Anif Jamaluddin1

1Prodi

P.Fisika, PMIPA, FKIP, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta

Solid State Physics

Review Bidang Kristal, Jarak Antar Bidang Non Destruktif Test (NDT) XRD Komponen X-Ray Sample Detektor Prinsip Kerja XRD Braggs Law Faktor Intensitas Sinar-X Analisa Hasil (Kualitatif) Intensitas Vs Sudut 2 Menentukan Struktur Kristal Sudut 2 Studi Kasus

Outline

Solid State Physics

Index Miller
Direction

[hkl] represents a direction <hkl> represents a family of directions (hkl) represents a plane {hkl} represents a family of planes

Solid State Physics

Bidang Kristal

Solid State Physics

Bidang Kristal

Intercepts 1 Plane (100) Family {100} 3

Intercepts 1 1 Plane (110) Family {110} 6 Intercepts 1 1 1 Plane (111) Family {111} 8 (Octahedral plane)
Solid State Physics

Atomic Packing Factor (APF)

APF =

Volume of atoms in unit cell* Volume of unit cell

*assume hard spheres a=2(r Na)+ 2 (r Cl) V=a^3

Solid State Physics

Pengujian Karakterisasi tanpa merusak sample/bahan

XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) Mengetahui Struktur Mikro Bahan XRF (X-Ray Florosence) Mengetahui Unsur Penyusun Bahan SEM (Scanning Electron Mengetahui Topografi dari Bahan
Microscopy) dll (Secara Visual)

Goal Menetukan Struktur Kristal (XRD) X-Ray = +- nm Struktur atom = +- nm

Solid State Physics

Skema alat XRD

Source Of X-Ray

Sample (Powder)

Detektor

PC (Hasil) Analisa Hasil Latihan Braggs Law Faktor Struktur

Solid State Physics

Solid State Physics

Source Of X-Ray

Electron (Katoda)

Anoda (Cu,Fe Co dll)

X-Ray

Solid State Physics

Jenis Sinar-X

Characteristic Spectrum
(target dependent)

Bremsstrahlung

lmin

Solid State Physics

Bragg Law
2 d hkl sin q n = n l d hkl = sin q =
2

a h2 + k 2 + l2

a N

l
4a
2

(h

+ k 2 + l2

Solid State Physics

Skema Deteksi Sinar-X

q 2q Sample

Solid State Physics

2q Vs Intensitas

A perfect crystal
contains single planes (delta function for I(q)) An imperfect crystal will show broadened peaks. Liquid or amorphous materials will give a continuous function

Solid State Physics

Faktor Struktur
Faktor Hamburan

Faktor Struktur Kisi

Faktor Geometri

F(h k l)=f

Solid State Physics

Faktor Struktur
Contoh : BCC, terdapat 2 atom dalam stuan kubus, dengan basis koordinat (0 0 0)dan ( ) maka

F(h k l)=f
Sehingga : S (hkl)= 0 jika (h+k+l)= ganjil Dan Fhkl maksimal = 2 F, jika (h+k+l)= genap

Solid State Physics

Faktor Struktur

Table of possible diffractions

h2+k2+l2 1 2 3 Simple Cubic 100 110 111 F.C.C. --------111 B.C.C. ----110 -----

4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

200
210 211 ----220 221 / 300 310 311 222 320 321 ----400

200
------------220 --------311 222 ------------400

200
----211 ----220 ----310 ----222 ----321 ----400

Solid State Physics

Hasil XRD

Solid State Physics

Studi Kasus
Sinar X yang dihasilkan oleh XRD berasal dari anoda Cu dengan panjang gelombang sinar-X 1,54056 0A. Hasil XRD diperoleh puncak-puncak intensitas sinar-x pada sudut 2 = 44,6730; 65,0210; 82,3330; 98,9450; 116,380; 137,130 , Tentukan struktur kirstal dari bahan yg diamati? Jawab : Berdasarkan deret pada table. (1,2,3,4,5dst) maka Struktur bahan tersebut adalah simple kubik

2 44,67300 65,02100 82,33300 98,94500

22,33650 32,51050 41,16650 49,47250

radian 0,38985 0,56742 0,71849 0,86346 1,01561 1,19669

sin() 0,38005 0,53745 0,65825 0,76009 0,84980 0,93083

sin^2() 0,14443 0,28886 0,43329 0,57774 0,72216 0,86645

sin^2()/ sin^2()min 1,00000 1,99992 2,99992 4,00003 4,99992 5,99891

sin^2()/2 0,07222 0,14443 0,21665 0,28887 0,36108 0,43322

sin^2()/3 sin^2()/4 sin^2()/5 0,04814 0,09629 0,14443 0,19258 0,24072 0,28882 0,03611 0,07221 0,10832 0,14444 0,18054 0,21661 0,02889 0,05777 0,08666 0,11555 0,14443 0,17329

sin^2()/0, 1444 0,99996 1,99984 2,99981 3,99988 4,99973 5,99868

116,38000 58,19000 137,13000 68,56500

Solid State Physics

Studi Kasus
sin q =
2

l
4a
2

(h

+ k 2 + l2

Untuk h2+ k2 +l2 =1 a2= l(h2+ k2 +l2 )/sin2(q) a2= 1,54056 0A(1)/ 0,38005 a=2,0268A

Solid State Physics

Pustaka
Burn Gerald, Glazer A.M, Space Groups for solid State Scientists, Second Edition, Academic Press New York,1990 Cullity B.D, Element of X-Ray Diffraction Second edition, AddisonWesley Publishing, 1977 Ducan McKey, Christine Mckie, Essentials Of Crystallography, Black Well Scientific Publication, 1986 http://database.iem.ac.ru/mincryst/ http://webmineral.com/crystal/trigonal+hexagonalscalenohedral.shtml http://rockhounds.com/rockshop/xtal/part6.html ,PDF-ICDD(Powder Diffraction File, International Center for Diffraction Data) Database,1998 (CD-ROM) Suryanarayana, Norton Grant, X-Ray Diffraction Practical Approach, Plenum Press New York, 1998 Verma A.R, Srivastava O.N Crystallography Applied to Solid State Physics, Second Edition, New Age International Publishers India, 1991
Solid State Physics