BHje TeXHMKe Koje CMO 3aTeKAM y MeAMje.BaAHOM AeKOpy. To je HAH
macram - Y3Aaae MAM filet - MpeI.lIKaae. OA 3A'aT'He IMAM cpe6p-
He HMTM Ha o6a Ha4:MHa nOCTM3aHa je <pMHona 04Hue ca 2 AO 3 mm
\/ npoMjepy, M TO TaKO Aa je y macramu OCTaBibaH MeKaHM nOAY-
Y3ao, AOK je y filetu aY)KHO AOAa3MAO AO 4:BpCTor 4:BOpMna. flpeMa
TOMe, TaKBe cy Mpe)Iue M3pabMBaHe y MaaeM <popMaTY, KaIM cy
AOMCTa M cnOMeaYTM <pparMeHT<H ID CTapOXPBaTCKMX HaAa3a.
y Ay6pOBHMKY je OApeA6oM H3 1624. rOAMHe (noHoBHo 1631)
A03BOibeHO )KeHaMa Aa MM 3a nonpCHMUy Ha xaibMHM CAY)I(H Konpe-
HMua 3AaTHa MAM CBMAeHa.
n
HrraK Ha 06a Ha4MHa M y macramu
M y fiiletu, Mpe)KMua oCTaje peAaTMBHO MaCMBHa H He AOCTM)Ke <pH-
Hony HajTaaer TUA,a. HarrycTMBI.lIH 06je CTapMHCKe TeXHMKe, Haj-
<pHHHljM TMA-KorrpeHMua ce HY)KHO npeHMO y HeKY A:pyry TeXHl1'KY.
Aa ce nOCTHfHe 04Mua y HajcMTHMjeM <popMaTY a <HnaK COAHAHO
rrOBe3aI-la, 3a TO je n'OCAY)I(.H'O 3pa
L
nm 60A npaBe qHUKe y TeXHHUI-:
Ha HrAY. AaKAe, HajTaaa M r-r.aj<pHlrnja KonpeHHUa MorAa je Hac-
TaTM TeK OHAa I<aA je npaBa 4MnKa H:CKOpHCTMAa npeAHOCT 3pa4Hor
60Aa, a TO 3Ha'IH y TOKY KaCHor XVI cToibena, MO)KAa He paHlfje OA
BpeMei-ia OKO 1600. TeK I.lIMBaaeM jeAHoAMKMX 04Mua npaBHAHo Ha-
HH3aHHX y 4HC1'KM 3pa"lHHM 60AoBHMa nOCTMfHYTa je TeKC1'ypa Haj-
Taae, Ha'j'lbe)I(HHje 'K'OnpeHuue. Taj iHa411IiH y H3pa5HBal'bY THAa-KO-
npeH'Hue Morao ce nOCTMnM TeK Ha pa3BMjeHoM cTymf>Y Haj60ibe I.lIM-
BaHe 4HI]Ke, KaA je caMOCTaAaH 3pa4HH 60A 3aY3eo rAaBHY YAory
y 4HllKM Ha MrAY. Y 6MTM, H3panMBaae TaKBe TeKcType je BeOMa je-
AHOCTaBaH nocao M He Tpa)K'H HeKa TeI.lI'Ka pjeI.lIeaa y CAO)KeHJl-Ht
X'BaTOBl1'Ma KaOBHCOK'a 4IMITKa 3anaA'HMX CT>HAOBa. J
3pa4HHM 60AOM 06aMeTa M3pabyje ce TaKaB TeKCTMA y peAOBMMa nO
)KeibeHoj He npeBeAMKoj mHpHHH. flocao ce H3BOAMO Ha rroMonHoj
nOM03H OA eAaCTM4HOf BeAHHa, Kao I.lITO je TaKaB TaHKM nepraMeH
C1\Y)KMO 3a CBe BpCTe 4MnaKa Ha >HfAY. To ce MorAO paAMTM H ca CBM-
AeHOM HHTH KaKO je )KeHaMa 6H1\0 A03BOibeHO "per uso delle parsi
la coprenizza d'argento et altri drapetti di seta. AKO je 6MAa A03-
BOibeHa 3AaTHa, cpe6pHa M CBHAeHa KOnpeH'Hua, OHAa je 6e3 CYMae
3a 06M4:HY \moTpe6y CAy>IAa H I<onpeHMua OA AaHei-ior KOHua. A
4;l AeR, 2..\-!apT 1624, cap. VI, A03BOibaBa ce "per uso delle parsi la
coprenizza d'argenta ct altri drapetti f1i seta senza altri lavori; HeTO, 1636,
cap. II, si concede anco solamente per uso delle parsi la copreniza di arg
ento et altri drapetti di scIa senza altri lavori sopra...; Hem, 1661, cap.
13. possono le donne zitelle portare le lol'O parsi falte da copreniza
slalna
300
MapHjaHa fYUlHh
3anpaBO ce OA TaHKor AaHeHor MorAa A06HTli HajTaI-ha KO-
l-he)K;HHja H OA CBHAe>He. HaHMe, CBHAeHa HHT je MeKaHU-
ja, aMi 'HHje T'aK'O nOAeOHa 3a 'CaCBJHM TaHJKY a <..fB'PClY Te>KCTYPY lKao
AaJHeHlH Bevta TalHKO u:crrrpeA,eH. Ho TaJKBJB KOIHa'u ce Mopao
\j'HOOHTH y Ay6pOB'aM'K. HaillAH 'OMO Aa je O:A.peneHO Aia 'ce >KeaCIKH
paAOBH 1i3BOAe caMO OA AOManer KOHua, R/\.H ynpaBo H3 Te OApeA-
Se rrocpeAHO A03HajeMo KaKO je l'y Ben KOAao ,H KOHau; YHeceH :113
cjeBepHe IhaAJlije MAH H3 <PAaHApHje, a Taj je n03HaT Rao Haj60ibH:.
44
AaJKAe, Ka,A 3H<l'1vtO Ml je y Ay6pOBHHIKY KOIITpeHHu;a cAY>KIH::Aa
>KeHaMa CTaAHO Kao H3 Tor eAeMeHTapHor )KeHCKOr paAa
MorAa ce pa3BHTH HajTal-ha 't.JHIlKaHa TBop6a, li 1'0 Y pYKaMa .>KeHa
Koje cY BH'IHe TaKBOM rrpexPHl-heHOM rrocAY. JeAHHO TaKBa M3HHMHa
tIHrrKa MorAa ce IlAaCHpaTH Ha 3arraAHOM rp,)KHlllT'Y. IIpeAYBjeT 3a
rrpOH3BOAl-hY HajTal-he nocTojao je y Ay6pOBHlIKY
nOlllTO je l'y 6HAa Ha paCIlOAaral-hY ){HCKa paAHa CHara BH'lJHa HC-
TaHLfaHUM PYLfHUM paAOBUMa, na H HajTalboj KorrpeHUUU. I1rraE
je HellK' Mopao npeY3eTHH'HH1vrjaTUBY Aa CT'aB'H y nOTOR TaJKJBV
U3Y3eTHY A,jeA'3THOCT, a OCHM Tora je Tpe6aAO cHa6AjeTu
Haj60ibHM cPAaHApujCKHM AaHeHHM KOHueM. I>YAynlI A3 TaKBor KO'H-
HHje 6MAO nOTpe6HO MHoro, 1'0 cy npeH:OUJIeHe Mal-he KOAlI'lJHHe,
Y3 3ao6lIAa3aK uaplIHe, na cy oCTajaAe 6e3 clIrHaType TproBa'lJKe
p06e. HaHMe, y Ay6PO.aaYKHM cnlICHMa HeMa HlI nOMeHa 0 TO.Me.
OClIM TOJ1a Tpe6aAO je Ha6aB'HTH cPHHH BeAHH H YlInKaHe npeAAollI.Ke
KOjH cY oAroBapaAlI 3axTjeBliMa TaKBe tIlliIKaHe TBop6e. CBe cy TO
MorAlI Ha6aBHTH Ay6pOBtI3Hll y CTaAHOM KOHTaKTY ca 3arraAHHM
3eMibaMa, lllTO cy HCKOplICT.HAH OHM A06plI Il03HaBaOUH tIHllKap-
Cl1Ba KOjH cy ce Kao YI y OYCje>A'H''j I1TaAMj'H OIAaJ31Ha 6PHlHYAllf 0'.1<.0
npOH3BOAl-he 6HjeAliX Be30Ba H 'lJHnKe. IIpBY BHjecT 0 TOMe A03Ha
jeMo H3 cycjeAHe Puglie; HajpaHlIja BHjecT 0 tIHIIlKH reticelli jaB-
iba ce 1513. y MjecTy GioVlinazzo y Pugli,45 a pHje'-I je 0 6MjeAoM
OATapHHKY oon 10 friso de reticelle. AAJH Ta npyra reticelle Ben
je npeHeceHa C jeAHor cTaprrj er npeAMeTa, IllTO 3HaYH Aa je paHH:ja
OA 1513. OATapHH:K C reticeUom cnaAa y 60raTH HHBeHTap MHCHor
Pyxa, a 1'0 je nocjeA 6paToBlllTMHe Tpener peA,a y MjecTY Giovinazzo
Kpaj Molfette y PugH. II03HaTO je Aa je AaHYKlI TpenH peA jeA,Ha
OA ApylllTBeHux CrpYKTypa y OKBHr'Y cPP3J-beBaYKllX caMOCTaHa;
OCTaBibaMO no CTpaHH MYlllKY Hac 3aHlIMajy .>KeHe
TpenOpeTKHl-he.
46
OHe ce y HTaAlIjH H KOA Hac y rrpHMopjy 30y
"f]lfouaKape"; l'aj Ha3HB je A'aHaC IT(meWTO rrOiA'Pyr/blI'B, aAiH TaJ-<'O
44 A. von Hennebetg. l'iae. J jeJ1.o, 25, T. 76 a), ca HHAeKCOM AaHeHHX KO-
Haua AO 6poja 1500.
4" F. Carabellese, La Puglia nel secolo XV, Bari .1908, 227, HHBeHTap
A06apa 6paToBillTBHe Sancte Marie de Nova, IlOi\..O)i<.eHHX y I(pKBB cn. <t>pa
ffie y GioviJll.azzu 1513, Meny OCTal\.HMH: Idem un.o rnandile bianco de altare
con 10 friso de reticelIe quale friso 10 ha levato Leuci da la panno de bon-
bace et postolo a quisto mandiIo.
4ti H. DHBaHoBHl1, Cl'al'ioeu U Tpehoper/(w'ba y crapoj}! Ay-
6poaH[l1cy, Ay6pOBaYKH AHCT, 6p. 47, 1926.
301
Point de Raguse - Ay6pOBaYKa YH11Ka
Huje 6HAO paHHje. Kao Aa y nOBHjecHoM CMHCAY CaAp:IKH OCHOBY
plije4H pizzo, AaKAe 4HnKa, na Kao Aa je TO caCBHM n04eTHH Ha3HB
3a .>KeHe Koje cl' ce npseH'CTBeHO 6aJBHAe H3paA6'M Be3a H ll'HnaKa
3a Pyxo. TOMe Kao Aa cBjeAo4H H HaCAOB jeAHe OA Tpe-
nOpeTKHI-ba y CnOMeH'YTOM CaMOCTaHY <ppaI-beBaQa y He
MO.>Ke 6HTH TeK CAY'faj Aa je .>KeHa jeAHor 6paTa TpenOpeMa Angi-
lella de Angelo Pasciullo, la piczicoccha.47 Kao YAaTa .>KeHa )IBe
Aa je y CBOjOj o6HTeJ'oH, a AaH4KHM 3aBjeToM je 6HAa Be3aHa Y3
<ppaI-beBaQa Kao H CBH OCTaAH rpabaHH y TOM MjeCTY.
Ha3'HB YKa3Yje Ha TO Aa ce 6aBHAa H3paA6oM pizzi-4HnaKa jep je
04HTO Taj I-be3HH Ha3HB npBoTHO H3BeAeH OA pizzo, llITO ce KacHHje
npaKTH4KH npeTBopHAO y "ffilQoKapa". 3a paHY Be3Y C jYfKHOM HTa-
AHjOM rOBoPH H paHa IIojaBa reticelle y Ay6pOBHlIKY, Kao H TO Aa
ce ynpaBo H3pa3 pizzo oAoManHo Kao jeAuHH Ha3BB 3a npaBY 4JinKY.
Ay6poBa4Ke cl' ce AO HallIlIX AaHa 6aBHAe npeTe.>K-
IrO paA'BHMa OKO TeKCTHA'a. OOI1'M nOPYUOHJHa H3 rpana'HKHX Kyna.
IIAeTeI-ba '-mpana, BY'HeHe oAjele, KpnaH>a H llIHBaI-ba KylalH'OKor nplll-
60pa, cl' TKaAe H Ii3panUBaAe QpKBeHO H MHCHO PYXO.
Haj6AH:lKa caMocTaHY MaAe Epale je H caAa Kyla y KOjOj cl' AO-
HeAaBHa IIpe6HBaAe TpenOpeTKHI-be, a CTOjH Y3 QPKBHQY Transfi-
gurationis, na ce H Ta Kyla 3BaAa "OA CHrypaTe".48 Kao Il OCTaAe
AaJf4'Ke Kyle, TaKO je H OBa npBeHCTBeHO 6HAa 3aAYJi<.eHa 3a pa3'He
TeKCTHAHe paAI-be. AYTopHQa N. Bruck Auffenberg je AO npHje l
cBjeTcKor paTa C BeAHKMM 3aHllMaI-beM npaTHAa Tl' I-bHXOBY AjeAaT-
ROCY. OHa J.LVI je YMjecTo CTapor llKaAa'l.JKOr CTaHa Ha6aBHAa 0 OBOM
TPOIllKY HOBH,49 BenH, a ja caM I1X npuje TpI1AeCe'I'aK rOAl1Ha 3aTe-
KAa Aa Ha TJ.LVI KpOCHaMa TKajy MI1CHY nAaHHTY OA AOMane nOAY-
CH'pOBe CBHAe y MacHBHoj Kenepa. 3Ha ce Aa cl' HM :lKeHe
H3 KOHaBaAa AOHOCHAe HenpeAeHY CBHAY CBOjHX 4axypa, a Tpeno-
pellKiH'I-be Cl' CBHA'Y 'H'eJ1!UpaAe, HcnpeAaAe H OA Hoo6ojeHe OTK'HBaAe
CBHAeHe HeBjeCTH'HCKe IIOKpHJBa4e. CBBAY CV H 6ojaAl1CaAe 3a Be30'
Be KojH'Ma cl' ce CllaAHo 6a'BIlAe. Ha KOIHaBOC'KH'M nOiK:pH'Ba4a..Vla cl'
00l1HI1 YKpac H PYC'PlI'IHa lJill1JKa y 06je TeXHllKe, 1llJ1 cl', KalKO ce
naMTH, jOIll KpajeM npollIAor cToJ'oena paAl1Ae Ay6poBa4Ke nHQO-
Kape.
Aa cl' ce <ppaI-beBQH 6paHYAH OKO 4HllKapCTBa y XVI cToJ'oeny
YKa3yje H TO Aa je jeAaH OA npBI1X npHpyqHHKa 3a 4HnKY caCTaBHO
H H3Aao YBafKeHH <ppaI-beBaQ oncepBaHT.
50
ffieroBa KI-bHra je H3AaHa
47 T. Carabellese, Hae. jeJ1o, 212.
48 H. bHBaHOBHn, Tpu eeoJlw CTape caLlyew y6poea
L
llce -
lJ,plCeul1a "Sigurata", fAaCHHK Ay6pOBaYKOr yyeHOr APYWl'Ba "CBeTH BAaxo",
l, Ay6pOBHHK 1929, no 11 Aa,be.
49 TIoAal'aK AoGHjeli 1949. 0;-\ JeAKe MHW, n03Ha-
Bal'eloHl.le <pOAKAOpHOr TeKCHiAa; 11>e3HHOM 3acAyro:l1 je TKaAaYKH Cl'aH, 0,1\-
AO)KeH 113 Kyne "ad Sigurate, cMjeUlTeH y MV3ej y PynaMa.
W "Triompho di Lavori a fogliami de i quali si pUO far Ponti in aere.
Opera di Fra Hileronimo da Ciuidal do Frioli. deI' Ordine de i Serui de Os
seruantia. Padua M. D. LV" (l.lHl'HpaHo no M. Schuette, jeJ1o, 80, 221,
HaIT. 18.
302
MapHjaHa fywHn
y TIaAoBll 1555, a y npeAmBopy je HaiBeo KaKIO Ao6po n03'Haje qB-
I1KY KOjy oH caM .:ma paAHT'H. y AaA'MaUHj'H ce y IlIanYWTeHOM ah'VI:O-
CTaHY <ppafbeBaQa BaA;lfjH Ha KopqyAH HaWAO OKO we3AeceTaK
rrpeAAO>I{aKa 3a trH:rIKe.'H OA jeAlHOCTaJBJHe py6He q:mrKe Ha 6aTHnc,
TV ce H<Ua3e H npeMOW.QH 3a Haj6oloe 4HnKe y CTHAY H TexHHQH
MAeTa4Kor 6apOKa. Ty cy ,fi 4euipH BeA'HHe 3a 4HTII<Y Ha HrAY, H TO
3a npBOpa3peAaH Point plat de Venise H 3a npaBH Rosallino. AKO
je, AaKAe, CHl'YP'HO Aa cy ce eppal:beBQH y pacnoHy OA 1500. rOAHRe
na HaAaloe rOTOBO AO Hawl1X AaHa 6PllHYAH 0 4HiI1KH Y IhaAHjH H
MAera4Koj AaAMaQHjH, TO BHllIe cy ce MOrAH HeCMeTaHO 6aBHTH
THMe y CA06oAH'<Yj A'Y6pOBal.fK'O'j Perry6Mf'LIK Y eppaH>eBQ'HiMa C []jpa-
BOM rAeAaMO 'HHH.QHjaTope 4HiI1KapcTBa y Ay6poBHllKY; OHH cy AMK-
THpaAH CTHA 'HiHAHreHe Ay6poBa4Ke 4HllKe H TO av 3HaAa4KH ynpa-
BHAH 'Y TeXHH.Q:H IKOjOM je )KeHlOKa pal,d)Ha Ha'ra y lbHXOBY OKPRIoY
Bjeliitro pacnoAaraAa. A TO je ynpaBo H3paA6a HajTafbe 4HllKe Ha
HrAY y epakTYPH KonpeHHQe-TJUa.
TIo CHeMY, H3 apXHBCI<HX nOAaTaKa 0 6ajeAoM Be3Y a trHllKH Y
CTapOM Ay6pOBHHI<Y A03HajeMo Aa je Y TOM npeBAaAaBaAa TeXHHKa
WHBaHHX Be30Ba H OCTaAHX paAOBa H3BeAeHHX lllHBaHHM 60AOM,
AaKAe Y nYHoj MjepH H 4HTIKa Ha HrAY. Mopa Aa cy BenH AHO noc-
AOBa y TOMe 06aBloaAe ynpaBo TpenOpeTKHl:be. HaHMe, 3a H3paOH-
Bal:be BHCOKO npoepHI-beHOr TeKCTHAa, Kao WlTo je TO Haj60loa 4HllKa,
HHije. AOCTaTHO TeK 3aHHMafbe AOManHX KliepH HH KOAYAipHQa Y ca-
MOCTaHHMa Y3 H>HXOBe CBaKOAHeBHe AY)KHOCTH. Be3 CYMl:be, H Y
)I{eHCKHM CaMCTaHtHiMa je 6HAO BeOMa BjewTHx 4HnKapHQa, aAH
OHe cy palAiHJAe 3a Y)I<H H'I-UepecHH K'Pyr clBoje I.\IpK'Be H C'BOIj'HX 'HC-
nOBjeAHHKa, He 3a Bal:bCKO Tp)I{HWTe. MeOYTHM, 3a Haj6oloY 4HnKY
je nOTpe6aH H3pa3HTO CneQHjaAH3HpaH OAHOC npeMa TOM nOCAY.
QHllKapHQa Mopa 6lITH oCAo6ooeHa CEHX KynaHcKHx nOCAOBa, 4aK
H OHHX OKO OMH1oeHor QBlIjena, Mopa IIMaTII l:berOBaHe pYKe, ocjeT-
IoHBe II 3a HajTaH>Y AaHeHy HHT. TIoce6HO jow Mopa TIOcjeAoBaTH
Y pYKaMa oHaj caCBHM CneQHepH:4aH nOTe3 KOjaM KOA 3pa4Hor 60Aa
jeAHaKoMjepHo 3aTe)I{e HUT, a KOjH je eAeMeHTapHO O,HTaH 3aXBaT
Y H3paA6H 4HnKe Ha HTAY. OCRM Tora, qHllKaCe He paAH Y3aCTonQe
Y 3aAaHOM PaAHOM BpeMeHy, Hem nOBpeMeHO Y3 OAiMapalbe OqHjy
H 'PY.KY, a nnaK 'HlHTeH3H,BHO T<()IM Aal:be IC'l3IjeTAOC11H. Y jeAIHO'CTaIB-
HOj CpeAllHH Y Ay6pOBHHKY, Y KJynaMa 'DpenOpeTKHl:ba HiHje 6HAO
OHHX nOMonHHX HanpaBa Kao Ha 3anaAY, rAje cy qIInKapHQe paAMAe
Y noce6HiHM npocTopajaMa, C npHYAeweHoM MHKpOKAHMOM H Hapo-
,"-IHTHM oCBjeTloel:beM. MeoYTHM, HacynpoT paAHiHM Y3aHQaMa Ha 3a-
naAY, Ay6poBaqKe HHCY OHAe nOABprHyre KOMepQHjaA-
HOM paqYHY 0 YTpoweHOM BpeMeHy H paAHOM eepeKTY. 3aTO cy je-
51 KaT3Aor ca 59 llaflHpHHx npeAJl.O/KaKa li 4 BeAHHa KOH3epBHpaAa H
pecTaypllpaJl.a HHr. B. XplllaK y XHCTOpHjCKOM apx;HBY JA3Y y 3arpe6y;
caCTaBHJl.a caM KaTaJl..Or H H3BplllHJl.a MY3eOJl.OWKY 06paAY Ha 63 i\}{CTa ca
opHrJOfHaJl.I-1HM npeAJl..Ollll\lHla, onHCHMa, BaJl.opH3aUHjoM H epOTo-cHHMKaMa, a
1967. npeAaJl..a y APXHB caMOCTaHa MaAe Bpane y Ay6pOBHHKY
303
Point de Raguse - Ay6poBa4Ka 4lffiKa
AHHO OHe pacnOAaraAe HeMjeploHBOM CTpnibHBolllny y 06aBibaH>Y
BeOMa jeAHOJ\ilP-lHOr nOCAa KOjH ce cacTojao y MOHOTOHOM HH3aH>Y
CHTllliX OqHLJ;a y qHnKH-THAY.
V TOMe Ae)KH OCHOBHa pa3AHKa H3Meoy q'HnKapCKe HRAYCTpHje
y 3arraAHHM 3eMibaMa 1'1 paAHe CHare Koja je y Ay6pOBHHky 6HAa
AOKaAHO aHra)KHpaHa y TOj AjeAaTHOCTH. OA caMe nojaBe 6ajeAor
TeKCnfAHor AeKopa, BeHeLJ;Hja je Ha CBOjHM nocjeAHMa Ha i\eBaHTY
OpraJffi3HpaAa scole-paAHOHHLJ;e )KeHCKor PYKOTBopCTBa, Koje cy y
XVII cToibeny YKibyqeHe y MepKaHTHAHH OHCTeM. )KeHcKa paAHa
CHara je nOBe3aHa y Mpe)KY AeLJ;eHTpaAH3HpaHe MaHy<paKType. 3aTo
ce qlli1KapCTBO Ha i\eBaHTY oAlmjaAo ycnopeAo Ha ABa KOAocjeKa:
C jeAHe CTpaHe, 11paAHLJ;HjoKH 6HjeAH Be3 H apXaHqHe qlli1KapCKe
TBop6e (pacnAeT, npHMapHa retlicella 1'1 CA.) OCTaAH cy pe3epBHpaHH
3a AOManu npH6op, 3a py6emrHY y LJ;pKBH, Y KynH II 3a BAaCTHTy
o.Alieny. C Apyre crpa'He, BHCO'KY qIIDKY paAHAe cy )KelHe npe'Ma AO-
6JeHHM Y30pLJ;HMa 1'1 npeAAOlllLJ;HMa l'l, AOCibeAHO, y MAeTaqKHM CTH-
ACKHM 1'1 TexHlfLIKHM BpCT3Ma. H3patlHBaHa no Hapyu6H, Ta po6a je
OAAa3HAa Ha cBjercKo Tp)KHlllTe nOA MAeTaqKOM OHrHaTypOM. Vn-
paBO TaKaB ABOjHH caCTaB nOKa3yje OJfjeMl TeKCTHA CaqYBaH y
I>OKlH K01'OPOKlOj, HajB'H'We y 3&1Jpl.\H Y Up'KBH OB. EycTaxH'ja. Tv
ce Y3 npHMjepKe BHCOKe '-IID1Ke OA XVI AO KaCHor XVIII cToibena
ycrropeAo HaAa3e 1'1 npeAMeTH AOManer Be3a 1'1 reDicelle, Te OCTaAHX
npHMapHHX qHn:KapoK,HX TBop6a. AOMane )KeHe 30BY ouY rpyny
cBajHlM Ao6pOTOKHM Be30M, AOK 3a BiHOOKlY qH!l]KY Ka)Ke ala vene-
ana. V TaKBHM qlli1KlIpCKHM CpeAHlllTHiMa, MAaAe )KeHe cy ce
ycaBplllaBaAe AO npo<peCHOHaAHor 3aHaTCTBa, a nOCAOAaBLJ;H cy no-
CpeAOBaAH H3Meoy )I<.eHCKe npOH3BoMbe 1'1 TprOBaqKe Mpe)Ke y
MAeLJ;HMa. V TOMe je BAaAao KOMepLJ;HOHaAHH OAHOC, qUMe je HY)KHO
ynpaBibaHa npOH3BOAH>a rro YCBojeHoj MepKaHTHi\Hoj HOpMH C n03-
HaTHM 1I3jeAHaqeH>eM BpeMeHa 1'1 HOBl.\a. V qHTaBOM nOCAOBaH>Y BO-
DeH je paqYH 0 YAO)KeHOM paAy 1'1 BpeMeHY C KOHaq;HOM OLJ;jeHoM
<pHHaAHor npOAYKTa; Ha l.\HjeAoM 3arraA:Y je npeBAaAaAa npo<p0CHO-
H3AHa qlli1KapcKa HHAYCTpHja. OCHM paAHHLJ;a lIJlffiKapllLJ;a, y TO cy
6HAH y ~ 1'1 "lfMjeTHHl.\H l.lPTaqH, rpa<pHqapH, Cl1BapaOLJ;H H AO-
HOHOLJ;H HOBHX opHaMeHTaAHHX npeAAO)KaKa, a OHH cy II HaA3H-
paAH H3paDHBaH>e CBOjHX qJIDaKa. Y HCTO BpHjeMe CV ce 1I3AaBaqlI
lIelJTjeLJ;aAIH y 'llITaIMIII3
'
H>Y KH>'HTa, I1ipHpyq1H1H!Ka 3a OBe IBpCTe qIflnaIK3 1'1
6HjeMlx Be30Ba. OCHM Tora, 3a BeOMa CAO)KeHe 1'1 npo<pHl-beHe npeA-
AOllIKe 61'10 je Y3 nojeAHHH npeAAO)KaK rrpHAO)KeH 1'1 PYKonHCHH HAB.
llITaMrraHH KOMeHTap KOjHM ce qlli1KapllLJ;a CAYIKHAa npH paAY. 41'1-
nKapHLJ;e cY 6HAe BjelllTe nHCMeHOCTH 1'1 BAaAaAe cY 6oraToM CneLJ;H-
jaAHoM TepMHHoAomjoM Koja je Ha 3anaAY CAY)KHAa 3a paAHe 3ax-
BaTe 1'1 nojeAHJHCTH y 'Jl3paA6H l.IHHKe,52 MU Ta'KiBe TepMHIHOA''llJIje
3aq,HIJl:KJY 'Yonne HeMaMO. V 3aTIaAHIJIIM paPiHOHIHLJ;aM3, 1.iIHIIKapaue qr
y TOK:Y paAa npaTHAe 1'13 nlICMeHOr HanYTKa 1'1 HajM3H>H 3aXBaT y
H3paOHlBa
l
H>Y OBar AjeAa. TaKO je 6HAI0 3a o6je TeXiHHlKe, na oTYAa
52 T. Frauberger, Handbuch der Spitzenkunde, Berlin 1894.
304
MapHjaHa rYlillIn
CAO)KeHiOCT rrojeJ,AUHliX rrpHMjepa'Ka X!HCT.oPH'joKe YHIlKe.
53
q,lII1JKap-
CKa CpeAllIlITa cy 61IAa rr03HaTa, HeKa BeOMa rAaCOBlITa, a jaBHocT
je rrpaTllAa J-bliXOBY AjeAaTHOCT. lIoce6Ho cY ce lICl'Hl\aAe MajCTopa-
L\e Koje cy rrpeABAHAe YlillKapcKe IlIKOAe-paAlIOHlIL\e; rr03HaTa cy
J-bliXOBa :HMeHa II aKTlIBHOCTlI.
54
CBera Tora Haje 61IAO y AyOPOBHHKY. Ty je )KeHOKa TeKCTHAHa
paAlIHOCT OCTaAa 1I3BaH MepKaHTHAHe Mpe)Ke, 3arnopeHa 'liAH y Kyn-
HOM KPYJ1Y 061ITeibli HAll y )KOOCKHM caMOCTaHliMa. tIH11Ka ce MorAa
Y3AlInH AO caBprn.eHCTBa jeMIHO y rromYHOj rrpeAaHOCTlI OBOM rroc'
AY, a TO je 61IAO Moryne, KaKO CMO HaIIIAlI, ynpaBO y KynaMa Tpeno-
peTKlIJ-ba. KaKO y TOM CKyYeHOM OKBlIP'Y Hlije 61IAO KOMepl.\!l:lj a A-
Hor HOpMlIpaJ-ba 0 paAHOM YAory II YTporneHOM BpeMeHY, TO cy
YlillKaplIL\e OHAe rrourreneHe )Kyp6e II 6pHre y KpaTKOM BpeMeH-
CKOM POKY, aAH cy 3aTO MorAe rrOCBeTliTtli BHIlIe rra)K'lbe KBaAliTeT-
HOj 1I3paA61I CBor AjeAa. Y MllpHOM II OA cBjeTCK:HX 3aAa 3aIIITIie-
HOM 60paBKJY, OHe CKpOMHe )KeHe cy ce AKpaja rrpeAaBaAe CBOM
rrOCAY KojeM je 4ujeHa 6II.Ml HeMepibllBa y OAHOCY Ha YAO)KeH TpYA
II BplIjeMe rrOTpe6HO 3a lberOBO AOBpmelbe. JeAlIHO Ha Taj HaYHH
MorAa ce 1I3 AOMane KOrrpeHlIL\e pa3BlITlI tIlirrKa HajJ-be)KHaje H Haj-
60ibe TeKCT'Ype. AOK cy y CBlIM BaCOKHM YlITIKaMa Ha lIrAY HY)KHO
rrocTojaAli rrpeAi\OIlIL\lI, OAHOCHO HaL\pTlI Ha BeAlmy rro KojlIlMa ce
'LlHiIIKa'PlIL\a ynpaBibaAa 'Y CBH'M Ci\:O)KeHH1M 3aX;BaT.lfIMa, KO\6, YlIIllKe-
-KOrrpeHlIL\e rrocTojao je caMO jeAaH paAHH 3aXBaT. HaIIIAH CMO Aa
ce Taj jeAlIHlI Ha'lliH caCTojao y rrplIMjeHH 3paYHOr 6oAa; TOYH'Hje,
TO je 60A 06aMeTa 1I3BeAeH y CAo6oAHOM rrpocTopy 6e3 HeKHX rro-
MonHllX HliTli. AAli Ma KaKO Aa je TeXHllKa jeAHOCTaBHa, Taj jeAHO-
AHYaH rrocao Tpa)KlI BeoMa BjellJTY PYKY H HeMjepibllB YAor TpYAa,
paAa II BpeMeHa. Harne )KeHe Ha ceAY cy II AaHac jorn rr03HaTe rro
1I3BpCHllM PyY'HHM paAOBlIMa, OC061ITO y <plIHHM Be30BHMa. Y CTa-
pOM Ay6POBH'lIKY, rrorOTOBO y Kpyry TpenopeTKJHlba, BAaAaAH cy
APYIlITBeHli OAHOCli KOjll cy MorAlI 3aAOBOibHTH TaKBe paAHe npe-
Mlice. MAaAe )KeHe, OA KOjlIX cy MHore Kao AeBojYHL\e ClIIIIAe y
rpaA 1I3 CBor cypoBor rrAaHlIHCKor 3aBHYaja, HaIlIAe cy YTOYHIIITe y
AaHYKOM 3aBjel'Y. OClirypaHe y CKpoMHOM )fBOBaJ-bY, rOTOBO 6e3
AlIYHiIiX rrpoxTjeBa, Y3 MOAlITBY H rro6o)KHY MHCao rrOCBeTHAe cy ce
rrpeAaHO CBOM rrOCAY. bHAe cy BjeIlITe HrAlI.l\:lI Ben OA AjeYjax AaHa,
K'a!A cy KM rraCl'lIplIL\e lIIAYOO 3a paAlliAe cBoje 'rrpeJ<,paCHe
Re30Be y 61IjeAoM KOHL\Y HAH IlIapeHoj CBHAH. Y3 TO je KOrrpeHlIL\a
TaKO jeAHocTaBHa y TeXH'HYKoj 1I3BeA6a Aa TV HHje 61IAO HeKHX
TeIlIKO CXBaTiblIBllX 3axBaTa HH rroce6Ho CAO)KeHHX rrocrynaKa Kao
KOA 3arraAHHX BIICOKllX YlillaKa. HaIIIe jeAHoCTaBHe )KeHe Hacy ce
Hli orrTeplinUBa,Ae HeKliM CAO)l<eHHM YlirrKapCKHM rrOCTYIlL\lIMa. lIo
5:1 A. von Henneberg, Hae. jello, 27, TeXHHKY 'lliIlKe Ha HrAY npHKa3yje
y CBera 10 peAaKa TeKCTa, AOK TeX'RHKy H TepMHHoAomjy 'lliI1Ke Ha 6anie
o6pa15yje Ha nYHHx 8 CTpaHa TeKCTa ca OAHOCHHM Ta6AaNla.
54 Ynop. F. Bury Pallisser, Hae. jcllo, 123, H Aah>e; A. von Henneberg,
Hae. jello, 41.
-------------------- --
305
Point de Raguse - Ay6pOBa1.JKa 1.JlffiKa
CBeMY, AaKAe, jeAHHO je y TaKBOM paAHOM OKBHPY MOL-\a nocTojaTH
il HreKO BpHjeMe l'pajaTH OiH'a YHJIlIKapoKa TBopeBHlHa ce no <piH-
HOnH H H>e)KHOCTH MorAa TaKMHYHTII C BPXYHCKIIM YHTIKapCKHM AO-
CTlIrHynlIMa BeHel(lIje II <PAaHAPuje. IlorOTOBO je TaKBa qHTIKa-Ko-
npeH1lIl(a OIITHO YAatoeHa OA CTIIAa II TeXiH'J11Ke BilI'COKe 'MAeTa'YK
YHTIKe. MAeTaqKO YHTIKapCTBO yonne YCBojlIAO H3paA6y YIIn-
m-TIIAa, na ce Ta AjeAaTHoCT HlIje MorAa YKtoyq,IITII y <pHHaHUHj-
CKY CTPYKTY'PY MAeTaYKOr YIITIKapCTBa. C HeHanAaTIIBHM CTpIDbe-
TLeM y nOAaraHOM paAHOM oABlIjaH>Y, '-mnKa-KOnpeHIIl(a HlIje MorA,a
6HTH YKtoyqeHa y nOCAOBHe HopMe lfoHTeH3lIBHe YlInKapCKe IIHAYC-
'lpHje. JeAHHO y ApyrnTBeHo nOTIICHYToj cpeAIIHII, caMO y aHOHIIM-
HOj MaptolIBOCTII Ay6pOBaYKlIX nlIl(OKapa MorAa ce YIITIKa y CTIIAY
TIIAa-KOnpeHlIl(e BIIHYTII AO TeXH'HYKOr CaBpnIeHCTBa II TaKO 3aA061I-
TH cyneplIopaH aTplI6YT Point de Raguse <ppaHl\.ycK.IIX BlIjecTII. Yn-
paBO TaKBa YIITIKa no CBOjOj KBaAIITeTII II noce6Hoj BpcHonlI HaA-
MalllHAa je Ha 3anaAHOM TP)KlflllTY CBe TaAa n03HaTe qlInKapCKe
TBop6e. HnaK je no KBaHTIITeTY, no 06yjMY npOII3BOAH>e, Ay6pOBaY-
Ka YIIJTKa HY)1('HO OCTaAa y Mai\oj oKy'-reHoj I1'pOH3BO'A'H>'H. Ho ',\110')1(-
Aa je l'lIMe 1I3a3BaAa jOlll Bel.y nOTp<DI(H"y li BlIlilY l(lIjeHY Ha cBjeT-
CKOM TP)KllillTY, rAje ce TaKBa AparOl(jeHa YHnKa HCTIIl(aAa Kao
AYKCY3Ha nOTpe6a nOBAalllTeHIIX MonHIIKa.
MeOYTIIM, no OBOM l(lIjeAoM HarneM TeOpeTeKOM pa3AaraH>Y He
MO)KeMO AOKa3aTII nocTojaH>e Point de Raguse y cTBapHocrn. IlOT-
pe6Ha je H MaTeplIjaAHa AOK'YMeHTal(Rj-a. Y rOAeMOM norAaBtoy XIl-
cTopHjcKe YHnKe Koje je rrOXpaH>eHO y cBjeTcKIIM 36lIpKaMa Tpe6a
nOTtpa)J(,IITII MaTepHjaAHY rroTBpAY 0 rrocTojaH>Y YlInKe-KOnpeHHl(e.
IloKymaT neM' Y'Ka3aTil-I Aa AOHCTa rrocrojlI crHTI-IIKJHa Y'U[1'K'a Koja Y'
cBeMY, y CTHAy II TeXHHl\H, oAroBapa npeMlIcaMa 0 Ay6posaYKoj
YlllI-KonpeHHl(II. AOHcTa, npHMjepl(,H KOjlI TIIM npeMlIoaMa OAro-
Bapajy . HaAa3e ce y HeKHM nplIBaTHIIM 36lIpKaMa. l..J:HnKY Koja no
CBHM CBojcTBHMa, rro CTIIAY II TeXHIIl(II, no OC06lITOCTlI y CBeMY OA-
rOBapa npernOCTaBtoeHoj '-mnKII-KOnpeHHl(1I nocje.iyje y HeKOAIIKO
npHMjepaKa rocnOAHH Mario Levi Morenos y BeHel(HjlI.
55
BAacHIIK
jeAiHe OA Il10(JHaT,IIX MAeTallKJHX 'lHHKapOl<'HX pa'A'I-IOO1Hl(a, OH nOlCj-
Ayje 60raTY 36lIPKY YHTIaKa; HeKe cy 1I3BaHpeAHlI nplIMjepl(H Haj-
<pl-I!Hl-Ije YHTIKe-TIIAa. Ao caAa cy cTpyqH>al(1I OBe YIffiKe More-
nosa OApdJHIBaA.H KW '-l'HJl1KY Ha 6aTiHne y jeAHmYl jOlll HeAe<PHHlIpa-
HOM caCTaB'Y OBe BpCTe. MeDYTIIM, H3B8.H cBaKe. CYMH>e je Aa cy OBe
YIDIKe 1I3paoeHe y TeXHHl\1I Ha IIrAY, II 1'0 yrrpaBo OHIIM jeAHocTaB-
HHM 60AOM KojH OMO onlIcaAH, rAje ce npaBIIAJ-Ie H>e)1(He OYlIl\e HH)KY
y 60AY 06aMeTa. lhe>KaH <pAopaAHII opHaMeHT cBjeAOY,lf 0 6apoK-
HOj cTHAII3al(lIjH. Ao caAa HIICMO rOBoplIAH 0 TOMe Aa je Ay6pOBaY-
5G TI pHroAO.\1 CTYAuja lllTnKC y BeHcUHjl1 1959. IlMaAa caM rrpHAHl(Y
Aa yn03HaM OBe lBHlKe y 36upl\H MapTlja i\eBH MopeHoca; TaAa jow HHca..\ 1
AOBeAa y Be3Y OBe lJI-U1Ke C Point de Raguse; TeK Ha OCHOBH AaloHX HCTpa)KH-
Bal-ha epOAKAopHe' lJum<e H apXHBCKe rpal3c ,L\eTepMIIHl1paM 1.JHfIKe i\eBH Mope-
Hoca Kao aYTeHTHlJaH Point de Raguse,
306
MapHjaHa rywHfi
Ka 6IIAa AeCIIHHpaMa C opHaMeHTOM Ha CBOjOj n03aAH-
Jill. MeI5YTHM, nOHOBHT neMO Aa KOnpeHHIJ;a no OApeA6II ID 1624.
MO:>Ke 6Hl1H OBHAeHa, aAH je Y3 1'0 HarAameHO senza altri lavori
sopra ,56 AaJKAe oe3 HeKor AOAal'Ka IHa OBO'jOj TeK:CT'YpH. AKO ce H-
lIITO 3a6paI-hyje, 3HaqH Aa je y :>KHBOTY rrocTojaAo; a Taj HeKJ1 la-
voro, AOAaTaK Ha Konpemuw, Morao je 6HTII caMO qHrrKaHII dessin
RcaKO 1'0 HMajy qJffiKe Levi Morenosa.
y Ay6pOBHMKY II AaAMaUlIjH HeMa TaKBIIX qHIIaKa. Y Ay6pOB-
HHK:Y je q,HIIKapCKa rrpoH3BOAI-ha, Kao H MHOro Apyror TeKCTHAHOr
A06pa, 6e3 cyMlhe nporraAa y KaTacTpoepaAHoM nOTpecy 1667. KOAy-
AiplIue'Y 6pOjHlHM :>KeRCKHIM CalMOCTaJHJHIMa cy I1OfOOlBO H3rHHyAe; Ma'AII
6poj HX ce cnacao H npemao y AHKOHY. A 0 TpenOpeTKHl-baMa HHllITa
.
ce He 3Ha - Ta OHe c:y H 3a :IroHTBOTa OHAe HeBIIAlbH1Be y JaBH'OCTH.
lhije BIDI.Ie 6HAO HII MaTepHjaAa 3a eplIHe :>KeHCKe paAOBe, a TaKol5ep
ce H HHTepeCOBaI-he 3a TaKBY AjeAaTHoCT l13ry6HAO y 6op611 3a eAe-
MeHTapHO crramaB,Ube :>KHBOTa. II caMOCTaH MaAe Epane 6HO je OIil-
TeneH, na ce Tpe6aAO cnam8BaTH 113 pymeBHHa. BeAHKe 6pure HaA-
BHAe oy ce HaA PenyAHlKoM CB. BAaxa, y je,AiHoj npe<plIH>eH''j Aje-
AaTHOCTH Huje BHme 6MAO orrcTaHKa, y CBeMY TOMe.
y IIp01.UAOM cTolbeny, je y Ay6pOBHHIKY H qHTaBoj AaAMaUHjH
AOIllAO AO BeAHKe pacnpoAaje 6allITHTheHHX A06apa.
51
HarAo je rro-
pacAo HHTepeCOBaI-he eBporrcKe jaBHocTH 3a cTapHHY H epOAKAOpHO
6Aaro, rra je OCmmaI-heM MY3eja H jaBHHx fi rrpH.IilaTHUX 3upaKa Ma-
COBHO caRcy:nlb'aIH' CBe 1llTO jeoHAo BplIjeAIHO. AaAMaUHjolM cy KPY-
:>Kll..i\M KOjH cy Kao rrOCpeAHHl.{H xpnlIMlIue HaoaBlbaAII CTa-
pHlHe 3a C1'paHe 'KOAeKUHOHape. &HA' 'IIX je MHOrD, aNH jeA!H'or 1'110-
:>KeMO nparnrn y CTOny y TOM rrOCAY; 3HaMO MY lIMe II rropHjeKAO.
To je Ernesto Jesurum pOAOM H3 CnAIITa
58
rAje ce epaMHAlIja Je-
surum HaAa3H Ben Y XVIII cTolbeny, II 1'0 Y rrOCAOBaI-hY C TeKCTIIA-
HOM p060M.
59
Ernesto Jesurum je rro npe3HMEJHY y CpOACl1BY C Jesu-
rumima 'Y PIHMY II BeHeIJ;Hj II , 'KaKO cy Ben epaM'lIAlIjapHe 'Be3eMeny
JeapejlHIMa 'Y :MeAiHTepa'HJOKIHIM 3eMlba
l
Ma. Y Apyroj rn'NOiB'II-
H'H npOllJAOr cTolbena, Ernesto Jesurum je rrYToBao no AaAMaU;lIjlI II
Ol1Kiyrrlb'JIiBaO cTape oH HOBe qH'I1Ke no UpiIa,lI 'JI CaJMOCl'aHIHMa. To ce
y ilICTO BpHjeMe KaA ce 1.IIHrFKapiCTHO Y 'JI3HOB>a rro-
AH3aAO. HaJHMe, MAeTa'IKO QlInK3ipCTBO je y XVIII CTolbeny HarAO
Y3MaIKiH}'AO npeA iKOHiKypeHIJ;Il1jM, a:\II ce y APYI10j no-
AOBHHH XIX cTolbena rrOHOBHO Y3AHrAo. Y TOMe cy rAaBHY aKUlIjy
BOAHAa 6pana Aldo II Michelangelo Jesurum.
GO
OHII 06HaBlbajy npo-
!i6 BIlA. HanO,vIeliY 43.
!i1 N. Bruck Aufflenberg, H.aB. je/lo, 10, 27, H Ha BMwe MljecTa.
liB F. N. Jackson, A Htory of Handmade Lace, London 1900, y rrpeA-
rOBOpy 3aXHaibyje Ernestu Jesurumu 3a I-iH<PoPMallHje 0 cTapoj 11 HOBOj
<IilllKH 113 aAMalll1je.
50 r. HOBaK, )KUOBU y CnJlUTY, CITAHT 1930, 47, 49.
co N. Bruck Auffenberg, H.aB. je/lO, 34, Ae3l1H<popMHPa 0 aKTMBHOCTmla
nojeAllHalla c rrpe3HMeHOM Jesurum Te Je\Surume y BeHeU;Hjn,
6pal.y Alda H MicheIangela c Ernestom Jesununom, TproBlleM 113 CITAHTa.
307
Point de Raguse - Ay6poBallKa llHIIKa
H3BOAlbY tUIITKe 'Ha OC'H'Bli TpaAliJ..UIjoroliX Y3'OpaJKa, KopHCTen1H y TOM
BjeIlll'HHY Koje cy ce y Ay6oKoj MAeTatl'J<:oj IlJOiKpajwHlll JOUI
cjenaAe AaBHllX tUmKapCKllX BpeMeHa. Y HenyaHx AeceT rOAHlia,
Michelangelo Jesurum npecrmKe Hajjaq,y 6eArujoKY npOH3BOA-
I-LY eBporrCKe l.Il:lUKe Apyror 6apOlJ<.a.'H Y3110 oBoje neAiHiKO AjeA li 'He-
npOAa3HY 3aCAVry 3a peBHTaAli3aJ..UIjy MAeTa'IKOr 'IffiN(apCTBa, 6pa-
na Jesurum ca6HPY aH1il:lKHY 'IHnKY y CBOjy 60raTY 36liproy. A KaKO
je Ernesto Jesurum Ha6aBLbaO 'IHrrKe no 3a pa3He MY
3eje, H'n.p. li 3a KeHCltHITOHOK!H M'Y3ej Y AOHlA:ly,62 1"0 je 'BeOiM'a IBje-
pojaTHo Aa je 'IHIlKe Ha6aBLbao li 3a cBoje HMelbaKe y PliMY li BeHe-
THM rrYTeM je Kp03 pyKe MHOrHX rrocpeAHHKa OAHAa3HAO Haille
KYATypHO 6Aaro Y Tyne 36MpKe rAje je AaHac rrOA CHrHaTypOM MAe-
TalJ)Ke 'IUIliKe AliIlleI-iO OBor nopujeKAa. HOTOMa'KMAeTa1.JlfX J esuru-
ma, rOCnOAHH Mario Levi Morenos rrocjeAyje 'IHrrKe H3 36HpKe
Michelangela Jesuruma,a y moj oy YlIlipaBO H OHll rrpwMjepUH YKO-
jllMa rrperro3HajeMo aYTeHTli'IHH Point de Raguse. l.J,IIDKe Levi Mo
renosa Koje cY AO caAa 6HAe HeOApeneHO XUCTOpujCKO Ao6po, YTBP-
nHB<UheM aYTeHTli'IHOr Poirrt de Raguse Ao6HBajy nyHY
ca CTliACKHM, BpeMeHcKHM H lIIUpHM xrnCTOpUjCKHM caAp)KajeM Kao
Ao6po li3 y6poBHuKa Y A06a
LtBaTa Perry6AHKe Y XVII cToLbeny AO rroTpeca. rro CBeMY, AaKAe, ca
'IHIlKaMa LevJ Morenosa pjeIllaBa ce 3arOHeTKa Ay6poBa'IKe 'tJ:HIlKe,
Point de Raguse, A' caAa Herro3HaTorK'YArypHor lo6pa '11'3 Harne
rrpOlIIAOCTH.
Marijana Gusi
POINT DE RAGUSE - A DUBROVNIK LACE
Summary
According to French seventeenth century reports most pre-
cious on the relev,ant Western market was the lace point de Raguse,
under the denomination of its origin, which remained until today
an unknown. The author resolves that historical unknown on the
ground of data found in Dubrovnik Archives, and of substantive
remnants from the wide chapter of lace-making. The manufacture
of laces in Dubrovnik is mentioned in competent literature only
occasionally and in relation to the denomination of point de Raguse.
At the time of flourishing of Renaissance lace in Greek archipe-
Gt M. Jesurum, Ce/mi slorici e stalislici sull'induslria dei merletli,
Venezia 1973; HCTH, Sull'industria dei merletli a Peleslrina, Venezia 1978,
nOBOAOM H3AO)f(6e MAeTay.Ke 'IIWKe y TIapH3Y HCTe rOAHHe.
62 F. N. Jackson, Hae. je/lO, ITOTBp15yje Aa je Ernesto Jesurum HaOaBHO
LlliIlKe H3 AaA.\IaI:(Hje 3a Kensington Museum y AOHAOHY.
308
MapHjaHa fYllllin
l,agos, then in southern Haly, and in Boka Kotorska, there exists
in Dubrovnik tao sever,al objects whi0h are the .ones in situ as re-
gards their origin on that terr1tary. This is, for instance, the altar
cover from the smaIl church of OUI' Lady of Sunje on the island
of Lopud. A quadrangle out of silk damast bears a wide filet-laci.s
which is edged with clappers lace, which is in tJwo different co-
loUiI's - i.e. raw flax and indigo blueness, namely still in the po-
lychromatics of the early Mediterranean Lace. Three lace streaks
too originate in the sixteenth century, from the patrician house of
Sorgho-Sorkocevi, and they are preserved in the descendant family
of Miosevi. In the provincial weft of Teticella, that lace is made of
tick flax thread as was determined in Dubrovnik for w.omen, namely
they had to make their fancy-works by using Dubrovnik thread
(namely, "de fila raguseo"). Mo'dest laces in Jewis.h thora's witnes.s
ta the fact that the technique of clappers lace found its early and
wide application in Dubrovnik.
Pri10r to the appearance of the Renaissance lace, decorated tex-
tile did exist in Dalmatia, just as in the Lev'lJnt. Thus, findings are
unique the old-Croatian gr08.ves made of golden thread ,in the
fi1let and macram techniques. Later 011, the most beautiful rele-
vant example is the perizoon on the relie of st. Sjmun in Zadar.
Although dating back to the end of the fifteenth century, that ob-
ject j1s enfiirely preserved. Hs adornment i5 a field of stars made .in
a circle macram. The Zadar perizom fits a.nto data from the inven-
tory of the ISforza family IIl MiJano, komtihe year 01 '1493. T\hat
rtich textile treasury contains MOO the "tmnete facte de stelle", in
other words, fancy-works Wtith star-like motives made obvd.ously in
ciroular pattern. That same contains also a reticeIla, alt-
hOUigh i,n an alm'OISt ,invi'S'ilble ,gmphics, while ilt is rto be found already
in the first years of the sixteenth century ,in its regular form in
southem Italy and in Dubrovnik too.
At the break of the epoch, lace becomes a permanent deco-
ration of white linen, but rather soon it reaches 'independence, but
as an addition to the costume of aIl sooi,al classes. The techniques
predominantly applied are the lace-on-the needle, as weIl as the
clappers. However, the macram technique ois still predominant in
the ,sixteeruth :century, the relevant evidence -being the gre.at altar
cover in the white textile collection in Dobrota, in Boka Kotorska,
We know from the inventory lists and from house inventories,
from the Regulations on Luxury that in Dubrovnik the costume had
an acessory in the form of reticella, namely collaI' which was ter-
med "cihorica", <Ybviausly according to the Ibalian word lattughe.
However, neither even the b'S't reticella nor 'sorne other high quality
could compete to the exqui&ite Venetian l08.ce-makIing, so
the point de Raguse had necessamly to be different from the Western.
laces.
309
Point de Raguse - Ay6pOBa4Ka '1HI1Ka
Women of Dubro'vnik moSit frequently used the on-Lhe-needle
technique, sa that the same technique most probably was applied
also in case of the point de Raguse, and in the which was
considerably different from the Western laces. Dubrovnik records
do not mention the lace industry. The lace-making centers on
Greek islands, in the southern Italy, and even in Boka Kotorska
were included by Venice in its system of decentralized manufacture,
butin Dubrovnik there were no commercial lace-making industry.
The lace is made in families and most frequently in monasteries,
but everything done is kept for one's own use, while i<t does not go
ta the market. However, a high quality lace requires permanent
employment. Evidently, the point de Raguse in a mooest produc-
tion scope was manufactured by women wO!rkers not registered in
written records, but that production was cleverly organized and
placed on world market. There existed in Dubrovnik a certain num-
ber of such able anonymous lace weawers. That number of women
is of the layman Third arder in our areas as were in Italy those
called picokare. That term seems ta follow the ward pizzi - meaning
lace, which suggests that lace came ta Dubrovnik at the time it
did in southern Italy, where - as we found - there was the ea.rliest
mention of 1'eticella undr that genuine denomination. The picokare
women manufactured the lace in the texture of gentle tulle, since
only such lace could compete ta the exquisite Venetian products.
Under the protection of Franciscans, modest picokare manufactured
the most expensive lace which does not require eithe,r the know-
ledge of complicated terminology or of diff,eult lace-making appli-
cations, although sewed tulle is but a job requiring utmost patience.
Rere one finds the difference between the Western sewed lace with
ar1Jistic applkations and the simple but utmostly refined texture
of tulle. Dubrovnik written records contain the term coprenizza,
namely koprenica (small veil) which is a product of hand-made
tulle. Only a lace made out of finest tulle could cornpete against
Venetian style and technique.
All this would be just guess-work if we were not supplied
with substantive evidence tao regarding the existence of lace of the
style and texture of the koprenica-tulle. Rowever, there exists in
Venice, in the inheritance of brother,s J esurum, really such a lace
which by an of its properties corresponds ta koprenica, but also
ta French informations. The owner of these laces, a descendant of
the Venetian family of Jesurum, mister Mario Levi Morenos, has
several examples of these very laces which were not yet examined
by experts as 1:0 their technique and style. That lace is made by
'lpplying the on-the-needle technique and in the 'Procedure of the
most gentle tulle-koprenica, wi th a light lace dessin. Alitogel1lher,
according to all these elements we do recognize in those examples
the authentic point de Raguse - that cultural rem-
nants of the past of Dubrovnik Republic.
Maplija BAJAi\OBHFi - XAIJH-IIEWHFi
HAi\A311 TYPCKE KEPAMIiKE 113 113HllKA Y CP.511Jll
DpOH3BOAH TypCKHX Y'Mel1HiH'-IKHX 3aIHaTa C'J:1H3aAH cv V Gp6lljy
Il rrpe TypCKOf oCBajalha .5aAIK3JHa, H TO K'ao rrpeAMem pa3rpaJHaTC
TprOBIIHe C AeBaHTOM, K3JO rrOKAOBlH KO'}HM'a CV TypOKH CYATaiH'H II
ApynI MYUSJJ:I13JHOI<JI BeAlHIKOAocrojlHiHLU1 AapHBaAH XpHWn3JHOKe Be-
NH'KaWe, a AOHOOHAe cy HX H 33JHaTAHje ca CBO}HX rrYTOBalha rro .5AI1-
OROM HCTOT<:Y. BenH rrpHAlHB OBHX rrpe,AiMeTa OA TIO'lel1Ka XV BeKa
orAeAao ce y CBe '-Iemnoj rroj3JEiH I1CAaL\10KHX eAe.\leHaTa YJKpama-
D<1.lha y CTBapaH>mla AOManHX Majc110pa.
1
_
Ha 00IIOBV TmCaHI1X H3Bopa, ;\JocaA cV paCBeTi'oeHe MH<OfC CTpa-
Be rprOBaLJKHX OAHoca H3Meny .5aAKaHa H AeBaHTa npeKO o6jan-
.'aeHe rpabe, cT'YAlI1ja H CWHTe3a. JeAaH OA HajCl'ap'I1jHx IlI1CaJHHX
IJ3BOpa H3 Iw'ra ce ca3Haje y I<;OM1lKOj cY Mepll 6HNH QelhelHH OBH
npeAMeTH V HajBH'WH'M cprrCKJIM <peYAaNHffi\l[ l<JpVroffiilMa jecTe AeAo
Eberharda Windecka C nO'leTKa XV BeKa. CaBpeMeHllK AecrroTa
CTe<paHa Aa3apeBHna, Windeck y CBOjHM 3anHCHMa 6eAe)KH rrocery
cprroKof AeCTJ\OTa yr''PoKOIM KpaA:>V, H.lBoAenH rrpH TOM 6pojHe li Apa-
rOQe'He rrOKAOBC (HOOHAO HX je 26 NYAH) Kojl:l1!Ma je AeorrOT Aapl1-
Bao Kpa/na ClIrHcMYH/a. OHO lliTO je 3Ha'lajlHo 11 360r 'lera cc
O'Baj nOTIH'C rrOMHJ:-be :Ha OBO"1 MeCl'V jecTe 110 Aa je Ben'lIlHa npeAMeTa
I1Aa T'ypoKor rropeKAa, lliTO je }'IBeR lHarAaUIaB3JHo.
2
Meny 6POjlHI1M rrpe,Ai"1el'I1!"1a TypcKor ITOpeK/\a, KOjH cY CTH3aAH
Cp6Hjy Ha pa3AH'mTe Ha'lI1!He, HaAa3HAa ce 11 YKpaCHa KepaMIJ1Ka
y TeXHioAorHjH <pajaHca, HaCTaAa y 'lYBeJ:-JII1!M aHaAOACKiH'M pa/wo-
1 E. PaAojKomi, TYPCKO-llepcujclCu YTULj.aj Ha cpHCKe y.JIolenlll'tKe 3a-
H(I7'e XVI LI XVII (JelW, 360PIlHK 3a AMKOBHe YMeTHocTH, 1, 1965, 117-140.
>. Jalil\, HClZaA'ICI(U e,leJHerrru y C[J11CI(Oj KI-bU3U, My3ej npHMellieHe YMeTHO-
eTH, 36opr-II1K, 5, 1959, 27-45. V. Han, Les courants des styles dans les rn-
/ iers d'art des artisans chrtiells au XVle et durant les premires dcennies
du XVIIe sicle dans les regions centrales des Balkans" Balcanica, J, Eeo-
J pa,,,- 1970, 239-271.
W. Altman, ElJerharl Willdeckes DenkllJiirdigkeilell ZlIr GescJchte
des Zeita/lers Kaiser 5igrnltl1ds, Berlin 1893, 177, 183,
312
Maplfja EajaAoBlfh - XaI)H-Ilewl1ll
HiHL\aMa y il3HlI'KY, KYTaX1HjH H Ao caAa je HaAa3HMa OBHX
rrpO!H3BOA:a Ha HallieM TAY rrOKAaI-b3lHO cpa3MepHO MaAO rra)KlhC.
fIpH o6jaBibHBalhY 31pXHBOKe l'pane, KepaMWI'Ke rrOCYAe opHjeHl'ak
Hor rropeKAa cY pa3Mal'paHe y OKBap'Y OUlllTer rrperAeAa npeA;J\1eTa
MaTeplIjaA'HE' KYAType.
3
ilCf1IIIl-IlH 3a B.'\:>Y, nOAaL\H 1I3 apXHBOKe rpa-
ne I-IH'oY HH A03BOi\>aBaMl HeKe 011111HpHHje KOMeHTape 0 U3rAeAv,
CTHAY 'IKpama'Balha U ApynHlM OBHX rrpe,A!MeTa rrpHMt'-
IbeHe YMeTHOC11H. fIOCAeAlliHX rOAI1Ha, MenYTHM, apxeOAOlliKa HCTpa-
)KHBalha rrojeAHIHHX AOKaA'HTeTa y Gp6rrju rrpY)KHAa cY HOBY, HE'-
yeKHBaHO Aeny H AocaA iHerr03HaTY CAHIKY 0 BpCT3IMa IH KBaAHTeTV
YBe3eHe po6e O'Be BpCTe, K3IKO Y rpaACKHM Ope,M-IlHaJMa TaKo H Ha
UPKOOI-IlfM rrOCeAlI'Ma. y rrpI1KynibeHoM aJpxeOAOillJWM 'MnepH!jaAV
HaAa3e ce H3Y3eTHO AerrH rrpOH3BOAH TypOKHX MaAoa3ujcKiHX rpH-
'-Ja:pOKlIX p3lAHO'I-DHL\a KOju cy OA XVI BeKa rra Ha,L\3Iibe npHcTH3aAH
y Benoj '\1epH, rrpeKo U'aJpHrpaAa, Ha TepHTopIfjy IHe caMO Cp6Hje
Bel'O Ha L\eAO EaA:KaJHOKO nOAYOCTPBO H y cyceAHe KpajeBe. fIo-
ce6HiO IMeOTO rro Ha3H Y1MeTHHY:KJOr H3pa3a H K'BaAllueTHoj H3paArr
3aY3HMajy rrpOH3BOA!H jeJAIHor OA Ha}BenHX ,Kepa'MIlYiKHX L\eHTapa
AH3AoAHje - il3HiHKa. OBaj paA ce yopeACpe,L\lHO IHa H3HHYIOI
MaTepHjaA, Hajrrpe JlIpeKO apXIIIBCKHX A'()!KYMeHara, a 3al1I1M IKp03 ap-
XeOA'OillKe H<lAnJe.
HajBenH Aeo I10AaTaKa 0 Y'B03Y KepaMHLIK;or MaTepHjaAa H3 Typ-
CKe IHa EaAK'aJH y XVI H XVII 'BeI<cY caY'Y13aH je Y
6pOBaYKOr apxHBa, Y cepHjaMa Diversa cancellariae, Diversa nota-
riae H Testamenta notariae. fIoAaL\H ce jaBibajy Y rromICHMa HH-
BeHTapa Ay6pOBaYKHX AOMOBa H TproBHHa OHor BpeMeHa Kao pe3YA-
TaT ll1HpaKO pa'3B'HjeHe rprOBHHe AyopOByaHa TIJlI1H'-IHM opHjeHTaA-
HOM P060MH3 MaAoa3HjoKIHX H ApvrHX rpaAORa AeBaHTa. Y AOKYME'J[-
THMa KOj'H ce OA;Hoce 'Ha IKep3lMIIIKY CTpalHor rropeKAa, UMe L(apfl-
rpaAa ce yeCTO jaBto<l K<lO ca6apHlOr 'cpeAHllITa OBe po6e ca rrpa-
CTpaHeTana TypoKDr UapcTBa.
4
y rrpHAOJK6Hoj Ta6eAH np!H'I\3a'H!H cV
apXI1BOKH rrOAaUH 0 L\apHrpaAcKoj y Ay6pOBHHIJ(Y, 6eJ
npeTeH3uja Ad je TIOmIC 'IIOTTIYH. MO/Ke 'Ce ca AOCTa HfY'pHOCTH npeT-
](OCTaJBHTH Aa je Meny O'B.IIM rIOOYAaMa 6HAO H rrpOH3BOAa 1I3HHY"KHX
Maj110pa. il3 rrp.IIKa3aJHHX apXHBOKHX rrOAaT3IKa MO/Ize ce H313yliH
lTeKOAH'KO YlflheHHL\a: BpeMe KaA cy rrOCY'Ae CTHrAe Hi\JH OOAe rromI-
caHe y Ay6pOBHlfIKY, lliHXOBO rropeKAO, 6poj, lhIHXOBH 06AHl\H. IIlro
ce TIlye rrOAaTaJKa 0 BpeMeHY, OI-IH ce He Mory Y3HC\1allH KaJO AOKa3
o yYeCTa'HOCl1H YB03a no nOIlJTO je y BenHIHH cAyYajeBa
pey 0 J11peA:Mel1IIMa KOjiII cy IHajBepOBa1'l-JoHje KopHUIneHH y iKylH MIIU-
3 Ha Kepa,\lHLJKe oplijclI'laAl-lor nOpeKL\a, np[]a jc 6paTH,\a
na)IUbY V. Han, Orijenlailli prcdnzeli LI renesan5110171 Dubruvl1ikLl, rIpl!-
L\0311 3a 0pl1jeHTaAHY cj;HAoAorHjy Il HCTOPlfjy jvrocAOBeHcKHx Hapo/\a flO,\
lypCKOM sv. VI-VII. 1956-57, 115-137.
1 B. XaH, HCW. dC/lo, 123, Han. 75-82.
313
HaAa3H rYPCKe KepaMHKe H3 H3HHKa y CPOHjH
1'0 l'O,&;lfHa ITpe nOI1'H'Ca. IbY3eJ1a'K npe,A:CJ1a'Biba AparOJ4eHO ITH'CMO yny-
neHo 19. AeJ4eM6pa 1603. l'OAHiHe H3 Uap:HrpaAa y Ay6po'BHHK. y I-bC-
MY 6ep6epllH Giovanni de Josepho jaBiba CBOM npajaTeibY K,pojayy
Piero de Marino Aa ce y 6POAY BAaCHHKa Giovannia Colende KOjH
liAOBH H3 IJ,apHrpaAa \! AYOPOBHHK HaAa3H Kopna C MajoAHKoM, YKyn-
HiO 88 KOMl!Aa TalbH'Pa pa3He 'BeAiH'YHHe, 3AeAa, 3AeAHJ4a, 60KaAa (n.
Ta:6eAY). OBO je yjeA'Ho H HajnomYHlUjH AOKy
r
\1eHT He caMO 0 BpeMe-
ay YB03a 'Hero H 0 BpCTaMa H 6p()ljv nOCYAa K'oje cV Y 'Kapry
1603. HAe rrpeHeTe Y Ay6po'BH'MK.
5
\j\Be3eHH [13
UapHI'paAa 0'1 ce CBa'Ka'KO C'BOjOM <PaiKTYPOM 'H HarylHHOM YKpallll-
na'lba pa3AHlKOBaAIH Oi. OCTaJ\JHX nooYAa y AOManlH'HCTBY HAI1
AynaJHY, jep je KO,&. pa3HiHX 06AHKa TTOCYA:a (J1a'I-bHlpa, 60KaAa, 3AeAa
H 3AeAHJ4a) yeCJ10 HaBHayeHO H lliHXOBO flopeKAo (I4l1pH'JlpaACKH, T'YP-
CKH, H3 TV'HH'Ca H CAIH'Y!HO), lllTO nOlKa3yje A:a 0'1 Ay6pOB<.Ja
I
HH pa3AH-
I,OBaAIH 06i\'H'Ke H HaY'HlHeY;KpaillaJBa'I-ba Kepa'A1'W,N<lHX nocYAa nojeAH-
HiHX 3eMaiba.
Apym, Nli-IOrO nOTny;HJHj'H HsBOp nOAaTaKa 0 <pajaHCY H3 I13!HJWKa
IlaAa3H ce y apxeOAOWKOM MaTepJljaAY ca HeKHX HaAoa3HwTa Y Cp6H-
jH. I1a'KO <ppllf'lI1eHTa'PHO 0'YYR8
I
He, 0J1KpHBeHe nOOYAe, ce Tl'pen03Hajv
no oc06eHoj AeKopauwjiH, H3IBeAeHoj BeIUTIF.\1 pYKaMa HlfeHTH'BiHHX
y pa3H1H':l1 CJ1HA:'Bill\oIa K'Olj'li cV ce C1\ref-bHSaA[l
TOKOM BpeMeHa. OCTaJ4HOBHX n:OOYAa W3A:Bajajy ce no I<:BaAHTeT'y ri
oc06eHOCTH YKpalllalBaJ-La OA OCTaAor 'KepaJM'HYKOr MaTepH'jaAa 'CTpa
Hor ITOpeKAa. Ta H 06jaWH:.aJBa 03!HaKY "J4apH'I'paAoKY!"
Kioja ce y apXHBC'KH'M nOA:aJ4HMa H3 AYpoiBHlFKa ja'B/t>a '13 nojeAlJtH
nocYAe Aa 6H 'MX 0ABojHAa Oi. GCTaAHX Y'B03HHX
IIpe iHero WTO ce npHKa)K'! HaAa3H 1H3HlH'-l.Ke Kepa-M:HKe y Cp-
6H'j:H, eBO HeKOMIiKO pe'-l.H 0 OBaM IHaJjrro3HaTH'jeM K0paJMH'-l.KOM J4eH-
TPV AiHaAoA'Hje, <.JlHjHce np.OH3BOAiH 'Ka' H3Y3eToHiH np'HMepQ:H rrpIl-
,VlelbeHe YMeTHOCTH y 06AaCTH 'KepaJMHiKe HaAa3e A3'HaC Y
MY3ejHMa H CBeTCKH l.W13eHHM KOAeKJ4HjaMa. Y onlllToj HCTOpHjH Kt>
TYPCKa je 6HAa jeAiHO 0.<-\ 3Ha'YajI-l'H'jHX ITOAiPyqja l-beHe npo-
H3BOAl-be. rpHYapH cy npalSHAH rAeoO'caJHeM'033nK-nAO-
YtHJ4e jOlll y XIII BeKY. MenYTH'M, lI'Me 'OBOT nOLIeAO cc
npOCA3Bibal1H TeK ca OCHlH'Bal-beM pa,p;HlOHH'l\a y I13HiHKY ITO'-leT.K''M XV
BeKa. PaHIH npOH3BOAH 'H3HHl.j,KHX 'MajCT'Opa HHCY H'MaNH BiHCOK 'KBa-
AHTeT CBe AO npeMeHa KaA je ,A:BOp Y I1cTaHYAY npeY3eo naTpOHaT
p-aA 1'lf1\1 paAHOHHJ43'Ma 'KpajeM XV 13eKa. I13HH'l.lKH MaojeTOpH cy 'CJ1Ba-
paNH c'Soj CTHA nOCTeneH'O, 'KOpilCTenJH I-1eKa YMena H3 BH3aHTHjoKor
HaCAena, 3aTeyeHOr y O'BOj CpeAHHH CTape HHiKeje, il AOAajynlH MY
YMel'HH4Ka AOCl'HI'Hyna CTapHX 'KYAJ1ypa I(.HHe, IIepoHje 'H 3e-
Maiba Dt\'l-fCKOr YfCTOKa. HajcTapil-fj-H npOH3BOAH 6HA!H cy YJKpameH:H y
AYXY CTHAH30B3HIHX 'KOM'I103HUl1ja, y nAaBo-6eA.oj raMIH, y KojYFMa cy
;; V TaOei\ll cV Kop"whemr oojaBioeHH H 'Heo6jaBiDeHHX rroAaTaKa
li'
Koje Mil je ycrynH.\a .L\P B. Xall, lia yeMY joj H OHOM np"JlHKO,\[ TonAO
3aXlJaiDvjeM.
314
MapHja EajaJ\OIHlh. - XaJ.IH-IlewHn
ce "xaTajH" MOTlI'BH npeY3eTH H3 K'HJHe'!<:or nopu'YAaHa MelllaAH ca
"PYMH" eAeMeHTHMa, KomrpaHHM H3 HCAaMCKiHX HAYMHHHcaHHX Py-
Iwnllca. KacHHje ce OI3aj CTHA MeH>a: rrpeA OllHMa rrOCMaTpaya nojaB-
:"yjy ce pa3HI'paHH 6YKeTH OMHiheHor UBena AHaAoAHje y HaTYpaAll-
CTRY:KOM MaHHpy H )1(IIBibeM KOAOpwry, ,Kao H reOMeTpHjoKe KOMno-
oneT HaAaXHYTe MHHlIjaTypaMa.
6
I1pOH3BOAH tPajalHca 'H3 H3H1lIlKa AOCTH'rAH cy BH'COIK CTerren Te
XCHOAOlllKor 3HaI-ba H YMeT-lHY:Ke 3peAocm TOKOM XVI II XVII BeKa II
nOCTaAH BeOMa ueI-beHa pOOa, Tpa)1(eHa 'He calM y aaj,BHuH11M TYP-
CKHM KpyrOBH'Ma Hero II iBa'H rpaHIIu;a Typc'Kor
KepaM'l11Ka 'H3 H3HiHlKa ooAa je rr03HaTa lll'HlpOM EBpone; no Y30'PY Ha
IbY npaBibe!Ha je HTaAl1'jaHoKa 'MajoA'lfiKa y naA'8H, BHeUHjH 'il !PH-
peHUH. Y E'HrAeCI<:oj ce nOM'Hlhe KpajeM XVI BeKa, a y XVII BeKY
TIen l1IHnHpHll1e eHrAecKe AOK'aNHe rplflIaJpe.7
Ha OOHOBy aiHaAH3a cBojeBpCHOC11H lH pa3All'Ka y Y'KpalllaBaI-bY,
y AHTepaTypH je 'CTBopeHa KAacHlj>ITKaunja nrnOBa AeKopaU'Hje 113-
HlliY'KHX nO'OYAa. H3,1;BojeHiH cy TH'IlOBH A6paxaMa 1H3 KYTaXH'je, 3AaT-
Hor pora, Aa'MaCKa H POAoca. Ta KAaoH<IHiIKaUH'ja je Kopu1UIheHa II
npH OBOM npHlKa3Y 'H3HiHllKH'X nOiOYAa oilKplIBeHHx y Cp6HjH, y OK-
mIpy H'ai\a3a y l'paAOKHJM H UpKBeHH'M cpeAHHaMa.
HajBenH H360p rrocYAa H3 H3H'HI<a y CPDHjH rrpY)1(HO je Eeo-
rpaAoKH rpaA TOKOM oHcreMa'J10KllX apxeoAoillKHX paAoBa y VIry-
TparnH>eM Y'J1BpneIDY Hi\:H 'J1ypOKOM HapHlHY y fOpH>eM 'YI y
aanaAiHoM f1JOArpany. HajcTa'P'H'jeM BpeJ'vwHY CT'Ba:paI-ba 'H3HHYXHX Maj-
CTopa npanaAa <pparMeHT nocYAe (AHJMeH3Hje 9,3XS,S cm), ,",C'KU-
lIaH Ha C'J1paHlH 6eOl'paJAOKor AOI-h'OrpaAOKor 'HaCeiba (CA. 1).8
VII<:parneJH je ryC'J10M KOMrT03HU\HjOM 'Y'KprnTeHiHx l'paiHa C UBeTOBH'Ma
pY)1(e II AiOTOca. )KuBa,XlHY 'Mpe)1(IY Ap'lllKIH MeCTH'MlllYlHO npeKJHJAajy
IleAHKH CTHAH30BaJI-lJH i\'H'CTOBH H MaAe i\IH'OKe CaBH'jeHe y BllAY '-l'BOpa.
Ho KOAOPHTY (6eA<H Ha IlAa'Boj n03aA:H1H'H) 'HM'aJI-mrpy CAH-
KaI-ba (OHJ11HH H'3Y'KplllTaH'H "PY'MH" IH "xaTad\H" MOilHIBH), oBa'j <ppal'-
MeI-lT rrpHlnaA;a rpynH rTOoYAa y T3B. A6paxaIMa H3 KYTaxHje
KOjH je Tpajao OA nocAeA;I-be ,L\eu;eHH'je XV AO Tpene AeueHllje XVI
Belza, KaA je 3<l'Me.l-heI-J HOBOM KOMIl03HLCIIOI-tOM H KONOp.J.I1CTH'Y'KOM CXC,
}.1JOM.
9
IlpeMa Ae6MH'HH 3H,L\OBa Il'OCYAe (6 mm) 11 I-bHXOBOM 3ao6ibeH>V
H3rAeAa Aa je peY: 0 OCTaT'/<Y MoaYMeHTaAIH''r penpe3eHTaTHBHor cYAa
6 A. Lane, Ottoman Poltery of IvLik, Ars Oricntalis, II, 157, 268-281;
The Arts of Islam, London, 1976,211-212, 265-270.
7 A.Lane, IWB. eJ1o, 278-281.
8 HCKOrraSatba 3a 3aUlHrry CrrOMeHYlKa KYI\Type rpa,J.3 Eeo-
IpaAa 1972, He06ja131beH MaTcpHja", HHI3CHTap MY3cja rpaAa EcorpaAa (y
l\a,bCM TCJ,CTY MfE), op. II, 1890. l'OfIAO 3aXBatoyjeM r. MapjaHoBllh-Byjo-
rml, PYKOBOAHOUY paAOBa y 3ana,J.HoM nOArpany, Ha YCTyntoeHOM MaTepH-
iaAY H3 3anaAHor nOAfP'ana.
9 eTH" je Ha3BaH 00 nOMeHY 01301' lJMeHa y HaTOHCY ,13 1510. rO,L\I1l1e
lIa jeAHO,\! 60KaAY, Tite Ails of Islam, 265,
HaAa3H TypCKe KepaMIiKe 113 lf3HHKa y Cp6HjH
315
y 3HAY nYlIla, CAWfHor OH0L\1e H3 MY3eja BHlKToplfje H At\6epTa y
AOHAom;.I rro CThfA'H30B3Ilha l\:BerOBa, C HarAallleHtIIM )KHAH-
naMa HallleM rrplIlMepIKY je iHajCAtlIl.JIHuj:HCTHA KOMrr03Ul\:iHje
Ha 3AeAH 113 MY3eja 'Kep3JMTlJKe y CeBpy.l1 Ben je pe'IeJfO Aa
je C1'HA A6paxaMa H3 Kymje r3lKO 'C06eH Aa Ce jaoH'o H3ABaja OA
CTaAHX, KacHlfjHx ClllIAOBa H3HlNK!HX Majcr:opa. Orp3lHJH'IeHO BpeMe
J-bCrOBOr TpajaJ-ba (1490-1525) YKa3yje Ha TO Aa je nyrr H3 6eo-
rpaACIQOr Am-ber rpaAa YBe3eH BepooamlO y rrocAeAlliHM roAHHaMa
yrapcKe ynp3lBe H3'A oeOI1paAOM, H:AiH HajlKaOHH'je y np&HlM rOA'HIHa.vr3
1'y:pcKe BAaAaBHHe. V CBaKOM cAY'-lajy, 6HAO Aa je pe'I 0 VrapHM<l
HAH TYPUHlMa, OBaKO peIlpe3eH1WI1HiBaH 'KOO,taiA HIHje 6uo Ha:MelheH
CKpOMIHlHM rpanaiI-IOK'HlM CpeAI-IHaMa.
V jeA;Hoj OA OTrraAHHX jaMa 113 T'YpOKor BpeMeHa, y VHyrpaurlhC,\1
Yl1BpnelhY roplhcr rpaAa HaneR je He3HaTHO OlllTeneH 60KaA BI-IClfHC
t2
16,5 ,cm, npe'IHHKa 01'BOpa 7,5 cm, npel.JlHI-IKa AHa 7,7 cm. Meny l'O'
MHAOM nOAOM,\,eH'I-IX TOCTI-IJa, 6dK'3'A je 3a6AI-ICTa'O AenOTM AeKopa-
l\:Hj e (CA. 2); no Cl1HAy YKpal.Il3lBaJ-ba flipeACT3IB,\,a H3Y3eTaH npI-IMepaK
OpH3IMeHT!HKe l1Hrra 3AaTIHor pora 113 llpBe llAOBiHHe HAB OpeAll-IHe
XVI BeKa.
13
];oKaA HMa Ayr H AocTa lllHpOK BpaT KOjlI llpeA33H y
3a06,\,eH, HHCKI nOCT3JB,\,eH 'Jlp6yx, a 33JBpm3JBa ce rrpCTeHacToM (;1'0-
nOM. H3BHjeHa ApillKa je Ha AOlheM AeA-y nA8CI'I-l"-rHO 3a:Ae6,\,aHa.
K:oMn03I-ILtuja YKpaca OA CJlllpaAlH'O ca'BHjeHlHx TaiHKHX rpaHa, C ny-
UBeTHnI-IMa H Y3aHHM AHOKaMa y TIAaBoj 'I-IT'l1'PKI-I3HOj 6oj-n
JTOHaB,\,a ce Ha BpaTY l-I Tp6yxy cyAa. V 3alHa TpaKa Ha AHY BpaTa ca
0PH3J'\-IeHTO""t pHO.ibC l-I 'Hlf30M llAYK:pyroBa oABaja rro XOPI-I30H-
TaAI-I YK-pace Bpara OA YKpaca Tp6yxa. Ha ,AiHY Tp6yxa je H3JCA!J-lJKaHa
rroce6Ha TpaKa 1-I3BI-IjeHHx AI-IHI-Ija, y06H'-IajeHa Ha 6oKaAI-IMa OBor
uma. Ha Bpary l-I Ha Tp6yxy cYAa, npeKo He)KHHX I-I pa3I-IrpaHHX cm1
paAHI-IX rpaH'Ulqa, KPYTIHHM apancKHM nHCMOM y l\:pHOj 60jH Hcml-
caHa je ABa mJTa lIeTa neCHI-I'IKa ,,03Ap-aB,\,eI-be cpl\:a je y ca-
cTaHKy ca Bo,\,eHHM."14 Oc06eH CTI-IA 3AaTHor pora 3a6eAe)KeH je AO
caAa Ha lI,rai\06pojHoi rpynl-I nOCYAa pa3AI-I'II-ITI-lX BpCTa. oOKaA H-1
10 A. Lane, Hue. eJlo, fig. 3.
Il HcTO, fig. 9.
HCKOl1aBaI-ha MY3cja rpaAa EeorpaAa 1972, Hco6janA>eH ,\t3TcpHjaA,
11H11. 6p. II 1585.
1:1 CHi,\ OpI-IaMeJ-ITHKC 3AaTIIor pOra I1pBo6l-fTHO je Be3HBaH 3a rpH'lapC
Ha nOAPY'ljy 3AaTHor pora 'If Uapl1rpaAY. npeMa nOAmKY li3
1547. li OHO,\! KOII. E, '4eAe6:-Tje 113 1631; KacHHjH HCTp3)J<HBa'!H cy 'iTBPAlIAl-f
Aa je TaKBa CTHAl13aU;Hja 6H/\a cBojCTBeHa H3HHKa, K. Otto-Dom,
Das IslamiscT1e lznik, Berlin 1941, 190-191. HajpaHl-fjH rrpHMepaK onor CTH-
Aa I1peACTaBi\,a 6ou;a 1I3 KOAeKl\l-fje rYAMaH, EHrAeCKa, Ha KOjOj je HaTI1HC
113 1529; \,Kpac ce cacTol1 OA rpaH'll-fu;a C L(BeTOBHMa. l1ynOi\,U;HMa H ;\lfCKa,\la
C\l['-JHo Kao Ha 60Ka;\y 113 YHYTpaWI-her yrBpneI-ha, A. Larre, Ha8. oeJlo, 270,
fig. 33, 34,
14 TeKCT npO'lIlTa/\a ,\P E. Eojat-IHn-AYKa'l, Ha '-IeMY joj Il onOM npIL\ll-
),OM neOMa 3aXBai\,y
316
MapHja EajaAoBHh - XaUH-I1eilll1n
------.
YHYTparmber yn"pneI'ba YHHH ce Aa je 3acaA jeAHHH rrpllMepaK rro-
CYAe YKpallleH y CTlIAY Ilirra 3AaTHor pora ca OBaKBOM rroeTCKOrvl.
rropYKOM, ABa rrYTa lfCI<:a3aHOM. THMe oTlaj 6KaA 060ranyje cmrcaK
;\laA06pojHHX rrocYAia OBe rpyrre y CBeTCKHM MY3ejHMa H npHBaTHHM
jWAeKUHjaMa.
1
.)
:&OKaA Y'KpaUIeH UHeTHHM cmrpaAiHO 3lJBIfjeHIHM rpaHYHualMa HH-
je ycaMtoeH npH'MepaK nocYAe ca OB11'M THirrOM AeI<:opaUHje HaneH y
Y'HYTpaIllI-beM YTBpneH:lY. I-beMY ce rrpH:.A:PY)Kyje Mal-ba, <ppaI'MeWIO-
Ba'Ha 3AeA,a (BlICHJHa 7,5 cm, rrpe'lHHK ropl-ber AeAa 9,2 Icm, -rrpe'lHHK
AHa 6,5 cm) y rrAaBo-6eAoM 'KOA'OpHl'Y, ca Hey06lfl,IajeHOtV1 OpH'aIMeH-
TH'KOM (CA. 3 H 3a).IG Y:H'YT,paUIl-ba Cl'pa!Ha 3AeAHIIe .ml'l'a Ha AHY U'BeT-
HY p03eTY OK'PY)KeHY ca .A:Ba K'OHueH1'pHY<Ha Kpyra, OIA KOj;HX ce Bep-
THlKaA'HO l'pa'Ha opHaMeHT y 'BiHA'y 'J1paJKe OA neT eMi[],COiH'AiH'HX o6pYQa
C 'MaAJ.LV1 p03eTaMa IHa KpajeBHlJ\'1a. Cpe,A;HlHOM TpaJKe Teye 'HIli3 crrH-
paAa 'Koje ce OMaI-byjy npeM,a HIBH1.{H nOO'lAe. OK'\jIll'HlHe 'OA rro TpH
Kpyra C TaYKOiM y cpeAH'Hlli TIOHaJBtoajy ce YeTlHpH n'lTa iH'3Men'l op-
Ha'MeHTaAHHX Tpa'Ka. OBoaKiBe CK'Ynl-l':I-re ce 'HaAa3e H Ha onot\>H'oj CTpa-
HH 3AeAIHue, norrOA IJ;BeT(}Ba Ha I<:pal1KH'M rreTeibI<.aMa, C AHCl1Hn;H'Ma I-l
OI!HpaA'M YMeCllOTyqKa. KpaTI upnrue y B'HlA'Y 3alJ1eTa, I<>oje Aony-
I-byjy UBeTOBe :H cKyrrH'He K'pyroaa, KapalKTepiHC'PHCI\He cy 3a rrperro-
3HaBal-be CAHKapeBe PY'Ke. TaJI<Ba oc06eHa 'OpHa'MeHTHKa HaAa3H ce
Ha cTapHjeM OTMaJHCKO'M cPajalHOY lf3 rr'PBe rrOA'O'BHHe XVI IBeKa. V
AHT0paTY'PH 'Koja MH je oHAa AocryrrHa 3ana3HAa caM peTKe llHaAO-
J'Hje OBHX MOTHBa C MOTJ-l1BHMa 'Ha <ppaI1MBHTl-f,"ta KepalMIHKe 'HKO-
nalHe 'Ha KpHMY (CCCP)17 H CO<pHj1li (Ey'rapCKa).lH KlJKO je y 06a
cAyy.aja 'pey. 0 C\fAOBH\.lvla KOjH no ViKpalJJaBaH>'\j IJ1punaAajy llli'ny
3AaTHor para, TO 611 ce MorAO npeTrIOCT<LBHTII je 11 3.L\eAHua H3
YHY'l'paUHber YTBpnelba rrpl1lITaAaAa jeA!Hoj OA J\lal-be fI03HaTliX 'BapH-
jaHaTa -aBOI' TJ-l1na YKpaWaBaI-ba.
rpYIrH nocYAa 113 apBe 1fl'0AOBI1;He XVI 'BeKa rrp<l-lnaAajy jOli :.L\l3a
npe.L\MeTa H3 YHYTpaUII-ber yTBpnel-ba. To je Ilia'jnpe MaA/H
(,; I1pHMepw'l MaA06pojHHx 1I0CYAa y OUOi\! Cl'l1AY HaAa3<:: ce If 1'01'OBO
CBlnl. paAOBHMa KOjH aHaAH3Hpaliy rrpOl-J3BOAe H3HHL[I.<HX 1\laiCTOpa; HaBOAHi\!
caMO HeKe aYTope: A. Lane, I-La8. e/w, 270-272, pl. la. fig. 35; K. Otto-
-Dorn, Ha8. e/w, Taf. 48; K. Erdman, Neue Arbeilel1. 'lUI' Trkischel1 Kera-
111ik, Ars Orientalis, V, 1963. Tar. 20; O. Aslanapa, Trkische Fliesel! mzci
Kera711ik in AnalOliCl1, Istanbul 1965, Abb. 69-73; M. CTaH4eBa, TypclCu
r!>ajaHc or Co(fnlfL, H3BeCTI-f1'l Ha apxeOAonl<leCI<I-I HHCTHTY1', XXIII, 1960; T.
XIII; J. MHAAep, Xyo:J/cec'C8ola /(epa.M.UlCa 1\eHHl-Irpa.A 1972, 31, 33.
16 I1cKonaBalba 1979. rOA1111e y opraHH3auHjH ApxeoAoull<.or HHcTH1'yra
(I1pojeK1' 3a 6eorpaAcKY TBphaflY, KapTOH C, 6p. 37) PYKoBOAI1Aal.( M. Eaja-
AOBI1I'i - XaUH I1eulHl'i.
17 J. MI1Aep, e/lo, 134; rroAVAapHocT ce orAeAa y p03eTaMa H
cKymfl-llf KPV?KHna.
18 M. C1'aH4el:la, e/70, 121-122, T. XIII; Ha nOAe}jJ-lHH 1I313al-lpCA-
lIe 3AeAe HaAa3H ce "(paC Hcmx l.(Be1'OBa H CKYOHHa Kpy)!<.HI'ia I<ao Ha npl!-
;l'lepKY H3 YlfVTpaLUI-bCr VTBpher'ba; aHat.onrie V pacnOHY XVT-
-XVII Bel<a, M. CTaH<leBa OCT\B,ba O1'BopeHO mlTal'be AaTOBaI-La nmODa
3AaTHor pora.
317
HaAa3H TYPCKe KepailmKe H3 IbHHKa y Cp6Hhl
(npe4HlfK 7,5 cm) A tPajaa-fCa Habel-l y llCTOj OmaAH'oj jaMH y KOjOj
je '01lKpHiBElI-l Ben npUKa3aHH OOKaA 3AaTIJ-lor po,ra (CA. 4) .19 HaK10 je
paneH y HcrO'M rrAaJBo-oeA'OM KOAipH'l'Y C AOlil.aTlK'JM rnpKJW3IHe
oBaj fTOKAOnaI4 ce pa3AHKyje OA OOKaAa no Ha4HHY CAHKaI-ba H rro
rrpuMefbeH'HM 'MOTHB'H,'vla. OKO MaAe A;ynvlaCTe ApWKe, y rrpeQH3IHOll'l II
<pHlH1()M I4pTe)l"Y 'HaCAHKaHe cV CTHAH30BaHe AaAe nOBHjeHe y H;CTOM
cMepy. Apym npeAMeT je <p-par\1eJHT 3AeAIHI4e HAlH Ta'fbH'pa (6,5 X 5 cm)
ca YKpac:\l rrojaca BpeiKe H 14Bel'On'a CAHKaHHX orreT y oeAo-nAa-
Boj OOjIH, Y3 He3HaTHo KopHwl1e}he TlipKH3He 6oje. Bpe)Ke ce nOHaB-
kaijy Ha 'ooe nOCYAe (CA. 5) .20 CT!IA npelfIJ\lJHmna rpaHa CAU-
CTHnHiMa,IKOAHIIW ce 1'0 MO:iKe 3l'KA:>Y4Hl1H no iOIBaJKO 'MaNO,\<{ <p-pa:n.'vleH-
l'y, nOAcena Ha KONlfI03HQuje Ha I1BHY'HH'M 60PAypaMa 3AeAa ca
rp03A''Bll'Ma BHiH'Be A03e 'H3 aJMepH4iKHx iK'OAElKI4Hja.
2J
y ,AOJf,OllXl'ACI<'OM HaCeA:>'Y EeO'I"paAa IHabe'H je jw jeA3lH oO'Ka,\.
H3 IH3HH'Tl<liX paAHOHHI4a, AeKOplfCa'H 'BeOiMa HIJ-l!l3ElHTHIBHO, ca ([-lcraH-
'JaJHJHM oce1.aJ:-beM 3a I<OAopHT, 4iHje cy AHiMElH3i.Hje: BHC'I1Ha 19,2 cm,
npe4HH>K oOO'Aa 8 cm, npe'-fHIHIK AHa 8,5 cm (CA, 6),22 E''KaA je 'Y[(pa-
IlleH HH30'M 'HaJH3,'vleHll'4HHX CflJHpaAa H nYJHUX IKpyroBa Ha :BPXY 'Epa-
Ta. CpeAH1HOM BpaTa YI l1poyxa paOfl'OpeneH'H cy oeAH 'MeAaibOHH cp-
I40A'llKOr 06AHII<a , HcnYfbElHH OYJKeT''M OH11I-rHX 'HBeOMa ynpoillne'HHX
Q'BeTO'Ba C neTeMI<3JMa. Y !H3Meny MeAaA:>OiHa
cv, y ABa rrojaca, rpyrre OA no l'pH cnojelHa oeAa IKpyra ca OKI4'HMa li
AYPYibaCTH 3eAEll-lH AliCTOoBlI TaAaca:Cl1HX H:B:HI4a, c Ha'fAaWeHOiM cpe-
A;UillHM )KHA'M. AHCTOBM cy nOCTaJBlbeHill KO'OO OiKO Me:A'a/hOlHa H
rpyna Kpyrona. Ha OOHOBlf nooYAe TlIMIHHje IlAalBe ooje, 'OBe oeAc
floBpillHHeMeAaA:>O'Ha H KpYl'OBa, ca IHarrAaCI4IH1Ma 3CAeHe 60je Alli-
CTOBa, AeAyjy BeOMa YCKAaneH iH npecPHfbelJ-lo. Ilo 06AIHiKV nocYAe JI
C'II'TMY CAarafba oeAHx nO/ba 'MeAaMolHa, Ha'weM OOll<aAY je CAH4M-I
OKaA 113 COcPHje, I<ojn je onpeA,elbeH y Tan AaMaC'I<.23 IlpaTenu onH-
CaJRe apHaMelne Ha AocaA nyDAUIKonaiHHlM U3HH41J(HM IlpOH3BOAHlMa
HB pa3'H'HX 1<0Ae'l<lIMja MO')J<ece AonH AJO He!KHX onllll1Hj'HX 3aK:bV'laiKa.
OBjKO CTHAH30naHH MeAaIdOHH, lJ(pyrOBH H A1HCTOBM jaJBlbajy ce y
APVro'j nOAOB'I1f11H XVI BeKa y pa3A:H4HT'HM '!<0M'6J11HaI4lijalMa. Kpy-
fOBM ca OKI4eM, KOjH 'l\o[.Q)KAa OHlMOOAIHWY naYH'O'BO OK'O, jaBloajy ce
10 HCKonanaJba MY3eja rpaAa BeorpaAa 1972. rOAHHe, P'iKoBoAHAau
AP M. BajaIlOBJj-Xa\JHn-DewHn, Heo6jaBA>eH MaTepHja!\, HHB. 6p. II 1585.
HCJWnaBafha 1979, rOAHHC y OpraI-lH3aUHjH APXCollolllKor HI-lCTHTY-
Ta, KilpTOT-T C, 6p, 23.
E, Grube, Masterpieces of Turkish Pottery in the Metropolitai/
Museum of Art and in the private Collection of MI' James 1. Rorilner in
New York, First International Congress of Turkish Art, Ankara 1961, 168,
fig. 160-162.
HCKonaBilIb3 1979. rOAHT-le y opraHH3aUHjH ApxeoAolliKor HrICTlfTY-
Ta, PYKOBONM31( ,\;p r, MapjaHoBHn-ByjonH1, KapTOH C, 6p. 170; r. Mapja-
HOBHn-ByjOBT-In, Hacelba y zpay 6eozpacr:.:e T6pna6e, Apxeo.\OlliKH
I1perAeA, 21, 1980, ]43, HanOJ-\lf A3 ce y HeKHM a Me!)y T-bllMa je H
jaMa p. 22 -Y Kojoi je Ha13eH 60Kall, l-IaAaJllO MaTepnjaA XVI BeKa,
23 M. CTaH<Jena, Ha6, oeJlO, 143, T. III.
318
MapHja SajaAOBHD. - XaJ,J:HI1eillllh
KaOH'BH\.{lHa 60PAypa IHa Ta'J-bH"pHIMa. Pa3AnlJHTO CY
MAIH oy pa!36al.l,aHlI-l no l.l,eAoj nOBpurnHlH nOCYAe y KOM6J:al.l,HjH ca
ARa AHcra.
25
i\ncr:OBH ca Ka'PalKTe<p'HCI1HItiHHlM TaNacac11Kt\1
jaBlt>ajy ce YBeK rrojeAH.lHa4HO, y K'PC1X)AIHlK''M rropeH<y26 HAH nOCTaB-
lt>el-LM paAMjaAHo.
27
fIp'H nOOMaTpaJ-bY ClliMX OB!HX KiOMaAa A06uja ce
ynrca'K Aa cy npOMaBeAeHiM 'Y H'CTOM rpH4apoKOM OpeAHlllTY, a Aa c Ij
MajcTopWOAMKapM KOM'WH'OBaAIH 'OHe MOTHBe no OBOjOj IllHBeHl.l,'HjH.
EO'I<a:A 113 6eOrpa:A'CKl(}r AO'I-be,r rpaAa npeACTaBib'a jorn j eA(lJH YCiI1eo
AOKa3 J-bHXOBe MarnTOBHTOCTH.
y APyroj nOA'BH\H1H XVI BeJKa j3lBMtljy ce Ha 6eoflpaAOI<OM no-
Apy4jy 'MOBM 06A'H'lUi OTOMaHCKe IKepaJMHJKe. <ppaI1MeH'11H 3AeAe 'M "lJa-
Ille ca ApillINH1 pa3AI.myjy !ce OA Ben npi1lKa3a
l
HlMX npeA"'leTa rro KO-
pHrnneHiHlM 60jaMa iH Ha\ffi!HY C:MI'Kailha. ViMecTO CTH1Mf3OB3IHe l.l,lBeTHe
opHa
'
MeHl1HlKe jaBlt>a ce Harfl\{paAH'CTH'YIKlH CAlHiK3IHlO y 60raTH-
jeM, JlIytHiHjeM KOAOpHTI\{. KQMfl'03H'I..Ufje cy O>llBJ'oeHe 'HOBOM 60jOM,
l.l,iWrAa l.l,'PBeHOM, 'H 1'0 Y petoe<pHOM 'H'aH'ooy, a'AH ce H AaA:>e KopMCTe
llAaJBa H 3eAe'Ha 6oja; IKOHTy:pe cy Ha'fAanJeHe l.l,pHO.\1 6aJOM. H3Me-
J-heH je ,M opHalMeHT TpaJKa Ha tHiBHl.l,H o60Aa. HalBeAeHe lOo06H:I-ie OBOj-
Cl1BelHe cy M3J-Nf'l'KOj IKepaMI{l.l,iH H3 Apyre .IfOAOBHHe XVI BeKa, 60ke
rr03HaToj Kao THlll POAOC.
28
<f)paflMeHToBaJHa 3AeAa H3 3anajHor nOAr.pana je l'.HII1H'laiH npeA-
CTaBHHK O'Bor HOBOr 'CTHAa y .li:3HM4
t
KOj npOHBBOAtHM.
29
OqYJBatHIM Ae-
AOBH npO<PI-lAJl'ca:H1O'r o6oAa IIi AeAa T.p6yx'a A03B'Olt>lJBajy X!l-NIOTeTiH4-
HY peK!OHCl\pY,Kl.l,Rjy nOCYAe (CA. 7). Tocy OOpOBaTHO ocral.l,H CJKAaA-
HO 06AHKOBalHe 3AeAe K'Oja je cTa'jaNa 'Ha BHCO'KOj B'IH1KOj H03lH. Ha
OOHOBY rrpexpHAal.l,J.1!je o6oAa, AeKopa IH nOAMXpoMlHje, lJ-llajo.Mi>Ke na-
06AHI<a JlllAa3e ce y :H3Y3e11HO eCTe'I'OKM OOi\Jl-lKOBaJHOj 3AeAH
C LIlOKAOI1'l.l,eM 113 EpHTaJHcKr MY'3eja, Kiojla je Aa110BaJHa 'Y apeMe 1560
-SO. flO,AIHHe.
3o
Ha cPparMeHTHMa cy paCll'BeTaJHe pY)Ke pelt>ecP!HiKi\1
Aal1Hl.l,aMa l.l,'HrAa 6aje H IlNaB!H <apaH<pliAH Ha AI\{ITh'\1 AP-
illKa'Ma ca ,3eAeHIHJM AHOK'aMa. Ha np0<pMAm::lJHOM py6y nOOY:Ae je
VU\lpa'OHa TpaKa nAaBe 60je ca 6eNHiM nONyl.l,tBeTtBHMa AlHlBtoe 'PY)Ke.
GBH MOTHBH cy 'OHBHlIefilH l.l,'PHOJ'v1 AIHlHUjQM. Y IfCTOM MaJH'HrPy je 'Pa-
neRa 'H '-lailla -Ben rr03HaTor THlna C paBJ-llWM 31-l,A,OIBoHMa H Hlb'O'OHaTOM
24 TaJ-bHp 113 3611pKe MY3eja BHJuopl1je H r\AoepTa, Turkish Pottery,
London, 1955, fig. 9; TaJ-bl1p H3 KOAeKrmje EpwiTa*a, J. MHAep, ItaO. e,lO,
76; Taful1p oH3 3HpKe J. Soustilla; Cl. Kiefer, Les Cramiques musllimanes
d'Anatolie, Cahiers de la Cramique et des Arts du feu, 4, 1956, pl. 11.
25 Dol\a 113 My3eja BIIKTopHje fi AA6epTa, Turkish Pottery, fig. 4.
26 TafuHp 113 MY3eja BIJJ<Topl1je H AAoepTa, Turkish Pottery, fig. 21.
27 Dol\a H3 30HpRe EpHTaHCKor MY3eja; O. Aslanapa, HaB. eJlo,
Abb. 90.
28 POAOCKI1 THil opHaMeHTHKe pa3BHO ce 113 CTHAa Aa.\-laCK OKO 1560.
roAHHe, The Arts of Islam, 268, fig. 414.
29 HCKorraBafua 3aBOi\a 3a 3allITHTy crrOMeHHKa KYArype rpaAa 1972.
'-OAHHe, pyRoBOAHAal\ AP r. MapjaHOBJ-flj-ByjoB'lm, He06jaB",eH MaTepujaA,
HHB. MrE, op. II 1888.
30 R. H. Pinded-Wilson, The Turkish Potlery of Iznik, H3A. EpHTaHcKor
:\lY3eja, 9.
HaAa3H TypcKC KepaMHKe H3 113HHKa y Cp6HjH
319
APUNW<M Koja je y 'BepTlH'KaMIIOiM rrOAo*ajy npwmpmne:Ha Ha ope-
AHiHiH 3HAa; JbeH <ppaIlMeHT je OTKpI-EBetH y YtHyrpaillJbeM yrBpnefuY
(CA. S).:ll IIpeY'HiH'K t.Iame H3HOCll je 12 cm. Ha Oat.Iry'BaJHOIM ,fOPfueM
AeAlY ITDCYAel1'CT'Ht.Ie ce pY/I<a paC.l(BeTaNllX AaTiHqa .l('pOOHe 60'je, Be-
pOtBallHO Ha Ayroj neTelol..\H, IKao Hia npHIMepl.\iWMa ,QB!(}f Tlma
H3 OpeAJHlHe XVII BeKa.
32
JI 31AeAa H t.Iallla ce rroYIKpaOHMa 'YKAa-
najy y 60raT 1H36op 1H3IHIH'IlKHX npOIH3BOl6.a rIma POAOC, rr03lHia'I1HX
H3 MIHOIlHX enIJorrcKJfx H BaH enporroKJHX IKiOAeKI..\Hja IKepaJMIH'Ke. Ta cy
pa3HT'paHe Ko,\mo3H1.\!Hje I..\BeTHHX apaIlDK'MaJHa, IlY'H'Of IK'OAOpIHTa, C
n<YceooHIM OCenaJbe!M 3a HeKammaJbe AeTaloa nojeAHlHllX 'Bp'CTa
Ao6.IJ1ja ce ynrcaiK Aa cy CA!H'I<apH, nOlHe11l1 neaHlll"I'IillM
)l(eAeAll p;a lUTO BepHI1je AO\.Iapajy rrOCMaTpat.Iy OBIY AerroTY 1'yplOlX
6alUTa. JI AQK cv Ha paHiH'jllL\1 Il'pOOBB:JA'HiM'a 030'f l'pHyapcKor .l(eHTpa
O'IlHfAeAlHH YTHl..\ajJ1 KliI.HeoK'or ITOpVI..\YAaHa H O1'OMaJHCKllX W.A!Y(M:HB'H-
caHiHX PYKOTIHCa, y OB'j l'pY'ml ce jaloa I..l)Ben'e AH'aAA:Hje - py*e,
... \'HB1'oe PV)Ke, .I<apaJH<pHAJH, AaAe, 3Y:'.16yMI - Y )K'HlB()'JlliOHOiM Hl-
TYPaAiHCTH''IlKOIM 'MaJrmpy H <pHlHOM l.\'pTe*y Ha ro1'OBO CRHM 06A:I1LU1-
Ma KepaM<li'Ke rrpaBloffile TaAa V TYPOKioj.33
y npBoj nOAOBH'HM XVII IBeKa, Ha 6eo:rpaAOKO nOAPvyje CV II
,laloe YBO)KeHe nocYAe H3 TYPOKe ca .l(BeTHIOiM AeI<Opau;HjOM, aMI
ynpoillneH'HjlHx :o6AHlI<.a fi A'a6:Hjer I..\pTe)Ka,Ben illa6AOIHH30BalfiOJr II
MaJbe eepeK'l'HOr lHeBO je 6HO cAyyaj <Ha Il!p0'J13BlAlI'Ma Te 'BJPcTe
y XVI BeKY. JeAaH Ta'KaB npIl'MepaJK je .IJ1CKOnllH y 6eorpaAoK
i
oM
YHYllP'aillH>eM Yl1Bpnel-By.34 Ha OOHOBY lHeKOAHlKO <ppaI1MEmaTa '061Aa
Il :A/Hia T<lJJbHpa MO)l<.e ce ca A'OICTa OH'IlypHilCTH npeTnOCTaJBiH'I'il Aa je
OpesAH'illHH rrpocrop 3ay:m,MaAa oa AaAaJ.Ma, TYpaKiHM
KapaH<pI1i\!OM, PY)KOM H jOllll lHeKHlM, 3acap. HeAecj:>arHlHcaJHHM
M01'fliBiHMa, AOK je rro illHlpOKOIM OOOAY 6Il'0 HaH3ME'JHMt.IlHO !HCAH!I<alI
'}lH3 H nynOlo<lJI<a (OA. 9).
Y rpaAcKiIDVl opeAH<HaMa Cp6Hje XVII iBeK'a :H3rAeAa Aa cy np;H-
KOpH'illne:'H OBIH IKaoHfijH rrp:aH:3!BOiAiH T'YpOK!HX Kepallv1H'lJ:apa,
TeXlllOAOillKH cAa6Hje M3paAe. Y Mry3ejy JllpHMeJhelHe YlMe'I1HOC'I1H y
'Hill\a3e ce jOlll TpYI TaJlhHlpa <paJjaJHca JK'jH rrparoaAajv
OBOM BpeMeH'V 11 CTH'Ay, a IKlOj'H oy Ben 06jaBloE'JH!H.
35
CBa T'pH 1'aJHMJpa
nplinaAajlY HCTOM I\lilI1Y. 0601A je 'AOICTa J.llHpOK, BOI6.0paBaH, All-l'o je
3aOOloeHo, Hora BeaMa KipaTKa fi npCTeHaC1'a. HpMI Ta'H>Hp je yu<.pa-
Weill IKO'MifiOOHI..\IH,jOM O'A pY)Ke, AaAa IH KapaJH<pHAa. CTa61bHll<.e UJBeTO-
Ba cy Ca!KynloeHe flpU ,.1JJ-i1V, a IlIa cpeAH'HH n:QJBe3aJHe H3'BHljeHHIM AMC-
:ll HCKOnaBai-ba MY3eja rpaAa Eeorpa,L\a 1971. l'O,L\lolHe, neo6jaBA:>Cll
MaTepl1jah, Tep. l1HB. 6p. 478.
32 J. Muhep, na(J. deJlo, 103; The Arts of liSlam, fig. 419.
33 Y Be311 oa IJ,BeTHOM ACKOPaLIHjOM Ha ITAOtJUl.\aMa H nOCYAaMa, 3aJUlM
A,l1Be nOAaTKe 0 lby6aBl1 TypaKa npeMa l.\Behy H3HOCl1 Tahsin Oz, Turkish
Ceramics, 21; E. Grube, '-WB. eJlo, 158, Taf. 17-26, Aaje pa3HOBpCHe KOM
JlO3Hl.\uje C l.\BeheM Ha Tal-bBpHMa H3 aMepH'lKHX KOi\.eKllHja.
34 HCKonaBal-ba MY3eja rpoaAa EeorpaAa 1972. roAHHe Heo6jaBA:>eH Ma-
TepHjah, Tep. HHB. 6p. 192, 405. -
3.; P. AOHCmp, TYPClCUra/-bUpu U3 KyTaxuje, MY3ej rrpHMel-beHe YMe-
THOCTH, 36oPHHK, S, EeorpaA, 1959, 123-128.
320
MapHja EajaAoBHo - Xal,lH-IIeulHo
TOM 3YU'4aCTHX HlB'HQa, TaJK03BaJHOM ,,'KOn<JOM" Koja je yeCTO KOp'HW-
n't'Ha 'Y KOMill'03lfJ..(HjaMa OBe BpC1'e. HBlH'YIHa TpaKa 'ce CacTO'j'H OA
TpoyrA'Ba <popMH'pa'HHX [(IHiK-QaJK Ai.HIHJH'ja 11 HcnYlbelHHx nO'AOBI1-
HOM QBeTa AM'BJ'oe PY)Ke (OA. 10). A'P'ym TalliHip IHiMa 'lfCTH opHaMeHT
IHa 060AY, a cpeAHHY K:pa'H 6YKeT 'OA AaAa H iKapaHqml\'a, IfllpH <JMY
cy IKapaJH<pHNH 'Ha:cNHlKa'HlH caMo KOIHl'Y'PHO (CA. Il). l'penH TalbHip ce
H3AiBa!ja rHe06H'YIHoM KOu\1/Il'3HQH'jOM 'Koja je Ca:CTaJBJ'oeHa KOM6H1HOBa-
lheM cPA'OpaNHHx 'H 31OMOpqJIH'HX MOTH'Ba. CpeAIHillHlH Aeo 3aY3UMa
pnrypa )K1H<BOTH'lbe :K:oja CTOjlH, Ayror je 'BpaTa H 'MMe l'AarBe, CA'H'4Ha
ra3eAH. TeAo je HcnylbeHo l'a'4'K:acTHM MpJ'oaMa, a iHa rAaJBH ce HCTH'
YY l'pH pora. ITpOCTOp 'OKO )KHOOT1.\1)!he je 'JfcnY'lbeH AiaAaJMa H lKapaH'
pHAOM, 'a no HBlHQH o60:Aa Te<Je nojac HarH3MeHHYiH' nopenaHll1x Q'Be-
TOBa H rry:II0J'oaJK:a (CA. 12). Ha T3JJhH'pH\Ma oy IK:OP:lllllneHe QiH,rAa QP-
BeHa (y peJ'oe<pHOu\1 HaJHOCY), 3e!AeIHa, 'lTA:aJBa, 'K06aA1' IIAaBa 'l1 QpHa
60ja (3a KOHTY'Pe). yCAeA i\'Ollle TexHoJ\:om:je, npH'AHiKOM TIe<Jetba je
AOIliAO AO 'l13BeOfilOr pa3AHiBalba 60ja 1'a'K'O A;a je OOHOBa TalblHpa AO-
6HAa 3eAeHJKaCT l'OH. HaCYITp'OiT CHl'ypH'OM H LlHCTOM QPTe)KY Ha pa-
HlHlje rrpeAMeTHMa H3 EoorpaAOKor ffilb'HipH H3 My-
3eja npHiMeJheHe YMeTHocl1H AeAyjy lKao PaA APyrOpa3peAlfllH'X CAHrKa
pa
J
KepaMH'43ipa. OBO 33Jl1'a)Kafbe ce noce6H:0 O,AiHOOH 'Ha l'BipA H AOCTa
HeBeU.LT QPTe)K Ha TpeneM TalbH:py.36
AH3AH3M M01'HBa H aJHaAornja, P. i\oH'4ap je 3aJKJ'oY'4HAa Aa cy
OBa l'pH TalbHpa rrpO'H3BeAe'Ha 1'OKO'M XVII BeKa Y KY1'ax:jH, je,<\-
HOM A 'Kepa'MHLFKHX QeHTapa AHa,AiOAlfj'e.
37
H3rAeAa MM Aa coy KO-
pHllineHe aHaAorHjeBHme HWAe Y IITpHAOr MlHilIJ'oelbY Aa cy npeA-
Me1lH HaCTaAH Y H3f11H1Ky.38 nNHKe rrOiAYAapiHlOCTH C Ha<J'l1HOM ([(OM-
HOHOBa1ha MOTH'Ba, QpTalba UBelna M ca H'BW1HOM 60ip.AJYPOM lHa rrp-
BOM oH A'PyrM Tal-bJfPY 3aeAe)KeHe cy Ha KaOH'Hlje 06j.3JBJ'oeHoj Ke-
111'3 H3HnKa XVI H XVII BeKa iKOj:a cy u<:paoHAa <pacaAe
oBe11o:ropoKior MaHacTHpa HBH'pOHa.:
J9
T'penH TalbHp, oHaj C l'pOpOf'O;\1
)K;HBOTHlb!M, HeAa'BHo je nOHOHO 06jaBHo J. MHAep, YIBpcnmllIlH ra
Y AeAa H3HH:<JKHX MajcTopa H3 Apyre nOAOBHHe XVII BeKa, Koja cy
H'aOTaAa '11'OA 'f"l"HqaJjeM 'MH'HrHlj.arryptHor CAIH'K:aJPCl1Ba.40 CNlfljjHa ,i(jOIM'IlO-
C ,AlBlpOrnM jeAeHOM HaAa3H ,ce lHa Ta'lliHip'y H3 Apyre 110AO
BH!Hre XVI BeKa H3 EeHaK'H MY3eja y AT'HIJ:fH.
41
ITpHlKa3a1HH 'KepaJMlHiKe 'AOHOoe IHi'Be nO:AaJTiKe 0 YB03Y
npe,L\iMeTa rrpH'MeJheHe YMeTiHOCTH 'H3 T'yp:dKe 'Ha HOAP'Y<Jje neOifpaAa
y XVI H XVII HeKY. q>pa'l'MeHrm rrOOYAa C AeK'paQHjoM lKapaKrre-
p.HICTHYiHOM 3a H3HHYiKe P3JAHlOIHiHQe iHaAaX{emr cy H Ha APYJTHIM ap-
xeoAOW.K'HoM A:OIKa,AHTe11H'Ma CpoHje, a'i\lH cyooa Ol'KpHna y Haj'Be-
:16 3axBa/PyjeM J. .6ypHn, KYCTOCY MY3eja rrpl-L'vletbeHe YMeTHOCTH y
oeorpaAY, lllTO Mn je O)\WrynHi\a Aa BHAHM OBe TatbHpe y 36HpU;T1.
37 P. AOHCIaP, Haa. eJlo, 128.
3H Uero, 124, CA. 14,
39 J. Carswell, Pottery and Ti/es Oll Mount Athos, Ars Orientalis, VI,
1966, 81, 83, 90, pl. 2/31, 46, 51.
40 J. MHAep, IW8. e,w, 108-109,
41 T. OZ, I-W8. de,w, pl. LXXIV, M 141.
321
HaAa3H TypCI<E KepaMHI<C H3 H3HHKa y Cp6HjH
neM 6pojy cAyqajeBa OCTaAa 3aHeMapeHa y 05jaB/beHHM pe3YATa-
l'MMa. IbY3eTaK rrpeAcTaBloa 1M3 et>e11IICAaMa, T'YP-
dKor YTBpneJ-ha KOA KAaAoBa iHa AYlHaBY, y K!ojoj je nOOBeneiHa AY-
./KiHa rra)KjJ-ha H OBOM MaTepHjaAy.
42
Y et>eTHCA'aMY cY 1976. Hanooe
T,pli <ppaflMeHTOIB3JHe rrocYAe lK'oje cc M'QIf'Y rrpHm-rcanr oJ.f3HIH'-lIKfHM
MaJjCTopHIMa. ITpBa je seOMa OlllTenffi 60!.KaA rOl'Oll3:0 IMeTar 06ARKa
K3JO OHM M3 6earpaAOKor HaAa3MlllTa YI X'BOOHa. OMO je Y'KJpallleH
l.Bel'HOM KOMIl3Hl.Hj'O"'I OA AaAa, IlAaJBIHX KapaJH<pHIJ\:a H
3eAeHHX CTa6IoHlKa, y AYXY PO\AlOOKO[ C11IIAa C Kpaja XVI 'H !fTO'4err'Ka
XVII ,Berea. flpH6AH)K!He AiHMeH3Hje cy 'MY: BHCHIHa ouw 23 cm, npey:-
!HHlK oTBopa OKO 8,5 cm (CA. 13).4'3 ApY:f1H npeA'MeT, rr,\:>OOHaT,
PyrAor 06A'HlKa ca OTBOpOM Y OpeAHHtH, M:Q)l(Aa je CA'Y)[(UO 'Kao
nO,A;MeTaY: 3a cBehH,aK. CaqYB3JHa je caMO nOAOBaHa, a npB06HT'HH
npeQHI1'K je H3HOCH'0 10,8 cm.
44
flpeAMeT je HCMIKaH ca o6e CTpaHe
y BnAY KpY)l(He 1'p3JKe. OCHioBa je Ha je;iiHiOj GTpaJHlH 6eAa C rrA a-
BHM IMO'flaBHlM'a, KynrHiHaMa OA no l'pH BONYTe oy O!l(PY)I(CiHe
i\IlfC1
1
J.IhlJlMa H TC npeAcTaBiDajy CTHAH30BaHe
Ha APyroj CTpa-!'H je nAaBa, a "xaTajH" Y CI1H,\Y
A6paxaM'a H3 KYTaXJfje OCTao je 6eo (CA. 14, 14a). Y 'Ha'tHlHY a<.OM-
IlOH'OB3Jlba MOT1HBa carAeAaJBa ,ce CAHlK!a'PCKM H3pa3 H3'HlHY:'J<.HX paA!J{O-
1H3 npBUX XVI BeKa. lb lICTor BpeMeHa je H cPpar-
MeHT C IlA3JBlJlM J.I,IBeTOBillMa y I1H1paAHiOu\1 >HH'3Y, KOAI-l'KO cc
1'0 MO)l(e 3aKibly<-m:nH IlO MaAOM cPp3JnlvIeHrry (OA. 15).45 Ha OCIH:OiBY
speMeHa Y 'KojeM cY HaCTaAa A'Ba rrOCAeAJ-ha npeAMeTa MO)l(e ce 3a-
KtdY'HiTH Aa je Y p3JHOM XVI BeKY Ben 6llAO opraJHtH3'Ba'Hlo clHa6-
I\eBaJ-he TVP0K'HX ra'P'HIIBOHa YB''.3IH1HIM 3a CBaIKOi6,HeBiHll
)l(Il1'gOT, H TO He caMO IJ:o:ca,LW Y BenJfM Y'I1B.pneHlHIM rpaAO'BHlM-a Hero H
y TeK rrOAIlJlI'HYTH'M rpa'HIH'I'HiH'M YTlBpneJ-h'!fIMa Kao UlTO je 6no et>eT}l-
CAGliM (H3rpaneH 1524.).
flocYAe OA Typ0K:Or nopeKAa HlJfCY KopIIlllheHe CaiMO
y rp<lJAOKH:1'1 OA XVI BeKa Ila HaAa3HMO HX H
rro KOM'!'IAe.K!CHMa y OB3JKlAiHeBiHoj ynO'Tpe6H, 'Ha Tprre3H,
HA'H Ka' YKpaOHe eAeM'eHTe Ha 3HlAOBI-lMa L\ipK<lJBa >H
3rpOJAa y Cne1'ij fOpH.
46
One H3Y3eTiHO AeK:0'Panfl,me
42 M. JaHKOBlJh Il 5. JalllwBHh, /JenIC/lGJII, K/laoeo - TypC/CO yrep-
hel-be, ApxeoAoillKH nperAeA, 18, 1976, 143; BeoMa 3axBaibyjeM Mp M. JaHKo-
BHn, I<YCTOCY MY3eja rpaAa EeorpaAa, Koja MIl je CKpeHYAa rra/Kl'bY Ha KC-
paMIlKY H3HHKa y <PeTHCAaMY, YCTYflHAa MH je 3a f1y6AHKOBal'be li Ha'iH!U1-
Aa l.lpTe)j<e.
43 EOI<aA je HaoeH y AOl'beM AeAY MaAor rpaAa, y nopeMeneHo.\,\ CAOjV
COHAe H, HHB., Ep. 136/76.
44 ITpeAMeT je uaneH Ha AOtLeM AeAIj MaAor rpaAa, Y COllAII II, HHB.
6p. 107/76.
45 <PpanleHT je HCKonaH KOA 3anaAHor 3HAa AYHaBCKe KanHje, y
MeneHOM CAOjy, HHB. 6p. 104/76.
46 Y HaBeAeHoj CTYAIIjIl J. Carsweil a (CTp. 78, Han. 3) H3HeTH cy no-
Aal.lH 0 yrpaneHIlM TaJ-bHpIlMa, 60KaAHMa H I1AO<lHl.laMa Ha cnOloHHM q,aca-
AaMa CAeAenHX CBeTOI'OpCI<llX MaHaCUlpa: KYTAYMYCHY, Kapeje, BaTorreAa,
HBHpOHa, CTaBpOHH\Te, ITaHToKpaTopa, L\aBpe, KapaKaAe, AHOI-HICOY,
CHJ\10rreTpa Il APYrHX.
322
Maprrja BajaAOBl1n - XaJ.lI1TIellll1n
KY'ITOBal\JH cy CBeTOrOpCKU KaAynep'H yrA3JBJ-lOM Ha L\ap(lirpaAoKoj
I1HjaLH Kao p06y OMUA>eHY Ha i\eBaHTy.47 YrpalJyjylui rrOCYAe Pa3-
rrm1X 6AiHKa JI rro:per(Aa y MaiHaCTUpoKe cPaClIAe lHiH oy y cTBapa
HaCTaBUAH cpeAlli'BeKoBHu 06WIaj YKpamaiBalha CIlloto>He apxH-
TeKTypeK'jiH je BAaAa'o II Ha H:::TlKY U Ha 3arra!\y OA XI-Xn
BeKa.
48
Y O'BO'M paAY ne 6HT'H peYiu ca'MO 0 Tpne3lHH'M rrocYAa:Ma H3
L\pKHeHux cpeNFHa y Cp6U:jH, jep ITOAaL\lI 0 1'aI-bH'pHIMa, 60KaA!HIMa li
ITAOQUL\aL\1a yrpalJeHHM y 3H,AOBe cprroK:Hx cBeToropoKHx
i\la KOAHKO 6UAU 3aHUMA>UB'U 3a TeMY 0 YB03Y TypcKe KepaMUKe Ha
EaAKaHY, j Oill lillOY y rrOTITY'HOCTH 3a6eAe)fWHU,lmTU je C3JKyrri'oeII
!\OKIj1MeHTapH'U MaTepuj aA.
IIpHA'HKOIM apXeOAOlll'KOr lIOOUllUBa:lha KYATYPHlHX cAojema OIKO
L\pK:Be TpO'HOllle HCKOITaHa je cPparMeH1l0B3JHa 3AeA'uua 3a''6A>emrx
3H:AOBa, C rrp'CTeHaCTOtM: CTonOM, YJKpalllema OpH3JMeH::rUKOM IKoja ce
jaBA>a 'Ha palHHM npH:MepL\H'Ma OOi\1a'HAHj'OI<.e KepaN[Ij,i'Ke..Jq AiHMeH3'Hjc
3AeAUL\e cV: BllC'HHa OKO 3,5 cm, rrpe"liH1HJK 060Aa 8 cm, ITpe'1iIlMJ(
AHa 3,7 cm (CA. 16) .I1,pTe)f< OKOIHL\eW[pH'Carfr Ha AHY rrocYAuue ca-
c'I1ojn ce OA rrojaca yrropeAHux Kpyr'Ba, YJHy>Tap KOjuX je llleCTO-
KpaJKa 3Be3Aa C 4Bel'HlM p03eJ1'M y CpeAHlI-UH J1 rroAY'K:pyrOBHtMa y
CA'OOPJHOM npOCT!py OKO 'Kp3JK'OBa 3Be3Ae. CAH'r<.atbe je H'3BeAeIr
rrAaBOM 60jOM Ha 6eAOj rrOAA'3U, AOK oy Taq,Ke y ITOAYKpyrolBHMa l{
1'YlfaK L\'BeTa y BUAY L\'PI-UUX Mp1'oa. OBaK:BH reO':VleTp'IIjCK'H MOTH'BH:,
oH::3BeAeHrH 'r<MYiUU;OM y jeA'HOCTaB'Ho.\1 L\pTe)l<Y, lreCTO ce jaBA>ajy y
MaTep'HjaA'Y KOjU je HOKorraH y H3IH'J1IKY 1964, a cBpCTalI-l y Tpel'ly
3Ha4ajHY l'pyny pllHe OOM3JHAuj;cKeKepaJMM'Ke li AaTOBaJH y cpe-
AHHY XVI BeKa.r;o BpeMe KopHmneH,a 3AeAHqe (APyra rrOA. XV [
BeKa) ,oA:pelJeHo rrpeMa aHaAorH'M apXeOAOlll:KOM MaTepHj'aAY, rro-
KA3Jrra ce ca lICTOpWjOKIH.M rrOAaL\HlMa 0 L\pl<BH TpOHO'lllH il ca pe-
3YATallH'Ma apxeOAOlllKiHX HCrpa)KH'BaJl-ba OBOf 1\;0!Ka1\11TeTa.
51
JeAa:H OA 'HajAerrillHx JlpHMepaKa YB03He TypcKe I<epailmKe yon-
une ca TepHTopuje He caMO Cp6H:je Hero U DaAKaHa, HaneH je Ha
]('()!M'rrAeKCY 'MaiHaC1'Hrpa CTYAeHiUL\e XBOCTaHOKe, jeAHor OA enH'OKon-
OKIUX opeAHlllTa cpe/.VhO'BeKOBiHe Cpouje.
52
To je 60KaA H3AY)f<.eHOr
JI 6Aaro npOllluopeJH'Olr BpaTa, Tp6yxa, C BHJOO'KOM 3a
'
KOllle-
HOMC1'orrOM; 'H3BHjeHa ApillKra ce 3aBiplllliBa MaA'M BOAYT.oM. IIo
pao.l\:ollIHj rroArAa3IYpH CAliIKaJHOj OpH'a:MeHTML\H U yrrol'pe6H: 3A<)-
47 J, CarswelJ, Hae. eJ1o, 78.
A. Mega\v, Glazed BOllh in Byzaillilles Clzurches, ils)"LO'l
Xl<HlCl.'llX'(iC; &'pzcU.O),<l'Ylh t'XlpEIrlt:, ',\O:r,"CH. 1966, 145-162. ca ,\Il-
0 onO,\1 nJnal'bY,
49 HCKOrranal-ba 1979, COH,.\a 11, Hlm. Gp. 30; 3a rrOi\aTl 11 JJ;pT){( 3AeAU'
lie TorrAO 3axBaloyjeM Mp M. JaHKoBHh, PYKOBOAHOllY paAOBa.
50 O. Aslanapa, H(la. ello, HHB. 63, T. 24, 25, Abb. 63.
51 TpOHOllla je rrOAHrHYTa 1559; 3Aei\HlIa je HaneHa I1CrrOA HHBet\eTe
npBor pa3apal-ba crrOMeHHKa 3aje;_\HO ca yrapcKHM cpe6pHHM HOB4Hc'leM H3
1551. rOAHHe.
52 M. BajaAoBHn - XaIJH-TIelll-Hn, Kepa.AtUlca, y MOHOrpa<pHjH B. Kopa-
ha, C-cyernllia XaOCTaIlCK(/, Eeo;paA 1976, 77-78, CA. 156.
323
HaAa3H TypCKe KcpaMHKe H3 H3RHKa y Cp6HjH
Ta,53 60KaA npHnaAa rpyrrH IUY3el'HO AY'KCY3HHX npeAMeTa TypoKior
rropeKAa. YKpaCH ce cacToje OA l'pH rrojaca epAopaMJ!Hx IKOMII103H-
KOJH oy Menyo06HO oABojeHH Y3aHHlM 0pHaMeHffaAHlfM l'pa-
'KaM'a. Y:K,pamaBaH>e rr01.JlH'lbe OA H'BliQe BpaTa ,l\JBOLJA3'HHM nperIAe-
TOM OWTPHX HBHQ13 y QpBeHoj 6oj'H ca 3AaTHHM HaJH'OOHMa. OOHOIBHH
M'OTH'B 'KOMn03HI..VHje oy H3BHjeHe l'paJHe ca ICTHMi30BaHIHIM. llEHJ'oa-
CTO 3aBpWeHJfM NH'CTOB'H'Ma ,H 6aOH'QaMa. rp3'He Ha iBpaTY oo!<'aAa
TeK'Y TaAacaCTO, a Ha Tp6yxy ce II1'perrAH'ny y HeM'H'p.HIOIM PHTMY. 1\.H-
CTOBH cy CAHKaHH 3eAeHo.\1 60jOM, a AeAH,MlfqiHO oy npeKipHBeHH
3Aa'J1(-JiH'M A:HcTlfnn.\la HOOepBa>KeHIH Q'pBeHoM 6oj'\\1 ,Kojace !pc-
J'oe<pHO lfCTHLJe Ha 6eAHLJaCT.oj ocaOBH nocYAe. Ha rrpeAa3Y 1J13 IBpaTa
y paMe 60l(aAa HaAa3Hce 'H'llOKa 6eAHx UBel'OBa 'Ha IIAl!Bo1 rrO'3a-
,AHHH, OJ-FBH4eHa ca roplbe cTpaHe nojacoM "S" opHaMeHaTa, a ca
AOThe 'HH30M cpnacl'o 'H3BHjeHHx AHOIGI 3eAeHe oaje. Ha A'HY Tp6yxa
je opHaMeHT !H3BHjeHlHx AHHlH'ja (CA. 17). TaKaJB Ha4fH1H 'K'OMftOlHO-
BaIba O'pHa'MeHTaA,H'HX T'p3lKa iH I1pynHlCaI-be CTIHAH30saHHX i\HCJ1OlBa
C '-IBopoBHMa, KapaKTepHCTHLJHH cy y H3H'J1LIKOj npoH3BOAI-bH y APY-
raj nOAOBHIHH XVI neKa.
54
To je BpeMe KaA cY n04eAH Aa ce tlICTH4Y
HOBH AeTaJ'oH f1o!AJ'Aa3ypHor CAIH'Ka'I-ba: KiOlHType QPTC)Ka, y'n:CYfpe6a
[(OBUX iHIH'jalHcH 3eAeHe 60je f10pCA nAaBe, 'Kao IH peJ\>CepHH lHaJHOOH
IJ,pBeHe ooje npaBJ'oeHe OA HaJpO'IHTe rNH'He. HajlBena IfI!OAYAapHo'CT
ca X:BOCTaH'CK'UM 6oK,aAO,\1 HaneJ-Ia je Ha 60IKa
l
AY 1113 'K'OAeKQIHje My-
3eja BH'K'I'Opnje H A:\6epTaY; IIpeNla ,HeKH'M noje/\IHHOCTHMa u,pTe)Ka
H3rAeAa Aa cy 06a Km<laAa paneHa V llCTOj paAHOHJHQH. Ha lfCTOM
AOKaMI1'eTY je OTJ<pHiBeH 'H OICTal'3IK 'M'HlHJfjaTYPHe 3AeAHQe, YKpa-
rueHe Ha paJMeHy HH30M CfmpaAa, a Ha Tp6yxy rrojaoHiMa T3B. pH6J'oe
KpJ'oYWTH, y HeKOAHIKO HHjaHcH CHBe 60je.
5U
IIpeMa YCAJOBIHIM3 Ha'Aa-
:;a, H3rAeAa Aa je H3 XBocHa KopHwfieHa y Apyroj rrOAOBH-
lm XVI BeKa.
Ona ABa AYKcY3Ha npeAMeTa KepaNtIH'-IlKor 3a'HaTa AOKa3yjy A<I
cy nYTeBH TprOBHHe opHjeHTaAHiHM rrpeAMeTHiMa Cl1H3aAH y APY-
l'oj nOAOBHHH XVIBeI H AO YAaJ'oeHHx QpKBeHHx OpeAI1WTa !IWO
IllTO je 6Hi\a CTYAeHHQa XBOCTa'I-1CKa. P.o6a je BepoBalrHo Cl'H3aAa
nocpeACl'OOM Av6pona'I'KHX TproBaQa <OjH cV HeAaAeKO O'AaTAe, if
"3 3i\aTO je ca4ynaHo; Tpe6a Aa nOCYAe C AO-
AaTJWM 31\aT3 npHnaAajy JlOCeoHoj npcHI 1<Oj3 je 3aXTeBai\a TeXHOAOU!-
KH nOCT\maK. 3i\3TO je CT3BlbaJ-lO npcKO nell rAe!'iOcaHe rrOBplllHHe li
Aa je rrOHOBO rre4eHa, ai\lf je npH TOM 6Jii\3 nOTpe6Ha Bei\HKa Ollpe3HOCT
rrOlllTO je MOpa,\a 6HTH neO.Ha 6i\ara Aa 6H AOlllAO AO lIAeaA-
Hor crrajaI-ba r,\eDH H 3i\aTa; CTora cy rrOCYAe ca A06po 04YBaHOM 3i\aTROM
AeKopaLlHjoM neOMa peTl; E. Grube, HaB. e,10. 162-163, fig. 26-28, RaBO-
AH rrpHMepe rrOCYAa ca 3AanlHM
54 The Arts of Islam, 268.
i)i) Turkish Pottery, C:\HKa Ha HaC\OBHoj CTpaHH.
[>6 M. Eajai\OBHn-Xal)H-ITelllHn, Ha6. eno, 78, CA. 155/21.
324
MapHja BajaAODHn - XaJ,IH-TIewlln
ITenH, HMaMI CBOjy TprOBa-qI<Y K'OAOHHjy jOlll DA !cpeAI-ber 'BeKa.:"
BpeMe yn03a 60KaAa Ilf 3AeAe rrpH6MDKiHO je ''ApeneIHO 'Ha OCH/OIBY
'YCAOBa 'HaA33a, IlOTK'perrloeHHX 'WOTOpHjCKHM o6H1o.Ba
IIen'Ke rraT'pHjapllllH1e 1557. H3rAeAa Aa 'je Aorrp'H'HeAa Aa
ce YM'aIHaCTHJpy 06H'Be H pa3He KYAl'YPHe aKT'lI'B'HOCTH. MalHaC11Hp
nOY3AatHO )j(lIBH A Kpaja XVI BElK'a. IIoicAeMba 'BeCT 0 lh0MY 3a-
6eA>e)JHa je 1635; rrpeMa cTafhy Ha TepeHY H3rAeAa Aa je 6HO Ha-
IJlYlllTeH IKpajm.1 XVII 'ReKa, y aycTpHjOKO-TvPCKHIM paToBHMa.
58
HoyAe DA <paj aHca TypCK;or rropeJ<Aa OTK'pHBeHe AO caAa y
Cp6Hj'li np0ACTa'Bloajy caMO He3HaTaH Aeo :HeKaAailllber Y,B'03a TaJK-
BHX IlpeAiVleTa. .f:ber'B rrpalB'H H'li'je 3aCaA J\10rynH'0 YTiI3'PAIH11H.
IltOiMffi-IYTO rrHCMO Ay6psaLIIKor l'pan.aHHJHa 0 6pojy O'A 88 iKOlMaAa
TIOcY'Aa lK'oje cy y je,AiHOM TOBapy CTHTAe 1603. y Ay6pOBHiHK, caMO
je IHaroB01lITaJj 0 KOAHt.IiHiHH Te po6e Koja je y jeAHaM TpeHyrKY
MorAa CTll1nH 'Y OBe KpajeBe. HeYBH HtaAa3'H 'KepaMlli'Ke :rrOMo'rAH cy
Aa ce OlH!pHO OApeAH 'BpeMe YB03a AY,KCY3IHe p06e y Cp6Hjy, rro-
peKA'OM IHe caMO :H3 IbHJllJKa :Bero ,If :113 ApryI1IIX AeBaiHTilIIHCI<!IIX rpa-
AOBa. Aonywyjyn'H np3.9H1HiHe y HCTOplIj'C'IiM rrlICaHIIL\1
apXeOi\lliKH tMaTepHjaA Y'K33yje IHa 1'0 A3 je Y'B03 TeKao OiA caM'or
rrOLIellKa XVI OBe AO K'paja XVII BeK,a,KaA oy nplI3BAe H3
HffiMKa 'li APYI'HX KepaJMIHLIap'CKiHx opeAHillTa 3aJMeHHAH npH3BOp.H
ID KyraxIfje, 'HIBOrr MaAoa3HjoKor rpHltlapoK'r cpeAlIlllTa, OA 'Kpaja
XVII BeKa iHaAaloe. MenYTIfM, atHaMI3a Tora 'MaTepHjaAa Ben 'H3Aa3H
H3 OKBlHpa OIBor paAa. Hpanajynn ce IHa TeMY H3H'Ht.IKIIX IlPOH3-
BOAa Ia TAY Cp6H'je l1pe6a 'HarAaCnl'H Aa 1'0 'HHje 6HAa CTaHAapAHa
p06a iHaMeI-be:Ha lUHpOKli'M CA'j eBm'vIa. CBaJKa 'A OiJUIClIHHX 'IlOCYAel
6Hi\la je 'IToce6HO OC'I'B3perbe 'HaMa H10II03Hal1IIXCA'H!Ka-pa. Y 'KOjOj
MepH oy K'BaAHTeT Ci\,il1IKaJ-ba 'YI YlMel1HWlIKiH H3pa3 61l-MIH
y TaAanUbHIM rpaAOKHM Ope,AiHiHIaiMa I1B'0Pl-l H errHTeT "peaAH" KOjH
ce jaBlba Y HeKiHoM apXIl-KJ1J.\1 AIK'YL\1eJHTHlMa Y3 rrO'CYlAe '113 IJ;apH-
l'paAa 6H 03Ha'lIHO Ci\HllHOCT ca iH3HH:'lfJKHIM npOilf3B'OAHMa 'Ha-
'MelheJHlH'M oyATaHOB'OM ,t.\'B<YpY Y IJ;apHI'paAy,09 iHiHaLIe rAa'BHOM IHapy-
LIIl10IW naoY'Aa pa3HHxBpcTa H3 OBOI[ iKepaMuLIapoKor Cpe,A;lIlllTa.
Typ.CKa Kepm\olMKa je H3 IJ;:a'P'wrpaAa Kao ca6HplH''r L\elHTpa A'O-
npeMaiHa Y HaJllle K'pa'jeBeBoAeHHM 'li KOfllHeJHlIiM rrYTeB'HlMa, Kapu-
'BalHHlMa, 3ajeAHo ca OCTaAOM 'P06oM opHjeHTaAiHor rrapeKA'a. Y'BOG
y Op6njy je iHaj:Ben'Hoi\1 AeAloM reKao rAlIBHH'M Apy,MOM H3 IJ;apH-
rpliAa, npeKio JeApeHa, IIA'BAJ1IBa, IIa3apUiH:Ka, OOKPH1je II-{ HHllla AO
EeorpaAa. OBa AYKcY3Ha po6a je CTH3aAa TpT()lBl.J'KlH'M TpaJHCIlDp-
'l'HiMa IHe Calt\1:0 'y AaAeKe TypoKe rrpOBHHl\iHje Ha EaAIKaJHY Hem oH y
MHOTe Tpa,AiOIBe EBparre. Aa:Hac ,Ben 3HatMO Aa je CBcra ropa oBoje-
BpcTl'H MY'3ej :H H3HWI'KHX rrpO/H3BoAa. Y EyrapOI,<'j Coy HCro TaiI<:
57 K. JHpe'leK, TPZ08a<-lKU nyre8u U pywulu Cp6uje u EOCHe y cpe-
/-heM 8ujeKY, 360pHHK KoaCTaIlTHHa JHpe'leJ<,a, J, EeorpaA, 1959, 284, Han. 233.
58 B. Kopan, Ha8. oello, 140-143.
59 B. XaH, Ha8. oello, 123.
325
HaAa3H TypCKC K e p a ~ K e H3 H3HHKa y Cp6HjH
3a6eAe)Kmn1 3HarqajH'H HaAa3H aBe spCTe. ITopeA Ben Il!pHlKa3a'HHX
rrocVAa H3 EeorpaAa, X'BOOHa'H TpHUle, y Cp6HjH cy 3a6eAe)Kmm
HaAa31I H3HWIKe KepaM'HKe JOUI y YTBpnel-bY oalla
GO
tH wlaJ-i3'CTH'Py
K3'CTaiDa'i-l'y.G1 3a Ca3Hal-ba 0 AaAJHl.M rrpo'CTopHMa rAe oy KopHlllneHM
11H rrpeAMeTH 3HallajaH je jeAaH I1HCaJHlH H3'BOp o11K'PHmeH y Ey-
AHMY, Y Koje.M je 1588. CaYHI-beH rr''TI'HC HHBemapa y KynH npeMH-
I-i.yAor rOCrrO,L\HHa AAH lIeAe6Hje, TvpcKor [(apHHHKa.
62
3aTe'-lemr
rrpeAMeTH cV nOAef'oeHH y rpyne: y rpymHcToHor nocyna 3a6eAc-
)KeHe cy BeAHKa 3AeAa H CeA3JM llliDa H3 H3H1HlKa, rro\peA 'KlHHecKor
ITOp[(YAalJ-ia, rrooYAa C nOKA'rr[(e;v{ 3a OO'I<!OIBe li Apy,ro rr:o'oybe 3a
Tprre3Y. Ha OOHOBY rrOfll1'CaIHHX cTBapH 'MO)l<e ce Aa'KO rrpernocTa-
BHTH A,a cY TaJKBH rrpeAMe'PH AO'B)l<.eHH y 'BeAHKHIM KAH'l.J'HlHaMa 3a
npoAajy. ApxeoAolllKHHaAa3H nOCAeAfhHX rOAH'Ha nOTBPAlHAH oy rro-
crojalbe TY'pcKor <jJajc\JHca v HeKH'M rpaAOBHIMa ManapoKe 'If Py-
'\1YI-mje.(j:1
KepaMHYKe rrpeAM.eTe H3 TYPOI<.e AO'HO'OHAH cy rprOIB[(H pa3HHx
lIapoAHocTH.
61
Melsy H,HMa 3Ha'l.JajHo MeCTO rrpHrraAa Ay6poB'-IaHH.M:a
K)ojl{ cy J-f,\'laAH 'HeMaAH 6p'j 11prOBaY'KH'X IK'oAOIHlHija 'Ha OaAK'aHy H
y rpaAOBHMa AeB3'HTa. P06a 3a rrpoAajry je OMelllT3JHa y 6e3HcTaHe.
y EeorpaAY, KOjH je Bela 3I-iayaja'H '110 'HaAa3HMa IKepaiMliYIKHX rro-
0YAa TypOI<.or nopeKt\a, 1'0 je BepOlBaT1I-IO 6uo 6e"3HCraH Mex!MeA-
-rrallle COKoAoBHna. Heinrich Ottendorf, lIAaH ayctpHjcKor rrOCAaH-
cl'Ba, orrucyje ra 1663. Kao rpanel3iHHY y KOjOj TYP[(H npoAajy
CBOjy HajAerrwy p06y.(j;; Mcny TaKB'oM P060M cy ce CBaKaKO J-iaAl-
3HAe H flIOcYAe OA <jJajaHca, oTKpHlBeHe KaOH'Hjc y HapHHY 'H 3arraA-
HOI.\1 HC)!Arpany, Tj. y OHH'M AeAJORH'Ma EeorpaAa y KO'jHMa cV )Im-
BeA'H npeACTaHI-m[(iH raA;aWI-be Ty'pcKe BAcrCToH.
KaA ce rOBO'pH 0' TypCKOM <p3JjaIHcy H3 H3H1fu<a He MO)f(e ce
3a06HnH jo'lll je,A:Ha BpCTa OBe p06e lKoja je BepOl3ial'HO 6HAa rpa-
)I<eHa Ha 0B''M rrO'Apyqjy, aAH Roja AocaA jow HHje 'HaneHa. To
60 Ill. Hab, Tephaaa Ea'l, PaA BojBobaHCKI1X MY3eja, 10, 1961, 95, T.
XIV/l, XV/7, 9.
61 HCKorraBafba 3aBO",\a 3a 3alllTlUY crroMeHHKa KYAType rpaAa Eeo-
rpaAa, PYKOBOAHAaI..1 f. MapjaHoBHh-ByjoBHn, HeoujaBloeH MaTepajaA, HHB.
MfE, 6p. II 1747.
82 L. FkUe, Das Heim eines trkischen Herrn in der Provinz im XVI
lahrhundert, Studia Historica Academiae scientiarum Hungarieae, 29, Bu-
dapest 1960, 6, 18.
83 G. Gero, Trkische Keral11ik in Ungam, eilzlzeimische und impor-
lierle Waren, Fifth International Congress of Turkish Art, Budapest,
rroce6rul onlCaK, 347-352; C. Nicolescu, Cramique ollomane des
XVe et XVIle sicles dans les pays roumaines, Studia et Acta orientalia,
V-VI, Bucarest 1967, 245-251; K. H. Gyrky, Venezianische und lrkisclze
Importartikel im Fundamaterial VOIZ Buda aus der erslen Halfle des 16
lh., Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientierum lhmgaricae 26 (1974), Bu-
dapest 1974, 413--423.
84 EpojHH rrOAaI..1H 0 nOCAOBaI-bY 1'prOBaUa pa3HHX HapoAHOCTH Ha Eat\.-
KaHY HaAa3e ce y paAY P. CaMaplJ11na, Eeozpa y MehYHapoHojrpweuliu
XVI u XVII ee/ca y Klf,H3H HCTOpuja Eeozpaa, 1, EeorpaA 1974, 359-376.
65 A. AHApejeBHn, Yeo Mex.Me-nawe COlCoJloeufa y nou3art>Y Eeo-
zpaa, 360pHHK cI>HA03ocPcKor cPaKYATeTa, XI-l, EeorpaA 1970, 434.
326
MapHja EajaAoaHI1 - XauH-IIeulHn
,cy YlKpaCHe OA <pajaJHCa H3 IblmKa - jom qyBeHIIje OA
nooyna - Koje CY 'KpaCHAe 3HAoBe U3JJ.vurja }{ Apymx TypCKlHX 3Aa-
lba illH'P'M TypCKe Lta'PeBHiHe. POOAHO 6H 6aAo Ol.IeKH'BaTcH MX Ha
TepeHY Cp6Hje y 'K'Ojoj cY oApeneHiH rpal\;OBH A0)l<'WleAH CBO'j a:PXH-
TeKTOHOKJH rrpeo6pa)Kaj 'I10A TYlPQKOIM yrrpaBM, npet'BapaJjynH ce y
HaCei\:>a ca 'H3pa3HTo HCM\i.M'OKlM apXlHTeKTypoM. JeAaH ll,AaTaK,
oneT lBe3aH 3a BeorpaA, npHBAaetIH na)Klby y TOM CMHeAY. 3H.:l'Me-
HHil1H TypCKH E'BAJHlja qeAe6H nOMiHI-he 1660. rOA'HlHe y
''BOM rpaAY qHH'HAcH-a:MaJM, Tj. 'aJMau\1 06Ao)l<jeH IlAO'LI'H-
Taj je A. Dypnn-3aiMAO HHAeHl'H<pHiK:OOOAa C IlepcHj-
CKH'M 'HAH llIapeH1HlM aJ.vla'MDlVI, I<:oj'lI ce y H3BapHIMa J<lJI3i\:>a 'KaCHHj,
oApenyjynH IberoI3 HaC'l'aUaK npe 1560. rOI.\llIIe.r.r. IloCTojal[,e aMaMU
06AO)KGIIOr rrA01..IIHI.(aMa, 'BepIlaTJ-I'O H3 H8H'H'l'KHX npl!-
)l(a n;OAal'aK B'Hllle 0 pa3H0Ml1KOCTYI Y'B03a 1'13 TYPOKe, a TaKone II
o lHB'OM BHAY ':HCA8;MOKe Y'MeruocTH 'Hia BameM l'A'Y.
IlpH pa3'M'3'l'palhV AeAa YB03He OOM3:HOKe Kepa'M'WKe HaneHe y
Cp6HjH IMO)Ke ce IHa Kpajy 3<lJKi\:'Yl.IHl'H Aa je <paJjaJHC '113 H:3iHHXa, 3a-
XBaMyjynH apxeOAOillKIHIM 'HaAa3H'Ma, Haj3<bA Ao6HO 3aCA'Y)KeHO Me-
CTO Meny npeAJMeTHMa 'K'YAType K:OjH cy YBO)KeHH ca
i\eBaHITa. MenYTliM, nOTpe6HJo je HCTanH Aa - 'HacynpoT Ben YTDp-
neHl1M YJ1Hl..\aJjllMa opHjeHTaA'He 'pH3'MeHl'HJKe Ha CTBapa'lbe AOIMa-
tllix 'Ma:jcTopa y AOMeHY YMeTHI-ftlKHX 331l1aTa - Ao caAa jom lIe-
MaJ1\10 A'Ka3a Aa cy Aenocra, 11 TeX'HIOAOrHja 'H3PaAC
H3HH'-IKiOT <pajllHca 6HAH rrpHX'BaneH'1l y OCTBanelhlfM.a AOKaA'HHX
rpHtI'apOKHx y Cp6UjH.
Ta6cJ\a
APXHBCKH nOAAUH 0 UAPHfPAACKOJ
KEPAMHUH y AYEPOBHHKY
fOAHHa OAaKAe je
KOMaAa BpeTa rroeYAe H3BOpHH AOKYMeHT
po6a
1565. "Turchese 1 OKaAH* Div. Cane., 151, 15-15'
2 TaI-bHpH*
"maioliea
Turehesea
1603. UapHrpaA YKYJJlIO Div. de Foris, 12,
Tal-bHpH 27. anpHA 1604.
88 Tal-bHpHhll
- eae i\JajOA.
1616. UapHrpa,.\ 1 3-,-\eAa* Div. de Foris, 32. 158
1626. UapHl'paA 5 Tal-bllpH Div. de Foris, 45,
fol. 191'
1626. UapHrpaA 2 Ta.bHpn Div. de Foris, 32,
1 3AeAa fol. 152
"di ereta
6U A. EypHh-3aMoAo, Eeozpa v::ao opujel1TQllHa aapoU/ 110 TYPlfuMa
1521-1867, EeorpaA 1977, 116.
327
HaAa3H TypCKe 113 H3HHKa y Cp5ajl1
1627. Uapl1rpaA 5 Tal-bl1pl1 Div. de Foris, 45,
101. 262
J62/. Uapl1rpaA 3 Tal-bapH I..\a Div. de Foris, 46,
parpaAcKI1* toI. 112-112', 113
1
14
MaMI Tal-bHp
TmbHpi-I
ny AlaAHX H
CpeAl-bl1x*
5
2 60Ka1\11 ca 110-
KAOnL\HMa*
1 BeA.3AeAa*
1627. Uapl1rpa,\ 6 OOKZli\If Div. cie Foris, 46,
101. 266
1627. UapllIjXl.\ "plitize Con- Div. de Foris, 4
s tan lino] itane
1628. 6 '] al-bHplI "di Div. de Foris, 47,
creta
1629. Uaplu'paA 2 lalcGllpH Div. de Foris, 48,
fol 64'
1629. 3 60KaAI1 Div. de Foris, 48,
foL 65'
1630. Uapll1'pal\ 6
S
T<ur,II]J1I cpe.,,-.
1rO,\MeTa\.{ll*
Div. de Foris,
fol. 221'
50,
6 :<.leAe*
l :3,\C,\lllll
16'lU. Uaplll'j1<l,\ 1 TUbllP - ,\Ia Div. de Foris, 62,
.ioAHKa loI. 183'
1651. "di TllllislI 7 6 Div dc Foris, 85,
di Constan iol. 122
tinopoli
Uapllrpa/\ 11 TalbHpl1 Div. de Foris, 85,
"di TUlliso 2
Cpe,L\IGH*
ral-bHpH*
fol. 122
Div. de Foris, 85,
di Cons lan- foL 122
tinopoli
1664. UaparpaA 2 lal'bUpl1* Div. de Foris, 100,
"piatti re- foL 114'
ali
1664. Uapl1rpaA 2 Tal-bBpH Be-
,\I!KH*
Div. de Foris,
fol. 12'
100,
MajoAHKa
1666. IJ;aplIfpa,\ 1 THGI!P Div. de Foris, 103,
"Constanti- i\1aAH* loI. 92'
nopoli tano
1666. UapHrpa,\ 1 GOKa;\\.{l1h*
"Constanti-
Div. de Foris,
203'
102, fol.
nopolitano
3 TaI-GHpl1 BC-
i\HKH*
MajOAHKa
* 05jaBIIAa Bepena XaH y paAY OpujeHTQIlHU l1peMeni y peHecaHcHo.H
Ay6pofJHWCY
328
MapHja EajaAoBHn - Xat.lH-ITellmn
M. Bajalovi - Hadzi-Pesi
FINDINGS OF TURKISH CERAMICS FROM IZNIK IN SERBIA
Summary
The products of Turkish fine arts handicrafts reached Serbia
even prior to the Turkish canquering of the Balkans, as abjects of
developed tmde with Levant, as well as gifts offered by the Turkish
sultans and othr dignitaries to Christian lords; such objects were
also brought by artisans after their travelling ta Middle East.
Among many objects of Turkish origin arriving into Serbia
in course 'of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, there wre
decorative ceramics in faience technology created in the famous
workshops of Anatolia, i.e. Iznik, Bursa, Ktahya, and other pottery
centers. Archaelogical explcrations af various excavation sites in
Serbia provided in recent years a new, unEI now unknawn, a pic-
ture of characteristics and quality of imported merchandise of this
kind. Among those an outstanding position is held, in terms of the
force of artistic expressiO!I1 and quality of manufacture, by the pro-
ducts of one of th greates't centers of Anatolia, Le. Iznik. They are
described in this .study through the use of archivaI data and archa-
eological findings. The factson ceramic dishes imported from Istan-
bul, found in Dubrovnik Archives, are presented in a separate table
in this study. In analyzing archaelogical materials, the existing chro-
nological classification is applied of types of arnamentation within
the framework of findings in c'ity walls and in church environments.
The richeS't choice of dishes from Iznik was offered by the
Belgrade Fo,rtress Complex in cours of the archaeological works
in the Inner Fortress and in the westren supporting walls. The
oldest creations of Iznik potters is represented by a fragmnt of a
jug, decorated by the composition of crossed branches with rose
and lotus flowers of Abraham from Ktahya style (fig. 1). The same
patterns are found on the pottery from the London V,ictor,ia and
Albert Museum, as well as from the Museum of Ceramics lin Svres.
A pitcher with exceptional ornamentation of the Golden Horn
type from the first half of the sixtenth century is discavered in a
pi1t in the Inner Fort,res's. Over the comipo'Siltion out of the .spi-
ral-'shaped thin branches with buds,small flowers and le"wes
runs the following Arab inscription: "recovery of the heart is in
joining the beloved one" - which is found both on the belly and
neck sides of the piJtcher (fig. 2).
The style af the Golden Horn includes also three more objects
from the Inner Fortress. These are the following: fragmented small
bowl, which has its analogy -in the bowls from Crimea and Sofia
(fig. 3), then the lid with fin drawing cf stylized tulips (fig. 4), as
weIl as the fragment of a small bowl with a motive of interlaced
vines in the blue-white-turqoise colouring, as in previous examples
(fig. 5).
HaA33U TljpCKC KCp3Mlll<C U3 I13HHK3 y Cp611ju
329
In the Lower Fortress settlement of Belgrade an exceptiona11y
interesting pitcher is found of the Damascus type, which is deco-
rated withinvention and refined feeling for colouring (fig. 6). By
comparing the motives applied on other objcts from the relevant
literature the author elaborates on the possibility of origination of
aIl these abjects in the same rpottery center.
In the second half of the sixteenth century there appear in
Belgrade area new form of Ottoman ceramics. The bowl on the ta11
leg and the glass with flat wa11s and one vertica11y fixed handle
(fig. 7, 8) belong 1.0 the new style, i.e. th one better known as the
Rhodos type, and which is characteristic by naturaIistically painted
flowers and richer scale of colours where brick red outstands.
In course of the seventeenth century the importing into Ser-
bia ccntinued of dishes from Turkey with flower-type deco,ration,
but with simpler forms and with already stereotype and not so ela-
borate drawing. One such plate was excavated in the Inner Fort-
ress of Belgrade city wa11s (fig. 9). There are three plates mo,re in
the Museum of Applied Arts in Belgrade which belong 1.0 that pe-
riod and style (fig. 10 1.0 12). One plate among them is particularly
worth of attention since 't is decorated with an unusual combina-
tion of floral and zoomorphie motives, namely with a three-horned
gazelle-like animal, which fills ur the middle of the plate (fig. 12).
The Turkish origin faience dishes are found, since sixtenth
century on, also in the church complexes in Serbia. At the Tro-
nosha Church a sma11 bowl is excavated which belongs 1.0 early
examples of the Ottoman ceramics c1ating back to the second half of
sixteenth century (fig. 13). One of the most beautiful examples of
imported Turkish ceramics in the Balkans is found in the complex
of the Studenitza Monastery "Hvostan". With its under-glazed
painted ornamentation and the use of gold, this obiect belongs 1.0
the group of exceptionally luxurious bowls of Turkish origin (fig.
14). Very simil al' pitcher isexihibited in the Victoria and Albert
Museum.
Turkish ceramics was delivered 1.0 the Balkans from Istanbul
by waterways and by roads. The importing 1.0 Serbia was effected
in the most part by the main road which l'an from ]jstanbul, via
Edirne, Plovdiv, Pazardzik, Sofia, and Nis 1.0 Belgr'ade. However,
this trade did not .stop in these far-away Turkish provinces, and
reached instead through the trade network - which was in the
hands, besides merchants of other nationalities, of tradesmen from
Dubrovnik - even the far regions of Hungary, Ruman'a, Eastern
and Western Europe. Due 1.0 archaeological findings the faience from
Iznik obtained the place it dserves among the objects of material
culture imported 1.0 Serbia from Levant. In contrast 1.0 already es-
tablishedinfluences effected by oriental ornamentation in the
sphre of the national artistic craftsmenship in other areas, the Iznik
ceramics was nolt accepted in tlhe reahs,ation of IIO'cal poHery work-
shops in Serbia.
Cil. 1. <1Jpar,vleHT l1yna, EeorpaA, 3a-
naAHo lloArpaoe AOl-ber rpaAa (MY3ej
rpaAa EeorpaAa)
Fig. 1. Fragment of a jug, Belgrade,
\Vestern supporting walls of the Lo-
\Ver Fortess. Belgrade Town Museum
Cil. 2. EOKall, EeorpaA, VHYTpaWl-be YTBpbeJ-be (MY3ej rpaAa
EeorpaAa)
Fig 2. Pitcher, Belgrade, Inner Fortress. Belgrade Town
Museum
CA. 3, 3a. <PpanleHT 3AeAe, EeorpaA, YHYTpawlbe VT13pl)el-be (MY3ej rpaAa
EeorpaAa)
Fig. 3, 3a. Fragment of a bowL Belgrade, Inner Fortress. Belgrade Town
Mus,eum
CA. 4. ITOI<AOnau, EeorpaA,
YHYTpawl-be ymp])el-be (My-
3ej rpaAa
Fig. 4. Lid, Belgrade, Inner
Fortress. Belgrade Town Mu-
seum
CA. 5. <PparMeHT 3/.\eAHue,
Eeol'paA, YH\rpaWI-be YTBpne-
the (MV3ej rpaAa
Fig. 5. Fragment of a small
bowl, Belgrade, Inner For-
tress. Belgrade Tm.vn Mu-
seum
CA. 6. EOKaA, EeorpaA, 3anaAHo nONpaoe
AOl-ber rpaAa (M i'3ej rpaAa Eeorpal.\a)
Fig. 6. Pitcher, Belgrade, western sup-
porting ,valls of the Lower Fortress.
Belgrade To,vn Museum
Cil. 8. <PparMBHT 'Jawe, Eco-
rpai-\, YHi'TpaWH>e YTBpOel-be
(M i'3ej rpaAa EeorpaAa)
Fig. 8 Fragment of a glass,
Belgrade, Inner Fortress.
Belgrade Town Museum
C\. 7. <PparMeI-lTH 3Ael\e, EeorpaA, 3anaAHo nOArpal5e AOI-ber
rpaAa (MY3ej rpaAa EeorpaAa)
Fig. 7. Fragments of a bowl, Belgrade, western supporting
walls oE the L\ver Fortress. Belgrade Town Museum
CA. 9. <PparMeHTH TalhHpa, Eeorpa4" VHYTpawlhe YTBpnelhe (My-
3ej rpaM\ EeorpaAa)
Fig. 9. Fragments of a plate, Belgrade, Inner Fortress. B:,:lgracle
Town Museum
CA. 10. Talhl1p, MY3ej npHMelheHe YMeTHOCTH, Eeorpa,L\
Fig. la. Plate, Mu:eum of Applied Arts, Belgrade
CA. 11. Talbllp, MY3Cj EcorpaA
Fig. 11. Plate, Museum of Applied Arts, Belgrade
CA. 12. Talbllp, MY3ej rrpHMel-beHC YMeTHocTH,
Fig. 12. Plate, MuseuID of Applied Arts, Belgrade
Ch. 13. <PparMeHTOBaHH 60KaA, YTBpneli>e C/;leTlK"aM
Fig. 13. Fragmented pitcher, Fetislam Fortre,ss
CA. 14, 14a. TIoAMeTaq 3a CBenl-baK, YTBpneJ-be ct>eTl1CAaM
Fig. 14, 14a. Coas ter for a candlestick, Fetislam Fortress
....'[. ..
,"l----____ -
CA. 15. ct>parMeHT 3AeAHI..\e, YTBpneJ-be ct>eTHcAaM
Fig. 15. Fragment of a small bowl, Fetislam Fortross
CA. 16. ct>pan'vleHTH 3AeAHI..\e, MaHaCTHp TpoHowa
Fig. 16. Fragments of a small bowl, Tronosa Monastery
CA. 17. EOIWA, XBOCT3HCKa (ct>Jl-
A030cPCKH cP3KYATeT, 13eorpa,l.j
Fig. 17. Pilcher, SlueniLw lVIonastery "Hvoslan.
Faculty of Phylosophy, Belgrade
A,HBHa BYPHR-3AMOAO
I)AMIDE Y Y)KOJ CPEIUli 113 XIV-XIX BEKA
OBa IICTpaJKHBaJ-ba 06yxBaTaj'Y TepHTopHjy CaAalllJ-be y)Ke Cp-
6Kje. licnHTaHo je 28 BenHx Haceiba: AAeKCIIHal..\, EeorpaA, "tlayaK,
fiynpHja, KJ-ba)KeBal..\, KparyjeBal..\, KpaloeBo, KpYllleBal..\, AeCKOBal..\,
HenoTHH, HUllI, HOHa BapOlll, HaBiH II3.3aJp, na'pa'nHlH, II'HpOT, IIo)Ka-
peDal..\, IIpH60j, IIpujenoJbe, IIpoKynibe, CjeHiHl..\a, CMeAepeBo, Onem-
3apeBo, lIIa6aq, TIIT1O'BO Y/Ku,ne, Bai\,eJJo, Bpalbe, 3ajel..Jap u 3e,wyJH.
TIojC,LI:H'Ha J\1CCTa cy y l'YpGIZO BpeMe 6HAa 1\'laAa ceOCK3 IllaCCiba 'Y Koja
cy TYPlHI perKa 3aAa3HA'H, na ce y HMMa He ItOMHI-bY U3JMH'je. Ta
cy HeroTHH, 3ajeyap H KIba)KeBal..\ y AOAHHH TUMoKa, Haceiba Koja
3a BpeMe TypaKa HUCY HMaAa Bel.H 3Hayaj, 3 33THM fiynpHja II Kpa-
ibeBO, KOjH cy ce HaAa3UAU rropeA Benax MeCTa, rra cy ce pa3BHAH
TeK KacHHje, y XIX H XX BeKY. MenYTHM, MeCTa ca cTpaTelllKHM
;a-IaqajeM, Ha paCKpCI-lHl\aMa nyTeBa HAH 06aA'aMa p e ~ a 6HAa c':'
3Ha1'Ha Hace.'\:>a H 3a BpeMe TypKe BAM3BH'He Cp6HjOM, Ta.KQ Aa ce
y lbHMa tHaAa3HJO BenH P,QIj I,.la!lvIHja, a y ocraAH.M MeC"PH'Ma rrOMHH>C
ce BenUHOM caMO rro jeAHa.
A3JHaC uaMwje yrAaBiH,'I'l rroCl'oje y joyr033Jrra'AHiOM AeAY Op6Hje
rAe ,ce 3aAp)I(aO -M'YCAH!Ma'HK'H )l(WBaib H 'rAe ce -HaAa3e 'Bena MeCTa:
HOBH IIa3ap, IIpHjenoibe, IIpH60j, HOBa Bapolll H CjeHHl..\a. OA
OCTaAHX BenHx Haceiba y Cp6HjH, uaMHje cy caqyBaHe jOllI caMO y
Eeol'paJAY H HHlllY. OBAe )IceM:J1M IIcTanH ;Jo[ l..JlH'fbeHHI..\Y Aa je MlTepa-
Typa Koja roBOpH 0 npOllIAOCTH nojeAHHHx MeCTa Cp611je BeOMa
HeyjeAHayeHa. HeKH rpaAOBH, Ha npHMep EeorpaA H IIIa6al..\, Den
cy A06po npoYl..JHAH CBOjy rrpollIAocT H 0 TOMe 06j3JBHAH 06HMHe
MOHorpa<puje, AOK Apym 1'0 HUCY YYHHHAH. li MOHorpa<puje KaKBY
liMa HOBH IIa3ap nm10rAe 6H y rseAII{l(oj MepH Aa ce AOiHecy onllITa
3aKibyYI..\H y Be3H C pa3BojeM Cp6uje y rrpOllIAOCTH. Tpe6aAO 6H ca-
YIIHHl'H 6H6AHorpa<puje 3a HCTOpHjy CBaKor Haceiba TIOce6HO, a 3a-
THM HCTP3)KllTH omIDe H AOKaAHe apxHBe H AHCTOBe. OBaj paA HMa
OrpaHlll..JeH 06HM, rra ce CBH OBH HeAOCTalU'l y AHTeparypu HHCY jal..Je
OApa3HAH rrOlilTO ce H HaBOneJ-be rroCTojene AHTeparype MopaAO
orpaHHl..JllTII. KaKO je TeMa OBor paAa llllipOKa, 1'0 6H ce 06HMHHja
cryAHja 0 OAHOCHOM nHTaJ-bY MOrA!a HarrpaBHTH TeK rrOCAe TIOAP06-
332
AHBIIa 5YPHh-3aMOAO
HHjHX HCTpa.IKHBalha npOIllAOCTH CBaKOr MeCTa. V TOKY paAa HaH-
Aa3HAa CilM Ha ITOAa:I'Ke '0 UaJMllIja:Ma y M<l'lhHM MeCI'HIMa, lllTO ca.VI
TilKone opeAHAa H H3A')KHAa IJl:OCAe 06paJAe I,.IaJvmja 1IDBenHM Me-
CTHMa.
Haj3HCl
c
tajHuje nocTojehe
HHjeAHa OA nOCTojenHx uaMHja y Y.lKoj Cp6HjH HHje ynHcaHa
y cnHcaK cnOMemIKa KYAType H3Y3eTH01' 3Hayaja, a ABe ce HaAa3e
Ha cnHCKY ojeKaTa BeAHK01' 3Hayaja: EajpaKAH uaMHja y Eeo1'paAY
H AATHH-AAeM uaMHja y HOBOM Ila3apy.l KaKo cY 1'0 AaHac Haj-
3HayajHHje uaMHje y Y)KOj Cp6HjH, 1'0 je nOTpeHo Aa HM ce nOCBe-
TH noce6Ho norAaBibe I-Ia nOlIeTI<'Y OBor paAa.
EajpaKIlLl l;laMuja (CA. 1) je jeAH!Ha AO AaHac 04YBaHa ua:MlHja V
Beo1'paAY, a iHaAa3H ce y focnoAap-JeBpG,VIl'Boj YAHQH 6po-j 11. IlpeA-
CTaBiba cTapv 1I0'KaUH XaJJI1-AA'Hje UaMHjy, IlITO ce ffifAH U3 IBaJI<.YcP-
HaMe 0 J:beHOj 06HOBH H3 1741. KOjy je H3Aao XYCeHH-nexaja. Ca-
rpaneHa je H3Meny 1660. H 1688. V pa3A06ibY aYCTprrjcKe oKI,malUIje
1717-39. 6HAa je npeTBopeHa y KaTOAHl.IKY KaTeApaAY. IlOA HMe-
rroM Ea1jpaKAll jaJBllAa ce 'OII{iO 1780, KaAa je 6HAa IApenHa Aa C
Ha J-boj HCT1l4e 6apJaK KOjH je 03Ha4aBao nOlJeTaK MOAllTBe y CBllM
uaMHjaMa y BapOllill. fOAllHe 1830. nomYHO je onpaBibeHa jeAHa
6eorpaAcKa UilMllja, WTO je OB<l!KaK:O 6uAa UllMH'ja "Koja
je KacHHje Kao A06po ol.IYBaHa 6HAa oApeneHa 3a 3BaHHYHY 601'0-
MOiby npeOCTaAHX MYCAHMaHa. UaMHja npHnaAa y06HyajeHoM jeA-
Honp.'cTopHOIM nOIJ1I<.YiI1oAHOMNHl'Y 'K<lJMElHe l'paneBHlHe ca KBlJApaT-
HOM OCHOBOM, 4Hje CTpaHe HMajy AYJlHY 12,80 m. JeAaH nyTHHK
je 3anHcao Aa je uaMHja y oCMOj AeQeHHjH XIX BeKa lliVIaAa TpeM
KOjH AaHac He nocTojH. '[ka3 ce HaAa.3H Ha ceBep03anaAHOM 3HAY,
a AeCHO OA ae1'a Ha Y1'AY je nOCTaBibeHO Jv1HHape y06HyajeHor H3-
1'AeAa. Ilp030pH oy 3aBpllIeHH IlIHibaTHM AJYQHMa. Y YHYTpallIJ-bOCUr
uaMHje je ApBeHa 1'aAepHja H3HaA YAa3a, HacnpaM YAa3a je AOCTa
nA'HTKa IHiHwa MHxpa6a, a y jyr03ana
I
A'HOM yrAY je MHH:6ep. VIHY-
l'pawI.ha AeI<opaL\Hja je BeOMa CKpOMHa.
2
A/1TUli-alleM l,uv,wja (CA. 2) je AaHac HajAenllla H HajcTapHja
uaMHja y HOBOM Ila3apy, y YAHQH IlpBor Maja, Ha Kpajy CTape
4apwHje Koja ce npOAYJKaBaAa y 1'AaBHH APYM npeMa CKonibY. Ua-
MHjy je Kao CBOjy 3aAYJK6IIHY nOAHrao MeBAaHa MYCAHXYAHH y ne-
TOj AeQeHHjH XVI BeKa; tbe1'OBa BaKyqmaMa 0 3aAY.IK6HHaMa y Ho-
BOM Ila3ap'Y CaYYBaHa je AO HallIHX AaHa. UaMHja je Ha3BaHa no
3AaTHoj l.IeAeHQll Ha BPXY MllHapeTa. 6jeKaT npHnaAa y0611yajeHoM
jeAHonpOCTopHOM nOTKynoAHoM THny rpaneBH'iHe C KBaApaTHOM OC-
1 CAY)f(6eHH fAaCHHt{ CP Cp6Hje, 6p. 14 OA 7. IV 1979,777-783.
2 A. 5YPHn-3aMOAO, Eeozpa IWO opujel-tTaJzHa aapoul 110 TYP4u.Ha
1521-1867, ApxuTeKToHcKo-yp6aHUCTU'llW cTyuja, MY3eJ rpaAa EeorpaAa,
EeorpaA 1977, ,23-26 (ocTaJ\a AHTeparypa HaAa3H ce y OBOj KtbH3H y HanOllle-
HaMa TeKCTa 3a EajpaKAH
Ua,\1Hje y Y)Koj CPOHjH H3 XIV-XIX BeKa
333
HOBOM, cTpm cy joj Iwre 11,5 m, a OYYBaHI--I TpeM HMa nOBpW-I-IHY
OCHOBe 11,5X5,5 m. 3-I-IAOB-I-I MOA-I-ITBeHOr npocTopa cy rpaIJeHH OA
Ha-I-I3MeH-I-IYHHX peAoBa oneKe -I-I KaMeHa, a TpeM caMO OA K,aMeHa.
TpeM je npHA-I-IYHO B-I-ICOK; HHaye je, Hey6-I-IyajcHo 3a Ha!lll,e KpajeBe,
nOKp-I-IBeH ABeMa KynoAaMa Koje Hoce Tp-I-I cTy6a C npeAOMA>eH-I-IM
AYLV1Ma H3MeIJy I-b-I-IX. JeAHa Kpana CTpaHa TpeMa je 3a3-I-IAaHa -I-I Y3
I-bY ce HaAa3H M-I-IHape, lllTO je TaKoIJe Hey06HyajeHO. 3aH-I-IMA>HBO!
je Aa ce y apXl-I-ITeKTYp-r-r IJaMH'je 'Memajry eAeMe.HT-I-I cTapuje 6pYoalU-
CKe H CT-I-IACKe
IjaJlwje y Eeolpay
BeorpaA je Kao Ba)KHO TprOBa'IKO -II ynpaBHo cpeAlillJ:re rrOA.
-I-IMaO -I-I -I-I3Y3eTHO BeA-I-IKJI 6poj IJaM-I-Ija y OAHOCY Ha OCTaAa
MeCTa y Cp6-I-IjH. TIOlilTO caM 6eorpaAcKe IJaM-I-Ije 06paAHAa BeOMa
nOAP06HO y MOjOj AOKTOpCKOj 1'0 fiy 3a OBY np-I-IAMKY
H3AO)K-I-IT-I-I caMO 6-I-ITHe eAeMeHTe, aA-I-I ne OH-I-I -I-InaK AaT-I-I rrOTrrYHY
CA-I-IKY 0 -I-I3rpaAI-b-I-I 6eorpaACK-I-IX IJaM-I-Ija, I-b-I-IXOBOM )K-I-IBOTY -I-I rroc-
ryrrHOM HeCTaHKY ca OBor TAa.
BeorpaA je nao nOA TypCKY BAaCT 1521. rOA-I-IHe. TIpBe IJaM-I-Ije
cy 6-I-IAe npeypeIJeHe Xp-I-IlllnaHCKe jep ce EeonpaA H-I-Ije npe-
Aao Hero je 6-I-I0 oCBojeHa Bapow, na cy MorAe 6-I-IT-I-I rrpeTBO-
peHe y LlalM.'-I-lje. Hajn03HaT-I-Ija MeIJy H>-I-IMa 6-IfAa je cm:pa oprroKa
MHTpOnOA-I-ITCKa .qpKBa Koja je rrOCTaAa BeA-I-IKa IJaM-I-Ija y AOlbeM
rpaAY. HHTCH3-I-IBH-I-Ija -I-I3rpaAlba IJaM-I-Ija nOyeAa je nOCAe naAa Ey-
A-I-IMa 1541, KaA je EeorpaA npeCTao Aa 6YAe norpaHwa Bapow.
H3 jeAHor TypcKor norr-I-Ica B-I-IA-I-I ce Aa je EeorpaA Ben 1560. -IIMaO
llleCHaeCT IJaM-I-Ija, OA KOj-r-rx AeceT y BapOW-I-I -I-I llleCT y TBpIJaB-I-I.
MeIJy I-bHMa cy 6-IIAe -I-I Tp-I-I HajBene H Haj3Ha'IajHHje: cYATaHa Cy-
AejM<tHa BeA;-I-IyaHCTBeHor y fOpI-beM rpaAY, MexMeA-nawe Jaxjana-
l1l-I-Ina y AOlnoj yaplll-I-Ij-I-I -I-I EajpaM-6eroBa y fopI-boj 'IapwIljH.
IjaMuja cy/rcaHa CY/lejMal-la BeILU
L
tClHCT6eHol y TOpl-beM lpay
3aY3HMaAa je AOMH'HaHTaH nOAO)Kaj y naHOpaM-I-I EeorpaAa. E-I-IAa je
HajBena -I-I HajAenwa, a I-beH rrpojeKTaHT je npeMa n-I-IcaI-bY EBA-I-Ije
qeAe6-I-Ije 6-I-I0 HajBenH TypCK-I-I apX-I-ITeKT C-I-IHaH. Ta'IHa rOA-I-IHa -I-I3-
rpaAH>e HI--Ije n03HaTa, aA-I-I ce MO)l B-I-IAeTIl Ha CBHM rpaB-IIpaMa
BeorpaAa C Kpaja XVI -I-I Y XVII BeKY Kao jeA-IIHa y fOpI-beM rpaAY.
CpymeHa je 3a BpeMe aycTpHjcKe BAaCT-I-I y EeorpaAY 1717-39. fpa-
IJeHa je Kao jeAHonpocTopHa nOTKynoAHa LlaM-I-Ija KAaC-I-IYHOr
p-I-Irp3JACKOr CTUAa, C 'B--I-ICOK'IfM -I-I B-I-ITK-l-I'M M,lfHaperoM.
3 A. AHApejeDHo, Cllo,\/-lu/.{u y,l1eTHocTu. H06U na3ap II
OKOIlU/-lQ, KlhIDKeBHe HOBHHe, EeorpaA 1969, 197-200.
4 A. I3YPHo-3aMoAo, /-laBo ello, 17-70; y OBOM OAemKY 0 uar.IHja.Ma y
EeorpaAY Hehe ce n03HBaTH Ha AluepaTYPY nOlino ce OHa MO)Ke Hahl1 y
nOMeHYToj Klh1l3l1.
334
AIIBHa EYPHn-3aMoAo
IJa.lvluja MeXMe-naLUe JaxjanaLUuna (HAH HMapeT-l,IaMHja) ca
rpaneHa je 1548-49. Ha npOCTOpy KO'A AopnOACKor yrAa, H3Meny
AaHaII:DlhHX IJ;apa AywaHa, Ay6pOBaYKe, CKeHAep6erOBe JI
KmdlaHHHOBe. I-heH KTHTOp je MeXMeA-narna JaxjarraWHn, CMeAe-
peBCKH caHl,IaK-6er. oHAa je jeAHa OA HajBetinx H HajAenllllHX l,Ia-
MHja y sapOWll, a HaAa3HAa ce y KOMIIAeKCY jaBHHx rpaneSHHa
Koje je MeXMeA-naWa nOAlfrao Kao npBY CKynHHY jaBHHX 3rpaAa
naOAe 1521. UaMHja je 3a 'BpeMe aycl1pH'joKe 1717-39.
CAY)IAa Kao eppaI-beSa'4lKa Qp>K'Ba. 06H1'BibetHa je 1741. Kao Jaxja-
-naWHHa l,IaMHja, a nopymeHa 1878. ApxHTeKTypa npBo6HTHe l,Ia-
MHje pa3AHKoBaAa ce OA apxHTeKType o6HoBibeHe l,IaMHje. IIpeMa
EBAHjH QeAe6HjH, HMaAa je rAaBHY KynoAy OA AaKor MaTepHjaAa,
lIeTHpH 60YlIe KynoAe nOKpHBeHe OAOBOM, npeABopjeH 60YHe Tpe-
Mone C KynoAaMa Koje cy TaKone 6HAe nOKpHBeHe OAOBOM. 06HOB-
ibeHa l,IaMHja je 6HAa yo6wJajeHor THna, rpaneHa OA KaMeHa, C
KBaApaTHoM OCHOBOM H 3HAaHOM KaAOTOM. AY)IulHa KBaApaTHe
CTpaHe OCHOBe H3HOCHAa je OKO 14 MeTapa.
EajpaM-6ezoea (CA. 3) je carpaneHa H3Meoy 1557. H
1560. Ha yrAY AaHalliI-bHX YAHQa AOCllTejeBe Ii opane JyroBHna, y
6AOKY HapOAHor n030pHWTa. HaAa3HAa ce y cKAony jaBHHX I1pane-
BHHa Koje je nOAHrao oajpaM-6er, cMeAepeBCKH CaHl,IaK-6er. 3a
BpeMe aYCTpHjcKe BAaCTH 1717-39. cAY)KHAa je Kao MaraQHH H Kao
3rpaAa 3a CTaHOBaI-be. UaMHjy je nOCAe 1739. 06HOBHO pYMeAHj-
CKlf AeepTepAap XaUH-Mycraepa EepeHAH ATHep-3aAe. H3rpaAI-bOM Ha-
pOAHor n030pHwTa 1869. 6HAa je npeTBopeHa y nAHHapy 3a OCBeT-
ibaBal-be n030pHwTa. IIOI.llTO je nOQpHeAa OA AHMa npo3BaHa je
Kapa-l,IaMHjoM; cpyweHa je H3Meny 1897. H 1900. IIpHnaAaAa je
yo6HYajeHoM jeAHonpocTopHOM nOTKynoAHoM TImy rpaneBHHe OA
TecaHor KaMeHa YHja je AY)KHlHa KBaApaTHe CTpaHe OCHOBe ll3HO-
CHAa OKO 15 MeTapa.
UaMHje cy rpaneHe H Aaibe TaKO Aa je oeorpaA y 1688. HMao 51
J.!a'M!H'j'Y H 22 'MecUHAa.
5
Haj3Haya:jH1Hja nOCAe 1560. 611'Aa je Ej1--
xaH-6ezoea lfaMuja (CA. 4) Koja ce HaAa3HAa Ha AalHaWl-beM 0YAe-
Bapy PeBOAYQHje, y 6AH3HHH paCKpCHHQe ca BAajKOBHneBOM YAR-
QOM, HeKaA y OKBHPy MaAor na3apa, Tpene 6eorpaACKe YiapI.llHje.
UaMHjy je OKO 1585. carpaAHO EjHexaH-6er; y I-boj ce 3a BpeMe
aYCTpHjcKe oKynaQHje 1717-39. HaAa3HAO CKAaAHWTe YHHepopMH.
IIpHAlil.JHO je c1'paAaAa y 6op6aMa 1789, na je OTaA Ao6HAa ID'le
oaTaA-l,IaMH:ja; cpyweHa je 1869. rpaneHa je OA TecaHor KaMeHa,
MOHYMeHTaAHHje OA OCTaAHX 6eorpaAcKHx l,IaMHja, 6HAa je 60ibe
OCBeTibeHa oH HMaAa BenH 6poj npo30pa. IIpHnaAaAa je yo6HyajeHoM
je,A;HOnpOCTopHOM nOTKynoAHoM THOY, a AY)KHHa cTpaHe KB3ApaTHe
OCHOBe H3HOCHAa je OKO 15 MeTapa.
IIpHAHKOM npBor naAa oeorpaAa nOA aYCTplljcKY BAaCT 1688.
H TaAaI.I1,I-bHx )KeCTOKHX 6op6H cTpaAaAa je 6eorpaAcKa Bapow, a
:; YTBpl5eHo nOAP06HoM CTYAl1jOM OBor nliTaI-ba y HaB. eJlY, A. E'l-
62---63.
1,IaMHje y Y;KOj Cp6HjH 113 XIV-XiX BeK3
335
ca .f:bOM il I-beHe I,IaMuje. TIocAe 1688, opoj oeorpaAcKliX I,IaMuja je
TaKO orrao Aa HX je OCTaAO CBera rreTHaeCTaK, lUTO caMO rro ceOH
rOBopli 0 CTpaIJ..n:HUM pa3apaI-bliMa Koja je BeonpaA rrpe.IKlIBeo.
OCHM rroMeHYTlIx, Kao rr03HaTH.je U 3HaY:ajHlIje I,IaMHje, Koje
cY ce yrAaBHoM II ca'-IYBaAe rrOCAe aycTplIjcKo-TYPCKHX paToBa y
XVII II XVIII BeKY -YI oliAe oOHoBibeHe rrOA APYfHM HMeHOM cV:
IIIeXHTi\:YK-I,IaMHja (KacHlije AAH-rrallIHHa) HcrrOA AaHaI.l.lil:be Y AllI..\e
I.\,apa AYllIaiHa (CA. 5), X'aI,Ill-IIiH'p'HjI11Ha ('K'aoHlllje Aeq>TepAapoBa)
Ha OOHAHneBOM BeHI.\Y, TypryT-6eroBa (KacHlija KH3Aap-afHHa) HC-
nOA CTYAeHTCKor l'pra, XaI,IH-MYCTa<pe CKonibaKa (KacHlija Aa3
OrAHje) y YAHI.\;H I.\apa Aym3'Ha, <I>ePXaiA-neXaj'HiHa (Ka'CIfl)Ifje GYA-
TaHa MYCTa<pe) Ha rroY:eTI<Y HCTe VAllI..\e, UaMHja XaOHA-e<peHAHje
(KaCl-IHje Typoe-uaMHja) HcrrOA Tpra Perry6AHKe, AXMeA-arITHa (Kac-
HHje PeHc-e<peHAHjHHa) KOA paCK,pCHlII.\e YAHI.\a IJ;apa AvmaHa u
Ay6pOBaY:Ke, IJ;apena (KacHlije Ha CaBH, <I>aKHp
Xauu-AAuje (IcHHja cI>YKapa-uaMHja) rrpH AHY YAlII.\e TaAeywa
KomnymKor, Tup-H-oaAa (KacHuja 3HpyoaAa) KOA yrAa YAHI.\e CI<eH-
AepoerOBe u 3Maj JOBHHe. OA OCTaAllX uaMllja Koje cY pa30peHe
KpajeM XVII BeKa Mory ce rrOMeHYUI HopaxuM-oerOBa KOA yrAa
KHe3 MllxauAOBe YAHI.\e u OouAuneBor BeHl\a, KOCKH-oerOBa OAH3Y
KOHaKa KI-benU-be kYOHI.\e H KarrHUlljHHa Ha yrAY YMII.\a IJ;apa Ay-
waHa u <I>paHl\ycKe.
AycTpHjaHI.\H cy AO 1867. l'pH rrYTa BAaAaMI BeorpaAOM. Y ABa
Max,a KpajeM XVIl II KpajeM XVIII BeKa OCTaAH cy rro ABe rOAHHe,
a Tpenli rrYT, 1717-39, 3aAP)KaAH cy ce 3a AY.IKe pa3Aooibe. Y .f:bHXOB
rrorrHC 3rpaAa H3 1728. yrrlicaHo je y Bapowli 17 I,IaMHija H OHe cy ce
yrAaBHoM OAp)KaAe AO XIX BeKa, C l'HM llITO cy y XVIII BeKY ca-
rpal5eHe l'pH HOBe, AOK cy HeKe OA ca'-IYBaHHx cpyweHe. 3a BpeMe
aycTpujcKe BAacTH, HeKe oeorpaAcKe uaMlije oHAe cy npeTBopeHe
y l\pKBe. TYPl\1I cy caY:YBaHe uaMHje yrAaBHoM OOHOBHAH rrOCAe
1739, aAH oy OHe CTpaAaAe 3a BpeMe rrOCAeAI-ber paTa ca AYCTpHjaH-
I.\HMa KpajeM XVIII BeKa H 3a BpervIe Kapal5opl5eBor oCBajaI-ba Beo-
rpaAa rrO'-IeTKOM XIX BeKa. BeKe I,TaMHje cy Orrp3'BibeHe, a HeKe cy
u Aaibe rrporraAaAe. Apyra rrOAOBUHa XIX BeKa 3HaY:UAa je Kpaj
)](HBOTa OeOI1paACKliX I,IaMuja; rrOCAeAI-ba je cpYllleHa BajpaM-oero-
Ba, a AaHac OY:YBaHa Bajpa'KAli uaMlija je OHAa oApel5eHa 3a 3BaHHY:-
HY MYCAlIMaHCKY OorOMOibY
I,1aMuje-,y OCULflUM A'/eCYUMa
TIpe Hero WTO ce rrpene Ha pacnpaBY 0 I,IaMHjaMa y rrojeAHHHM
MeCTlIMa rrOTpeOHO je penli - Aa ce He Oli rronaBibaAO 3a CBaKO Ha-
ceibe - y Koje BpeMe cy KpajeBli AaHaWI-be Y)I<e Cpolije rraAH rrOA
TypCKY BAaCT. TYPI.\lI cy AOAa31IAli Ha BaAI<aHCKO rrOAYOCTPBO li 3a-
Y3eAli HeKe OOAaCTlI Ben y XIV BeKY, aAH je HajBenli Aeo AaHallll:be
Y.IKe Cpolije rrao KOHaY:HO rrOA .f:bUXOBY BAaCT rrOAOBlIHOM XV BeKa.
336
AHBna Bypnh3aMoAO
JY)JH AeAOBH cy oCBojeHH 1455. KaA cY OCHOBaHH KpyweBa'lKH H
HeK'H APYfH C3JHl,Ial..liH, a CeBepHiH AeAOBoH 1459. 33'Y3eneM CMeAepeBa
E 06pa30BaJlheM oMeAepe'BOK'or calHUaJKa. JeA'lfIHO cy ce EeorpcrA ca
3eMYHoM H IIla6al..l AD 1521, KaA cy H OHH IIaAH nOA TYP-
CKe py:Ke. HnaK He Tpe6a 3a60paBHTH Aa oy nojeAHHa MeCTa 6HAa
nOBpeMeHO oCBajaHa H paHHje, na TaKO nOCToje uaMHje H H3 XIV
H npBe nOAOBH'He XV BeKa.<l
A!1elCcuHml je cTapo cpeAlhoBeKoBHo Hacetoe y KOMe cy y XVII
BeKY )JBeAH caMO Cp6H xpilllIfiaHH. JeAHHa uaMHja HaAa3HAa ce
BaH YTBpne'lha, Ha Crp31J-lJH rrpeMa EeoI'paA'Y. 3BaAa ce fa3H XaClJH-
-naUlliHa, BepoBaTHo no HMeHY TeMHII.1IBapCKOr 6erAep6era qHja je
6HAa 3aAY)K6HHa, Kao H jow jeAHa 3I1paAa y AAeKOllHl..ly.7
f.J-tal( je A)06no A31H3mlhe HMe rrOA TYPl..lI1'Ma; y opeAlheM 'BeKY
ce 3Bao fpaAaL\ H y lheMY je He1\lhHH 6paT CTpaL\HMHp y APyroj
nOAOBHHH XII BeKa nOAHrao L\pKBY nocBefieHY EorOpOAllL\H. EBAH-
ja qeAe6H je 3amrcao Aa je y qa'lKY nOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa 6HAO
ceAaM uaMHja. JeAHa OA I-bHX je 6HAa Beha H 3HaqajHHja, a HaCTaAa
je npeypenelheM nOMeHYTe EorOpoAHqHHe L\pKBe y UaMHjy. I10WTO
je nOCAe 1718. 3a BpeMe aycTpHjcKe BAaCTH oneT nOCTaAa L\pKBa,
TYPL\H oy je rrOHOBO rrpeTBopHAH y UaMHjy nOCAe 1739. To ce AO-
rOAHAO H 3a BpeMe KapabopneBe Cp6Hje H nOCAe lheHor naAa. OBa
L\pKBa je 1826. jow 6HAa uaMaja, na jy je 06Hwao H JoaKHM By-
jUfiH HaJnt.Joa'o Aa je "OBO 3A3'HH'je AOCTa BHiCOK,o U WHp'OIK:O". YIHY-
Tpa.!llH>OCT joj je 6HAa BeOMa cKpoMHa, na ByjHfi HaBOAH KaKO je
HHAeo -Ca:MO MWI-l6ep 11 npocTe npOCTlHpKe Ha rroAY. KO'HaLDHO je 1834.
npeypeneHa 3a L\pKBY Iwja nocTojlH H AaHac, C THM WTO je TOKOM
BpeMeHa onpaBtoaHa H 06HaBtoaHa.
8
Y L\pKBH ce H caAa Mory Ha 3H-
AOBHMa HcnOA KynoAe BHAeTH npeAOMtoeHH AYl..lH, WTO YKa3Yje Ha
TO Aa je 3npaAa H 3a BpeMe TypaKa 6HAa npeypebHBaHa.
Kpazyje6a11 ce npBH nYT nOMHlhe KOA TypCKor reorpa<f>a XaUH
KaA<f>e nOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa Kao M3AO I-Iacetoe. Y lheMY je noCTO-
jaAa caMO jeAHa uaMHja (CA. 6), aAH je 6HAa carpaneHa OA IMe-
Ha; y pa3A06toy aycTpHjcKe BAaCTU 1717-39. 6HAa je npeTBopeHa
y Q.pKBY BaBeAelha. UaMHja ce HaAa3HAa nopeA peKe AeneHHl..le,
6AH3Y cTapor KaMeHor MOCTa, AaH3Wlher AOlher 6eToHcKor MOCTa.
KaA je OBAe 1826. 60paBHo J. ByjHfi, I,IaMHja je 6HAa y cAa60M CTa-
lb.y H 6e3 MHHapeTa; cTpyweHa je 01<0 1870. I10CTOjH lheH He MHoro
6 lyzocfla6uje, VII, AeKCHKorpaepCI 3aBO,<.\, 3arpe6
1955-1971, 133 (CaHl,JaK); liera, J, 472---473 (EeorpaA0KH naIllaAYK).
7 O. 3HpojeBHo, l)apUlpaocv.:u oPYJl'l 00 Eeolpaa o Coc/mje (1459--
-1683), 360PHHK HCTopHjcKor MY3eja Cp6Hje, 7, 1970, 164---165; P. CaMap-
I.mn, Eeozpa U Cp6uja y CI1UCUAl ca6peMeWlIca, XVI-XVII
6ev.:, HCTOPHjcKH apXHB EeorpaAa, EeorpaA 1962, 197.
8 lyzocflC16uje, II, 514; E. '4:eAe61I, nYTOIlUC, J-III,
"CBjeTAocT", CapajeBo 1957, II, 141; M MapHIllI-in, l)plwa He-
Mal--bUna y T./aLll(Y U Jl1.aliacrupu cpnClCe Caere Tope, foplbl1 Mfu\aHOBaL(
1966, 5-10; M. B. MHAHoeBllo, /{r-teJ1Ce6UHa Cp6uja, EeorpaA 1876, 676-f:>77.
UaJ'<lHje y YJKoj Cp6njH H3 XIV-XiX BeKa
337
TayaH QPTe* KOjH je H3paAHO <P. K aHHQ9 I1peMa QPTe*y I,IaMBje
ca iOKOABHO:\1 M')J ce 3a
1
KibY'IMTH Aa je rrpHITaAaAa YOOHyajeHOI\'r
rroTKyrroAHoM nmy KaMeHHX I,I3MHja y HalllHM KpajeBHMa. HMaAa
je KBaApaTHY OCHOBY, a KyrroAa je Ae){(aAa Ha rrpHAH'IHO HHCKOM
TaM6ypy.
Kpyute6atf je Kao cprrCKH CpeAI-bOBeKOBHH rpaA nOCAe ITaAa y
TypCKe pYKe A06HO HMe AAaI,Ia XHcap. EBAHja LIeAe6H je 1660. 3a-
6eAe*Ho Aa y rpaAY HMa AeBeT MycAHMaHcKHx 60roMoiba y AeBeT
MaXaM\, lllTO 3Ha4H Aa je Meny J-bHMa OHAO H I,IaMHja H Mecl)HA3.
IIo HMeHY je nOMeHYO l'pH l)aMHje: XY/\aBeHAHrapOBY, AAaj6erOBY
H I,IaMHjy MypaTa II. XYa6ett()uzapo6a t,wMuja ce HaAa3HAa y
yaplllHjH, a oHAa je H3rpaneHa y cTapOM CTHAY. XYAaBNIAHrap je
HHaye HaAHMaK CYATaHa MypaTa l (1359-1389), lllTO 3HaYH Aa je
OH nOAHrao OBY l)aMHjy. IIOlllTO LIeAeOH Ka*e Aa je nOAHrHYTa Y
CTapOM CTHAY, 1'0 CMaTpaM Aa je MypaT l rrpHAHKOM HeKor CBor
ynaAa y KpyweBaQ rrpeTBopHo jeAHY OA rrocTojenHx ll,pKaBa y I,Ia-
MlJfjy. YOHIJil1:pajynH BeKe y CBOj'Oj HCTOpHjH KpyweBQa,
B. HAHn MHCAH Aa je XYAaBeHAHrapOBa I,IaMHja OHAa OHa Koja ce
HaA'33HAa HaCITpalM BeA1H'Ke YeOMe. AIla6jeZ06a l;laMuja je OHAa Ta-
Kobe jeAHa OA 3HaMeHHTHjHx rrOlllTO je EBAHja LIeAe6H nOMH}f,e.
CBaKaKO ce HaAa3HAa y BeroBoj MaxaAH, 3a KOjy EBAHja K3)Ke Aa
je jeAHa OA Hajn03HamjHx. 1).a/iofUja cYIlTaHa MypaTa II (1421-
-1451) H3Ap*aBaAa ce, npeMa EBAHjH, OA jeAHHor KpYlIIeBaYKOr
aMaMa KOjH je TaKone carpaAHo MypaT II H YBaKyqmo ra 3a CBOjy
I,IaMHjy. HAHn CMaTpa Aa cy ce Te ABe 3rpaAe HaAa3HAe Ha 3eMibHlII-
TY Ha KOMe je 1923. nOAHrHYTa <l>a6pHKa BarOHa. HajBepoBaTHHje
je Aa ce Ha J-bHX OAHOCH H rrHcaJ-be M. B. MHAHneBHna 0 pyweBHHa-
Ma HeKe CTape rpaneBHHe, rro AereHAH I,IaMuje HAH aMaMa, Koja ce
HaAa3HAa rropeA nYTa Ha ceBepHoj CTpaHH BapowH. MHAHneBHn je
3anHcao H AereHAY 0 OBOj 3rpaAU: I,IaMHjy je rrOAHrAa MHAeBa, nep-
Ka KHe3a i\a3apa, CBOMe MY*y CYATaHY y 3HaK 3aXBaAHOCTH IIlTO
joj je carpaAHO UPKBY rropeA ABopa. OBa AereHAa He 6H OAfOBapaAa
I,IaMHjH MypaTa II, Kao HH HMe hepKe KHe3a i\a3apa, jep ce HCTO-
PHjCKH 3Ha Aa ce i\a3apeBa li.epKa OAHBepa YAaAa 3a CYATaHa Baja-
3HTa 1. HAHn je 3a6eAe)JO Aa je nOCTojaAa jOIll jeAHa I,IaMHja Koja
je cpyrneHa 1925, a HaAa3HAa ce Ha HMa}f,y CMHibKa MHAeHKOBHna,
aAH HMe I,IaMHje HHje n03HaTo.
10
9 EHI1UlC/lOneouja IlUlCOOI-IUX yJHen'LQCTU, l-IV, AeKCHJWrpaqlCKH 3a-
BOA. 3arpe6 1959-1966, III, 237; EWlulCllolleouja JywClla6uje, V, 367; J. By-
jHn, {Jy-cetuecn;uje no Cep6uju, l-Il, CprrcKa KIMIJKeBHa 3aAPyra, Klb. 66 r;
72, BeOlpaA 1901. H 1902, l, 173; F. Kanitz, Das Konigreich Serbien und das
Serbenvolk, B. Meyer, Leipzig 1904, 295.
JO Er'll1uV::lloneouja Jyzocilaouje, V, 436; E. tIeAe6H, I-Iao. aello, II, 62;
EHtlwcJ1Oneouja .t1ev::culCozparjJclCoz 3aooa. l-VII, 3arpe6 1955-1964, V, 304
(MypaT l); licTa, l, 347 (Baja3HT l); B. HAHn, licTopuja f(pYUleOtla, HCTopnj-
CKH apxH8, Kpywel:lal\ 1971, M. B. MI'I,\nneBHn, J(HeJlceBuHa Cp6uja, 745.
338
AI1BHa .GYPl1h-3aMAO
je naJo y l'YPCl PYKe K'aA II OCTai\1I Hamli KpajeBu;
y lheMY je AO OCi\0601Jelha 1878. 6lIAO OCaM I.IaMlija. JeAaH 3anaAHli
rryTHIiK KOjlI je npornao Kp03 i\ecKOBal( AeceT rOAlIHa npe oCAo6o-
lJelha IUHile Aa HHjeAHa OA r,raMlija "HlIje AocTojHa na)Klhe". 0 H3-
ri\eA'Y i\eCKOBay.KHX JJaMlija HeMa nOAaTaKa OCIiM Aa ce ABe BIiAe Ha
Kailllil.(OBOM l(pTe>KY i\ecKOBl(a, a 3a jeAHY ce Ka)Ke Aa je 61Ii\a OA
ApBeTa. i\oKal(Hje 3a CBIIX ocaM r,raMlija Aao je C. Am.1lITplIjeBHh
KOjlI A06po n03'Haje i\ecKOBal(, a Hajno3HaTlije cy 61Ii\e qapWII-r,ra-
Mlija li CaxaT-r,raMlija. qapWII-r,raMlija ce Hai\a31Ii\a KOA AaHaWlhe
anOTeKe "CYTjecKa", a OKO lhe je 6Hi\0 BeAHKO APBene IIcnoA Kora
cY ce ca'cTajai\H BHneHilIjH TY'Pl(H. je 6Hi\a Ha AaH3W-
lheM Tpry AmllITplIja TYl(OBlIna, HeKaAaWI'boj ApBHOj mIjal(lI. Y
l-beHoj 6i\H3HHH Hai\a31Ii\a ce ApBeHa CaxaT-KYi\a nO KOjOj je 'II l(e-
i\a MaXai\a HOCHi\a HMe. Tpena r,raMlija je HajCTaplija y i\ecKOBl(Y,
a llOAmao jy je CYi\TaH Eaja3lIT l, KaKO je cTajai\O y HaTTIlicy HaA
YAa30M. IIoPYllllIAH cY je HeMl(1I 1942. Kao nOCi\eAI-bY y BapOilllI.
LIeTBpTa je 61Ii\a IIawamneBa r,raMlija Koja ce HaAa31Ii\a y HaceA:>Y
IIoABopal(, 6i\H3Y CaAaIDlhe LJeCMe. Mypr,roMai\CKa l)aJ\ja je 6HAa
KOA HeKaA'a1l1lI-be Ka<paHe "IIocAeAlhlI rporu", rneCTa ce HaAa3lIAa Ha
lL\1aH>Y BoplJa i\ewlhaKa, ceAMa KOA KacnapeBe Ka<paHe, a GCMa je
6lIi\a ApBeaa r,raMHja KOA Ka<paHe "flOi\,aHlIl.(a". OA OBHX ocaM, ABe
cy 61Ii\e 6e3 MIIHapeTa, na cy rrYTHIIl(1I y XIX BeKY yrAaBHoM 6ei\e-
)lAII llIeCT r,raMlija. IIoci\e OCi\0601Jelha cpyweHo IIX je neT TaKO
Aa cy OCTaAe caMO J1plI npBonOMeHYTe. flpeMa npeAalhY nocTojaAa
je H AAaj6eroBa r,raMIIj-a.
l1
HUUl je npe KOHaLJHOr naAa nOA TypCKY BAaCT 6HO HeKOAIiKO
nYTa y TYPCKIiM PYKaMa, na ce y TypCIM 1I3BopHMa Ben KpajeM
XIV BeKa nOMHlhe jeAHa r,raM.Hja Koja je cnaK3Ko HaCTai\a aAaIITa-
l(lIjOM cpeAlhoBeKoBHe l(pKBe. UaMlija je HOCHi\a liMe My.paTa 1
Cfa31I XYAaBeHAlIrap), WTO 3HaLJlI Aa je l(pKBa npeTBOpeHa y r,ra-
MHj-y rrpe 1389, IA je MypaT 1 rromHYo. OBY r,raMlIjy y VXII BeKY
nOMHH>'Y KIIKi\e H EBlliIja qei\e6H. KHI(i\e je 30Be XYHrjap-r,raMHja,
llITO 3HaLJlI IJ;apeBa, a qei\e61I Ka>Ke Aa "HHje TOAIiKO Aena, aMI je
rpalJeHa y CTapOM CTlINY" , a 1'0 nOTBplJyje rrpeTrrOCTaBKY Aa je no-
CTaAa npeypelJelheM l(pKBe. BepOBaTHo je 1'0 6Hi\a IJ;pKBa CB. HII-
KOi\e, 3a KOjy M. B. MHAlineBHfi nHlile Aa je 'rpli nYTa npeTBapaHa
y r,raMlIjy.
12
KpajeM XIV BeKa nOMHlhY ce H ABa MeCJJHAa, jeAaH
A6,6!H-AeAe H Xa'3pa je 6HO nopeA 'Mona, a A'Pyr,H XaUH-Eai\a-
6aHa. AaA:>e ce 1516. nOMHlhe Mecr,rHA Xar,rH-AYPMywa, a HellITO Kac-
HHje Mecr,rHA JeApelhaHHHa Eai\lIa. Y jeAHoM TYPCKOM AOKYMeI-:ITY
HaBOAlI ce "Maxai\a MeCl]IIAa l(pKBa", WTO 61I ce MorAO OAHOCHTH
Ha jeAaH OA MeCl]HAa C Kpaja XIV BeKa I<jH je paHHje 6HO l(pKBa.
11 C. AI1MI1Tpl1jeBl1n, fpaCKa l1pUGpCa cmpoz lice/QMla, HanpeAah.,
AeCKOBal.l 1952, 116-117; A. TpajKoBHli, HCJlWI-bUlLG Ay6o'lW4G, 13eorpaA 1961,
88; M. n. MHAHlieBHn, [(pa,eG1uw Cp6uja, 13eorpaA 1884, 115.
12 EHllWCJlOl1euja lyzocJlGaujc, IV, 296; O. 3HpojeBIlo, New. e.lO, 172; E.
Y:eAe6H, 1-laB. e/lO, J, 71; P. Cao-la pt,lHn, HaG. el1o, 197; M. n. MyJ,\HhcB!-rh,
[(pa.JbeaUHa Cp6uja, 104-105,
-- --
339
1,IaMHje y yxwj Cp6HjH H3 XIV-XIX BCKet
y APyroj nOJ\OBHHH XVI BeKa, 3a BpeMe cYATaHa MypaTa III, y
HHllJY ce no HMeHY nOMHl-be ceAaM MeCIJHAa, AOK EBAHja .!)Ke Aa
HX je 6HAO "BHwe", na ce lbHXOB TaqaH 6poj He MO)Ke YTBPAIHH.
TaKone ce He MO)J(e YTBPAHTH HH 6poj lJaMHja. Y APyroj nOAOBHHH
XVI BeKa, Y3 ceAaM MeCIJHAa nOMHI'be ce no HMeHY caMO jeAHa lJa-
MHja, aAH ce Ka)J(e Aa HHW HMa AeceT MaxaAa, WTO 3HaqH Aa cy
TaAa MorAe nOCTojaTH l'pH lJaMHje Y3 OHHX ceAaM MeCIJHAa. li EBAH-
ja "YeAe6H HaBOAH TpH lJaMHje 3a cpeAHHY XVII BeKa, a 1'0 6R ce
nOAYAapaJ\O C npeTxOAHHM 06aBellJTeaeM. IlpBa je nOMeHYTa lJa-
MHja MypaTa l, a Apyre ABe cy MYCJ\H-eepeHAHje, "yrOAHa H npHB-
AaqHa Kao orJ\eAaJ\O", H XyceHH-nexaje, "cBHjeTJ\a H A06po noce-
neHa". I1pH6J\H)I<H0 y HCTO BpeMe, KHI{J\e HaBOAH HMe H 'lIeTBpTe
lJaMHje; 1'0 je Jycyep-6erona. MenYTHM, 3anaAHH nYTHHK je Morao
norpeWHTH H MeC]"JHA Ha3BaTH l,laMRjoM. KHI<J\e HHa'lle nOMHlbe caMO
lbY H lJaMHjy MypaTa l, AOK cy "OCTaJ\e Malbe". fepJ\ax je 3a noc-
l\eAlby 'lieTBpTHHY XVI neKa 3anHcao ~ a HHm HMa neT Aem-IX lJa-
MHja OA KaMeHa,1'l WTO 6H Tal<one MorJ\a 6HTH rpewKa y pa3AHKoBa-
J-bY lJaMHja H MecIJHAa.
AaJHa'C y HHwy fl'OCToje PiBe lJaJMiJ.tje: jeAHa y TBpnalBl-i, a APyra
y BapoWiH, 06e nOAHfHYTe nOqeTKOM XVIII BeKa. 3aHHMA>HBO je
Aa je 6poj UaJ;vlHja y HHwy y XIX B6KY BenH Hero y XVI IH XVII,
na je 3anHcaHo Aa HX je OKO 1840. 6HJ\0 jeAaHaecT, a 1878. TPR-
HaeCT. IlocAe paTa npOTHB TypaKa H KOHaY:He 'caMOCTaJ\HOCTH Cp-
6Hje 1878, OHe cy peAoM nopyweHe TaKO Aa cy npeMa M. B. MRAR-
nemJl1Y 1884. OCTaJ\e caMO l'pH, OA KojRX je jeAHa 06aBA>aAa 60ro-
cJ\Y>Kelbe. MenYTHM, HHje jacHo Aa AH je MHJ\RneBRn YiPaqYHao R
lJaMRjy y TBpnaBH. IlpeMa OCTaJ\oj AOKYMeHTal.l,RjR, nOCAe 1884. y
BapowH cy nOCTojaJ\e l'pH LlaMHje, OA KOjHX je jeAHa OBa AaHac ca-
qYBaHa, Apyra je OHa Koja je npeMa li. 3ApaBKoBHny nOCToj.aAa AO'
nOCAe Apyror CBeTCKor paTa, KaA je cpyweHa, a OA Tpene je OCTaAO
MHHape Koje je nopyweHo OKO 1960. 3ApaBKoBHn HHje Aao nOAan<e
o Apyroj lJa'M1HjH, aJ\lH npel'nOCTa'DfuaM Aa 6H 1'0 'MOfAa 6RTR OHa
Koja ce BHAH Ha epOTorpaepHjH HHwa C Kpaja XIX BeKa. Ha CJ\Hl.I,R
cy CTapa HHWKa 'lIa-pwHja H y lbeHoj 6J\H3HHH jeAHa lJaMHja Koja
HMa oY:YBaHo MRHape H TpeM ca TpH AYKa. liaKO ce He BHAH AO-
6po, HTIaK ce I1peMa H3rAeAY TpeMa i\W)Ke npeTnocTaBHTH Aa uaMH-
ja HMa KynOAY. HeAaBHo nopymeHo rpolUHo MHHape HHje MOrAQ
nprrnaAaTR OITHcaHoj lJaMHjR nOWTO ce HaAa3RAO y cnopeAHoj YAR-
JJ;H, KaKO je 3anHcao H. 3ApaBKOBHn.
J4
IlOAP06HHje ce Mory npHl<:a-
13 O. 3HpojeBJ-il, HaB. ello, 172-174; E. 'LfeAe6H, I-WB. (JeIlO, l, 71; P.
CaMapUHo, I-ta6. ello, 197; 1\0BpHl, Rcwpuja Hwua, HHw 1927, 47.
u EHLluKlloneuja lyzoclla611je, VI, 296; M. D. MHAHtieBHh, KpalbeaWltl
Cp6Llja, 107; H. 3ApaBKoBHll, Ih60p zpahe 3a npoY'laeal-be C1WMeJ-iWca UC,1a.Ai-
CKe apXLtTelccype y lyzoclla6uju, JyroCJI,oBeHcKH HHCTlITYT 3a 3awTHTY cnO,\l-
HHKa K\'AType, BeorpaA 1964, 27, 35; e p o o r p a e p ~ a naHopaMe HHwa ca uaMH-
jOM KOjy je aYTop KynHo y HapoAIlOM MY3ejy y HHwy; epoTorpaeplija W1Ha-
peTa cpyLUeHor OKO 1960. Koje je CHHMHO H. 3;.\paBKoBHn.
340
AHBHa BYPHn-3aMOAO
3aTH ABe nocTojene HHWKe I,IaMHje: npBa je /JaJl1uja y Tephaeu (CA.
7) Koja je BepoBaTHo nOAHfHYTa y BpeMe KaA je TBpnaBa rpaneHa
OKO 1723. Ca'lJYB3H je jeAHHo MOAHTBeHH npocTop. fpaneHa je OA
KaMeHa H oneKe Koje YOKBHPyjy recaHHK, a npHnaAa yo6H"lIajeHoM
THny nOTKynoAHe rpaneBIme KBaApaTHe OCHOBe, "lIHja AY)KJIHa CTpa-
He H3HOCH Il m, nOKpHBeHe nOAYAonTacToM KaAOTM. H3rAeAa Aa
je TpeM KOjH je nopyweH 6HO nOKpHBeH KpcTacTHM CBOAOM; npo-
30pH oy 3aBpweHH npeAoMloeHuM 3 y YHYTpaWlhOCTH je
nocTojaAa raAepHja. UaMuju cy, BepOB3THO y XIX BeKY, A03HAaHe
60"llHe npocTopHje Aa 6H nOCTaAa cTaM6eHH o6jeKaT.
15
Apyra je
/JaMuja HCAaM-aze Apeeula (CA. 8), oarpaneHa 1720, WTO CTOjH
Ha cayYBaHoj I<aMeHoj nAO"llH Koja ce HaAa3HAa H3HaA YAa3a. HMa
npaBoyraOHY OCHOBY 15 X II,5 m, nOKpHBeHa je "lIeTBOpOBOAHHM
KpOBOM, OTBOpH y npH3eMA>Y ce 3aBpwaBajy apXHTpaBHo, a Ha cnpa-
TV nOAYKpY)IO; y YHYTpaI.lI;fhOCTH nocTojH raAepHja. I1omYHO je
06HOBA>eHa 1870. rOAHHe. CaAa ce y H>oj HaAa3H MY3ej MycAHMaH-
CIG:!X nOKpeTHHx cnOMeHHKa HHwa H oKoAHHe.
16
Hoea BapoUl HMa I,IaMHjy carpaneHY 1894. (CA. 9). EBAHja
He nOMHH>e I)aMHjy y HOBoj BapolIDl, aMI je paHHje MopaAa noCTO-
jaTH 6apeM jeAHa JJaMHja HAH MeCI,IHA. Kao KOHalJlllliTe Ha 3Ha"llaj-
HOM nyTY, HOBa BapOIli 3B3Aa ce CKeHAep-nawHHa I1aAaHKa, a Aa-
HaWl:be HMe je Ao6HAa y XVII BeKY. MycAHMaHCKo CTaHOBHHllITBO
Ha3H.Ba I)aMMjy CKeHAep-naWHHOM, lllTO 3Ha"llH Aa je Ha OBOM Me-
CTY nocTojaAa HCToHMeHa I,IaMHja, Kojy je nOAHrao CKeHAep-nawa.
I1ocTojena I,IaMHja je nOAHrHYTa OA npHAora npanaHa H BeAHKor
npHAora MaXMYA-nallle EajpoBHna. HMa npaBoyraOHY OCHOBY
17,8 X 13,6 m, nOKpHBeHa je "lIeTBOpOBOAHHM KpOBM, YHYTpaWl:bOCT
joj je CKpOMHO o6paneHa, HMa raAepHjy. CarpaneHa je OA AOMA>e-
Hor K3MeHa, nOTOM MaATepHcaI-Ia; npBo6HTHO je HMaAa ApBeH MH-
Hape, a CaAallll:be je OA KaMeHa. Y Aa3Ha BpaTa ce 3aBpwaBajy AY"ll-
HO, OCT3:AH OT'BOpH apXII-I'rpa:B'H. I10C'fojll-i 'IIA"lJa ca 3anH'OOIM 0 H3-
rpaAl:bH I)aMHje,17
Hoeu Jla3ap je rpaA KojH ce y Cp6HjH HaAa3H Ha npBOM Me-
CTY no 6pojy ca"llYBaHHX I,IaMHja KOjHX HMa OKO neTHaeCTaK. To
yrAaBHOM HHCY 3Ha"llajHH o6jeKTH OCHM AATHH-aAeM I)aMHje onHca-
He Ha nO"lleTKY OBor paAa. HOBH I1a3ap je OCHOBao Hca-6er HcxaKo-
BHh, y 6MI3HHH cTapor Paca, KpajeM XV BeKa, KaA ce nO"lleo H3rpa-
nHBaTH Kao TprOBa"llKO cpeAHWTe Ha 3Ha"ll3jHoM nyTY, a ca l:bHM H
H>erOBe I)aMHje. CBH nHWY 0 BeAHKOM 6pojy I)aMHja y
HOBOM I1a3apy, a jeAaH HCTH"lIe H TonOAe Koje CKAaAHO AeAyjy yno-
peAo C MHHapeTHMa. Ta"llaH 6poj I)aMHja je 1580. 3anHcao KOHTa-
pHHH H HaBeo Aa HX HMa weCHaeCT, AOK je EBAHja l.JeAe6H HaBeo
15 H. 3ApaBKOBi'i, Ha6. e/lo, 35-38.
16 HeTO, 27-31.
17 EU1.j.UK/lOneuja lyzoc/la6uje, VI, 304; B. IIlaAlmYPoBHn, flPU/103U 3a
UCTOpUjy zpahe6uHapcT6a y cpel-beJlt flO/lUM/bY y XIX 6eKY, HHCTHTYT 3a
HCTOpHjy YMeTHocTH, EeorpaA 1979, 161-165; rpyrra BepHHKa y lJaMHjH je
16. VI 1981. AaAa rrOAaTaK Aa ce I,IaMHja 30Be CKeHAep-rrawHHa.
341
y Y/KOj Cp6HjH ll3 XIV-XiX BeKa
Aa HX je 1660. OlL\O ABaAeceT TpH.l
8
Ha BPXYHI.J;y pa3Boja rrOA Typ-
U;HMa, HOBH IIa3ap je KaKO rrHIIIe EBAHja qeAeoH, OCHM ABaAeceT
TpH I.!aMHje HMao H jeAaHaecT MeCl)HAa. OH je TaKone HaBeo Aa je
Bapow m"IaAa 40-50 MaxaAa, IIITO OH MopaAO 3HaYHTH Aa je 6HAO
AOCTa H xpHwnaHCKHX MaxaAa rrOlIlTO je MYCAH'MaHCKHX 6HAO 34
cYAenH rrpeMa 6pojy 60rOMO!Da. EBAHja rrOMHlhe caMO 'leTHpH l)a-
MHje rro HMeHY: AATHH-aAeM, fa3H Hca-oerOBY, I,1aMHjy KOA KaMe-
Hor MOCTa H Xal)H-XypeMOBY. 3a rrpBe ABe je Aao H HeIII!To rrOAaTa-
Ka, rra 3a AATHH-aAeM Ka/Ke rAe ce HaAa3H H OTKYA joj HMe, a 3a
Hca-oerOBY Aa je HaCTaAa rrperrpaBKOM Taj rrOAaTaK 6H MO-
raD 6HTH AOKa3 Aa je Hca-oer rrpHAHKOM OCHHBalha HOBor IIa3apa
KOpHCTHO HeKO OMalhe CTapo Hace!De H lherOBY U;PKBY. l.leAeoH mI-
me 3a Hca-6erOBY l)aMHjy Aa je rrOKpHBeHa OAOBOM H Aa ce HaAa3H
Ha )KHTHOM Tpry rro KojeM HOCH HMe H u;eAa MaxaAa. IIpeTrrocTaB-
!DaM Aa je OBAe y rrHTalhY EBAHjHlfa rpeWKa, 3aTO WTO rrocTojH H
Hca-oerOBa MaxaAa. OCHM OBe ABe, qeAe6H HaBOAH HMeHa jom 'le-
THpa MaxaAe, KaKO OH ce MorAe Ha3HBaTH H l)aMHje Koje ce HaAa3e
y J-bHMa: Kapa-MaxaAa, Xal)H-HopaXHM-e<peHAHjHHa, 3YA<PHKap-3aAe
MaXMYA-arHHa H JeAe'l-MaXaAa y KOjOj ce HaAa3HAa AATHH-aAeM
l)aMHja. H3 HCTHX pa3Aora HaBOAHM li HMeHa rreT MaxaAa H3 1489.
roAHHe Koja je y jeAHoM AO!,YMeHTY Hawao X. IIIa6aHomi H Koja
ce He CAa)KY ca HMeHHMa EBAHjHHHX MaxaAa: I1awa-JnrHToBa, My-
paT-cy6awHHa, KaAHjHHa, MeHTeweAY AAHjHHa li Tepl)YMaHoBa.l
9
IIpeMa A. AHApejeBHny, AaHac rrocTojH rreTHaeCTaK I.IaIlmja y
HOBOM I1a3apy, AOK XOl)a Aparr-l)aMHje Ka/Ke Aa HX HMa ceAaM-
HaeCT. MenYTHM, OH HHje 3Hao HMeHa CBHX l)aMHja Hero caMO 3a Ae-
ceT: AATHH-aAeM, EOp-l)aMHja, AejAeK-l)aMHja, I1awHHa (CBaKaKO
Ejy6-rraWHHa), MeAajcKa, Aparr-l)aMHja, IIIapoBa (OAH3Y peKe Pa-
illKe) , AxMeA-BojBoAe, I,1aMHja Ha IIapmlIJ;e 'H IIIapolhcKa (6AH3Y
EOp-l)aMHje). Kao jeAHHH KOjH ce AocaA rroce6Ho oaBHo HOBorra3ap-
CKHM l)aMHjaMa, AHApejeBHn je oojaBHo rroce6aH paA 0 rrpBorroMe-
HYTOj l)aMHjH, 0 cAeAenHM TpHMa je rmcao y MOHorpa<pHjH HOBor
IIa3apa, a 3a MeAajcKY je Aao caMO <pOTorpa<pHjy. OOHOBHe rrOAaT-
Ke 3a Aparr-l)aMHjy A06HAa Cal\1 OA r1>eHOr XOl)e. TaKO 3acaA HeMa
OAIDlX rrOAaTaKa 3a YeTH'pH l)aMHje 'lHja cy HMeHa rr03HaTa. Sop-
je rropeA AATHH-aAeM jeAHHa rrocTojena KOjy rrOMHlhe EB-
AHj a. Y HaTrrHcy H3HaA y Aa3a y MOAHTBeHH rrpocTop MO/l<e ce H
AaHac rrpOYHTaTH Aa je l)aMHjy 1561. rrOAHrao Xal)H-XypeM, a TO
je HMe jeAHe OA l)aIl-lHja KOjy rrOMHlhe EBAHja. TaAa je CBaKaKO Aerro
H3rAeAaAa H HMaAa KyrrOAY. IIowTo je cTpaAaAa y paToBHMa, TO
joj je rrpHAHKoM 06HoBe CTaB!DeH 'leTBOpOBOAHH r<rpOB H A03HAaHH
TpeMOBH CBYAa OKOAO. OCTaAo je caqyBaHo caMO rrpBOOHTHO MHHa-
18 A. AHApejeBHD, HaB. eAo, 195, 200; J. AeAHjep, ROBa Cp6uja, CprrcKa
Kl-bH/KeBHa 3aAPyra, EeorpaA 1913, 290-293; K. KOCTHD, Rawu HOBU zpa06u
Ha jyzy, CpnCKa Kl-bH/KeBI-la 3aAPyra, EeorpaA 1922, 29; P. CaMapJJ!ID, Hac.
eAo, 138, 159; E. lieAeoH, H([(3. eAo, II, 12.
19 E. "lfeAe6H, Ha6. eAo, II, 12.
342
AHBHa Bypun-3alllOAO
pe, Aerro YKpallIeHO CTaAaKTHTHMa H CAerIHM a p K a m ~ a M a CAH4HO
IvlImapeTY AATHH-aAeM uaM'Hje. HaAa3H ce y KparyjeBa4Koj YAH1..(H.
AejJlelC-l,taMuja jc orreT jeMma rropeA AATHH-aAeM Koja je rrlK.pUBe-
Ha KyrrOAOM, a KyrrOAa Ae)KH Ha TaMOYPY oe3 rrp030pa; KaKO je
Mau,HX AHMeH3Hja, uaMHja AH'-IH Ha Bene Typ6e. IlocrojH rrpeAaI-be
Aa je I-bCH KTHTOp XaBaAa AXMcA-oer H Aa je HaCTaAa npenpaBKoM
u;pKBe. AaHac HMa 3a3HAaH TpeM Y.HjH cY CTYOOBH Aeno 06AHKoBaHH;
HaAa3H cc Ha yrAY HeMaI-bHHe H fiopoBHl1eBe YAHu;e. Ejy6-naUluHa
l;laMuja je Ha nepH<pepHjH rpaAa, y CBoj60py. lby je 1836. carpaAHO
HOBona3apcKH MYTeceAHM Ejyo-rrarna, llITO ce MO)Ke rrpO'-lHTaTH Ha
Cay.YBaHOM KaMeHOM HaTnHCY. IloKpHBcHa je '-IeTBOpOBOAH'HM KpO-
nOM Il{ fI1'Ma IHiH'CKO ,A;pBeH:O MiJ-UHape. Y'H'Yl'paWlhOICT je AeKp'H'CaJHa y
CTHAY KaCHor TypClwr oapOKa H nOACena Ha IliapeHY UaMHjy y
TCTOBY. CYAel1lf no <pOTorpaqYHjH, Mellajclca 4wMuja je caCBHM je-
!l'H;OCTa'UHa rpanCBHl-pa ca ,,\Ba 'H'H33 O'flB'opa H ca He3rpaIDH'l1M 'M'HlHa-
pCTOM OA TBPAor MaTepHjaAa. HaAa3H ce y Y AHU;H PHq,ara Eypue-
BlIna. Apan-l;la;ltuja (CA. 10) je TaJKone jeAHOCraBHa 3rpal,A;a napiBO-
yraoHe OCHOBe OKO 8X 14 ID, nOKpHBeHa y.eTBopoBOAHHM KpOBOM.
TaKone HMa ABa peAa oTBopa H He3rpanHo MHHape. IlpeMa npeAa-
I-bY, uaMHjy je nOAHraO HeKH BojcKoBolsa AparrHH npe 300 fOAHHa.
A06po ce OAP)KaBa nOllITO CAY)KH MYCAHMaHCKOM CTaHOBHHUlTBY,
a HaAa3H ce y u;eH1'PY l'paAa, y OAH3HHH MOCTa.
20
llapahw-l je 3a BpeMC TypaKa OHO 3HaTHBje I-laceibe, aAH ce y
I-beMY nOMlilbe caMO jeAHa uaMHja KOjy jc y XVI BeKY nOAHrao CYA-
TaH CYAejMau BeAHY:aHcTBeHH. CaY:YBaH je AOKYMeHT y KOMe CTOjU
Aa je IlroAHHe 1578/79 oApebeHa CYMa OA 1690 aKY:H 3a rronpaBKY
'-Ia:CHe Ua.\H-fje rroKjl-lol' cYl\TaHa CYAe}\1'3'H-XaHa V Kaca6u Ilapa-
lilIHy", EBAHja je TaKone rroMeHYo OBY UaMHjy, aAH Ka)Ke Aa je
ThY rrOAHrAa "MajKa fa3H CYAejMaH-xaHa".
21
KacHHje ce BHwe He
rrOMl-l/I-by uaMHje y Ilapanlmy.
llupo'C cy Kao CpeAI-bOBeKOBHo CAOBeHCKO Haceibe OCBOjHAH
TYPU;H oa OCTaAHM OKOAHHM MeCTHMa. 3Ha ce Aa je npBY JJaMHjy
rrOAHrao MexMeA II (1451-1481), rra ce Ha3HBaAa IberOBHM HMeHOM
HAll BeAHKa uaMHja. JeAaH nonHC 1I3 npBe rrOABHHe XVI BeKa oe-
Ae)KH jeAHY uaMl-Ijy, CBaKaKO OBY nOMeHYTY, H '-IeTHpH MeCUHAa.
IloAoBHHoM XVI BeKa IlHpOT je HMao neT MeCUHAa, a 1570. jOli
jeAHY uaMHjy, IfCKeHAep-oera 3aHMa. HeKH 3anaAHH rrYTHHl..\H no-
MHI-bY uaMHje y IlHpoTY Kao H EBAHja 1.1eAe6H) aAH He HaBOAe I-bH-
XOB opoj. JeAHHO je KHKAe 1658. 3a6eAe)Jo Aa IlHpoT HMa '-IeTHpH
uaMHje, y Koje je CBaKaKO YOPOjHO B Bene MeCUHAe. MHMlneBHn je
y XIX BeKY nHcao Aa je OHAO ocaM uaMHja, Illro je jeAaH 06jeKT
BHIlle OA YKyrrHO AocaAa nOMeHYTHx I.laAja H MeCUHAa. OBe uaMHje
cy cTpaAaAe y paToBHMa, a apx. 3ApaBKOBHn rraMTH nOCAeAI-bY nH-
POTCKY UaMHjy, KOjy Kao nOcAeAI-bY nOMHI-be H MHAHneBHn ca BII'le-
,
20 A. AHApejeBUD., Hae. e,IO, 200-203; E. '-IeAe6H, Hae. e;w, II, 12;
Kl3HBaI-f,e xoue Aperr-J,IaI>ll1je Ha ,L\aH 16. VI 1981.
21 O. 3HpojeBHn, HCU;. e>10, 158, E. '-IeAeoH, Ita6. e,w, J, 74-75.
343
UaMaje y Y)J<j CPHjH H3 XIV-X1X BeKa
HOM LJ;apeBa uaMHja. OHa ce HaAa3HAa 6AH3Y OCHOBHe IlIKoAe H pe-
qHl.\e THja6ape. CPYIlIeHa je 1912. rOA.HHe.
22
IloJtcape6aLj. je 6HO ceAO AO I10)KapeBaQKOr M.HpOBHOr yroBopa
1718. ca cprrCKHM CTaHOBHHIlITBOM, rra HHje HH HMao J,laMHjy. HeliITO
BHIlIe ce pa3BHO rrOA aYCTpHjcKoM yrrpaBoM, a KaA cy ra rrOHOBO y3e-
AH TYPl.\H pa3BHO ce y TprOBaqKY H 3aHaToKy BapOIlI Koja je KpajeM
XVIII BeKa oHMaA'a XHibaAY TypCKHX H CTOTHHY cprrCKHX Kyna. TaAa
je CBaKaKO rrOA.HrHYTa uaMHja Ha PH6iboj rrHjal.\H (MaAoj rrHjal.\H)
KOjy je 3aTeKao JoaIM Byj.Hn 1826. H 3a Kojy je HarrHcao Aa HMa
BHCOKO MHHape. UaMHja je 0pVIlIeHa KaA je 3HAaHa 3rpaAa OrrIlITHHe
Ha rrOMeHYToj rrujaq.H.
23
Ilpu60j ce rrpBu rrYT y HCTOpHjH jaBA,a y XV BeK'Y. Y TYPCKO
A06a je 6HO KapaBaHCKa CTaHHl.\a H MeCTO y KOMe oy )KHBeAH yrAaB-
HOM TYPllH. I1peMa EBAHjH, y XVII BeKY je HMao jeAHY UaMHjy,
KOAIHI<JO HMa H A,al[-IaC, rra je II'IajBep'Ba1'Huje Aa ce AaJHamtba uaJMlHja
HaAa3H Ha MeCTY Te HajcTapHje. I1pB06HTHa uaMHja je CBaKaKO
CTpaAaAa y aYCTpHjcKo-TYPCKHM paTOBHMa, rra jy je 1776. 06HOBHO
XacaH-ara, '-IHje je HMe HOCHAa. I-I3ropeAa je 1806. 3a BpeMe npBol'
cprrcKor YCTaHKa, a Ha tbeHOM MeCTY je carpaneHa HOBa Koja je rro-
cTojaAa AO 1875, KaA cy je 3arraAHAH yCTaHHUH npH 3aY3eny I1PH-
60ja. AaHaIlItba uaMHja je rrOAHI'HYTa KpajeM XIX seKa OA rrpHAora
rpal5aHa rra ce 3aTO Ha3HBa HapoAHa uallmja. HMa rrpaBoyraoHY oc-
HOBY 16X 14 m, rroKpHBeHa je QeTBOpOBOAHHM KpOBOM a y YHYTpaIlI-
tbOCTH HMa raAepHjy. I1pB06HTHO MHHape je HAO ApBeHo, rra je
Kacl-IHje 3aMeI-beHO
Ilpujel10fbe ce jaBiba Ben y XIV BeKY Kao Tpr ca Kojer rrOAa3e
KapaBaHI1, IIITO je Haceibe OCTaAO H 3a BpeMe TypaKa. EBA.Hja qe-
Ae6H rrHIlIe Aa je y tbeMY rrOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa 6HAO AeceT I.IaMHja.
OHe cy BpeMeHOM H YCAeA paTOBa yrAaBHoM CTpaAaAe TaKO Aa MX
je 1913. 6HAO caMO TpH, a AaHac QeTHpH. EBAHja rrOMHlH>e H MycaAY
ca BeAHKHM APBeneM:
25
Hajrrpe ny ce OCBPHYTH Ha uaMuje KOjHX
BHlIIe HeMa y I1pujerrOibY. XYCULH-naUIUHa je rrpeMa EBAHjHHOM rrH-
caFbY 6HAa YA06Ha 6oroMoiba H A06po rroceneHa; HMaAa je YAa3HY
KanHjy I-Ieyo6H:QajeHo rrO'CTaBA.,eHy rrpeMa jeA'HIoM yrAY ua:Muje. IIIa-
6aHOBHn CMaTpa Aa jy je rrOAHrao XyceuH-rrama bOibaHHn, KTHTOp
O. 3Hpo.iesHh, HO(J. CIlO, 186-187; E. Y"eAe6H, /-WG. CIlO, J, 69; P.
Ha6.c.10, 184, 198; Ka3HBal-be apx. H. 3ApaBKollHna; M. B. MHAH-
heBHo, Kpa.'bC6WW Cp6uja, 228
23 EHI1U/(1l011euja JYZOCJlCI6uje, VI, 578; J. ByjHh, Ha6. e/w, l, 51; T.,
IlocfaHalC 11 pa36U'ralC rrOAHTHKa, 6p. 7388 (OKO 1930); Ka3HBai-bi.:
Mora oua AAeKCaHI\pa BVPHna, pooeHor y rrO)lcapeBUY 1891.
24 EHrfWCIlOl1cuja JywcllaGujc, VI, 612; E. tIeAe6H, /-LC/6. ello, II, 10; .13.
llIaAHJIYPoBHn, Ha6. CIlO, 162-163; Ka3HBalf>e I.J;SHKO ACHMa, XOJ.le GEe ua;\ltr
je Ha AaH 16. VI 1981; OH je I13jasHo Aa je XacaH-afHHa BaKY<PHaMa 61"I,\a ca-
l.l:YBaHa, a A;a je AaHac
2,; EHI1UlCllOl1euja Jyzocllal3ujc, VI, 615; E. tIeAe6H, 1-La6. ello, II, 157;
J. AeAHjep, IW6. c/w, 294.
344
AHBHa nypHI'l-3aMoAo
HajBene l,IalvlHje y IIibeBibHMa.
26
Be3Heap-aZUHa ce HaAa3HAa nOpeA
ApBeHOr MOCTa rrpeKO MUAerneBKe. IIpeMa EBAlijUHOM nu-
CalhY 6H.Aa je npOCTpaHa U CBeTAa: "IIpeA lhOM UMa jeAHa 4YAHa
CaxaT-KYAa. fAac lheHa 3BOHa 4yje ce 4aK U3 rpaAa MUAerneBa".
IIo npeAalh'Y, Ta CaxaT-KYAa je 6HAa 3BOHapa npaBOCAaBHe I..\pKBe,
111110 6u MorAO 3Ha'4WI1H Aa je 'H Be3JHeAap-'arnHa l,Ia'MIHja y CTIBarplH
rrpeypeneHa npaBOCAaBHa I..\pKBa.
27
EBAHja nOMHlhe MeCl;lu COKO/lO-
BuheBOZ CUHa U Ka){ Aa je "KpacaH U npHBAa4aH", a HaAa3U ce y
OKBUPY HCTOUMeHor xaHa, U3HaA fberOBe Kanuje.
28
H eBa,Kay,
Muja je nopyrneHa 1943; no npeAalhY nOTU4e U3 XVI BeKa. HMaAa je
'l06UyajeH H3rAeA l,IaMHja npaBoyraoiHe O'OHlOBe, C 4eTBOpOBOA!HIH''\1
rc:P.OB'M, aAJ1 je 6uAa AefllO npoIllOpI..\UOH'H'eaHia. fpaooHa je IQIA one-
Ke, a MHHape OA KaMeHa.
29
CAeAene l,IaMHje U AaHac nocToje y IIpujenoibY: H6paxUM.-na-
WUHa je CBaK'aKO HajcTapHja jep je nOMUlhe jorn EBAuja QeAe6u, a
no npeAafbY je nOAUrHYTa y XVI BeKy. Ha OCHOBY EBAujuHor onuca
H AaH'aWH>er U3J'AeAa '&HA!H ce Aa je CTpaAa'Aa H 6HAa o6H.osibe!Ha.
HeKaA je 6uAa "BipAO YAo6Ha U npuBAa4Ha", BepOBaTHO C Kyno-
AOM; AaHac je caCBUM jeAHocTamwr U3rAeAa C 4eTBopOBOAHUM KpO-
BOM.
3
o CUHaH-naWuHa nOTU4e no npeAalhY U3 XVIII BeKa, a HaAa3U
ce y npujenoibcKoM HaceA>Y BaKY<P. Y lheHe TeMeibe H 3HAOBe Y3HAa-
HH cY pHMCKU HaArpo6HH cnOMeHHI..\H Ha KojHMa cy peibe<pH jorn
Y04ibHBU. Bepyje ce Aa je Ha BucopaBHU Ha KOjOj Ae){UI BaKY<P 6HAa
pI-J1M10Ka IHeKpOIITOAa. MaxMy-I1aLUUlia je npe,wa AereHAH nOCTaAa UA
I..\pKBe, WTO 3Ha4H Aa je BeOMa crapa. CBaKaKo je o6HaBibaHa TaKO
Aa joj je AaHaI..l.l.fbH H3l'AeA caCBHM jeAHocTaBaH. HMa npaBoyraOHY
OCHOBY, 3HAaHa je OA nepnH4a, KpOB je 4eTBopoBoAaH, a MHHape,
BepoBaTHO cTapHje, je OA KaMeHa.
31
BelltlKa l;laJl-luja je AaHac Haj-
Bena H Hajrro3HaTHja l,IaMHja y IIpHjenOibY, aMI je HCTOBpeMeHO H
HajMAana. HaAa3H ce y l..\eHTpy rpaAa y rAaBHoj YAHl..\H. IIpeMa JJla-
AHITYPOBuny, l,IaMHja je nOAHrHYTa H3Meny 1895. H 1900, a lheH'Y H3-
rpaAlhY cy HajBenHM AeAOM <pHHaHcHpaAH 60raTli BepH'UI..\U, aAH H
Typ:OKe BAacrH. MenYTHM, B. MeH3HAI.FHti. TBPAU Aa cy Ol3'Y l,IaJMJHjy
1909. rrOAHrMI lherOBH npel..\H, TpH 6paTa Me3HAl,IHna: XaJ,IH-H6pa-
XHM, 3YA<PHKap H A6AYAax; BepOBaTHO cy 6paha 6HAa Meny Haj-
BenuM AapOAaBI..\HMa. IIpeMa X. BjeAaKY, Ha OBOM MeCTY je H pa-
HHje nocTojaAa l,IaMHja, aAH Malha H ca ApBeHHM MHHapeTOM, a Ha-
3BaHa je no MaxMYA-6ery MaxaAecHjy. AaHarnlha BeAHKa l,IaMHja
je rpaneHa OA AOMibeHor KaMeHa, AOK cy COKA H HBHl..\e 3HAOBa OA
TecaHHKa. HMa npaBoyraOJ-lY OCHOBY 17 X 16 m H nOKpHBeHa je
26 E. l.JeAe6H, Ha8. eflO, II, 157.
27 MeTO; HanHC y "IlOAHTHL\H" 0,1.\ 8. VI 1971. 0 CaXaT-K\{AlI.
28 E. l.JeAe6H, Ha8. eflO, II, 157.
29 Ka3HBaH>e XOl)e BeAHKe X\{CHHje EjeAaKa Ha AaH 16. VI 1931.
30 E. l.JeAe6H, HClf3. eflO, II, 155; Ka3HBaH>e EeAPYAHHa MeH3HA1,IHha;
Ka3HBaH>e X\{CHHje .6jeAaKa Ha AaI-I 16. VI 1981.
31 Ka3HBaH>e EeAP\{AHHa MeH311AI,IHna; IJaMuja 03uaHa o
enO/vleHUlca, "nolluTuKa" 3. III 1966.
1,IaMHje y Y)Koj Cp6Hjl1 113 XIV-XIX BeKa
345
YeTBOpOBOAHliM KpOBOM. OTBOpH nocraBibeHH y ABa peAa 3aBpwa-
Bajy ce apxHTpaBHo OCliN! YAa3a KOjH je AY4HO 3aCBeAel-1. MHHape
je rpaneHo OA KaMeHa, a TaKone H TpeN! npeA YAa30M ca lIleCT CTY-
60Ba Koje Be3Yjy npeAOMA.,eHH AYU;H. YHYTpaWI-ha AeKopaU;Hja je
npHAHYHO 60raTa.
32
llpoKynlbe je A.o6HA'O caAawl-he H'Me IKpaje.M XIV BeKa; 3a Bp-
Me TypaKa je 6HAO Ba/KHO TproBa4Ko cpeAHwTe. EBAHja tIeAe6H
je Hey06liyajeHo 3a6eAe/KHO 0 I1poKynJOY caMO jeAHY peyeHHU;y 0
TOMe KaA cy ra npBH nYT OCBOjHAH TYPU;H. <I>paHU;YCKH nYTHHK Ae-
<peBp je 1611. nHcao Aa y I1poKynibY HMa AenHX uaMHja, aAH HHje
HaBeo I-bHXOB 6poj. I10cAe oCA060neI-ba OA TypaKa 1878, y rpaAY cy
ce OAp/KaAe pYllIeBHHe ABejy uaMHja: KOA cnOMeHHKa y napKY H
KOA I1olIlTe.
33
Cjemll1a je H y cpeAllieM BeKY li 3a BpeMe TypaKa 611Aa Ba)f<Ha
TproBa4Ka H KapaBaHCKa CTaHHu;a. <I>pal-IU;Y3 A. I1YIHib je 1807. nH-
cao Aa CjeHHu;a HMa AeBeT l,IaMHj'3. TpH cy jow: nocTojaAe 1913,
OA KOjHX ce jeAHa HaAa3HAa y YTBpneH>Y Ha BPXY yaplIluje, a Aa-
Hac cy OCTaAe ABe. JeAHa OA I-bHX je HajBena Ha u;eAoj TepliTopHjH
Y/Ke Cp6Hje, M O ~ a H HajAenwa, noce6Ho lUTO ce TH4e YHYTpawl-her
npocTopa. To je 1,IaMuja CYJlWHuje BaJluoe (CA. 11), MajKe cYATa-
Ha A3Hca II, carpaneHa OKO 1850. 3HAaHa je OA KaMeHa, nOKpHBeHa
KynoAoM, npH6AH/KHe AHMeH3Hje OCHOBe H3HOce 23 X 19 m. I1p030-
pH cy nOCTaBibeml y ABa H1133, a I1Ma HX H Ha TaM6ypy; xoua uaMHje
Ka)f<e Aa cy yrpaneHa YKynHo 33 np030pa, OHOAHKO KOAHKO Cl3aKH
BepHHK liMa AV)IOCTH. 11Ma Tpe.M nOKpHBeH ca TpH l<ynoAHl,te, a
jOllI ABe ce HaAa3e H3HaA npocTopuje HacynpoT Tpell'IY. Y3 uaMujy
je nOAHrHYTO AOCTa BHTKO MHHape. 06jeKT ce HaA33H Ha AenOM Me-
CTY H y npHjaTHoM aM6HjeHTY CTapHX /KaAOCTHHX I3p6a. 1,IaMuja
MYCTacfJa-naUle Fia[Q(nLl1.a carpaneHa je TaKone 0,-\ KaMeHa, HMa
npaBoyraOHY OCHOBY 12 X9 m H nOKpHBeHa je Y:eTBopOBOAHUM
KpOBOM.
34
CMeepe60 je CTapo Haceibe u nOTHY:e U3 BpeMeHa PHMibaHa.
I-beroBa BeAHKa TBpnaBa carpa!JeHa je 1430, a caMO 29 rOAHHa Kac-
Huje, Haceibe je naAO y TypcKe PYKe, lIlTO je 03HaY:UAO H KOHaY:aH
Kpaj cpncKe CpeAI-bOBeKOBHe Ap/KaBe. I104eTKoM XVI BeKa, Ha npo-
CTOPY TBpnaBe nocTojaM:l cy jeAH3 uaMuja u Y:eTHpH MeCUHAa. Ua-
MHja je HOCHAa UMe MexMeAa II OcsajaY:a, KOjU je H 3aY3eo CMe-
AepeBO, a cMaTpa ce Aa je 1'0 npeypeneHa u;pKl3a DAaroBeWTel-ha. Ao-
Ka3 3a 1'0 je H TBpAlba EBAHje tIeAeu Aa je uaMHja rpaneHa y "CTa-
palMe CT'HAY". JeAaH OoA MeCUHA3 ce 3'sa:o no MeXMeA-6eJlY OWH'y Mu-
32 B. IllaJUInVPoBl1h, /Laa. e,w, 165-166; J<a3HB3J-be EeAPYAHlIa ivleH3l1A-
l.m!a; Ka3l1BaJ-be XycHl1je Eje.\aJ<a Ha AaH 16. VI 1981.
33 EmtLLK,Wl1euja lywclla6llje, VI, 625; E. 'lJ.eAeoHja, Ha6. oe,w, II, 59---
-60; P. CaMapUHn, Ha6. e,w, 161; T. TaHacHjeBl1l, Haopujc,;;;e 311a,11eIlLLfocra
Li I1pOWIlOcr lpaoa npozeYI1/ba, TlpoKYUA:>e 1961, 78.
34 Em lUKilOl1euja lyzoc/w6uje, VII, 203; J. AeAHjep, Ha6. oello, 65, 296;
Ka3HBaI-be AXMeAa MeMHla, xoue Bai\llAe cYATaI-lnje l)a;YIHje, Ha A3H 16.
VI 1981.
346
AHBHa 6YPHh-3aMOAO
HeT-6erOBOM, npBOM CMeAepeBCKOM CaHl)aK-6ery. HaceJ'oe y TBpnaBH
ce rrOBenaBaAO TOKOM XVI BeI<a, rra je rropaCTao H 6poj l)aMHja.
l.IeAe61I je 1660. rropeA rrOMeHYTe l)aMHje 3a6eAe)KHO y TBpnaBII JOIll
ABe: ClIp MepAOBY (CIIH A6AYAaXOB) II XaI,m-BeAHjHHY. ITOAOBII-
HOM XIX BeKa 6lIAa je OCTlaAa jeAHa l)aMHja Koja ce BHAH Ha Ka-
HlIUOBOM upTe)KY TBpnaBe; aAH je H OHa rropyweHa 1867. ITOAfpane
HAll BapOIll rr01JeAa ce 1I3rpanHBaTlI TeK rrOCAe 1476. jep je cTapa Ba-
pOIll TaAa M3ropeAa. Y Apyroj rrOAOBHHII XVI BeKa, y BapowH cy
6lIAlI jeAHa uaMlIja II TpII lvleCUHAa, a EBAHja je 1660. 3a6eAe)KHO
24 l)aMlIje. Ao AaHac cy Ot.JYBaHH caMO TeMetoH jeAHor MHHapeTa.
35
C6eT03apeeo, paf-luje JarOAHiHa, ce y cpeAfueM Be'KY;
3Haqaj JarOA'HHe je paCTao C nOMepalheM cpnCI<e rrpeCTOHI1Ue npeMa
ceBepy. 3a BpeMe TypaKa DHAa je jeAHo 01-\ 3J-1aQajHHjHx I-IaceA)a
Ha IJ;aplIrpaACKOM APYMY, a rrYTorrHCUH Tora BpeMeHa je onHcyjy
Kao Aerro II BeAMKO MeCTO. Y APyroj nOAOBHHH XVI BeKa, y Jaro-
AIIHII cy 6lIAe ABe uaMHje, WTO rroTBpnyje II BenH 6poj rrYTonlIcaua,
a Taj 6poj ce 3aAp)KaO 11 KacHlIje. JeAHa ce HaAa3HAa npeKO nYTa
KapaBaH-capaja II 3BaAa ce AepBlIw-6erOBa (CA. 12), a Apyra Ha
Yka3Y y BapOIll aAII joj ce He 3Ha lIMe. AepBHw-6er je nOAl!rao CBOjy
UaMlIjy 1555, KaA jy je y H3rpaAlhH BIIAeo AepHwBaM. AepBHw-6er
je :mIIBeo y CereAHHY, aAIH ce 6PH'HYO 0 JaroAHIHH y K'OjOjCY ce Ha-
Aa3lIAe II If>erOne Apyre 3aAY)J,61me II capaj. ];HO je CHH ];aMI-6erou
J[ YiH}/IK Jaxja-mu.JJHH. HeKl1 nYTH'HWI cy flHcaAH Aa je AepI3'Hw-6e-
rOBa l)aMHja Aen 06jeKT, a Apym Aa je BeAHK. EBAHja l.IeAe6H Ha-
BOAl! Aa je 6HAa HHCKa, nOKpHBeHa oAonOM, "A06po nocjeneHa H
. l' c .
BpAO CBIIJeTAa , a 3aOeAe:>KHO Je H HaTnHC l-laA fueHHM BpaTHMa.
r AIIIlla EAe30BHn je 3arrlIcao Aa je carpaneHa OA TecaHor KaMeHa,
AOK ce Ha TlITeA6axOBOM upTe)KY H3 Apyre rrOAOBHHe XIX BeKa
BHAM Aa je IIMaAa BHCOKY KyrrOAY Ha TaM6ypy C np030plIMa II TpeM
ca TplI AYKa. KaKO nHwe M. ];e30AT, y fuoi cy (cBaKaKo rropeA If>e)
caxpalheHII jeAaH 6er II lherOB CIIH, lll:TO 6H ce MorAO OAHOCIITH Ha
AepBIIIll-6era. ITYTorrlICUII cy 3arra3HAlI H waApBaH OA 6eAor Mep-
Mepa rrpeA UaMlIjOM. MlIHape je cTpaAaAO y paTOBlIMa, rra ra je
1818. 06HOBHO KHe3 MHAOW. UaMlIjy je cpYWHAa orrWTHHCKa yrr-
paBa rr01JeTKOM TpHAeceTHx roABHa XX BeKa, a Aeo fueHor 3lIAa
nacToljM H 'A3IHa'C 6AH3Y KAl'HHue H 'CAymH K3J0 ,orpaAa.
3G
llIa6atf ce pa3BHO Ha MeCTY cpeAfuOBeKOBHor 3aCAOHa KOjlI cy
TYPUII 3aY3eAH 1370. H TY H3rpaAHAH YTBpnel-be Koje ce 04YBaAo
AO AaHac. TYPUH cy 1I3ry6HAH YTBpnelf>e nel1 1476, a IIIa6au cy KO-
33 EJ-nIUlUlOneouja Jyzoc/wouje, VII, 409; O. 3UPOjCIlHh, Hao. oe/lO, 124-
-125; E. "lleAe6H, Hao. oello, Il, 65-66; F. Kanitz, /tC/6. e.1o, 134; 11.. TIaB,\O-
mIll, MY3ej Li CllO,YleHWlu I,ym'ype CMcepeoa, MY3ej y CMeAepeBV.
1972, 211.
:)6 O. 3HpojeBHh, Hao. eJ1.o, 138-141; E. 'LIe,\e6lf, Ha6.' ello.' l, 76; J\'.,
HllKHh, l)uAwje y Seozpaoy, fONullI-baK MY3eja rpa.a.a Eeorpa,L\<1, V, 1958, 1.'jt;,
203 (rroA 135); B. KapHh, Cp6uja, Eeorpa,L\ 1888, 813; J. ByjHh, HU6. ello l, 128-
-129; I<.a3HBalbe CBelllTeH:HKa CTape upKBe y Ha .a.<:lH 26.
IV 1981,
UaMHje y Y)l<oj CPOHjH 113 XIV-XIX BeKa
347
Ha4HO OCBOjUAu 1521. Ao 1548. nOCTao je Kaca6a, WTO 3Ha4U Aa je
i\'1'pao UMaT'I1 5ap jeN:lY J.la}'jy; OHa ce HaAa311Aa y MyxjuIAIHIH-xa-
nI60Boj MaxaAU, aAU joj UMe lmje n03HaTO. BI1AU ce Kao jeAHHa Y
llIamw Ha rpaBUpu 'H3 cpeAuHe XVI BeKa. HaA33uAa ce y OKBUpy
311AOBa naAaHKe, y AOI-beM nOArpany, npeMa YTOKY pe'-IHl.\e KaMUYKa
y CaBY. HMaAa je KynoAy 11 BI1TKO BUCOKO MHHape; YTBpneHo je
A3 je AO Kpaja XVI BeKa np03BaHa TBpnaBcKoM, a Aa cy Meny lbe-
HI1M KTI1TOpl1Ma 611AI1 Jaxja-rr3wa U3 BeorpaAa H Xaul1-XyceUH.
Kao HajcTapuja je YBeK 6uAa 11 rAaBHa uaMuja y Hace,,:>y; AO Kpaja
XVI BeKa carpaneHe cy jow l'pH. JeAHa ce HaAa311Aa y Kapa-<PaT-
MUHOj MaXa"l1; APyra y XaUI1-PeuenoBoj, Tpel.a y MaxaAU Baup.
IlpeTnOCTaBA:>a ce Aa cy 11 lJ'3MHje HOCUAe UCTa HMeHa Kao U Maxa-
Ae. Xal,II1-PeIJenOBa ce HaAa3UAa 3anaAHO OA TBpnaBe, a Ha OCHOBY
jeAHe rpaBHpe MO)J<e ce 3aKA:>Y'-JHHi Aa je 'UMaAa KynOAY H MliHape.
IlocAe 1739, Hajnpe je 05HOBA:>eH3 rAaBHa I..laMuja y KaAe-Maxa"H
6AH3Y TBpnaBe H A06uAa HMe ExaAH-uaMuja. 3aTHM je 1767. jeAaH
MeCl)HA npeTBopeH y IJaMHjy; 1'0 je 6HO Capa'-I Ca"ux-aruH MeCIJI1A
y XaMaM MaxaAH. CMaTpaM Aa je 1'0 napa Kapa-<PaTMI1Ha IJaMl1ja
HAH MeCIJI1A nOWTO A. XaHuul. npeTnOCTaBA:>a Aa ce y Kapa-<PaTMI1-
HOj MaX3AH H3A33HO aM'3H (6aJ:-b3). UaJ\mja I-mje A06HAa Ml1l-1ape
!fero C8V1 1\'1'H'H6ep. Tpeha 1.I3.\t'JJj3 ce nO'V1HI-bC 1785. y
AH, a '10 6H MorAa OUTIl CTapa J.laMHja !Ja BaHPY; 33 IbY ce Ka,Ke Aa
jc 5UAa ApBcl:la. TIOCAC aycrpujcKO-TYPCKor pma KpajeM XVIII
neKa 05HOBA:>eHe cy ABe IJaMuje: jeAHa y KaAC-M3xaAU, Apyra (Ap-
BeHa) Ha BaHpy, a nOMHl-bC I1X 1826. II JoaKuM ByjHn, AOK ce 1846.
HaBoAH caMO jeAHa. ByjHh HaBoAu Aa je uaMuja KOA mpnaoe HeK3A
611Aa npaBocAaBHa
TUT080 YJ1CUI-?e, paHl1je Y>KHl.\e, 6HAO je CpeAI-bOBeKOBHO Hace-
A>e C TBpnaBOM, a noc"e naAa nOA TypCKY BAaCT noye"o ce pa3Bu-
jaTI1 Kao HCTOYH:>aYKa Bapow. Y XVI BeKY je 611AO ceAHWTe H3XI1-
je, a y XVII CeAI1WTe KaAI1AYKa. Y pa3A06A:>Y 0,<.\ I<paja XVII 11
rrOyeTKOM XVIII BeKa 6H"0 je npunojeHo BocaHCKOM nawaAYKY.
IlpeA npBH cpncKH YCTaHaK 6u1\0 je nopeA BeorpaAa HajBene MeCTO
y cMeAepeBcKoM CaHIJaKY, WTO CBeAOYI1 H BeAHK'H 6poj OYYBaHHx
l)aMl1ja y XIX BeKy - neTHaeCT 1846. rOAHHe. ED"Hja Y:eAe511 je
3a6eAe)J<Ho Aa cY ce y B3JpOWI1 nOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa )-IH"a3I1Ae 34
l)aMl1je H 29 MecUHAa, Te y TBpbaBI1 jeAHa Ma"a uaMuja. IIH3Meny
CBI1X I1CTHye ce AHjena KaMeHOM 3u,<.\aHa A"aj-6eroBa IJaMHja, Koja
je y A06pOM CTaJ:-by. To je BpAO cDHjeT1\a, npocTpaHa H npHBAaYHa
uaMHja, a nOKpuBeHa je YHCTHM nAaBI1M OAOBOM". OH AaA:>e caMO
rrOMUI-be 11 CAeAene uaMuje: XyceuH-anIHY, XacaH-ecj:>e1-IAujHHY, IJ;e-
37' IYlOC;!(l6uje, VIII. 228; A. XaUl1h. l1la6ClLI lt fbl!106Ci
OKOIlWia y XVI 6ujelC}I, illa6au y npowAocTH, 1, HCI'OpHjCKH apxHD V lliaru\y,
1970, 138, 140-142, 153, 155-158; P. TpwIKoDHn, llla6m! U l-belOGa lIaxuja oc>
1740. 00 1804. ZOUHC, .llia6au y npowAoCTH, l, HCTopnjcKH apxHB Ij lllam..i\',
1970, 350-352, 389; J. ByjH!, IWO. e,1o, II, 89-90; J. fal3pHAoBHI, Pell/lW, 1,';'
ozparjJUjclCo-crQmCW'IHU Cp6ujc, EeorpaA, 1846, 512 - .
AHUHa Dypl1l.-3aMoAO
348
pH-6aIl.J!HHY 'H UaMHjy HaMHAH-3aAe. 3aTHM nOAP06HO onHcyje
y)K,H4!KY MycaAY yopeA BapOlllH, rropeA p0Ke EeTI{lhe, H !Ka>Ke AG je
CAY)KHAG 3a 06aBibaH>e 6ajpaM-HaMa3a H MOAHTaBa 3a KHlUY. BHAa
je BeOMa Aeno ypeneHa, TaKO Aa CAWlHY HHje BHAeo 3a 42 rOAHHe
nyTOBaH:>a no HCAaMCKOM CBeTY. HMaAa je npaBoyraoHY OCHOBY c
Karnrj<VMa Ha nOAOBHHH CBaKe CTpaHe, AY>KHHa je H3HOCHAa 2.000
KopaKa, a BHCHHa orpaAHor 3HAa OKO 1,8 m.Y I-boj je 6HAO 3acane-
HO pa3HOBpCHO APBene, TaAa Ben CTapo H BIiCOKO. MycaAa je CAY-
>KHAa H 3a llleTalhe Ii 3a pa3rOBope. Y>KHYKe uaw1Hje cy CTpaAaAe
TOKOM paTOBa, na ce OA nyTonHcau;a H3 XIX BeKa A06Hjajy BeOMa
pa3AwIHTH nOAaU;H 0 6pojy uaMHja H cTeneHY I-bHXOBe o"IYBaHocTH.
TaKo je J. ByjHn mlcao 1826. Aa je y Y)l{HIW BHAeo AO ABaAeceT
uaMHja, Meny KojHMa HX je caMO ocaM OT.IYBaHHX H ca MHHapeTOM,
AOK cy OCTaAe y PYIlIeBHOM CT3I-bY TaKobe H MHAHneBHn Ka>Ke Aa
je 1844. 6HAO y BapolIlli 35 uaMHja, AOK CTamcmKa H3 1846. 6eAe>KIi
Aa HX je 6HAO neTHaeCT. TYPU;H cy nOCAe 1862. nO"leAH npoAaBaTH
HMaI-ba y Y>KHU;y, a AO AaHac je ca"lYBaH cnHcaK l:bHXOBHX conCTBe-
HHKa y KojeM CTOjH Aa je ABaHaeCT npHTIaAaAO nojeAHHHM
uaMHjaMa. H3 CTI'HCKa ce Mory HaBeCTH H HMeHa uaMuja: UaMHJa
KOA MeApece (ABa HMaI-ba), UaMHja Tepa3ujcKa uaMHja,
BaTaA-uaMHja Ha KYKH, UaMHja Ha i\HnH, KAHcypCKa, 3MajeBaYI,
KOWTH"IKa H IIIeoBa. JeAlIOj I,.Iat-1HjH ce He 3Ha UMe, a ABaHaeCTO Me-
CTO y cnHCKY je caMO uaM'HjcKa 3eMiba. Apymx nOAaTaKa 0 uaMU-
jaMa H0Ma y CfHICKY OOH!M l\eHe 3a 'I<'OjV cy npOA:aTe, OAllK:\e 6H cc
MorAa npou;eHHTH l-bHXOBa BeAli"lHHa H OYYBaHOCT, aAH 6H Bena
u;eHa MorAa 3Ha"lHTH H Beny nOBpWHHY 3eMibe Koja je npHnaAaAa
uaMHjH. H3rAeA uaMHje KOA MYAHp-KOHaKa H3 1860. OCTaBHO je
KaHHU; (CA. 13), aAH ce He 3Ha Koja je TO uaMHja ca HaBeAeHor
cnHCKa.
38
Balbeeo ce nOA CBOjHM HMeHOM npBH nyT jaBloa 1398. Kao Ba>K-
HO TprOBa"lKO MeCTO Ha nYTY H3Meby Ay6poBHHKa H BeorpaA:a. EB-
AHja H3Y3eTHO HHje OCTaBHO MHoro nOAaTaKa 0 BaloeBCKHM uaMH-
jaMa; HaBeo je Aa HX 'HMa CBera AeceTaK C MHxpa60M H Aa je ua-
MHja y "IaplllHjH "nOBeAHKa". HewTO BHwe je 3anHcao 0 BaloeBcKoj
MycaAH: OHAa je npOOTpaJHa IH n'Y'Ha 3eA0HHAa, APBena rH ype-
neHa KaO BpT ca aAejaMa. BaibeBO je OAHrpaAO Ba>KHY YAory y np-
BOM cpnCKOM YCTaHKY, na je y MapTY 1804. rOTOBo y nOTnYHocTH
cnaibeHO. OTaA je H3rpanHBaHo HOBO BaibeBo, TaKO Aa je J. ByjHn
1826. 3aTeKao caMO jeAHY UaMHjy, H TO Ha APyroj CTpaHH KOAy6a-
6ape, HaoynpOT OHe Ha KOjOj cy 'H3rpabeHH cpnCKa upKBa, llIKOAa
H MarHC1'paT. H Ta jeAHiHa UZl'.MrHJa, nopeA!<Joje ce 'HaAa3HAa Myce-
38 EmtlllCIlOl1euja JyzocllaBuje, VIII, 339; I, 473; E. tIeAe6H, Haa. e.1,
Il, 147-148; J. ByjHI., HaB. De/w, Il, 20; M. D. MHAHneBI111, J(UCJ/i:C6U1.a
Cp6uja, 616; J. raBpHAOBl1n, liaB. ello, 298; C. HrlhHn, MYClllIJ1'laHCKa W'la/-ba
Ji YJ1CU4Y. OCIl060he/-be lpaoBa Y Cp6uju o Typm:a 1862-1867, 360PHHK pa-
AOBa, CprrcKa HaY.Ka li YMCTHOCTH, OAe'belhe APYWTBeHHX HaYKa,
EeorpaA 1970, 380-386; F. Kanitz, HaB. eiIO, 504.
349
Ua.Muje y Y)Koj Cp6u:jH ID XIV-XIX neKa
AHMOBa Kyna, OHAa je "CKOpO rropyweHa". BepOBaTHO je 1'0 AAa-
Oa-I,IaMHja Koja ce nOMHI-be y BalbeBY y XIX BeKy.
39
Bpmbe ce rrpBH rrYT rrOMHH>e KpajeM XI BeKa Kao TBpoaBa C
rroArpaoeM. 3a BpeMe TypcKe BAaCTH OHAO je 3Hat.IajHo 3aHaTCKO
cpeAHIilTe 3a KOBaI-be rBO)KOa H Y)J{apCTBo. OCTaAo je MaAO nOAarn-
Ka 0 I,IaMHjaMa OCHM 0 KpCTaToj l,IaMHJH, aAH ce OHH pa3M:lKyjy.
TaKo je M. B. MHAHneBHn nHcao y XIX BeKY Aa OBAe rroCTojH Kpc-
Tal1a I,IaMHja Ha MeCTY paHHje UpKBe CB. TIeTKe H Aa Ha BPXY MHHa-
peTa li'Ma MaAH KpCT. Y EHl1UlCIl0l1eJuj U IlUlCoeHUX YkteTHOCTU ce
HaBoAH Aa je 1'0 AaHac UpKBa CB. TIeTKe, a y paAY 0 TorroHHMHjH
BpaI-ba Aa cy 1'0 "OCTal.(H TypCKe l,IaMHje" 3a t.IHjH je Ha3HB Be3aHa
AereHAa. HaHMe, Ha MHHapeTY ce HeKaA HaAa3HO KpCT KOjH
je nOCTaBHO XOI,Ia rro HaAory MyxaMeAa jep MY ce OH jaBHo y CHY
TOKOM 3HAaH>a l,IaMu.je. OHa je AYro rpaneHa 3aTO lllTO ce CTaAHO
PYlll:HAa, TaKO Aa je 3aBpilleHa TeK oHAa KaA je Ha I-bY CTaBlbeH
I<.pCT.
40
3eJWYH je AaHac caCTaBHH Aeo BeorpaAa, aMI ce OH CaMOCTaA-
HO pa3BHjao CBe AO nOCAeAI-ber paTa. CpeAJbOBeKOBHY Bapolll 3aY3e-
AH cy TYPQH 1521. H AP)KaAH je AO 1717. 3a BpeMe TypcKe BAaCTH,
y 3eMYHY je H3rpaoeHa jeAHa l,IaMHja KOjy rrOMHlbY H EBAHja H KH-
KAe rOTOBO y HCTO BpeMe - rrOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa. EBAHja rrOMH-
I-be jOIll H meCT MeCI,lHAa, a KHl<Ae je 3arrHcao H H>eHO HMe: YHI,IH
XaI,IH-MycTa<pHHa l,IaMHja. BUAa je Aerra rpaoeBHHa, 3UAaHa Teca-
HU-FM 'H j,f'MaAa :I<ynOAY ITOiKpI1BeHY IOAOBO'M. KlIcHaje je 'Ha-
3BaHa MAHHapeBOM l,IaMHjoM. KaA cy AYCTpHjaHQH OCBOjHAU 3e-
MYH npeTBopHAH cy je y KaTOAUt.IKy QPKBY. CpyweHa je 1784, a
Ha I-beHOMe MeCTY je nOAHrHYTa QpKBa Koja H AaHac nocTojH rropeA
3eMiYHCKe rrujaI..\e.
41
Pa3AHt.IHTa MaH>a MeCTa y KojHMa cy rrocTojaAe l,IaMHje: Aealla
Ha KOjOj je HeKaA nocTojaAo YTBpoeI-be H Y3 I-bera rrOArpaoe C l,Ia-
SaTO'-lUI-iQ je 3a Bpe:-'1e Typ3JKa TalKOOe HMaA'a jeA:HY l,Ia-
MHjy.
43
Sella Ilallal-ilCa, paHuje Myoa-rraillHHa TIaAaHKa, HMaAa je
y TypcKO BpeMe TBpoaBY C l,IaMujoM.
44
Sp3a IlallaHlCa je AO t.IeTpAe-
cenu rOAHHa XIX BeKa HMaAa ApBeHY l,IaMHjy Ha TeMelbHMa OA
KaMeHa H rroKpHBeHY nepaMHAOM. CpyweHa je Aa OH Ha I-beHOM
39 EmlUKlloneuja lyzocllaeuje, VIII, 453; E. t.IeAe6H, Hae. ello, l,
110; M. 5. MHAHheBHn, !teJlceewta Cp6uja, 405; J. ByjHn, Hae. ello, II, 44; f.
EAe30BHn, TYPclw CI10,lteHLnIU, EeorpaAoKe OflWTHHCKe Homme, 1935, 690.
40 EmlwulOncuja l)'wclla6uje, VIII, 536; E!uluKlloneuja llu/(oel'iUX
IV, 550; M. 3AaTailoBHl, T zpaa BpaH>a, IlpHA03U IIpO-
V'WBaJ-!>Y je3HKa, [<lb. 12, HOBu CaA 1976, 89; M. 5. MHAHneBHn, KpalbeeuHa
Cp6uja, 300.
41 Er-UIWCllol1euja lywcllaeuje, VIII, 621-62,2; p. CaMapl)Hn, Hae. ello,
193; E. t.IeAc6J[, lIae. CliO, II, 110; Ka3IoJUaJ-be MHoApara Aa6mItia, KycTGCa
3aBH'mjHor l\IY3eja y 3eMYHY.
4.2 E. t.IeAe6u, HaB. ello, II, 86.
-13 licm, l, 77.
44 liCTa, l, 70.
350
Ar'lBua
MeCTY 6HAa H3rpaneHa L\pKBa.
45
IJen (KOA HHlIla) je nOyeTKOM XX
BeKa HMao l,IaMHjy YRje ce 3HAaHO Mlmape BHAH Ha jeAHoj pa3rAeA-
HHL\H.
46
rpOLf.lCa (KOA EeorpaAa) je Ha 6pe)KYibKY H3HaA fpOyaI-lCKe
peKe HMaAa TBpnaBHL\Y npaBoyraoHe OCHOBe V KOjOj ce HaAa3HAa
l,IaMHja carpaneHa H3Meny 1560. H 1572. OnpaBibeHa je 1582, a no-
MHH:>e ce H y XVIII BeKy.4i I<lla060 je y TBpnaBH <PeTHcAaM HMaAO
l,IaMHjy ca 3HAaHHM MlrHapeTOM Koje ce BHAH Ha jeAHoj rpaBHpH
KAaAOBJa.
48
y I<ollapUMa (KOA EeorpaAa), EBAHja qeAe6R je 3aTe-
Kao jeAHY MaAY uaMHjy y XVII BeKy.49 KOMapal-i (cpeAH:>e I10tHIM-
ibe) HMa UaMHjy Koja je carpaneHa OKO 1870. OA AOMibeHor KaMe-
Ha, c ApBeHHM npeABopjeM. Hajnpe je HMaAI ApBeI-lO MHHape, na
je OI-IO 3aMeH:>eI-lO 3H,I.\aHHM, aAH je He3rpanHor H3rAeAa. CarpaAHAH
cy je ceibaL\H.;'O I<ypUlYJWlluja je OKO 1660. HMaAa TpH uaMHje.;'[
AeumuLia je V XIX BeKY npeceJ'oeI-la Ha 06MI)KH::.U TepeH. Y cTapoj
AelllHHL\H je nOCTojaAa uaMHja YHjH cy ce TeMeibH MorAH BHAeTH
jOlll nOAOBHHOM XIX BeKa I-IacpeA jeAHe na je H::.HI3a H KaCI-IH-
je Ha3HBaHa UaMHHOBaqa.;'2 MU.rzeLUe6QLi (KOA I1pHjenoJ'oa) je cpeA-
H:>OBeKOBHO YTBpneH::.e (mje cV ce PYllleBYfI-le OAp)KaAe AO AaHac. He-
KaAa ce 3Bao XHcapr.IHK; TY je 611AO U nOArpane y KOMe ce HaAa3HAa
MaAa ApBeHa <PaTHxoBa uaMHja.;':J Huullca Ea/-ba je 3a BpeMe TypaKa
HMaAa UaMHjV Koja je Bell. 6HAa cpyweHa AO 1880. rOAHHe.
54
nllaU/-
he (cpeAH:>e I1oAHMibe); OBAe je nOqeTKOM 'XIX BeKa carpaneHa
uaMHja 6pBHapa OA xpaCTOBHHe, MaJhHX AHMeH3Hja, a carpallAH
cy je CeibaL\H. Kao AOTpajaAa, cpyweI-la je nOqeTKOM XX BeKa.
55
MaLi (cpeAH:>e 1l0AHMibe); oBAe je OKO 1865. carpaneHa uaMHJa OA
npHAora ceibaKa H3 MeCTa II OKOAIIHe. l:IJ\>IaAa je npaBoyraoHV oc-
I-IOBY lOX8 fi H ApBeI-lo M}lHape Ha TeMeibY OA KaMeHa. fpaneI-la je
OA AO.MibeHOr r<:aMeHa H nepnuqa, a nOKpUI3eHa qeTBop0I30AHHM
KpOBOM. CnaJ'oeI-la je 1943. roAllHe.;' PaJICaJ-b (KOA KpYllleBL\a) je 3a
BpeMe TypaKa HMao jeAI-IY uaMHjy.38 Pyl-lUK je I-IeKaA 6uo Bene Ha-
ceibe c TBpnaBOIM; y H,eMY je 6"'1.\0 jeAaHaecT MYCA;HM3HC'I<HX 60ro-
MOiba.
59
CMeepeecKa nallLlI-iKa je HMaAa TBpnaBY H y H:>oj ce HaAa-
4!i !(llaCUI4U3aH/ /w Cp6a. [paheaw/{/pc,'oo, Eeorpal.\, HapOAtlH MY3eJ TI
"npOcBeTa", 1966, 433. .
4r. Pa3rAe.MiHlla je cBojHHa aYTopa.
47 O. 3HpojeBHI., H.aB. ac,1o, 120; E. Y"eAe611, H.a6. el1o, l, 78.
48 <t>OTO'I<OIDrja rpaBHpe je cBojHHa aYTopa.
19 E. 1.J:eAe6H, Ha6. el1o, J, 78.
50 B. IlIaAHITYPoBHl1, IWO. eJw, 164-165.
!il E. 1.J:eAe6H, IW6. eJ!O, II, 61.
H E. MaI<CHMOBHn, Yp6awl3aoH y Cp6uju, EeorpaA 1938, 133, nOA 110.
,;3 JY20cl1aouje, VI, 110; K. KocTHn, /-laB. ae/w, 69; E.
1.J:eAe6u, IWO. el1o, II, 159.
(;4 M. n. MHAuli.enHn, Kpalbel3W-W Cp6uja, 107.
5:; B. IlIaMmYPoBnli, HaG. eJw, 164
[Io'Jlceza je nOAOBHHOM XVII BeKa HMaAa AeceT uaMHja.56 llOJtCezpe-
(;ij E. Y"eAe6H, I-tao. OCI10, II, 142.
57 B. IIIaAHnYPOI3HI., HaB. AeAo, 163-164.
58 E. 1.J:eAe6H, l-la6. el1o, J, 73; M. fi. MHAHneDJ-ln, [teJlce6W-la Cp6uja, 809.
';9 E. 1.J:eAe6H, Ita6. aeo1O. II, HO.
351 UaMl.rje \' Y)Jwj Cp6Hjll 11:1 XIV-XIX
3HA'a uaMuja. Ha TOM 'MeCTY je y XIX BeKY ca l'pa bl:'1KI AaiHaWI'ua
l.\pKBa.
GO
Cmco (KOA BaloeBa) je 6HO Ba)KHO TypCKO YTBpneI-be y
KOMe je jow 1844. nocTojaAa Ap)I<:aBHa l,laMHja.
G
\ COlCo6atba je Kao
3HaTHHje TVPCKO Haceloe HMaAa ABe "HMn03aHTHe" l,laMHje C Kyno-
AaMa Koje cy 6HAe nOKpHBeHe OAOBOM H 'leTHpH MeCl,lHAa.
fi2
OmUTU npe211.eo u3zpadl-be l(iaJvnda y Y'JlCOj Cp6uju
TYPl.\H cy nOl.leAH paTOBaTH Ha BaAKaHCKOM nOAYOCTPBY H no-
BpeMeHO BA3AaTH HeKHM )-berOBHlv[ KpajeBHMa jOUl y XIV BeKY, KaA
cV ce OAYIfpaAe H ABe I-Iajn03HaTuje 6HTKe H3Meny Cp6a H TypaKa:
Ha MapHl.\H 1371. H Ha KOCOBY 1389. Y BpeMe KaA l-bHXOBa BAaCT
jOlll HHje 6HAa Y'-IBpwleHa, TYPl.\H cY BplllHAH aAanTal.\Hje l.\pKaBa
H npeTBapaAH HX y l,laMHje Aa 6H y illTO KpaleM BpeMeHY 3aAoBo-
J-bHAH cBoje BepCKe nOTpe6e. TaKo cy Ha TAY YJKe Cp6Hje 3a6eAe-
JKeHe ABe l,laMHje cyATaHa Mypara l (fa3H XYAaBeHAHrapa) KOjH
je nOrHHVO 1389, a HaAa3HAe cy ce y HBlllY H KpyweBl.\Y. To CV MO-
paAe 6HJlVl 'PalHHje upKse, IUTO CBeAo'm II nOAaT3JK EBAHje QeAe6u
A'a cy rpaneHe "y CTapOM CTHAY". OHe cy, AaKAe, HajCTapHje 3a6e-
Ae)l<.eHe l,laMHje Ha TAY y)Ke Cp6Hje H3 XIV BeKa. HaKo ce 3Ha Aa
cy TYPl.\H npeTBapaA'H l.\pKBe y l,laMHje, nOAal.\H 3a CBaKH rrojeAHHH
06jeKT HHCY nOY3AaHH y BenHHH cAY'lajeBa. OHH nO'lHBajy Ha npeT-
nOCTaBKaMa, npeAaI-bY H Ha EBAHjHHOM CBeAO'laHCTBY Aa cy rpa-
neHH "y CTapOM CTHAY". TaKO ce 3a CAeAel.e l,laMHje npemOCTaBloa
Aa cy HaCTaAe aAanTau,HjoM l.\pKaBa: <I>epxaA-naillHHa, 3ejHYAHH-
-arHI-Ia H AXMeA-arHHa y BeorpaAY, fa3H Hca-6erOBa H AejAeK-l,la-
MHja y HOBON! TIa3apy, Be3HeAap-arHHa H MaXMYA-naUlHHa y TIPH-
jerroloY, MeXMeAa II OCBaja'-Ia y CMeAepeBY, TBpnaBCKa y IIIanu,y,
KpcraTa Y Bpal-bY, BepOBaTHO CBe H3 XV BeKa H ABe nOMeaYTe H3
XIV BeKa. H3'13eTaK '-ume ABe uaMHje C n0'13AaHHM nOAal.\HMa. Up-
K'Ba BOTOpOM1l.\e fpaAaY![<e y qal.JKY je l'pH rryTa npel'Bapa:Ha Ij
l,laMHjy, Aa 6H 1834. KOHa'lHO 6HAa npenpaBloeHa y U,pKB'1 Koja YI
AaHac nocTojH. MHTponoAHTcKa l.\pKBa y AOl-beM rpaAY y BeorpaA'1
je y TOKY jeAHor AaHa npeTBopeHa y l,laMHjy jep je CYAejMaH Beilil-
'laHCTBeHH y lhOj OTKAal-bao 06aBe;3HY MOAHTBY y rreTaK cyrpaA'al-I
no oCBojel-bY BeorpaAa. ApYrH 6p3 Ha'-IHI-I Aa ce A06Hje npocTop 3a
BepcKH 06peA 6HO je 06pa30Bal-be M'1caAa, oTBopeHHx MeCTa 3a MO-
AHl'Be. H3a6paHa HeH3rpaneHa nOBplllH'I-la y HaceloY MorAa je 6p30
6HTH ocnoc06loeHa 3a oKyrr Bener 6poja IoYAH Aa 6H 06aBHAH MO,
AHTB'1. OHe cy CBaKaKO 6HAe H npHBpeMeHa MeCTa ca OApeneI-lHM
l.\HloeM, al\H cy ce HeKe MycaAe OAp)lAe Kp03 Ayra pa3A061oa TaKO
illTO cy 6HAe ypenHBaHe Kao caBpeMeI-lH oppaneHH napKOECKH npoc-
,;l) J1<..TO, l, 78; E, l-lcclopoBJ-il'i., npellle CIWAtel-uuca apXU'feKType y Cp-
6uju XIX IJeKa, PenyoAHYKH 3a JClWTl-lTY CI10MeHHKa J<YAl'YpC CP CPUH-
je, CaOnLUTCI-ba, X, 1974, 151.
6\ T. Bopl">eHlln, /13 HCar]llllX 6peMeHa Cp6uje, CprrcKH KlbH){<eBI-lH
rJ\aCHI1K, XXXIV, 1931. 203. _
02 E. Y:eAeH, Ha6. e.10, II, 107.
352
AHBHa DVPHt.-3aMA
l'Op rrpaBoyraoHe OCHOBe. Hap0l.fIITO AerrO CY OIiAe ypeneHe MycaAe
y BeorpaAY II YmHUY, a EBAuja MX ITO'MIHl:be jw y BalbBBY II UplI'je-
rrOlbY
KaA cy YlJBpCTIIAli BAaCT Ha TepuToplIjlI y)Ke CpoHje rrOlJeTKOM
APyre rrOAOBHHe XV BeKa, TYPUIi cy rrO'-IeAIi rpaAjIITIi HOBe I,IaIvIlIje,
y rrOlJeTKY BepOBanro MaI-bliX AIIMeH3IIja, a KacHlije II Bene MOHY-
MeHTaAHlije oojeKTe. Kao WTO 3HaMO, y pa3Bojy OCMaaCKe apXIITeK-
Type rrocToje lJeTUpn rA<1'BHa Cl
'
HAOKa pa3AOOlba: PYC<1'HCK'O, pa-
Hou;apHrpaAcKO, KAaCHlJHO u;aplirpaAcKO H TypCKIi OapOK. BpycaH-
CKH CTHA He OH AOAa31I0 y 003Hp 3a TepliToplIjy y)Ke CpolIje, jep
je U;apHrpaA rrao Ben 1453. MenYTHM, rrOWTO rpaHIIu;e 1I3Meny CTH-
AOBa HlfCY TalJHO oApeneHe Hero ce rrpeK.Aarrajy, 1'0 cY rrpBe I,IaIvIlIje
y CPOHjH MopaAe OIiTIi rpaneHe jow YBeK rrOA YTlIuajeM opycaHcKe
IllKOAe, WTO AOKa3yje II OlJYBaHa AATIIH-aAeM uaMHja y HOBOI"l
IIa3apy. Ha l:boj cy KyrroAliue 1I3HaA TpeMa rOTOBO IICTe BIICIIHe Kao
H rAaBHa KyrroAa, a 1'0 je jeAHa OA rAaBHIIX ocooeHocTII opycaHcKor
cnIAa. IIOA YTHuajeM Aja-Coq,lIje y IJ;aplirpaAY, ueH':DpaAHa KyrroAa
je 'OBe BlI:we HCT'lIuaHa Taxo Aa oy KynoAe 1I3HaA TpeMa nocTajaAe
HII)Ke, IllTO je jeAHa OA rrpBIIX OAAIiKa paHouaplirpaACKor CTIIAa KO-
jH je BAa,6iao AO rrOlJeTKa XVI BeKa. IIOWTO cy I,IaMHje y CPOlIjH
rpaneHe If y TOM pa3AOOlbY, 1'0 je MopaAO OIiTIi rrpeACTaBHHKa II
OBor CTIfAa. MenynIM, HajBenli opoj je 1I3rpaneH y KAaClIlJHOM u;a-
plirpaACKOM CTIIAY, 3a KOjlI je y OBIiM KpajeBIiMa KapaKTepliCTHlJaH
jeAHorrpOCTopaH rroTKyrroAHIi THrr KaMeHe I,IaMlije ca TpeMOM H MII-
HapeTOM. TYPCKIi oapOK npeACTaBlba AeKaAeHUlIjy OCMaHCKe apXII-
TeKType jep cy ce rrOlJeAIi rrplIMel:bIIBaTH 3arraAl:balJKII CTIIAcr eAe-
MeHTII. OH je KapaKTepliCTHlJaH 3a XVIII II XIX BeK.
y AyroM pa3AoolbY cBoje BAaAaBIIHe y I-IaWHM KpajeBl-lMa, Typ-
U;H cy H3rpaAliAli BeAliKH opoj I,IaMHja, rroceoHo y XVI H rrpBoj rro-
AOBHHIf XVII BeKa KaA je l:bIIXOBa BAaCT OHAa Ha BPXYHUY, aAIi HX
ce AO AaHac OAp)KaO BeOMa MaAH opoj. OHe cy npBH rrYT rrOl.feAe
Aa ce PYIlle y rrOCAeAl:boj lJeTBpTHHII XVII BeK'a, y rrpBOM BeAHKOM
paTY If3Meny AYCTpHje H TYPCKe, a 3aTHM y paTOBHMa KOjH cy CAe-
AlfAli. IIOCAeAl:be BeAHKO pyweI-be H3BpIll,eHO je y XIX BeKY KaA je
CpoHja AOOHAa CAOOOAHY Ap)KaBY H KaA ce MycAHMaHcKO CTaHOB-
HHIllTBO rrOlJeAO HcelbaBaTH. AaHac ce HajBenH opoj I,IaMHja OAP)KaO
y HeKaAallll:beM CaHI,IaKY, y jyro3arraAHoM AeAY AaHaIlll:be y){(e Cp-
oHje. HajBIDIJ;e HX HMa y HOBoM IIa3apy, ceAaMHaeCT, a 3aTliM y
BenHM MeCTHMa: IIpHjerrolbY lJeTlIpH, CjeHIIUH ABe, rro jeAHa y IIpH
60jy H HOBoj BapOWH. Y OCTaAHM AeAOBIiMa Cp6lIje, y HIIWY cy
CalJYBaHe ABe I,IaMlIje, y BeorpaAY jeAHa. y CPOUjlI caAa rrocToju
rreT I,IaMuja C KyrrOAOM: BajpaKAII-r,IaMlija y BeorpaAY, AATHH-aAeM
If AejAeK-I,IaMlija y HOBOM IIa3apy, I,Iai\mja y TBpnaBH y HlfIllY li
UaMIfja cYATaHlije BaAIiAe y CjeHIiUIi. Meny l:bIIMa je HajcTapuja
AATHH-aAeM U3 CpeAIIHe XVI BeKa, a HajBe11a je cYATaHlije BaAHAe
If3 rrOAOBIIHe XIX BeKa. CBe OCTaAe uMajy lJeTBOpOBoAaH KpOB;
Meny lblIMa je HajBena BeAIiKa I,IaI"IlIja y IIplijerrolbY.
353
y yxwj CPOl-ljll 1-13 XIV-XIX BeKa
TIHTal-be opoja HelAall1fbHX l)alVlHja AOCTa je TelliKO. fkaBHe
ITOAiaTKe HaAa3HMO y Dyronucy BBA'H'je lJeAe6H H K'A HeKJHX Arp y-
nue aYTopa. HajBena TelliKOna je y TOMe ll1TO cy HeKaA rrocTojaAe H
J,IaMHje H MeCI)HAH, na H caM lJeAeoH nOHeKaA rOBopH 0 l-bHMa no-
ce6HO, a nOHeKaA 0 YKynHOM 6pojy MYCAHMaHCKHX OorOMOlua. Me-
nyTHM, 3anaAHH rrYTOIl'HCQH HHCY pa3AHKOBaAH Te ABe BpCTe 06je-
KaTa, na cy fbHXOBH nOAaQH HeCHrypHH, YKOAHKO HX yonll1Te HMa,
jep H3rAeAa Aa 3anaAHe rrYTonHcQe BenHHoM HHCY HHTepeCOHaAe
l)aMHje. OBAe Tpeoa J-IanOMeHynl jOlli H TO Aa je CBaKa MaxaAa y
HCT04l-ba4KOM HaceibY MopaAa UMaTH npOCTOp 3a MOAHTBY, J,IaMHjy
HAH MeCI)HA, TaKO Aa ce npeMa 6pojy 60rOMOlua MorAa OQeHHTH Be-
AH4HHa Hacelua, MaAa opoj Kyna H CTaHOBHHKa y jeAHoj MaxaAH
HHje OHO oApeoeH. Y3HMajynH y 063Hp CBe H3AO)KeHO, C THM llITO
CBH nOAaQH HHCY nOY3AaHH, TO ny npeMa AaHallil-beM CTal-bY HaYKe
y OBOj OOAaCTH H3AO){TH peAOCAeA BeAH4HHe Hacelua Koja cy rro-
ceOHO oopaneHa y OBOM paAY, npeMa 6pojy l)aMHja H MeCI)HAa. Pa-
3YMe ce Aa je EeorpaA HMao HajBenH 6poj 60roMoiba (51 l)aMHjy 11
22 MeCI)HAa), Meny KojHMa cy H'ajBene H Haj3Ha4ajHHje 6HAe J,IaMH-
je CYAejMaHa BeA1l4aH'CTBeHOr y foplheM rpaAY, MeXMeA-nall1e la-
xjanall1Hna, EajpaM-6eroBa H EjHexaH-6eroBa. OAMax 3a EeorpaAoM
je Y){Qe Koje je HM<lAO 35 l)aMHja H 29 MeCI)HAa, a Hajn03HaTHja
je oHAa AAaj-6eroBa l)aMHja. 3aTHM AOAa3e HOBH TIa3ap H ClI1eAe-
peBo C npH6AH)KHO HCTHM pojeM 60roMoA,a, C UlM ll1TO je HOBH
IIa3ap 'HMaO BenH YKynaH poj 60rOMOlua, a CMeAepeBO l)aMHja. Y
CMeAepeBY je OHAO ABaAeceT ceAaM l)aMHja H 4enipH MeCI)HAa, OA
KOjHX je Hajn03Hamja 6HAa XaI)H-BeAHjHHa l)aMHja (He pa4YHajy-
nH OHY Koja je nOCTaAa OA QPKBe), a y HOBOM TIa3apy ABaAeceT
rpn ua.\1uje H je'AaoHaeCT MecLl'!{Aa, C Hajrro3HaTfl{jolM AATlHiM-aA'eM
l)aMHjoM Koja H AaHac nocTojH.
TIocAe OBe rpyne Hacelua C BeAHlM 6pojeM ooroMoiba AOAa3J-l
cAeAena rpyna ca 3HaTHO Mal-bHM pojeM, rAe ce y nOAaQHMa BHll1e
He pa3AHKyjy l)aMHje OA MeCI)HAa. HajHenOY3AaHHjH cy nOAaQH 3a
fhtll1, aAH ce M'naK ca 'pe3epB'OM MO){<e 3aJKibYLIHTH Aa cy
y l-beMY y XVII BeKY OHAe TpH l,IaMHje H ceAaM MeCI)HAa, a 1878.
rOAMHe TpHHaecT l)aMHja. IhY3HMajynH OHY Koja je nOCTaAa OA
l.(pKBe, Hajno3HaTHja je 6HAa MYCAH-e<l>eHAHjHHa l)aMHja. TIo Ae-
ceTaK l)aMHja HMaA'H cy BaibeBO, C jeAJ-lHOM n03H'aTOM no HMeHY
AAal)a-l)aMHja, H fIpHjenoibe ca I16paxHM-nall1HHOM Kao Haj3Ha4aj-
HHjOM l)aMHjoM. Y KpYll1eBQY H CjeHHQH 6HAO HX je no AeBeT, OA
KOjHX je y KpyrneBQY HAa n03HaTa l)aMHja MypaTa II, rropeA OHe
Koja je HaCTaAa OA QpKBe. Y AeCKOBQY ce HaAa3HAO ocaM l)aMHja
(lJapillH-I)<lJ\1Hja Meny Hajn03HaTHjHM), y lJa4KY ceAaM, y llIanQY
'leTHpH a no ABe cy HMa'AH CBeT03apeBO (n03HaTa AepBHlll,
c
6erOBa),
IIHipoT H TIpoKynlue. TIo jeAHY l)aMHjy HMaAH cy AAeKCHHaQ, Kpa-
ryjeBaQ, HOBa Bapoll1 (nocTOjH H AaHac), TIapanHH, TIO)KapeBaQ,
IIpHooj (nOCTojH H AaHac), Bpalhe H 3eMYH. OCl1M Tora rrocTojH He-
KOAHKO Mal-bHX MeCTa y Cp6HjH Koja cy HeKaA HMaAa Be1.H opoj
J,Iai\mja: PYAHHK jeAaHaeCT, TIO)Kera AeceT, KypmYMAHja TpH, Co-
354
AHBHa BYPHIi3aMi\
K06aHJa ABe J,IaMHje H tJ:enLpH MeCUHAa. OA MalHX MeCTa 3Ha ce Aa
cY BeKaA HMaA'U HAH H AalHac '110 jeAIHlY ua'MIHjy: ABaAa, naTO-
tJ:HHa, neAa TIaAaHKa, np3a TIaAaHKa, Uen, fpO.QKa, KAaAoBo, KOAa-
pH, KOMapaH, AeWHH.Qa, MHAeweBa.Q, HHWKa naHJa, TIAawne, TIo-
>KerpeMa.Q, Pa.>.l<aJ-b, CMeAepeBCKa TIaAaHKa H COKO. Ha OCHOBY Aa-
Hac npHKynibeHHx nOAaTaKa, y Cp6HjH cy HeKaA nocTojaAe YKynHo
304 MYCAllMaHCKe 60roMoibe.
KunopH uaMHja y Cp6HjH 6HAH cy HajqeWne BHCOKH npeAcTaB-
HH.QH TypCKHX BAaCTH y HaWHM KpajeBuMa. To cy nOHeKaA 6HAH H
cYATaiHH K'O}H cy yqeCT,BOlBaA<H y oOBa'j-aHJUMa; OHH c.y yrAaBiH',\f
6HAH KTHTOpH OHHX uaMHja Koje cy npeypebeHe OA .QpKaBa H HOBHX
npBOnOAHrHYTHX. Y MaHJHM MeCTHMa je MaHJe 06jeKTe qeCTO nOAH-
3aAO oaMO CTaHOBHHillTBO. fpaAHTeibH J,IaMHja HHC'Y n03HaTH OCHM
IIITO je EBAHja tIeAe6H 3a6eAe>KHO Aa je npojeKTaHT J,IaMHje CYAej-
MaHa BeAHqaHCTBeHor y fOpHJeM rpaAY neorpaACKe TBpnaBe 6uo
MHMap CHHaH. HHcy n03HaTH HH MajcTopH H3BOnaqH rpaneBHHa,
aAH ce MO.>.l<e npeTnOCTaBHTH Aa cy TO yrAaBHoM 6HTH AOManH ibYAYl.
AOKa.QHje nopYllleHHX uaMHja n03HaTe cy OA cAyqaja AO CAY'Iaja,
aAH je BenH 6poj OHHX qHje cy AOKa.QHje Hen03HaTe. 0 apXHTeKTypH
J,IaMHja y Y..>.l<oj Cp6HjH MO>Ke ce npe CBera rOBopHTH Ha OCHOBY
MaAOT 6poja CaqYOOHHX 06jeKaTa, 3aTHM Ha OCHOBY CaqYBaHHX <po-
Torpaqmja H I..\.pTe>Ka nopYllleHHX rpaneBHHa, yrAaBHoM H3 XIX BeKa,
li Haj3aA Ha OCHOBY aHaAOrHje ca CaqYBaHHM J,IaM'HjaMa Ha TAY Jy-
rocAaBHje. AHKOBHe npeACTaBe nocToje 3a jeAaHaeCT 6eOI'paACKHX
J,IaMHja, a 3a OCl'aAa MeCTa HMa HX MHoro lVIaHJe.
CBe 3HaqajHHje J,IaMHje Y Cp6HjH npHnaAajy y06HqajeHoM jeA-
IwnpOCTopHOM nOTKynoAHoM THny, rpaneHe cy OA TecaHor I<aMeHa
Y KAaCHqHOM .QapHrpaACKOM CTHAY npOBUH.QnjcKe BapHjaHTe. OBaj
THn je ycaBpweH AO Kpaja XVI BeKa, na ce no HJeMy rpaAHAO H
KacHHje. BapHjaHTe cy MorAe 6HTH Y AHMeH3HjaNla KBaApaTHe oc-
HOBe H BHCHHaMa rAaBHor npocTopa, TaM6ypa H KynoAe. BapupaAa
jeH BpCTa TecaHor KaMeHa, KOjH je CBaKaKO AOHoweH H3 Haj6AH-
>Ker KaMeHOAOMa. IbrAeAa Aa je oneKa peTKO ynoTpe6ibaBaHa, no-
neKaA 3aH3rpa'A'HJY 'K'Vn'Aa H y 'KOIM6HJHaqryrj'H 'C KaMeHOM 3a H3-
rpaAI-hY rAaBHor npOCTopa, Kao KOA J,IaMHje Y HHIIIKOj TBpnaBl'r.
HajTe>KH KOHCllPYKTiIBHH np06AeM KOA OBe BpCTe 05jeKaTa npeA-
CTaBiba npeAa3 H3 KBaApaTHe OCHOBe rAaBHor npOCTopa y KPY>KHY
OCHOBY KynoAe. To ce Y HallIHM KpajeBHMa paAHAO H nOMony TpO-
MflH H nOMony naHAaHTH<pa, Hajnpe Y oCMoyraOHY OCHOBY TaM6y-
pa, a 3aTHM y KPY.>.l<HY OCHOBY KaAOTe. Ha CTpaHaMa TaM6YP'a 06H-
qHO cy ce HaAa3HAH np030pH, AOK je KynoAa 6HAa nOKpHBeHa OAO-
KaJO IH TpoyrAa:CTH AeA'OBH Kpo'Ba H3'HaA na'HlAaJHTu<pa UAH 1'pOiMn.
TI03HaT je caMO jeAaH cAyqaj Ha TAY Y>Ke Cp6Hje Aa cy ce Ha OBHM
MeCTHMa Y yrAoBHMa HaAa3HAe AeKopaTHBHe YMeCTO
TpOyrAacTHX AeAOBa KpOBa. To je 6HAa Typ6e-uaMHja y neorpaAy.G3
<PacaAe J,IaMHja HHCY HMaAe nAaCTHqHY AeKopa.QHjy, aAH je
OHa 6HA'a Bem'vla CKpOM'Ha f A'a:BIH:.H YKpaOHH eAeJMeJlHU 6H1AH cy Bpa-
Ta H npoaopH, ca BHllle HAH MaHJe YKpallleHHM KaMeHHM OKBHpH-
Ua.MHje y Y)j(oj Cp6HjH H3 XIV-XIX BeKa
355
Ma. Bpa1'a cy 6HAa jeAHa, Hacynpo1' MHxpa6y, a H3HaA I-bHX ce ca cno-
C1'paHe HaA33HAa npaBoyraoHa KaMeHa nA04a C nOAaUHMa 0
K1'H1'OPy H rOAHHH H3rpaAI-be. Dp030pH cy yrAaBHoM 3aBpwaBaHH
AYUHMa H HMaAH cy rB03AeHe pew;eTKe, a BpaTa cy ce
3aBipillaBaAa HAH WHtoa1'HM HAHapxwrp3BHO. fOTOBO CBe
uaMHje C KynoAoM Koje cy ca4YB3He H3 TAY JyrocAaBHje HMajy
YAa3HH 1'peM, BenHHOM ca T..JeTHpH cTy6a H nOKpHBeH ca TpH KY-
MeBYTHM, HeM3 nOA31'3Ka 0 TpeMOBHMa 6eorpaACKHX ua-
Nnrja. MO)Ke ce caMO npeTIIO'CTa'BHTH A3 cy ncTojaAH, a'A'H A3 K3-
cHHje HHCY 06HaBtoaHH. MHHape1'a cy 6HAa CT3HAapAH30BaHa, C
1'HM lllTO cy nponopUHje MeI-baHe Y MaI-hoj MepH. fpaBeHa cy OA
1'ecaHor KaMeHa, HMaAa cy nAHhe HAH Ay6toe KaHeAype, WHtoaT
KpOB H ll1epe<peT ca CKpOMHOM nAaCTH4HOM AeKopaUHjoM. HY3eT-
HO BHTKO 6HAO je jeAHHo MHHape uaMHje CYAejMaHa BeAH4aHCTBe-
Hor Y fOpI-beM rpaAY Y EeorpaAY, jep je H uaMHja 6Hi\:a BeriHX AH-
MeH3Hja OA y06H4ajeHHX. JeAHHa nOTKynoAHa uaMHja c APYK4HjOM
KOHuenUHjoM OA OC1'aAHX uaMHja Y Cp6HjH 6HA'a je MeXMeA-naWe
JaXjarrall1Hna Y EeorpaAY 0 I-boj je OC1'ao 3a6eAe)KeH EBAHjHH no-
A3Ta:K Aa je 'llMaAa rAaBHY KynOAY OA AaKor MaTepHjaAa H qe1'HpH
MaI-be KynoAe OA KaMeHa. JeAHHO ce oBAe Y Be3H C 6eorpaACKHM
uaMHjaMa nOMHI-bY YAa3HH H 60T..JHH TpeMOBH.
Hwj'BenH 6polj U3!MiHja Y Y)Koj Cp6'llj:H 6HO je OBaiKaIKO, li BeKaA
Kao H caAa, ca 4eTBopOBOAHHM KpOBOM 3a1'O lllTO je Taj Ha4HH
nOKpHBaI-ba 6HO H AaKWH H je<p1'HHHjH. fpaBeBHHa je 6HAa npaBO-
yraoHe OCHOBe, nOKpHBeHa paBHOM APBeHOM T3BaHHUOM, a KpOBHR
nOKpHBa4 KapaKTepHCTHT..JaH 3a 3HAOBii cy 6HAH OA AOM-
toeHor KaMeHa HAH nepnHT..Ja, 1'peMOBH OA Ap'BeTa, a MHHapeTa OA
IMeHa HAH Apne1'a. OCHM Tora nOCToje uaMlHje Y 4Hjy je H3rpaAI-by
YTpOll1eHO MHoro ApBeTa, na H uaMHje 6pBHape. I103HaTo je A3 je Y
Cp6HjH nocTOjaAo weCT ApBeHHx uaMHja: y AeCKOBU;y, lIIanu;y, Ep-
3aj I1aAaJHu"H, MHAeWeJBU;y, I1A3Wny 'H OO'K'AY. YHYl'p3111I-ba AelKO-
P3UHja nOCTojenHx uaMHja je BeOMa CKpOMHa, a 0 I-boj HeMa MHoro
nOAaTaKa HH 3a cpyweHe uaMHje. Ha OCHOBY u;pTe)J<a YHYTpawlhoc1'H
ABejy 6eorpaAcKHx uaMHja BHAH ce Aa cy MHxpa6 H TpOMne 6HAH
OHBH4eHH npo<pHAHcaHHM KaMeHHM BeHU;HMa. AKO je 6HAO 3HAHor
cAHKapc1'Ba, OHO ce CBaKaKO cacTojaAo H3 U;BeTHHX MOHIB3 H Ka-
AHTpaepoKIH HcnHlcaHHX u;aTaTa H3 KopalHa.
Ha Kpajy ce Mopa HeUJTO penH H 0 YA03H uaMHje Y <pOpMHP3-
fbY HCT04I-ba4KOr Hacetoa. OHa je y cBaKoj MaxaAH 3Ha4HAa Haj6AH-
)J(e Mec1'O 3a CBaKOAHeBHe MOAHTBe, aAH H npOCTOp 3a oKynto3ll-he
paAH pa3rOBopa, AorOBopa H 06aBeW1'aBaI-ba. I1pHjamH YTH-
caK KojH je caMa uaMHja Kao rpaBeBHHa OCTaBtoaka Ha nOCMaTpa-
qa rrOABAa4HAH cy 3eAeHH ja6AaHoBH Y3 6eAa MHHapeTa, nHTopeOKHa
C HHW!aHHMa H illaApBaHH Y3 npCKaI-be H )J(y60p BOAe. I,Ia-
MHje cy H Y onW1'eM H3rAeAY opHjeH1'aAHor rpaAa HMaAe BH3yeAaH
3Haqaj KojH je Y BeAHKoj MepH O)J-BibaBao yp6aHY CTPYKTYPY.
6:1 A. fiYPI-It1-3a.\IOAO, Ilaa. CIlO, 42.
356
AHBHa BYPHI.3a,\!OAO
Divna Duri-Zamol
o
MOSQUES IN SERBIA PROPER FROM THE 14tl1 TO THE 19th CENTURY
Summary
This study deals with masques in the a.rea of the present-day
proper (namely, not counting the autonomous
Sillce the bcrders of Serbia have been changing throughout the tlme.
The problems are treated of mosques in the tv:enty three
towns, namely: Aleksinac, Belgrade, Ca
cak
, Kru-
Leskovac, Nis, Nova Varos, Novi Pazar, Paracm, Plrot, Po-
zarevac, Priboj,. Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Sjenica, Smderevo, Sveto-
zarevo, T1tovO Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, and Zemun. that,
short reV1ew of masques is submitted in oHter towns of Serb1a pro-
per. The author emphasizes the factof considerable variety of sour-
ces and literature on the problem treated in this study.
Today there exist mosques mostly in the south-western part
of Sewia sorne Moslem population, as weIl as large,r
namely: NOV1 Pazar, Prijepolje, Priboj, Nova Val'OS, S]emca.
Out of the remaining larger towns ion Serbia ,there 'are ,shll preser-
ved mosques only in Belgrade and Nis.
In ,addition to the introduction truis studY contains the follow-
chapters: most significant exisng mosq (Bajrakli
ln Belgrade, and Altin-Alem Mosque in NoVI .Pazar); m
Belgrade; m.osques in other towns, genral reV1ew of the bU1ldmg
of mosques ln Serbia proper.
The ,oldest mention of mosques in the territory of
pel' two fourteenth century mosques of sultan Murat l ln N1S and
Krusevac. These were formerly Orthodox churches transformed into
mosques. Turks did transfer churches into plosques even later on,
.md there were many sources ta that respect. Still preserved
nf St. Mary of Gradac in Cacak has been tra-n:sformed three ttmes
into a m.osque. Fer prompt practising of relig.ious Turks
to estabhsh musals, 'namely open spaces espec1ally fit for gathenng
of large numbr of people -in order to practiose the prayel'S.
Hest knQ'Wn musals were in Belgrade and Ti t,ovo UZlce.
After firmly establishing their power i1'1 the beginning of the
fifteenth century, the Turks began to build roosques. Most probably
these :6irst mosques belonged to the BrusarJ. school of
Ottoman architecture, which is evidenced by st1ll preserved Altm-
-Alem mosque in Novi Pazar. Mosques built until the beginning of
the sixteenth century belonged to the elJrly Cons.tantinople style
school. In our areas they are characterized by .the sub-
type of a stone mosque with a porcl1- 'and th mmaret. The
and nineteenth masques w
ere
built, on the other
hand, ln the Turkish baroqu style.
357
I,Ia.MHje y y)/(oj Cp6HjH H3 XIV-XIX BeKa
The largest number of mosques in Serbia proper was built by
the Turks in course of the sixteenth and the first half of the se-
venteenth centuries, when they were at the peak of their power.
However, small number of these mosques has been preserved, since,
firstly, they were demolished in the wars between the seventeenth
and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, while many of them
were destroyed when Serbia became an independent state and when
Moslem population emigrated. There is now five mosques in Serbia
praper with a cupola, namely: Bajrakli mosque in BelgI'ade, Altin-
-Alem masque in Novi Pazar, Lejlek mcsque in Novi Paza,r, the
mosque in the fcrtress in Nis, and Sultana Valida's masque in Sje-
nica. The oldest among those is the Altin-Alem masque in Novi Pa-
zar (first haU cf the sixteenth century) while the largest one is the
Sultana Valida's mcsque in Sjenica (middle of nineteenth century).
All the remaining masques have a quadripartite roof, while large.st
among them is the Great mosque in Prijepolje.
Determining the number of mosques in each tawn is rather
difficult, since much information is missing, while other data are
not reliable. However, taking into consideration aIl relevant sources,
the number of mosques has been determined acco'rding to the pre-
sent-day scientific achievements in this field. Belgrade had the
largest numbcr of places of worship - fifty one masques and
twenty two mesdzidas, while Titovo Uzice thirty five masques and
twenty nine mesdzidas, Smederevo twenty seven mosques and four
mesdzidas, and Novi Pazar twenty three masques, and eleven
mesdiidas. The number of mosques has been considerab1y smaller
in other towns, namely ten mosques each were in Nis, Valjevo, Kru-
sevac, Sjenica, and Prijepolje; there were eight mosques in Lesko-
vac, seven in Caak, four in Sabac, while in Svetozarevo, Pi rot and
Prokuplje there were two each. In the remaining towns elaborated
particularly in this .study there was one mosque each. AUogether,
there were some three hundred and four Moslem places of worship
in Serbia.
Most known and largest mosques in Serbia proper were the
follawing: Sulejman the Magnificent's mosque, that of Mehmed
Pasha Jahjapasi, Bajram Beg's and Ejnehan Beg's masques in Bel-
grade; Alaj Beg's mosque in Titovo Uzice; Hadzi Velija's mosque in
Smederevo. Altin Alem in Novi Pazar, Musli Efendi's one in Nis,
Alad7.a M.osque in Valjevo, Ibrahim Pasha's mosque in Prijepolje,
that of Murat the II in Krusevac, arsi mosque in Leskovac, and
Dervish Beg's in Svetozareva. These do not include masques built
by adapting Orthodox churches.
Most frequent founders of mosques were Turkish high officiaIs
in the towns and cities. Founders were a1so sultans, but mostly .in
towns conquered by them. In smaller towns the mosques were built
by local population too. The architeets of mosques are not known,
except for a written source through which we knaw that Sulejman
AHBHa 5YPHh-3aMOJ\O
'358
the Magnificent's mosque in Belgrade was designed by mimar Si-
nan. Contractors were, according ta aIl available sources, domestic
masters. Locations of demohshed masques are only partially known.
The architectonies of masques in Serbia proper is ascertainable
on the ground of the small Iliumber of preserved cbjects, then on the
balSis of preserved fine arts representations of demolished masque'>,
as weIl as on the basis of analogies with other preserved mosques in
the terri tory of Yugoslavia.
CA. 1. AATIHI-aAe.\1 vaMl1ja y HOI:l.'.1 TIZl3apy, VAI1U:\ TIpnor Maja (nOCTojH,
canpeNleHa pa3rAeAHHlp)
Fig. 1 Altin-Alem mosque in Novi Pazar, Prvi mai streel (now
existing, contemporary picture postcard)
j; fI p)a 11-,[(a.lI Il} oU i la.
(!..S...;,., li",
CA. 2. I3ajpaKAH-uaMHja y I3eorpa/_w, l'ocnoAap-JeBpc:VioBa VAI,ma
6p. Il (nocTojH, CHHMMO MHAaH J OBaHOJ3Hn OKO 1895)
Fig. 2. Bajrakli-mosque in Belgrade, Gospodar Jevremova street,

Il (no\V existing, photo by Milan Jovanovi around 1895)

CA. 3. EajpaM-6erosa uaMHja li Beorpa;\\', V,IHLla I3pane ]vroBHna (Ile nocTojll,
CHlLMHO <PoTorpaqKKH aTel'oe Pl'IKap;.\ MYCM,\ YI MYlpHn OKO 1865)
Fig. 3. Bajram-Bey's mosque in Belgrade, Brae Jugovia street (non-exisknt,
photo by photografer's studio Rikard Musil. and Miri, around 1865).
~
CA. 4. 13anlA-ua,\1Hja y Beorpa,L\y (palllije EjHexaH-eroBa), EYAeBap
lWBOAYl\Hje (He rrocTojH, upTe/f< apXHTelne KOI-iCTaHTHHa JOBaHOBl1na
OKO 1868)
Fig 4. Batal-mosque in Belgrade (lormer Ejnehan-bey mosque), Bule-
var Revolllcije street (oon-exilstent. drawing by the architecl
Konstantin Jovanovi, arollnd 1868)
Co\. 5. AAH-nai..IJIIJ-I1 ua-
~ l i V Beorpa,L\y (paBl!-
je lliexHTIIV1C-I,IC1MHja),
Y'Hlua BHCOKOl' Cl'eaa-
Ha (Ile nocTojH, upTe/K
i\yrTa IIeTepa OKO 1860)
Fig. 5. Ali-Pasha's mos-
que in Belgrade (former
Sehitluk-mosquel.. Vi.so,
kog Stevana street (non-
-existent, drawing by
Lup Peter, around 1860)
..... _.;'
. . ...:;:;.:.....
?'
. ....: ....
" ..
.-;... r . <
-:<:-
CA. 6. UaMl1ja y Kparyjesuy (He rroCTojH, lIpTen< <PeAHKca KaflHl\a
OKO 1860)
Fig. . The mosque in Kragujevac (non-exisLent, drawing by Felix
Kanitz, around 1860)
CA. 7. UaMl1ja y TspnaBH y Hl1wy (rrocToju, Cf-lI1MUi\a A. f3YPHh-3a-
,\-IOAO 1968)
Fig. . mosque in the Nis Forlress (existing, photo by D
Duri-Zamolo, 1968)
CA. 8. UaMHja HCAaM-
-6era AApeBHna V HH-
lUy (noCTojH, CHI1MHAa
A. F.iYPHn-3aMO'\O 1968)
Fig. 8. The Islam-Bey
Andrevi's mosque in
Ni:; (exisling, photo by
D. DuriZamolo, 1968)
CA. 9. Apan-uaMHja y H O ~ Da3apy (nocTojH, caBpetvleHa pa3fAeAI-IHua)
Fig. 9. Arap-mosque in Novi Pazar (existing, contemporary piclure
poslcard)
f
~ j { ..
CA. ] O. CKeI-IACp-rraWHl-IZl UZ!.\Hlja V HO;Joj BapOllIH (nOcrojH, ca-
Ilpele;-;a pa3rAe,L\HHua)
Fig. ]0. Skenc:l::r-Pasha's mosque in Nova Varos (existing, COll-
temporary picture postcard)
21\. 11. UaMuja cYATaHHje BaAHAe y Cje- '
IIIIUM: (nocTojH, caBpeMeH;} pa3fACAHHL\a)
Fig. lI. Sultana Valida's mosqn:: in Sjc-
nica (existing, contemporary picture
----,.
postcard)
CI. 12. ACpBHW-6tTOB3 ua,lll1ja V CBeTO-
:.lapeRY (lit:: nOCTojH, upTe;" B. THTeAGa-
xa OKa 1885)
Fig. 12. DerviS-Bey's mosque in Svetoza-
reyo (non-existent, drawing by V. Titel-
bach. arou nd 1885)
CA. 13. UaMJ.lja KOA MVlrp-J(CHlKa V TIHoBoM V/lUV (Ile nocTo.ilI, UPTC/l{
Cf>cAHKca KallHua 1860)
Fig. 13. The mc:que al Mudirkonak in Titovo U:<:ice c1r-awing
by Felix Kanill, 1860)
AoGpc/\aB CT. TIABJ\OBHfi
HEKAAAUII-bA rOCTHHCKA 3AAI-bA y CPEHHI
rOCTonpHMCTBO je oABajKaAa 6HAO jeAHa OA BpAHHa cpnCKor
HapOAa. To je jow KpajeM XII BeKa npHMeTHO H CB. CaBa: jep n'
HeneMO HHKora 0/.\ 6pane Hawe npa3He Aa OTnYWTaMO ca BpaTa".1
HerOBaHO Kp03 BeKOBe, OHO ce HcnOIDaBaAO nocpeACTBOM rpa3HOBpc-
HHX rOCTHHCKnx 3Aalba y KojHMa ce TaKBa BpAHHa OApa)I(aBaAa Ha
pa:.me H3<lJYlHe, npepacTajyl1H 'H. y 3'3H1H1.\1albe Koje je A'O'HOCHAO OA-
pebeHe rrpHxAe. Y'J<33yjynH Ha Ta'K!l3a 3Aalba Roja cy O'AOAeA'a ,Bpe-
MeHy, a npeTxOAHAa lI'aWeM Ao6y, nOKywaB3Mo Aa npeKO IbHXOBHX
MaTepHjaAHHx OCTaTaKa ynoTnYHHl'l'1O CAHKY KOjy cy 3anHCHBaQH
Hawe npOWAOCl'H OCTaBHAH CBOjHM npHA03HMa. KaKO cy Te 336e-
Aewr<e Ao6po n03HaTe jaBHocTH, TO neMO HX Ha OBOMe MeCTY no
MorylHocf'H nOHan,baTII WTO MaJ-be, HacTojenH A;3 ca'M'H 6jeiKTI{
l'OBOpe 0 ce6H Kao cBojeBpcHH cnoMeHHUH KYAType.
nOA 1l0jMOM WCHU-lCKUX 3al-ba nOApa3YMeBajy Ce rpaneBHHe
y KojHMa KOHaQe rocTH, 0AHCHO cTpaHI.IH. TaKBa KoHaLtUUlTa HAM
C6paTUUlTa (CBpaTHAHWTa) cy n03HaT3 y HapOAY Kao HAM
jOlIl Qewne ZOCTUOHul1e, y KojHMa cy ce nYTHHUH 3aAp)I(aBaAH AY)I<e
l'lAM Kpale paAH OAMopa n xpaHe. To coy H MeXa1-Le TIOpeA ApYMOBa
Koje cy CAY)I(HAe nYTHHUHMa Kao CBpaTHllITe; y lbHMa cy 3a HOBau
A06HjaHe OAfOBapajyne YCAyre. Ty cy H KacjJaHe (KaBaHe), H3KO ce
nOA o6jeKTHMa Te BpCTe nOHajQeWne nOApa3YMeBajy AOKaAM y KO-
jHMa ce 3a HOBau Ao6Hja Kaq,a, TOye aAKOXOAHa M 6e3aAKoxOAHa
nana, a TaKobe npHonpeMajy pa3Ha jeAa, KaA ce Ha3HBajy muLtuHul1e.
3a CBe OBe YI jow MHore Apyre lbHMa cpOAHe H3pa3e HaAa3HJ\-[ CAHY-
Ha TY'MaqeJ-ba KO!-\ BYKa y PjeLII-llllCY cpnCICOXp6GTCICOZ ICl-bUJ/Ce6HOl
'KOA cTapHjHx nYTOTIHCaua H OHIHX KOjlH cy np:0ryt.IaBaAH )I(H-
BOT cpnCKor HapOAa y npOllIAOCTH. MenYTHM. nOA OApeAHHUOM
"KOHaK" HAH nrOCTHOHHua", y HapoAY ce HHje MHCAHAO caMO Ha
1 Ctwcu C6eToza CaGe II C1'eGaHa llpa06eH'taIIOW, npeBeo J\. MUPKOl31Jll,
Ap)iBHa IJeorpaA 1939, 99.
2 BYK CTe<t>aHOBHn KapaUHn, Cpl1CKU pje'1HUK:, Eeorpa;.\ 1898, 9, tOo, 298,
329; Pe'LHIlK Cpl1C1COXp8aTclcoz lUbllJ/ce6HOl je3wca, Manu.\a cpnCKa, (AaiIJe:
Pe'/HulC Manltle Cp11ClCe), HnH CaA 1965, 1973, 1976, III/520, Vj703, IV/417.
360
A. CT. IIaBi\OBIi
rpaneBHHe nOce6HOr mna Koje rOCTHOHHl.IapHMa Kao cBojeBpCHHM
3aHaTAHjaMa AOHoce H OApeneHe npHXOAe Hero H Ha Kyne HAH caMO
Ha npocTopHje y caCTaBY ceOCKHX AOManHHCTaBa, norOTOBY HMyn-
HlfjHX. To cy lOCfuHcKe Kylie, lWl-la'1. uhu, '1.apal1u, na H caMO co6e
3a lOCTe (rocnfHcKe c06e), oaje, IzaO BeAHKe c06e 3a npHjeM:
3
KaKO nOKa3yjy 06Hl.IajH MHomx HapOAa, na H HaIillIX, HeKH
nOCTym.{H npuAHKoM AOl.IeKHBal-ha fOCTa lli\1ajy H BepCKH 3Hal.Iaj,
jep ce y l-herOBOM AOAaCKY nOKaTKaA "npeTnocTaBlba noceTa caMora
OmKaHCTBa. IJ;HA-> OB'l1X 06w.Iaja '" Aa rocTa 'Be>KY 3a Kyny H A<1
ca lliHMe CKAone pHTyaAaH caBe3, KaKO 6H ce HCKOpHCTHAa l-herOBa
60>KaHCKa 'Mon ... na 'MY ce 3aTH'M n'lHYAH jeAo".4 IlpeMa TOMe, ro-
CTY ce YKa3yje noce6Ha nOl.IaCT.
*
*
'"
Ha OBOM MeCTY ce npHcenaMo HMeHa OHHX KojH cy jOlll AaBHO
npBH rrYT YKa3aAH Ha rronpe6y Aa ce H ypeAe 06jeKTIf 3a
cMelllTaj 60AecHl.a, If3HeMOfAHX MOHaxa H nyrHHKa-XOAOl.IaCHHKa.
CpeAI-hOBeKOBHH furorpaqlH cy OCTaBHAH AparOl\eHe 3anHce 0 TaK-
RH'M YCTaHOBaMa KOA Bac. Pey: je 0 If 60MlH-
l\aMa Koje je rrpBH rrOl.Ieo OCHHBaTH CB. CaBa y XHAaI-IAapy jOlll Kpa-
jeM XII BeKa If KOA CTYAeHHl\e rrOl.IeTl<OM XIII BeKa, IKO je 3anH-
caHO Y XHAaHAapCKoM (1199) li CTYAeHHY:KOM (1208) TMnuKY: "Aa-
Bal-he Ha BpaTI1Ma H AaBal-he OAMopa 11 HaArAeAaI-he CTpaHHX li He-
MonmlX, 360r KOjHX ca3HAaCMO H CTpaHonpHjeMHHl.l,Y... y KOjOj
neMO If AaTH oAMopa cTpaHoj 6panH H HeMOhHI1Ma OA l-bHX AaTH Aa
Ae>Ke, KOAHKO Mon AorrYWTa Aa ce YAocToje 6pHre. Hare H 60ce
l1pe6a OAeBaTH -If 06YBaTH... A rAaAHe Tpe6a xpaHHTH H AYlllH Aa-
BaTH... Ben Y3aKOl-heHI1M xAe60M H BHHOM H HeKHM COl.IHBOM"."
TaKaB jeAoBHHK je H AaHac CBHMa 06e36eneH Y XHAaHAapy. y OBOM
MaHaCTHpY je y rrOl.IeTKY npeACTaBlbaAa 60AHHl\Y caMO jeAHa c06a
ca ocaM'rroCTelba H nenH. OHa je npOlllHpeHa Y A06a Kpalba MHAY-
THHa, Aa 6H Y AYlllaHoBo BpeMe HMaAa Ben llleCT 60AeCHHl.IKHX c06a
ca rro ABaHaeCT rrOCTelba, Aorpat;eHOM KYXHI-hOM H K-aneAOM. II Aa-
Hac je KOHaK Y jyroHCTOl.IHOM AeAY l\1aHaCTl1pa 3aA;p>Kao Ha3HB
,,60AHHl\a", a 06HaBlbaH je 1646. H 1784. YrAeAajynH ce Ha BH3aH-
THjcKe l\apeBe, a HMajynH Uapl1rpaA 3a npHMep, cpncKH CpeAl-hO-
BeKOBHIf BAaAapH cy nOAH3aAH TaKBe YCTaHoBe Y OKBHPy CBOjHX
3aAY>K6HHa: CTe<>'aH Ael.IaHCKH KOA Ael.IaHa, l.l,ap AyrnaH Y CBeTHM
ApxaHneAHMa, KHe3 i\a3ap Y 6AH3HHH PaBaHHl.l,e, AecnoT CTe<i>aa
i\a3apeBHn Ha nOAPYl.Ijy Eeorpa,L\CKe TBpnaBe.
G
0 CTpaHOI1JpHjeMHH-
3 Pe'IWlIC cpl1C1. lIIj520.
4 Ill. KYi\HlUHn H II. )K. IIeTpoBJ1h, CpllCI\U PC'l/lU", "Ho-
A!U", 1970, 91.
" Cnucu C6eTow Caoe, 99.
6 P. KaTHn, MeOWIUlW /CO Cp6a y CpeI-be,H (W"}', CAH, IIoccolla Hl-
AaI-ha, CCCX, OAeibel-he IleAHi..\lIllCKHX HaYKa, 12, EeorpaA, 1958, 164-175.
HeKaAaWH>a rOcTHHCKa 3AaLa y Cp6HjH
361
l.\H C UPKBOM rOBopH H KOHCTaHTHH cI>HA030<p KaA onHcyje EeorpaA
AecnoTa CTe<paHa nOyeTKOM XV BeKa: " ... y KOjOj 60AHe 'li CTpaHe
xpalDallle H AaBarne HM OAMopa (OAaKlllalDa)". TaKBO 3AalDe je
rpaneHO "Ha HajcAanoj BOAH", ca "caAOBHMa CBaKora H3a6paHor
nt\OAa", ca IH1al-hHMa 'Koja cy AOHo:OHAa np'llX:OAe.

IIha 6H TO A'PY-
1'0 npeACTaBlt>aAO Hero npeTel.IY yrocTHTelt>CKHX YCTaHOBa, npeTe)K-
HO peKpeaTHBHor HAH 6olt>e penH 3ApaBCTBeHor 06eAe)Kja - HeKa
l'pCTa caHaTopHjYMa.
8
A."-.H a nopeA CBHX HCTOpHjCKHX, a noce6Ho
apxeOAolllKHx HCTpaJKHBalDa Koja ce CBe HHTeH31-IBHHje Bpllle y
cKAony DiX cnOMeHHKa, Ha JKaAOCT HHCMO y MorynHocTH Aa HM
6AHJKe OApeAHMO MeCTO H 3a6eAe)fMO H3rAeA KaKaB cy MorAe
HMaTH. Y TOM norAeAY '-IHHH H3Y3eTaK XHAaHAapCKa CTpaHonpHjeM-
HHua, OAHOCHO 60AHHua, Koja ce HaAa3H y cKAony OCTaAHX KOHa-
Ka, H3 T3B. "pYCKe MaAe", 06HOBl'"eHHX nOCAe BeAHKor nO)Kapa 1722.
rOAHHe. Ha OCHOBY HCTpa)KHBaI-ha Ha AHUY MeCTa, CA060AaH HeHa-
AOBHn 3aKlt>Yl.Iyje Aa cy OBH KOHaUH npe nOMeHYTor nO)f(apa ,,6HAH
H3rpaneHH ca ABOpHlllHHM TpeMOBHMa y 06AHKY 3HAaHHx apKaAa
y BH3aHTHjcKOM CTHAY, a 6e3 OHBX ApBeHHX epKepa, KOjH cy Kac-
HHje YBeAeHH".9 CTapOCi\OBeHCKY (upKBeHOCAOBeHCKY) pel.I "C'''I}<\-
Htlonl'EMIIIIK'l/', BYK npeBOAH ca "rocTBoHHqa". I1Ma BCTO 31-1a-
Kao H npYKa pey Koja y npeBOAY Ha
CAOBeHCKH rAaCH 'li r8mEl1I1 jep je r8mA'h, (1'I'MIfII"'''1 111111
rOC1''' , 1;011 n9Et1ol1l1 oi" rOC1'HI1III1I\"I.lO !(celloc)oxCIlOl-l je H 11 <lHaC V
H3JIIB :J3 XOTCA, AOK jeAlH pecraYfHIcaH TypCKU xau y Ey-
l'apcKoj BOCH cTapa IIUHB "cTpaHollpHje.vIHHua", 110lUTO je li np
ypebcll y yroCTlJTelt>CKH AOKaA opujellT3A1Ior Hma.
Aooro je fJ0311aTa YAora KOjy cy MailaCTHpH y Cpo:uju HMaAll
y upHxBaral'hY nepH'H'Ka H OCTaAH.X nYTIHwKa, noyea '01-\ J-bl1XOBOr O'C-
lIHBalDa y CpeAHJeM neKY, npeKo pa3A06lt>a TypcKe BAaAaBHHe CBe
).\0 00/-l08e JeM:be TOKOM npolliAor aeKa. Ee3 063Hpa Ha 1'0 Aa Ali
cy 6HAH pacnOpeneHl-i AYJK rAaBHHX nYTeBa HAH pa36auaHH no 6ec-
nyhy, MaHaCTHpH oy Mopa"".H Aa opraHH3yjy rrpHIXBaT He caMO CBO-
jliX rocTHjy Hero H OCl'aAHX HaMepHHKa YKOAHKO je MaHaCTHpCKO
npeHonHlllTe oCTajaAo Kao jeAHHo YTOl.IHlllTe y TOM Kpajy. CTora
je CBaKH MaHaCTHp H3ABajao OAelt>elDa Koja oy 6HAa HaMelDeHa
CTpaHl.\HMa. TaKBe MalDe HAH Bene npocTopHje cy ce HaAa3HAe y
KOHaU'HMa, HAH cy nOAH3aHe KaO 3ace6He 3rpaAe 3a rocTe II CTpaI-I-
7 Cwpc Cpl7CKe 6uolpacfmje, npeBCO 1\. MUpKOBIIIl, CK3, Eeorpa.\
1936, 86.
3 A. TIaBAoBHh, ClIO'\lC/-!U'lICO ILaC1e!Je lywc/wauje, TYPHCTB'm:a DHdM-
na, EcorpaA 1980, 177.
9 C. HeHaAoBlfli, Xll.'1a1-lUPCl::U KO/talIU y jYJ/CHOj ,\La,1li Ilpe U lWC.le 1/0-
J/CClI)(l 1772. zowle, XH,\aIlAapcJ<H 300PHl"', Eeorpa/:.. 1983, 216, 254.
JO J. )KHBaHooIlh, {{mco ie BYK l1pe6ouo Ca lfpKae/IOCJ!o6e/lClcoza C.IO-
J/celle pllje'lll ." H0f30.11 3uaie'l'Y, EorocAoIlcKH fAaCH1-11<, Klb. 16, CIl. 6, 1909,
TIana3apH3,pt,LIHlIJ< rpe
L
IKo-cAa86HcKHM, 3eMYH 1803; 3a TY,\laLfeH>e OBHX noj-
MOBa 3aX8aM10CT Ap 3se3AaHH TIaIlAoBl.
362
A. Cr. naBAOBun
L\e, y OKBHPY nopTe, eKOHOMCKor ABOpH'illTa HAH BaH caMor Mal-Ia-
CTHpa, aAH y csaKOM cAyyajy y J-beroBoj 6AH3HHH Ha MaHaCTHpCKOM
HMaJ-bY. Y HeKUM HaceibHMa y BAaCHHIllTBY nojeAHHHx L\pKBeHHX
onIllTHHa 6HAO je IH Kaq,aHa; 1'aKO ce nopeA nOMeHYTHx cTpaHonpH-
jeMHHL\a jaBib'ajy MaHacTHpcKe MexaHe HAH Kaq,aHe,
KaKO je Ben 6HAO y06HyajeHo A3 ce Ha3HBajy 06jeKTH Te spCTe.
OH"e cy M3AasaHe nOA HajaM, MaHaCTHpI1Ma cy AOHOCHAe oApe15eHe
npHXOAe, K'3q,eIJHjaMa Ao6py 3apaAY, ,a HaMepHHQ!HMa H XOAOyaC-
HHQHMa cy npY)KaAe npeAax M OKpenibeIbe.
I1{pHMepa paAH, TOI<OM XIX BeKa, a HajBHIlle 3a BAaAaBHHe MH-
AOIlla 06peHoBHna H AAeKcaHApa Kapa15opneBHna, IllHpOM 3eMibe
cy nOAM3aJ-lla TaKBa yrocnITeA,CKa 3AaJ-ba. CTYAeI-IHL\a je npeA Ma-
HacTHpoM 1H3rpaAHAa nOBenYl 11,BOCnpaTHH KOI-laK y KaMeHY, C A:p-ae-
HHM TpeMOM Ha 06a cnpaTa, C KaqmHoM, np0t-\aBHHL\Ol'l"l H c06aMa 3a
npeI-IOnHIllTe, a AOL\HHje YI npH3eMHY MexaHY 6e3 TpeMa. IPy60CTYI-
J-ba je nOA YIlipaBOM apXYlMaHApYlTa JaHYlnHja (YMPO 1866)11 nOAMr-
Aa rOCTYlOHHL\Y OA TBPAO neyeHe L\HrAe, y AYXY THnCKHX npojeKaTa
3a l'y BpeTY rpa15eBl-fHa. KOHaK npeA CTYAeHHL\OM je HeAaBHo yc-
neWHO pec1'aypaC3!H H a'AanTHr-aH 3a nOTpe6e HapOA'He
AOK je MexaHa Ha )KaAOCT YKAOI-heHa TeK HeAaBHo.
12
CAHYHO je noc-
TynibeHo 11 ca MexaHOM Kojy je apXHMaHApHT KOHcTaHTHH (1861-
-79) nOAHrao OA yaTMe C ApBeHHM TpeMOM, OAMax HcnOA MaHaC1'H-
pa Paye Ha ApHHH.l:l [OCTHOIIHL\a npeA IPy60CflHI-hOM je HanYUlTe-
]fa, lia je YCAeA Tora 11 opOHYAa; caAa ce OyeKyje I1HBeCTI1TOp KOjH
6H 6HO 3aHHTepecoBaH Aa npeY3Me 3rpaAY H npHAaroAH je nOTpe-
6aMa caBpeMeHor yrocTHTeibcTBa 11 TypI13Ma.
14
3a OBe H Apyre Hawe
MaHacTHpe, KOjlH Kao HenoKpeTHa KYATypHa A06pa HMajy H3Y3eTaH
3Hayaj, CBe BHlile ce nOCTaBiba ITIU3I-he KaKO Aa yrocTe CBe 6pojHHje
TypHcTe, na je 06HOBa rOCTHOHHL\a CBe nOTpe6HHja.
15
Y3 1'0, 3a
BpeMe ca60pa KaA MexaHe HI1CY y MorynHocTH Aa npHMe caB Ha-
pOA oKynibeH OKO MaHacnrpa, npHBpeMeHO ce pa3anHI-hY waTpe y
lwje ce nOCTallJ'oajy Ayrn CTOAOBH H KAyne. Tv ce jeAe, nHje l-I Be-
ceA11 Y3 necMY fJ1 Hrpy, BpTe ce "pHHrHll1I1HAHI/ H Apyre BaIllapcKe
pa30HoAe, Te3re cy nYHe pa3H060jHl-IX 15HH15YBa H 15aKoHHja 3a MAa-
Ae H cTape. OBa TpaAHlJ:I1ja ce HaCTaBiba li AaHac, Y3 jOli jayy 6YKY
rAacHorOBOpHHl<a 11 CAO,KeHHX eAeKTpOHCI<HX ype15aja.
y OKBHpe MaHaCTHpCK'HX 3HAOBa YKAonibeHe cy 'cpne3apuje
Koje cy nopeA HajnpocTpaHHje H HajMoHYMeHTaAHHje rpane-
BHHe. OnpaBAaHa' je Te)KI-ha 3a I-hHXOBOM AonaAibliBHjoM 06paAoM
3a1'O lII1'O ce oeAoBaHoe o.\laTpa BpeTo:\{ KYATypHor oopeAa npo-
lt )K. Ml-Ixal-IAoBl-Ill, .'V1Q1-WCTUP fbyBocnll-ba, Kpa,neno, 31.
PaAOBl-IMa Ha 06110B[[ KOHaKa 11 PYKOBOAI-l.\a je apx.
M. PaAaH-]OBHH.
13 C. )KI1BaHOBlln, Pacw YlCpaj Apw-le, EeorpaA 1974.
14 AOKVMeHTaUl-Ijy H rrpojeKaT ypaAHo aYTOp OBor paAa,
3aBOA 3a 3allITl-ITY crrOMeHHI(a KVAType, 'EeorpaA 1967.
15 A. naBAOBI1Ii, HaUle c{JpecKe u 1'ypll3aM, 14, EeorpaA
1983, 83-89.
-----
363
HeKaAaUUba rOCnUICKa 3;\alba y Cp611jH
rrpaneHor MOAHTBOM. DpOCTOP HHje HaMeH:>eH caMO YKyhaHHMa, Y:Aa-
HOBHMa MOHaWKe 06HTe/oH, Hero H roeTHMa, na ce H one C<lAe Kao
"Tprre3apHje 3a HapoA", 3ajeAHo C KYXIHH:>OM, OIJaKAHjoM y BHAY
"MYTBaKa" H APyrHM rrOMonHHM oAajaMa Mory YBPCTHTH y yroCTH-
TeibOK'a 3Aalba ocOOHTe I-I<IJ'vtelle. OHa na:::e'HO AO'Aa3e 1-\0 nyH'O[ H]-
pa)Kaja rrpHMfKOM BeAHKliX rrpa3HHKa, ca60pa H cAaBa. Do XHAaH-
AapCKOM THrrHKY CB. CaBe, HHKO HHje KYBao 3ace6Ho HH 06eAOBao
y neAHjH, Hero CBH 3ajeAHo y Tpne3a,pHjH. "AKO AH Aone MaHacTHp-
CKH racT, 1'0 Tpe6al1fY'.\13:H, a'KO ,vu Hm1a HrY'vlaHa, T'a 'YrKOIHOM 'HAH
KO rOA 6HAO OA npBHx, Aa CnpeMtH roeTY KaKO Tpe6a, jep paAH Tora
jeAHora HeKa 6HBajy pa3AHY:Ha jeAa... OnaKO, KaKO je peqeHO, Tpe-
6a AaBanI H OHHMa KOjH cy ynaAH y aOAeCT H paAH Tora Tpeaajy
60lber jeAa H nHna, Ha oKpeny I-hHXOBa HeMOnH<l TeAa".1IJ HeAaBHO
cy y OKBHPY paAona KOjU ce npeAY3HMajy y CTYACHHQiH, y Camoj
Tpne3<IJpHjH C nO'leTKa XIII neKa peKoHcTPYHcaHH MpaMopHH CTO-
AOBR C KAyrraMa Ha OCHOBY OTI<pHBCHHX rrOCTOiba, CAH'lHO OHHMa y
CBCTOj fOpH (BaTOnCI-\).l7 TaKO jc H y HaWHM KpajenHMa CTeqeHa
OApeneHiHja npeACTaBa 0 penpC3eHTaTHBHHM MaHaCT'.HpCKHM Tpne3a-
pRjaMa Koje nplII1aAajy CpeAf:beM BeKY 6YAynH Aa HX je BenHHa OC-
TaAa y pyweBHHaMa HAH y H3MeI-heHOM CTal-bY (CB. HHlWAa KOA
KypWY;\1i\HjC, 13ypl'SeE'H CTynoBIH He'Bor Da3apa, ConJnaHlI,
fpaAaQ, AeYal-IH, CI3. Apxatd'Sei\H KOI-\ DpH3peHa, DaTpHjapW!Hja y
DenH, iDy60CTHl-ba, MaaacHja JI ApyrH). D031-laTO je Aa cy 6Hi\H
jI\HBOJ11HCalilI HaBIt IlpoC'ropll, l3ehHHOM H3AY>((CIIO[' 06AIIKa, C 110-
AYKPY)KHO OOAHKOBaHHM npO'-le,'bCM y KOMe jc cCAcO HrYMaH 1<.30
AOiVlanHl-i. HajAcrrwH rrpHMep je Tpne3apHja y XHAaHAapy, KOjy jc
KacHHje OCAHKao feoprHje MHTpo<paHOBHh (1622) .18 "Y:eCTO je HC-
npcA OBHX caAa nOAH3aH 3acBcAEH Tpe.\1, na oH Y'KpaLUcH eppe:'::'Ka\1il.
HHje HaM 3aAaTaK Aa ce Ha OBOM .l'deCTY n03a6anHMO H nOKpeT-
HUM HHBeHTapOM KOjHM cy 6HAe onpeMibeHC Te npocTopHje. 0 TOMC
cy Bdi 06jaBibeHH MHorH paAOBH Kao pe3YATaTH HCTpa)KHBaI-ha no-
jeAiHHHX HCTOpH'lapa YMeTHOCTH, eTHOAora H ApyrHx CTpyqI-baKa.
CTora caMO Y3rpeA YKa3yjeMo Ha cpeAlbOBCKOBHe 36HpKe Koj.H1Vra
paCnOAa)Ky HalllH nojeAHHH MY3ejH H MaHaCTHpCKC pH3HHl[C (XH-
AaHAap, CTYAeHHQa, Ae'laHH, Dch, BaH,a),19 na H AHKOBHH npHKa3H
Ha <ppeCKaMa YKOAI1KO AonYI-bvjy CAHKY rOUlnCl-ba, MaKap 1'0 npH-
naAaAo H BepcKHM TCJVlaMa Be3aHHM 3a )KHBOT Hcyca XpHCTa KOjH
ce, HapaBHo, oABHjao 3HaTHO paHujc H y APyroj CpeAHHI1. TaKO Ha
npHMep Ha rr03HaToj KOM1103HI\HjH Cead6a y !{mILL H3 KaAeHHna
16 XU,1W1CtPCI,U nUl/li, [GCIOW CQue, npeBeo /1.. MIIPKOBI\, fO
c
\I1JJ.llbaE,
XLIV. EeOrpdr \ 1935, 39.
17 M. PaAaJ-l-JoBHlI, CcyeliLll/a, XII. EeorpaA 199, O-J U.
A EorAaHoBHn, B. I3YPlfn Il A Me,\aJWBHh, Xu,1alap, Eeorpa \ 1918,
154-162.
r
19 M. lllaKT3, Mwwc C./PCI\C PU3/'ULlV, TYPHCTIILIKa Ecorp:1 \
1966.
r
364
A CT. fIaBAOBHn
(OKO 1413 )20 rrpHMenyjeMo 60raTO nOCTaBibeHY Tpne3Y ca ll1apeHHM
CTOAlhaKOM II Be3eHHM y6pYCHMa, ca 'lliHHjaMa neqef-ba H Bona, HO-
)KeBHMa II Kall1HKaMa, nexapHMa, 60KaAHMa H BeAHKHM I3pqeBHMa
1I3 KOjHX rrocAyra nOCAY)Kyje nHfie. CMI4aH nplI30p je AaT H Ha 31I-
AOBIIMa MaHaclIje (1418), rAe ce "rrojaBibYjy caBpeMeHIII..\1I Kao TY-
MaqH jeBaHoeibcKlIx TeKcToBa". KaKO npHMefiyje BojlIcAaB BYPlIn,
"CAlIKa nocl'aje CBe4aHa npeACTaI3a H3 caBpeMeHor )KHBOTa"; 1'0 je
"peaAHa CAHKa OHOBpeMeHor ApYll1TBa 03HaqeHa II rrpeHOll1ef-beM
1I3rAeAa HaMell1Taja OTMeHHX Kyna II jeAlIMa H3HeceHHM Ha CTO-
AOBe".21 na II npe Tora, Ha rrpeACTaI3aMa Pohel-be Eozopou/1e (AplI-
!ne 1296), Xpucmc uctlelbyje pa3O/le/lOl (PasaHHI..\a 1385-87),
HAll Ha CI..\eHaMa H3 I..\HKAyca 0 CB. HHKOAH (PaMana, Kpaj XV BeKa),
H3fAeA rrOCTeibe c 6eMfM jacTVKoM !Ha Y3rAaJBL'DY H AO-
ff,OM nOCTehiHHOM HCTe 6oje, C AparrepHjoM H rrpeKpH'Ba4eM y
Ha rrYTeBHMa y CpeAf-bOBeKoBHoj Cp6HjH, KapaBaHH cy HonH-
BaAH H nOA ll1aTOpHMa HAH "Ha CTaHOBHMa" rAe je 6pHry rrpeY3H-
Mao "CTaH>aHHH". IIpeMa CaqysaHoj TpaAHI..\Hj'lI, Me:CTO Ha Koje 6rr
"rra'O"KapaBaH Ha npelHOnHll1Te 3BaA' ce naa.ilWU7'e. faBpo III<.pH-
BaHHn 6eAe>KH Aa cy "naAaAHlllTa 6HAa rrOKpHBeHa, Aa 6H ce 3all1-
THTHAH ibYAH, CTOKa H TOBap OA rraAaBHHa yorrUlTe. Ty 6H ce KOH>H
XpaHHAH, nojHAH, nOKpHBaAH, ypeoHBaAH TOBapH HTA..." 0130 HMe
HHje CaqYBaHO y HaWHM rrilfcaHHM H3BopHMa, aAH je ca4YBaH Ha
3eMibHlltrHMa, y Ha3HBHMa ceAa, AY/!( npaBaI..\a CTapHX rrYTeI3a, Ha
npHMep AOKaAHTeT IIaAai\.HlIlTe 3arraAHO OA AeCnOTOI3I..\a, Ha peI..\H
PecaBH.
2
;j To cy 6HAa H HajrrpHMHTHBHllja rrpHxBanlAHUlTa 3a nYT-
HHKe Koja cy 3a6eAe>KeHa y HaUloj AHTepaTypH.
KacHHje, 3a BpeMe TypaK,a, y06H4ajeHe spere yrOCTH'reibCKHx
3Aaf-ba 6HAH cy KapaBaH-capajH IH xaHOBH. 3Ha ce 3a J-ore MexaHe,
KacPaHe, aII.J;'lHHHI..\e, fieBanUHHHI..\e, 6ypeKUHHHI..\e, 603aUHHHqe, MY-
cacPHpxaHe, MeH3YAaHe, rra H 3a pa3He AHBaHxaHe H qapAaKe. TYMa-
lIef-ba 3a 'CBe ()iBe H3pa3e - Ben,wHo'M TypoKlor, apanClwr IHiA'H rrepcHj-
CKor rropeKAa - nocToje He caMo y Hero 'CBojeBpeMeHO
H KOA rrojeAHHHx nYTonHCaI..\a. HeocrropHo je Hajrr03HaTHjH Meoy
lhHMa 6HO EBAHja l.leAe61I KOjH je rrpHTIaAaO XVII BeKy,N He Y3H-
MajynlH OBOM npHAHKOM y 063Hp rr03HHje rrHCI..\e H HayqHHKe H3
XIX BeKa II Hawer BpeMeHa. IIOA Hla3HI30M Kapa6aH-capaj rroApa3Y-
MeBa ce "rOCTHOHHI..\a ca npeHOnHll1TeM 3a KapaBaHcKe rrYTHHKe H
BeAlIKHM YTBpoeHHM ABopHwTeM H 3rpaAaMa 3a cMewTaj f-bHXOBHX
KOf-ba H p06e".2G He Tpe6a 3a60paBHTH Aa cy "KapaBaHll" npeAcTaB-
20 B. nypHli, BU3atiHljCKC ([JpCCKC y JYlOC.1WJUju, "Jvroc.\aBHja" bCO-
rpaA 1974, 101, 103, XXXVIII.
21 B. D\'pHn, l-laB. oe/IO, 100.
22 licra, 45, 93, 102.
23 r. IlIKpHBaHHh, Tlyrceu y cpe1waclw61lOj Cp6uju, TVPllCIW-!Ka
EeorpaA 1974, 28.
24 E. LIeAe6H, flyronuc, O;WMlrU 0 jyzoC/lOaCliCK1Llt 3eAlib(UW, "Bcce,\wl
Maci\ewa", CapajeBo 1970.
25 Pe'tHUlC Manure cpnCl, IXj266,
HeKaAaWl-ba rocTHHcKa 3Aal-ba y Cp6UjH
365
ibaAH "rrOBOpKe TOBapHIHX H jaxanHx )KHBOTHI-ba (KO&a, KaMHAa H
CA.) HAH KOAa ca rrYTHHU;HMa (06HlIHO TprOBU;HMa) H p060M". EHO
je TO "HH3 TOBapHHX H jaxanHx KOI-ba H 3arrpera Kao caopanajHo
cpeACTBO", KaKO je 3a6eAe)KeHO Ha MHoro MeCTa.
2G
KapaBaH-capajH
cy CBpanllllTa BenHX pa3Mepa, OAMopHlUTa 3a KapaBaHe Ha APYMO-
FoHMa H y HaCeA>HMa: "V fbHMa ce lIecTO BplllHAa H pa3MeHa A06a-
pa".27 CTora ce CA060AHO MOry CMaTpanI 3a rrpeTelIe AaHaIllI-bHX
BenHX XOTeAa H MOTeAa, KOA KOjHX je 3arrpera 3aMefbeHa MOTOpHHM
B03HAHMa, a ABopHIllTa H 3rpaAe 3a cMeIllTaj KOfba H p06e 3aMeHH-
Aa cy rrapKHpaAHIllT,a H rapa>Ke.
AaHac y Cp6Hj!H HeMa BHlue TaKBHX 06jeKaTa. MenYTHM, y CKO-
rribY je calIYBaH KypmYMAH-xaH (XVI BeK); MaAa He HOCH Ha3HB
"KapaBaH-capaja", OH HMa CBe I-berOBe OAAHKe. HCHlHa, BHLIJe ce He
KOpliCTH y rrpB06HTHoj HaMeHH jep je rrpeTBopeH y MY3ej ca AarrH-
AapHjYMOM, aAH je 3aAp)KaO apXHTeKTOHCKe 06AHKe KOjH jow YBeK
jacHo YKa3yjy Ha OOHOBHe OAAHKe yrOC'f1HTeA>CKOr 3Aafba OBor
THrra.
28
3a pa3AHKY OA KyprnyMAH-xaHa, MopHna xaH y CapajeBY
(rpaneH rrOCAe 1697) KOjH je HeAaBHO pecTaypHcaH rrOCAe rro)Kapa,
3aAp)KaO je yroCnfTeA>CKO 06eAe)Kje. PelI je 0 rrOCAeAfbeM calIyBa-
HOM npe,AiCT'aI3JHHlKY Ta'K01B3IHHX KarpaBa:H-Capa.ja y BOOHH IH Xepu;e-
rOBHHH, KOjH je cBojeBpeMeHO npHMao rro 300 rryTHHKa H OKO 70
KOI-ba.
29
EBAHja lIeAe6H orrHcyje COKoAoBlHneB KapaBaH-capaj y Eeo-
rpaAY, Hajrr03HaTHjH OA meCT KOAHKO HX je y APyroj rrOAOBHHH
XVII BeK'3 6HAO y rpaAY: "To je KapaBaHcapaj ca we3AeceT rrpoc-
TopHja, Ha crrpaTY H y rrpH3eMA>Y, ca ouaU;HMa, OrI-bHIllTHMa, CTaja-
Ma 3a KaMHAe, ca KOI-bYI.llHHu;aMa H ABOpHlI.l11HMa, a ca3HAaH je OA
TBpAor MaTepHjaAa Kao TBpnaBa".30 rpaneH je rrOlIeTKOM OCMe Ae-
u;eHH:je XVI BeKa y AaHaIllfboj YAHu;H u;apa AYIllaHa, Ha AYHaBY. To
je n03HaTa IIHpHHlIaHa Koja je AOBpIlleHa TOKOM AeBeTe Aeu;eHHjH
XIX BeKa, rrpHAHKoM perYAaU;Hje YAHu;e.
n
AKO y EeoI'paAY BHIlle He rrocTojH MorynHocT Aa ce BHAH 06je-
:KeaT OBe BpcTe, MaTepHjaAHH OCTaU;H jeAHor APyror KapaBaH-capaja
y Cp6HjH H AaHac rrpKoce BpeMeHY. HaAa3H ce y PaMY Ha AYHaBY,
a 3a6eAe)KH0 ra je AAeKcaHAap AepOKO. JY)KHO OA rpaAa, lIHja YT-
BpneI-ba y AaHaIllI-beM 06AHKY rrOTHlIY BepOBaTHo H3 TypCKor Bpe-
MeHa (npaA XapaM cYATaHa Eaja3HTa II, 1480-1512), 3aAp)l{30 ce
rrpocTpaH npaBoyraoHH rrpocrop BeAHlIHHe 47,5 X 24 m, orracaH ja-
2(; E. LIei\eUH, ,-wa. ello, KOMelHapH X. llIa6aHoBHna, 635.
21 PeL/I-lUlC Marwle c p n l ~ e IXj266.
28 H. 3ApaBKOBHn, H360p zpuhe 3a npoY
L
taea1be CllO,lteHUlca UCJ!CUoICKe
apxuTelCrype y lYWCllaauju, JyrOCi\OBeHCKH HHCTHTYT 3a 3aWTHTY cnOMeHHKa
KYi\Type, EeorpaA 1964, 82.
29 Emlu/CIlOl1eujc/Co-rypucrU'1Ku eouLI, 51law Ha nyreBuMa lywcllaBu-
Je, "JyrOCi\aBuja ny6Al-u(", EeorpaA 1983, 317.
30 E. LIeAe6H, lWB. ello, 88.
31 A. J3YPHI.-3aMoAO, Eeozpa IWO opujeHTUJ1Ha eapOUl l10 TYPlllwa
(1521-1867), MY3ej rpaAa EeorpaM, Eeorpa;:>. 1977, 82.
366
A. CT. IIaBAoBHh
[mM KaMeHHM 3HAOM, Ae6ibHHe OKO 1,20 m, Ha KOMe ce YOllaBajy
MHore nywKapHHqe. Ha jY){Oj CTpal-lli je nOAI1tHYTa HOBHja L\pKBa
KOjOj nOMeHYTH KaMeHlI 3HAOBH OKPY)Kyjy nopTY. fAaBHH nplIAa3
Kapa'BaIH-capa,j'y je ca H,e!'Q;Be 3anaAI-Ie, mupe CTpa'l-!e, r,tle je Ha
BeAHKa KanlIja, a ca cynpoTHe, IICTallHe CTpaHe je YAa3
MaIbllX pa3Mepa. CnOlba ce Ha3Hpy OCTaL\M TpeMa, MO)KAa II npo-
AaBHIIL\e. Ha OCHOBY oTBopa 3a nywKapHliue (Ma3raAe) II OCTaTaKa
orIbIIWTa ca or,raL\HMa npernocraBiba ce Aa cy ce AY)K yaYTp'allll-bllX
cTpaHa 3lIAOBa HH3aAe npocToplije (24 Ha 6pojy), BepoBaTHo c06e
TprOBL\e H J-bHXOBY p06y: HcnpeA co6a 6H Tpe6aAo Aa ce npoc-
THpao 3ajeAHlillKH TpeM Ha cTy60BlIMa H OTBopeHO ABOpHlIITe no
cpeARHH. IIlTaAe 3a KapaBaHCKe KOIbe MOrAe cy 3aY3HManI npOCTOp
HCTOllHO 0,11 3uAHHa YKOAHKO OBa 3rpaAa HHje 6HAa ABocnpaTHa, na
cy ce KOIbywHHqe HaAa3HAe nOA c06aMa. Ha OCHOBY OBHX HaAa3a,
AepoKo 3aKibYllyje Aa je 06jeKaT "cBaKaKO H3 BpeMeHa H3 Kora je
H caM rpaA, jep je HallHH 3HAaI-ba Ha 06e rpaneBHHe HCTH... Euo
je y fberOBOM nOAfpany, a ClirypHOCTH paAH H caM YTBpneH".:32 rro
CBeMY CYAenH, apxeOAOWKa liCTpa)lmBalha 6H MorAa npY)KHTli HO-
Be nOAaTKe Ha OCHOBY KOjHX 6H, 6ap y upTe)KY, 6HAa peKOHCTpYH-
caHa OBa OAeibeI-ba, HajBepoBaTHHje HcnperpanHBaHa y 60HAPYKY.
KOjJI HCTpa)Kyjy TBpnaBY PaM H WTHTe je OA Aaiber
nponaAaIba He 6H Trpe6aAO Aa 3aHeMape oBaj npocTop. rrpHKa3
L\eAOr KOMnAeKca HMao 6H 3Hallaj 3a pa3Boj TypH3Ma Ha AYHaBY.
HanopeAo C KapaBaHl-lMa, y HaWHM KpajeBliMa cy ce jaBHAH
H xaH06u, H TO y 3HaTHo BeneM 6pojy, nOAHrHYTH y HaCei'oHMa
HAH AY)K ApYMoBa. Y AHTepaTYpm:, na H y pellHHUHMa, KapaBaH-ca-
paj H xaH cy yrAaBHoM CHHOHHMH li TYlvlalle ce Ha CAHllaH Ha"IHH
IIOWTO je pell 0 yrocTHTeibCKHM 06jeKTHMa 3a cMeutTlaj nYTHHKa,
I-bHXOBH.'( 3anpera H TOBapa. AHBHa nypHn-3aMOAO je pa3MaTpaAa
OBO nHTaI-be, oCBpnynH ce Ha l\WA,eI-be nojeAHHHx CTpY"Il1>aKa. li
OHa ce yrAaBHoM CAa)Ke ca H3HeTHM rAeAHWTHMa, Y3 HanOMeHY Aa
6H KapaBaH-capajH 6HAH "MOHYMeHTaAHHje rpaneBHHe 0,11 xaHOBa,
nOAll3aHe Y BpeMe HajBene MOtlH TypaKa", H HarAaCHAa Aa je "Ka-
paBaHcapaj y OCMaHAHjCI<oj TYPCKoj cTapHju H3pa3 0,11 xaHa". Ka-
paBaH-capajn ce nOM:HI-bY H y HalUHM KpajeBHM<l y XVI H XVII
BeKY, AOI< je AouHHje CTao y ynoTpe6H caMO Ha3HB "xaH".3:l CTora
ce ,K/OAHaC nojaM "xaH" (pey: nepcHjoKo,r nopeKAa) 3aAp)Kao 'H /Kac-
Hlije y CA060neHoj Cp6HjH y npBoj nOAOBHHH XIX BeKa, KaA cY
OBY BPCTY "APYMCKHX Kpl.J:MH, MexaHa, rOCTHOHHua, KOHal.J:HWTa"34
nOAll3aAH H HamH ibYMi .cy ConOTY, KocjepHny H ApyrnM MeCTH-
Ma). MenYTHM, 3a pa3AHKY OA KapaBaH-capaja, yrAaBHoM rpaneHHx
113 BaKy<pa "TaKo Aa je cMewTaj nYTHHKa, KOI-ba, npTlbara li pa6e
6HO 6ecnAaTaH a 60paBaK KpaTKoTpajaH", y xaHaBHMa ce MOpa1\O
:12 A. AepoKo, Cpe/b06elC06Hu yr6plJeT1U lCapa6aHcepaj y Pa.MY, CTapn-
Hap, II, EeorpaA 1951, 150.
33 A. 5ypnn-3aM01\O, 1-la6. eJ1o, 81.
34 PeC1HWC Manure cpnclCe, VI/711.
rOCTlII-lCKa 3Aalha y CponjH
:i67
nAanaTil jep CY BaKyqHI BpeMeHOM OCl-DpOMaWHAH, na cy xaHone no-
;:lIBaAH il CAWi'I-lO 'Kao y KapaBaH-capajI{\Ma, HIH y \v1d-
BaCTHpHMa J-IHCY HanAanHBaHe YCAyre rOCTY H ApyrHM nynWL\HMa.
AaHallll-ba BapOllIHL\a BAaAHYHH XaH y rpAeAHYKoj KAHCypH
pa3nHAa ce Ha MeCTY Ha KOMe je npaI-bCKH enHCKon IlajoHje nOAH-
rao xaH OKO 1860-70. rO\AlUHe. Tora xaHa BHwe ,HeMa. OCTaAIQ je ca-
-"10 liMe iHacelbY 'Ka:o ycrro.vle'Ha Ha BpeMe KaA je, iKa'KO je TO 3amI-
caHO Ha jeAHoM MeCTY, "nopeA Tora AeAa Mopane noyeo Aa CTPyjH
HOBH )KHBOT, KaAa ce y OBOj KAHCypH jaBHo HHTeH3HBHHjH ca06pa-
naj ca nYTHHL\HMa, CTOKOM iH B03HAHMa KojHMa cy 6l-lAe nOTpe6He
YCAyre li 3aWTHTe no xaHoBHMa".36 OA 6POjHHX X3HOBa Koje cy Typ-
L\H nOAH3aAH WvrpOM Cp6nje Cal.JynaHO je jeABa HeKOAHKO. OA 45
KOAHKO HX je 3a6eAe)KeHO caMO y BeorpaAY, 6HAO Aa cy ce30HCI
(60ibH cMewTaj y CBPXY OAMopa), APYMCKH (jeAHOCTaBH'Hj'H aAli
06e36eneHHjil), l-lAH TprOBat.IKH (y cKAony 0AeA,eJ-ba sa TprOBaYKe
H 3aHaTCKe YCAyre y BapOWHMa H BapOWHL\aMa) - BHwe He noc-
TOjH HHjeA3H.:Ji Tpa)IMO HX yrAaBHoM y KpajeBHMa npeTe)I<HO HC-
A3JMI<enepOHonOBeCTH HAB aAOa'HCKe HapOAH'OICTiH. 360r Tora H\(
je HajBHwe OCTaAO Ha KOCOBY, na H y CaHl,IaKY, He paYYHajynH xa-
'\lone Hi\!H JI KapalBliH-capaje y BCKIHiH H XepL\erC'3IHHH,
AeAHMHYHO y U;pHOj rOpli, 0 qeMY 6H Hac pa3MaTpaI-ba Ha OBOM
MeCTY OABeA'a HCYBHlue AaAeI<.
AM.up-aUlIi Xali y H080Jvl lla3apy je 'HeOODJOijYHO iHajBpeAHiHjH O-
jeKaT OBe BpCTe Ha TepiHTOplijH y)Ke Cp6Hje; nporr\aweH je 3a He-
nOKpeTHo KYATypHO A06po BeAHKor 3Hat.Iaja. Y HOBOM Ila3apy, TOj
3HayajHoj paCKpCHHL\H MHorllX nYTeBa KOjH cy I<:p03 L\eo CpeAI-bH
BeK aAH H KiacHHje Be3HnaAH npHMopje ca YHYTpaWif-bOwny 3elvlLbe,
nOAH33HO je BHwe xaHoBa, na iH jeAaH Kapan3H-capaj (Hca-6er Hca-
KOBHn, XV).38 OI1HcyjynH "wexep", E. qeAe6H 6eAex A3 "H xa-
HOBa HMa MHoro" 3ajeAHo C KacPaHOM.:;9 OA YeTHpH nrpeocTaAa, AMHp-
-afHH 3acAY)Kyje HajBeny na)KI-hY: rpaneH je HerAe H3Meny XVII
H XVIII BeKa, Ha pacKpru,ny y caMOM je3rpy HaCeA,a. Ilo OCHOBHOj
KOHL\eIlL\HjH HMa npeTe)KHO npaBHAHY, IH3AyX<eHO npaBoyraOHY OC-
HOBY, HeWTO 3aKoweHY Ha yrAY H y KPHAY npeMa 60YHoj YAHL\H,
lUTO je YCAoBibeHo HacAeneJ-!B,M yp6aHHM pacrepOM Haceiba. TaKBa
AHCn03HIJ;Hja Maca je HarAaweHa epKepoM y AeAY cnpaTa npeMa TOj
YAHL\H, nOA 3ajeAHHYKHM npoc.rpaHHM KpOBOM ca WHpOKOM CTpe-
.'COM. 3aHHMA,HBO je apX'HTeKTOIHOKO peweJ-he Koje ce IHe DO,
ABpraYTIi y06Ht.IajeHIIM cxeMaMa yrocTHTeibCKHX 3AaI-ba oplIjeHTaA-
HOl" THTIa. Y npH3eMA,y cy KacPaHa H neKapa C nOMonHHM npOCTOpH-
jaMa H HlI3 AynaHa C npHpYYH'IiM 3aHaTCKHM paAHOH1fl.J;aMa I<jH cy
OKpeHYllH npeMa YAHL\H. Ca YHYTpaWJ-he CTpaHe je npH3eMaH npoc-
il:; A .6ypnn-3aMoAO, fla6. e.1o, 81, 90.
:l" Mera, 90-101.
il? A. TpajKoDllh, fout 0 XUHOGUMa fpelUlLlKe IUlucype, AeCKOBaYKH
36oPHHK, XI, AeCKoBau 1971, 167.
38 B. BYYKOBuh, A/vlup-azuH xaH, PaLUl,a 6awHlHa, 2, KpatoeBO 1981, 322.
:19 E. l..JeAe6H, ILaB. ello, 266.
368
A. CT. llaBAOBHh
TOp ca cTajaMa 3a cMewTaj KHpHUHjCKHX KOH:.a, Ma3rH, a BepOBaTHO
H KaMHAa. IJ;eo rrpOCTOp je 3aWTHneH 3aMaWHOM APBeHOM KpOBHOM
'-IHje pacrrOHe rrpHxBaTajy rrpaBHAHO pacrropeneHH
HH30BH APBeHHX cry6oBa. XaH je rpaneH AeAHMM'O y KaM:eHY H
AeAHMHYHO y 60HAPYKY, ca BHAHO H3,pa)KeHHM ApBeHHM KOHCTPYK-
KaKO je TO Ben 6HAO yo6HyajeHo KOA rpaneBHHa Koje cy
rrOAH3aHe 3a BpeMe TypaKa. I10cAe Aymx H yrropHHx 6op6H ca yp-
6aHIMCTHMa H OCTaAHM KOMYHaAHHM opraHHMa y rpaAY, CAY>K6a
3aWTHTe crrOMeHHKa KYAType ycrreAa je Aa CaYYBa o6jeKaT, rra cy
Ha H>eMy HeAaBHO rrpeAY3eTH orrce>KHH 3awTHTHH paAOBH. 06aBibe-
He cy H OApeneHe HHTepBeHIJ,Hje Aa 6H ce xaH ycnewHo rrpHAarOAHO
caBpeMeHHM rroTpe6aMa, rrpH yeMY je 3aAJp)KaHO H:.erOBO OCHOBHO
yrocTHTeibCKO lM 3aHaTCKO-llprOBaYKO 06eAe)Kje.
40
MenYTHM, 3a )KaibeH:.e je lIITO rrpojeKTaHTH HOBar XOTeAa "Bp6aK"
y HerrocpeAHOM cyceACTBY xaHa, y Te)KH:.H Aa OBOM HHaye BeOMa
yroAHoM xOTeAY rrpY>Ke H opHjeHTaAHH H3rAeA, HHCY HaWAH 3a
CXOAHO Aa ce 6ap y HeyeM HHcnHpHWY apXHTeKTYPOM Tora xaHa,
Hero cy Tpa)KHAH yrAeAe H3 AaAeKor, HaMa HrraK CTpaHor aparrCKor
CBeTa!
no CBOj rrpHAHIJ,H je H ApCeHa/l y HUUllCOj T6pha6u, KOjH je y
rrOCAeAH:.e BpeMe rrpeypeneH 3a H3AO>K6eHH npOCTOp, cBojeBpeMeHO
6HO xaH. COiHAa>KHa apxeOAOIIlKa HCTpa>KHBaH:.a BpweHa rrpHAHKOM
rrpeypeneH>a rrOKa3aAa cy Aa je oBaj rrpaBoymoHH rrpOCTOp 3aMalll-
HHjHX pa3Mepa, MaCIHBHO rpaneH y KaMeHY C BeAHKOM 3acBeAeHoM
KalmjoM y OCOBHHH wHrpe Cl'paHe, rro cpeAHHH 6rro OTKpHBeH H KaA-
ApMHcaH C HH30M CTy60Ba YHaOKOAO. lba H:.HX cy ce y HelliTO CHH-
>KeHOM rrpH3eMHOM rrojacy MopaAe HH3aTH rrperpaAe 3a KOH:.yum'lllJ,e
H ouaKAHja 3a KyxmbY, HaA KojHMa cy ce Ha crrpary BepOBaTHO
penaAe co6e Kao KOHaYHWTe HaMeI-beHO rrYTHHIJ,HMa.
41
OCHOBHHM
06AHKOM, MaAa y HeWTO CBeAeHHM pa3MepaMa, xaH rrOAcena Ha Ka-
paBaH-capaj y PaMY. I10AO)f<aj xaHa y TBpnaBH H HaYHH 3HAaH>a
yrrynyjy Ha rrpBY rroAOBHHY XVI CToAena, KaA je rrOAH3aHa uaMHja
y HerrocpeAHOM CyceACTBY. YOCTaAOM, rOTOBO BeK il rro KacHilje
KaA je rrpOAa3HO Kp03 RHIlI, H qeAe6H je 3a6eAe)KHO Aa je "rpaA-
CKa TBpnaBa canpaneHa y KaMeHY, ycpeA wexepa Kao KaKaB xa-
MaM".42 TBpnaBa je y lJ,eAHHH YBpWTeHa y HerrOKpeTHa KYATypHa
Ao6pa BeAliKor 3Hayaja.
XaH 3HaTHO j\'IaH>I1X pa3Mepa H CKpoMHHjer H3rAeAa CaYYBaH je
y KipeMHH, Ha rroAPyYjy THToBor EHO je BAaCHHlllTBO He-
Kor TypYHHa, OA Kora cy ra KyntHAH MO/oKoBHnH 1830. rOAHHe rro
AOCeibeH:.Y H3 XeplJ,erOBHHe, rra je CTora H AaHac rr03HaT rrOA HMeHOM
MU/blC06Una XQIl; jOlfl VBel{ je BAaOHHWTBO rrOTOMl'Ka 'llCTe rropo-
fpaneH je KpajeM XVIII BeKa, a rro JOBaHY IJ;Blijnny rrpllTIa-
Aa THITy Kyna. RaA KaMeHOM Mara30M, C rryrnKap-
40 KOH3epBaTOp Ii npojeKTaHT apx. J. HeWKOBHn, ca CapaAHHl.\HMa, 1975.
4l 3a rro"WTKe AyryjeM 3aXBaAHOCT apx. M. KOjlf je Y'IeCTBO-
Dao y HCTpa)KlfBali>HMa.
42 E. Qei\.e6H, Hae. ello, 62.
-------------
HeKaAaWt-ba rOCTHHCKa 3Aalba y Cp6HjH
369
HHl.\aMa y HH>I<eM AeAY 3rpaAe, nOAHrHYTO je y yaTMH BHCOKO npH-
3eM!x>e. AY)K;H XOAHHK no CpeAHHH, ca H3ABojeHHM l.lapAaKOM KOjH
HMa HcnYCT npeMa AOfbOj CTpaHH, AeAH xaH Ha ABe jeAHaKe nOAO-
BHHe - CBaKY ca no YeTHpH MaI-ba OAe!x>efba 3a HOnehe cHa6AeBe'Ha
OI,laKAHjaMa Koje cY AO)KeHe H3 xOAHHKa. Kao cnOMeHHK HapOAHor
rpaAHTelocTBa BeAHKor 3Hayaja, MOIoKOBHna xall je npe HeKOAHKO
rO;.\.HHa KOHCOAHAOBaH H peCTaypHpaH ..j;J
ITOA Ha3'HBOM xaH npeocTaAO je H KOH3epBHpaHO jow HeKOAH-
KO CnOMeI-IHKa y Cp6HjH KOjH YI'AaBHOM npHnaAajy npBoj nOAOBI1RH
XIX BeKa H HHCY HX rpaAHAH TYPl.\H. To cy y CTBapH MexaHe y KO-
jHMa ce MorAo npeHonHTH, na cY C 063HpOM Ha TpaAHl.\Hjy HaCAe-
beJl-ry OA TypaKa 3aAp)l<aAe Mt.vle xaiH. OA H:mX je XaI-l y Cono-ry (Koc-
Maj) BepoBaTHo HajcTapHjH H HajBenH. ITporAaweH je 3a HenOKpeT-
HO KYATypHO A06po BeAHKor 3Hayaja. ITOAHrHYT je OKO 1838. 3a
nYTHHKe KOjH cy ce KpeTaAH H3Meny 13eonpaAa H KparyjeBl.\a. OKO
fbera ce TeK AOl.\HHje pa3BHAO Haceloe ConOT y nOAHO)Kjy KocMaja.
HaA KaMeHHM nOApYMOM H AOhHM TpeMOM rAe je 6HO cMewTaj 3a
KOfbe npocTRpao ce cnpaT rpa!3eH y 60HAPYKY, C npOCTpaHHM AP-
BeHHM TpeMoM no l.\eAoj WHpOj cTpaHH 3rpaAe. Y cTaM6eH01 nOAO-
BHHoH je 60paBHO I<acl?eI,lHja H H3AaBao TpH c06e 3a npeHOnHWTe.
TaKBo CTafbe ce 3aAp>I(aAO CBe AO neAeceTHx rO;.\.HHa XX BeKa, KaA
cy npeAY3eni npBIi paAOBH Ha pecTaypal.\HjH C HaMepOM Aa ce xaHY
y HOBHM YCAOBHMa BpaTH npBo6HTHa YAora - OBor nYTa 3a no-
l1pe6e TypH3Ma.
H
13HAa je TO yjeAHo H jeAHa OA npBHX CTPYYHO H3-
BeAeHHX 3awTHTHHX HHTepBeHl.\Hja Ha cnOMeHHKY HapOAHor rpa-
AHTeloCTBa y Cp6HjH. MenYTHM, 06jeKaT je nOHOBO onYCTeo Ben
nOCAe HeKOi\tl1KO rOAHI-Ia, norOM H OPOHYO, TaKO Aa 3aXTeBa HOBe
onpaBKe Y3 HY>Ie aAanTal.\Hje.
Xa/-L y KoCjepllny (BaloeBO) je HeWTO MafbHX p3.3Mepa, aAH
CAHl.lHe KOHl.\enl.\Hje; MAanH je H npHnaAa cpeAHHH XIX BeKa. ITOT-
nYHo je CHMeTpHYaH, C ApBeHHM TpeMoM no l.\eAoj wHpOj cTpaHH
3rpaAe, oKpeHYT YAHl.\H. ITpocTOpHjH 3a MexaHY, ca orfbHlllTeM y
AI-I'Y, rrpH'C"Pyrm ce i\eI-fTpaAIHO nO'CTaBA>e'HoHM ABoC'rpY'KH'M CTeneIj-\H'l11-
TeMH YAa3'OM rrpeKo Tpe2\1a. C je,AJHe C:TpaHe cY KyxH'fba H 'MeXlIHUH-
jHH CTaH, ca APyre cY c06e 3a npeHOnHWTe, a nOAPYM ce HaAa3Ii
ca,vlO n'OA jeLliHoH!M AeAOM 3rpaAe. OBaJJ<lBa COAH\AJH1H'je rpaneHa nYT-
HHYKa cBpaTHlllTa 6HAa cY THnHYHa 3a Cp6Hjy Tora BpeMeHa. Ben
OPOHYO, xaH je npe ABaAeceTaK rOAHHa TeMeloHHje 06HoB!x>eH;45 H3-
MeHHO je npB06IITHY HaMeHY, na je AaHac y APywTBeHoj ynoTpe6H.
Xal-l llai-tTuna y fop/-boj Palbu (ConoT) Ta'KOne je cHMeTpHl.JHOr
P. TIaBHnemIl'i-TIonoBHn H M. AO:"Ia3el', MO/blcol3uha xml y I<peJH/-/u,
PawKa 6alllTHHa, 2, KpaJ'oeBo 1981, 349.
44 H. 3ApaBKoBHh H A. TIaBAoBHn, KO/-/3ep6aropcKo-peC'cayparopclCU
pa06U Ha C'fapO"H xaHY y Conory Kpaj 6eozpaa, 360pHHK 3aWTHTe CnOMeI-IH-
Ka KYi\Type, IV-V, EeorpaA 1955, 253.
45 P. HHKoAHn H A. TIaBABHn, XaH y Kocjepuhy, KYi\TYPHO liaCi\elJe
Cp6Hje, 3aUlTIHa li ypel1erbe 1947-1982, fai\epHja CAHY, 40, EeorpaA 1982,
100.
370
A CT. IIaBAoBHn
1'1maH3 npHOAIDKHO HCrOr BpeMeHa KaOH oHa1j y KocjepHny. Dpa-
neH je y 60HAPYKY, a HMa APBeHH TpeM caMO Ha cpeAHHH, npeA
MexaHCKOM caAOM. CAH'laH je H XaH Paoocae/beeuna y AOlbOj Pa-
/bU; ApBeHH TpeM HMa ceAaM AYKOBa no lleAoj lllHpHHH 3rpaAe. 06a
xaHa y PaJb.H He KopHCTe ce BHme Kao MexaHe Hero cy nOCAOBHO-
-cTaM6eHe npocTopHje, YHMe je BpeAHOCT OBHX cnOMeHHKa 3HaTHO
YMaH>eHa.
46
06AHKOM H rpanOM H3ABajajy ce cAeAenH xaHOBH: Kywuna
xaH y Healbul1u C nOyeTKa XIX BeKa je THnHYHa CTapOBAalllKa
6pBHapa. IlOA CTpMHM KpOBOM KOjH je npeKpHBeH lllHHAPOM HaAa-
3e ce PiBa OAe,ueJ-ha (IKyna H c06a) H npeA lliH'Ma OJ1BOpeH AOiKcaT y
BHAY TpeMa - CBe OA 6pBaHa, OAHOCHO TaAllH, ca Ol,laKAHjoM no
cpeAHHH. HcnoA c06e je nOApYM 3HAaH y KaMeHY. BepOBaTHO je TO
6HAa rOCTHiHaKa Kyna y caoTalBY PiOManHIHCTBa, 0 yeMy je paJHJlfje
'Ben 6HAO 'PeYJH. Yp6atHlflCTJf'l'KJH pa3A'03H cy 3aXTeoB,aAH Aa ce o6jeKT
H3MeCTH y napK ycpeA HB'albHl\e, KaA je oBaj 3HayajaH cnOMeHHK
HapOA;HOr rpaAHTetoCTBa CTPYYHO KOH3epBHcaH H cnaceH OA npona-
CTH :H 3a50paBaY KoeaLtee xaH y BaibeBY npHlnaAa 3lJlllJ1aneHoj 'CTa-
poj 'lap.llJJ{jH n03HaToj nOA HMeHOM "TelllJ-hap". Kao npOCTopHO-HC-
TopujcKa lleAHHa, "TelllJ-hap" je YBplllTeH y Hama l-IenOKpeTHa KYA-
TypHa A06pa H3Y3eT'HOr XaH je nOAHrHYT y APyroj no-
AOBHHH XIX BeKa Kao MaCHBHO 3HAaHa 3rpaAa Ha cnpaT. Ilo HaMe-
HH ce Be3yje 3a Ben npOTeKAO TypCKO BpeMe, aAH ce no CTHACKHM
oco6eHOCTHMa Koje cy H3pa)KeHe Ha <pacaAaMa, 6e3 AOTAe y06Hya-
jeHor TpeMa, YrAeAa Ha HOBe CpeAJ-hOBeKOBHe Y30pe. Y npH3eMiUY
cy 6HAH CMelllTeHH Ka<paHa H AynaH C nOMonHHM npOCTopHMa, AOK
cy ce Ha cnpaTY HH3aAe c06e 3a npeHonHlllTe. To caAa HHje BHme
XaH, aAH je npaneBHHa 3aAp)KaAa cBoja OCHOBHa CBojcTBa, MaAa
HeCnpeJ1HO ocaBpeMeJ-heHa.
*
*
*
y oCAo60neHoj Cp6HjH je TOKOM l\eAOr XIX BeKa nOAH3aH BenH
6poj yrOCTHTeibCK'H'X 3;l:al-b'a, '[lJma Mexarw H lCaif;aHa, na H 6e36poj
3a Koje BYK HaBOAH Aa cy 6HAe "KyxapHl\e rAje ce Kyxa
jeAo".49 EHAe cy TO "HapoAHe KyjHe", CMelllTeHe H y noce6HIIM KY-
n'aMa y HaceibeHHM MeCTHMa, Ha paCKpCHHl\aMa nYTeBa HAH nOCTa-
jaMa AY)K ApYMOBa. Y BeOOHH cAyYajeBa je peq 0 rOCTHOIDfl\aMa
MalhllX pa3Mepa H CKpoMHHjer H3rAeAa, y KojHMa ce nYTHHK nopeA
YCAyre y xpaHH H Il'Hny Morao O:AMOpHTH, npeHonHTH, na 'Ji AY)Ke
3aAJp)KaTH. HHje HaM HaMepa Aa Ha OBOM MeCTY nOHaBtoaMO Ben
n03HaTe HaBOAe MHorHX Ham,HX H CTpaHHX nYTOOHCal\a H HCTpa-
46 yb eBH",eHLUfje 3aBoAa 3a 3aWHITY KYAType rpaAa
EeorpaAa.
47 P. IIaBAoBHn-IIorroBrl!. H M. AOMa3eT, Kywuna xali y HeafbLlltU, 350.
48 P. HHKOAHI. H A. IIaBAoBHn, CTapa Lwpwuja TeLUfbap y BaJbeey, 122.
49 BYKoa Pje'1HLllC, 9, 329.
HeK3AaWl-ba rOCTHHCKa 3Aal-ba V Cp611jl1
371
)KJ{Baya KOjH CY TOKOM npOTeKAor pa3AOOA>a npOAa3HAH HalliHIv[
icpajeJBHMa H OeAe)K'HNH onaKe lllT cy HX KaCIImje 00-
panHBaYH KOpUCTHAH y CBOjHM cTYAHjaMa. )l(e,ba HaM je Aa OBOM
npHA.HKOM CaMO 6aUHMO norAeA Ha MHore o6jeKTe OBe BpCTe KojlI
y Hac jOlll YBeK OAoAeBajy BpeMeHY, Aa HX pa3BpCTaMO Ha HeKli
HaLFHlH, Aa YKa)KeiM;O Ha craH,e y KOMe ce 'H'aAa3e, na H A,a nO'KiYllla:MO
Aa Kp03 OApeneHe npeAAore npOHaneMO H MorynHocT 3a H>HXOB Aa-
A>H onCTaHaK. JeAaH OA TaKBHX npeAAora je CBaKaKO H I-bHXOBO OA-
rOBapajyne YKA>yqel-be y caBpeMeHe TOKOBe Hamel' KYAT\'PHOr )KH-
BOTa y yeMY CBe BHllle AOAa3H AO H3pa3a TypI-i3aM Kao 3HayajHa
npHBpeAHa rpaHa. HajBen-HM AeAOM cy y nluaI-bY Ha-
pOAHor rpaAHTeIoCTBa. HaAAe)KHH 3aBOAl'l 3a 3aWnlTY cnOMeHHKa
KYAType cy eJ3!HAeHTHpaAH Kao HenOKpeTHa KYATYp'Ha Aoopa H CTa-
BHAH nOA 3aWTHTY OHe Koje cy CMaTpaAH 3a HajBpeAHHje 3a TepH-
TOpHjy Y)Ke Cp6Hje, Te Ha nojeAHHHMa npeAY3eAH H OApeneHe 3am-
THTHe ,H APyre IMepe y A:YXY OApeAaoa 3aKOHa;o 3alllTHTH iKYATYPiHHX
A06apa.
50
HeKe OA OB.HX BpeAHOCTH cy CTeKAe H noce6Ha npH3HaI-ba.
HaK<HaAHHM OAAYKcaMa CKYOlllTiHHe CP CpoHje YTIBpneHa cy "He-
nOKpeTHa KYATypHa Aoopa OA H3Y3eTHor H BeAHKor 3Hayaja",51
lllTO je H HarAallleHO y OBOM paAY.
y rroorrcy 3aBoAa 3a 3alllTJ-uy COOMeHHKa KYAType rpaAa Beo-
rpaAa HaAa3e ce cAeAene MexaHe H KaepaHe:
52
1. KaepaHa "KOA 3HaKa OHTal-ba" y BeorpaAY, y 3alllTHneHOM
oOAPyyjy K:ne3-MHxajAoBe U KocaHLIHl1eBor Ka'O He-
rroKpeTHux KYATYPHHX H3Y3eTHor H BeAHKor 3Hayaja. To je
HajcTapuja CaYYBaHa Kyna y rpaAY, OOAHrHYTa 1823. rrOCAe OCAOOO-
nel-ba OA TypaKa. Y npH3eMIoY je Kaepaua, WTO je OCTaAa AO AaHaC,
a Ha copaTY je CTaH. fpaneHa je y OOHAPYKY Ha HCTOYI-baYKM Ha-
L['UH, ca A'Ba epKepa HaA npH3eMA>eM.,,:1
2. CTapa KaepaHa y y BeloHHH, H3 CpeAl'lHe XIX BeKa.
y BHCOKOM oprr3eMIoY C ApBeHHM TpeMoM HaA KaMeHHM nOAPYMoM,
AaHac ce caMO cTaHyje.
3. CTapa MexaHa Ha TopAaKY, KYMoApa)K yrocTlI-
TeA>CKH 06jeKaT H3 n;pBe nOAoBHHe XIX BeKa. PeCTaypHcaH je c
APyrHM ApBeHHM TpeMoM ca AeBeT AYKoBa, na H Aaloe CAY)KH yro-
CTiI-ITeA>CTBY
4. Eel1apeBHla KaepaHa y C nOyeTKa XIX BeKa. Aal-Iac
je H3MeI-beHa y cTaM6eHo-yrocTHTeA>CKH 06jeKT.
50 CO\Y)K6emr rAaCHHK CP Cp6l1je, 3aKoH 0 3aWTI1TI1 KYATYPHI1X Ao6apa,
p. 28, EeorpaA 1977.
:i1 OAAYKe 0 YTBpOI1Bal-bY HellOKperHI1X KYArypHI1X A06apa H3Y3eTHor
;'Ila\.faja 11 BeAHKor 3113\.faja. CAY)K6eHH r/\aCHHK CPC, 6p. 14 H 28, EeorpaA
1979, 1983.
TIoAal.\H IlpHKVIli\:>eHH i\:>y6a3Howl'i'{ KOH3epBaropa M. <1>epjaH\.fl-In-Ilo-
nOBHh, EeorpaA 1983.
53 M. TIaHHn-Cypen, CI10MeHWjU lCYIl"rype RPC, "IlpocBer3", EeorpaA
1951, 69.
54 Le bois dans l'architecture et la Isculpture slave, UNESCO, Paris
1981, 247.
372
A. Cl'. IIaBAoBHh
5. CalmfieBa MeXaHa 'Y fpOQKOj H3 Apyre nO'AO'BIJ1:He XIX BeKa,
jeAHo OA HajAenIllHx 3AaIba OBe BpCTe.
51
liMa npaBoyraOHY OCHOBY
ca 3aCBeAeHHM ApBeHHM TpeMOM KOjH je KOH30AaMa HcnylliTeH HaA
pet.IHQOM fpOt.IHIJ;OM, 360r t.Iera ce y 3rpaAY YAa3H ca CTpaHe. IlpH-
AHt.IHO je 3anYWTeHa 60APY4apa H KOPHCT,H ce 3a CTaHOBaIbe; npeA-
BHba ce Aa 6YAe aAanTHpaHa 3a jaBHY 6H6AHoTeKV.
6. EOAe4-MexaHa y EOAe4Y (fpOQKa) H3 Apyre nOAOBHHe XVIII
BeKa, HajCTapHja y OBOj cKynHHH. 3rpaAa je npH3eMHa, nOCAOBHO-
-YTocTHTeibcKe HaMeHe, AaHac MaraQHH ca 3a3J1AaHHM TpeMoM If
AOKcaTOM.
7. CTapa MexaHa y MHpHjeBY (3Be3Aapa), AaHac je CTaM6eHl'1
o6jeKT.
8. CTapa 'MeXaJHa y MaNoM MOI<-POIM Ayry, Ha EYAeBapy PeBO-
AYQHje (3Be3Aapa), rrOCAoBHo-yrocTHTeibCKO-CTaM6eHH 06jeKT H3
cpeAHHe XIX BeKa, 3awTHneH yp6aHHcTH4KHM nAaHOM. To je npH-
3eMHa 3rpaAa 6e3 TpeMa, nOA ABOBOAHHM KpOBOM.
9. MexaHa Y3YH-MHpKa ArrocToAoBHna y MHcAonHHV (06peHo-
BaQ), TIfITCKH yrocTHTeibCKH 06jeKaT C nOLleTKa XIX BeKa. IlpH3eM-
Ha 3DpaA'3 C ApBeHIiM TpeMOM no urnpoj CTpaHH, OKpeHYTa APYMY,
H AaHac je Y CAY)K6H yrocTIITeibcTBa.
10. CTapa MexaHa y Ywny (OpeHoBaQ), mnCKa 3rpaAa H3 APY-
re nOAOBI1He XIX BeKa. I1pH3eMHa je, npaBoyraoHe OCHOBe, rro QeAoj
AY)Koj crpaHH HMa TpeM LmjH cV ApBeHH CTV60BH 063HAaHH. Y IbOj
ce caAa cTaHYje.
11. CTapa Ka<paHa y ApeHY (06peHOBaQ), THnCKH 06jeKT H3 APY-
re rrOAOBHiHe XIX BeKa. I1pII3e
l
,VllHa 3rpaAa C ApBeHiHM TpeMo:M no
nmpoj Crp3:HH.
12. CTapa MexaHa y BeAHKoM CeAY (IlaAHAYAa), cTaM6eHo-
-yrocTIITeibcKH 06jeKT H3 cpeAHHe XIX BeKa. liMa BHCOKO npH3eM-
Joe C nOA'PYMOM, aOHMeTpH4He OCHOBe, ca 3aCBeAeHHM ApBeHHM Tpe-
MOM.
13. CTapa Ka<paHa y BH:llIIbHQH (IlaAHAYAa), CBpaTHIllTe ca co-
6aMa H3 Apyre nOAOBliHe XIX BeKa. 3HAaHa je y oneQH, C TpeMOI;!
Ha ABOpHWHOj CTpaHH. Y IbOj ce AaHac CTaHyje.
14. CTapa I<aepaHa 06paAoBHfi. y HeMaHIIKynaMa (ConoT), CTaM
6eHo-nocAoBHH 06jeKT. Ha KaMeHoj Kynli cy 333HAaHli cTy60BH.
15. CTapa J\1eX3:Ha "li3BOp" y )KeAe3HiHKY rrOCAOB-
HO-YTOCTliTeibCKH 06jeKT H3 cpeAH'He XIX BeKa, C 604HO nOCTaBibe-
HHM TpeMoM. 3aIllT'HneHa je yp6aHlIcTH4KHM nAaHOM.
16. JaHIfneBa Ka<paHa V OCTPY)KHHQH npH3eMaH
o6jeKT cTaM6eHo-nocAoBHe HaMeHe H3 cpeAHHe XIX BeKa. Ca YAH-
Qe je ApBeHH TpeM C AYUHMa. 3rpaAa je npeypeneHa 3a CTaHOBaIbe.
y non'Hcy 3aBoAa 3a 3aWTI1TY cnOMeHHKa KYAType y CMeAepe-
By, HaAa3e ce CAeAene MexaHe II Ka<paHe;55
J5 IToAal\H lTpHl<ynA>eHH A>y6a3Holllny AHpeKTopa H. JOl\OBHna, CMeAe-
peBo 1982.
373
rOCTHHCKa y Cp611jH
1. KacPaHa llhepHn y OCHnaOHHU;H (MaAa KpCHa) H3 rrpBe
AOBHHe XIX BeKa, Ha IJ;apHrpaACKOM APYMY, C BeAHKHM ApBemlM
TpeMOM no AY)Koj CTpaHH. il AaHac je y ynoTpe6H.
2. KacPaHa MAaAeHoBHn y CapaopU;HMa (CMeAepeBo), 06eAe)Ke-
Ha H Kao pOAHa Kyna HapOAHOr xepoja CBeTe MAaAeHOBJ1na R nec-
HHKa TaHacHja MAaAeHOBHna. Y l:boj je 06pa30BaHa npBa rrapTH-
3aHcKa opraHH3alUlja. il AaHac je y ynOTpe6H. TIporAarneHa je 3a
HenOKpel'HO KYATYpHO A06po BeAHKor 3Ha'laja.
3. CTapa KacPaHa y Opernu;y (CMeAepeBO) Ha IJ;apHrpaACKOM
APYMY, HMa 3HAaH 3aCBeAeHH TpeM.
4. KacPaHa y CaAaKosu;y (MaAo LLpHHne), 3HAaHa C TpeMoM,
AaHac CAY)I<R Kao MaraU;HH.
y nonlIcy 3aBoA;a 3a 3aWnlTY cnOMeHiHKa KYAType y KparyjeB-
u;y HaAa3e ce cAeAene MeXaJHe H KacPaHe:
5G
1. CTape KacPaHe y cKAony "Tewl:bapa" y Balt>eBY KopRCTe ce
II Aalt>e y HCTY CBPXY. HeKoAHKo AOKaAa OBe BpcTe ("ilAlIja BlIp-
'laHI1H" "MaAlI TIaplI3" II APym), 6lIAO Kao 3ace6He nplI3eMHe
,HAH y npH3MIt>y IKOM6H.HiCaH'lIX TpJlOBa"1iKO-3aJHaTcIK:.uX o6je-
KaTa ca CTaHOM Ha cnpaTY, 'lIIHe caCTaBHH Aeo "'lapwHje Koja je
Kao npOCTopHa u;eAHHa nporAaweHa 3a HerrOKpeTHO KYATypHO AO-
6po 1I3Y3eTHor 3Ha'-Iaja. KacPaHe cy Mal:bIIX pa3Mepa, BenHHOM 31I-
AaHe y 60HAPYKY TOKOM npse nOAOBHHe XIX BeKa,57
2. MexaHa y TIplI'leSHhy (Balt>eBO) Ha nYTY Balt>eBo-Oce'lHHa,
Ha paC'Kpwny 3a TIeU;KY. Y ynOTpe6H je.
3. KacPaHa y BAaAHMlIpU;IIMa BaH HaCelt>a, Ha APYMY
-llla6au;. 3lIAaHa je C AY'lHIIM TpeMoM.
4. MexaHa y fpY)KH (KHHn) ca 31IAaHlIi\'1 TpeMoM. Y ynOTpe-
61I je.
5. MexaHa y fy6epeBU;y (KHlIn) ca 3HAaHliM TpeMOM. TaKone
je y ynOTpe61I.
6. ABe ApYMcKe MexaHe y :>Ka6apy (TonOAa) Ha pacKpw1.y, no-
CTaBlt>eHe jeAHa npeMa APyroj. BenliX cy pa3Mepa, C ApBeHIiM Tpe-
MOBIl/;\1,a no AY)KHM CTpaHaiMa. TIpIH3e':\1He oy 3rpa:Ae, rpaneHe y
60HAP'YKY, ca caAaMa II c06aMa Koje cY AeAIIMH"'lHO HaA 3RAaHRM
nOAPYMHMa. 3anYWTeHe cy II BaH ynoTpe6e.
7. MexaHa y Yrlt>apeBUY KOA CTp'arapa (KparyjeBau;), c ApBe-
HIiM TpeMoM, jeAHa OA HajCTapHjlIx II jOllI YBeK y ynoTpe61I.
8. CTapa KacPaHa y Apar06panli (KparyjeBau;).
9. MexaHa Y"Y:YMlIny (KparyjeBau;), ca 3lIAaHliM CTy60BIIMa, y
KOjOj je caAa npoAaBHHu;a.
10. KaBaJHa y BeAoj UPKBH (KpynaJ-b), y 'OKA,ooy 06jeKaTa K:OjH
cy Be3aHli 3a HCTOplIjcKO MeCTO y KOMe je nOAHrHYT YCTaHaK 7. jYAa
1941. TIpII3e'MlHa je,'lBpcT'O 3H,AaHa 3rpa'A;a 6e3 TpeMa. MY3e'/\'omKH
je OnpeMlt>eHa Kao HenoJ<,peTHo KYATYPHO A06po R3Y3eTHor 3Ha"'laja.
56 IlOAal.\H npHKyntoeHH toy6a3Howny KOH3epBaropa Il. I1ajKHna, Kpa-
ryjeBau, 1982.
57 P. HUKOAI1n II A. I1aBi\OBHn, Ha8. eilo, 122.
A. Cr. ITaBi\OBHn

11. MexaHa y IIIaTopf-bH (TonoAa), C ApBeHHM TpeMM nOA AY-
l.\HMa, HHje BIlliJe y ynoTpe6H.
12. fOCTHOHHl.\a y TonoAH, y CKAOrry Kapal5opl5eBe TonoAe ca
OnAeHltoM, nporAalUeHa je 3a HenoKpeTHo KYATVPHO A06po H3'Y-
3ernor 3Ha'laja. ITpHnaAa Kpajy npBe nOAOBHHe XIX BeKa; BplllH ce
(0 OBOM CnOl\leHHKY 6Hfie Kacmlje HelUTO BlIme
pel.JH).
13. MexaHa y MypralUY (Y6), Ha nYTY Y6-AajKoBal.\, jeAPI:O OA
HajAeulUHx H Haj60'hle O'lYBaHHX 'lBpCTO 3HA3JHHX yrOCTIiTehlCKHX
3Aaf-ba, 3aCBeAeHO apKaAaMa, BepOBaTHO H3 Apyre nOAOBHHe XIX
BeKa. li AaHac je y ynOTpe6H.
y rronHcy 3aBoAa 3a 3alUTHTY cnOMeHHKa KyAType y Kpa:oeBY
Cal.Jy:BaHe CV cAeAene MexaHe H Kaq,aHe:
58
1. Kaq,aHa "CYB060p" y npajiHnHMa (fOPf-bH MHAaHOBal.\), C
Kpaja XIX BeKa, HCTOpHjCKH cnOMeHHK Be3aH 3a HOn. TpeM Ha
ApBeHH.1\1 CryDOBHMa, C Ka<paHCIM npocTopHjaMa H c06aMa y no-
3aAHHH, C Maf-bHM nOAPYMOM, HMa ABOBOAHH KpOB. 3rpaAa je pe-
CTayprrcaHa, a OAehlef-be y KOMe je 1941. OAP)I<aH caCTaHaK H3Mel5y
THTa H Apa)J<e MHxaHAoBHna ypel5eH je MY3eoAowKH. OCTaAH Aeo
3rp3JAe A06Hne APYllITBEmy HaMeHy.59
2. H 3. 3rpaAa CTape MexaHe npeA J'oy60CTHf-bOM (TpcTeHHK) H
KOHaK npeA CTYAeHHl.\OM (YlUne), yrocTHTehlcKH 06jeKTH KOjH npH-
naAajy MaHacTHpHMa, nporAaweHH cy 3a HenOKpeTHa KYATYPHa
A06pa H3Y3eTHor 3Ha'laja.
4. fOCTHOHHl.\a y tIajenu-IH C ApIleHHM cTy60BHMa nOA TpeMOM,
ycpeA Hacehla, Ha nYT,! THTOBO Y:>KHl.\e - 3AaTH60p. li AaHac je y
ynoTpe6H.
5. MeX3JHa V AparAHl.\H Ha 31\aTH6opy (tIajeulHa),
peTKHX 6pBH3Jpa Te BpCTe C Kpaja XIX BeKa. CaAa C KYXHf-bCKHM
npocTopOM H HcnylUTeH'HM TpeMOM y npH3eMfu'Y, ca c06aMa 3a npe-
HonHlUTe y nOTKpoBhlY Koje je npeKpHBeHo WHHAPOM, C nOMonHHM
3rpaAHl.\aMa YHaoKoAo, AocKopa je cAY)J<HAa CBOjOj npB06HTHoj Ha-
MeHH. IIoAHfHyra je H3HaA caMor nYTa 3a HOBY Bapow.
60
y OBY I1pyrry yrocTHTehlCKHX 3Aaf-ba MO)J<eMO y6pojHTH H AteH-
3YAaHe (Me3YAaJHe, Me3HAaHe). To CV jow 6HAe TaTa.pCKe nOlUTe,
"TaTapCKe nOlUTaHCKe CTaHHl.\e rAe cy ce Mef-baAH KOf-bH", KaKO je
3arNICaHO y pe'IH'Hl.\HMa,61 na cy cpnCKe MeH3YAaHe no yrAeAY Ha
f-bHX 6HAe ycnocTaBhleHe llIHpOM Cp6Hje TOKOM XIX BeKa. lIaKo
cy y nI1Taf-bY npeTe)J<HO "Bene nOlUTaHCKe lliTaAe",62 OHe ce 06AHKOM
38 IToAaUH rrpHKynibeHH iby6a3HOJJJny AHpeKTOpa C. BopneBHna, Kpa-
Ibel:lO 1982.
59 C. BopnCBHn, KaifJaHa Cyeo6op y 5pajuliu,lIa, PalllKa 6alllTlHJa, 2,
347.
60 A. ITaBi\OBHn, ETHO-'1apK ,,3IlaTU6opC1W 6peHapa", Y)j(I-fYI 36oPHHK,
1, T'HTOBO Y)j(Hue 1972,263.
61 PeLtHW( MaTUl-fe cpnCl, III/341.
62 A. BYPHn-3aMOi\O, Hae. ello, 104.
375
HeKaAaWlba rOCnlHCK3 3Aalba y Cp6HjH
H He pa3AHKyjy ;\1I10ro OA MaJ-bHX xaHOBa H 06Hl.JHHX APYMCKHX Me-
xaHa.
y eBHAeHL\HjH nojeAHHHx 3aBOAa 3a 3aWTHTV CnOMeHJIKa KYA-
Type ynHcaHH CV C/',eAe!H cnOMeHHUH Te BpCTe:
1. MeH3YAaHa y naTOl.JHHH nOAHrHVTa 1856. rOAHHe. OA CBHX
npeOCTaAHX, OHa HMa HajBene pa3Mepe (OKO 32X 16 m), no AVJKoj
CTpaHH je ApBeHH TpeM 3aCBeAeH ca ocaM nAHTKHX AYKoBa, nOA
npOCTpaHHM YeTBOpOBOAHHM KpOBOM KOjH je npeKpHBeH nepaMli-
AOM. HeAaBHO 06HOBibeHa, II Aaibe je y ynoTpe6H aAH caMO Kao
vrOCTHTeibCKH o6jeKT.
2. MHA'Cmel3Hha MeH3YAaHa V HOB':\1 CeAV (BeAIHKa ITAaiHa)
npHnaAa Tpenoj l.JeTBpTHHH XIX BeKa. 3uAaHa y OneL\H CAlll.JHiHX je
o6AHKa Kao H npeTxoAHa, aAH C TpeMOM Ha 12 cTy6oBa; HMaAa je
H 6HAHjap. 3anywTeHa je H opoHYAa. If MeH3YAaHa V naTOYHHH li
OBa y HOBOM CeAY cy Ha HeKaAaWlbeM UapHrpaACKOM AP'YMY.
3. MeH3YAaHa y BpaTapHHL\,H (3ajel.Jap).
4. MeH3YAaHa y np30j ITaAaHL\H (KAaAoBo) H3 1846. rOAiHHe,63
npH3eMHa 3rpaAa C ApBeHHM TpeMoM no cpeAHHH, oa npoAa30M y
ABopHwTe 3a KOlbe. OBOM HHaye Ao6po CaYYBaHoM 06jeKTY npeA-
CTOjH H3MeWTaIhe 360r nOTanalba np3e ITaAaHKe Koje ne 6HTH H3-
BpweHo paAH H3rpaAlbe xHApoeAeKTpaHe "EepAan II''.
ITOlliTO cy ce HaAa3HAe Ha APYMOBHMa, MeH3YAaHe cy onCAY-
>KHBaAe KlbHMa He caMO nOWTape Hero H Apyre nYTHHKe KOjH cy
TYAa npOAa3HAH, BenHHOM nOWTaHCKHM KOAHMa aAH H ApyrnM
npeB03HHM cpeACTBHMa. CTora cy MeH3VAaHe HMaAe H OAeibelba 3a
npHXBaT nYTHHKa. OBa 3Aalba 6H ce AOHeKAe MorAa ynopeAHTH ca
AaHaWlbHM 6eH3HHCKHM CTaHHL\aMa AY)K nyTeBa Koje l.JHIre caCTaB-
HH Aeo C MOTeAHil\1a.
CBa OBa eBHAeHTH,paHa, AeAHMHYHO H epopMaAHO 3alllTHneHa
3Aalba, HH H3AaAeKa He 06YXBaTajy CBe rOCTHOHHue OBe BpCTe C
TepHTopHje AaHaWilbe YJKe Cp6Hje. MorAH 6HCMO ,HX Ha6pojaTH jorn
Haju\1aJ-be TOAH'K' H CA06.8'AHO 'MX rrpHKib'yqHT'H npe'OCTaAHM cuaMe-
HUlUIMa HapOAHor rpaAHTeibCTBa. Ha)KaAOCT, CBe HX je Malbe H3
AaHa y AaH. YHHlliTaBa HX HHTeH3HBHHja yp6aHH3aunja HaWHX Ha-
ceiba, He3aBHOHO OA Tora Aa AH cy y nHTaIhY Bena HAH Malba MeCTa.
YHHlllTaBa HX HOB JKHBOT KOjH ce OABHja y TaKBHM cpeAHHaMa li
KOjH HX oA6auyje Kao npeBa3H5eHe. He CXBaTa ce Aa 6H HH: npeA-
CTaBibaAH BeOMa npHBAaYHe AoxaAe Malber o6HMa, npe CBera 3a
TypH3aM, KOjH 6H WHpOM 3eMibe CAY)fAH H Aaibe CBOjOj OCHOBHOj
HaMeHH. Me5YTHM, H KaA 6HCMO Ha OBOM MeCTY HMaAH Ha cnHCKV
CBa npeOCTaAa yrocTHTeibCKa 3Aalba H3 XIX BeKa, onllltrH CYA 0
J-bH.Ma He 6H Morao 6HTH APyraYHJH.
TOKOM L\eAe npBe nOAOBHHe XIX BeKa, na yrAaBHOM H cpeA"-
HOM BeKa CBe AO we3AeceTHX rO,AiJ-foHa, nOAH3aHe cy rpa5eBHHe Koje
Me5yco6HO HMajy MHoro CAllYHOCTH. 3HAaHe cy BenHHOM npH3eMHO
fl3 O. KOB3'-leBHn, TpaW,H MeH3Y/WHa HeKa u ca, IITT Bec-
HHK, 47, oeorp3A 1969.
376
A Cr. llaBt\OBHh
OA HerretIeHe (tIaTMe) HAH netIeHe L\HrAe, y OOHAPYKY. HMajy rrpaBO-
yraOHY OCHOBy H tIeTBOpOBOAHH KpOB OA nepaMHAe. ApBeHH TpeM
je rro llULpoj CTpaHH, OKpeaYT nYTY HAH Tpry. TaKaB TpeM ce Haj-
tIellln.e rrpOTe>Ke L\eAOM AY>KHHOM 3rpaAe; MaH>e je rrpHMepa Aa 3ax-
BaTa ca'MO cpeAlfillHH HAH OOYHH Aeo. OopaneH je Ha "MopaBCKH
HatIHH", C rrOAYKpV>KHHM HAH nAHTKO 00pa30BaHHM raK03BaHHM
"Aa)K,HHM CBOAOM" KojH ce KpOjH OA AeTaBa H AacaKa, 3aTHM AenH
oAaTOM H KpetIH. Y H>eMY cy CTOAOBH 3a KojHMa ce cAY>KH,nOrOTo-
BY y AeTlbHM MeceqHMa. Y ceHL\H OBHX npocTopa KOjH AorrYH>yjy
caAe, HapOA je paAo oopaBHO H OHAa KaA HHje KOpHCTHO yrocTHTe!b-
CKe YCAyre, oKyniDajynH ce Ha "tIaillmw pa3rOBopa". CAwmy Ha-
MeHY HMaJy H TpeMOBHY IliYMaAH:jH, C TOM pa3AHKOM lllTO APBeHH
KOCHHL\H ("rrajaHTH") Ha CTYOOBHMa HHCY rrpecBytIeHH OMaATep'H-
caHHM AyqHMa, Hero cy BHAHO OCTaBiDeHH y CBOjHM OCHOBHHM KOH-
CTPYKL\HOHHM YAoraMa. JeAaH OA HajrrpHBAatIHHjHx TpeMOBa OBe
BpCTe je MO>KAa oHaj y CorrOTY. I-beroBa AerrOTa HHje caMO y rrpoc-
Tpa'HCTBY Hero rroceOHO y rrOAO>Kajy, jep Ha HH36pAHOM 3eMiD'HlllTY
C BHCHHe rocrroAapH CpeAHlllTeM OBe BapOUlHL\e rrOA KocMajeM.
3anaAHa Cp6Hja je CBa BaAOBHTa, rra H H>eHe MexaHe I<opHCTe HH3-
0PAHL\e H yrpanyjy nOApYMe OA KaMeHa 3a cMewTaj xpaHe FI rrFlna.
Hey06F1tIajeH OOAFlK HMa lOCTuoHULla y TonO/lu Koja npHnaAa
HCTOM BpeMeHY. Hepa3ABojHO Be3aH 3a CBaKY WYMaAHjcKY HAH MO-
paBCKY Kyny, TpeM H OBAe AOAa3H AO H3pa>Kaja. TIocTaBiDeH je
yraoHo Ha ABeMa CTpaHaMa 3rpaAe. Y AyroM HH3Y cTyoaqa C AYL\H-
Ma, rOCTY je y npHjaTl-IOM 3aKAOllY npY>KeH Aen BHAHK Ha Kapanop-
neB rpaA, OnAeHaL\ y n03aAHI-IH H wapOAHK rrpeAeo ca OCTaAHM
6pAHMa y 3aAeny. TIpocTpaHa caAa je MorAa npHMHTH AOBOiDaH
6poj rocTHjy, a KYXHH>a n OCTaAe crropeAHe npocTopHje nOAIlmpH-
13aAe cy CBa'KOWHeBHe nOTpe6e. Y ABe\l'a BenHI.\1 cooaMa 'C AHL\a M()-
rao je Aa KOHatIH npHAntIaH opoj rrYTHHKa Ha npOCTpaHHM MHHAep-
AYL\HMa AY>K 3HAOBa. Pa3YMe ce Aa je jeAHo OAeiDeH>e OHAO OApe-
neHO 3a IVlYWKapL\e, a APYro 3a ){<eHe H AeL\Y. MO>KAa je y 3aAlbeM
AeAY 3rpaAe, C Apyre CTpaHe XOAHHI<a nopeA rOCTHOHHyapeBOr CTa-
Ha, jeAHa OA MaH>HX oAaja cAY)KHAa 3a cMelUTaj nopoAnL\e Koja on
ce 3aTeKAa Ha nYTy.64 TIo H3Bpwelby pecTaypaL\Hje, npHAHKOM on-
peMaH>a 3rpaAa MorAO 6H ce nOMHW,baTH H Ha HeKY BPCTY MY3eo-
AOlllKe rrOCTaBI<e jeAHor yrocTHTeiDCKor 3AaH>a H3 cpeAHHe XIX
BeKa. TaKBHX H H>HMa CAHYHHX MexaHa nOAH3aHO je no Cp6HjH CBe
AO 1861. rOAHHe. HajBenHM AeAOM cy oHAe jeAHor THna - rroro-
TOBY ApYMCKe MexaHe - pa3YMe ce HerAe BenHX a HerAe MaH>HX
pa3Mepa, OHaKO KaKO cy rrpHAHKe 3aXTeBaAe H KaKO ce AonaAaAO
ra3AaMa. fpaAHTeiD je 6HO AYHnepHH H3 HapOAa. HMajynH paHHje
rrpHMepe 3a yrAeA, H OH je CTB'apaO, Ha CAHyaH HaYHH, npHAp)JBa-
jyfin ce paHHje CTeyeHOr HaCAeneHor HCKYCTBa. H3rAeAa Aa je noT-
61 A llaBAOBHh, TonoJla u OnJlCl-ia/1 (y CapaAl-bH ca C. lllaKoTM H A.
.iIaHHh), HCTOpl1\CKH MY3ej, TorroM 1971,44.
Hel<aAalilI-ha rOCTHHCKa 3AaI-ha V Cp6HjH
Kpaj BAaAaBlIHe KHe3a MHAOWa 6HAO OKO 1200 TaKBHX 06jeKaTa y
Cp6HjH.
65
UBHjHn nOABAaqH YAory Kojy cy MexaHe HMaAe V oCHHBafbY
\fH:OrHX ceoclmx, na H rpaAOKiHX HacelbaH Ga,pllJlHja, jep CV A:PY'\'\
CKe MexaHe Ha nYTHHM H npeTXOAHAe
CTBapafbV THX Y 3aWTIineHHM CTapHM je3rpmvIa
.MHOrHX Ha.wiHX rpaAOBa, aA.H H ceAa, jow ce HaHAa3H Ha nojeAHHe
MexaHe, Kaq,aHe H HapOAHe KyjHe. OHe V HajBenOj MepH OAp)f(aBajy
AVx npOWAOCTH, 6HAO oHaj H3 npBe nOAOBHHe BeKa iHAH oHaj KOjH
ce HaCTaBHO KacHHje.
Ype6a 0 JwexaHa.Ma U3 1861. rOAHI-Ie, H3 OCHOBa je npm.JCI-IJ.j/U
nocTynaK OKO rpaAfbe, na H )f(HBOT KOjH ce oABHjao y MexaHa-
Ma. OA TaAa je Taj nOCTynaK 6HO VCAOBlbeH THnH30BaHHM npojeK-
THMa WKOAOBaH.HX "HHIJHHHpa", na je Ha OCHOBY TaKBe TeXHHGKe
HcnpaBe H3AaBai-la H A03BOAa 3a rpaAfbY. !-hoMe je y yp6aHHCTHYKOM
norAeAY OApenHBaHa H YAaJ'oeHOCT MexaHe OA w'KoAe H (H3-
je 'OKO 90 ID), a TU'Kone cy Y1'BpDHIBa
I
I-\lH H TlpOC1'OpHH OAIHiOCH
jep H "Mex'aHa Kao o6jeKaT A06Hja ApYIlITBeHor
)f(HBOTa y ceOCKOM Hacelby".67 Bopne CHMoHoBHn je 06jaBHo npo-
jeKT "MexaHe Tpene KAace" KOjH je 6HO rrponHcaH nOMeHYToM Ype-
A60.M IloneYHTelbcTBa VHYTpawfbHx AeAa.
68
HajMafba je OA CHa TpH
THna H 3aXBaTa nOBpWHHY OA ABe CTOTlIHe KBaApaTHHx MeTapa. TH-
ll'H3aL(Hja je YCAOl3J'oeHa 6poje\1 c06a; 'Ha npH\1ep, npBa KAaca je
MopaAa H.\laTH HajMaI-be neT co6a, APyra YenlpH, a Tpena TpH. To
cy HaMeLUTeHe c06e 3a cnaBaJ-be rocTHjy, c06a 3a pYGaBafbe H "c06a
3a npeIwhHwTe lbYAH HH/Ker peAa", nopeA rAaBHe npocTopHje, Ka-
q,aHe HAH MexaHe C KYXHfbOM H APYrHM nOTpe6Hl1M npocTopHjaMa
Koje cY XOAHHUHMa H3ABojeHe OA OCTaAHX c06a. OBaKBe MexaHe CV
3HAaHe A06po rreyeHOM 6e3 60HAPYKa. TpeM je oAcTpafbeH,
a CTpexa je 3aMefbeHa npoq,HAHcaHHM KpOBHHM BeHueM "Ha jeBpo-
rrCKH HaYHH". IlpH pa3rAeAaI-hY o&jaBJ'oeHHX nAaHOBa MO)J<e ce 3aK-
lbYGHTH Aa je H MexaHa npeA MaHaCTHpOM ky60CTHfbOM MopaAa
6HTH nOAHfHYTa Ha OCHOBY nOMeHYTHX THnCKHx npojeKaTa. ky6o-
CTHI-hCKH 06jeKT je 3HaTHO BenH (noBpwlfHa 328 M
2
), aAH ce V nOT-
nYHocTH YKAana no OCHOBHOj AHcno3HUHjH, no KOHCTPYKL\HjH, no
CTHAy H BpeMeH'Y HaCTaHKa. yb HaBeAeHHX pa3Aora MOfAO 6H ce
cA060AHO 3aKlbyqHTH Aa je y nHTafbY "MexaHa npBe KAace". 360r
"'. .
Tora fbeHY OCHOBV OOJa'BlbYJeMO OBAe H Kao THnCKO peLUeI-be H3
1861. roAHHe. To je Ben BpeMe KaA y Hawy rpaACKY apXHTeKTypy
YBeAIHKO npo\.1;upy 3anaAfba"liK'Hyr'HLlajH, na ce nOGUI-bY OApa)f(a.laTl1
63 T. 50POCB110, Cp6l1ja 11pe Cl'O Wlllla, EeorpaA 1946, 150.
l
.
61> J. UllHjH!, ElVlrcaHcrco IWI1VOCrpao li ;YJICHOC,106eHc'ce 3eMIbe - Oc-
I-/.06a aHTpono_ww;e, EeorpaA 1922, 306.
67 H. ITelllH!-MaI<CHMOBHO, VLlewhe 611aCTlI y CT6apa/1JY y ceJlll-
;ua Cp6u;e y XIX 6ercy, CaOrrlilTeI-ha, X, EeorpaA 1974, 183.
6B 5. CWvlOHOBHO, npojelCT py;wcrce MexaHe U3 pyze 110Jl06UHe XIX
,;erca, 8, lfHCTHTYT 3a apXHTCKTYPY H VP6aHH3aM Cp6Hje, EeorpaA
1979, 12-19.
378
A CT. I1aBAoBlih
H Ha ceAY. To je Haj3aA A06a KaA ce y HaIllHM BenHM rpaAOBHMa,
upe CBHX y BeorpaAY, jaBibajy H X01"eAU y npaBOM CMHCAY Te pe'.JH.
MeOYTHM, y nopeneH>Y C XOTeMIMa CpeAH>e EBpone KOjH cy HM CAY-
>KHAH 3a yrAeA, Hanrn: cy jOIll YBeK 6HAH BeOMa CKpOMHH, AaAeKO
OA eBporrCKor CTaHAapAa. HaIllH xOTeAHjepH cy nOKYIllaAH Aa ra
AocerHY y Benoj MepH TeK nOl,leTKOM XX BeKa.
113 Te npeAa3'He <pa3e, H3 APyre nOAOBHHe XIX BeKa, OCTaAO je
BHIlle 3Aama rpaneHHx 3a XOTeACKe nOTpe6e. TIpe CBHX, TO je CTa-
pa "CpncKa KPYHa" (1846), y Y3YH-MHpKOBOj Koja je
HHje npenpaBibeHa 3a BeorpaAcKY onIllTHHY; 3aTHM "fpl,lKa KpaibH-
l.{a" (1855) Ha yrAY KHe3-MHxaHAOBe H PajHneBe YAHl.{e, jeAHHH 06-
jeKT KOjH je y npH3eMibY 3aAp>KaO Ka<paHY; "CpncKa KPYHa" (1867)
Ha yrAY K!He3-MnxaHAOBe YA'Hl(e, npeMa KaAeMerAa,HY, Ha-
pOAHa 6H6AHOTeKa; "KpCTHHa MexaHa" (1870) Y KHe3-MHxaHAoBoj
YJ\:HlUI, HMa HajpacKoIllHHjy <pacaAY; "PYCHja" (1870) Ha yrAY YAH-
ua KHe3-MHXaIjMYBe H By.Ka Kapal,luna, AiOIrpanelHa je H npenpal3-
ibeHa; "Ha'l.{HoHaA" (1870) Y TIapHcKoj "lAHl.{H, npeMa KaAeMerAa-
Hy; "Onepa" (1880) Ha yrAY MaKeAOHCKe H Bpane JyroBHna.
HaKO cy 3a pa3AnKY OA OHHX paHHjHx, y nHTaH>Y aKa-
AeMCKHX CTpYl,lH>aKa, BehHHOM IllKOAOBaHHX y I-lHOCTpaHCTBY, H>H-
XOBa HMeHa cy jorn YBeK OCTaAa Hen03HaTa, MaAa cy 3a MHore APY-
re rpaneBHHe H3 HCTor BpeMeHCKor pa3A06iba n03HaTH aYTopH 6HAO
Aa cy H3 3eMibe HAH ca CTpaHe.
Gg
JeAHHO ce npeTnOCTaBiba Aa 6H
npojeKTaHT Ka<paHe "CpnCKa KpYHa" y KHe3-MHxaHAoBoj
Morao 6HTH AHAPHja BYKOBHh.
70
y HCTO BpeMe H nOA JfCTHM OKOAHOCTHMa nOYHH>Y ce pa3BHjaTH.
H Harne 6aHJe, MaAa cy Ta MeCTa A06po n03HaTa jOIll U3 paHHjHx
BpeMeHa no 6AaroTBopHM AejCTBY MHHepaAHHx BOAa, 0 l,IeMY CBe
jlOl,le H MaTepHjaAHH MHorHX TepMa H aMaMa, na H Ha3,HBH
nojeAHHHx MaHacTHpa (BaH>a, BallicKa), Aa H He nOMHH>eMO H>H-
XOBe npHpoAHe nOAO>Kaje KOjH ce yrAaBHoM CBH HaAa3e nopeA AO-
6pe BOAe. TeK TOKOM nOCAeAH>e TpenHHe XIX BeKa nOl,lHH>e eBpo-
neH3al.{Hja 6allia y Cp6HjH:
- CTapO 3Aa
'
lhe y Ba'H>H Ma'Aa Ha
MeH>eHO 3a KHe3a MHxaHAa, jom y TOKY rpaAH>e (1868-
-72) je npeHHal,leHO y 6aH>CKH AOM ca XOTeAOM 3a rOCTe. OBa He-
ocnopHo HajMoHYl'vleHTaAHHja rpaneBHHa cBoie BpcTe (npojeKTaHT
Kocra illpenAoBHn) YAapHAa je TeMeH> BaI-bH C napKoM HC-
npeA 3Aatba.
71
- BaH>a KOBHibaya ce nOyeAa pa3BHja1'H TeK
Apyroj nOAOBHHH BeKa. TIOAHrHYT je YHTaB HH3 6aH>CKHX 06jeKaTa
69 A TpaUTCfbU Ecozpaa 1814-1914, MY3ej rpaAa De-
0rpaAa, l>eorpaA 1981.
70 .D. HecropOBHn, npelfle cnOMeHUKa apxurelCrype y Cp6ujt.( X/X ac-
]Q, CaonWTelb3, X, .DeOrpaA 1974, 155.
71 RCTO, 154.
HeKaAaWfba rOCTHHCKa 3Aafba y Cp6HjH
379
penpe3eHTaTHBHor OOeAe/Kja ycpeA BapKa, cTBapajynH cBojeBpCTaH
ypOa'HlnaM y npHpO,A!HOM (npDljeiKTalHTH AparYTHlH Bop-
neBHn H HHKOAa CTaMeHKoBHn, 1888-1900).72
- Y HeWTO CKpOMHHjHM pa3MepaMa oopa30naH je H KOMnAeKC
oafbcKor KynaTHA:a C XOTeAOM y BpafbcKoj oafbH (npojeKTaHT Jo-
BaH HAKHn, nOCAeAfba "'eTBpTHHa XIX BeKa).i3
- DpBa 3BalHll1'Y!Ha oafboKa ce30IHa y Bpfba'lKoj OmM! orrlope-
Ha je TeK y AeTO 1870. II TpajaAa je caMO Meceu AaHa, C jeABa CTO-
TIIHaK rocrujy.74 y TO A06a Hlije y oalhH 6HAO COAHAHHje H MOHY-
l\1eHTaA'HIHje rpanelHlHX 06jeKaTa. Bep'OBaTHO je H3 TOra BpeMelHa
OCTaAa 60HAPytIapa H3AY>KeHe OCHone, C ApBeHHM 1'peMOM AY/K ueAe
npeAlhe CTpaHe 1I3 Kora ce HenocpeAHO YAa3HAO y rOCTIIHCKe c06e
rropenaHe y HH3Y. Ha YAa3Y y oalhY, Ha a,eHoj 3anaAHoj CTpaml,
oBaj CKpOMaH aAH BeOMa KapaKTepHCTH"'aH 06jeKT H Aaibe OAOAeBa
BpeMeHY, CAY/Kenii Kao KOHa'mWTe rOCTHMa C HajcKpoMHHjH:.M MO-
rynHocTHMa. Tpe6aAo 6H ra Kao TaKnor 3aAp/KaTH YKOAHKO Ben
Hlije HeCTao nOA HaAeTOM HOBorpaAlbH! To 6H 61IA,a jow jeAHHa 6a-
fbCKa rpaneBHHa BpeAHa nOMeHa Koja npHnaAa OHOM paHHjeM Bpe-
MeH'Y, KaA cy H 6a
1
lhCKe 06jeKTe 'C1'HXHjOKH nO'All3aAIJ1 Ha-
pOAHH HeHMapn.
*
*
3aKiby",yjynH oBaj nperACA HeKaAaWlhHX yrocTHTeibCKHX 3Aa-
J-ba y Cp6HjlI, npOMaTpaH yrAaBHOM Kp03 ca"'ynaHe 06jeKTe "'lIja CTa-
POCT npena3HAa3H pa3A06ibe' OA jeAHor BeKa, MorynHo je Y0'lHTH
6pojHe npoMeHe Koje cy ce oABHjaAe Ha OBHM 3AafbHMa. Te npoMe-
He HIiCY caMO rpaAHTeA,CKe Hero H npHBpeAHe npHpOAe. OHe cy
Kp03 CTOAena oupTaBaAe KapaKTepHCTII'lHe <pa3e pa3Boja Hallier
APYillTBa Koje je HapO"'IITO TOKOM npOWAor BeKa rpaoHAO Kpyn-
HIiM KopaUHMa HanpeA, npeMa EBponH, oCA06anajynii ce nocAeAH-
ua AyroBeKoBHe 3aOCTaAOCTH. To Hajpe"'HTlIje nOKa3Yje npHMep
HlIilla, jeABa HeillTO BHille OA CTO roAIIHa YHa3aA. KOCTa CT. DaB-
AOBHn, npBH Ha"'eAHHK oKpyra HHWKor H ynpaBHHK BapOWH Ben
nOCAe MeceU AaHa no OCAooonelhY rpaAa OA TypaKa y <l>e6pyapy
1878. 1I3Aao je n'PBY illTaMnaHY HapeAoy rpanaHcTBY HHWKOM nOA
opojeM 354. Y lhOj ce H3Meny OCTaAor rrponHcyje cAeAene:
"MexaHe, Ka<l>aHe, aW"'HI-IHue H cna jaBHa MeCTa Mory OHTH OT-
BopeHa caMO AO 9 caTH YBe"'e. MexaHUHje KojH npHMajy nYTHHKe
Ha npeHonHWTe, Mopajy HMaTH 6ap no jeAHY HaMeillTeHY cooy, a
HaMeillTaj ce cacTojH H3 TpH KpeBeTa H CBaKH KpeBeT Aa MMa: CAaM-
lba",y, Aiyill0K, jopraH H ABa jaCTYKa. TaJKO HCTOIi jeAIH'Y 3aceoHY
co6y ca omnTml 'KpeBeToM 3a iHa}Ma'l-be OA neT AHua A Taj onWTH
72 11CW, 162.
;a I1cro, 161.
H EmlwulOlzeuja lywcllQ6uje, VIII, AeKcHKorpaepcKH 3aBOA, 3arpeo
1971, 545.
380 A. CT. IIaBAoBHh
KpeBeT MOpa 6HTH 3aCTpT acypaMa, nOKpOI3HMa HAH nOl-baBaMa H
Y cBaKoj C06H, naK, Mopa 6HTH OrAeAai\O, 4ell1aln, Aec
reH H 1H6PHK.
IIpeA CHaKOM MexaHOM, Ka<paHOM, all14HHHl.\OM, anOTeKOM HTA
rocnoAapH Mopajoy. 4HM npBH MpaK HaCTymI, ynaAHTH <pel-bepe j{
OHH Mopajy 6HTH OCBeTlneHH AO 30pe. Ha paCKpCoHHl.\aMa, naK, H
HHa4e rAe BH,6(H Aa je OA nOTpe6e, TO ne 4HHHTH Onll1THHCKa BAaCT.
IIocAe A060ll1a HHKO He CMe HnH 6e3 <pel-bepa no BapOll1H..."75
TaKBO Cl'al-be y Hall1eM yrocTHTelnCTBY 6HAO je Ha AaH 21. <pe-
6pyapa 1878. IIoAceTHAH CMO H Ha OHO CTal-be Koje MY je npeTXO-
AHAO. CBeAOl.\H CMO pa3Boja AO Kora je TO HCTO yrocTHTelocTBo AO-
npAo. Ha HaMa je H Aa Aa AH je OHO Ben AOCTIHAO eB-
ponCI('H HHBO, HAH cy M'Y nOTpe6HH jOIll KpynHHjH Kopal.\H HanpeA.
HMajynH y BHAY HeKaAall1l-be 6ecnyne KOjHM ce OBa AeAaTHOCT npo-
6HjaAa OCoI\YAHHM cpeACTBHMa TOKOM BHll1e BeKOBa. MenYTHl'vI , OHO
ll1TO ce Ha OCHOBY CBera MO)Ke 3aKlnY4HTH jeCTe 4Hl-beHHu;a Aa H:
nopeA CBe yrocTHTelnCKe TpaAHl.\Hje KOjy npaTHMO OA HajpaJIJHjHx
CpeAJ-bOBeKOBHHX BpeMeHa, Y Aanall1l-beM yrocTHTelncTny HepaAO KO-
pHCTHMO HaCAeneHa 3A'al-ba Koja cy jOll1 OCTai\a H Koja HajBenHM
AeAOM 4aK CMaTpaMO 3a cBojeBpcHe cnOMeHHKe KYi\Type. Kao Aa
ce 3a60paBJ'oa Aa )IBOT cnOMeHHKa npOAY)KyjeMo I-bHXOBOl'vl peBH-
A OHa je HajnoBoJ'oHHja aKO TH 06jeKTH HaCTaBe Aa
CAY)Ke CBOjHM OCHOBHHM HaMeHaMa, HeocnopliO Y3 HeonXOAHa npH-
AaronaBal-ba caBpeMeHHM YCAOBHMa Ha Kpajy, TaKan
OAHOC npeMa HeKaAall1I-bHM yrocTHTelncKHM 3Aal-bHMa Koja cy OAO-
AeAa BpeMeHY Hwao 6H y npHAor H yrocTHTe.t\>cKoj npHBpeAH, na
fi TypH3MY Cp6Hje yonwTe, jep HCKYCTBO Ka3yje Aa cy TaKBH 06-
jeKTH BeOMa Apam TvpHCTHMa.
7;; OpHnIHaAHI1 npHMepaK lllTa1vmaHe HapeA6e YYBajy AenocaBa li Ao-
.:ipocAaB, YHYllH KOCTe CT. TIaBAoBHna; A. f.iopneBHh, flp6U 110rnuc lCHe3a Mu-
JlQHa y oC,106oneHOM Hwuy - KalCO je lWC-ra61beNO np60 lfUH08HUUlT60, TIo-
AHTHKa, EeorpaA 25. jYH 1937.
HeKaAaWH>a roCUlilClza 3AaH>a y Cp611jll
381
Dobroslav St. Pavlovi
FORMER GUEST BUILDINGS IN SERBIA
Summary
From time immemorial hospitality has been one of the virtues
of Serbian people. Promoted as a characteristic throughout the cen-
turies, it found Us expression in various guest buildlings. In these
abjects thrs virtue found its realisation while gradually taking
form of a relatively remunerative profession.
While pointing out at such buildings which in various ways
resisted the tim, we try to help completing the picture otherwise
left ta us by scribes of our past in their contributions. Since these
notes are well-known ta the public, they are mentianed in this
work only to a limited dgree, while there is an endeavour to let
these objects as monuments of the culture to speak for themselves.
The term guest buildings understands those structures where
guest, namely foreigners, pass the night at. However, the term
lodgment or inn were not understood by people only as buildings
of specifie type which bring to innkeepers definite incorne too, but
also as houses or only separate rooms and spaees within rural
housholds, and mo're particularly within monasteries, the more
so as unwritten usages of many peoples, including the Serbian, in
the proeeedings at welcoming guest, point at religious import of
the act.
There lis mention in the medieval literature of shelters for
strangers (stranoprijemnice), which is equal in meaning to Greek
('J080'{JSlv'l - an expression used even today for hotels. Yet Saint
Sava mentions them at the end of the twelfth and the begin-
ning of thirteenth centuries, while later biographers tao describe
that institution in the complex of Handar, Studenica, and other
monasteries as rulers' pious endowments, which applies also ta
the descript,ion of the shelier for strangers of despot Stevan within
the complex of the Belg,rade Fortress in the fifteenth eentury.
These were forerunners of catering insti:t>utions of o,ur time which
had predominantly recreational, namely health related character
- being some kind of sanatoriums. The Hilanda,r shelter for stran-
gers which is today a hospital is preserved within the complex of
the quarters for the night in the so-called Russian ward.
Monasteries served also in Turkish period as reception cen-
ters for chance travel1ers and believers who gathered around them
on church holidays and fairs. Within the complex of these shelte,rs
for the night large dining rooms for people were built, while in
front of the monasteries inns were constructed as monastery hos-
telry, and even tent-stal1s of a temporary character. A number
of sueh abjects is completely preserved even to this day, while
382
A. CT. ITal3:\ODHh
they still serve their original purpose. Most of them have been
restored in course of the nineteenth century.
The othr kLnd of catering abjects has been built by the
Turks, sa that it was not connected ta cult. These are well-known
caravan-serais and hostelry, which were genUiine inns with facitiE:::">
for spending night for the caravan travellersand with large
yard, and other premilses for 'sheltering their horses and merchandi-
se. Very few of them still remain today in Serbia, although their
number was large in the pasto The ruins in Ram, on the Danube,
from the end olf the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteent:h cen-
turies, right near the Turkish fortress, most probably are the oldest
preserved remnants of caravan-serai in the territory of Serbia proper
(not counting the provinces within its borders). In contrast to that,
Amir Aga's hostelry in Novi Pazar, which is the most precious ob-
ject of this kind (seventeenth - eighteenth centuries) is sWl ser-
ving 'its original purpose, while the arsenal in the Nis Fortress (six-
teenth century) - which has been a hostelry - was remodelled into
an exhibition hall. We are able ta recognize also a few smaller
Turkish ho.stelries, as weIl as number of them constructed by the
Sepbs in recently liberated country in course of the first half of
the nineteenth century along the pattern of those from the past,
and even keeping the term "hostelry" (han).
In course of the entire nineteenth century throughout Serbia
considerable number of catering structures has been constructed of
the type of hostdry, coffee-houses and people's kittchens. In the
majority of cases these are inns of smaller size and of modest ap-
pearance where, in addition to food and drinks, travellers could
spend the night and rest, even for several days These objects were
built in the middle of permanent settlements, then on the crossroads
and alongside roads, influencing in sorne cases also the creation of
small-'towns. They included postal stations - menzulana. In many
cases they could be considered as forerunners of the present-day
motels.
For the most part, the.se are monuments of folk building ac-
tivi ty. Even until the sixties of the last century the people erected
them alone, according ta its possibilities and using the technique
otherwise applied in constructing ordinary houses. In the majority
of cases they were constructed in the bondruk technique, by using
unbaked or baked bricks and even, depending on the area, logoS or
Iplanks - 'in the spirit of Mopava, Sumadija or ald Wlach houses.
Their basis is rectangular and they have a rather wide waoden porch
and are partially built over a stone cellar.
The Decree on Hostelries which was enacted in 1861 c::omple-
te'ly changed the entire procedure in building and even the activi ty
taking place in the hostelries. That procedure, namely, has been
made dependent on compulsory standardized projects designed by
professional engineers. That Decree also provided for the building
HeKaAaWtba rOCnlHCKl 3Aallia y Cp6HjH
383
permit on th basis of project, and for the z.on1ng requirements, such
as distances between the hostelry, on the one hand, and the church
and school, on the .other. The hostelry, namely the tavern as an
object acquires the function of the center of social activities in a
rural surrounding. Three classes of projects of hostelry have been
provided for. The porch was eliminated and the eaves replaced by
the European-type profile of the roof-ridge. The building material
and the construction used are of more permanent nature, while the
arrangement 'Of rooms and other spaces was modemized. The ob-
jects buil t in such a way were also identified.
In larger towns, and first of aIl in Belgrade, hotels in modern
terms begin to be constructed, although still rather modestly
equipped and far from the existing European standards. The spas
also began to be developed with the building up of planned objects
aimed at serving the needs of their guests.
This work li.sts and classifies those categories in Serbia proper
which, according to the assessment by campet,nt institutions for
protection of cultural monuments, have cultural and memorial va-
lues. There are in fact others too, but we cau not be satisfied wit.h
their condition. Many objects are deserted and almost in ruins, while
quite a number is used in sorne other inappropriate way. They only
partially preserve their original function and are barely included
in the contemporary catering and tourist industries. It seems that we
do not realize that the life of these interesting monuments can be
prolonged by an .appropriate revival, while keeping their original
purpo:se in accordance with the contemporary needs. Such an atti-
tude towards former catering buildings which are still preserved
would help tourist trade through evaluating, in a proper manner,
its culturological message, while the existing experience witness
that tourists are rather fond of such type of premises.
CA. 1. AMHp-anIH XaH y HOnO,\1 na3apv (XVII-XVIII) - npe peCTaypaUl-Uje
Fig. 1. Amir-Aga's inn (han) in Novi Pazar (l7th to 18th centuries) - before
restoration
Cil. 2. ApCeHa,\ v HtfWKOj TBplsasll - xaH (XVI neJ<). npe
. peCTaypaLlHje.
Fig. 2. Arsenal in the Nis Fortress - originally an inn (l6th century) -
before res tora tion.
CA. 3. Mo,I:>i<OllHlia XMl y KpeMHH (XVIII BCK) - npe peCTaypaUHje
Fig. 3. Moljkovi's inn (han) in the village of Krcmna (l8th ccntury)
beCol'e rest-oraljon
CI. 4. Xall y Conori' (1838) - TOKOM pecravpaL\H:je
Fig. 4. Inn (han) in Sopot (838) - in course of resloralion
---- ----
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COb A
1 1 t 1 1 1 1
,T 1
-[
l -r
T
J,::
l
ttmI .-.-----.-
('2070
JI
v
o 5 II) M.
1-1 ~ 1 l" 1 1 1 1 1
CA, 5. XallODH If ConOTY li KocjepMny (XIX BeK) - CKliue OCHOBa
Fig 5. Inns (hanovi) in Sopot and Kosjeri (19th century) -
sk!elche,s of the base
CA. 6. CaBHneBa MexaHa y [pOIJ,KOj (APyra rrOA. XIX BeKa)
Fig. 6. Savi's tavern in Grocka (second haIf of the 19t11 century)
CA. 7. CCAaJ(oBHna MexaHa y Apart\HIJ,H (,.l.Pyra rroJ\. XIX Bel<a)
Fig. 7. Selakovi's tavern in the village of Drag!ica (second half of the 191h
century)
HOJ-lHlJ,A y TOnOAH
c I
KYXHIM
c c
~
nPEHOIiHWTE Te.
o
r")
r<i
l
....
CAhAMEXAHA
c
f-- 29.50
.11
",
o J5 10 M.
J l ~ ,t-J
1\. 8. fOCTHOHHl(a y Tonol\H (npBa nOI\. XiX BeKa) _ CKHl\a OCHOBe ca
rJ\aBHHM H3rJ\eAoM
19. 8. The inn in Topola (photo by 1. Vukovi) - before the works of
reconstruction
CA. 9. [OCTI10HHua y TorrOAH (cHHMaK H. BYKOBJoln) - rrpe rrpHcTyrralf,a
peKoHcTPYKuHjI1
Fig. 9. The inn in Topola (photo by 1. Vukovi) before the works on

TJ.-inCKH I1POJEKAT MEXAHE TPEfiE KhACE
(YPEA5A 0 MEXAHAMA, 1861.)
1 MEXAHA 5. C06A 3A TIPEHOfiHWTE
7. <l>YPYHA ::lA XAEE
2 KYXHI-bA ft> y AH HH)l(Er PEAA
8. fiETIEHAK
.1 C06A 3A PY'JAI-bE 6 KOMOPA 3A LPAWHO 9. RH!\EP
C06A 3A rOCTE
j',. XOAHHK
o
1II
ci
l
-

, 119.00 "*
o 5 10 M.
l , t J l:t '1 1 l , t
(nPEMA OBJABtoEHOM HAi\A3Y J3 CI1MOHOBHFiA, 1979.)
10. T IffiCKIl rrpojeKaT MexaHe Tpehe KAace (1861) - CKI1l..\a OCHOBe
ca r"aBHHM 113rAeAO:\1 (npeMa 6. CH.\lOHOBl1ny)
10. Standard plans of the third c1ass tavern (1861) - sketch of the
with the frontal view (corresponds to standard plans of the first
class tavern, 1861)
--
MAHACTHPCKA MEXAHA
KOA Jo YEOCTHI-bE
1
l T
1 -1
1
-1 j 1
1 J J
-
1
f-...
C C C C
____. ___..JI
i
1 ..
- -
./ 1
o
,.. 1 nPEHOfiHWTE
-
1-- CAhAMEXAHA
,- .--. nPEHOfiHWTE .
"':
1 .... 1
1 :1
C06A C C C06A
1:
1 .1 1
,
,
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
., , .\ l
L........L.-. , [ .. 1, 1 1 '1
rv , . 2800 . 1 _ *

1
1
\111' 1 1 \
llUlll lIlJl\\ll) IlIl\\llllllll l\Jillluu_\illllill. Ioull
onan
o 5 10 M.
(OArOBAPA MEXAHI1 nPBE KAACE 113 1861.)
1 l , J Il lit
CA. II. MaHaCTHpCK:l Me:-:al-Ia npeA J'oy60CrHl-hOM (APyra nOA. XIX Be Ka) -
CKllL(a OCHOBe ca f.laBHHM H3rAeAOM (OArOBapa THnCKOM npojeKTY MexaHC
npBe KAace, 1861)
Fig. 11. Monasterial tavern in front of the Ljubostinja Monastery (second
haH of the 19th century) - (corresponds ta standard plans of the first
class tavern, 1861)
AparOCAan AHTOHHJ EBHfi
KAPAE03
Y60
llha je cne AeBaHT OCTa'BHO 6aAKaJHClKm"1 3eMib3lMa 'Y iH3CAe-
Ise, HaY'Ka jow IHHje rroTnyH HCTpa)l(HAa H OTiKpHAa. H OIHO lll:ro
je rr03iHaTO y 06AaCTH 'K'YATypHe 6awl1H1He, Y'rAaJB'H'OiM AO
CTerreHa AeOKpHlfIl1HBHHX 06H'-liHlO 6e3 AYLb:HX THIfTO-
AOlllKU'X H aHaAH'I1HlfIX 3aXiBaTa. Hajja'-l'H ryTHl\ajH ca HCTOKa AO-
rrpAIH CV, y pa3HiHcvI B'HAOB'HlMa C TY'POKHIM oOBaja']-bHMa 6aAiKaiHOKIlX
3ElMa/ba. OoHH cy ce HajBlIwe oceTHAH y aAKaHOKH'M rpaA'fYHMa,
Ha.pO'-l'HTO 'Metry CTa'HOB'HiHllll1BOM 'Koje je rrpelllAO Ha HCAaJM. HaKo
cy HCAaM H xpmlJnaUCTBO 3a OBe BpeMe TypOKe npeBAacT'H !Ha BaA-
K3IHY 6HAH yaHTarOH:HCTYP'!'KOM OAHOCY, HnaK cy ce 36ar Avre OH.\'!-
OHo3e j3JBHAiH Y3aja:\1H'H YTHl\ajH npH'CTaA1Hl\a je.AsHe li 'Bepe.
3ajeAH'H'-l'KH )K!ylmOT TypaKa YI xpHlllnaHa y 6aNKaHoKHM rpaAoBHlMa,
cy 061H'-lHH ib'YAH, TproBl\H, BojiH'Hl\H, CBeTOB'Ha II cA'Y>l<.6eJl-la
AiHl\a 6HM-! ynynmm jeAIHH IHa Apyre, :\1ryl1ao je cBOjeBpciHa rrpo-
)I(HMaI-ba H cTpyjalba y 'Ba'KOA;HeB:HOM >l(MIB'OTY H KYATyrpH. AOIMO-
pOllY! cy npHXl3aTHA'H Ha'-I'HlII OiAeHaI-ba, 'Hcx'Pa'He, Moy3HKY !H lfrpy,
06H'Iaje HHaBHKe. TaKo cy ce 'Ha'pOAH'a HC'KycTua H
TYPaJKa, 6e3 063Hpa Ha Herr03H3Balbe je3HKa, nOCTeneHO H HeoceT-
HO y'BAa'-lHA'H y >l(H!BOT Xp11ll1na'HOKOr C'HeTa.
y H3Y3el'HHiM IHCTOp'HjC'I(IHIM H OOl.\ujaAIHiHIM OIKOAIHOCffllMa, H-
MHHO'BHO je AOAa3111\0 AO cycpeTa pa3AWI'HTHX KYATypa oH rrOiCrerre-
Hor H A3r3iHOr np'Ol\eca aJKYATYp3l\'wje. Y'K,plllTaAe oy ce y:rAruBHOM
xeTeporeHe l\WBHA'U'3aUHje, rrpHX!BaTaHa cy 'HAH oA6al\HllaHa, YCBa-
jaHa HAH npHAaro531Ba
l
Ha M'HOra KoyATyp'Ha Ao6'Pa. JeAIH'O ffiHX
je 'H 'MapHOHerOKO rr030pHlllTeCeH'KH KapalsooJ, KO'Me rrooBenyje.Mo
oBaj paA. HoMe je Ao6lIAO no rAa'BHOM hilHaJK'Y To:ra n30'PnwTa Ka-
paOO3Y, 'lllTO 6H ,APCAOBHO y rrpeBOAY, a 1f y 'C1fMOOAJH''-lJHOM C'M'HCAY,
3Ha'-lHAO "IJ,pHOOKU" HAY! "IJ,PI-lO OICO". OBO ce n030pnll.lTe nojaB-
Jbyje y 6aA'KaHOKHiM 3eMAXllMa ca OCMaJHAlHjaoMa y XVI BeKY, a npaBH
npOl\SaT AO.iJ'Bibyje y nepHoAY OA XVI AO XIX Belca.
,
386
A. AtlTomrjeBHb
y OBOM paAY nOCeOH\! na)KH>Y nOCBenyjeMo HeKHM jow He-
aCTpa>KeHilIM MAlI HeAOBOMHO lfCTalKHiynlM nHTal-bW:VIa n030pHWTa
Kapan03, Kao 3ajeAHI1"l.]KOr Aoopa Oa,\KaIHCIX HapO;.\3, H3ABajajyhH
noce6Hio npOOAeM aJKYA1'ypa!..(il1'je I<:olja je AOBeAa AD crBapalba AU-
KaA'HI1X AHKOBa, jYoHa'!<a H oco-oeHe aTMO'CcPepe y no-
30P11W1'Y Kapa003,
JOW HI1CY I1Crpa)lH'H a-pXiHBCKH 113BOPI1 Aa 6HCMO HenOCpeA-
Il-I'l1je, BHwe H OOibe MorAH OCBeTAHTI1 noja'B'Y iH pa3Boj KaJpao03a
y oaAXaHOK'HM 3eMibaMa. IIorA3BHT0 ce 1'0 O'AH'OC11 Ha JyrocAaBiHdy,
Ha ByrapcKY H HajBerie Hanope y TOM
Y'IHHHAe cy TYPcRa 11 fpLIKa, IbYLJel-fH cy H3BeCHH rrpalBHH A'OK'V-
MeHTH H a-A'MIHIHl1cTpa1'I1BHe ypeAoe 0 perYAHCaI-bY )I<HBOTa y Oc-
MaHCKOM Uapc1'BY, y KojHMa ce MaKap H nocpeAHO Mory HanH
Becru 0 n030pHW1'Y CeHI<:H. 3a ca;la 3HayajHa 06alBeUlTelba nPY>Kajy
11 IH3Bewl'ajlH nOyeB .oA XVI BeKa na Ha;l:3ibe, KOjiH cy
Kao AHllAOMaTe, HA'H pa;l:03HaAUH ny-rO'BaAH GOMaH-
OK'HM UapCTBOM Ha HCTOIK, OeAe)lcenH Ha C'BOjlJfli\1 nYTOBaH>HMa no-
HeWl'O H 0 nOOOpH1llTY ceHKH. GA OpeNtHe XIX BeKa, H HOoBHHOK
BeCTH ca BaAiKaHa npeAc1'a'BMaj:y 3Ha'LIajaH H3BOp. IIIro ce MY3ej-
c..KHX eKCnOH>a1'a 1'Hye, caMO je MaAI1 opoj MapHOHe1'a OAOAeo Bpe-
MeHY, npe)l(lHBeO, H 1'0 yrAa.B!HOM OHe C ropaja XIX BeKa. BOBe Ma-
pHoHeTe cV npaBibeHe nOApa>KaBaI-beM paHJijHx MOAeAa, Te cy ce
Ha 1'aj Ha'llIH OYYBaMI CTapHij'l1 06AHUH. y Haj3HayajHHje MY3ejcKe
30H'P'Ke cnalAajv O'He H3 EliI-f''rpa<j>OKor MY3eja (Museum fr Vbl-
kerkunde) y XaMoypry, 3a1'HM 30npKa MeMopiHjaAHe cP0HA-aUHje
A. A. Mejep (Mayer) y JepycaA'HMY, 30HpKa y ABOpCKOM MY3ejy
TOIIKanH Capaja y HCl'a'HoVAY H 30np.Ka KpaloeBcKor MY3eja y
EAHH6ypry. Meoy BeOMa 3HayajHe 30HpKe MO)KeMO YOPOjHTH 3011p-
IKY oa OKO neT C1'01'11'Ha MapHO'He1'a MY3e-
ja y OO'A'YHY, C KOjiM .oMO ce H'enOCpeAHO Y1103'HaAH. fpaAOK'H M'Y3e'j
y C3JpajeBY YY'Ba Aeo 30HpKe MapHO'Hera HeKaAaWI-ber BAaCHIUKa
n030pl-lWT3 Kapa003 11 MajcTopa-AY1'Kapa MeXMeAa XacH6a PaMl-l-
na 113 CapajeBa, Ko'je OMO TaiKone npoy-..lHAiH.
AmepaAHl-l H3B'prH 0 rr030pHWTY Kapa!J03 13eO,\1a cy 6oranl,
a pa'3AMoKyjy ce no TeMaTHUH, 3iHayajy 'H 7<.BaAH1'eTY, Mory ce rpV-
I1l-lCaTol-l OKO HelKOAI1KO AYXO'B1HI1X cTpyjaI-ba (nopeKAO, HacAe13e H
BpeMe jalE/oalna) y KO'jmvIa HajoBHwe AOAa31i AO l-l3pa3a nAypaAH-
3aJM y rAe,MflllnUMa H 33lKibyyuHMa, a "l.lec1'' HaTAa-
lUeHlHM el'HtOueHTp'H3'MOIM, eIMIDIP?jOKiHM eTHorpa<i,Y.lf3MO'M H'WY'!Kil1.V1
0KonpecHoHH3MOM. "-
GA cTpaHaua, HeMa'lKH l-lCTpa>Kl-l'Ba"l.lJ{ cy HajBil-lWe HaIT'l-lCaMI
o ITOG0'PiHWTY I<!apaoo3, Meoy J-f:JII.\1a: f. Ja'K06 (G. Jacob), X. Piluep
(X. Ritter), T. Me:HL\eA (T. Menzel), 3ar.l-l'M, A, T'Hue (A. Thitze),
P. ETHHmY3eH (R. Ettinghausen) H Ap., a lA TypC'IX 'HaY"l.l!H'l1.'Ka,
J<jH cy I-IalM Haj'BHWe H n\10rAIH nplH nHlbY O'Bora paAa, lHaj-
UCTaKH'YTHja cy ABa HMeHa: C. E. Cl1jaBYWrHA (Sabri Esat Ci-
yavusgil) H M. AHA. GA rpYKl-lX HaYYiHl-lKa AocaA cy Ha:jnomYHHje
--------------
387
Kapa003
'PaAOBe AaAH: T. CimponYAOC, A. JaalH'oc, A. MHTaJpac, AHlH:A,a M'H'P-
CHaAec, B. fIyxHep (W. Puchner) H Ap. GA PYMYHCKHX HCTpa>KHBa-
ya 3HatIajHHjH cV: B. AHHeCKY (V. Dinescu) 'H E. fIoneCIl(y-JYAeT (E.
Popescu-Judet). lb JyrocAaBHje Tpe6a nOMeHYTH: T. BYKa'HOBHna,
A. XaJ)HOCMaJI-IOBHa, H. Ky,pcnaxH!a oH )K. HJ\lHna oa 3aI-lHMihHBHM HO-
BHI-ICKHM npHA03HMa, AOK je O. JeBTHn I-ranHcao Apar014eH ecejH-
CTliYKH 0 Kapan03Y y OOCHH.
nOpeK/W
y I-1aY14H jouI anje pamllHwheHo IlIHTal-be rAe Tpe6a Tpa)K]}JTH
nopcKAo "n03'OpnWTa Ce<J-lIKH" 'Ka:O 06A'H'Ka 3a6aBe. fI<ocroje IBHrue
HaY4lHwx XHDOTe3a 0 TOMe. ABe oy OCHQlBiHe. fIo jeA'I-loj XHIITOTC3H,
n03apm.uTe CeH!KH ce WHpHA' ca AaAeKor HCTKa 'Ha 3aill'a!A, nOlllTO
je Hajnpe 611Ao 3a6eAe)KeHO Ha Ja'BH, y Kl1'l-I'H 'H H'HAlHljH, na je H3
THX KpajeBa npeHeTO y TYPOKY. fIo APYI'O'j Xl}JflOTe31f, n030p1H'llITC
ceHKIf 'BOAlf nopeKAo H3 CpeA03eMiha, oAaKAe ce lllHpHAO Ha
Hcl'OK. ORa reop'Hja je ''A6a'4eHa, 6YA'YOH Aa 'HeMa If]}J'OaH:HX 'W3'Bopa
;) n030pHwTY ceH!KH y ApeBHoj fp41KOj 11 HIf3aI-lTH!jH. AaHac je
yrAaBHoM rrpH'XBaneHa YHfbeHiHl..\a Aa je lT030pHlIlTe Ce'HKH AocneAo
Ha 3arraA H3 A3Hje.
OH1\'O Aa je rr'30p1iWTe CeH'KH y TypOKY npeHel'O ca AaABKor
JlCTOKa, 'H3 A3Hje, HAH oa 3anaAa rrpeKO BH3aHTH'Ha14a, HTaAH'j alHa,
JUrraHaQa HNH npe6erA'HX JeBpeja, KOj'H cy, eBeHTyaMi'O, OB'H 'OK'YIl1a
OCTa'BHAHOIBO}1 Il'30pHWTY ITOHeWTO y HaCAene, IIfIT<l!K oCTaj'eMO
npH MHWiheJ-hY AaHac Ha'j6oJ'oer n03'HaB3'OQa 'OBor nH<TaJfba AHA Me-
THHa, Aa Kapan03 y Typcl<.Oj 03Ha'4aBa 60:raT IlIpeCeK 'Kp03 TypCKY
J<YATYPY, noe3Hjy, MHHHjaTvpHo CAHKapCTBO, MY3HK'y, HapOAHe
o6H4aje, y Y3ero, Kp03 fbHX'BY 6ora1'Y 1'paAHlIHj'Y, y KOjOj
cy Yl1HUaj 3aJnaAa 11 fberOB AonpHHOC caCOBmvl 3aHeMa'pihH-BH.
1
fIOyeneM! jeA'HOM y 1.\1Horo6pojlH'l'FM 'Ba!pW}<l!HTaMa BeOMa pa-
WHpeHm..l <pOA'KAOp'HOM AereHAM 0 HaCTaHKY IT030pH'W'J"'a COOKH y
TYPOKOj. fIojaBa rAaJBHiHX npOTarOHiH'CTa n030pHUlTa CeH'I, Kapa-
n03a H XaU'H'BaTa, Be3yje ce 3aBA'aAaJBHIHY (1326-1358).
TIpeM'a AereHoAiH, 'iHH cY y 1'0 B'PeMe )f(WBeAH y 0YpC:H. JCJAlJH je
6ao 3HAa:p a .'pym oKOBly. YqeCTBOBaAH cy y 3H'Aa:fbY jeAHe 1,I;l-
MHje, rpaneHe !lO cYATaHoBoj HapeA6H. MenYTHM, Beprut OBOjH\'l
YA'raMa BeceihaKa, 3lJA:HpK1lBaJH>eM IH 6p6ihaH>eM '3a-
AP)J(lJBaA:H cy y plJAryocTaAe paA'H'H'Ke, IIWj'H cy, OI\.fapa'H'H Hey'Kip0-
THJBHM A<l!KPAH'jamel-beM OBe ,tIIBOj'HUe, OCTaBII,ai\lt{ oBoje aAaTKe,
CYKyrIloaAH .ce Aa H'X cAywajry H rA:eAiajy. fpaAH>a ua:M'Hje ce TaKO
OTerAa y COKOHaYHOCT. HaJj3lJA je 0 TOMe C'DH'rAa BeeT A' CYATa!HO-
BHX YUlH:jy H, KaKO AereHAa Ka)Ke, OH je HapeAlHO Aa ce I(,apanOJ
If XaU.YfBaT no KpaJ'IKOoM lTOCl'YJ1lI<.Y nory6e. H TaKO 'By
06eWeJha:Ka OHane 'J1parufl.llalH KpaJj. Y MeOYiBpeMeHY1 Opxa'Ha OIlOna,1,e
1 M. And, Karagoz, Istanbul 1979, 40.
388
A. AHToHujeBJ,l!l.
l'pH)Ka caBecur, Te ce HOKpeHO rrO'Kaja 3:00r ClBoje lHenpalJ3eAlJ-Ie
AaA.,e Ka:tKe Aa je HeKH weHK KHCTepH, )KeAe-
hM Aa yrewR CBOTa rOoIr.oAapa, rrOIAHrao y jeAHolM yrAY I1AaT'HO TB
KOMe je nPJWKa3H'BaO oHAyeTe eplIrypa 'K.'oje cy rrpeACTa'BA.,aAe A'BOjH-
paAH'H'Ka (KapaB03a H XaU'HlBaTa), HCl'OBpeMeHO nOApaoKaBajyhH
JI I-bHXOB KOMHtIHH AHjaAor Aa 6H pa3BeCeAHO CYATaHa. C MaI-bHAl
Bapnjar..ur}aINla y norAeAY AeTai"a, Ta Aere:HAa je :tKH'Ba y Typ-
OKOj, rra JI Y,J-Ie'K'HM 6aAIKlIHCKHIM 3eMiba'Ma, noce6Ho y fpqKOj. HMl:
lUeHKa KHcTepHja Ka T'Bpna KapaBo3a YBeK ce nOI\lHlbe C rrOWTO-
'BaI-beM y OBHIM TIeBaI-bHMa npONo'ra.
2
IIITO ce XpOHoAorHje l'Hl-Je, AocaA jow Hl-!'CY 01'KpUBeHH AO-
l<a3H Aa cy MapHOHeTe rr030pHlilTa ceHKH rrocTojaAe y TYPCKoj npc:
XVI BeKa. KaKo TypCKH, l'a'KO iH e'BpOIJ1CKH I1OCMaTtpal.Jn oseAl..Je 0
H:JHXOBOj llIHpOIKOj nonYA'apHOCTH TeK OiA Tor BpeMeHa. Kao lllT
OtV10 a-rarAaCHAH, DA XVI BeKa f(Ia:OBlIMO llm'BOplI rromYJ-lIHje 'ITP'Y:tKaj y
o6aBellUeI-ha 0 06AHI4HMa H rrpeAcTaBaMa rro30pHwTa ceHKH. Y l'Oc"!
BeKY HCTOpIP--Ia:p MYCTaePa AAR nOMIHlI-be rr'3O!pHmTe CeH'KH
Ka,o ,,3ullu-xaja.n." H Ae<pHHHlwe HI'pe CeH'KH Kao "Hrpe C peqfiMa" ,
rrpe Hero 'HeM'Y nplAcTa
l
By.
3
JeAaH TypOKIH PYK:om-IC iH3 A'BopCKe 6lI-
6AHlOTeJKe TOTIKarry CapaJja, TlIKone W3 XVI 'BlKa, Aaje crfHClIr. rroje-
,AIHlHlHX 'H'rpaqa il{ T'pyna. PaoK'illHo HAYCTpoBa:Ha Cyp1-taMe-u Xy-
AWjYN H3 1585. roAHHe O'l1Heyjy CBe'l.JaHOCTH Koje ay rrpaTHAe 0YHeT
OH!Ha ,cYATlIHa MypaTa III. OHe caA:p)Ke IHlH3 'MH!HiHjaTypa Koje npH-
K'a3yjy cY1\,TaiHa fi H:JerOBY npaTI-bY K'3!KO rrocMaTpajy H3BOBaqe 'Ae-
BeHe y Apeqene 'KOCl1HtMe, C MaOKa'M-a H Of\pOIMHM'M IKanaMa, KO'jH 6[.-1
ce MorAH tHAlHTHePHKoBaur Kao KapaB03 H XalJ'HBaT, A'Ba rA'alJ3'Ha
AHI4a MapHoaeT0Kor rr030pHIII1'a CeJ-IIK'H.
4
HeK<H AOKa3H 'PBpAe Aa je n030pHWTe CeHKM XVI BeKa rro3aj-
MibeHO -H3 EIlliI1Ta. H3IH'Me, CYATa'H CeAiH-M l, KOj'H je rrpH'CajeAHIHH
EnmaT TYPOKOj UapeBHHH 1517. rOAHIHe, 3arrOBeAHO je Aa ce rroc-
Ae,A;H:JH MlIMeAY'1'KIH cYATa'H o6ecH. Ta je iHapeA6a H:Aa H3BpmeHa
H 0YATaIH TY"V1aH6ej II 6wo je o6eweH 15. anpHAa 1517. Y rraAaTl1
'Ha OC1'p'BY POAa y HHAY CYATa:H CeAHM je rAeAao rrpeACTlJo,,/
jeAHe 'l1rpe ceHKH Koja je rrpHKa3HBaAa BernaI-be nOCAeATher MaMe-
AYY.1KOr aYATaHa npaneHo 'KiH1A'a'I-beM 'Y)KeTa A'BanYT y TOKY H3Bp-
melba CMpT'He IK33He. I-beMY ce TOA!H'KO C'BHAeAa npeACTa'Ba Aa je
'HaJrpalAHO H3BoDaq,a ca OCaJM'HaeCT 3Aa'PHH'K'a H 'Be3eHMM 'K3'ePTaHO,"!,
PeKlJBillHMY: "KaAa MH OiAeMO y HCTlIH6YA, TH hem rron-u C 'HaMa
KlIKO 6lI H tMoj 'C'WH Morao Aa BlIAn iHrpy ceHKH". I-beriB CHa-I, Kac-
H'Hje n03HaTH CYAejMlIH BeAHYlJHCTBeHH, HIMao je y 110 'BpeMe A'Ba-
AeceT jeA'HY l'O,A)HIHY. Y CPBaprn, l.JHiH'H ce Aa je CYAHtH Ha rrOBpal'KY
ncmeo jeAIHY rAYMaqKIY TpY'rry y TypOKY"
2 S. E. Siyavusgil, Karagoz, Istanbul 1951, 6.
3 M. And, Haa. e/lo, 23.
4 J, M. Scarce, Karagoz Shado\V Pllppels of Turkey, Royal Scottish
Museum 1983, 3.
M. And, Hae, e/lo, 26.
389
Kapan03
Epa CYAejMaHa BeAHyaHCTBeHor je npHAWIHO 60raTa y rro-
3HBalhY Ha KapaD03a. XaJMep (Hammer) oeAe>KH Aa CI' 'Ha A,Be
'BeAHKe CBey,aHOCl1H OpraH'll3'BaHe 1530. H 1539. Y "YaCT cYiHeTa CH-
HOBa CYAejMaHa BeAWlaHCTBeHor H3BOneH'H 3BaHH Ka-
paD03,
Ao XVII BeKa Kapan03 je Il'OTITYHO HAeHTH<pHKOBaJI-t Kao rro-
30pmUTe nOA THiM HMa BJHllle A;01<.33a Aacy erHnaTCKH
rr030pHwTa ceHlKH A'Aa3HAH y TYPOKY 11 TOK:OIM XVII 'BeKa.
K3JAa ce 26. jYHa 1612. rOAH'He cecTpa AXlMeAa l, fe:BXepXiaiHa, YAa-
naAa 3a EKH3 IT3!wy, 3a TI' npHJ\JHlKY O'HJ\lH CI' rr03B3!HH HeJKH ern-
naTClJ<lH JlIrpaYH ceHKH. Meny '!-hUMa je OHO I1 'CA3!BHlH emnaT<.H
HrpaLI A3!BHA eA-aATap (MeHaBIH), 1-1iHjy je rrpeAcTalBY CYAT3H
AXMCA 1 y JeApeHY, IUTO je 3aOeAe)IceHo Y MeHBHjeBHM MeMoapHMa.

TOKOM XVII BeKa rr030pHwTe CeJ-IIK'H je OHAO Y BeAlIJlwj M'OAH,

o LleMY IcBeAo"Ye 'MaoTo6poj'H1H HCTOpHjOKH DHAO je TaK.)
nonYAapHo ,L\a 'cI' rpana'HOKe HBepC'Ke BAaCTH 360,r
npeCTH/KaKojH je OHO Y./KHBaAO y HapoAY. E6yoYA EepeHAlH, CAcmHH
meHlK YA-RCA\lM3 Oyl\ejMaHa BeAlI1'LJ:aHCTBeHor, 6HO je np'HiH'yneH
,L\a H3Aa ABa AeKpeTa KOjil1 cy Ha 'H3rAeA 'I1pOTH'Bype"YHAIH jeA3H AiPY-
rOM. JeA3!H je 3a6palhHBa' AOOpHIJ\1 MYCAHMaHHMa Aa rrpI'WYCTByjy
T'O'j BpenI npeA;CT3JBa, a APym H:X je oBJ\'awliHIB'aO Aa Y)I<lHBaj'Y y
3a6a'BH J(ojy O'He rrpY>Kajy.

11 APYfH H3BOpH XVII BeKa TIlOTBpnyjy
nonYAap'HOCT OB'Or uma rr030pHWl'a. TypOKH EBAMja
1.JeAeoH l1'3BelllT3Ba Aa MapHoHeTe :\10ry HrpaTH H33 OCBeTJ'oefHOr
ITAaTHa iH Aa HlM ce AHKOBH 'Ha oeAOM 'I1Aa'fIJ-lY. OH
TaKone nOMUl-be XaCa'H3aAe MeXMeAa 1.JeAe6iHj3, '1yBeIJ-lO'r AYT<.apa,
KOjH je AlBanYT HeAeA,HO H3'BOAHO TI'PeACTalBe 3a CYATaHa MypaTa
IV (1693-1710). B:HCOKO oOAapelH YMel1HwK, 3H30 je aparrCKll1 il nep-
CHj'OKH, rropeA csor TypKor je3ll:Ka, a YBeo je jOlll je,L\JHO
nAaTHO 3a rrpHKa3HSa!-he C rroTnyr-rOM n030pHWHiOIM onpeMoM, H Ha-
ITHCaO 350 I<.aMaAa.
8
113B'OpM XVII 'Be:Ka npY)I<ajy 'H 33JHll'M.h>H'Be rrOAal'Ke ' ynr-
uajy MapHOiHeTa TI030pHWTa CeaK'lI Ha 'KOH'BeHUHje )KHIB'Or
lllTa. EBA'I1ja 1.JeAe6H eAe./K!H, Aa cy '1N3!HOIBiH MAH'HapOKOr eoHa-
epa 3a BpeMe npeACTase 'KOjy cry AaBaAH HOCHA'li IKllne CA'll'YHe Ka-
pan030Boj, a CYPHalMe 113 1675, TIHca:Ha 3'a ose"YaHOcTlI cYHeTa OlIlH3
MexMeAa IV y Jep:peay, ormcyje Kao 'MapnoHeTe y no3'O-
PHUlHOY[ Ko,MaAY ceHKH.
9
CBe Te Becnt: AonYl-byjy 'H38ewTajH eBparrOKHX ,nyr.HHlK'a, II<njH
c'Y LIaC 3rpaJHYT.H, Liac OLI3;pa'HH Aa'KPAHj,aMa Ka'pan03a III H>ero'B'llX
A'Pyrapa. <PpaHIWOKH nYTOITHCau )K. TeBeHJO (J. Thvenot), IWjlI
je noceTHO HCTaHoYA 1655, 0ITHoyje Mapll'OHeTe y aKU'IJ1j'li 'li cTpac'HO
Y)KHBallie /KeiHe HeKor TypOKor o<pHL\lH'pa y 'Ppo'"YacoJ31Hoj rrpeAC1'alBlI.
& IIcTO,
7 S. E. Siyavusgil, HaB. ello, 7.
8 J. l\1. Scarce, ,wa. ello, 3,
9 IIcro.
390 A AHToHHjeBli
Ta AaVla je 'HapeNiAa Aa ce BpaTa I-beHe c06e Koja BOAe y ABopaiHY
y KOjOj je ceAeo TeBeHo C rOCTHMa 3acT'PY 3a
I
BecO.\i, nAaIllen:H ce
,.1:a je OHH He BHAe. OHa 'HlHje HanYCTHAa 1'0 'Meno CBe AO'K 1K000aA
HIije 6HO 3aBpIlleH, a 1'0 je 6HAO OKO jeAaH '-lac nOCAe nOHonH,
nOIllTO je npeACTaBa TpajaAa AY)Ke OA l'pH '-Iaca. Ja oaM ce '-IYAlLO,
IlIlillIe TeBeoo, IllTO ce aHa HiH'je ,cTlfAcAa Aa rAeAa 6e306pa3AY'Ke
Koje je H3'BOAHO KapanOB, rNaBHa Ali'-lHOCTMel3y IMap:HHeTaMa.
10
3acaA He paiOIliOWa)lWMO crapili1j'HJM BeCl1H'Ma OA XVII BCK<l
Noje 6H nOTBp13liBaAe npHoycTBO rro30pliIllTa Kapa1303 y 6aAlKaH-
OKHM 3E),VlibaIMa H3BaH Ty,pOKe. HajpalHHjli n03'HaT nOAaTa'K Kora
CMO ,6:01I1AH A!HOOH ce Ha TepHTopHjy AaiHaillI-be JyroCAa'BHje li no-
l'H'-Ie 113 1608. rOAJliHe.
UapcKiO nOCAa!HCl'B:O, C MaI<:OYDM!HAa.lljaJ-IOM EpaH'AIllTeTepo.Vl l-Ia
'-IeAY, 'Ha OBaM nyrry 1608. OA Ee"-Ia AO UaplirpaAa, ITAOBCnli Aal3mi
npeMa Eeor:paA'Y, 3aYCl'alB!HAO ce Aa KJOHa'-lli y HAOIKY. BpAO 0pAa'-llf!o
(lIX je ,6:0'YeKao H yrocTHo TypOKli 33!I10BeAHliK rpaAa AAli n3JIlla
Raj,a. I1:ocAe 'Beyepe, rocrH'Ma je rrO'Hyl3eHo Aa BHAe npeAcTaBy C
M'apHaH'eTaM'a H3a OOBeTlDeHOr nAal1Ha. MyrnKe H )KCHC'Ke qJliIf'Ype
li3g0AHAe cy OBaJKOiBpcHe AaKpAfll'je, a MalHlfI1'YAaTop-TAYMaL\ nACT!i-
L\ao liX je yac 'M:yITllKMM a '-lac )K:ElHOKIllM rAacaM.
ll
fOAliHe 1666. EBAiuja 'IeAe6li nO'MliI-be Aa ce Ha jeA'HOM 0/\
HajBenilix BaJmapa Ha EaNKaHY y ceAY AOibalHY (AaHac CP Ma'KCA-
I-I\lI:ja) li3BOAe pa3HC npCAcTaBC H 3a6aBC, MCl3y Koj'HMa li rr030pll-
IllTe CeH'Kli C MaplJlOHeTaMa.J
2
AeTa 1695. TprO'BL\H ili3 TYPoKe YB03e pa3IIY p06y y oKyrIlipa-
IHH EeorpaA npenYH OOMaHAlija. Y rOMliAH ecnana, MCl3y 6e36poj
AElBaHTCKliX npcA:VleTa, HaAa3e ce H 'MapliJoHeTe 3a n030pHIllTe ceHKH
Kapal303, Kao li IHearrXOAHe CBene IC'Oje ce KopliCTe npH H3Bol3eI-bY
npeACTaBe.
1
:
J
TOKOM XVIII BeKa J"lycAIH'M'aIHH y CKonNY li.Vlajy cBoje n030-
pHIllTe Kapan03, 'Ktoje je AaBaAO npeACT3IBC y KacP3H3Ma H '-IajIJlI-
HliL\aJMa.
14
y PYMI\}HOKIllM 3eMibaMa, Kapa1303 je Ha1jnpe npoApo y K'HC-
)KeBOKe rIaAaTe, a 'KaCHlije y 1KacPa'He, Ha Tla'Aa:Ha"-lKe !l1 ce:OCKe Ba-
Illape. Y CB'OI},i U3BelUTajy 0 noceTli PYJMYiHCKliM KHe)l(CBiliiHaMa y
XVIII BetK:y, <P. rYA3C3 H3'BOIAH Aa je 360r AaCl(lliB'HOr AHjaAora
6liO 3rpaiHYT npeACT3'B3'Ma Y IT030pliIlITY ceiHKcH. H
Hl'aAlIjaH AeA Kjapo (Del Chiaro), ceKpeTaJp KiHe)KeBOr ABopa y
BAaIllKoj, nplICYCTBOBao je 1715. rOAlI!He jeA'Hoj m'KBoj OnCL\eHoj
10 J. Thvenot, L'Emire du grand Turc, Paris 1965, 100.
Il K Nehring, Adam Freiherm zu Herbersteins Gesandtschaftsreise
nach Konstantinopel, Mnchen 1983, lOI.
E. 'lleAe6H, fl"bTenUC, HHCTlUYT 3a 6aAKaHIlcTllKa EAH, CO<pHR 1972,
279.
13 P. TpH'IKomf!l, EeozpacKU nauWItYK (PYKOIlUC AHcepTal\Hje), 132.
14 P. CTe<paHOBCKH, TearapoT 60 MmOl-tuja, CKollJje 1976, 25.
391
Kapa1503
<paP'OH, KOjy je Hoa3HaOC'KaHAaA03H10M.I.; TO!KOI.vl XIX H noyeTKO.'vl.
XX 'BeKa y PY.'vl.YHHjH ce HaCTa'BJba Tp3.AHl\Hja n030pHlliTa Karpa-
n03. Do Kaepa'Ha'Ma y KOIHCT3'Hl\1J1 lM y 'Y'HyrpamI-b'OcT'H 3e'.'vlJbe OA
1895. A:O 1913. H3BOA;H ce Kapan03 Ha TVpOKOM, rpYiKOM H jepMe'H-
C'KOM je3HlKY. rOAiHlHe 1905. jeAHa T'ypKa Tpyna 1H'3 UapH!rpa'A'=l
HTpaAa je Kapan03 y rpaA'CIKiOj yeTBprn OHlfAHY. rp'IIKa ApY>KHlHa
no HMeHY "MaipHIJca" (oTal\ H MlH) npHIIC'a3HBaAa je rpYIC'H Kapan03
(Caraghioz) y TOrcy HeKOAHKO AeTl'bIHX ce30Ha H3Meny 1903. If
1908. fOAHHe.
1G
y fpLJK.oj ce Kapan03 H31BOAIHO y T'YpOKO BpeMe. 0 jeAIJ-mjKa-
cP3'HCKOj npeACTaBH AaT je nOAPo6aH OITHC roAIHIHe 1856. Pey je 0
Ka'epa'HlH V jeBpejC'Koj l.feT'BpTH rpaAa )GaAlKl-foAiH'ja.
1
H3Meny 1820. H 1850. f'OAHlHe, y BeorpaJAY 'Y jeA'H'oj Ka<j:>aIJ-HI
OAp>K3B3He cy npeAcT3Be MapHOHeTCKor n030pHlIlTa K'apan03.
18
Ha KiO'COBY 'Ce y HapoAY 'CaLJYBaAa ycnoMeHa IHa O'BO
Ilne, H 1"0 Y ppaAoEHMa I1pH3peHY, I1eniH H I1pHillHIHH. YTBpneHo je
Ixa je K!pajeM XIX 'BeKa Kapan03 AiQCrreO li 'Y BYlfIHTp'H C J'A'YM'l\IHMU
TYPl\HMa H3 HpcAcTa'Be 'cV 'OAp>KaIBa'He y If,Mepa
IIIai\:>e, KOj-H je ICH'H'je H O"'M 1fli0CTao J'A'YlMal\ 'H rrplHpenH'BaO npek
craBe OKiOpO AO npeA A'pynl CBeTOKIH paT.J
9
y ,\1aKel-\OHCKIH!,M OXPHAY, DHTOib'Y, BeAecy, IIIrnny
Il APYJ'H.\1MCCTH'i'vla, Ka'pan03 nepAe, KlIK'O cy 3BaAH OBO TI030pl111iTe
ceHKH, )KH'BeA'O je A XX BeKa.
Meby nHcaHH'M TparOBH'Ma 0 OBO',\1 n030plJ1'lliTY y. BociHM, iHapo-
tHUY na>I<I'bY 3aCAY>KyjYllrOAal\li H3 r0'A'WHe 1868. Kapan03 ce HGBO-
,AiHO Ha raj Hal.fH'H UlTO cy H3a AaiHHOr nAa'1'Ha rrO'KpeTaHe 'MapiH'O-
HeTe, a npHlKa3H1BaHM cy H<lJpOYHT'O A'acllHBHIH 'K'OlMaAH 3a }'\Becei\:>a-
BaI-be 'KlIKO O,'vlAaAIH:He TalKO 'H CTapH'jer
Ana 'HOBHHC'Ka l.IAaJ-PKa 'H3 "Capaje8c/.Col 3a 1870.
l'OAHlHY AOHoce olliTpe KpHl'HKe :\3'CLIIHBH'Or CaAp>Kaja 'KIOMa'Aa
cy H3B'OneHH V rr030pHlliTY Kapan03. "OBAe ce (I1WHCAJH ce Ha Ca-
paje'Bo) IHaAa3H 'Ben lHeK'OAHlK'O MeceUIH je'A3'H l\arpH'rpaACKH Jep-
.vteHlHiH, KOjlH y jeAHoj KaclJalf-llH y UapeBoj MaX3'NH J1lpeACTaBi\:>a 3<1
HOBal\ Hrpv T3B. Kapan03, a TO oy Op3'MlHe npeACTalJ3e. Meny 'J'Ae-
;<,aOl\lf.Ma OBHX rrpeACTatBa HaAa3H ce 6paAaTHjex 'H 6pKalll-Fjex KodH
ce 'lHlHOBHlHUHMa Ha3'HoBaj'y, HO oBoje AocTojaHCT'BO A'OBOIo'H'O He
1.1 E. Popescll-Jlldet, L'ill{luence des spectacles populail'es turcs dans les
Pays Roumains. Studia et acta orientalia V-VI, Bucarest 1967, 343.
16 HCTO 351
17 w. Das erste S)'mpOision ber das neugrichische Sc/1atten-
theater..., Sdost-Forschuilgen, Band XXXV, Mnchen 1976, 432.
18 B. T. CTeBaHOBHI, C'mpu Eeozpa, CK r AaCHHK XXVI/2, Eeor.paA
1911, 149.
19 T. BYKaHoBHI, C'ryuje U3 6aJ11Wlic/Wl ifJOJ1K/lOpa, BpaH>CKH rAaCHHK
V, BpaH>e 1969, 337-339.
20 JK. HAHh, leHa 3a6paHa U360ne/-ba ,,[(apal?o3" n030pWUTa y Capajeay,
lloAHTHKa, 30 jaHyap 1966, 20.
392 A. AHToHHjeBHn
-----" .
l'Mejy yBi'maB311H, aJ\lH BenHIHa rAe;;9aAaqa caCTojH ce H3 HetlJ1lHe
;\eqe Ni H >KeHCKe !H MAaA'Hn-a. _1
'IlOBOAOM nporpaJMa OBor Kapan03a, 'KpIl1TH'1ap "Capa]e6CIWl
6 'eTHU-JJ:a" O'lllTpO pea1rvje, HaJno.\1H'lhynH Aa je rryH "He6aJbaJlUX"
] C aft'LHUX" cqeHa, 360r '-lem npeAAa)J<e CTpore Ka3He npeMa rro-
naparpaqmMa qapcKor Ka3HeHor 3laKOrrHI<a. rOAHHc
je 3aop&i lhe:H Kapa503 y Ka<paHIH KOA BOllll-baK,a, aMI Ta BHJe OMeAO
AoceTA:>0Bor BAaCHHKa n030pHIliTa Aa ce npeceAH y Ka<paHY CBor
?eJM JepMeHJ11Ha H Aa Hiac1'a'BIH Aa OAp)I<a:Ba npeACTaBe.
22
l 1 ro'AHiHe 1904. feopr Ja!Jw6 je rAeAao rrpeAcTaBY Ka
1
pa503a V
C3IpajeoY y 'Ka<p3IHIH X.yceHlHa ITaillaMi'na, IKO'jV je H300AHO CaMyeA
f a CAH'fHO'J npH'peA6H POiBOPIi H 'Haill 30M1'o'aiK HHlKOAa
Jap'J1I1r!OBHn.
23
TIocAeAH>H rAY'Ma,q, pep[HTeJ'o !H BAaCHUK rr030piHillTa
Kapao
O
',3 y CapajeBY 6HO je Mex'MeA XaoH'6 CBe AO TpHAe-
ceniX Ol,L\;H'H':l- Hamel' 'BeKa Ha qHPKYOKOM Tpry ycpeA nap'0illH
AalBi'O je CHOJe He3a6?paBHe H, npeMa pel..JJH'Ma ClIBpeMe-
HH!Ka, 6110 'BeA'HIKH MaJCTOp HAY3HJe, ca H3Y3el'HaM Mt3JillTOM (H AapO'M
f")al-hY AH!.KOBa H 3anAeTa 24
y 'ropeJir .
MUCTtltlU3GAl
I10CToje y HaYUH M'Hilll'oeJ-ba Koja nopeI<AO n030pll1illTa CeHI<ll
Be3 ''1 3a peAHflH'j.OKM KVAT 'IlpeAa'Ka, 3a Te/lO-bC >.KIH'(
Aa YJCIlOCT3JBe KOHT3!KT C AyllJalMa 0130JHX Y'MpAHX. CeHKa ce CXlBHTa
Kao
Y
liAeHTH<pHI<aL\Hja Ayme npH3BaHC [H3 3arp06;wr fAVMau
I<'OjH yfTp3JBl'oa AYllKa
l
Ma V ceHiKH DHO ,Je nOCpeAIH'l1K
H3Me5'1 )f(,H'BHX HMpTBllX. Je HeWTO illTO CTOJH 'Bac
li OHOra illTO npeAcTaBl'oa HAeJY H CBeT AvaAH3Ma, KaKO Je 1'0 V
OBOjoj IiCllHl!aO .ITA'aToH Ii ApeI3'H:H rp'1KIH neCH%K
,A;l: et<aBlIN-I ,,3ap '-laBeK HIiJe C3JMO caH 'C'BOJe corrCTBeHe ceHKe."c>
A je 'li 3a 3acTyrN-l'IiKe -AYUJa '10-
CHM60MICTH Ii IKoO.'vlTr03Ii'IlOpH eIl'oxe pOMaIHTH3Ma npnAaBaAIl
C etfi'i "CeH1(:a" MHCTII1'YJK:O 3Ha'-lelhe.
y p I1DMe>HryneMo jeA:HV AereIIAY 0 IKH'HeOKOM rr030pHwTV CeH.KM,
ca H3plil3HTHM a'I-/JHlCTHl..JJK'l1'M upTalMa. Uap BV H3 AiH'HacTHje Xatr.
cMpny oBoje )KeHe BaHr, rOAHHe 121 rrpe H.e.,
HapeA00 AIBOpOKOM '-lapOOfbliKY BeHrv Aa fbeH AVX. tIa-
p06fb
3J
( Je rrpoITHI-/O eBoqupao CAJ11KY KOJa Je Ai!fl..JHAa Ha I-bY,
LlBjeTHI1f< 3a 1870. roAI1HY. 6p. 47.
22 HCIO.
23 N. Kurspahi, Karaoz tursko pozoriste senki, Pozoriste 1-2, Tuz-
la .. Jevti, lzabrana djela, Sarajevo 1982, 357-361.
20 T. Aleksandrovna-Putinceva, Senke, lutke, marionete, PozoriSte 1-2,
Tuzla 19
81
, 102,
Kapalso3
393
npojeKTyjyb.H y 3aMpa'-JeHoj C06H fbeHY ceHKY, WTO je 3aAOBOtoHA

. ITpH3H'Ba'lbe AYXOBa rrpe:M'H'HYA:HX Aa ce !BpaTe Ha oBaj CBeT,
nOMofiy n030pHH.ITa ceHlKH, oMo.ryfiyje )KJHB'l1'Ma Aa KOIMYH!HL\Hpajy
c a O)KaA0111fieHolj OC06H Aa ce YTeillH H HCL\eAH.
To 6H ynyfiiIfBaAo Hia 3a'KtoY'-IaiK Aa K:OpeHH rr030pmlITa ceHKH f\e)l(C
y !KYf\TY Mp1'BHX. YI 'BeAHlKH rro:maBaf\aq orrWTe eJ1HOAornje Kaj
(K. Birket-Smith) OMaTpa Aa IHI'pa ceHKH, 'Kao ITO'ce-
6aIH H3AaJHaJK n030pHW'He ryMe1'HOCTH, IJoI1Ma, 'Kl3lKO ce '-IHiHiH, peAHrrHj-
OKe KOpe'He H Aa je. MO)l(Aa, nOBe3>a'Ha C npeACT3IBo>\1 0 CeHK3l\1a
YMPAHX.
27
H caNlY 3aBecy (nepAe) Koja AeAH rAeA30L(e O'A MapHOHeTa
HeKH cMaTpajy 3a MHCTH'-IaH peK'DT13HT H CH.\160AH'-IHY rpaHiHL\Y 113-
Meny OBor H OHor CBe'l'a, a CBeny JI l-beH rrAa'MeH 'Kao /wwy Koja
ITOCTeneHO caropeBa. "rawefbeWI rrAa'MeHa, 3a toYAOKO 'OKO nocTaje
OBe HeBHAto'H'BO, a Aywa OAAa3!H 'H3a 33!Bece, 3H3''-IH, ceAH ce y
Be'IHOCT. "28
HopeA OTAeAaAa l-I'CT'w'HCKor )l('HB01'a 'KIO:je je Kapan03 npY)Kao
rAeA:aOL\'H'M3, .0 '-Ie,\1Y fie 6HT,a l'0'BOp3, rracToj3Aa je H OBa Apyra
c'l'pana, Ha MaXO'13e rrpeoBAanyjyfia y H,eMY, MHc'l'Hl\H3aM H e30Te-
l'JH'IHOCT, ca OI1M60AH'-I'KI1.\1 H Ay6A>HM :m3'ICfbH'Ma.
Cl'BapHOr CBeTa IJiUJ,\O je y npaBqy n3'fITeJ.l3'M3. Il:\aTf-1'O rr030pH'illTa
ceHKH npH'K33HIH3AO je YHH'Bep3yr,\1 y II<:.JO','"le je ITojeA:HlHaL\ caMO TIpO-
,\33HaCCHKa. YHHBCP3YM je nOT'-HNbeH BOAoH rocnO;1..'a, 'KOjH j<::
Il pcMa TCO.\OlUIU]I;\1 '{'ICI'oHIMa TB'Opaq OB'HX CTHapH.
MYCMIMaHCK[1 Ml-I'CTHl\H npUAa.133AH cy IT030pHlll'l'Y CeH'KH
A030cPCI<e BpeAHOCliH Y! 3H2I''-IeH,a. HMI'M ra3aAH H MHX:HjHlAHH
Apa6H, A'BojIHL\a Be'AHKIJ-:IX c'YcPHjoa 'Hu.31Ma, KUpHCT1HAH cy CAlliKy--
-rrAaTiHO n030pl1illTa ceHKH Aa 6-H HAyc'l'po133AH 'CBOj'Y AOIKTpl1HY, a
ca'MO rr030pHillTe ceHKH ce 3t.''3A>yjoynH 'MHCTH'-IKHM yY:elh!HMaKoja
cy OAPOBapaAa ,HaY'-lH\1 oCefia'l'hY Op30 WHpJiJ\O rro 3Cl"IA.,aMa HCTO-
Ka H OaNK3Ha.
TparOBH Ayxa NlI-fCTHL('H3>Ma KOjH ce IMory 03Ha'-lUTH y C3WI-
pHlI'HOM AYXY KOjUce pa3Blija y KOMaAHMa Kapan03 TI030pHWT3,
rrpHCYTHH cy rroce6w) y npoAory H errH:\Ory TI030p'HlIlTa ceHKH.
KaAa XaUHBaT H33ne Ha CqHY neBajyl1H, l-beroB TpaAHUHOIH3AHH
VCKAHK je n03H'B MHCT1i'-lHO'M 60)l(3IH'CTBy.29 Y npOAOTY OH peL(liTyje
la3ell. "Ta je neCMa Koja 06j3wfbana Aa je onaj Cl3eT npoAa33H,
Aa)l(aH, a Aa H3a fbcra CTOjiH Be'IHI1, npaBH >KH130T. Yrrpa'Bo OBO
nOK33yje TecHY 'Be3Y OBor Tea'l'3pCKor 'H3p33a ca HCAa'M'CKHM 'M'H-
CTHUH3MOM. Ilo 33BpIJJeTKY ra3eAa X'3IJHB3T ce MOAH 60ry H rraAa-
jyfi'H Tpa)K\ll OA fbem Aa nOMome Qapy."30
26 M. And, HCW. e/lO, 32.
27 K. Birket-Smith, Putovi killture, Zagreb 1960, 376.
L Hadziosmanovi, 19ra lutke i sjel1ke Karactoz., PU2urisie 1-2,
l'uzla 1981, 59.
29 S. E. Siyavusgil, Ha6. oefl.o, 17.
30 L Hadziosmanovi, HM. efl.o, 62.
394
A. AHroHHjeBlil
EmfAor KOMaAa ce i}IIfiKaJA, !He 'Melba li 3aHHMIolfrB je 'Kao OCTa-
TaK OHora lllTO je []030ipUlllTe CetHJKllI M'OpaA06:HTlI y CBOjUM palHllI'M
Ha 3aBpmeliKY C'BaJKor lKJMalAa XaU1IlBaT li Kapano3 ce
IBpaJ1ajy 'Ha li 'CAeMf 'Kpa:TaK ,A!lIj'aAor 1f'3Mel>y .lblIX, y TOKY
Kojer CTaAiHO l'YPKq. CHOr AP'Yra. Ilpe HO lllTO ne ce 'KO-
Ha'IHO TIlBynilf, CBe'I'a'HlIIM li 'H'aAaX'H'YlilIIM 110:HOM XanllIBaT lI3'rOlBapa:
"YHUlllT.lflO OH nAa11H'. OnrnlI ny If penn BAacHiHoKY. Taj BAat:'HHK
nAaT,Ha, rAa'BiHH nplIiKa31fiIra'I Ce\HiK!H, 'He MO)Ke, HapaB'HO, 6lITH HMKO
ApyrH AO OBora BeTa. "31
H n03HaTH cyqnrja, BeA'I-flKH CaAHX aA Aa'H je nOCAe 'He'Ke
rrpeACTaBe y rr030plIlllTY ceHiKH 'H3}a
I
BHO: "Aa je O'HO lllTO je BHoAeo
1I0Y'IHO H Aa CAH'Ke OApa)K<lJBajy H'CTHiH'Y, jep KaAa ce Ha nAaTHY
nojaBH AHlK, BHAH ce Aa rrocTojilf caMO jeAaH 'KOjIH nOIKpelie
('BeT. ":32
AaKAe, DA npB06HTHe Ha,\'leHe Kapan03a Aa 3a6aJB'H rry6AlIIKY
rropl1peT'lIlllYOO BHlbeTe H3ByqeHe lI3 C11BaJpHlOr )KH'BOTa, CTBopeH je
rrpeATetK'OT HAM nOA'a3Ha Ta1.f.Ka 3a 'MlICNJ!lIK'Y CBeTa,
I<'OjH je CBOIjHJM nO'KAOWll..J,llf1Ma npY)Kao rrplIAilflK'Y Aa carAeAa1j'Y 1K0tH-
KpeTJfO 'CAHK'allbe Ca'Ap)Ka}a KiO'jlIlMa cy O'HlI AYXOBHO Ben 61llAlI
06Y3ern.
(jJUlYpe U C4eHa
He 3Ha ce K<liKO cY lI3rAeAaAe IHajpaHlIje qmrype y n030plIlllT'i
Kapano3, rrOlllTO Hal}cTaplije MapuOIHeTe Koje Aauac lIMaMO HlI.CY
cTapHje OA CTO f'OAH'Ha. MenY1'.lIiM, ITOCTOjlI 60raT U3BOp
If>a ry TY'POlM MlI'HlIjayrpaJMa XVI, XVII If XVIII ReKa. OHe I1'pHKa-
3yjy AaJKpNijame li rpOTeOKHe arpa'Ie KojlI. cy y CKAaA'Y ca CDHoAOM
<pHrypa K!apan.03 'IliO30pHIIIT,a, li TO He calMO no 'KOCTlIIM'HMa H rro-
K:prrBa!lIHlMa 3a rAIIBY lBen li rro 'KapaI<TeplICTlf'lJHHM CTaBOIBHlMa. Ha
rrpHMep, OHe ce Kpen'Y Ha rroce6aIH 'Ha"YH,H, no60"YKe, 3aAP)Ka'Bajy
ce y craBY C npo<pl11Aa KOAHKO je ''\lOryne AY)Ke, a PYKe cy HM CiKAOlf-
100He y 'BHOHlHllI rpYAlI. TlI li Apyrff CTa'BO'BH cy CAH'IHlI HAH IlICTO-
nerJ-tH ca Kapan03
Ta TpaAlILVlfja n030pHUfl'a ceHlKlI Aa OCHB'He n03e
II CTHA :Ap)[(a'I-ba H3 Maplfj()lHeTOKOr rr030pH'llITa li 'A ca'BpeMeHHx
A<lIKPMIjallla, 'KacHlIje ne 'ce li3i;'vWHlITiH, TalKO Aa ne li AYT-
KapH nOKYlll<liBal1lI Aa nOApaYKalBajy n030pHlllTe ceHIill. Beli. 167:3.
roAHIHe ArAH, KOjli je HanlIoao O[fOlMeHHI.W 3a cBeTKOB>H1Hy '6pe3'alba
CHHa Mex'MeAa IV y JeApeHry, onucyje IK'31KO cy rAVNIl\H, 06Y'IeHII
Kao 'MapH'OiHeTe y lIlrplI ceH'](jf, A'aBaAH npeAcTa'BY. IlopeA T'ra, IKao
lUTO OMO HarAa'ClINlI, 'Y:eAe6lI rrOMlIfhe Aa 'ey 'IA3IHOIBlI MAWHapC'KOr
31 S. E. Siyavusgil, HaB. oe/lo, 17.
32 N. Kurspah.i, HaB. OMO, 26.
33 M. And, 1-laB. oe/lo, 36.
Kapan03
395
eCHa<pa V npAC'I'a'8H H'MaAH 'Ha rAa'Ba'Ma KAOBHOB01 rnernHpe CM'I'I-
'He HOM KlIKa'B je HOCHO
Haj60ibe MapHiOHeTe HalfHJ:-beHe oy OIA K<lJMHibe IK:O')i, a npau-
ibeae CV li OA rOBene, KOJbOKe H Marapene. KO)Ka je nOABpraaHa
AyroM npOl..\eoy M01l0lba, cyrnelba, cTp;yrMba IH rAalla'fba, Aa 6:H no-
CTaAa lfBpera li np03H'p'Ha. D01iOM oy ce ype3uBaAH H lICel..\aAH Ae-
NOBH 3a CBa'KY ,\11a:pHOHelY CNeAetia <pa3a je 06yxBaTaNa 6oje'l-hc
KiOMaAa, D'pH lI'0MYCY ce KOpHCTHAe 60je Koje AadY jalKY np03JHpHI{
o6ojHOCT. Y oneKTPV 6'j
'
a HCTH11IY ce 'OKlpAeT'Ha, rpHlMIHB'H'a, nyp-
nypaa, nAaBa, 1'H'pK'H3Ha, MaCAHlHaCT03eAeHa, )}(YTa H Mp'Ka.
CBaKa je <pH'I'ypa caCTa'BA>eHa H3 AeAlBa IMenYCO&H!O
'HHX H VLl'BpllileHHx KOHI..\0M OA YCYKa'H1HX I..\peBa. pyne CV
H3YllleHe 'Ha 'pa'MeHY, rpYAm'vla Il{ roplhoj MHIll'l1'I..\H A.a 6H ce iKp03
H>HX npOB'Y'KAU XOpH30'HTaA!HH llil'lInHn'H K:OjiH ce iKopHCTe 3a nO:Kpe-
Ta'J:-be Map'l1'OaeTa.
y rpLI'Kojcy !Ha H3paMI MapHOlHeTa 6UAH aHra)KOBaHIH Hapo,\-
HH (HaHBHlH) CAHiKapH, no npiHpOMf CKA<YHlI Aa CTBap'H AeTaA>IHO
armcyjoy H oBoje TeMe HAycrpyjy C'a llil'O je 'Moryne 'BenO'M
Homny, norOTOJ31Y KaAa oy Te TMe, Kao y cAyqajy Kapan03a, 6HAH
KOHK:pel1HIH H A06po Ae<pHIHiHcaH11 npe.l,',V1eTH. 6A113aK
/WAlltp ca 0I3a:KO!A1HeBHHM CTBapH'Ma, OHH cy IHa C.\'H'KaIMa CTBOpi\AH
O'll,\, aTMoc<pepy np11'CIl'OCTH 11 HHTH.'vI'H'OCTH g:,a'[('Ba ce 1i\1')}(e HanI!
caMO y X(Jiluj cpeAIIIlH, CA'lilKapH 11030PHlliT(\ Kap:an03 6HAH cy
npulIybculI /),a npHKa3yjy cBoje AH KOBe YBeK H3 I1pO<pHAa, Aa HX
npHAarOAe crporo ,L\BOAIII'MeH3'HOHaAiHOM I1POCTOPY Ha 0Kpa'Hy OA
nAal1Ha, TliKO OHH npH'K:a3yjy rAaBY <pHrype y npO<pHAY, AOiK TCAO
oKpeny 3a TpiH lIeTBpTHHe, 'KaKo 6H <PHrYPiH AaA'H 3a06A>eH H
peai\1iCTHlIa'H H3rAeA.
AM6YA'liHT'HH HapoIAH'H CAH'KapiH iKOjH oy 3a.panaBaAiH 3a )K'HlBOT
nYTyjynH no Y'HyTpallilbocTH rpljJKe HOCHAIH oy ca oo60M Boje
CAill'l(lapCiKe lIeT'K
1
Hl..\e H OCTaAH np'H6op IH I1pHxBaTaAH ce nOCAa no
Hapyu6HIJ-IH, ,}<,ojn je 06YX
1
BaTao OBe, nOlleB 1A Ae'KOpHCa'fba I..\plKana
na AO H3paAe q>HpMIH 3a ceooKe AynaIHe. y C'J310M OKpOM!HOM pa;t>.y,
TH 'He3HaHiI1 AyTajynH YMeTJ-IlHlVi CV, KaKO IKa)}(e MHTapac, 4UH:HAH
JUTO cy 60/oe MorAH BeAH'KY R:H3aH1U1jcKY Ee3 063Hpa
Ha CBe APYro, nOKa3aAO ce Aa cy 'OTm 6HAHueoNIa 3Ha4ajIJ-I1H 3a
H3BOnalle Kapa503a, CKpOMHH YMeTHHI..\H I..\pnHAH cy HaAaxHyna
H'3 'cHaje HerrocpeAue OKJCMIHIHe, HCTO O'Ha'K 'Kao lliTO cy npHKa3H-
Ba'ljH iHaA'a3HAH CBO'je TeMe 'li npiH'le y AO'KaA!HHI,\1 MHTO'BHMa H HCT'llH-
OKH,'"I Aora5ajw\1a.
3
.,
<I>aqllpe cy 06HlIHO BeAH'Ke ABaAeceT AO lIeTpAeCeT CaH1'HMe-
Tapa, a y 36HPl..\H OOAYHOKor MY3eja H!Ma }IX 31J-I'aTHO IBel:Hx. ,
D030pHlHI..\a ce y 'OOHO'UH cacTojaAa oA ApBe'HOr oiKBHpa pa3AH-
lIHTe BeAHljJHlHe, K'8'aA'paT'HOr o6AHiKa, 'KOj'll je MOrai() IHMaTH AHMelH-
3Hje jeAaH nyra jeAaH. DplKO O'Bo'r O!I<'B}lpa 3aTernYTO je nAaTJHO
34 HeTO 37
35 D. The World of Karaghiozis, Athens 1977, 24.
396
A. AHTolmjeBHn
OA 6eAe nOA'ynp:O'BiHAHe TKa'i-IHlI-Ie. OBaj e'KpaJH oy ca 3aAI-be CTpaHe
OCBeTibaBaAe 'osene HA'H YJba'He XaCJI-IIHje A'aMne ne1'po-
AejKe HAIH eAeKTpHit:rHe Map!H'OHeTe cy nOKpel'ilHe naMony
X'opH30HTaAI-IIH'X LUl'IIll'Hna H3a OCHeTibClHol' eKpaHa. OHe 'CV 6HAe
llpHiby6ibeHe Y3 3aBecy H HaAa3HAe ce 'I13'Meny OBeTA'OCTH H 'l1Aa1'Ha.
y PY'K&\1a aHHIMaTopa, Ha'Aa3e ce <pH'rype
cem<e Ha eKpaH, Kpeny ce H l'O'Bope rAa;COM OJHora KO HX 'BOAH,
HapaBHO, npeMa YA03H K'ojy Hl'pajy.
HHje 6H1\0 CAO)KemIX cy tHHAe
rrOKpeTlHe K'YAI1Ce OA KOMaAHnaKO)Ke o60'jeHe IKao Il
MapHOHeTe, y 06AHKY Kyna, APsena lM Cl1arnYHHX rpoyna <pH-
l'ypa, IK'ao llll'O CY 'MY3HIKaHTiH H CAoH't.fH'O. OHe av 'MOrAe A'a ce rro-
npeKO nAaTHa, oMlorynyjynu 1I1lHOre npO'MeHe Ha
y TypCK'OM Kapal5!0'3Y je npe nOye'I1Ka rrpeA'cTaBe cqe:Ha 06H"-l-
HO 6HAa Y'KpalIleHa BeAHKO,'vi CAIH'KOM Kao 4HCTO AeK'OpiaTH'BH'HM
AeTaibeM. HOHeKaA je Ta CAH'Ka npeACTa'BibaAa l'aAHjy YHja cy
BOCAa OOBeTibeHa rpenepOOM cBeTAourny CBena, mm je AOYapasa-
AO IHAY3Hjy KpeTaH>'a. UmreKa'A je 1'0 6HAa Kopna U'Bena H CA'YfLIHH
CTHAH3O'BaHiH KO'jH cY 'ITojaya
l
BaNH YTHcalK IH H3a3H'BaAIi
AH'BibeI-be, Ha np.H'Mep, capaj 'K'Ojrvr ce HiIIxao H CBaKor TpeHYTK:l
AeAOl3ao Taxo Kao Aa ne ce CPYWH'fH Ha npBH CTpaCTaJ-l Y3Aax
oAaAHCKa HAM ce pacnynH OA 6eca I-berOI3HX eBHYB'a.:l(;
Kapa!503 je y nOyel'KY 6111\0 na30pMwTe jeAiIl'or YOBel<a, KOjH
je 6HO YMeTHJH'I<. CBe 4>urype cy 6H'J\e no,L\ I-berO'BQ;M 'K-
'MaJHAOM IH ycnex 3a'13HCHO je OA I-bero'Be cnpeTHoc1'H Aa
e<peKl1H'BHO MCHHnyA'HWe Mapl1'OHeTa'Ma n'O\L\pa/Ka13ajynH pa3He l'1\a-
cose H IH mmpoBH3yjynH paA'I-bY, 0'AHOC'HO caAp)aj, yujy
OOHOBY YiH'HH caMO eAeMe'Hl"apHa OKHua.
Ha oC BO;"[ HajBHlIle:M HoHiBOY AYT'Kap n030pHUJTa Kapan0'3 je
crrpeTaiH KOjIH lTO'J3ynje BJHCOKOpa3SH'jeHY opaAHY
YMel1HOCT, OH je Morao HlMaTH H rrOMo nlHHrKe, neBaya oH OBHpaYa. Y
l"ypCK''M n030pH'WTY CeH'KH nojaBY C/Ba,KOr H'Bor <Ha
HajatBibyje KapaKTep'HCTHtriHa MeAO,.1iHja. Ii TO'l<OM npeACTiaBe MY3Hu<a
capanyje C 'IeCTlO O'Ha rrpaTH jY'HaKe Ha 'MeAOAH-
jllMa Koje cy H3 KpajeBa 0A3!Ae cy HO'HH.
o TH'M I-:BepOBaT.HlHM Kapabo3 n030plmlTa EOpHBO-
je JeBTHn je 3a6e1\e)KHO: "I-beroI3H 6HNH cy 'OAII-ICTa YMeT-
HHUH cBoje BpCTe. OnCeA'HYTH UPIHO,\1 HAV3HOHHCTH,
,.. C
ibYOHTeib'H OOJaAHCaHe CeiH'Ke 'H l"peH'YTHe I-be:He 'Hrpe Ha nAaTHY,
OHlH cy '\{HCTH 'Max 6HAH H BeJ\HKH, 60rO
'
M,L\l'H'H ocno'c06-
lbeHlH 3a :HajIH0BepiOBaTHlHja npe0'6pa/KeI-ba, ,Kao H Heo6HYHH JrHCUH...
JeAaJH jeAl1:HH YOBeK I10KpeTao je nOBop'KY H AaBao joj TeKCT
'1<oj,H je HlMnpO'BH30;SaO :Ha AywaK H pa3BOAH'O ra y AyxOBHTe, 'BeApe
HAU 'raiMiHe, pacnyoHHYKe 'HAM anope AH'jaAO're. i\HlIleH CBaJKOT Cl"Bap-
.HOl' 'HeBHAibHB ny6J\IHUH, 6e3 TeKCTa H WanTaya, OH
36 S. E. Siyavusgil, Ha6. ello, 3.
Kapa1503
397
je rAYMIHO H CTBapao y AaJHOlM TpeHYTKY Ka:O Aa je Ii caM opra'H01
MaTepHjaAHH Aeo OHe \.Iapo6lha'IKe BeUI'IlI1iHe, O-Be )KUBe 'IYAHe YC'ITAa-
XIIpeHe l.\p:He Maf'lfje. "37
Pel1epToap
3anAeTH KMaAa y n030pH'IlITY Kapan03 y TypKOj IHHCY ce
yrA'aBHM MelhaNH. Y 1'0;,,1 norAeAY, lhHXO'BilI rrpJilKa-3I1BaYH cy ce
crpHKTHO npHAp)KaBai\H TpaAHl.\Hje H CAeno nOUIToeaAH KOHBeH-
n;HHaJ\lHa rrpa'BHA'a. MorNH oy ce6H Aa ..\OnYCTe caMO Malhe 3Ha-
lfaj'He Bap.Hjal.\Hje y KAarcHlf'HoM perrepToapy, K'Oj!H je 6HO caCTaB-
lDeH 'OA Kw,I<aAa W110 cy y rrpol.\ecy norcTyuHe eBoAYl.\!Hje AocTu1rAH
osoj'Y KOHaYHY Bep3iHjy. I1peMa HCTpa)KjH'BalhHIMa TypDKllX HaY'IHli-
Ka, TlIX KOMaAa y lh'HX''BOM HapOAiY H'lI'je 6:HAO M'HOrO, a CBaiKH
H3BOnay je MOpa:O Aa paCnOAa)Ke 6ap ca AHaiAeCeT OCllV1, KalKO 611
HX Melhao npHAHK'M paiMa3l1HK'lIX Be'Iepn. 3arrAeTH cy 6HAH OTe-'
peOTHI1HH li. npeHlOllIeHIH cy YOMe'HO H y 06MiKY "-lan;pTa" OA re-
Hepal.\Hje AO Taj "Han;pT" YIlfH11'O je caMO O'K-BHp 'KO-
MaAa, iOrrYWTajYUIH H3BOna'4.Y A'a ra HonYlha'Ba rrpeMa i\1lI'4HOj AQ-
D'HTlDHiBOCT'H H <plIHTa3H}H. Ha npeAa3Y H3 rrpOIliAor y 'Ba1 BeK y
TYPOKOj cY '4.H1-beJHH MLHOI1l:I nOKYllIajH Aa ce y l'paA'lIl.\IfOHai\1H1H pe-
rrepl'oap Y'Heoy HOBH iKOMaAH, aAH HiHjeAaJ.H OA lbHX HHje rrOC11H.'mo
yorrex, 3acTapeAH y norAeAV 3aITAel'a, aAIH y rrorAeAY
CaAp)KIIHe, HaA)KHBeAH cy JOUI je,L\HY-ABe Aen;eHHje, Aa KOHaYHO
HlIIye3HY 3aYBelK.
38
KaA je y mna'lhY XVII BeK, tIeAe6H npY)I<a )l(IH/BO-
TIHH'e AeTaibe 0 CAaJBIIill'M npH'Ka3HBa:'IHiMa CBora Ao6a, '0 TeMlli\la
KOM3Aa KOjH cy npHl<a::mBa'HlH, 0 AU'IiH'O'CT.l1'Ma 'Ha Cn;eHH H CA. HaiKO
ce !He 3aA:p)KlIBa IHa MamaM Y'Mel1HMn;H!Ma II<OjH cy !H3BOAHAH cBoje
rrpeAcTaBe 3a cpeAlhY KAoacy H J1pan-alHe y AO'Ka'A'H'H'M Ka<paJHaiMa
HAH rrpl1Bal'HHJM AOMOBHMa, OH H'na'K HCTiH''Ie Aa oy 'HajnorrYAap:H!Hjn
'KOMaiAH IMeny 'OHI1V1 fAeMl!Ol.\'HlMa 6HAH OtHH K'OjCII cy !HlMaAH lKapal,-
Tep 6YpAeCKe H YHje CV TeMe 6HAe H3 CBaIKOAHeB'HOr )K'lIiBOTa Be-
AHKHX -npaAoBa. HaoYII1'PoT TOMe, BHCOKOiM APYIlITBY Ha CYATaH'OBOM
;\IBOpy IH 'Y npHIBal'HlI'M KOHal.\H1Ma BIfOOiKHX ACTojalHrcl'BeHR'Ka Uap-
CTBa, rrpHpenHBaHe cy "Uloro npe<pHlh0H'Hje npeACTaBe y KojHMa cy
H3BOnaYiH YHOe!HNH y HJ1Py CHa oBoja AlI1'epapH'a, <pHA030<pOKa H
MY3HY'Ka YMena, Kao II CBOj Aap 3a c-a'PHp'y.
39
MaUITa H AYXOBHTOCT YBeK cy HMaAe rrpelIJ\1'yncTB', Te H3BeCHH
npHKa3HBa'-lH, J-IaAaXlh\rjynH ce TeKYUHM COl\HjaAHHM -H rrOAHT'lI'-l-
Ki1M 361-I'BalbHMa y UapcTBY, 'IeCT:O oy AaBaAH cneKTalK'YAapHe II
CAO)l<eHe rrpeACTaiBe. I1pOCTOp HaoM He AonYWTa Aa 'H'aIBBAeMO H
K'OHKpeTHe 'IlpWMepe.
37 B. Jevti, I-iaB. ello, 360-361.
:l8 S. E. Siyavusgil, I-W6. oello, 5.
30 liero, 6.
398
A. AHToHujeBHn
Ca XVIII Bel<'M AOlllAO je AO npe06paJ1<aja y TPlA1HL\IH'jH
n03'OpHlIlTa Kapano3. HpoMeHe cy y H3BecH'O;M CM'HCA'Y HacTyrlJl{Ae
c flojalBoM IHlOl3iHx A'H'l!HOCTH lK'oje oy 3'aY3eAe IMeCTO 'Ha IITAaTHY.
T'aJIW ce 'BHUle He n oja'BMYj'Y caMO AHiKOiBH TypOKor eTIiOCa, Bel'O
}J ApyrHx rrpl1if1a:AJHlHIKa UapCTBa, Kao ill'I'O ay JepMeHIH, PYMeA'HOTH,
JeBpejH, BOillI-baQIH IH Ap. Ha Taj Hal.f!1'H je TYJpCKO n03Op'HlllTe
'CeHroH yBa)KBaAO HUlUe eTH'H>YJKH CaCTa'B cBoje Ap/l<aBe H OAHIKa'AO
Ha OBO'Me IlAaT.HY !'oYAe H ,A:oranaje KOjlH ce H'HCY 'HenocpeA'HO TH-
l..\aM-l CaJMHX TypaKa.
y XIX BeKY, penepToap TypoKor rr030pWJl1,l1a ceHKH ce H Aah>e
o6oran.yje HOBHlM AHrooBHiMa 'H CaAp)Kaj:HJMa. Opa3yje C'e je:A,aH
ad hoc penepToa'p K'OjIH cepa3B'Hlja YABa rrpalBQ,a: U-!a jeAHoj ppa-
IIH, l'pya <pap.ca 3a 3'afla'B!'oaI-be CYIMHMBor CBeTa HCTaH6YAa, Tor
CTeQHlUTa pa3HOpOiA'HOr CTa'H''BHH1l1T'Ba 'H MenYHapO'AHOr npiHc,TaHH-
llITa, ,Ha AlPyroj, rrOAIHTHt.jIKa H AP'YlUllBeHa CaTlYlpa. OHa ce carnplUe-
HO YIKAa'lla y a:\tHjeHT erroxe 'Y !KOjOj nOt.IHH>e ,A:a AJO,WHlHiHpa n'P0-
rpeoHiBHa HOTa. HI1pa ceHiKH je 'CAa y OTBopeHO.\{ cyiIl6y C BAac-
11HoM'a, a Ol'H't.Ie BeA'HKY rronYAapiHOCT :Hap0l.filTO y OHoHIM rrO'Kpajll.liHa-
Ma Ap)KaBe rAe je 6op6a 3a HaQHO'HaAHO oCAo6oneifue 6HAa aKYTHH
npo6AeM.~ o
llho ce THt.Ie 'BH3yeAHior acneKTa CaAP)K,aj KOMaAa IT03OipH-
lUTa CeHJKiH 'HeAB'OOMVECAeH'O O'Apa)KaBa )K.lHIBOTHH OA'H'O'C c TypClKOM
HapO,A:HoOM K'YA'l'ypOM. Henpe'10myra TpaAHI..\H'ja K:'.\1Ht.IIHOf MO)Ke ce
YT'BPMi1TH. Y palHOM npeOBMlJ,L\;aIBa'I-hY l'ypOKor XYMopa ry CaTHp'H, na-
POA:H'j,H H KQ;"l'H'LIHOiM AYXY. C>6Hh>e 11HX I..\pTa y Kapan03Y Haj'BepO-
nallHHje je nAOA ca',"lOr KYATY'PH'or K:OHTH'H'YHTeTa.
f-pt.IKH penepToap y n030pHlUTY Kapan03 Aaje AP'Yrat.I'Hjy
CAHlKY. JeA'Ha I1pyna KOMa'Aa CA'HKa BeceAe nYCT!OJ\OBHHe KapanoGa
H I-berOBHX npHjaTe!'oa. T,y cnaAajy t.Iy.BeHe l'pa,AlH'Q'HoHNHe KOMe-
A'H'je ca H3paJ3HTO A'KaAHQ,\{ 6ojo.\1. A'Pyra rpyna cy JVHat.IiHe CKac
J<e Koje rOBepe 0 jYHaYIM AeAHl\ H /I<pTBaMa AereHA1apHHX pO-
Aio!'oy6a H3 paTa 3a He3aBHCHOCT. nOCTojH iH Tpetia rpyna KOMaAa
J<!oja ce caCTOjlH OA ,MeAApaMa HcropH'jOK!or HA!H, HBeAIHCT'Ht.IKOr
KapaJKTepa. To oy yrAa
I
BH\1CH)KeH JI AUY'Hocrn nOBajMtoeJHlH 6HAO
ca CTpaJI-lJHoQa A'He.BHe lUTl'Mne MAH 113 naJHTOMWMCKiHX ITO'30PHllITa,
llAH 'JaK H ca eKpaHa HeMor <pHAMa. BaCHAapOCOB penepToap, Ha
npWMep, lH'Mao je BeAHKU 6poj Ta'KBRX a:AaJIl'Tal\'Hja.
KpajeM npOUlAor BeKa Y rpt.IKOM n030pHlUTy CeHIG1 CTBopeH
je l.fHCT IHaQ'HOHaA'HIH penepTp. HajaTpaJKTH'BIHlH'je xepojoKe 'H rra
TpWOTCKt! npeACl'aJBe 1H3BOAe ce I\f ITpBOj Ael..\emrjH XX 'BeKa. OHAO je
TOBpeMe iB'eAHIKOT Hal\Ji'()!HaA:fflOIr IKOMe:I11a'I-ha H3Meny ITOHH)Ka'Bahnner
l'pY.KO-TypOKOT pa'Ta 1897. 'H rr06eAoHOOHiHx 6aA:KaH'C'KlHx parro-Ba
1912-13. rO:AJi'IHe. fpt.IIKO CTaJH''BHiHlllTSO ce npeAaAo HC3aJAP)KH!OOl\1
TaAa'cy Hal..\'H'OIHaA'HC11Htf'KOf >I<apa, IlITO je O'CTB!'oa'A'o A'y6ou 1lpa-
roBe IH y rr030p'HlllT'Y Ce:HoKH, Kapan03 Tora BpeMeHa H3'BO;A110 je H3
40 V. Dinescu, Teatrul de umbre ~ l r c Bucaresti 1982, 235.
399
Kapabo3
Honn y IHon K'Ma'Ae C HaL\IHO'H'ClAHo-naTpU:OTCKOM TeMaTHKOM. Oce-
fialbe rra1'pH'0TH3Ma 1H3BaHpe,AiHiO je AorrYlbaBaAO AlBOAHMeH3U()IH'aAHH
cneT rrAal1Ht:mor eKpaJHa, 'CBeT DAHCTaBHiX HOKOIHOKHX 60ja De3 rrep-
OrreKl1HlB. A'pyn'lIM pe"IH'Ma, KaAa ce IHerrocpeAHa, I-fieH'3BeWTa"IeHa
TeXHl:I'Ka rr030'PHUlTa ceHlKiH YX'Ba11H. y ,K;OWTaL\ 'C H'errOCpeA)HOM, He-
H3BeWTa"IeHO'M CaAp;.KIHIHOM rraTp110T'CKll1X iKlOMaAa, :ona He OH<JpHBa
lbt:my 1H3i11lBHCT, Bel:. je rrOAp)J<'aBa H 03aKolbyje, CT'Bapajyn'H AO-
C'Ae,AiHY apTHCTJ.r"I!KY 6e3 IH!KaJKBOT jasa H3Meoy <papce H
CaAP)K11lHe.
H
HapOAHH 'Yl'vle11H'HL\H rr030]JIHWTa ceHiKH y rp"I'Koj 3aApJKaAH
cy BHTaA'He Be3e 'c H3'pOA'HOM Tpa,AiHL\HjoM, H3 Koje cy rrOH!HIKAe
TeMe, jYHaQH IH AereH'Ae Koje caApmH H'ajBen'lI Aeo jytHa"IKe 11 naT-
pHOTOKe AHTepaT'ype. IlOCBeAO"IeHa je aYTeHrn"IiHOCT YMeT-I:OCTH no-
30pHWTa CeH'KH IH lbelHa np,nOHa opralHCKa IllOiBe3a'HOCT ca CTaHOB-
HHWTBO!l'/ 'I<:oje je nOCA'yJKlI1AO IH 'Kao IMOAeA H 'Kao nyDAHiKa.
Kao npaBIH HapOAOKH Yvlel1HlIIK, rA}'1M'3L\ I1030pHWTa Kapa003
He BOAH paltlytHao XpOHOi\JOillKOiM 'peAY HAIH 'HCTO'P'HjCKO:j BepO'AO-
CTOjHOCllH. OH ,oAa6Hpa UCTOPHjClKH Aoraoaj 'KO'jlH ra CAyqaJjlHO 3a-
HUMa tH CaCBI1!M ra rrpOH3BOMB'O 'HHTerpnwe y <pepy M'Ina, O:a"p-
JKaJBajyrm ra y JKiUBOTY 'K'p03 r01AHlHe J<foje rrplOAa3e, 3aOAeBaJjyrm ra
Al1ljaxpoHoM Bpe,.1:HiOluny. Pa3HJH HC11OpHj'OKH H H3MH.'lllh>eIHU Aora-
oajH KOj'H 'ODH"IIHO Oa'Lf1l1llbaBa
1
jy je3Tpo KapaOO3'BHX fK,1aAa, Aocn-
B<l'jy AO rAY'ML\'3 y H3Melbe'HoM06A.HlKY. Taj ce MaTepwjaA nOAlBpra-
Ba jow je,A!Hoj aAarrT3'L\ujH, DHlOj ,rooja 3aJBIHCH OA 3H'alba H AH"IHOr
1fOKiYCTBa OBaKar rAY'ML\a, H iK;H3'l.JiHO ce rrpI-IK'a3yje y
KO'HTeKCTY caBpeMeHe caTlIpe lU 'l(OMe'HTapa. Y fl!030pH'I.llTY Kapab03
. caCBHM je npHplAIJ-I..O 'BHAeTH, peL\HlMO, AAeKCaJHApa BeA'H'KOr c He-
KH'M caBpeMeHlHlKM, H CA.
42
y 3eJHHTY wHpelBa IT030pUWTa ceHlKH y 'KOjH Kapa/c-
TepHwe AyroroAHilllba AeAaTBOCT rAYML\a MOAaca, nO"l\Hlbe ce WTaM
DallH H rrpBe CBeJll"IIJ1L\e C oKOMaAH:Ma, WTO ce npOTeJKe OTnpHAHlKe
OA 1924. na .A:O H36Hjalba A'pyror OBeTC'KJOr paTa. CBa'KaiKO,
TO j'aCIHo 'OApaJKaJBa <pa3e perpEX:U-rje Tor <PoA'KAOpHOr n030pH'WT4\.
Ilo"I'HlbynH je/WONI 'peAaTHB'HO 030Hh>HOM MoAaCOBOiM cepiHjOM, rro-
AYXBaT ce 3aBpmaBa Ha DP3HHY CKAerraHHM Comic CrpHI10BHMa.
TeMaTCKo aJKTyaAH30B3'lbe, TeHlAe:H:L\'iHlje Ka peaAH3MY, HeAocAttAJHOCT
THIl'OBa H Ap., 06eAe)K'I'Bajy AeKaAeHL\lHjy, Ka'KO je TO
Y0"IHjO BaATep IlyxHep. Ta 'BpeTa "AHTepapH33L\'Hje" De3
CYMJ-he 3H'a"IH Kpaj jeAHor rr030pHllITa HMrrpOBH3aL\Hje.
43
y perrepToapy I1'030plJ1JllTa KapaD03 6HtAO je H KiOl.\13JA'3' oa OKa-
paAlHH'M no pa3HH'M Kp"l\M3l.\1a Ha raAaTH y HcraH6YAY,
V3 BeA'H'KY 1J10CeTY rry6AH'Ke, IMeny Koj'H'Ma je 611AO H MopHapa, npH-
K33HB3'He cy rrpeACTaJBe, IKa'KO IHaM H3BOpH r013'Ope, C AaC'L\'HiBHHIM
41 T. Spiropouls, The World of Karaghiozis, Athens 1976, 72.
42 A. Yayannos, The World ut Karaghiozis, Athens 1976, 16.
43 W. Puchner, Karaghiozis, Sdost-Forschungen, Band XXXIII,
Mnchen 1974, 525.
400 A. AHToHujeBun
caAp>KajeM H 'J-IerrpHcToj<HHM I1o,\1eHYAH CMO Te-
BeH:Oa, KOjH 1l0BOPH :0 BelMa "MOHHI.\1" TeM3JMa y Ka-
pan03a, 'J11YIHHM I<:oJH'Ma ce rAeAaoq'H HaCAanY'jy. H EB-
A;Hja qeAe6H rOBopH ' KOMaAI-IIMa ca CAo60AIHHlM caAP)f(a:jeM. Je\.:aH
t'l-ITAeCIKH je 'fIOBOAaM H0Ke rrpeACTBe K:ojy je rAeAao
y HCTaHOYAY y XIX BelKY 3aJJ11HCao: "OHl,a cy ce Ha noja-
BMAe ibyrrKe AaJMe Koje He M'ory Aa OJ11Hl1Je1M 'HH 'Ha Aal1M'HC'KOM je-
3HKy. "14 BalHAa (XIX BeK) 000 je 3a'-IyneH iKaAa je Meny
Ha jeAHoj BeO.\la AaCll,J-rB'Hoj rrpeACTBH rrpHMeTHo Il
HeIKOA'WI(iO .4!>
HeKe <pHrype rr030pHillTa Kapan03 iH'MaAe cy BeOiMa H3pa)J<e1l
epaAYC. H CM Kapano3 y '1HBeCHHIM IIw.vI3'AHlMa BOCH epaAYc o6e-
illeH 0 npaTy.<6 Ha 'MOMeHTe 'HeKe rroAcen:a:jy. K3IKiO HCTHYV
HCTpa)f(iH'Ba'-IH, Ha Yl-fCTe epai\JJIYiKe aJHllH'Y:Kor cBem.
y BpeMe PaMa3aHa, KaAa ce crrYCUI Beye, rrOCAe rrocTa y TOKY
YMTaBOr AaHa H CBeTe aCKe3e, HCAaMcKH rrpeAaBaAH cy ce
3aAOBOibcTBY H 3a6aBH, Y)f(HBajynH y Kapa-
n03a. OBe HeMopaAHe rrpeACTaBe, KaKO cY MX Ha3HBaAH,
rAeAaAa cy yaK H
IIpeAcTaBa je TeKAa 6e3 rraY3e, aAH KOMaA je 6HO rroAeibeH Y
tIDIf30Ae c neB31HIfM rraY3a'Ma. I1'OjaiBa KYAJ-ICe - recTepMeAMK
- KaAa ce eKpaH oC:BeTAH, HarOBeill1'Ba rrOY.eTaK KOMaAa. 3aTMM
,j;OAa3H npoi\'or N['YKaAeMe, y 'KOM XaUHBaT Be,,"H'ya AAaxa H
Tyje ra3eAH, Koja ce OAHOCH Ha CHM60AHYHY rrpnpOAY KOMaAa ceH-
KH M MOAHTBY KOjOM ce rrpeAHna 6AarocAOB Ha rry6AHKY H BAaCT.
I-heroB MOHOAor rrpeKHAa rrojaBa Kapan03a, c KOjHM ce rrOCBana
H rrOTyYe. AHjaAor - MyxaBepe - KOjH cAeAH, 6HTKa je AoceTaKa
113Me\5y Kapan03a H XaUHBaTa, illTO AYTKapy npV)J(a rrpHAHKY Aa
HMrrpoBH3yje AyxOBHTe OArOBope. MenYTMM, rrYH pacrrOH I-herOBMX
nelliTHHa HcrrOibHne ce y HrpM - <pacHA - y KOjOj ce pa3BHja rAa-
DHH 3anAeT. CBe ce 1'0 rrpHKa3yje Kao 6p30 CMeI-hHBaI-he KpaTKHX
yrAaBHOM epapCHYHOr CaAP)Kaja ca TpH ARYHOCTH y HCTH
Max Ha 3aTHM cAeAH rAaBHH caAp>Kaj KOMaAa, a rrpeA-
CTaBa ce 3aBpillaBa errHAorOM, y KOMe ce Kapan03 rrOHOBO CBana ca
Xar,rHBaTOM, OCTaBib'ajynH Kapan03a Ha Aa 6H Ha Kpajy H3-
rOBopHO 3aKibYYHY epOPMYAY H H3BHHHO ce
IIHCl\M jorn HHOY YTBPAHAH BpeMe KaAa je y Kapan03 rr030pH-
lllTy canqmYHH AYX rroTHcHYO HeKH Y3HMajy
AHe pa3AHKe y IJ;apcTBY Kao rAaBHH pa3AOr rrojaBe caTliipe y Ka-
pan03Y. AOHcTa, HejeAHaKocT je OCHOBa MHorHX KOMa-
Aa. H 3ajeAHHYKH )JBOT TypaKa c ApymM HapOAHM-a y HCTaH6YAY
rrpY)f(ao je AOCTa MaTepHjaAa Aa ce epopMHpa CaTHpHYHH CBeT Ka-
pan030BOr n030pHllJTa. EYHOBHO H pa3Y3AaHO rrOHamaI-he jaHl-lyapa,
44 N. Kurspahi, ltaG. OMO, 36,
45 Mero.
46 11ero.
47 T. Aleksandrovna-Putinceva, HaG_ oello, 110.
Kapabo3
401
HeAOCTaTaK rrOlllTeH:>a Meny HeKHM BHCOKHM cAy*6eHH[(HMa, ero-
TH3aM MYCAHMaHCKOr CBelllTeHCTBa, AeCnOTH3aM capaja, Ay60KO cy
n03AenHBaAH jaBHCT. JeAHOM peYjy, CTBapHH HCTOpHjCKH AoranajH
OTBOpHAH cy rrYT OlllTpOj CaTHpH.
48
YnpaBO KOMaAHMa KOjH ce oCAafb3jy Ha CBaKOAHeBHH *HBOT,
Ha OHe Aoranaje H npHAHKe KOjH cy 3HaYHAH OCYAY ApYillTBeHHX H
rrOAHTHYKHX 36HB3fba, aAH H pa30HOAY H 3a6aBY, Y3 BeAHKY CAO-
60AY K:pHTHKe, Kapan03 CTHye orpOMaH 3Hayaj y HapoAy.49
11 KaAa cy Kapan030BH KOMaAJH nOyeAH CBe BHille A06HjaTH
CaTlipH"l.IHH l'OH MHCTHYKe KapaKTepHCTHKe Koje cy jOill 3aAp*aAH,
CAY)K:HAe cy caMOM Kapan03Y Kao illTHT npOTHB rHeBa H 3Ae BOtoe
rrojeAHHa[(a H BAaCTH. npHMel-hyjyllH l'y TaKTHKY, OH je npHKpH-
Bao cBoje CaTHpHYHe y60Ae T060)KfbHM <pHA030<pCIM pe<pAeKCH-
jaMa, CTaBtoajynH HX TaKO BaH AOMaillaja KpHTHKe HAH OAM'a3Ae.
nOHeKaA, MenYTHM, H ynpKoc TOj npeAOCTpO>KHOCTH, Kapan03 je
611:0 npHayneH Aa TprrH H3BeCHe peCTpHlKl\lf'je. MopaAH
I
211IT4IKH TYP-
CKH rreCHHK XIX BeKa CYNI6aAacaAe Bex6H onTY)Kyje n030pHillTe
Kapan03 3a rpoTecKHo AYAHAO, a caMor Kapan03a Kao oc06y 6e3-
rpaHHYHOr He3HaAallITBaYJ
Hpe3Hp OHHX KOjH cy OceTHAH )KaoKY y Kapan030BHM CaTHpH'-1-
HHM KOMaAHMa 6HO je HeYTpaAHcaH onUITenpHxBal1eHHM MHlI..I.toe-
}heM KO}HM je nAaTHY n030pHillTa ceHKH 6HAa rrOAapeHa H3BeCHa
HenOBpeAHBOCT H YBepefbe Koje ce rpaHHYH C <paHaTH3MOM illTO ra
je MHCTHYHa rrpHpOAa n030pHlllTa ceHKH CTBopHAa y HapOAHOM
AYXY
fpYKO n030plIIllTe Kapan03 OACAHKaBaAO je nOAO)Kaj CBora Ha-
pOAa BepHO, )KHBO H ca MHOro XYMopa, illTO je OAAHKOHaAO OBO no-
30pmllTe H y ApyrHM 6aAKaHCK-HM 3eML'oaMa.
AW-tHOCHl
Ma KOAHKO 6HO MaAH, eKpaH Kapan030Bor rr030pHlllTa, HITaK
CaAp)KH 4HTaB CBeT toYACKHX THnOBa KOjH ce pa3AlIKyjy Meny co-
60M H Kpajfbe cy pa3HopoAHH y norAeAY CBor H3rAeAa, KapaKTepa,
ocenafba H nOHamafba. 3a rry6AnKY cy Te <pHIype CHnYlllHa )J<HBax-
Ha CTBopefba illTO xOAajy, rOBope H recTHKYAlIllIY Kao npaBa toYA-
CKa 6Hna Koja noceAyjy CBOjy KapaKTepllCTHYHY <pH3110HOMHjy,
oAeAo, HarAaC3JK, oc06eHocT, KapaKTepHe [(pTe H AlIYHOCT. OHe lIMa-
jy cBoje lIMe, 3aHHMafbe H APYillTBeHH CTaTYC. CBaKa OA <pHrypa
HMa CBOjy rreBaHY TeMy KOjOM ce HaJaBtoyje H:>eHa rrojaBa.
i\HYHOCTH MapHoHeTcKor n030pHlllTa ceHKH y 0YlllTHHlI cy KO-
MlIYHe <pHrype Koje Mory AaKO Aa ce HAeHTH<pHKyjy nO H3rAeAY H
rroHawafbY. npeMa BaATepy nYXHepy, Mory ce rrOAeAHTH y l'pli
48 S. E. Siyavusgil, 1-la6. ellO, 18.
49 L. Hadziosmanovi, Ha6. ello, 59.
50 S. E. Siyavusgil, HaB. ellO, 17.
102
A. AIlTOlll1jeBHh
rpyrre: 1) rAaBHe AYJ<.IHIOC11H K3Jpan03 H XalJHlBaT nojaBlt>,yj'Y ce y pa3-
AHYHTHM BHAOBHMa H y CBHM KOMaAIiMa; 2) )KeHCKe AUKOBe npeA-
CTa13lt>ajy yrAaBHoM l(,3Jpan030Ba H )KeHa, aAH H MAaAe
AeBojKe, CTapHI..\e, cAY)KaBKe, Hrpa'IHl..\e H )KeHe AaKor MopaAa; 3)
H3pa30M TaKAHTH 06yxBaneHa je Hajumpa rpyrra AHKOBa H y lbY
YAa3e Kapan030BH H XalJHBaToBH cyceAH, CAY)K6eHHI..\H, CTpaHI..\H,
rpOTeCKHH H pel'HOHaAHH KapaKTepH H CA.
Kao LUTO CMO lICJ1aKAH, Kapan03 H XalJllBaT cy BOAene AIl"l.J-
HOCTIl TypcKor n030pIllllTa ceHKIl. Ha npBIl norAeA H3rAeAa Aa HMa
MaAO pa3AHKe y lbHXOBOM pecneKTHBHoM H3l'AeAY. 060jIll..\a cy HO-
CHAa TpaAlil..\liOHaAHY oAeny TYPCKHX rpanaHa cpeNbe KJ\ace AO
npOMeHe y 06AayelbY Koja ce AOl'OAHAa y BpeMe BAaAaBTiHe Myxa-
MeAa II (1808-1839). Kapan03 HMa ApcKe 1..\ pTe, KpyrrHO I..\pHO OKO,
UpH'Y KYApaBY 6paAY H Ha rAaJ31H o'rp::J1MIH'Y Kany. J3JBlt>a ce H npe-
pYllleH, Ha npHMep, Kao YAaTa )J<:eHa C <pepelJOM H BeAOM npeKO AHl..\a,
KOjH He caKpHBa lberOBY 6paAY. OH je CMelllHO 06Y'leH H y YA03H
HeBeCTe.
HacynpoT OBOM, TypCKOM Kapan03Y, KOjH je nOCAY)KHO Kao
MOAeA y nCTaA:lfM 6aNKaJaCKIH1M rpYIKH Kapan03 no HlMeHY
Kapazxuo3UC, HMa BeOMa HeCKAaAHe H HenpaBHAHe I..\pTe. MaAH je,
l'p63JB, neA3JB, HIIcxa 'leAa H KBpl'a'Ba IHoca, jeA'Ha p'Ij1Ka MY je neT
nYTa AY)Ka OA Apyre, a Hore, 60ce, BeAliKe Kao yaMI..\H. APOlbl..\H li
nplt>aBe 3aKipne KojHMa je 06MoTaHa lberOBa HeeCTeTCI <pHrypa
Aa OH npnnaAa li OHHMa npeMa KOjHMG cy npupOAa H
)J(HBOT 6HAH HenpaBeAHH. C npaBOM ce CnHponyAoc nHTa KaKO je
3a HMe AAaXOBO, oHaj CHa)KHH TYPYHH, J.-I;pHe l'YCTa 6paAe H MO-
AepHO OAeBeH, Morao Aa npOH3BeAe HeyrAeAHor nOTOMKa y fpy-
KOj.51
Kapan03 y BOCHH je, TaKone, rAaBHa AHYHOCT y n030pllillTY
ceHKH. OH je neAaBKO C rYCTOM I..\pHOM 6paAOM H rp60M. Ha rAaBH
HOCH BeM1KY 1113JpeHY Kany CAHYHY Typ5aHY. MO)J<:e Aa Hrpa Il )KeH-
CKe AHKOBe, a npeTBapa ce H y )JBOTHlbe. Y HajBeneM 6pojy KO-
M3JAa je "cTpaAaAHHK".
YCAeA HeAOCTaTKa H3Bopa, jOlll HHCY HCTpa)KeHe CBe eTane y
pa3Bojy Kapan03a Kcao rAaBHe AHYHOCTH OBor n030pHlIITa, nOyeB
OA a3HjcKor jYHaKa na AO lbel'OBor rpYKOr, 60caHCKor, lllHpe Y3e-
TO, 6aAiK3JHOKOir na'HAa'Ha. IIh ce fp"-lKe 'l'HYe, Marpa ce Aa ce npe-
06pa)Kaj OAHrpao y APyroj nOAOBliHH XIX BeKa, H 1'0 nOCTeneHO.
ITOlllTO CV MaplioHeTe li3 paHHjlHx rrepH'OAa 'H'lllye3Ae, HeMa Ha'-l1H'IIa
Aa ce XpOHOAOlllKH npaTe Y3aCTOITHe <pa3e. JeAIiHO IllTO ce 3Ha je-
CTe 1'0 Aa je Ha npeAa3Y li3Meny ABa BeKa Ta npOMeHa Ben 6liAa
AO'BpllleHa H ,A:a je BalDHAapOCOBa reHepal..\H'ja MajcTopa-A'YJ1Kapa y fp-
'lKOj 0AAHYHO npHAarOAIiAa THnOBe nOTpe6aMa H )Kelt>aMa rp'lKe
ny6AHI<e Tor BpeMeHa.
52
51 T. Spyropoulos, Haa. ello, 26.
MeTa.
Kapalso3
403
TYPCl<JH Kapan03 H Xal)HBaT CY XpOHHYHO CHpOMallIHe AHYHO-
CTH H jaAHKyjy Ha cKynony /IBOTa. OHH ce yeCTO yopTayyjy Aa
6H 3apaAHAH paAeI'iH y HeKOAliKO 3aHaTa, Kao y KOMaAHMa "oap-
Ka", "ibYA>aWKa", "JaBHH nHcap" 11 Ap. AAH Taj YTHcaK xapMOHH-
"-IHor CAaralha, Ta npHBHAHa oarAaCHOCT Ayxa, 3aCHOBaH'H Ha llCTO-
BeTHOCTH >KHBOTHHX YCAOBa, He Tpajy Ayro. TI'PUll cYK06 ce jaBlba
cYBHwe 6p30 Meny ABOjllL\OM cTapHx Apyrapa. OHM ce He pa3YMejy
jep roBope Ha pa3AHYHTe J-IaYHHe. >KeAenH Aa HaMeTHY jeAaH APY-
rOM CBOj je3HK. Xar.IHBaT rOBopH Kao Y"-leI-baK, noeTCKiHM je3HKoM,
KopHcrenH BHCOKonapHe H3pa3e H apXaHYHe peYH Koje H'HCY y yno-
Tpe6H y CBaKOAHeBHOM rOBOpy. OH "-laK YAewaBa Aa rOBopH y PH-
MOBaHoj np03H, Aa QHTHpa apanCKe H nepcHjcKe nOCAOBHQe H Aa
peQHTyje Hepa3YMA>HBe CTHXOBe. I-beroB rOBOp je npOTl<aH aAY3H-
jaMa 11 MeTaepopaMa n03ajMibeHHM H3 KAaCHYHe HCAaMCKe KYAType.
C Apyre CTpaHe, Kapan03, KOjH HHKaAa HHje Hwao y WKOA'Y, ocra-
je OTBopeHHx YCTa npeA HaAPHyyeHomny CBora Apyra, jep OH rOBO-
pH Kao 06HyaH CBeT r ~
Ca rAeAHWTa KapaKTepa, Xal,HmaT je MHcaOH, na yaK 11 npo-
paYYHaT mm AHl.JIHOC'rH. OH Y"\1e Aa 'ce K'iH'J1pO!AHme H Aa ce6e ITIflPa
HanpeA Aa 6H nOCTHrao L(HA>. HHlI.ITa OA OHor WTO 'LlHHH HAH K<i>Ke
HHje cnOHTaHO. HacynpoT lheMY, Kapa503 je BeOMa HMnYAcHBHa
AHYHOCT. OH >KHBH Y aUlOcepepH anCOAYTHe nCHXHYKe peaAHOCTII
Koja 113MHYe CBaKoj COQHjaAHoj npHHYAH. OH je eroQeHTplIYHO Ae-
Te, Ka!KO cy ra HeKHHCTpa>KHBaYIH Ha3BaAiH, lJ1 IH3ICYill'pOT epopMaA-
HOj AOfHQH Xal)HBaToBoj, KOpHCTH 60raTe H3Bope cBoje HHTYHQHje.
Xal)HBaTOB onopTYHH3aM je y cynpoTHOCTJI C HHCTHHKTHBHOM MO-
paAHowny Kapan030BOM. Kao iby60nHl'A>HBO aAH He3A06HBO Ael'e,
He nponYWl'a HHjeAHY npHAHKY Aa HCMeje ynpaBo OHe Cl'BapH Koje
Xal)HBal' H APYfH Y3HMajy 036HA>HO. OH 6e3063HpHO peMeTH CBe
HHl'pme, KBapH CBe, ynponawnyje CBe. CTora MonHHje AHYHOCTII
He MJICAe 0 lheMY A06po. I-bera YBel< cMarpajy AocaAHHM H HaMeT-
A>HBHM.
TaKo je HapoAHa caTl-lpa 6lIAa npHMopaHa Aa ce 3aAOBOloII
l'MMe A;a Xal)HBaTa Y3Me Kao MeTY KaKO 6H HanaAa OHe KojH cy
OWAH 'BaH lheHor HenocpeAHor AOMawaja, A..AiH, AiHJK Kapa1J.o30B je
jacaH, BaH CBaKe CYMJhe. OH CHM60AIIllie IoYAe y lhHXOBOM A06pOM
paCnOAO/I<.elhY, CpyaHe y l'er06H, 'rpe3BeHe JI n060>KHe, onpe3He npe-
Ma CBeMY Wl'O ce AemaBa, IoYAe KOjH He Aajy Maxa nAayy H jaAHKO-
BalhY, KOjH H3pa/I<.aBajy cBoje He3aAOBOIoCTBO eKCl'pOBepTHO Kp03
npHYY Wl'O je H3MHllIIoa lhHXOB rOBopHHK Kapan03, K'P03 aHerAOTY
nY'HY canrpe IKoja HO'CM )I<'HT onOMeHe.!i4
AHjaA03H OBlIX ABejy AHYHOCTH n030pHlliTa ceHKlI nOKaTI<.aA
cy l'pajaAH 6e3 Kpaja II, no CBOj npHAHQH, 6HAH 'LJecTO CAY'LlajHM
pa3rOBopH KOjH cy ce HaCYMH.T...\e AOl'HQaAH CBera Wl'O je TpeHyrno
HMaAO HeKOr 3Hayaja y rpaAY. FbHXOB waloHBH II )KHBH pa3rOBOp,
53 S. E. Siyavusgil, Hae. e_1o, 11.
.-'4 J1ero, 12.
404
A. AmoHHjeBHli
npaneH TYYlhaBOM H Y3ajaMHHM rrOrpAaMa, CaAp)fBaO je MHOlll-
TBO aAY3Hja Ha AHeBHe Aoranaje, /KaOKe, KpHTHKe, H CO.QHjaAHY
carupy.
y 3 J1pOTeCKHe .QpTe Kapan030Be epH3HYKe AHYHOCTH, raKone
CpeAHllllhe epHrype rpYKOr n030pHlllTa ceHKH, y KOjOj cy ce CTeKAe
oAroBapajyne KOMHYHe oc06HHe, BeOMa je H3pa/KeHa H Cl'aAHa rrpeo-
Kyna.QlIja Aa Hane npHBpeMeHO peillelhe 3a cBoje He6pojeHe np06-
AeMe.
ITpH H3BonelhY CBOjHX rrAaHOBa, Kapab03 ce 06pana MHOrHM
YCTaHOBaMa, rrojeAHHlUiMa HAH rpyrrH loYAH. CTBopeH 3ajeAHHYKHM
HarropHMa HeKOJlliKO reHepa.QHja HapOAHHX YMeTHHKa, OH HeCYM-
lbHBO OApa)fBa HCKYCTBO BeAHKor AeAa rpYKOr CraHOBH'HlllTBa C
Kpaja XIX iH rrOyeTKa XX BeKa.
MaxHHTo 6aBibelhe rAaBHor KOMHYHOr jYHaKa MHorHM H pa3-
HOAHKHM 3aHHMalhHMa 3a Koja je nOTnYHo HeKBaAHepHKoBaH, 6HAO
je rAaBHO cpeAcTBO Aa ce perrepToap rro30pHlllTa ceHKH rrpolllHpH
6e36pojHHM KOMeAHjaMa Koje rrpHyajy 0 lherOBHM AO)K;HBloajHMa
CBaKH rrYT y HOBOj H'aOrraKoj KapHjepH, Tj. Kapan03 Kao AOKTOp,
neKap, nHcap, p06Hjalll, AHIlAMaTa, rrHAOT, rrpoBaAHHK, Be3Hp, Belll-
TH.Qa, HeBeCl'a H CA. Y CBHM l'HM YAoraMa, Kapan03 je IlpHTHCHYT
HajHerrocpeAHHjHM 6HOAOlllKHM nOTpe6aMa, rAany, Te 3aTO npey-
3HMa MHora 3Balha H 3aAaTKe. MaAO TPe6a Aa caBAaAa BeAHKH 6poj
orraCHOCTH Be3aHHX 3a npey3HMalhe HAeHTHTeTa KOjH MY He npHna-
Aa, HO rrpe HO lllTO ne nOCT'HnH .QHlo, OTKpHBajy ra H HeMHAocpAHO
TYKY YyBapH CHCTeMa Y KOjH je llOKywao Aa npOApe."
CaCBH'M je OYHrAeAHO Aa je BeAHKH 6poj YAora Koje Hrpa Ka-
pab03 Y fpYKOj Y CyllllTHHH caMO jeAaH jeAHHH KOMaA, H jow je
OYHrAeAHHje ,A;a je Taj KO};1aA Malhe KOMeAHja, a BlIme rrpeACTaBa
\,/Kaca. ITocpeAH je IlpHya 0 ropCKOM OTYnelhY H eppycTaUHjH. Ta
je IlpHya 0 aYTcajAepy KOjH YHHH OyajHHYKe Harrope Aa ce CTorrH
ca CBeTOM CTPYKTypHcaHHM Ha OCHOBaMa C KojHMa OH HeMa Be3e
HHTH HX pa3YMe. HHje AH TY, mITajy ce HeKH rpYKH nHcUH, rrocpe-
AH HerrHcaHa HCTopHja rpt.IKOr HapOAa C Kpaja rrpOIllAor BeKa, Ha-
pOAa KOjH ce HarAO Hawao Y nOBplllHO rrpHXBaneHoj 3anaAlhiaYKoj
KYATYPH H Ap/KaBHOCTH, H Y KOjOj ce YOBeK ocena Kao HecrrpeTaH
npeACTaBloaq Y HarropHMa Aa ce ca06pa3H HOBHM 3a:KOHHMa, 06H-
yajHMa, BpeAHOCTHMa H MepHAHMa rpanaHCKe KAace.
56
11 Kapan03 Y EOCHH je rrOHHKao H3 CTBapHor /KHBOTa, Y npBOM
peAY r<,ao AYXOBHa OAYllltKa H MOpaAH.H BeHTHA HapOAa. Y OCHOBH
CBOjOj, OH je peaAHCTHYKH AHK, CKAOH rpOTeCKH IR KapHKaTypH.
01'YA H TOAHKa lherOBa rrpHBAaYHOCT 3a wHpOKe Mace rAeAaA'aua.
113BpcHH eTHorpaepCKH caAp>KajH H AYXOBHTe AoceTKe HapOAHor
MeHTaAHTeTa AOMHHlIipaAH cy Y AHjaA03HMa H HMnpOBH30BaHHM
KMaAHMa.
57
5,; T. Spyropoulos, Haa. ello, 26.
G6 11cro.
57 B. Jevti, HCl6. e.1o, 360-361.
Kapa1503
405
H3 BeOMa 60l'aTe raAepHje AHKOBa TypCKOr rr030pHillTa Kapa-
1503 rroMeHyne;\lO H OBe: qeAeoH, jeAHa OA HajCTapHjHX q,Hrylpa
y rro30pHlliTY ceHKH. JaBi\:>a ce y YA03H m3AaBor MAaAHna, CHHa 60-
raTor H ynfl.\ajHor rprOI3I..\a. OAeBeH je rro rrOCAeAlboj MOAH H Y3
TO npHAH'fHO o-6p'a30naIH. TH'pj'a'KH, rrYllia'i OIflI1'j'Y'Ma, 'CTapu je Ma-
XaA'OI pa3Bpalll-llHK. OOY4eH je y Tpa'AHQlllOHaNHH K o l ~ f l l f M H Y'BeK
npen03HaTI'o'HB no CBOjOj rp6aBoj, onywTeHoj rrpHi\MUH H CBOjOj
AYAH 3a nyweH>e onHjYMa. OH je y Kaq,aHH YBeK YTOHYO y ApeMe>I"
KOjH ce C BpeMeHa Ha BpeMe npeKHAa TparHKOMH'iHHM 6yneH>eM.
AH'iHOCT THpjcaIja 6HAa je rrpeAMeT rrOI.\CMeBaIha y BeKHM CYPHa-
.\llaMa. C 11I1M jaM-mKoM cy 30HljaIHe npHAH'iHO 'na:Ke lliaAe, O'H4'HO
rrpHAHKOM HapOAHHX CBeTKOBHHa. IloMeHYneMO H 4YBeHor TacY3a,
I<ojH rrpeMa OAe\'iH KOjy HOCH AH4H Ha HeKor j1a'RH'iapa HaopY>Ka'Hor
AO 3y6a. I-heroB H3Aa3aK Ha Cl\eHY YBeK HajaBloyje ApeKa. Y raAe
PHjH TypCIX THnOBa Ha Kapan030BOM eKpaHY HaAa3e ce H THnOBH
Apymx HapOAa TYPCKe UapeBHHe, Kao WTO cy ApanHH, AJ\6aHaI..\,
IlepCHjaHaI..\, JepMeHHH, fPK, BOWH>aK H AP.58
Y lllHpOKOj Aene3H rp4IX AHKOBa, Bap6ajoprac, cnpOBH rpa-
naHHH-celoaK, 3aY3HMa jeAHo OA 3Ha'iajHHx MeCTa. H3 HOBHHCKHX
BeCHI 1894. rOAHHe ca3HajeMo Aa je y TO BpeMe n03HaTli AYTKap-
-rAYMaI..\ MHMapoc KOpHCTHO Taj AMK Ha CBOjHM TYPHejaMa no Ile
AonOHe3Y, a Aa ce KacHHje pawupHO MeJsy CBHM AYTKapHMa y fp4-
KOj.59 Bap6ajoprac y 36HpKaMa COAYHcKor MY3eja YBeK Ap>KH Y3a
ce KapaKTepHcTH4aH naCTl-fpCKH WTarr 3BaHH "lAt/lia".
AHOHHCHOC, HalmneHH np03anaAH>a'iKH OCTpBloaHHH, IIHnHc I{
fepaCHMOC, MaH>e n03HaTH AHKOBH, HaCTaAH cy HerAe OKO 1890.
rOAHHe, 3acAyroM BeAHKor peq,opMaTopa rp'iKOr rr030pHWTa ceHI
MHMapoca. OCTaAH rp4KH AHKOBH cy CTaHpaKoc, BapOWKH KaBra-
l)Hj'a, KOAHTUPH, MAaAH 6YP>Kyj, Ma'HYHOC, KpHTCKH celoaK, a Ap.
TypcKo-ap6aHawKH HajaMHHI\H, jaHH'iapH, CTpaillHe are, TIpI{-
Ka3aHH cy y rp4KOM TeaTpy ceHKH Kao CBHpenH, >KeCTOKH, BepoAo-
MHH H, Haj4ernJe, Kao KYKaBHI..\e. CaCBHM rrpHpOAHO, y naTpHOT-
CKHM KOMaAHM'a Te PY>KHe I..\pTe cy npHAaTe AHKY TypCKor nawe,
jep OH npeACTaBloa OMpa>KeHOr HenpHjaTei\::>a HapOAa H 60paI..\a y
paTY 3a He3a'BHHOCT.
GO
OA AHKOBa H3 60CaJ-lCKOr n030pHWTa Kapan03, nopeA nOMe
HYTHX, Kapan03a H Xal)HajBa3a, n03HaTH cy H BeKpH MYCTaq,a, MO-
MaK KOjH HenpeKHAHO AeTH 3a >KeHaMa, He A03BoloaBajynH HHKOMe
;\a ra y loy6aBH npeTU<He. OH je apalBa 3YAYMnapC1(a 'plHpIlAa, "le-
CTO nOA aAKoxOAOM, KOjH H3 06ecTH C KOfbeM YAa3H y Kaq,aHe. 3a-
THlM, MeXiMeA eq,eHA!Hja, Ha3BlJH "ct>eH>epAH". OH '.H!M'a 'BPX'OBHY BAaCT
IH rrpeACTaBloa HeKY BPCTY MopaAHe rrOAHI..\llje. CHM60AH4HO HOCI{
q,eH>ep H AaH>Y H Hony Aa 6H 60/l;e BHAeo H ja'ie MoraO Aa OCBeTi\M
MopaAHY YHaKapaneHOCT IoYAH. OH je, y CTBapH, npeACTaBHHK 60-
58 S. E. SiyavlIsgil, Hal3. oello, 12.
59 T. Spyropoulos, I-tal3. oello, 48.
60 Nero.
406
A, AHToHujeBli
CaHCKe YAeMe. JaxYAHja HAH BOHceKaAAH-Moilla y AyroM KaqnaHY
je oora11H JeBpej'HlH H3 'c<I!plJjeB'C'Ke IMaxaAe, rrrpHIKa33JH 'Kao H3Y3eToHa
IIOBOAOM rberOBOr CKpHBeHor oAara H Kapal503 H XaI,m-
ajBa3 HenpeK'HAHo Kyjy nAaHOBe KaKO Aa ra npoH.al5y H npHcBoje,
aAH HeI<aKO HM He nOAa3H 3a PYK01'l'I Aa MY yl5y Y 'Dpar H AO'lenajy
ra ce.
61
CBH OBH AHKOBH Y oocaHCKOM Kapal503Y nojaBihyjry ce y
oe30poj 'BapHjaHaTa y 3a
'
IVH'oaOCToH OA cHTyal.\uja Koje 'illV! je caM
)KMBOT HaMeTao.
llaKO MHOrH OA aHaAH,mpaHHX AHI<.OBa rp'lKOr H oocaaCKor no-
30pHlIlTa ceHKH BOAe rropeKAO OA HeKe OArOBapajyne Typ'CKe q>Hrype
n'30pHWTa Kapa1)03, Bpe:MeHO'M 'cy ce T3JK10 OAAY'l'HO OAlBojH'Ae OA
CBOjHX opHrHHaAHHX MOAeAa H TOAHKO ce oooraTHAe HOBHM noje-
AHHOCTHMa H3BY'leHHM H3 na)KihHBOr nOCMaTpal-ba AOKaAHor HapOA-
Hor )KHBOTa H MeHTaAHTeTa Aa ce MO)Ke C npaBOM penH Aa cy no
cpeAH caCBHM HOBe H opHrHHaAHe TBopemIHe.
y TypOKOM n030pHlIITY ceHKH CBe X<eHCKe AH'lHOCTH Koje ca-
tIHH>aBajy CBeT Kapal503a HMajy 3ajeAHHtIKO UMe ,,3eHa". A liMa
AHlKJOBa pa3HH'X nOA'WHa, 60ja 'H 11'rpatIHl.\a, 'Bpa;yapa, mY"'-
BOAatIHl.\a, 6e36poj )KeHCIX AHKOBa cpeAl-be KAace, MaxaACKHX TO
pOKywa H CA. AYTeHTH'lHa 3eHa je, 3anpaBO AYKaBa H 6eCTHAHa Ma-
xaACKa MecaAHHa.
y rp'lKOM n030pHWTY ceHl<H npHMeTIIO je OACYCTBO )KeHCKHX
AHKOBa, IIapO'lHTO y TpaAHl.\'HOHaAHOM penepToapy. CaMO cy ABe
)KeHe YKihYtIeHe y CTaHAapAHe KOMHLIHe KOMaAe, H TO Kapa15030Ba
cyn,pyra H Be3H,pOBa I<.hH, OHe ce caMO H3Y3eTHO nojaBihyjy Ha nAa-
THY. fOTOBO ce 'LmHH Aa je HapOAHH YMeTHHK C Kpaja npOWAor
OAHOCHO nO'leTKOM OBor BeKa 3Hao caMO 3a AHa npHXE'aTihHBa HAH
JJa)Kfbe BpeAHa nma rp'LIKHX )KeHa: uaHrpH3aBY cynpyry H ooraTY
HaCAeAHHl.\Y. Tpe6a nOMeHYTH Aa y xepojcKHM KOMaAHMa HMaMO
jOill ABa THrra: OCTapeAY MajKY, nYHY MopaAHe 'lBpCnIHe, li paTHli-
KOBY ceCTPY, caBpweH Y30P 'leAHOCTH. Mel5YTHM, HHrAe Y rptIKOM
perrepToapy XX BeI<a He wIOry ce HanH )KeHe AaKor MopaAa.
62
OA
)KeHCKHX AHKOBa y BocHH, THI1H'LJHa je HauaK oaoa ca CHMOOAH'lHHM
HMeHOM Ba3a-3y, H Apa)KecHa, oe3HMeHa H nOMaAO CTHAihIma Ae-
BOjI<a I<.oja Y PYl.\H AP)KH l.\Behe HAH CYHl.\OOpaH.
3alCibYLLalC
ITpRCTajeMo Y3 OBY Te3Y Koja Ka)Ke Aa l-mjeAaH npC16Ll HaY'lHlI
paA lfHKaAa HHje AOBpweH, nOWTO aYTOp OOH'LJHO oojaBihyje caMO
jeAHY OA Moryl.Hx Bapl1'jaHaTa. qHHH HaM ce Aa ce TO ynpaBo Ae-
CHAO ca OBHM HaWHM paAOM. JeA"aH OA pa3Aora je, CBaKaKO, H 01'-
paHH'leH, npOCTOp oaMor ,,360pHHKa" 3a TeMY Koja BHwe OArOBapa
61 M. Tesnjak, Veliki opsjel1al' i majslol' iluzije, VEN, Saraje\'o, 14.
septembar 1974, 23.
62 T. Spyropoulos, l-Ia6. oeJlo, 156.
Kapan03
407
jeAHoj IUbH3H. HenpeCTaHo OMO 6HAH Ha onpe3Y Aa He nOBpeAHMO
OApeneH npOCTOp H H3HeBepHMO AOroBOp. YHeKOi\lHKO CMO 1.1orAH
TeK npBHM cAojeM 60je Aa 060jHMO CBOjy OCHOBHY npemOCTanKY
Aa je Kapano3 nOA OApeneHHM HCTOpHjCKHM YCAOBHMa nOCTao HH-
TerpaAHH Aeo 6aAKaaCKor K:YATypHor HaCAena npeY3eTor ca AeBaH-
Ta npeKO TypaK!a.
Ha BaAKaHY ce oAHrpao HenocpeAaH AOAHp pa3HHx KYATypa.
Ha jeAHoj CTpaHH TypeKa, Ha APyroj, nOKopeHH 6aAKaHCKH Hapo-
AH, IlITO je MopaAO AOBeCTH AO HeH36e.IKHOr npeUHatJaBalh'a npBO-
6HTHor AOManer KYATypHor nma. MapHOHeTCKa Tpa'AHQHja y Typ-
CKOj AaBHO je YKopel-beHa. I1ocToje BMlile OAlJeTilpH noce6Ha THna
MapHOHeTa. I1paKTHLJHO HeMa J-1H:jeAHe BpCTe MapHOHeTCKe npeACTa-
Be Koja 'y TypCKoj HHje H3BoneHa. 3HatJH, npe Hero rurro cy yno3Ha-
AH n030pHI..lITe ceHKH y XVI BeKY, TYPQH cY HMaAH Ben iWBHO YC-
llOCTaBloeHY TpaAMllHjy MapHOHeTa. HCTOpHjCKH AOKYMeHTH rOBope
Aa cy y XVI a HapOtJHTO XVII BeKY OHH AOHeAH y 6aAKaHCKe 3eM-
.t\:>e H cBoje rr030pUUI:re ceHKH. Y H3BopHMa CMO YTBPAHAH Aa ce yno-
peAo C BOjHHIM Haje3AaMa TypaKa Ka ceBePy BaAKaHa nmpHAO Ha
TOM npOCTOpy H I-bHXOBO n030pHI..lITe ceHKH. Y nOtJ.eTKY cy ce npeA-
CTaBe AaBaAe UCKloytJHBO 3a BojHHKe y KacapHaMa YI ruaTopHMa HAU
no jaHHLJapCKHM KapaYAaMa, 3aTHM H 3a TypCKe nOAaHHKe y ocno-
jeHHM rpaAOBHMa, a KacHHje H 3a I..lIHpH Kpyr BapOIllKor CTaHOB-
HHIlITBa, npeBaCXOAHO y MYCAHMaHCKHM H jeBpejcKHM tJeTBpTHMa.
I1ocTeneHO ra crpaCHO npHxBaTajy H I..lIH:pe rpaACKe nonYAaQHje
BaAKaHa 6e3 063Hpa Ha Bepy H 3aHHMalhe. OHe Kapan03Y ynpaBo
Aajy CBOjy AOKaAHY 60jy H TOH. TaKO je BpeMeHOM, 6e3 063Hpa Ha
lherOBO nopeKAO, Kapan03 AO Te Mepe 6HO aOMMHAOBaH Aa je noc-
Tao U3pa3 HapOAa H rpaACKe opeAHHe y KOjOj ce H3BOAHO. lllTaBH-
me, TO n030pH'wre ne ocraTH .lK11'Ba V'Mel'HOCT KO,j'Y 'CTaAil-lO rrOTxpa-
lhyje CBeT I..lITO ra OKpY.IKyje, n030pHI..lITe Koje ne ce npHA'arOnaBa-
TH npOMeHloHBHM COQHjaAHHM YCAOBHMa, IlITO ne npBeHCTBeHO AO-
npHHooHTH lheroBoj BHTaAHOCTH. I1pHxBaraHO Y3 HHOBaQHje Koje cy
MY CBaKa 6aAKaHCKa 3eMIoa H CBaKH HapOA AapHBaAH, a THMe ra Ii
npeHHa'JoaBaAH H 60raTHMI HOBHM AHKOBHMa, MaTep-
I-bHM je3HKoM H Ap., n030pHI..lITe Kapano3 je CBe BHllIe Ii BHI..lIe npe-
crajaAo 6HTH UCK.t\:>ytJHBO TVPOKO, a CBe EHI..lIe 6aNKaJHOK'.
I10cAe oCA060nelha OA TypaKa, HapOtJHro y rptJKoj Kapan03
je 6p30 CTeKao HOB caAP.IKaj H KapaKTep. To n030pHllITe je npeA-
Cl'aBloaAO cPOAKAOpHH .lKaHp KOjH je, OCHM tJHCTO cnOIoHHX KapaI<Te-
pHCTHKa, iHMaAO CBe Malhe 3ajeAHHtJKor C TypOKHM n030pHI..llTeM
ceHKH. HenpoMelheHH CV OCTaAH, aKO ce TaKO MO.IKe penH, TeXHHKa
Hrpalha, HeillTO OA pe>KHje H CQeHOrpacPHje, Y KojHMa ce oqyBao
lhHX;OB npOTOllHn. TpaH10nOHBalhe OCL\1aIHAH'jOK!HX <pH'rypal'paje AO
Kpaja XIX BeKa. 3HatJajHHje npoMeHe yHeo je rAYMaQ MHMapHc H3
I1aTpaca, IlITO je Kapano3a npH6AH>KHAO rptJKoj ny6AHQll. H3MU-
I.1..I(!oeHH cy HOBH AYIKOBH, npOI..llHpeH penepToap Ha OCHOBY HapOA-
Hor AOKaAHor cTBapaAaI..llTBa. Ha rypcKe KOMaAe I<aAeMloeHH cy
408
A. AHToHHjeBlih
....
HaIJ;HHaAHH jYHau;,H H TeMe. Kapan03 je nOCTao KaparXH03HC a Xa-
UHBaT XaT3HBaTHC HTA. YMeTHHl.fKY pe<popMaUHjy H3Beo je KpajeM
npOillJ\or BeKa MajCTop-AYTK>ap AeMeTpHOC CapAYHHC. OH je ynpa-
BO y rp'-IKHM KOMaAHMa 3aMeHHO CTape npeACTaBHHKe TypcKe Ua-
peBHHe ArOBapajynHM rp'-IKHM npOBHHIJ;HjcKHM THnOBHMa. OA Tor
BpeMeHa, Ta'-IHO penpOAYKOBaff>e rp'-IKHX AHjaAeKara nOCTaAO je
)';\aBHa ,,/ZUTepapfW" aM6HUHja H3BOna'-Ia Kapan03a, a n030pHlllT
ceHKH rp'-IKH HapOA je npH3Hao Kao jeAHHo npaBO orAeAaAO cBoje
COIJ;HjaAHe 11 KYATypHe cHTyau;Mje.
HeMa CIj'Mfhe Aa rp'-IKO n030pHlllTe ceHKH BOA:H: nopeKAO OA
TypCI<or, aAH je 11CTHHa H 1'0 Aa je OHO Ben y nO'-IeTKY pa3BHAO con-
CTBeHY TpaAHIJ;HOHaAHY nOCTaBK,Y. HaKO HeKH OA AHKOBa rp'-IKor
n030pHlllTa ceHKH BOAe cBoje nopeKAo OA HeKHX eKBHBaAeHTHHX
TypCKHX <pHrypa, nO'-IeTKOM XX BeKa OI-lH cy ce TaKO OAA\JIHO OA-
BOjiHAH OA CBOjHx 0pHrHI-faAHHX MOAeAa H TOAHKO ce 060raTHAH
HOBHM nojeAHHocTHMa H3ByqeHHM H3 na/Kl"HBOr nocMaTpafha rp'-I-
Kor HapoAHor MeHTaAHTeTa Aa MO./KeMO C npaBoM TBPAHTH KaKO je
pe'-I 0 'I-/OBHM H aYTCiHTiIf'-I'H'HlM TBopeBBHaMa.
fp'-IKO n030pHlllTe ceHKH nOKa3aAO ce cnpeMHHM Aa iHCKOpHCTH
MaTepHjaA KOjH nPY./Kajy H AoranajH AaI-la. OHO ce HHK3Aa HHje
'lcTe33Ao Aa CBO:jy TeMY urne 113 IHajceH3aUlf'OHaAII-LH'jIHX H3'CJ\O'Ba
HOBHHCKHX '-IAaHaKa, a HHje OKAeBaAO TlH Aa Ha CBOM nAaTHeHOM
eKpaHY npHKa3yje HajHoBHje <paC1IHHaHTHe TeXHOAOlllKe npOHaAa-
CKe MOAepHe U'HBHAH3aUHje. II3rAeAa, OAHCT3, A,a je TexHoAornja OA
caMor nO'-IeTKa IJOCe6HO npHBAa'-IHAa na>lOhY HapoAHor YMeTHHKa.
QAaHUH y oaBpeMeHoj WTaMnH 06aBewTaBajy Hac Aa ce 6HUHKA
npBH nYT nojaBHo Ha nAaTHY n030pHlllTa Kapan03 Ben 1901. roAH-
He, y BpeMe KaAa je OH jOlll 6HO HOB H peBoAYUHoHapaH npoHaAa-
3aK 3a BeAHKY BenHHY rp'-IKOr CTaHOBHHlllTBa. Y AeTO 1916. rOAHHe,
npOCAaBlbeHlH rp'-IKH MajcTop-AYTKap AHTOHH MOAac npHKa3ao je
y CBOM n030pHlllTY y ATHHH cneKTaKYAapaH HH3 aBHOHa, nOAMOp-
HHIJ;a 11 aYTOM06HAa, caMO rOAHHY AaHa nOlllTO je npBa HeMa'-IKa
nOAMopHHua H'3pOHiHAa y 11 'Y 'BpeMe 'KaAa je 'BO-
311Aa C MOTopHMa Ha 6eH3HH Koja cy ce KpeTaA3 npaIlll-haBHM APY-
MOBUMa y 3eMlb11 6HAO jeABa xHlbaAY.
JeAaH OA 3Ha'-IajHHx YMeTHHKa n030pHwTa Kapan03 no HMeHY
BaCHAapoc nYTOBao je ca CBOjHM n030pHlllTeM no fp'-IKOj CBe AO
1966. rOAHHe, KaAa ce caCBHM nOBYKao. OH je 6HO TBOpau HOBHX KO-
MaAa KOjH cY npoIl.mpHAH TpaAHUHoHaAHH penepToap rpanoM no-
3ajMlbeHoM H3 nonyAapHHx pOMaHa, <pHAMoBa H CAH'-IHHX H3Bopa.
BacHAapoc je OCHOBao y fp'-IKoj CBOjy paAHoHHUY 11 IllKOAY 3a H3-
paAY MapHoHera.
II030pHlllTe Kapano3 y 6aAKaHcKHM 3eMlbaMa npoAa3HAo je
J(P03 cBoje 036H:>'He Kp!13e, Hap0'-I'HTO no:qel1K:'M OBora BeKa, 3601'
KOHKypeHu;Mje npo<pecHOHaAHHx n030pH'IIlTa H HOBoponeHor <PHA-
Ma. BaCHAapoc je 1925. rOAHHe 3aeAe/KHo: "KYA rOA noneMo, KHfhe
Hac nYTyjynH 6HocKonH". C nojaBoM HocKona, Kap3n03 je cTBap-
Kapabo3
409
HO 6HO ocyneH Ha nporOHCTBO y apXHB HCTopHje Kao MY3ejcKH
npeAMeT.
AaHac je n030pHwTe Kapan03 nOTnYHo HanywTeHo 360r COIJ,H-
jaAHHx npHAHKa H KOHKypeHIJ,lije He caMO 6HOCKona Hero H TeAe-
BH3lije. Ha EaAKaHY ce OHO H3ry6liAo y EyrapcKoj, PYMYHlijli H Iy-
rocA3BujH. Y [pYKOj, MenYTliM, HeAaBHO je A0)KliBeAO H3BeCTaH
npenopOA Kao YMeTHHYKli 06AHK BeOMa OMliibeH Meny HBTeAeKTyaA-
lJ,liMa. TpaAHIJ,HOHaAHM O M a ~ l i ce li3BOAe, na yaK li MOAepHli3'yjy
yJKibY"IHBaI-beM TalKBHX AHlKO'Ba Kao WTO cl' T<1'K'CHCTa H TpaIKTopHC-
Ta. IIha.vrnajy ce Te'KcrBH '.K!O::'vl'aAa, li npHBAaYBH aA6YIMH C HA'!-
CTpaIJ,lijaMa MapHOHeTa. Y TypCKOj ce, TaKone, Y3 Ap)KaBHY nOT-
noPY, YHHe HanopH Aa ce 06e36eAll OAp)l<aBI-be TpaAliIJ,Hje. [OAli-
He 1970. y TYPCKOj je OCHOBaHO APYWTBO "Kapan03" ca 3aAaTKOM
Aa 06HOBH li YYBa TpaAliIJ,Hjy OBor n030pHWTa. Y HalJ,HoHaJ\HOM no-
30PHWTY y AHKapH AaHac ce I-\ajy npeACTaBe Kapan03a. Y IyrocAa-
BHjH je 06HOBJbeH Kapan03 ca )fBHM rAYMIJ,HMa y cepHjH capajeB-
CIX TeAeBH3Hjclillx eM!HCHja.
CBH TH MalIITOBHTH KOpaIJ,H Ka 06HOBH n030rpHWTa CHrypHO
Aajy npaBO Kapan03Y Ha HOB jIBOT y MOAepHOM cBeTY. Ha )l\aAOCT,
nOA YTHIJ,ajeM TeXHOAOWKor .HanpeTKa ny6AHKa je nOyeAa Aa 3aHe-
Mapyje TpaAHIJ,HOHaAHO n030pHWTe cem. IloHoBHo panaI-be Kapa-
J503a He 6H HMaAO OAllCTa HHKaKBHX H3rAeAa Aa HHje WaYHlJ,e xpa6-
pHX 3aHeCeI-baKa H HenOKOAe6IDHBHX 6paHBTelba OBe YMeTHOCTH.
illTO ce 'l'Bye HMnpOBH3alJ,:Hje Kao OCHOBHor nOCTYAaTa n030pH-
WTa Kapab03, MO/Ke ce penH Aa cl' KOMaAH y OBOM n030pHWTY y
CYWTHHH HMnpOBH3aIJ,Hja CBaKor nojeAHHor AYTKapa-rAYMIJ,a 3aCHO-
BaH'a Ha OCHOBHOj CKHlJ,H. lb THX pa3Aora HHje 6HAO MOryne H3Y-
4aBaTH TeKCTOBe Kapan03\. TeK no:yel1KOM OBor BeKa ITOlfeAO je
3aITHCliBalhe caAP>Kaja THX KOMaAa, Tj. TeKCTOBa. Taj paA je 3a-
nOlfeT 1918. rOAliBe, I<aAa je XeMvlYT PHTep CBliMBO TeKCTOBe 28
KOMaAa AYTKapa Ha3H<p Eeja. Y nO'1eTKY cl' HrpaHe enli30Ae li3
ApeBHe HCTopHje, MHTOBa, <paHTaCTH'1He npH'1e, aAH ce Kapan03
nOCTeneHO H CBe Bliwe oKpeTao caAp)KajHMa H3 CBaKOAHeBHor Ha-
pOAHor )KHBOTa, APywTBeHoj caTHpH H KOMeAHjH HapaBH. BpeMe-
HOM cl' H3rpaneHH H nonYAapHH nYTyjynH CH)l\eH KOjH cl' Kao cBoje-
BpCTaH ApaMaTypWKH OKBHp 6H1\H AOBOIDHH Aa npHMe MHor06pojHC
rAYMalfKe BapHjalJ,Hje H ad hoc TeMe.
TBOpIJ,y npeACT3Be lfHHHAO je 3aAOBOibCTBO Aa H3HeHaAH cBoje
rAeAaOIJ,e BOBHM npHKa3HBalheM H HOBOM o6.pal-\OM Aoranaja. Y)l\H-
Bao je y OHOM H3HeHanelhY Koje je no 3aBprneHoj npeACTaBH Mopa-
AO HacTynHTH KA IherOBe ny6AHKe.
OnWTH je 3aK!l:>YlfaK Aa je n030pHWTe ceHKH Kapan03 Y)KHBa-
AO y CBHM 3eMib3Ma OCMaHCKe ll,apeBHHe BeAHKY nonYAapHOCT, Koja
je HMaAa 3ajeAHH'1KH HMeHHTeib H3pa)l\eH y H3Y3eTBoj CA060All Tpe-
THpaI-ba H 06paAe CBera IDYAcKor: APYWlTBa, nOAHTHKe, BAaCTH, IDY-
6aBH, ceKC3 H Ap. 3ApaBo, AYIJ,HAHO Ii nOHeKaA AaCIJ,HBHO, OHO je
H3a3HBaAO CMex H 3aAOBOIDCTBO. Kapab03 je BeKOBHMa 6HO jeAllHO
410
A AHTOHHjeBHD
cpeACTBO Ci\060AHOr H3pa)lBaI-ba 3a nmpOKe Mace HapOAa, rrpKO'
CHO je CBaKOM ryrnelhy rAaCOM cBoje :>KeCTOKe, a HnaK rHTIKe caTH-
pe, OBAarn rrpHK!pHBajynH cBoje :>KaAorrojKe rrOA rrAalliTOM 6YPAec-
KHe pa30HOAe. Y CTHAY AHBHlf,Oa
(Divignaud), MOrAIH 6H'CMO penH Aa je rr030pHIlIHH npOCTOp Kapa-
n03a caMO MeCTO Ha KojeM APYIllTBO rrpojeKTyje cBoje ocenalhe KPH-
IIITO HHje KaApo Aa A "cAo6oAH peaAHOCT".
AOAYlIIe, HCTla je Aa 3BYU;H peaAHor y Kapan03Y Ao6Hjajy
Apyry 6ojy, 6oj'Y HaApeaAHor 3BYKa, KOjH ce y HorrOloaBa
Kao BeAHya'HCTBeHe H npeBHneHe HMaHeHTHOCTH. To je
l)IHa 30Ha y KOjOj ce HiHUlTe eY'KAlHAOIBCKH rrQ1CTYAaT'l1 IHAejHe AiBI()AH-
MeH3HOHaAHOCTH rr030pHIllTa Kapabo3.
Dmgoslav Antonijevi
KARAGOZ
Summary
The introductory part relates to the review of social, poli tical,
and cultural conditions of the Balkan peoples under the Turkish
rule. Within the process of several centuries of mutaI influencing,
the pr.oblem of acculturation becomes of primary importance.
Within that fl'amework the author of the present study treats the
phenomenon of the theater of shadows Karagoz. This kind of theater
appears in the sixteenth century and was introduced by the Turks,
while its genuine flourishing takes place in the period between the
seventeenth and nineteenth centuries.
This .study is based on written archivaI sources, then on rich
travel acoounts, beginning already since the sixteenth century, when
there were many travelers across the Balkans which left some in-
formation related also to the theater of shadows. Additional evi-
dence and sources are .supplied by the museum displays, as well as
by abundant literature.
The study contains several chapters, namely: the origin, my-
sticism, the figures and the scene, repertoire, characters, and the
conclusi'ons. As far as the ,or.ig.in is concerned, the author reviews
several hypotheses which are snetimes contradidory. However,
the author, regardless of the existing opinions, limits himself to the
Balkan areas, while determining on the ground of historical sources
that the theater of shad,ows, for instance in the territory of Yugo-
Kapa1503
411
slavia, appears already in the first years of the seventeenth century.
On the ground of a more extensive analysis he cornes to the con-
clusion that, parallel to the Turkish invasions towards the northern
part of the Balkans, the theater of shadows spreads across that area
too. In the beginning the shows have been performed only for the
soldiers and for Turkish citizens in the conquered cities, while later
on also for the wider layers of population, primarily in the Moslem
and Jewish quarters of the towns. Gradually that kind of theater has
been accepted by the remaining ethnic g,roups too in the Balkans,
regardless of their religion and profession. These very folk masses
give to the Karagozits local colori,ng and tone. In such a way through-
hout the centuries, and regardless to its origin, Karagoz became
adapted and assimila ted by the Balkan peoples ta such a degree
that its origin was forgotten completely. Every country and every
people gave to it something of its own culture, while enri ching it
thus by new charactens, contents and language. This was the manner
of its amendingand adopting as one's own cultural achievement
According to the author this element is most significant as far as
that type of theater is concerned.
The author elaborates also on the thesis which ascribes to the
theater of shadows the religious significance too. Related to that
lre the traces of <1l1cGstors' cult and the animisiffi.
In the ,section dealing with the figures and the scene, the
t.echnique is described ot the manufactureoJ puppets and of the
sce.ne, together wi th the analysis of the manner of representation
and the acting by the performers (the invisible actors), namely,
by folk artists and "magicians".
Much attention in the study is givEofi to the repertoire and, a
relevant conclusion of this part is that every Balkan people through
the Karagoz theater reflects its position and its environment. in a
cheerful and lively way, as well as with a lot of humor. It is par-
ticularly emphasized in this respect that the stingers of the Karagoz
satirical plaY's had significant effect and influenced the audience to
quite a degree. In relation to the repertoire detailed analysis is
submitted for every theatrical character, for its properties and sym-
bolics. General and particular characteristics are thus given for all
Balkan peoples.
The concluding part of the study summarizes the analysis
mentioned abave bringing the author to conclude that the Karagoz
theater in the specific historical, social and ethnical conditions be-
came the ever-present cultural inheritance of the Balkans which
was taken over from the Levant through th Turks. This type of
theater was very pcpular in the Balkan countries. There exists in
relation to it a common denominator which is expressed in the
exceptional freedcm of treatment and elaboration of everything
which is humane, D'amely: society, politics, power and authority,
412
A. AHToHHjeBHn
love, sex, etc. Healthy, lucid lJnd sometimes lascivious, it expressed
laughter and satisfaction. The Karagoz theater has been for cen-
turies the only means of free expression for wide folk masses. It
defied every crushing of freedom by the voice of its ardent but stil
flexible satire.
W[th the beg;inni,ng of the twentieth century the K,aragoz thea-
ter in the BaLkan countries cornes through serious cr,i silS, part!.-
cularly because of the competi tian by the cinema. Thereexist today
attempts in s:ome countries to restore the theater of shadows. Ho-
wever, many difficulties and barriers meet these attempts.
-
CA. 2 XaUI1BaT (TypCKa) CA. 1. p l ~ u ) (TYPcKa)
Fig. 2. Hadzivat (Turkey) Fig. 1. Kara:lj7 (Turkey)
(
)



c:
1
(
)

CA. 4. 3er-ra, HMe 3a CBe )KeHCKe MJKOBe y TYPCKOM Kapa1503Y
Fig. 4. Zena - a name for ail female characters in Turkish Karadjoz
JI Il {[ li UV 'If..!
.
CA. 5. XaMaM (TypCKa)
Fig. 5. Turkish bath (hamam) - (Turkey)
CA. 6. KOHaK (TypcKa)
Fig. 6. Inn for overnight stay (konak) - (Turkey)
,1 CAo6oAaH 3E4EBHR. 1
HCTOLJI-bAliKH HAHOCH y HAPOAHHM HfPAMA fPAAOBA
CPEHJE
3anywn'HH CprrOK'H l'paAOBH 'il3 BpeMeHa TypoKe ynpaiBe )KHIBO-
TapHA'H cy y 6AH311'HH OKOAIHHX ceOOKlHX Haceloa, aAH cy 6HAH '0:'-\-
nojeHH OA J:bHX. TaMo je /KHBeAO TypCKO, l'p'lKO, UHHqapcKo, je-
BpejcKo, 'UHraHeKO li APYro CTaJHOBHHillTBO, C 'MaA06poj;HlfM aM{
oAPol3efllwM cprrOKHM nojeAJ-HIHU'HiM'a IKOjH cy )KHBeAH l'paAOKHlM 'Ha-
'lHHOM /KH'BOTa. OBO CTaHOB'H'HillTBO ce 'yrAaJBHOl\1. 6aJBUAO TprrOBH-
HOM :H 3aHarnMa KOjH cy 3aAoBoibaJBaAU nOTpe6e TypOKlHx iIloC'a,6,a H
l'apHUGOHa. Iloje,/WHH 3aHa'I1U 6UAI{ cy uKiby<illBa rrpiH'BliAenrja
TypalKa, fpKa ,HAH IJ;HiHuapa. MexaJHe, XaJHOBe JI TproBHlHY AP)i<.aAH
cy Yl'AaBHoM fPUH JI lJ;lIlH'qapH, a rrpopeneHO opnaK' CTaJH'OBH'HlliTBO
6aBHAo ce nOCAOB:H'Ma 'KOjH cy npeOCTaAH HAll IKojll'Ma Apyrn [HiHCY
XTeAH Aa ce 6aBe. KaJO HeGHaTaH CAOj, oprroKo rpaAOKIO CTaHOLBH'H-
Wl'BO y BpeMe TvpoKe Yil1paBe HHje MorAO HiMaTII 3Ha''laj\HiHjer 'Y'Ae-
Aa y IKYATYPHM )KiH'BOTY J1paAOBa rrOWTO je Taj /K!H:BOT cMaTpall
np:WBHAerHlj.o'\1 'KOjy Cp6H HHCY liMaAH.
HecTaHKoM q,eYAaNH3Ma H T'ypaKa, y /KHIBOTY rpa-
AGBa ceBepll-Ie Op6Hje Hacraje npeKpeTHllqa. Kae3 MWAOW Ben 1815.
IIHwe IleTpy A06plbUY KaJKO MY je 60r noMOl'ao Aa rraAaHKe O'lHCTH
'OA TypaJKa. TYPL\ll cy nOAa'KO HecTajaAH H3MHOIlUX 'BapowH li rra-
AaHKH, a cnaxHje Koje cy AOTAe CTaHOBaAe no CBHMa BapowjHMa
OTWWAe cy OKO 1818-19. !H'3 MOCTa y iHHje OOA'O TYpOK!HX
Yl'BpneJ:ba H l'apHll30Ha.l CeMaw'I'B TaAa nocTaje OCAOHau MAaAe
oprrcKe Ap)KaBe, flIpHlAOAa3H y l'paAooe III 'rrpey3HMa n03HqHlje liceibC-
HOl' cAja 3aJHaTAIHja, Tpl'OBal.\a Ilf A'py.r'HX l'paAoKHx 3a1HlIiM'aJJ:ba. flo-
peA rrplHAIlfBa OKOA'HlOr ceOK'Or c1'aHoBHwwTBa, y IlpaAoBe ce IBpa-
THO H Aeo H36erAHua Koje cy no yryweJ:bY npBol' opncKor YCTaHKa
npe6erAe y AYCTpHjy H TaiMO CTeKAe 3Ha'J:ba n:oTpe6Ha 3a rpaJAlw
33iHH'MaJ:ba. Y Hal'AO'M 'pa3BO!}y cpnoK'Hx l'paAoBa nOCAeC'fiHu;a'J:ba ca-
\lOCTaAHOCTH rrpeAJ-ha'lHO je Eeol'paA, AOK cy Apyre BapowH nOCTaAe
<:'\,d!MiHHlHCl'pa'J11I'BHa, npOOBe'J1Ha, r.pl'OBa'tJlKa II 3aJHaTOKa CpeAH'lllTa no-
1 T. BopbeBl1n, Cp6uja npe cm lOuHa, EeorpaA 1946, 23.
414
C. 3e'leBHn
jeA;H>HHX KpajeBa. Ha Taj Ha'-nfH Ce CT'BlipaO HOBH CAOj MAaA.e cpn-
OKe 6YP)K0a3Hje Koja je nOCTeneHO npeY3ffi\1aAa OBe jaBHe <PYlHK-
I..\Hje.
H'OBH ppaoaJH'H cy AOHOCHNH y Bapolll Ceol:::lKY 'H'PpaLJ.iKV TpaAH-
I..\HjV, aMi ce OHa MopaAa MeH>aTH H npHAarODaBaTH rpaA0KOM 'Ha-
J ; J ~ H V )K!HBOTa li HrpalbY y 3al'BOpeH'OM npOCTOpy. Y IJ.irpe CV Y'HO-
llletHH H VllHI..\aj'H 3aTet.WHIHX cAoje'Ba rpaAOKr CTliH'OBHlHlllTBa -
TVPCKor, rp'-IKor, a y 3Ha1'Hoj MepH :H l\HraHCKor Koje je y BHAY
3aHlilMa'llia o:.-\p)f(a'BaAO My31H'4'KH H JoI'rpaLJ'KIH )K'H'801' y Ppli,AoBHMa,
BapOlllH'Ma H naAaHKaMa. AO'K ce 'V ceAlil:\1a H,rpaAO V3 npa1'lliY Ha-
pOAHHX UHCTpY?1eHaTa, .oBlHpaAa H rljAH, V 'Ba'pOUllH'M,a ce tHrpaAU
Y3 npaTlliY l\ura'HCK'HX OpKeCT'apa KOj'H CV y 'cpnC'KY MY3H'I(Y YiRO-
CHAH ,'vIHore C11paHe, npCTe)f('HO opujeHTaAIHe eAeMeHTe. TYPl\H cy
pe1'l(Q HrpaAH, a"M ,cy BOAeAiJoI Aa nooMaTpajy Hrpe APVI'HX. y ce-
NlfMa cV naHe'KaA HaTepHBaAH MAanH, norAa'BH1'O )KeHOKH CBeT AJ.
HM Hrpa, 0 t.le;'vI'Y nocTaje li UloHoa:Ha CBeA'YaHCTBa.
2
no IBapOLll'HiM2.
cV BOAeAH A:a nOCMaT,pajy Hrpe IJ,'HraIHa. JeAliH nYTHlJ.iiK H3 Ai06a
KIHe3aMHJ\OlUa ''llHcyje Jorrpy HeKor IJ,nraIHlH'Hra H'3 0KOA'HiHe CMeAe-
peBa. IIpe Hrpe OH Yt.IIHiHHO HeK'A'H'KO IK,pyroBa no COUH, a 3a1'JoI1M je
Hrpa npeAa3HAa y CBe 6p)J(C rrOKpere Il OKpeTaa,a :Koja cy ce npe-
TBapaAa V rpLJeBHTOCT. IIaAaH:>e, 06aMHpaI-be, CKaKaI-be H 6eCHO
oKperallie YKpyr AOAa3HAH CV jeAHo 3a APYrHM.:
1
OnHC nOAcena
Ha ,eKCTaTHYlHe Aetp'BiHLIlKe Hrpe c naAallieM y TpaHic 'K!oje je ;OHH-
caOH a!HaA'H'3HJpaO n3H'aTH [HCTOpaLJ3Jp oH TeopeT1T4a
1
p IHI'pe K'YPT
CaJK'C.
4
MO)J(Aa cy OBatKBe Hirpe npeAcTaBibai\e Tpa,r eKCTaTH'I.J1HHX
HPaJpa npalicTopnjoKlHx Iprujac11Hq.KHX IKYATo'Ba MaAe A3Hje 11
lIpeAl-her HCTaKa. HaB'HlKY Aa nocMaJ'pajy IJ;HralHOKe H'I'pe, Cp6H y
BaplllHMa cy rrpeY3eAli 0\1\ Typa'Ka, na 'ce TaKBO HalcAene jOllI AiVro
oAp)J(a,BaAO y oCA060oC>HOM AeAY Cp6Hje. TVP'C'K'H .se3Hp je y 3lHtlK
na>Kllie Vc:T'fIooo CoBO'jy MY3HIKY yrAeA;HwM Cp6H1Ma 'KaJA, 6'H OBU
HMaA'H KaKJBO 'Becetoe. Kao npo<pecHHaAHH IHTpat.IH H C'BJofpat.IH, IJ,H-
raJHH oy C'B'H'paAH neOMe H Hrpa'AJ{ Erpe ApyrHx HapOAa, ai\H cy y
I-bHX VHCHAU li cBoje, nOrAl'B'lHTO Opll'jeHTaA'He eAElMCJH1'e, 'lmjtH cV
6H'AH IHOOllOl\H 11 'llipeHOCH'OI..\I1. Y l'HM lH'rpaiMa cy ce OCenaA'H HICTOLJ-
lbat.IKH 3a'HiOC, C11pacT H CC>BAax, LJera y OpnC.K'H'M HrpaMa AO Talt\a
l-I'Hje 6HAO.
MlJAa CV fPI..\H H UHlHIJ;apH 6HA'H npIHAIHItI;HO 3al'BOpeHH y croe,
Cp6H cy IIlpliX'BaTHi\:H li Y1'HQaje J-HHXOBe JWpa't.IKe TpaJA
I
I1IJ;IHje, llITO
je V opnCKe rpa,AiOKe H'rpe VHOiCHAO Aaibe AeBaJHTHIHlOKe M'OTHIBe. III!-
lllvnlH Ha CYOHO'EliY AO'KY\1eHaTa, ITo::manr erHOA'or TiHX'OMHp J3opne-
EHn, caBecHH X'pOI/-fiH't.Jap oCAo60neHe Cp6Hje 1H3 BpeMeHa KHe3J.
2 M. B. MHAHOeBJ.ln, KHeJ/ce6UHa Cp6uja, EeorpaA 1876, 321.
~ T. EopheBHo, 113 Cp6uje lwe3a MU/IOUla, Ky,uypHe ITpHr\HKe, Eeo-
rpaA 1922, 179-180.
4 C. Sachs, Histoire de la dal1se, Paris 1938, 23-24.
HCT041ba
L
1KIi HaHOCH If UapO/\Hml HrpaM3 rpa;\OBa Cp6H.ie 415
M11A:Olll a, Ha'BOIl;ll jeAaH 3aHH\\1i\:>HB npH'Mep. fPlf'KH Hrpa lCO/COI-ta MO-
Cp61130BaJHa je, na je Ha3BaIHa lCoKolml1a, a 3'3T11iM 'CV je rrpe-
Y3eA11 BAalll'K11 IJ;'HTalHH, PYMryH'H30BaNH iH IIOc-r3Aa je K01C01-beUlTe
r
,
IToA OBHM Ha3HIBOM aA11H3MeI-beIHa, OHa ce 11 AaiHac 11rpa; V ceAa je
y AYxV cpnoJ<!or je3HJKa npeY3eTa ITOA :lK\3lJ1BOiM KY KY1-beT-U. 0130 je
npBH nO,il,aTalI( nOMHI-be cpnCKe rpaAOKe Hrpe, lfHje ce nopeKAO
Ha OCHOIBV I-bera MO/Ke 11 Aa'THpaTJl1. H3 Tora BpeMeJHace li
AP'vre urpe V rpaAOBH'Ma, Ha rrp'HlMeJp, LteH30plca, Ilena OAli-
HeJpa MAaABHoB11n Ka/Ke Aa 6li MO./KAa ynpa'Bo rpLIKllM
-rpe6aAO 3a:X'B3A'HTH lll'fO ce 'Kao rpa,l-\CKIH THJl liPpe Y Cp6HjH calfY-
13a1\'O H npOillH'p'HAO cTaJp06a'A'KIIHKO llaKO /COIlO LIUjili je rAaBHiH
npeJACTa'B'HoH'K AO'HeAaBiHO 6HAa cp6ujm:.a, OBe'laJHa H
Hrpa.
G
ITpHBAa4'HH AoranajH y )KHBOTY CprrcKHX IBapOlUH H 'BapOillHlI<l
no oCAo6oneH>Y 6HAe CV 3a6a'Be Ha KojlHlMa ICV HrpaJHe iH 'HapOAlIl':
Hrpe. Cnoj cpncKHX TpaAHlIHOHaAHIHX, eB'pOnOKHX 'li 'opHljeHTaAHiHX
CAeMeHara, y BapolllHIMa ce oceTliO H y CTIBapaAalllTJ3IY, iR''lllI-bH,
apXHTeKTypH, HcxpaHiH, V 'MIHOrH'M ApryrHM IK'YATVPHHM nojllBaJMa,
'Ha nOAA03H HaC"J.13JjraAe CV rpaAcKe Hrpe Koje cV
6HAe .\mpHHje, A,3'KWe, rpaUH'03Hli'je, npHAarone'He 3'3'T\BOpe:HOM npo-
CTOpy, Be3aHe 3a rpaAOK:H Ha'tJH'H iOAeBaJI-ba H IKpeTaI-ba. OBaiKo crBO-
peH 'CAOj CpnOK:11X rpanalHloKHx Hrapa npli'llal:30 je Apyro'M ./KaHpv,
Kao lllTO oy rrpli'llaAaAH H ppaAKa neCMa H Ha'lHH )[(JHlBOT-3 yo.rrwTe.
y rpaAV je AOAa3HA'O AO CTatHOB'HoHlllTBa Ha pa3'B
ITpnepecHje 'Koje cv06pa30BaAe ITo6!He rp'vne sa;HaTA.H-
ja, jaB'BHX cAY)l(OeH'HIKa IH AP'vmx. MHore OA I-bHX 'ey C1lBapaAe il
COrrCTBeHe 'H'Ppe 'Kao 06eAe)[(ja illHlpe MAli V./Ke npcxPeouje. Ta<.O
cV HaCTaAe rpaACKe Hrpe TplO6a'1.KO, 3aHaTllujcKO, onaT-/.'1.apCKO, Ka-
canCKo
7
K01\:0 li: CA'HYlHO. CV IHlMaAH ceKpeTapKY, OK-
'l'OpCKO, Y"LUTelbCKO li: APyra KOAa. 'tlaK ey H rrojeAHHe nOAHTH'lKC
TTapllHje AaHCHpaAe cBoja iKOAa: pauKamcy, H Apyra,
y IBOjClIili ce TalKODe AOCTa llu'paAO, na CV HacrajaAe li'f1pe 1<.ao oifm-
l!UPCKO, KanllapC1W, J1WTpalbeCKO, To6l.;lujCKO oH Apryr,a 'KOAa. IIO'illTO
CV 6HAe CTBopeHe Ha TpaAHUliOlHaAHoj CpTTOKOj OCHlOBll, MiROrre 0i:l,
OBilX rpaAOIillX IliJrapa cy rnpe'HOllleJHe III ry Aa, rAe 0v oneT npHAa-
ronaBa'He HrpaI-bV Ha OTIBOpeHO'M np:OC"J.10pry 'Kao TI''Bpal'H'H TaAac
KOjlH je rrO'l"eJKl'O ca .ceAa 'li -npaulO ce 'Y H3MeilheHOIM 06NH'KY.
OKe liPpe cy CTBapaHe y AYX!V HapO\AH'HX ceOOKilX 'lI'PaJPa, aAlll no-
ceOHO 06AiHKoBa'He 3a 3al'BiOpeJH npocTop, i\lHUleH npHpo\)HeopeA'H-
HeceOOKor H'rpHwTa. Bap:Q!l.JjlK'li Ha'-IlllH OAeBaI-ba, KOjlll je 'HMaO
l3iHA'HV 'opHjeHTaAIH'V HOTY, TaJ1<one je 'Ha !Ha'l'HH IlII1pa'lba,
Y'OKa H TeCHa o6yna H ,!HJK'J1HpaAH cY H TTOiKpeTe li VOMepa-
RaAH 'liX AP'yra'llHje Hero K<lA 'CV ce <popMlHpaAH y KOMOTHOj lHa-
POAH'oj paAHoj OAeriJH, Y3aJHe PYlKalB'H,YlKpacH H CTe3-
5 T. Eophemtl, HaB. ello, 179.
1; 0, MAaAeHorml, KOllo y lYJ/cHux C.106eHa, EeorpaA 1973, 64,
416
C. 3eCJeBHh
I1HUH, TeWK><l OrAa'B1'oa oH Apynl AeAOHH O'Aene onYTaBaMl cy WHpO-
Ke 11 'P06YCTHe nCYKpeTe TpaAIHU,HOIHaNHe Hrpe. KaoHlH'je je Ha 3a6a-
6HAO H "TaHUMajCT'Opa" -KOjH cy O'Aper.nra,aAH npOTOoK'OA H
peAOCAeA Hrapa. fIpeMaHpCllH rrpHpeA6e je YHarrpeA YTBpnH1BaH
penepToap 'YI 3HaAO ce I<!O ne BOA'HTH 'J<lojy :Hrpy. 3a6alBa je IHaj-
yewne TOBapaHa lCHe:Jlce6uM HAH lCpalbe6UM KOAOM, cp6ujaHlCOA"
HAH KOAJO.M 'I<!oje je 6H1\0 Kap3'KTeplH'CTH4ao 3a OApeneHY BapOlll:
11.o:Jlcape6.'baliKoJlt, 6albe6KolVl, HUUW6lbaHlco.\1, 3ajel.LaplCOM, Hezo-eUH-
ICO,W HAn KOjH'M A'pyrHM. 3aHH'CHO OA B'PCTe 3a6ane HrpaiHa :cy KOA:l
Koja cy npHnaAaAa II<:pyry AYY:6.H KOjH je npIIpenHBao 3a6a
1
BY. CBe
Te .J.ff1pe cy HMaAe YI opHjeHaA'HIHX eAeMBHaTa nplH'MA>eHHX OIA He-
cpncJ<:or Ae.\a CTaJH:OB:HIHWTBa. HaLJHIH Hrpalha je 6HO '\1IHpaH, a i\1l-
paJMlHua y pYK3JMa I<OAoBone Kao cpeAcTBo 1<!000vIYHHKaU'Hje H3I"\1enlf
(;BOr H OCTaA!HX IH'rpa1.Ia, qera y Opm)KHIM iHJ1paMa H'Hje '6HAO, 'C130.-
Ka:KO je 'YTHuaj ca j'Yra rAe cy OBe nojaBe yo'.JJ'oH'Be H Aa!Hac.
Kao Wl'O ce BHAH, y rpaAcKm'vl HirpaMa CeBep'He Cp6.Hje npe-
oB/"aAalBaAa je TPaJA:HUHOHaAHa HapoA'Ha '!1rpa, aAH ca OpH'jeHTaA-
H'H'M npHlMeca'Ma IHerLOpeA'H'o npHxHanea.Hk( OA Apyrnx AeAoBa CTa-
HOBHHillTBa, HM1 nOCpe,1iHo npeKo [(Hra1ri'a 'KOjlH cy MY3HKOM npa-
THAH Hrpe H y H:>HX YHOCHAH Tyne, norAaBHTO opHjeHT'aAHe eAe
MeHTe. EAHI,\J\HIHaunjoM T'tpOJ<:or 'H npeTanal-heM Apyror CTaHB'H'l1111-
11Ba, TH YTHuajH cy ce ocen,aAH CBe 'Mal-he, 'MaAa :HX liMa 'H A3JHac.
Ca-o&H1M je Alpym cAyt.taj 'C jY)KH'H1M AeACYBHMa Cp6Hje KOjIC
0yocA060neHIH TeK 1878, a HeKH Y'alK 11 nOCAe 6a1\'KalHCKHX paToBa
1912. rlAH'He. Ha OROM npocTopy cy nocTojaAe H3pa3HTepa3AH'Ke
H3Meny "ceAoKHx" YI BapoillKoHx nrapa V KjW:vla cy 6HAtYl 'BHiAA>H'I311
jalfH I1'CTOYl-ha1.IK:H YTHl\3jH. V6Aa)KaBaI-:beM CTera TYJpoKe y:opalBe H
nocrerreHlfM npena3Hi\a)!(eJ-LeM nOABojeHocTH H3-Meny M'ycAH,\1aHa Il
xpHwlaHa HacTajaA:H cy APyra1.mjH O,AiH'O'CH H3:Vleny BA'lIAajyher Il
OCTaAor rpaAoKor CTaHOBH'HIUTBa 'lB YJ1'j:er lK:pyra cy nojeA'H'HUH
'CTH3aAH AO HCTa'KHYT!1X nOA:O)Kaja y npH'Bpe,\HiH'M 3aHHMaI-:b'HMa.
Taj rOpl-bH CAj oprrCMlX "yop6aI,IH'ja" OCTBapH'BaO je AO!AHpe C
BA3!Aajyn:HIM cAojeM, nOApan<'a-Bao IherOB I-IaYHlH )I(H'BOTa H n'Plf-
'Mao AOCTa Y'J1Huaja, lIlTO ce y 3!H31'HOj MepH oceTHAJOH y rp-aA01(H,\-I
H'I'paIMa. OBAe Je J1.J'HrAeA,aiH B3JpAapCKor eTHOKopeOA'OlllKor
T10Apyyja %oje je 6H1\'0 ncpeAHIHIK y npeHOWel-hY eAeMeaaTa ca
jyra Ha cprrcKe Hrpe OBora K'paja. Kao MY3HQ1KH npaTHOU'H 'H !Kao
IHrp3'lfKH Y30PH, [(Hra'HH cy oneT OCT3'I3IHJ\IH 3HaTa'B Tpa'r y HlrpaMa
rpaA'OBa :Ha jyory y npaTI-h'H !H'rapa ce joaBlboajy IH OBe IBIH1llC
ynoTpe6/'o3!Bajy MY3H'QIKH HB'CTPY'MBHnI HCTOYH:>aY'Kor rrO!peKAa lKao
lUTO cy 3Y'PAe, AalH!pe 'H roy, 'HAIH pa3H'H opKecTapoKiH caCTa'BH T'Hna
1.1a.JZzuje. HaQH'H IHrpa)'b3 ca M'BOrO ,ceBAaxa H '\1epa:KAlijcKor 3aHoca
H'Ma aCTO nopeKA'O; 'Y TaMe cy ce noce6HO 'WCl1HU3J\H J1paAOBH
Bp3'lhe, flhHA3JHe H Apym rpaM)BH KO'COBa 'H MeroxHje.
fIo peYHlMa ,ceCTapa JaffK''BHn, Koje cy TeMelboHO HOn'HTaAC
CTape 'Bpal-hllHCKe l'paAOKe nrpe, 33 BpeMe TypaKa je Ha crraXli AY-
I1'HlM3 Bpalh31I-IC1IX 6eroBoa 'BoneH 6ypaH )J('HBOT H 'HerOB31He cy 1.10-
HCTOl.Jlbal.JKH HaHOCH If HapOAHHM HrpaMa rpaAOBa Cp5Hje 417
4el.JlKe H Apyre opHjeH'TaAJHe H'l'pe. Cp6H cY lH'rpaAH y C'BOjHM APIMO-
BHMa 0 CAaBaMa, cBaA6aMa HAH Ha AeBoja4KoM H MOMa4KO'V[
OnpOlllTajHoM BeceloY. TIOA y1HIJ;ajeM na'lH'Ha )lIBOTa H IfTOAHe6iba,
no yrAe:.AY Ha HCT04IhalJKe IlJll'pe, CTBap3lH je BpaIhaHCKH CTHA IHTpa-
Hia npo)KeT 4e)KIhOM, npHrYllleH )K'31POM, jaKor aAIH Y3Pip)l(a!Hor
TeMnepaMeHTa,ca opHjeHTaAJHHlM npHJMeCaJMa. Ta al1Moc<pepa je ro-
AlMa 60raTlIM H l'opAHM BpaIhaHK!HM lfop6aUMjaJMa li nOTxpaIhlI-
BaAa cTapHjy reHepaI-\Hjy BpaIhaHOKHX MepaKAHja. f-b.HIMa je Haj-
sena pajOHiOAa 6HAa K'aA 6'11 331H'rpaAJH 6eJlo Aewle, aClCaJlUI1Y,
reUl/CO opo, .lteMC'CC, neM6e il Apyre 'BpaIh3JHCKe Hl'pe. Bp3JIh3JHOKH
MepaKAHIja 6n nOHeKaA npOBeo 1IJHTaBY HOn y BpaIhoKoj Ea'lHH Y3
MY3HKY IJ,HraHa HBpanaO ,ce IK'ynn y 30py, EHme rJIHjaH OA 3aIHoca
Hem OA aA:KOXOAa. MaAO TTorHYT ITOAO)Kaj TeAa, TeillK<O cTyna'lhe
qeAJ.fM cTonaAoM, Y3 npeHOmeIheOCAoHQa 'C HOTe 'Ha Jfory Koja
Kao Aa je npHKOB3JHa 3a MecTO IHaKtoje je cTynHAa y TeUlKO,1t opy,
nOTnYHo ay OAil
'
0BapaAa 331MHlCA'li OBe rroTpecHe '11 CBeQ3lHe Ml.'pe.
CpOMIa 13pal-baHlca Hll'paHa je AOCTojaHcTHeHo, yonp3JBHOr TeAa, C
HJHXaIheM 'KIYKoBa; rOA;HAa je npHrymeHM )I(apy IBp3lIha'lfCKOr TeM-
nepaMeHTa. Hrpe cy ce AiBHjaAe 'YHH3Y, no YCTaloeHoM pC\AOCAe-
AY; QHraHcKH cBHpa4H cy 1'0 MOpaAli Aa 3Hajy H nOAelllaBah'
nOlllTO cy 3a CBOjy CBHPKY 6lIAH 60raTo Hi3lI'panHBa!-I'H.
8
CAH'IaH 'cAYLJaj 6HO je ca opnOIM HapoAHiHM M'l'paMa y rpa-
AOBHlMa KocoBa H MeToXiHlje. TaMo cY CpTIClKe ceOCKe Hpe 3a;6,p-
)KaAe TpaAHQ,HjoM YTBpneHH AlH'K, AOIK oy ce y rpaACKH'M HpaMa
OCenaAH iHCT04Iha'4lKH Y1'HQaju. HenocpeAHo CYCeAOTBO H Be3e C
rpaAOBH'Ma MaKeAoHHje, YHOCHAH cy y HJ1Pe OBom IK'paja nopeA
opHjeHTaAHHx eAeMeHa'ra, II Kopeorpa<PcKe HapoAHlIx Hirapa
H3 TIoBapAapja. lloBaplAapje je furAO nocpeAHlfK 'Y npooorneIhY
KYA1'ypHiHX CTpyjalba, Koja oy HlllAa MOp3lBar<:-BapAa:pCKiH'M IKOIMY-
HH!KaQ'Hj'OK'llIM npaBQ0M, il onOHa l.'p4'KHX li AeB3IHTIHHOKUX npOCToipa
CaCeBepHHuvl AeAO'BHMa EaA'KaJHa. Hap04'llTO cy BUIAlo'HBIH MTHlBlI
npeY3eTu H3 AaKHX 'KOAa nITIa JleCHOTO. T'parOBH rrolABj0HOCTIH no-
AOBa y lICT04Iha4KOM A'PYlllTBY A:OAa3lIM! cY AO H3pa3a y,3ace6HOM
lIl'p3!IhY 'M'yrnK3Jpa1-\a 'H )KeHa. Hl'pa.Ao ce y KA'HlMa, a
4eCTO II y OA'BojeHlHJM rrpocTopuj3lMa. H<:TaiKHryTa ,yAora KOAO'BOne,
IherOBO 'ITBpeMeHO oABajalI-he OiA r:KOAa nplI u3BoneIhY <pHl'ypa,J<:ao
u A3IBaJbe 3HaKOBa 3a nOAcTuQaJbe Hl'palha II MY3H'IKe npaTIhe, He-
CYMIhHBO npeACT3!B/a YrHQaj ca jyra.
TIoce6Ha BpeTa I1Tapa aBora 'Kpaja 6HAe cy )K-eHOKe Hl'pe KOjC
cy u3BoneHe y a'M3!MY OB3JA6e, 4era Huje 6UAO y opncKlHM ceo-
CIJM Hl'p3l.t\1a. 3a1'O He Mome 6HTl! HHKal!<JBe oYMIhe Aa oy OHe
opHjeHTaAHiHx ynIQaja, 'K,ao lllT je H aMaM HOT04Iha1J'Ka KYATyplHa
TeKOBlIHa. Y flhlHAa'HY li APYI'HM l'paAlBlli\1a, y aJMaMy ce Y04H
7 fpl.JKO KacarrCKO Xopo ce rrpeKO l(apHrpaAa rrpOWHpHAO rro 5aAKaH-
CKHM 3eMIoaMa (O. MAaAeHOBHn, HaB. oello, 63).
8 in. H A. JaHKOBHli, HapooHe uzpe, VI, EeorpaA 1951, 143-154.
418
C. 3e4eBHn
BeHt.Ialha HrpaAO Ae.,WlCO, JIWpU AeM1CO H a6eTO, MOpU a6eTO. I1plI-
MJIIWiM 60jelha lHeBeCTIfHe 'KOce rrpeA Be:Ht.I3'lbe, y ByYlITpHY ce lI'I'pa-
AO Y3 TIeoMY MeHe Maj1':a jeHY UMa. HepOiAlHu\10Ka H BYt.IHTpHCKa
)KeHOKa nYUlneHa, O'4JITAeAIHIO je rrpHMloeHa oA TypaJKa,
llITO ce BMM H Ira TYpCKOM Ha31my OBe lI'rpe 1':apUlu-lcapuluja
(jeAIHa rrpeMa APyroj). Haro 6H ce M'orAO 'peliH IH 3a Hl'pY zea.llattoj-
Ha a fla Typzea. AeBojiKe cy a YOKPCY y BYt.I'Hl'pHry 'wrpaAe Y3 rrpaT-
IhY pH1'MH!QK:Or Y'Aapalha y TerrcHjy, lUTa 1'aJKone rrpeACTaB.!oa 'HCTO'!-
IhaNKH Y1'lITlaj. fpanalH'H I1en'Hcy OOAH MaI-he nOAAO>Kffi! opHjeHTak
'IIHIM rra ce KOA IhlIX pAOBHO 'H!rpaAO y MelllOBlWf'O<)'!
KOi\!Y. Y H1rpa'Ma ce ocenao orroj I..\pHrorOpOKT lHat.IHHa nrpaJlha y
.3eTOlCOM 1':OJlY C 'MaKeAOHC'IOfM ill'palMa TIIDa AecHOrro. A'OIK je
ffi{ 06AH'K 3aj e;1iHHtIKe 'Hrpe rOT()IBO j e,)HHIH y CeOOlK()IM H'l'pa{,1IKOM
npeAaJ-BY. AOTAe ce 'Y 'lfI'paJMa ocena 60raTCT'BO mpaqlI(HX
06A!HiK:a. TaMO cy ce MarAe B'H\l\e1'H C''AO-Hl'pe, iHlrpe 'Y rra'P.OBJlIMa,
tIe'I1BOpK:<hMa, Y AeOH M IKOAY. Y TeX1HHWI Hrpau.a rrpeoBAanyjy
VKpaOHM IHa rrpOCTOPy OA fJ-BUAaJHa AO I1plI'lline. fpaA-
dKe Hrpe Y I1pH3peHY 'DAAiHlK.oBaAe cry 'Ce rrOCe6'H1l'M CTHA''M HrpaIha;
CV 1JI3BOneH'H Y3AP)K./oUBO, H aMIHlpeIHO. HCTHI..\M3
ce HTpa 1':a.Ila
L
l KOlja je lHJrpa:Ha KPY)KIHO, aNH ce IlTpat.IH HHCY Ap>Ka-
AM 3a pYKe. M'HCA'H ce Aa OBa rrO'f'Ht.Ie jom 'H3 opeArber BeK:-l
rrOlllTO je, 'HeKaAa H'3BOneHa Y3 Mat.I0Be; J-BHX oy IKacHJ.lIje 3aJMeiHIIMc
Ma:pa:.Me. fpaAOKe MeA'O:A,Hje Y3 lI'I1Py 6HAe cy pa3B'HjeHlHje li pa3HO-
BpOHHJe O:AceooK.illC; 6HAO je H Herr;PaJB'HA1HHX IJICTO'lIllial.fKiHX pur-
'MOBa, 111l'O HH1e ANH'Ka apnoKHX 'HaipOiA)HHX 'H'rapa. Kao 'Mry3IH'lI'KH
rrpaTHOI..\H HJ'aJpa, IJ;H['aHH cy Y<lfOClRAIH HCTO'lll-bat.IKe eAeM0H'Te H
VKpace; OHM cy rrpaJ1HA'H TYne, MIH cy 3a HarpaAy Hl'paNH 11 con-
.C11BeHe HJI1pe. Y I1pmnTHlH'H je OHO rr03HaT I..\HKAYC OA ABaJHaeT
nmaHCK:'HX Hrapa nOA Ha3lfBOIM pOMaHe, lllTO 'Ce H3BO:AH 0113 Hap>,:.\-
HO'OHOr ll\MeHa POM. KaAa H:Hje 6HA'O OBHlpa't.Ia, arpaAD ce Y3 rr0BalhC,
a TenCH'ja je Kal1KaA 331MeIh'H!BaAa MY3Ht.I'Kll tlfIHCTpYMeHT.
9
y T'YPCKOiM IJ;apo1'By ,ce BHll1e [J(MaraAO Ha KaH<pecHOIHaMlY
nero Ha 0THM'lK'Y npJIDa,AJlfOCT: IM'YCi\!Il\M'a'H1H cy 6HMI npHB'HAerOBaJHH,
a lHeBepHHI.\ll 'YrAJaBHOM iHHcry HlMaAH IHlHKa:J<'BlHX np,ma. 3aTo je H3-
BeOTaJH 6poj Op6a npHX:Ba1'H' HCAaJM, TOJ(OM AyroTpaj-He TYpOKe
DAaAaJBWHe, MU je H AO AaHac oAp*ao CBOj je3IHIK 11 MJHOre 06H-
t.Iaje. Y IhMXOBll'M KynaJMa je nOCTerreHO YCBajaJH HC1'Ot.IIhall{'KJH lHat.IRH
.K'HJBOTa, lllTO je OCTalBHAO l'par H IHa Hrpe 'Dora AeA'a craHoBHIHlliTBa.
y KOjlH oy peAaTH'BH' IKaaHO yrnAiH Y caCTa'B Cp6Jrje,
oBaj npI..\ec je H AaJHac BJoLAaH. fpaA'Be CTa'Pe PamKe III CTaJpor
BAaxa - ROBH I1a3ap, Cj eHHI..\y, HOBY Bapom, I1pH60j 011 I1plHje-
rro.!oe - oCAo60nelhe je 3aTeKAO C np.HAlNHHiM 6pojeM MycAHlMaH-
OKor CTaJHOBRlUlIT,Ba, 'K:oje ce BpeM0HoM rrpHlAoAaCiKo,Vl
H36erM1I..\a H3 ocAo6oneHlHx iKpajeBa. Kao H K:O\A, npaBOCAa:B'H'llX,
rpe OBorCTa'HOBHlHIllTBa 6HAe ay Y KOAY a.AH ca opHjeH'raAIHJHIM
npHlMecaMa, HapOt.IlffO 'Y MY3H't.IK:Oj npaT'J-hH, npam.\IllMa H lHa't.IIHHY
KJpmalha 11 HeKlH'M APYTHM eA0MOOHIIMa IITpe. MYCAI1'MaJHH cy Y CBO-
HCTOl.Uba'lKH HaHOCH y HapOAHllM HrpaMa rpaAOBa Cp5Hje 419
.l'oj Hrpal.JoKoj TpaAHl.\'Hj'H CalJY'8aAH KOAO 'HaCAeneHo OA npeA<aJKa
yrrpKoc 3BaHHlJ:HOM 'BepoKoM rYMalJeI-bY Aa je OHU y oyrrpO'Pl!O'CTH
C MyxaMe,A:OBH'M YlJel-beM.
10
Y HOBOj BapolUH cy HapO'lJHT'O paJAO
nrpaH3K'OAa CUTaH CaM 6ucep npocYlla, ja ca.M tuexo, cKeja IH xopa.
OBO rrOCAeAl-be je H'rpaJHO C l1'p3lBl.\eM 'KpeT3'l-ba YAeB', WTO je IpeT-
J,OCT y 0pncKHM HapoAHHM HrpaMa. Y HOBOj Bapoum je H3BoneHo
H lWIlO '-la 1COllY Koje je rr03HaTO y Xepl.\erOBilfI-FH H U;pHOj fopH.
KOA CTaHOBHiHillTBa HCA'3M0Ke KOH<pecuje lIiMa TalKOne OlJ'YBalHiHl(
cTapHj'Hx xepl.\erOBal.f,K'HX Hrapa. JeAHa OA TaKBHX je ep6uul Arzuja
(ITpH6oj, IlpHjerrotoe, HOBa Bapuw). Y I-bO'j HHje reillKO npeIT3Ha-
TH CrlJpy xepl.\erOBalJ'KY H11'py f5uuje, C rr03HaTl-fM 06AH'KiOM. IKp:ycra
y 'KojeM je. A0BojKa ca Y:HryTpamI-be CllpalHe, a IM'OMaiK ca OITOtoIHe;
OH je A'BH rrO'CAe a6aIBtoeHOr neBalJKOr AlH'jaAOra. Y OBOM IKipajy
cy ce HHalJe oycpeTaNH YTHl.\ajH 'H'rapa 'lm Cp6H'je, U;pHe fope H
X epl.\pOBHiHe. 11
Ha K'pajy H ce MorAO 3aKtoyq'H'TH Aa .cy l-fCTOllI-bartI'KH HalHOOH
\r 'HiapOAHlJ11M arpaMa rpaAoBa Op6Hje 6HAH ABOja:I<M - HerrOOpeiAHH
H noopeAHH. Heno:opeAH'H oy npUM'3H'H oyceAoKlHM AOAHpO'M c Ae
AOBHlMa HeoprrOKor rpa,\CKOr CTa'HIO'BHIlllITBa IKje je y 'BeneM 'HAH
:-ial-beM 6pojy .JKH'BeAO H3MewaIH0 ca Cp6H1Ma. IlocpeAHH 'l/TH1l.\a1jH
cy 'J1HoweHH y rpaA;OKeIi'rpe IKp3 MY3H'I'K'Y npa'T'l-by U;nraHa iKOjH
cy Kao nPa<PcHoHaAHH OBiI'pal:J'H 'H3
i
BOA'l1'A'H 'MY3H1K'Y p33HHX HlapOA3,
rra je T()IM npHMflKoM IH MewaAIH. Hcm je Ta'KiO jaoHo ,Aa av CTpalHH
Hl'HOCH YOlltoHlBlljH 'Y K'pajeBH'Ma rAe cy oe T"fpoKa ym;pa:Ba IH11pQIGI
J<YATypHlH YTHl.\ajIH O,A:p)['caNH AY.JKe. Y rpaAoBe CeBep'He Cp6H'je K()IjH
cy 6H:\:rH ocAo60neHH HerrOCpe,A:Ho nOCAe ycTa<HKa, iMaO<YB'H''O je [EPH-
THl.\aAO cpneKo ceOOKO CTlHO'BH'HrnrBO Koje je A:OHOCHAO aJyTOXTOIHy
H'rpalJKY TpaAHl.\-wjy, 6e3 'H'CTOl.J'I-ba'1lKIHX :rIlpIH'Meca. 06j HlJlI-bel-be IIFrO
je OHa OCTaAa 'Ba:H l'HX YTHl.\3}a Ae.JK'H y 'tIIHI-beHHl..U{ Aa je <BAl'Aajyl.H
CAOj pellKJ AOA'a3HO y AOIAHP ca ceA'OM ll3,!3eB np'HA[{lKOM Ka3IHelHlHX
HNH nfua'l'KaWKHX rrox:oAa, KM ce opnOK<O CTaH'013iHffilIT'B!O Y'KA3Il:baA'O
H3 HaCetoa. Apyra npH'i\lIi'K'a 3a KOHTalKTe 6HAO je npHlKryrrtoaI-be <lmc-
]aA'HrHX Aa.JK6H<Ha, WTO je 6HAO lJecro nperrywreHo Cp!fIOKiHM AOKaA-
HUM ora:pernHJHa'Ma. 3aTO IH'H'je '.M'OrAO 6H11YI 'RH 3Hal.JajH'rljHx K'YArryp-
HlHX Yl'Hl.\aja. CpOH cy rro ocAloonerny CTH3aAH y rpiJABe H rro;y:eAH
npeY'::JH<Mral'H JalRHe cPYH1Kl.\Hje. TaAa je Mpa'A:O AOOO AO MeWalI-ba
ca 3aTelJeH'HJM 'HeCpnOKHM CT3JHOB'HlHllll'BOM, AO TIpHJMal-ba yPHl.\aJja
Il MeI-baI-ba AOHere ceOCKe TpaAHl.\iHje. IlpoMeHO'M npHpON-Ie ope-
;.\Mtfe y 'KOjoj cY HacraAe iH .JKHiBeAe, Hrpe y rpaAY oy TIOCTerIOOO
MeI-baAe '06AIHJK H HaHHIH nrpl1l-ba. Il:pHAIH'lJJHO PO.'a:H IH IKYAT'!'PHO
pa3ffifjeHlHjH rplJ'KO-l.\H'Hl.\apOKIH CA'Oj l'pa'ACKOr CTlHOBlHHIIl"I':Bl OCTaH-
Jbao je Tpar IH y KYA l'ypli I1paAOBa, mTO ce OCeT'HAIO y lHa'llHJHY 1fcxpaIHe,
o New, II, EeorpaA 1937, 34-51.
\0 O. MAa;\,cHoBHn, 1fa6. eJ10, 62.
Il C. 3e'leBHn, npeZile llapollux mapa Y:JICWIJCOZ eila Callt,ialCa, PaA
KOHrpeca CaBe3a q,OAKAOpHCTa JyrocAaBHje y THTOBOM YJKHl.lY, EeorpaA
1961, 118.
C. 3eyeBHn
420
OAeBaJ-bY, KYATypH CTa'H'OIBaJ-ba, na CBa!l(aKO H y HrpaH>Y. ITo'PeA Tora,
KaOIllPa<PeoHOHaAHH 'M'Y3lH'Y'KH npaT'HOU'H Hrapa y rpaAOBIHMa, UHraHH
CV '{iHOCHA'H n npeHOCHIAIH cBOje H Tyne MOT'H:Be y Hrpe 'H: MY3H:KY
Cp6a. BpeMeH'M cy ce TpaAH:unOHaNHlH H 'HCTO'4J-bRll'KiH 'MOl1HBiH CAH-
BakH: y jeAHY ueAHHy H npeTaJITaAIH 'Y w.rpe 'Beh'HHe, aMICY T'PaTOIBH
H:CTO'4'lba"tJKor Ha1.nnLa 'HrpaJ-ba H pHTMOBa OCTaNH jOlll A'Y'r0 npH-
Mel1HiH y oprroKoj rpaAoKioj Hl1p'H.
IT03HaTo je Aa ueAa CpoHja IHlHje OHAa O'cAo60neHa y jeAiHo:\{
H<l!Ael'y, Hero nOCTeneHO H y eTanalMa, rra cy J-beH'H jy)K)HH AeAOBVI
CBe Ao :Kpaja XIX JI nOyeTKa XX HeT<.a 6H'AiH ja'4e H MHOro Ay)/(e
H3AO>l<.eH'H 'K'YATYPHiHM 3pa"tJe'J-bWMa OpHjeHTa. CeM 'IOTa y OBH'MKpa-
jeBHlMa IHlH'je AOUJAO AO paAoH'KaAHOr HceibaJBaH>a HecpnCK:or 'H lHexpH-
urnaJHOKor CTaHOBHHllITBa nO'CAeOCA060neJ-ba, Hero je O'HO OCTaAO
Aa >I<.'HBH TaMO rAe ,ce 3aTeKAO. ITocAe APYlliT,BeHlfX pe<l>0pM'H y
TViPOKOM Uapcmy, y OBHM Kpaje'HlfMa je jOlll npe OCAOOOneI-ha AO-
Aa3H:AO AO y6Aa)KalBaJ-ba nOABojeHocrn w3Meny BAaAajyner H OCTa-
Aar rpaA'OKor CTaHOBHiHlllma. TaAa cy ce 'M'HOI'H Cp!OH AOMorAH
HCTaJK:HYTliIX yi\,ora 'Y >l<.HBOry rpaAooa. Y'KAaJ-baaeM
paHujH:X npenpeKa H3Meny rrojeAH'HHX AeAO'Ba T'paAOKOr 'CTa'H'BHHlll-
l'Ba 'AOAa3HAO je H A'O 6Mf>l<.HX AOA'Hpa, a CaM'H'M l'HlM 'H AO 'Y3aja'M-
HHX K'YATYpH'HX yrullaja. DOraT'l1 opnOKlH rpana'H'H cY nOyeAH no-
Alp<l!>I<.<l!Ba11H IHaYH'H >I<.(H:BOTa HeKaAallIHMX rocnoAapa, na cy 'Y TOM
rrpouecy 'H nCTO'4'l-baltJ'K.a CXI3'aTaJ-ba, lllTO cc HeMIJ1<HO'8lHO
oceTHAO H y rpa.,A'CK'lfM l'palMa,
nOcAe 'OcAo60nc.l-ba jY)KHHX y HeKll'Ma oA lf,HX je 3a-
Te'4eH 3Ha'Ta<H 6poj HCAaM'H30BaHOr cprroKor Cl'aHO'BHHllIT'Ba 'Koje je
Kp03 Ayro pa3AOOibe npnnaAHocTH HCAa,M'Y CTeKAO 'M'flOre HalB'HJKe
IfCl'O'4J-ba1.{xor )K'H'BOTa. To ce 'O,L\,pa3H'AO li v neCMlI II y iJ1rpH. My-
CA'J11MaHH 'cV 3l1Ap>l<.aA'H 'KOAO, OHOBH'H 06A-HK OpnOKHX IHrapa, aAH
C M'HOlll11BoMYJKpaoHHx KopllKa IH p'H'J1M'Ba, llITO je cBojcT.BeHo HC-
IHa'4'J1lHY M'l'paJ-ba, II lIerpaAuAH noce6aH CTHA urpe nOI\
IHCTOllH>aItJ:KIfM ynHua1jlHMa. To je V H'T'pe 'IlPI-IA{)llJAO-r cpnoKor rpa-
nalHoKor ,cNoja YH'O!C'l-fAO AOAaTHe iHcro1.J1l-haYKe eAeMeHJTe. ITojeAJHlHlI
OOHyajH OHAH cy rrpaneRH HapO'4HTHIM pHTyaAoM, lllTO je cAry'4aj
ca oBaAoeHHIM 'IH'p-aMa y a'MaMY, HAll y ApyrwM 061flmjHMa H:CT01.{-
lbaYT,Or nopeKAa. '....
He Tpe6a 3aHeMapHTH HH crpyja.l-ba 113 IToBapAapja Koje
6HAO naCpeAHI11K Y npeHOWel-h'V 'KYATY'P'H'HX ca jyra. To
ce 'HapOllIHTo orAeA3AO y YCBaj<a.l-bY Hrapa TU'lla Aec'HOTO 'H MY3HYKe
npanne IHIHCTpY'MeHTHMa apHjeHl'aNHOr rropeKAa.
Haj'3a
'
A, IRao npo<l>eOHoHaA:HH 'M'Y3H1.{1KH npaT'HOUH IHapOAHH,'{
Hrapa y rpaAY, UnraHH cy OB11';\1 rryreM y Hrpe rpaA''Ba YHO()!fAH
MHore OpH'jeHTawHe eA0MeHTe.
------
HCT01.Uha'lKH HaHOCH y HapOAHIIM Hrpa:'fa rpaAOBa Cp6Hje 421
Slobodan Zeevi
ORIENTAL DEPOSITS IN THE FOLK TOWN DANCES IN SERBIA
Summary
The short introduction deals with the demographic picture of
Serbian towns on the eve of liberation from the Turks. Dominant
in these towns were, in ad(htion to the Turks, Greeks, Tsintsars
and Jews. At that time Serbs were mostly or exclusively in the
villages. With the liberatiolJ1 from the Turks Serbian towns and
townlets begin to change.
As far as dances are concerned, they were influenced by thr
elements provided by the o.ld seUler layers of population of the
towns. Thus Serbs accepted the dancing tradition of Greeks and
Tsintsars which already had traces of Levantine motives. To prove
this thesis the author submits many examples.
Later on in the Serbian tOiWns the parti cul al' layer has been
created of the Serbian town dances, which had thek particular
characteristics. However, the author emphasizes that aIl these dances
had intensive oriental col our, which has been accepted directly wit-
hin the contact and symbiosis with the non-Serbian part of the po-
pulation. Along the model of eastern dances specific styles of dance.>
have been created. The author concludes that oriental deposits in the
folk dances of the tow{1S of Serbia were of a twofold character,
namely, direct and indirect.
Particularly strong o,riental influence is feH, as far as town
dances are concerned, in the towns of South Serbia. Here Gypsy
influence is also visible to qU'ite a degree. Instruments accompanying
the dances too were under the oriental !nfluence, relevant instances
being the following: zurle, tambourine (daire) and dJ:1um (go), 02'
various orchestral bands of the calgije type.