A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature

A SHORTS BIO GRAPH
DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

BY JOHN COUSINS*
-W-
LON
AND
DON:
PUBLISHED
byJ-M-DENT
BY
SÔNS
IN NEW YORK E-P- DUTTONSCO
PR
C7
FIRST REPRINTED
EDITION
. " .
February
1910
if*""."
June
1910
All
rights
reserved
INTRODUCTION
THE
primary aim of this book is to give as much information under this designation Ameri about English authors, including limits will admit of. the prescribed and Colonial writers, as can time an attempt has been made, where materials At the same such details the interest by introducing exist for it, to enhance
as
tend to illustrate the characters and

the
case manner
and
circumstances
of the
re
writers spective
the world ; and
in which
more
in the
of the
indication of the relative

features of their work.
placewhich
they passedthrough to givesome important, they hold and the leading
the Appendix of LivingWriters, the work contains Including the number as this number is, upwards of 1600 names ; but large have contributed somethingof interest and value of those who and any store of EnglishLiterature is larger to the vast still, exhaustive of this kind absolutely book a attempt to make
would The
and of
be futile. word
"
literature
"
is here
used
in
very
wide
sense,
this
rise to gives There
considerable
are
in drawing the difficulty writers

as
line
to
exclusion. may
have
very
many
whose
claim
as
admission
some
who discover
be considered reasonably been included; but even
good
have
that
of
had
it been
possible
the
to
all
these, their inclusion would

A line had
to be
swelled
somewhere, and the writer has used his best judgment in making that line It may consistent as possible. as however, be safely probably, of any importance claimed that every department of the subject is well represented. Wherever practicable (and this includes all but a very few and painshave various authorities have been collated, articles), been taken to secure so a collection large accuracy ; but where it would of facts and be too sanguineto dates is involved, has invariably been attained. expect that success J. W. C.
January,
1910.
work
beyond
its limits.
drawn
vii
viii
Dictionary
following
:
"
of
English
some
Literature
The
list
gives
of
the
best
known
works
of
Biography
Allibone,
Critical
Dictionary
of
English
Literature
and
English
and
tionary
of
of
Anonymous
Biography,
and ed.
Pseudonymous by
Leslie
Literature, Stephen
of and
1882-88; Sidney Lee,
Dictionary
1885, etc.,
ed.
National
re-issue^
by J. Dictionary
the
1908,
etc.;
Wilson
Appleton's
and
Cyclopaedia Fiske, Mythology,

1887,
American
Biography,
Thomas,
Men
lac
Grant
of
John
and
etc.;
J.
TTnixrc Universal
Biography
edit.,
ed.
1887-89; Plarr, 1889.
and
Women
of
Tune,
i5th
by
Victor
G.
LIST
OF
CONTRACTIONS
THE WORK
USED
THROUGHOUT
b.
born
Edin.
Edinburgh
flourished
c.
circa
ft.
Glas.
m.
Camb. Coll.
coll.
Cambridge College
collected created died
Glasgow
married Oxford
Oxf.
pres.
cr.
president published
Professor
d-
pub.
Prof.
sec.
dau.
ed.
daughter
educated
secretary
son
I edition
ed.
"
s.
editor edited
Univ.
University
DICTIONARY
OF
ENGLISH
LITERATURE
ABBOTT,
laneous
JACOB (1803-1879). Educationalist

"
and
miscel
Coll. and but other and
author,
entered known
b. at the
as
an
Hallowell,
Maine,
of the and
ed.
at
Bowdoin
Andover,
was
ministry
young. of which
best
educationist
Congregational Church, writer of religious and

them
a are
books,
The
mainly
for the both
Among CABOT
ed. of and Mother
at at
Beechnut wide
Tales
Rollo
Books,
still have
very
circulation.
ABBOTT,
JOHN
in
STEVENS
(1805-1877). Historian,
"
and Maine, "etc., b. Brunswick, minister and became a theology "various

success
Bowdoin
Coll.
He
studied
at
the
places
of
a
Massachusetts The
Congregational Connecticut. Owing

Home,
he devoted
Church
to
the
little work,
to
himself,
from
1844 onwards,
Among Napoleon Bonaparte (1852-55),History of the Civil War and the Great (1871). History of Frederick .(1863-66),
literature, and especiallyto historical writing. his principal works, which were very popular, are : History of
in America
BECKETT,
from
GILBERT
the
s.
ABBOTT
of
a
(1811-1856). Comic
"
writer, b. in London,
lawyer,
a
and
belonged
Destined
to
to
family
legal
-claiming descent
he .profession, to various trated London
was
Thomas
to
Becket. In
for
the
called
the
Bar.
addition
contributions
including Punch, The Illus Morning Herald, he produced attained of which "over great popularity, and he also fifty plays, many of He Dickens' works. is perhaps best some .helped to dramatise .known the author of Comic History as History of England, Comic He also etc. Comic was Rome, Blackstone, of distinguished in his a cted commissioner various on as a .profession, important matters, and was appointed a metropolitan policemagistrate. periodicalsand
News,
The
newspapers,
and
Times,
ABERCROMBIE,
on
JOHN (1780-1844). Physician and

"
writer
ed. at
mental
science,
at
s.
of
minister,
Marischal which
to
was
b. at he
Aberdeen,
there.
as
a
and He
the
Grammar
made
School
and in
"medicine
Edinburgh,
works,
city
the
College practised
literature
studied
He
and
valuable
two
contributions
of
his
physician. profession,
Powers Enquiry Concerning the Intellectual The (1830) Feelings (1833), which, Philosophy of the Moral though popular at the time of their publication, have long been and his services a "superseded. For as physician philanthropist '"he received of distinction, including the Rectorship of marks many
pub.
and
.Marischal
College.
A
Literature of English Dictionary

ABERCROMBIE,
PATRICK
Antiquary (1656-1716)."
II. in
and
was
historian
was
to James physician
1685;
he
was
Jacobite
and opposed Martial Achievements
the Union
in various
of the Scots
pamphlets. His Nation (1711-16).

DALBERGRichard
chief work
EDWARD ACTON, JOHN EMERICH Historian, s. of Sir (1834-1902)." LORD

Prime
ACTON,
IST
A., and
grandson
Naples,was b. at Naples. of Sir John A., who was family,and was ed. first He belongedto an ancient Birmingham under Dr. (afterwardsCard.) Wise near at Oscott he studied to Edinburgh, where privately, he went Thence man.
Minister of Catholic Roman and
'afterwards to Munich,
scholar
where and
he was to Cambridge, but admission to procure endeavoured he Edinburgh time He bar. that a at his early being religion without success, is said have been and to on of himself to the study history, devoted of historian distinction, of intimacy with every contemporary terms of Commons He sat in the House of Guizot. with the
Dollinger,the great Catholic party, by whom
of Dr. house Old of the subsequent While at influenced. profoundly he resided in the leader
exception
made
raised to the and in 1869 was edited time he The For Aldenham. a of Acton peerage as Lord which afterwards became Catholic periodical, Rambler, a Roman his care, became and Foreign Review, and which, under the Home The liberal of the learned most of the day. publications one deference its in to to led A.'s character of views, however, stoppage maintained a lifelong He, however, the authorities of the Church. in 1874. and in the Ultramontane Church, the to party opposition
1859-65, but
no
great mark,
which in four letters to The Times their position were which them most the ever as crushingargument against literature contributions A.'s to a form. appeared in so condensed were few, and, in comparison with his extraordinary learning, controverted described
extremely completenessof treatment of far slighter men His learningand equipment his position in his subject as a universallyacknowledged master were by his appointment in 1895 as Professor of Modern recognised valuable services to History at Cambridge. Perhaps his most historical literature were his laying down the lines of the great Cambridge Modern History,and his collection of a library of 60,000 which after his death was million vols., purchased by an American aire and presented to Lord Morley of Blackburn, who placed it in the University of Cambridge.
modest, and
of his ideals of accuracy the Ipftiness led him to shrink from tasks which might have carried out with success. and
wrote comparatively unimportant. He upon and German Schools of History (1886). (1877)
Cardinal He was
Wolsey
ADAMNAN,
became
a
ST.
of lona well as
Historian, b. (625?-jo4)."
in
an
in
Donegal,
he been
was
Abbot
as
679.
Like
other
Irish churchmen
to have
sent appears on m issions. In the the political great controversy on of the subject holding of Easter, he sided with Rome against the Irish Church. He left the earliest account have of the state of we Palestine in the early ages of the Church; but of even value is more his Vita Sancti Columbcs, minute condition of the account givinga and discipline of the church of lona. He d. 704.
statesman various
and ecclesiastic,
of English Literature Dictionary

ADAMS,
at
3
b.
In
FRANCIS,
W.L.
Novelist, was (1862-1893).

"
1882 Malta, and ed. at schools at Shrewsbury the staff of The Sydney Bulletin. on was he went to Australia, and In 1884 he publ.his autobiographical novel, Leicester,and in 1888, in Sydney. which created a sensation A the Night, Songs of the rmy of drama in is Tiberius (1894), a striking His remainingimportant work of the Emperor is presented. He view of the character which a new hand by his own illness. hopeless d.
at
and
in Paris.
Alexandria
in
fit of
depressioncaused
by
ADDISON,
statesman,
near
was
JOSEPH
the
s.
and Poet, essayist, (1672-1719).

"
of Lancelot
went to
Amesbury, Wilts., A.
of Lichfield. B. Addison, Dean the Charterhouse, where he made
and then at the age of fifteen ta acquaintance of Steele (q.v.}, noted had where he a Oxford, distinguished career, being specially various first for the cir Intended at for his Latin verse. Church, the
cumstances
combined in
to
lead
him
towards took
literature
and
politics.
the form of complimentary attempts successful as to obtain for him the friendship so addresses, and were he of Lord and interest of Dryden, and Somers, by whose means received, in 1699, a pension of ^300 to enable him to travel on the He visited Italy, continent with a view to diplomaticemployment. His first
English verse
whence he addressed death of William the returned

cumstances to
his
to Epistle event
his friend which For of
Halifax. his short battle
III., an
in the
lost him
a
Hearing of pension,he
England
were
end
of 1703.
1704
was
gave
somewhat him fresh a wished
straitened, but
the
opportunity
time his cir of Blenheim himself. distinguishing

a
Thejgovernment
commissioned such of which gave Commissioner
commemorated the event by to write this, and produced The forthwith satisfaction that he was
poem;
A.
Campaign, appointed a
account venture was an Appeals. His next literary followed of his travels in Italy, which the of Rosa was by opera In 1705, the Whigs having obtained the ascendency, A. was mund. made Under-Secretary of State and accompanied Halifax on a mission to Hanover, and in 1 708 was appointed Chief Secretaryfor Ireland and Keeper of the Records It was of that country. at this
period that
his true vocation, and laid the A. found his real fame. In 1709 Steele began to bring out which A. became almost immediately a contributor:
foundations the
of
Tatler, to
(with peared
Steele) started
on
the
the Spectator, This

a
first number
was daily,
which at paper, of about a up year and a half when the Guardian In 1713 the took its place) until Dec. 20, 1714. drama of Cato appeared, and acclamation received with was by both followed Whigs and Tories, and was by the comedy of the Drummer. His last undertaking was The Freeholder, a party paper (1715-16). The later events in the life of A., viz.,his marriage in he had of Warwick, to whose son 1716 to the Dowager Countess been tutor, and his promotion to be Secretaryof State did not con tribute to his happiness. His wife been arrogant to have appears and imperious; his step-son the Earl was rake and a unfriendlyto him; while in his public capacityhis invincible shyness made him of little use in Parliament. He resignedhis office in 1718, and, after March
i,
1711.
thereafter he of which ap first appeared
kept
(with
break
4
a
of EnglishLiterature Dictionary
period
of
ill-health, d. at Holland House, June 17, 1719, in above the works Besides mentioned, he wrote his 48th year. the Evidences unfinished and left work a on Medals, a Dialogue on cool if and unimof somewhat The character A., of Christianity.
was passioned,
pure,
magnanimous,
and
kind.
The
charm
of his
him of the most one and conversation made popular and manners of his day ; and while he laid his friends under admired obliga men the greatest forbearance favours, he showed tions for substantial His style in his essays is remarkable for his few enemies. towards inimitable and sunny humour its ease, clearness, and grace, and for an The hurts. of soils and motive these never which never power " enthusiasm called for conduct." Their been an has writings
to raise the whole effect was both in life and in literature. tendency to convivial excess, of his time. laxer manners
standard of manners and expression The only flaw in his character was a which be judged in view of the must When allowance admirable has been made for characters and writers
this, he remains one of the in Englishliterature.

SUMMARY.
"
most
ed. Charterhouse and Oxford; received leads to political 1699; office; pension, travelling Campaign (1704) assists in to Steel e Ireland, 1708; Tatler, 1709; goes Spectator started, 1711; marries Lady Warwick, 1716; Secretary of State, B.
Amesbury,
d. 1719. Lives in Biographica Britannica, Diet, of Nat. Biog., Johnson'sLives and Drake's Poets, Aikin, of by Lucy Macaulay's Essay, Essays Illustrative of Tatler, Guardian, and Spectator Swift's ; Pope's and
1716-18;
etc. Correspondence, The best edition of the books is that in Bohn's British Classics
(6 vols.,1856); others are Tickell's (4 vols., 1721); Baskerville edit. (4 vols., 1761); Kurd's (6 vols., 1811); Greene's (1856); Dent's
Spectator(1907).
ADOLPHUS,
.and
was
JOHN (1768-1845)." Historian,studied law

in
of and other historical and 1783 (1802), vELFRED (849-901)." King of the West Saxons, and writer -and translator,s. of Ethelwulf, b. at Wantage. Besides being the deliverer of his country from the ravages of the Danes, and the
called to the Bar the French Revolution
1807.
He
(1799)and
Memoirs Biographical History of England from 1760works. biographical wrote
restorer of order and civil government, IE. has earned the title of the father of Englishprose writing. The earlier part of his life was -filledwith war and action, most of the details regardingwhich are less legendary. But more or had he become no sooner King of Wessex, in 871, than he began to prepare for the work of re-intro into his country. Gathering round ducing learning him the few scholars whom the Danes had left, and sending for others from -abroad, he endeavoured to form class. His chief helper a literary his great enterprisewas an Asser of St. who him
David's,
life "
Latin, and
.best
.M. love "le
taught
became
original authorityfor
the best alike for the
had
the the period. Though not a literary artist, of the scholar, including an qualities insatiable
a
his
in biographer
"
which
remains
and acquisition
translated
several
the communication of knowledge. of the best books then existing, not, however.

in
fashion, but editingand adding from his own stores a slavish desire was his main the good of his people. Among In all his work edited were he translated the books or (i) The Handbook, a collec tion of extracts on religious subjects; (2) The Cura Pastoralis, or of Gregory the Great, with a preface by himself book Herdsman's is the first English prose; which (3)Bede's Ecclesiastical History of
"
the
to
up continued ; it is probably by his up to the date of writing own hand; (5)Orosius's History of the World, which he adapted for historical and geographicaladditions; English readers with many o f Consolatione the De Philosophies Boethius; and (7)a transla (6)
English; (4)The
English Chronicle, which, already brought
855, he
tion of laws
"
some
of the
Psalms.
He
also made
collection
of the
best
It has been said Ethelbert, Ine, and Offa. predecessors, lived thousand thousand Alfred a a although King years ago, years his will if there be hence, England then, yet be preciousto memory his country." of his
ÊLFRIC
1022). (955-^.
"
Called
with
two
Grammaticus
other
(loth cen
of the
tury),sometimes
same persons of and Ê. of monk at ./E. was a York, Winchester, Canterbury name, Abbot and afterwards of Cerne and Eynsham successively.He has which left works shed an important light on the doctrine and in England, including two of the Church books of practice early
confounded
homilies
Sanctorum Glossary, Passiones (990-94), a Grammar, translations of parts of the Bible with of the Saints), (Sufferings omissions and interpolations, Canones and other theological JElfrici, His writings had an influence on the formation treatises. of English the He filled in his somewhat that Bede same position prose. age did in his,that of a compiler and populariser of existing knowledge.
AGUILAR, GRACE
Novelist (1816-1847).
"
and religion, b. at Hackney was Jewish history She delicate from was childhood, and Spanish descent. early showed in interest The death of Jewish. history, especially great her
of
and writer on Jewish parents of
/. threw
her
on
her
own
resources.
After
few
dramas
and
she pub. in America poems The Jewish Faith and The known and and
in 1842 Spirit of Judaism, and in Women She is,however, of Israel.

are
1845
best
by her novels, of which the chief A Mother's Recompense (1850). Her she d. in that year at Frankfort.
"
Home
Influence(1847)
gave way in
health
1847,
Miscellaneous AIKIN, JOHN (1747-1822).
s. of Dr. writer,
medicine at divine, b. at Kibworth, studied John A., Unitarian Edinburgh and London, and received degree of M.D. at Leyden. He began practice at Yarmouth but, one of his pamphlets having
to London, given offence,he removed in his profession, success devoting all
which
his
contributions
were
where he obtained some his leisure to literature, to incessant. These consisted of
in con pamphlets, translations, and miscellaneous works, some Mrs. Barbauld. chief his works junctionwith his sister, are Among England Delineated,General Biography in 10 vols., and lives of Selden and Ussher.
AIKIN, LUCY
writer, dau.
of
Historical (1781-1864).
"
and
above
and
niece
of Mrs.
Barbauld
miscellaneous (q.v.). After
6
"bub
a

poem,
on Epistles
and a novel, Larimer, she began Women, viz her reputation chiefly rests which works on the 'historical I and Charles (1818. Memoirs of the Courts of Elizabeth, James I., and father of her lives wrote also She a) and a Life of Addison. conversational for her remarkable She was Barbauld. of Mrs. Like the rest of letter-writer. also an admirable and was powers, a Unitarian. her familyshe was
AINGER,
of
an
ALFRED
and critic, s. Biographer (1837-1904)."
the Church, of the Master and, after holding various and of Hood Crabbe, but is best Temple. He wrote memoirs in 6 and his edition of his works for his biography of Lamb known
architect in London,
grad.at Cambridge, entered became minor preferments,
vols.
(1883-88).
WILLIAM HARRISON
no
AINSWORTH,
Novelist, (1805-1882)."
destined for the He was and attraction for him; made the acquaintance of
b. in Manchester. was of a solicitor, s. which, however, had legalprofession,
complete his studies of the Opera and at that time manager Mr.'John Ebers, publisher, dramatic a nd introduced to circles/, he was literary House, by whom he tried For a short time dau. he afterwards married. and whose himself to business, but soon the gave it up and devoted going to London
to
publishing
His first successful novel was Rookwood, and literature. journalism and is the character, Dick leading Turpin pub. hi 1834, of which
thenceforward
of stream forth till 1881 a to pour he continued The Tower the best known of 39, of which are novels, to the number and The Lancashire Paul's St. Witches, Old of London (1841), (1840), novels of his other titles of The are some Constable of the Tower. Crichton (1837),Jack Sheppard (1839), Guy Fawkes, The Star (1842),and Chamber, The Flitch of Bacon, The Miser's
'Daughter
or
Windsor tions and
Castle
depends for his effects on (1843). he has little humour powerfuldescriptions:

A.
situa striking power of
character. delineating
AIRD, THOMAS
Poet, b. (1802-1876).
"
at
Bowden, Rox
he became the friend of Pro went to Edinburgh, where burghshire, He contributed to fessor Wilson, Carlyle, and other men of letters. and editor of Blackwood's the Herald was Dumfries (1835Magazine, in prose he 63). His chief poem is The Captive of Fez (1830) ; and wrote and The Old Bachelor in the Old ReligiousCharacteristics, Scottish Village(1848),all of which with favour. received were said in that his he found a Carlyle poetry healthy everywhere
"
breath
as
of mountain
breezes."
AKENSIDE, MARK
to the
Poet, s. (1721-1770).
"
of
butcher
was a
at
sent
indications Newcastle-upon-Tyne, gave early of Edinburgh University with the view
of talent, and of becoming
dissent
ing
minister. While and there, however, he changed his mind studied for the medical Thereafter he went to profession. Leyden, where he took his degreeof M.D. in 1744. While there he wrote his The Pleasures of the Imagination,which principal well poem, was received, and was into more than subsequently translated one
foreign language. After trying Northampton, he settled as physicianin London; but was for long largelydependent for
his

livelihood
on
a
His talents brought him a Mr. Dyson. good deal and but the solemn manner of consideration in society, pompous to some ridicule,and he is said to which he affected laid him open He in his PeregrinePickle. been satirised by Smollett have (q.v.) failure. his the result but was a "endeavoured to reconstruct poem, His works, however, were His collected poems pub. 1772. him as " a sort of frozen littleread. Mr. Gosse has described
are now
Keats."
ALCOTT, LOUISA
other
M.
Writer (1832-1888).
"
of
and juvenile
and social
Bronson tales, dau. of Amos theorist, lecturer, and author, was American civil
war
Alcott, an
educational
b. in Pennsylvania. During the attained and afterwards she served a as nurse, of which the best is of books for writer as a people, young celebrity She and Jo's Boys. Little Women (1868). Others are Little Men and Work. also wrote novels, includingMoods
ALCUIN
verse,
or
was
EALHWINE
b. and ed. at
Theologian (735-804).
"
and
general writer,
his
matters.
York.
to
He
wrote
and subjects embracing educational, theological, which he had
in prose and historical been sent

to
met Charlemagne at Parma, and procure favourable asked to him that he was an made so impression upon in sciences himself his the and service to his "enter as preceptor include metrical annals, treatises, which family. His numerous not and works, are distinguished philosophical by hagiographical is of b ut he the best the o r representative originality profundity, of his age, upon -culture and mental which, as" the minister activity he had a widely-spread of the great emperor, influence. of education
Returning from Rome, the pallium for a friend,he
ALDRICH,
novelist, b.
and then
at
THOMAS
Portsmouth,
in
BAILEY
N.
Poet (1836-1906).
"
and
bank,
H.,
was
for
some
time
in
engaged
Collection of Chimes "ofBabie Bell, Cloth

"wrote
The Bells, a journalism. His first book was other and works The Ballad are poetical (1855),
of Gold,
The
Flower Course
and
Prudence
Daisy's Necklace, Palfrey,etc. ALESIUS, ALEXANDER
In prose he Thorn, etc. of True Love, Marjorie Daw,
and (1500-1565). Theologian

"
con
Aless or Alane, and he was His unlatinised name was St. he became and ed. at where a canon. Andrews, Edinburgh Romish and able defender of the he a doctrines, Originally strong the with Patrick of the chosen to argue Hamilton, was proto-martyr troversialist. b. at Reformation in Scotland, with the objectof inducing him to recant. himself much The in his that he was shaken result,however, was and the accelerated t o the was Church, change greatly allegiance by the martyrdom of H. His subsequent protestagainst the immorality of the clergy in 1532, to his led to his imprisonment, and ultimately, associated with flying for his .life to Germany, where he became Luther and Melancthon, and definitely the joined reforming party. in 1535, he was well received by Cranmer other reformers. studied While in England he medicine, On the fall of T. Cromwell practisedas a physicianin London.
to
Coming
England
and and
in he obtained 1540 again Leipzig, Germany, where, VI. he re-visited a professorship.During the reign of Edward with the ist in connection England and was employed by Cranmer he retired to
at
8
mainder

VI.
Liturgy of Edward
Returning
to
Leipsic he passed
twice
the
re
honour, and was of his days in peace and and both His exegetical writingswere of the University. Rector Libri include latter. the ExposWo They controversial,but chiefly refer to such controversial works His Davidis (1550). Psalmorum the translation of the Bible into the vernacular, against
as subjects
elected
Servetus,
etc.
ALEXANDER,
MRS. CECIL
F.
(HUMPHREYS) (1818-1895)."
the Rev. W. Alexander, dau. of Maj. H., b. in Co. Waterford, m. Her and of Archbishop of Armagh. Deny afterwards Bishop the its edition before reached had 6gth Hymns for Little Children There is Green a of her hymns, e.g. Some close of the century. " of known wherever Hues Dawn," are The Roseate Early and Hill of several books has also written Her husband is
" "
English
spoken.
poetry,of which
other Poems.
the most
important
"
is St.
Holiday Augustine's
and
ALFORD, HENRY
and miscellaneous
scholar, Theologian, poet, (1810-1871).

writer,
5.
b. in London. clergyman, was he proceeded to private schools, After passing through and after entering career, Cambridge, where he had a distinguished in the various and country, became Church the preferments filling he whence was London, minister of Quebec Chapel, promoted to his Greek work Testament in His was of Canterbury. be Dean great of
a
various
the first was pub. in 1849 and the last in 1861. 4 vols.,of which the German followed critics, he largely In this work maintaining, it and liberal for was moderate position; long the however, a this in A. of the the subject standard work was one on country. and prolific versatile men, authors, of his day, his works con o f vols., includingpoetry (Schoolof the Heart and sisting nearly 50 of the Odyssey], Abbot of Munchelnaye, and a translation criticism, mentioned above he wrote In addition to the works etc. sermons, the Queen's English (1863), and Chapterson the Greek Poets (1841),
most
well-known porary Review. His industry was many
hymns, and he was the first editor of the Contem He was also an accomplished artist and musician. incessant and induced breakdown in a premature
in his death in
health, which
most
terminated
1871
was
He much
was
of his eminent amiable character.
and contemporaries,
beloved
the friend of for his
ALISON, ARCHIBALD
writer, was sophical
b. in
Didactic (1757-1839).
"
and
philo
ed. at Glasgow University Edinburgh and Oxford. After being presented to various in England, livings A. came to Edinburgh as incumbent of St. Paul's EpiscopalChapel, where he attained popularity characterised as a preacher of sermons by quiet beauty of thought and grace of composition. His chief contribution to literature is his Essay on the Nature and Principles Taste in which the of association is (1790), theory supported.
"
and
"
ALISON, SIR
the above,
was
ARCHIBALD
Historian,s. (1792-1867)."
of
b. at Kenley,Shropshire, and after studying under a and at Edinburgh University, in called to was, 1814, "the Bar, at which he ultimately attained some distinction,becoming in 1834 Sheriff of Lanarkshire, in which he rendered valu-
private tutor,
capacity
i o

WASHINGTON Painter (1779-1843)."
and painter, distinguished
ALLSTON,
and
poet,
a a b. in S. Carolina, became including The Sylphs of the Seasons, etc. (1813), good deal of verse He also produced a novel, Monaldi. and The Two Painters, a satire. " Titian." American the known as He was
also wrote
AMORY,
THOMAS
Eccentric writer, was (i69i(?)-i788)."
containing the lives ;In 1755 he publ. Memoirs Irish descent. and Observa Great a Britain, History of Antiquities several ladies of followed which was by the Life of tions on the Christian Religion, of continuation. The contents a practically John Buncle (1756), miscellaneous of the most description philology, these works are occurred to the in whatever and, fact, natural science, theology,
"
of of
writer, treated
and of felicity
without
diction. author, who described a is as having insane, very of a manner gentleman, scarcely ever the age of 97. He reached dusk.
any The
system,
but
with
was
originality or less probably more peculiar aspect, with the abroad stirring except at
of
occasional
ANDERSON,
ALEXANDER
Poet, (1845-1909).
"
s.
the a surfaceman on Dumfriesshire, became mastered his leisure in he all self-culture, railway. Spending to read the chief master German, French, and Spanish sufficiently piecesin these languages. His poeticvein, which was true if some and his first book, manifested limited in range, soon what itself, followed Two in and there 1873, AngelsSongs of Labour, appeared
at Kirkconnel, quarrier
and Ballads and Sonnets (1879). In Songs of the Rail (1878), (1875), librarian in the the following he made assistant was University year of Edinburgh, and after an interval as secretary to the Philosophical Institution there, he returned to the university. as Chief Librarian Thereafter he wrote little. Of a simple and gentle character, he made many the Duke friends,including He of the and Carlyle, Argyll,
name
Lord
Houghton.
scholar, was
generallywrote LANCELOT
under
of
"
Surfaceman.""
ANDREWES,
Churchman (1555-1626).
"
and
b. in London, and ed. at Merchant Taylor'sSchool and where he took a fellowship and taught divinity. After Cambridge, various other preferments he became of Westminster,, Dean receiving and a chaplain-in-ordinary did to Queen Elizabeth, who, however, advance him further on account of his opposition to the aliena of ecclesiastical revenues. On the accession, however, of to whom his somewhat James I., pedantic learning and style of preaching recommended him, he rose into great favour, and was made successively and, in 1618, of Bishop of Chichester, of
not
tion
Ely,
Winchester.
took
He
part in the Version,his specialwork
attended translation
the
Hampton
the
Court earlier
Conference,
as
and
of the
Bible, known
being given to
he acted, however, as a sort of He was generaleditor. next to histhe of as, Ussher, learned churchman most day, and enjoyed a great reputation as an eloquent and impas sioned preacher,but the stiffness and of his stylerender artificiality his sermons unsuited to modern His doctrine taste. was High, Church, and in his life he was charitable and humble, considered
Testament:
Authorised parts of the Old the
pious,

Ninety-six
Charles There Devotions I.
are
1 1
of
of his
sermons
were
published in 1631 by
command
were
lives by A. T. Russell edited by Rev. Dr.
and R. L. Ottley (1894); (1863), Whyte (1900).

"
ANSTEY,
a
CHRISTOPHER
Poet, s. (1724-1805).
of Dr.
A.,
ed. wealthy clergyman, rector of Brinkley,Cambridgeshire,was He in and satirical a at Eton of con pub. 1766 Cambridge. poem Bath Guide, from which The New Smollett siderable sparkle, is said drawn He made to have largelyin his Humphrey Clinker. many other ended excursions his into
as
a
literature
which
are
days
country
squireat the
of
some
hardly remembered, age of eighty.

"
and
D'ARBLAY,
FRANCES /.
was
(BURNEY) (1752-1840). Novelist,

distinction, was
mother
come
dau. of Dr. Charles Regis,where her she

was
B., a musician
and her
organist.
who /.,
was
Her had
having
to
b. at Lynn died while
London, being too self-educated. Her practically first novel, Evelina, pub. anonymously in 1778, at once by its narra her tive and comic fame, and, through Mrs. Thrale brought power, of the acquaintance Dr. Johnson, with she made whom she (q.v.}, Her next literary became venture a great favourite. a comedy, was it was of her /., not put upon The Witlings the ; but, by the advice she In like its however, produced Cecilia,which, 1782, stage. pre sale, and which, though not perhaps so decessor, had an enormous She now became the friend popular as Evelina, added to her fame. and other distinguished Mrs. of Burke including persons, Delaney, known to the royal family, and she became was through whom offered the appointment of Second Keeper of the Robes, which, she accepted. This situation did not prove a with some misgivings, duties the and the being menial, the society uncongenial, happy one, her and to court health, and in 1791 oppressive injurious etiquette she obtained permission to retire on a pension of ^100. She had, with the court, continued her Diary, which during her connection and continued she had in during her whole life, begun girlhood, and which accounts of during this period contains many interesting married She Gen. of affairs and note. a (1793) D'Arblay, persons income her slender French their This being only pension. emigre, she endeavoured to increase and by producing a tragedy, Edwy failed. In 1795 she pub. by subscription another Elvira, which con novel, Camilla, which, though it did not add to her reputation, is said it have to her as circumstances, siderably improved brought
very
young,
any
busy
to
giveher
attention, she
tier ^3000. After some her husband years spent in France, where had obtained employment, she returned to England and pub. her last novel, The Wanderer, which fell flat. Her only remaining work
was a
quent
life of her father, written in an style. She died in 1840, aged 87.
"
extraordinarily grandilo
ARBUTHNOT,
was
and satirist, JOHN (1667-1735). Physician
and Kincardineshire, and after studying at Aberdeen his in took Andrews. at of M.D. St. Oxford, Settling London, degree tie taught mathematics. Being by a fortunate accident at Epsom, he was called in to prescribe for Prince George, who was suddenly taken ill there, and
was so
b. in
successful
in his treatment
that
he
was
1 2
Dictionary of
Literature English
circumstance him to take made full his pro
appointed his regularphysician.This

enabled fessional fortune, for his ability
advantage
physicianto the Queen. He became of it and in 1705 he became and Pope, and himself gained a high Swift of friend the cherished works the His principal letters. of are man a wit and as reputation which to he Scriblerus, partly by Pope, but Martinus Memoirs
of
mainly chief contributor, the History of John Bull (1712), the Alter A Treatise of concerning Marlborough, againstthe Duke Political and the Art Lying. of cation or Scolding of the Ancients, dissertations medical on various treatises, and also wrote He of Queen After the death measures. ancient coins, weights,and
was
the
A. lost his court appointments, but this, as well as more he was visited,he bore with serenity serious afflictions with which and amiable of the honourable one an man, and dignity. He was retained the sincere regard of Swift, have to who few seems very that whose stylehe made the model of his own, with such success
Anne,
writingsby
the
one
were
sometimes
an
attributed He
to
the
Art of Political of S. ferocity
Lying
is
example.
DOUGLAS
has, however,
his other: of the none
ARGYLL,
OF
GEORGE
"
JOHN
CAMPBELL, STH DUKE.
writer on and and science, religion, (1823-1900). Statesman in His his talents succeeded the and duke, 1847. 7th /., politics, in him distinction life. He acted raised to public eloquence soon the Irish policyof with the Liberal party until its break-up under he was of the Unionist leaders. He Mr. Gladstone, after which one held the offices of Lord Privy Seal, Postmaster-General, and Indian include The Reign of Law Primeval Secretary. His writings (1866), Man The Eastern The Unseen Foundations (1869), Question (1879),
of Society (1893),Philosophy of Belief (1896),Organic

Cross-examined
Evolution
of the highest character, a man (1898). He was and honest, courageous, and, though regarded by clear-sighted, scientists as to a certain extent some professional an amateur, his made him formidable a ability, knowledge, and dialectic power and enabled him to exercise a antagonist, useful, generally con servative, influence on scientific thought and progress.
ARMSTRONG,
minister of in practised
JOHN,
He
M.D.
Poet, (1709-1779)."
s.
of the
he medicine, which is remembered the friend of Thomson, as Mallet, and other literary celebrities of the time, and as the author of a The on Art poem Health, which of Preserving appeared in 1744, and in which a somewhat unpromising subjectfor poetictreatment is gracefully pjid ingeniously handled. His other works, consist and ing of some poems a drama, The Forced prose essays, and London.
Castleton,Roxburghshire, studied
Marriage,are
with the exception of the four stanzas at forgotten, the end of the first part of Thomson's Castle of Indolence, describing the diseases incident to sloth, which he contributed.
ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN

magistrate, was
London,
and
Poet, s. (1832-1904).
"
of
Sussex
at
b. at Gravesend, and ed. at Oxford. Thereafter he was
King's School, Rochester,

an
assistant in
master Here
King Edward's
of Principal the
School, Birmingham, and

Government
Deccan
was
1856 appointed
he
College,Poona.

received works. with The the In bias 1861
towards, and
he returned
to
gathered England
he
was
material and
for, his future

connected
became
of Daily Telegraph,
which
him which he set before was life of of the and philosophy the East. Englishverse with this objectis The Light of Asia (1879), a poem
literarytask
ultimatelyeditor. The the interpretation in

His
on
chief work the life and
but whose teaching of Buddha, which had great popularity, per remain must literature uncertain. In The Light in manent very place he attempted, less successfully, treat a similar of the World (1891), of the life and teachingof Jesus. Other works are The Song of ment
Songs of India (1875),With

He He travelled
was
made
Saadi in the Garden, and The in the books on East, and wrote widely K.C.I. E. in 1888.
Tenth Muse. his travels.

s. of critic,
ARNOLD,
MATTHEW
Poet (1822-1888).
"
and
b. at Laleham and ed. at Rugby, Win Dr. A., of Rugby (q.v.}, was of Oriel in chester, and Balliol Coll.,Oxford, becoming a Fellow he Thereafter to Lord was Lansdowne, private secretary 1845. President of the Council, through whose influence he was in Lord of schools. Two 1851 appointed an inspector years before this he he Reveller, which pub. his first book of poetry, The Strayed, of the poems, withdrew: soon some however, including Myhad
"
cerinus
"
and
book, Empedocles on published,and with Tristram and Iseult." In 1857 he was Etna (1852), appointed of Poetry at Oxford, which he held for ten to the Professorship After this he produced little poetry and devoted himself toyears. criticism and theology. His principalwritings are, in poetry, Poems and and The Rustum," (1853),containing Sohrab Series 2nd Scholar Balder Poems, Gipsy; (1855),containing Poems an Dead; Merope (1858) (1867), containing Thyrsis," ; New elegy on A. H. Clough (q.v.), A Southern Night," Rugby The Weary Titan On Translat Chapel," and ; in prose he wrote and On Homer the Celtic Literature (1861 Study of 1862), ing (1867), Essays in Celtic Literature (1868),2nd Series (1888),Culture and Anarchy (1869),St. Paul and Protestantism (1870),Friendship's Garland (1871),Literature and Dogma (1873),God and the Bible Church Last Essays on and Religion(1877), Mixed (1875), Essays Irish and Discourses in America Essays (1882), (1879), (1885). He
" "
The Forsaken Merman," the same appliesto his next
"
were
afterwards
re-
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
pension of ^250. The rationalistic tendency of certain of his writingsgave offence to many readers, and the of his in for of sufficiency equipment scholarship dealingwith some the subjects which handled he called in question; but he un was influence on his time; his writings doubtedlyexercised a stimulating characterised are and by the finest culture, high purpose, sincerity, of great distinction,and much of his poetry has an exquisite a style and subtle beauty, though here also it has been doubted whether take high culture and wide knowledge of poetry did not sometimes the place of the true poeticfire. is a bibliography There of A.'s works and by T. B. Smart (1892), books him have written been Prof. H. upon by Saintsbury (1899), Paul (1902), and G. W. E. Russell (1904),also papers by Sir L. Stephen, F. Harrison, and others.
also wrote some works In 1883 he received a
on
the
state
of education
on
the
Continent.
4
ARNOLD

THOMAS
Historian,s. (1795-1842)."
Wight,
was
of
an
in
land revenue and Oxford Master Head
character exercise an unprecedented reforming rank of publicschools, but to educational system of the country. A the whole on influence involved reformer, he was and a zealous church liberal in politics, controversies,educational and religious.As a churchman in many and strongly opposed to the High Church he was a decided Erastian, of Modern Professor History he was appointed In
and ed. at Winchester in 1828, appointed after some years as a tutor, was, force of His learning, earnestness, and of Rugby. school to the front enabled him not only to raise his own officer in the Isle of
party.
1841
at
his unfinished works are History of His chief literary Modern his Lectures and on History. vols. 1838-42), Rome (three and midst of his usefulness the in He d. suddenly of angina pectoris is of the His life, Stanley (q.v.), one by Dean influence.
Oxford.
growing
best works
of its class in the
language. writer and
ASCHAM,
scholar,
s.
ROGER
Didactic (1515-1568)."
in the family of Lord Scrope, Sir first and ed. Humphrey by b. at Kirby Wiske, Yorkshire, was where he de-" St. then Coll., at Cambridge, and John's Wingfield, to the study of Greek, then newly revived, voted himself specially He he became a teacher. taken a fellowship, a.nd of which, having of
John A., house-steward
was
likewise noted for his skill in penmanship, music, and archery, of his first work, Toxophilus,pub. in the last of which is the subject the favour to Henry VIII., gained him 1^45, and which, dedicated him. The bestowed a who the of objectsof the pension upon King, book bow the
are
twofold, to commend
a
manly sport and an example of a higher style of composition than had yet been he was made university attempted in English. Soon afterwards the to of Lady (afterwardsQueen) orator, and master languages in various abroad went then Elizabeth. He positionsof trust, Edward This Latin VI. to on Secretary appointed being returning then office he likewise discharged to Mary and to Elizabeth a caution in times. His his and these to tact changeful testimony education, was work, The Schoolmaster, a treatise on principal He also pub. a book on the political printedby his widow in 1570.
as
"
of shootingwith the long the practice aid to national defence, and to set
state
of
Editions: whole
Germany. of Toxophilus, Arber; Schoolmaster, Arber,

with (1767), life
(1883); English works, Bennet works, Giles (1864-5).
by
also Mayer Dr. Johnson;
ASGILL, JOHN
at
Eccentric (1659-1738).
"
writer, student
Bar 1692. In 1699 Temple, hour death was that to a pamphlet not unlucky prove to his surprise, aroused obligatory which, much Christians, upon the publicwrath and led to his expulsion from the Irish and English House of Commons A. thereafter fell on evil days, successively. and passed the rest of his life between the Fleet and the King's called
to the
the Middle he pub. in an
1686, and
Bench, where, strange to say, his zeal as a pamphleteer continued He d. in 1738. ASHMOLE, ELIAS (1617-1692)." ed. at Antiquary,was and became Lichfield, solicitor in 1638. On the breaking out of a
unabated.

the Civil War he sided with the
went to Oxford and royalists; studied science, includingastrology. The result of his studies in his Theatrum this region of mystery was Chymicum Britannicum, and of John Selden. the him which friendship great repute gained which treatise The dealt with was His last astrological Way to Bliss, stone." He also wrote the philosopher's various the subject of and the Order a works History of on antiquariansubjects, of the
"
Garter. the known to the

as
A. held
various
posts
a
under
University of Oxford
the Ashmolean University. His
valuable
Museum. wife was
and presented to collection of curiosities now He also bequeathed his library
government,
dau.
of
Sir W.
Dugdale,
the
antiquary.
ASSER
(d.909?). Chronicler,a
"
monk
of St.
David's,
bio
a
afterwards Bishop of Sherborne, In addition grapher of Êlfred. chronicle of England from 849 to
was
the
friend, helper,and
he
to
his life of JElfred
wrote
887.
"
ATHERSTONE,
His
EDWIN
were
Poet (1788-1872).
and
novelist.
planned on an imposing scale, attracted and applause, but are now some forgotten. temporary attention Fall of Nineveh, consisting of thirty books, The His chief poem, He also produced two appeared at intervals from 1828 to 1868. in and The novels, The Sea Kings England Handwriting on the Wall.
works,
which
ATTERBURY,
FRANCIS
(1662 1732).
"
Controversialist
b. near and preacher, was Newport Pagnel, Bucks, and ed. at West and Oxford. He became School the leading protagonist minster side in the ecclesiastical controversies of his the High Church on time, and is believed to have been the chief author of the famous in 1712. He also wrote of Boyle's most Dissertations the Epistles of on Bentley's of which, with his letters to Swift, Pope, pub. sermons, the foundation of his literary and other friends, constitute reputa the the of Tories he tion. During reign enjoyed much preferment, of Dr. defence Examination Phalaris, and Sacheverell Dr.
having
Canon of Exeter, Dean been successively of Christ Church, and of Westminster, His Dean Bishop of Rochester. Jacobite and his i n various however, participation plots got him principles, confined in the Tower, deprived of into trouble, and in 1722 he was and He all his offices, ultimatelybanished. buried privately in Westminster 1732, and was d. at
Paris, Feb.
15,
Abbey.
a
AUBREY,
was JOHN (1626-1697). Antiquary,

"
country
several counties in England, gentleman which he lost by litigation and otherwise. He devoted himself to the collection of antiquarian and miscellaneous observations, and in their researches. gave assistance to Dugdale and Anthony a-Wood His own extensive and minute, but their value were investigations
estates
who
inherited
in
is much
evidence.
diminished
His and
and want of capacityto weigh by his credulity, is his Miscellanies, a collection of only publication but he left various
etc., popular superstitions,

were
collections, which
edited
publ. in the
the
igth century.
"
AUSTEN, JANE (1775-1817). Novelist,dau. of

man,
was
clergy
She
b. at
rectory
of Steventon
nea*
Basingstoke.
Dictionary of
EnglishLiterature
of to that generallygiven to girls received an education superior took early to writing, her first tale being begun m her time, and uneventful and, but for a dis one, a singularly Her life was
1
708
appointmentin
to Bath
love,
the of her
to
scene
and happy tranquil of many episodesin

to
In her and
the family went writings,and after the 1801

were
death dencv
/. in 1805
where
Southampton,
of her
village in Hants,
most
novels
consumption having manifested

to
later to Chawton, a A ten written. in itself,she removed
May
died
1817
there
attendance
were pub. anonymously during her life-time; Emma and (1816)" written in 1798" and Persuasion, and the others, Northanger Abbey" the after her death, when months few a finished in 1816, appeared her novels were was divulged. Although of the authoress name the first well received, it is only of comparatively late years from which it deserves. that her geniushas gained the wide appreciation of of character, delineation the especially in lies Her strength delicate touches minute and of number of her own sex, by a
(1811), Sensibility
for the advantage of skilled medical the progress of her malady that she but so rapid was Sense and Oi her six novels, four" later. months two Park and (1814) Mansfield Pride (1813), Prejudice Winchester
persons
of the most natural and everyday incidents in the life of her subjects are generally and upper classes, from which the middle drawn of are quiteordinary types, Her characters, though taken. a nd with such and firmness signifi precision, with such wonderful out arising intact through individuality absolutely coloured by her own development, and they are never with a strong the is in life of view main, Her genial personality. cant detail their entire dash of
as
to retain
their
to gentlebut keen satire: she appeals rarelyand slightly of the excellent lessons and the enforcement the deeper feelings; of formal a word to the story,without she teaches is left altogether Sir W. who admirers her Scott, said, was moralising. Among the involvements of talent for has a That describing lady young which is to me the most of ordinary life characters and feelings others were I ever met wonderful with; Macaulay (who thought there were that in the world no compositions which approached to perfection), nearer Southey, Sydney Smith, and E. Coleridge,
"
"
FitzGerald.
served in the army AUSTIN, JOHN (1790-1859). Jurist,

"
in
his commission, studied Malta, but, selling law, and called to the Bar 1818. He did not long continue to practise, but devoted himself to the study of law as a science, and became Professor of Jurisprudence in London University 1826-32. There after he served various Royal Commissions. on By his works he exercised a profound influence on the views of jurisprudenceheld in England. These include The Province of Jurisprudence Deter and Sicily
was
mined
and (1832),
his Lectures
on
Jurisprudence.
s.
AYTON,
SIR
ROBERT
Poet, (1570-1638)."
of
A.
of
Kinaldie in Fife. After grad.at St. Andrews, he studied law at Paris, became ambassador to the Emperor, and held other court offices. He appears to have been well-known to his literary contemporaries in England. He wrote in Latin, Greek, and poems English, and of the first Scotsmen was one write in to the last. His chief poern is

Diophantus
and
17
Inconstancy Upbraided is perhaps the Old Long He is credited with a little poem, best of his short poems. Burns's famous Auld which Lang Syne. suggested probably Syne, Poet and EDMONSTONE AYTOUN, WILLIAM (1813-1865).
Charidora
;
"
humorist, 5. and ed. there, and was followed he said, he

of
"
Roger A.,
Writer could
to the
v/as Signet,
b. in
Edinburgh
as
a
brought
but
up
to
never
the
law, which, however,

He became continued
overtake."
his Blackwood's Magazine in 1836, and In it appeared most of his with it until his death. connection such as The Glenmutchkin I humorous Railway, How prose pieces, I Stood for the DreepdailyBurghs,all full Became Yeoman, and How a his chief In the same of vigorous fun. began to appear pages contributor
to
work, the Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, and a novel, partly poetical Other Norman Sinclair. The works Bon were autobiographical, Theodore Gaultier Ballads, jointlywith Martin, and Firmilian, a Spasmodic Tragedy, under the nom-de-plume of T. Percy Jones, in of poets and tended to satirise a group critics, includingGilfillan, Smith. In 1845 A. obtained the Dobell, Bailey, and Alexander Chair in Edinburgh University, and Belles Lettres of Rhetoric which the attendance from he filled with great success, raising 30sheriff to 150, and in 1852 he was of and Shetland. appointed Orkney He was married Wilson to a dau. of Professor (Christopher North).
BACON,
ALBAN'S
FRANCIS,
(1561-1626).
"
LORD
VERULAM,
AND
VISCOUNT
ST.
youngest
dau.
5.
of Sir Nicholas
the was statesman, Philosopher and B., Lord Keeper, by his second wife, a. sister married William He in his Lord Cecil, Elizabeth.
of Sir
Anthony Cooke,
the
b. at. was Queen York in the Strand House on i3th year Jan. 22, 1561, and sent with his elder brother was Anthony to TrinityColl.,Cambridge. the Queen, who Here he first met was impressed by his precocious a nd accustomed to call him the young Lord Keeper." was intellect, Here dissatisfied with the Aristotelian philosophy as also he became being unfruitful and leadingonly to resultless disputation. In 1576 he entered Gray's Inn, and in the same year joinedthe embassy of
Burghley,
great
whose minister of
"
Sir
Paulet he remained until 1579. to France, where The his before death of he had /. in that year, completed an intended for him, gave an adverse turn to his fortunes, and rendered provision
Amyas
it necessary decide upon that he should a profession. He accord returned to after unsuccessful an Gray's Inn, and, ingly attempt to induce him thus enable him a post at court, and Burghley to give he gave himself seriously to devote himself to a life of learning, to the. called to the Bar in 1582. He did not, how study of law, and was desert philosophy,and pub. a Latin ever, tract, Temporis Partus Maximus Birth Greatest of (the Time), the first rough draft of his. the House of years later, in 1584, he entered for Melcombe, member for sittingsubsequently Taunton (1586),Liverpool (1589),Middlesex (1593),and South In Parliament the of ampton (1597). 1586 he took a prominent of Mary Queen of Scots. About this part in urging the execution time he seems again to have approached his powerful uncle, the
own
system.
Two
Commons
as
result of which possiblybe traced in his rapid progress at the may in 1589, the reversion to the Clerkship Bar, and in his receiving, of
Dictionaryof EnglishLiterature
appointment, into the enjoyment of a valuable the Star Chamber, About until 1608. enter not did he 1591 he however, which received he whom from of Earl the Essex, with formed a friendship offices of the ill requited. In 1593 of kindness tokens many became and subsequently of Solicitor-general Attorney-general, B.'s but unsuccess influence behalf, his on used vacant, and Essex lawyer. These the former being given to Coke, the famous
fully,
have To subsidies. of question may disappointments been owing to a speech made by B. on a for them Essex console him presented sold which he Twickenham, at subsequently with a property him In he was now. much sum to a 1596 larger for ^1800, equivalent of of Master the appointment Counsel, but missed made
a
Queen's
the his and
be P""- the first edition of Rolls, and in the next year (1597). with Sarced Meditations combined in number, Essays, ten the Coulours
eagerness Feb. executed on 25, 1601. was benefactor, who in A Declaration to justify of the Practices endeavoured
. . .
Evil. and Good By 1601 Essex had lost of his rebellion, and B. was one the Queen's favour, and had raised the charges againsthim, and examine to investigate those appointed which he showed with an connection in ungratefuland witnesess, his former friend and the in pressing case against indecent
of
This
act
B.
and Treasons, circumstances His had for some etc. Earl the Essex, of etc., of for arrested debt: he had been had, however, time been bad, and he of a fine of î 200 on one of Essex's accomplices. The received a gift turn to his fortunes: accession of James VI. in 1603 gave a favourable himself endeavoured to set and rightwith the new he was knighted, of his proceedingsin the by writinghis Apologie (defence) powers the succession of James. In the had favoured of Essex, who case of the new first Parliament king he sat for St. Alban's, and was with Scotland. for Union In 1605 he appointed a Commissioner with fulsome Advancement of Learning, dedicated, pub. The Alice Barnto the king. The followingyear he married flattery,
ham, the dau. of a London Solicitor-General,and wrote
merchant,
and
Cogita et
Visa,
Novum Organum, followed in 1609 by The Meanwhile he had entered upon the Clerkshipof the Star (in1608), in the enjoyment of a large income; but old Chamber, and was debts and him and he embarrassed, present extravagance kept endeavoured to obtain further promotion and wealth by support ing the king in his arbitrary policy. In 1613 he became Attorneyin 1616. General, and in this capacity prosecuted Somerset The him 1618 Lord saw and the Chancellor Lord next year Keeper,
and
made 1607 he was first sketch of the Wisdom of the Ancients.

a
in
Baron
Verulam,
of Viscount
a
St. Albans.
political romance, Organum, on which

formed ultimately
title which, in 1621, he exchanged for that Meanwhile he had written the New Atlantis, and in 1620 he presentedto the king the Novum he had been engaged for 30 years, and which
a
the main In his part of the Instauratio Magna. office showed B. failure a of character in striking with great contrast the majesty of his intellect. He was and corrupt alike politically and the hour now of retribution judicially, arrived. In 1621 a Committee the administration on Parliamentary of the law charged him with corruption under 23 counts; and so clear was the evidence that he made no attempt at defence. To the lords, who sent a
committee
to
19
was really his, he replied, My lords, it is my act, ray hand, and my heart; I beseech reed." He was sentenced to be merciful to a broken your lordships the be committed to to the to a fine of "40,000, remitted by king, that he the should be Tower king'spleasure (which was during to be incapable of holding office or released in a few days), and in parliament. He narrowly escaped being deprived of his sitting himself to study and writing. In he devoted titles. Thenceforth his 1622 appeared History of Henry VII., and the 3rd part of the Instauratio ; in 1623, History of Life and Death, the De Augmentis
"
inquire whether
the
confession
of the Advancement, translation Latin and in 1625 a in the number. He of also edition now 58 Essays, 3rd pub. of the Psalms. His life Apophthegms, and a translation of some to London, now was approachingits close. In March, 1626, he came and shortly after,when drivingon a snowy day, the idea struck him of making an experiment as to the antiseptic propertiesof snow, in which ended in his death on which he of a chill, caught consequence
Scientarum,
the
9th April 1626.
He
left debts he
was
to
the
amount
of the most one powerful and searchingever his and possessedby man, developments of the inductive philosophy revolutionised the future thought of the human The most race. which is the Essays, profound and popular of his works convey condensed thought in a stylethat is at once clear and rich. His moral lack and character comparison with
was
time of his death intellect of B. was
engaged
upon
^22,000. At Sylva Sylvarum.
of
the The
mixed singularly
his intellect.
It exhibits
indeed of enthusiasm, and a of attractiveness absence an endowments. extraordinarymental and done in defence of his character
complex, and bears no singularcoldness and of moral bluntness perception with such rarely combined
a
and
All
that
was
possible to
has been
accomplished biographer Spedding (q.v.). futile,attempts, supported sometimes Singular,though of course with much have been made to claim for B. the author ingenuity, indeed and have of been extended so ship as Shakespeare'splays,
by
the Essays of Montaigne. of Marlowe, and even SUMMARY. B. London 1561, ed. Trinity Coll., Cambridge, dis satisfied with Aristotelean philosophy,entered Gray's Inn 1576, in France 1576-79, called to Bar 1582, enters Parliament 1584, became friend of Essex him with who estate presents 1591, 1593, pub. ist ed.
to include
his
public conduct and editor, Mr.
be done
those
"
Essays 1597, prosecutes Essex 1601, pub. Advancement of Learning 1605, Solicitor-Gen. 1607, pub. Wisdom of the Ancients 1609, 1616, Lord Attorney-Gen. 1613, prosecutedSomerset Keeper 1618, Lord Chancellor with title of Verulam 1619, Vise. St. Albans 1621, and pub. Novum retires Organum 1620, charged with corruption, from public life 1621, pub. Henry VII. and 3rd part of Instauratio
1622, d. 1626.
The standard edition of B.'s works is that of Spedding, Ellis,and Heath (14 vols. 1857-74),includingLife and Letters by Spedding. See also Macaulay's Essays ; Dean Church in Men of Letters Series ; Dr. Abbott's Life (1885),etc. For philosophy Fowler's Novum
of
Organum (1878).
BACON, ROGER
Oxford and Paris.
studied (i2i4?-i294). Philosopher,

"
at
that
His
scientific
acquirements,regarded
in
20
as
also his protests savouring of witchcraft, and doubtless and of the excited the the immorality clergy, ignorance against the of and he in hatred and was Franciscans, jealousy consequence Clement had been IV., who a imprisoned at Paris for ten years. accession his his works, and to see in sympathiser, desired on B. sent him Opus Ma jus, a treatise on the sciences response followed mathematics, physics,and philosophy), (grammar, logic, and Tertium. Secundum Clement, however, was Opus by Opus B. was death when near they arrived. comparatively free from But in 1278 he was for the next ten years. persecution again im of ten At for the intercession of some prisoned upwards years. noblemen he last at and was his released, English spent remaining He possessedone of the most commanding in years at Oxford. tellects of his own, or perhaps of any, age, and, notwithstanding all the disadvantages and discouragements to which he was subjected, age made to many near discoveries,and came There is more. many still preserved at Oxford rectified calendar in which a he approxi received mates He the sobriquet of the closelyto the truth. " Mirabilis." Doctor
BAGE, ROBERT
b. in Derbyshire; Novelist, (1728-1801).

"
the s. of a paper-maker. It was not until he was was 5 3 that he took literature to he produced 6 novels, of ; but in the 1 5 years following which Sir Walter Scott says that " strong mind, playfulfancy,and extensive knowledge are everywhere apparent." B., though the principles of the French Revolution. amiable and benevolent was an and man, highly esteemed. is considered Hermsprong;or, Man as He is Not (1796) the best of his it was novels, of which the last. The of the others names are Mount Kenneth Downs (1781),Barham (1784), The Fair Syrian and Man (1787). James Wallace (1788), He is (1792). as up He
as a
brought
Quaker, imbibed
BAGEHOT,
banker, b.
at
WALTER
(1826-1877)." Economist,
ed. at
5.
of
Langport, Somerset,
Coll.,London, University
and called to the Bar, but did not and practise, joined his /. in business. He wrote for various a nd from 1860 periodicals, was editor of The Economist. He was the author of The English Con stitution (1867), a standard which work translated into several was languages; Physics and Politics (1872), and Lombard Street (1873) a valuable financial work. A collection of and essays, biographical was economic, pub. after his death.
BAILEY,
was
PHILIP
JAMES
Poet, (1816-1902)."
at
a
s.
of
journalist, he
ful one.
b. at Nottingham,and ed. there and made an LL.D. in 1891. His life was He lived at Nottingham, he d. He
Glasgow, of which
at Nottingham, where again the Continent. He was
unevent singularly Jersey,Ilfracombe, London, and
travelled
good
deal
never
practised, and
poem, notab
a
Festus
e
his is,for the (1839),
devoted
by professiona barrister,but whole energies to poetry. His
fir*t
most
daringof
* of
its theme
and
the
imagina-
nofahTTff T^ of the
pro
t has
altitude Which
as
one disPlaYS. one
of the
century;
in
the work
hgy
of intellectual
littlepast boyhood
many
faults
precocity. Along
execution, and
with its final
it is its great qualities place in literature

remains
2 1
It was to be determined. pub. anonymously, and had great success, but has fallen into unmerited, but perhaps temporary, The its greatest admirers subse was Tennyson. neglect. Among of The World The The B., Mystic (1855), Angel (1850), quent poems and The Universal failures,and the were Hymn (1867), Age (1858),
expedient of endeavouring to buoy largeextracts in the later editions up by incorporating of Festus, with ulti the effect only of sinking the latter, which of strikingly to over B. was a man mately extended 40,000 lines. handsome amiable character. and and gentle appearance,
author
adopted
the
unfortunate
them
BAILLIE, JOANNA
Dramatist (1762-1851).
"
and
poetess,
dau. of the minister of Bothwell, afterwards Professor of Divinityat Glasgow. Her mother was a sister of the great anatomists, William and the celebrated John Hunter, and her brother was physician, Matthew of She received London. at B., a thorough education
Glasgow, and at an earlyage went to London, where the remainder her long, happy, and honoured, though uneventful, life was In when she the first vol. of her Plays on the was passed. 1798, 36, Passions and received with much was favour, other two appeared, vols. followed in 1802 and 1812, and she also produced Miscel
of laneous Plays in 1804, and all her works there are many but the idea
Poetry in 1836. In 3 vols. of Dramatic of and true impressivepoetry, passages
underlying her Plays on the Passions, that, namely, of as exhibitingthe principalcharacter acting under the exclusive influence of one is artificial and untrue to nature. passion,
BAILLIE, LADY
Sir Patrick married showed
to
GRIZEL
or
Poetess, dau. (1665-1746).

"
of
was
Home
Hume,
of
afterwards
Earl
of Marchmont, In her childhood in the services
George
Baillie
Jerviswoode.
remarkable and address courage rendered to her father and his friend, Robert the eminent Scottish under patriot,when many
she she
Baillie of
Jerviswoode, persecution. She left

of which
na were
pieces both
The die.
pub.
I wad
and in MS., some verse prose is the beautiful song, Were best known
my
heart licht
BAILLIE, ROBERT
B. and made of ed. Jerviston, him
a
Historical writer,s. (1599-1662)."
of
became
minister of
Assembly
was
Scotland, and
at Glasgow, he entered the Church of Scotland of Kilwinning in Ayrshire. His abilities soon He member of the historic was a leading man. when re-established in 1638, Presbyterianism was also of the Westminster Assembly, 1643. In 1651 he
made Professor of Divinity in Glasgow, and later 10 years Principal. His Letters and Journals, edited for the Bannatyne Club by D. Laing (q.v.), of the greatest value for the interesting are lightthey throw on a period of great importance in Scottish history.
one
He was time.
of the
wisest
and
most
temperate
churchmen
of his
BAIN,
Aberdeen,
Professor
ALEXANDER
b. (1818-1903). Philosopher,
"
at
and graduated at Marischal of Logic in his university, and
philosophy and
Coll. there, became in 1860 wrote of works a number on psychology,including The Senses and the Intellect
22

Science In
1 88 1
and Moral The Emotions and the Will, Mental (1855), Science (1879). Education a and as Logic (1870), University. elected Lord Rector of Aberdeen
(1868),
he
was
BAKER,
SIR
RICHARD
Historian (1568-1645)."
and
knighted in 1603, and was High writer, studied law, was religious the author of The Chronicle of B. was Sheriff of Oxfordshire 1620. for long held as a great which was the Kings of England (1643), authorityamong
errors.
the
on
country gentlemen.
B.
fell
evil
days, was
incurred d. there. Edward
by others, for which
It was treatises religious
during were composed. Milton's nephew, Phillips,

SIR SAMUEL WHITE
he had his durance
thrown made that
into the
It has, however, many the Fleet for debt himself responsible, and Chronicle
was
and
some
The who
Chronicle became a
continued
by
strong Royalist.
"
BAKER,
6. Traveller, (1821-1893).
in London, and after being a planterin Ceylon, and superintending the Danube and the Black of a railway between the construction in search of the sources Sea, went with his wife, a Hungarian lady, the great lake, Albert Nyanza. B. was of the Nile, and discovered of the Equa knightedin 1866, and was for 4 years Governor-General all His books, which torial Nile Basin. travel and on are sport, Albert well written and include Nile Tributaries are Nyanza (1866),
of Abyssinia (1867). Historian and controver BALE, JOHN (1495-1563). b. at Cove, Suffolk, and ed. as a Carmelite sialist, friar,but becom in violent ing a Protestant, engaged controversy with the Roman Catholics. After undergoingpersecution and flying to Flanders, he
"
VI. and made brought back by Edward Bishop of Ossory. On the death of Edward he was again persecuted, and had to escape from Ireland to Holland, but returned the accession of Eliza on him a Prebendary of Canterbury. His chief work beth, who made is a Latin Account Writers of Great Britain of the Lives of Eminent Besides this he wrote dramas some and an on scriptural subjects,
was
account of the trial and death of Sir John Oldcastle. He wrote in all 22 plays, of which of certain only 5 have come down, the names of which idea of their nature, e.g., The Three give some Leaves of Nature, Moses and Christ,and The Temptacyon of Our Lord.
BALLANTINE, JAMES (1808-1877)." Artist

in
and
author, b.
life as a house painter. He studied art, and became of the first to revive the art of glass-painting, one which on subject he wrote a treatise. He was the author of The Gaberlunzie's Wallet (1843), Miller of Poems
Edinburgh, began
Songs (1866).
100
with
Music
Deanhaugh (1845), (1856), and (1865), a Life of David Roberts, R.A. MICHAEL
a
BALLANTYNE, ROBERT
the
Writer (1825-1894)."
connection of the wellin the service cf of
a
of tales for boys, b. in Edinburgh,was known printers. As a youth he
Hudson's
Bay Co.,
In
printing firm.
pub. about
1856
spent some years and then was a member he took to literature as
Constable's and had
80 tales,which, abounding in information, and characterised by a
ard profession,
adventure interesting
thoroughly healthy tone

great popularity. Among
them
are
23
The Young Fur Traders (1856), The Coral Island, Fightingthe Flames, Martin Rattler,The World of also Ice, The Dog Crusoe, Erling the Bold, and Black Ivory, B. was lived in all and water-colour artist, an respects accomplished up to the ideals he
sought to
instil into his readers.

"
He
d. at Rome.
BANCROFT,
GEORGE
American (1800-1891).
and
historian,
after grad.at Harvard, studied acquainted and corresponded with Goethe, Hegel, and other leaders of German thought. Returning he began his History of the United States (1834-74). The to America to the the period from the discovery of the Continent work covers in 1782. His other great work conclusion of the Revolutionary War b. at Worcester, Massachusetts, in Germany, where he became is The History of the Formation of the United of the Constitution in 1846 and States (1882). B. filled various was offices, political Minister to to England, and in 1867 Minister Plenipotentiary Prussia. His writingis clear and vigorous, and his facts generally
accurate, but
he is
good
deal of
partisan.
"
BANIM,
miniature
Novelist, began JOHN (1798-1842).

painter, but
led
life
as
of his first book, was by the success The Tales of the O'Hara Family, to devote himself to literature. what to Ireland to become object which he set before himself was is dis Scott has been of his model to Scotland, and the influence traceable in his writings. His strength lies in the delinea tinctly tion of the characters of the Irish lower classes, and the impulses, often misguided and in this he has shown O'Hara Tales
criminal, by which
remarkable in the power. second
they
The
are
influenced, and
of the Other
first series
works appeared 1825, The Croppy (1828), The Denounced The Smuggler (1831), are (1830), The Most of Mayor of Windgap, and his last, Father Connell. these deal with the darker but the of and more life, painfulphases in the last-named tenderer. B. is brighter and feelingshown suffered from illness and were latterly consequent poverty, which alleviated He also wrote some by a pension from Government. includingThe Celt's Paradise, and one or two plays. In the poems, O'Hara
in 1826.
Tales, he
was
and (1796-1874), contributions. Fionn
there After the The
assisted by his is difficulty in death of
brother, MICHAEL
BANIM
and (1852),
Town
of the of
their respective allocating wrote John, Michael dough Cascades (1864).

"
BANNATYNE,
Knox,
1573-
RICHARD
Memorials
to John (d. 1605). Secretary

Transactions in Scotland
compiled
from 1569
to
BARBAULD,
dau. she of Dr.
ANNA
Aikin Her
LETITIA /.kept
Poetess, etc., (1743-1825).

" -
John
Leicestershire.
thus which collection of miscellaneous well 1773 was poems, received, and in the followingyear she married R. Barthe Rev. Protestant bauld, a French also con and dissenting minister, who ducted a school Into this enterprise Mrs. near Palgrave in Suffolk. B. threw herself with her to and, mainly owing great energy, talents and and afterwards was reputation, it proved a success
shared, and she pub. a
Kibworth b. at Hencourt, was (q.v.), education for whose an boys, academy classics. In with the became acquainted
24
'carried
continued tional
were

on
at
her
she Meantime, Hampstead and Newington Green. devo and brought out various occupations, literary These in Prose for Children. including her Hymns Selections the at Home, from English by Evenings and Richardson, with a life prefixed, Letters of Samuel the British novelists with
"
works,
followed
The Essayists,
.a
selection from
introductory essay.
Of B.'s
BARBOUR,
is
JOHN
Poet. (i3i6?-i395).
but
youth
it is believed that he was b. near nothing and Paris. Oxford He entered the studied at and Church, Aberdeen, He is and to ecclesiastical preferment and Royal favour. rose of Aberdeen in 1357, when, and Archdeacon been known to have
certainlyknown,
with some scholars to Oxford, and he went young with the exchequer and various civil offices in connection His The Bruce, was household. in pro the King's principal poem, lines, and cele gress in 1376. It consists of 14,00x5 octosyllabic and the Bruce brates the praisesof Robert James Douglas, the is almost the sole authority flowers of Scottish chivalry. This poem
again in 1364, he
also held
on
than deals with, but is much a more fine descriptive and chronicle; it contains many passages, bald and severe. of freedom. Its styleis somewhat praises the
historyit
rhyming singsthe
Other
The to B. are poems translations. Saints, probably him bestowed 20 shillings, upon
to be sung
ascribed
for himself
and
his
Legends of the a perpetual annuity of by the King, to provide for a mass parents,and this was duly done in the
B. devoted and (1856), for
Legend of Troy,
and
church The Text
of St. Machar Bruce, edited Soc.
until the Reformation. by C. Innes for Spalding Club
Early Engl. Text

Brown,
1900;
Soc.
by
W.
W.
(1894); The
Wallace G. Neilson in Chambers'
Skeat, 1870-77; and for Scott. The Bruce and re-studied, J. T. T.
Cyc. Eng.
"
Lit.
(1903).
BARCLAY,
of Scottish
ALEXANDER
was a
Poet, probably (i475?-i552).

He
birth,
his satirical poem, The which is of interest as of the times
is remembered for England. Ship of Fools (1509), partly a translation, and customs throwing lighton the manners
in priest
it refers. to which He also translated Sallust's Bellum and the Mirrour Good from the Italian of Jugurthinum, Manners, of and five wrote Mancini, Eclogues. His styleis stiff and his verse
uninspired.
BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)." s. of Satirist,

who his and
was
Scotsman,
Professor
/. to England
Latin, among
of Law about
which and Jesuits, Argenis, a political romance, resembling in respects the Arcadia of Sidney,and the Utopia of More.
with Pont-a-Mousson, Lorraine, came He wrote several in works 1603. English are Euphormionis Satyricon, against the
at
certain
BARCLAY,
Quakers,
s.
ROBERT
(1648-1690)." Apologist of
the
of Col. David B. of Ury, ed. at the Scots Coll. in Paris, "of which his uncle was such Rector, made in study as progress to gain the admiration of his teachers, specially of his uncle, who offered to make him his heir if he would remain in and the
"as
Roman
Catholic Church.
This
he
refused
to
France, do, and,
join
return
ing to his
Scotland, he in 1667 adopted the principles of the Quakers /. had already done. Soon afterwards he began to write in

defence
25
of his sect, by pub. in 1670 Truth cleared of Calumnies, and and Confession of Faith (1673). His great work, how Catechism a in 1676, and' is his Apology for the Quakers, pub. in Latin ever, translated into English in 1678. It is a weighty and learned work,
It, however, written in a dignified style,and was eagerly read. the failed to arrest the persecution to which ex Quakers were from the where heContinent, posed, and B. himself, on returning and Penn, was had gone with Foxe imprisoned,but soon regained He was in the enjoyment of Court favour. and was his liberty, oneof New which he who East of the twelve Jersey, acquired Quakers
was
appointed nominal
Ury,
where Christians
estate of that was,

even
Governor. His latter years were spent at his The essential view which B. maintained, he d. illuminated are by an inner lightsuperseding, the
as Scriptures reprinted.
the
guide of
HARRIS
life.
His
works
have
often
been
BARHAM,
humorous
at
RICHARD
Novelist (1788-1845).
"
and
b. at Canterbury, ed. of a country gentleman, was the church, held various School and Oxford, entered of St. incumbencies, and was Divinity Lecturer, and minor canon churchman that he is Paul's. It is not, however, as a remem
poet, s.
St. Paul's
of the IngoldsbyLegends,a series of comic with wit, and full of striking in verse, pieces sparkling which and often grotesque turns of expression, appeared first in in He also Blackwood's wrote, Bentley'sMiscellany. Magazine, a
bered, but
and
as
the author
serio-comic
novel, My
Cousin
Nicholas.
"
BARLOW,
Poet, b. JOEL (1754-1812).

for
a
at
Reading,Con
chaplain,and thereafter army himself to law, and finally betook to commerce and diplomacy, in he made the former of which He was much less successful a fortune. of affairs. His writingsinclude Vision of as a poet thar. as a man
as an
necticut, served
time
Columbus afterwards (1787), expanded into the Columbiad (1807), The Conspiracy of Kings (1792), and The Hasty Pudding (1796), a. mock-heroic his best work. These are generally pompous poem, and dull. In 1811 he was to France, and met his app. ambassador death in Poland while journeyingto meet Napoleon.
BARNARD,
dau. of afterwards
e.
the Colonial
LADY 5th
ANNE
Earl of
Poet, (LINDSAY) (1750-1825).

"
Balcarres, married
Town.
Secretary at Cape
husband in 1807 she settled in London. Her Auld Robin written in and Gray was pub. 1771, confessed the authorshipto Sir Walter Scott in
d. of her exquisiteballad of
Andrew On the
Barnard,
anonymously. 1823.
s.
She-
BARNES,
Richard
BARN
ABE
Poet, (1569 ?-i6o9)."
of
Dr.
B. Bishop, of Durham, b. in Yorkshire, and studied at was Oxford. He wrote collection of sonnets, madrigals, a Parthenophil, a nd A Divine Centurie odes, elegies, Sonnets, and The of Spirituall Devil's Charter, a tragedy. When at his best he showed a truepoeticvein.
BARNES,
s.
WILLIAM
Poet (1801-1886).
"
and
philologist,
of
a a
and
farmer, 6. at Rushay, Dorset. the schoolmaster, he entered
being a solicitor's clerk he served.Church, in which
After
26
"various Dorset in His

Poems in to a newspaper, first contributed followed in Rhymes 1844. Hwomely pub. Dialect, separately collected edition of his poems appeared in 1879. and a
cures.
He
1858,
works philological
a
include Delectus of Dorset
PhilologicalGrammar
Dialect
(1854), Se
an Gefylsta,
Anglo-Saxon
(1862),and
characterised
(1849),Tiw, or a View of Roots are (1863). B.'s poems Glossary of and tenderness sweetness feeling, by a singular
humble
deep insightinto for feeling quisite
country
life and
character, and
e.
an
ex
local scenery.
and ed. at 6. at Norbury, Shropshire, The Affectionate a Shepherd, collection the 2nd of in graceful verse Eclogue of Virgil. His of variations Sonnets certain and the Legend of Cas was Cynthia, with next work in 1598 there appeared a third vol., The and in 1595; sandra two are etc., in which Pecunia, Encomion songs (" If music of Lady and sweet poetrieagree," and "As it fell upon a day ") also in collection, and in The Passionate cluded Pilgrim,an unauthorised this time, 1 599, which were long attributed to Shakespeare. From retired to the life of to have B. produced nothing else,and seems of in Staffordshire, in the church at Stone for He in but his buried was which he was long neglected; 1627. musical. His indeed is and is sweet, gift sufficiently clear, poetry of his having passed for that of Shakespeare. attested by work
a
RICHARD BARNFIELD, Richard B., gentleman, was In 1594 he pub. Oxford.
(1574-1627). Poet,
"
s.
of
country gentleman
BARROW,
ISAAC
(1630-1677). Divine, scholar, and

"
in London, was ed. at Charter mathematician, 5. of a linen-draper and Peter Coll., house, house, Felsted, Trinity Cambridge, where afterwards of St. Asaph, was a his uncle and namesake, Bishop
to
boy he was turbulent and pugnacious,but soon took himself in classics and mathematics. study, distinguishing the Church, he was led to think of enter t o Intending originally in scientific studies, but soon and engaged the medical profession,
Fellow. hard As
a
reverted
to
his first views.
In
1655
he but
became
was
candidate
for the
the Continent as far as Turkey. On his Chair at the Greek return he took orders, and, in 1660, obtained of Geometry, Cambridge, and in 1662 the Gresham Professorship which he Mathematics chair
Greek Professorshipat travelled for four years on
Cambridge,
unsuccessful, and
resignedon
in the
being appointed first Lucasian same university. During his
Professor
tenure
of this
of
he pub. two mathematical works of great learning and the first on Geometry and the second on elegance, Optics. In 1669 of his pupil, Isaac Newton, he resignedin favour who was long considered his only superior among mathematicians. English this time also he composed his Expositions About of the Creed, The Lord's Prayer, Decalogue, and Sacraments. He made D.D. a was in 1670, and two years later Master of Trinity by royalmandate Coll., where the library. Besides the works he founded above mentioned, he wrote other important treatises on mathematics, but in litera ture his placeis chiefly which master are supported by his sermons, while his treatise on the Pope's piecesof argumentative eloquence, Supremacy is regarded as one of the most perfectspecimens of con
troversy in existence.
B.'s character
as
man
was
in all
respects
worthy
of his He
27
of
eccen
great talents, though

in London edited
were
he
had
at
strong
vein
tricity.
d. unmarried
works theological (9 vols., 1839).
by
the early age Napier, with memoir
B.'s of 47. Whewell by
BERNARD Poet, b. of (1784-1849). parentage, passed nearly all his life at Woodbridge, for the
BARTON,
clerk in
"
Quaker
most
part
and the friend of Southey, Lamb, He became a bank. as a Convict's His chief The works of letters. are other Appeal men criminal code of the of the the time, a against severity protest (1818), which under the notice of Sir R. Verses (1845), and Household came With the ex he obtained a pension of ^100. Peel, through whom but he his works are now nearly forgotten, and estimable amiable man most was a simple and sympathetic. of Edward married the translator His dau. Lucy, who Fitzgerald, which selection his and to of Omar letters, Khayyam, pub. a poems introduction. her husband prefixeda biographical
ception of
some
hymns
"
BAYNES,
of
a
THOMAS
SPENCER
s. Philosopher, (1823-1887).
"
Baptist minister, b. at Wellington,Somerset, intended to stud^ at a theological was for Baptist ministry, and seminary at Batft attracted to philosophical with that view, but being strongly studies, he became the favourite pupil of Sii to Edin., when left it and went of whose W. Hamilton an philosophical system he continued (q.v.), after ed. of in and After a newspaper adherent. Edinburgh, working as in health, he interval of rest rendered an by a breakdown necessary of the in assistant ed. work resumed as Daily News. 1858 journalistic Prof, Literature at of and In 1864 he was Logic English appointed his mind drawn the to in which St. Andrews, was study of capacity and to the Edinburgh Review Shakespeare, and he contributed his Fraser's Magazine valuable papers to vocabulary (chiefly relating collected as Shakespeare afterwards of his learning) and the extent In 1873 he was Studies. appointed to superintend the ninth ed.
of the by W.
Encyclopedia Britannica,
Robertson Smith
in which, after 1880, he
was
assisted
(q.v.).
Divine (1615-1691).
"
BAXTER, RICHARD
was troversialist,
scholar and
con
b. of
poor,
but
and although he became Shropshire, ed. at any university.Circumstances

to
a
in genteel,parents at Rowton for learning, not so eminent was led to his turninghis attention
of the Revels, the patronage of the Master but a short experienceof this sufficed; and giving himself to the ordained in 1638, and, after being master Christian ministry, he was
career
at court
under
of
school and him
north made
exert
at Dudley, exercised Kidderminster. His the leader of the

own
greatestpreachers
a
of his
ministry successivelyat Bridglearningand capacity for business Presbyterianparty. He was one of the endeavoured to day, and consistently
the result of
his
moderating influence, with

of attack
object
with
by
extremists
opposing
that views.
he
became
the
Though siding
in the Civil War, he opposed the execution of the Cromwell. King and the assumption of supreme by During power the war he served with the army as a chaplain. On the return of Charles II.,B. was and was offered the see made of his chaplains, one of Hereford, which he
the Parliament
declined, and
his
subsequent request
to be
28
refused. He subsequently was allowed to return to Kidderminster the of Judge Jeffreys. After suffered persecutionat the hands and His of literary quiet. peace he had a few years Revolution
activity was
ance.
marvellous is said
in
spiteof
ill-health and
outward
disturb
He
which are verted (1657), and Catholic Theology Methodus Theologies(1681), versial writings, his theological standpoint a compromise between in which (1675), Dr. Isaac Barrow is set forth. and Calvinism says Arminianism and his contro mended, never were writings that "his practical the chief confuted," and Dean Stanley calls him versial seldom
" "
of 168 works, the best known written and Call to the Uncon Rest (1650), The Saints' Everlasting his contro and, of religion; manuals among practical to have
"
left an B. schoolman." autobiography, English Protestant book with both Johnson which a favourite was Baxteriance, Reliquics works by him are The Life of Faith (1670), and Coleridge. Other Directory Reasons of the Christian Religion (1672),and Christian vols. (1830)edited with memoirs in Works Practical by 23 (1675). and Dean Boyle (1883), (1879), W. Orme, also Lives by A. B. Grosart J. H. Davies (1886).
BAYLY,
ADA
ELLEN
(d. 1903). Novelist,

"
wrote
Edna of Lyall,"which were several stories under the name very popular. They include Autobiographyof a Slander, Donovan, Hope Two, and the Hermit, In the Golden Days, To Right the Wrong, We Won
"
by Waiting.
"
Miscellaneous HAYNES THOMAS (1797-1839). intended in Bath. for the Originally writer, s. of a wealthy lawyer law, he changed his mind and thought of enteringthe Church, but this idea also, and gave himself to writingfor the stage abandoned
BAYLY,
is chieflyknown for his songs, of He the periodical and press. the music of Bishop and which he wrote hundreds, which, set to found universal other eminent were acceptance. Some composers, music. He also wrote several novels and a number set to his own of farces, etc. Although making a largeincome from his writings, in addition to that of his wife, he fellinto embarrassed circumstances. of his songs are I'd be a Butterfly, Oh, no, we Among the best known
never
mention
Her, and
She
wore
Wreath
of
Roses.
regarded as,
time.
exceptingMoore, the most
popular song
He be may writer of his
BEACONSFIELD, BENJAMIN DISRAELI, IST EARL

"
OF
(1804-
and novelist, was the s. of Isaac D. (q.v.} Be 1881). Statesman longingto a Jewish family setttled first in Spain,whence in the isth he was b. in London in 1804 and century they migrated to Italy, ed. His destined him for the law, and he was articled privately /. to a solicitor. The law was, however, uncongenial,and he had alreadybegun to write. After some work, he brought journalistic himself into generalnotice by the publication, in 1827, of his first novel, Vivian Grey, which created sensation a by its brilliance, veiled portraitsof livingcelebrities. audacity,and slightly After producinga Vindication of the British Constitution,and some political pamphlets,he followed up his first success by a series of novels, The Contarini Fleming (1832), Young Duke (1831), Venetia, ^4/roy(1833),
and Henrietta The
29
had also
Temple (1837). During

Revolutionary Epic and
the
same
period he
three burlesques,Ixion, The In fernalMarriage, and Popanilla. These works had gained for him a But his if not universally admitted, place in literature. brilliant, ambition confined he to literaryachievement; was by no means aimed also at fame
to enter
as
a man
written
of action.
attempts
Parliament, in which
After various unsuccessful he stood, first as a Radical,
and then as a Tory, he was in 1837 returned for Maidstone, having for his colleague Mr. Wyndham widow he afterwards Lewis, whose married. For some D. career, years after enteringon his political of shouts he pur laughter,but with characteristic courage and perseverance sued his course, in parlia gradually rose to a commanding position ment and in the country, became leader of his party, was thrice Chan
a
ceased to write, and His first speech was
devoted total
his
energiesto parliamentary work.

with
failure,being received
cellor of the Exchequer, 1852, 1858-59, and 1866-68, in which last Prime Minister, which office he again held from 1874 year he became till 1880. To return to his literary in 1844 he had pub. Concareer, followed and and in 1848 he Tancred ingsby, by Sybil (1845), (1847), wrote life of Lord G. his in the of a Bentinck, predecessor leadership the Protectionist party. His last novels were Endymion (1880). He was raised to the peerage field hi 1876, and was a Knight of the Garter.
was
Lothair
as
and (1870),
Earl of BeaconsIn his later years he
the intimate friend as well as the trusted minister of Queen Victoria. The career of D. is one in English of the most remarkable with no influence, and some history. With family or political and the then in current characteristics, personal prejudices regard to his race to contend he sheer force of will and intellect with, rose by honours to the highest attainable in this country. His most marked almost infinite patienceand perseverance, indomit an were qualities able courage, of and of a certain spaciousness mind, depth penetra aided by great tion, and an absolute confidence in his own abilities, of debate the to eloquence. Though powers risingoccasionally object,first of a kind of contemptuous dislike,then of an intense he rose to be universally opposition, regarded as, at all events, a force, and by a large part of the nation as a great great political As a writer he is generallyinteresting, statesman. and his books with striking teem shrewd and brilliant maxims, thoughts, phrases which stick in the memory. and extravagant, and turgid, to forecast. Lives by Froude Nat. Biog. etc. On the other his ultimate he is often artificial, is difficult position literary hand also
Hitchman (1890),
see (1885),
Dictionary of
Poet BEATTIE, JAMES (1735-1803).

"
and
philosophical
at Laurencekirk, Kincardineshire, and ed. at Aberdeen; he was, in 1760, appointed Pro fessor of Moral In the following Philosophy there. year he pub. a of vol. which attention. The attracted two works, how poems, which his Truth on ever, brought him most fame were: Essay (i) intended which had immediate as an to (1770), answer Hume, great
s. a
writer,
of
shopkeeper and
small
farmer
success,
and
and
the
led to an introduction to the King, a pension of ^200, of The degree of LL.D. from Oxford; and (2) his poem
30
the first book was pub. in 1771 and the second in his constitutes which title It con to remembrance. true and 1774, beautiful descriptive The Truth tains much and Essay on writing. works his other philosophical now are forgotten. B. underwent in the death of his wife and two domestic much sorrow promising his down health which broke own and spirits. sons,
Minstrel, of which
BEAUMONT,
"
FRANCIS
and
AND (1584-1616),
FLETCHER, JOHN
are
(1579-1625). Poets
associated
in the it is convenient to literature, B. in one the treat of them of Francis 5. was B., a Judge of place. and Common b. the the at Pleas, was family seat, Grace Dieu, ed. at Oxford, but his /. dying in 1598, he Leicestershire, He was left without and entered the takinghis degree. He went to London Inner in and became soon 1600, Temple acquainted with Ben and dramatists. His first work from Ovid, followed by commendatory verses a translation was pre fixed to certain plays of Jonson. Soon afterwards his friendship with F. began. They lived in the same house and had practically a of until B.'s goods community marriage in 1613 to Ursula, dau. and co-heiress of Henry Isleyof Sundridge in Kent, by whom he had He d. in 1616, and is buried in Westminster two dau. Abbey. F. the youngest s. of Richard was F., Bishop of London, who accom panied Mary Queen of Scots to the scaffold. He went to Cambridge, but it is not known whether he took a degree,though he had some
dramatists. history of English
As
they
indissolubly
Jonson,Drayton,
and
other
poets
reputation
as
(1607).
He
scholar. His earliest a is said to have died of the
play is The plague,and
Woman
is buried
Hater
Saviour's Church, Southwark. The plays attributed number and a and much labour has been 52 masque, critics in endeavouring to allocate their individual shares. It is now generally agreed that others collaborated with them to some extent Massinger, Rowley, Shu-ley,and even Shakespeare. Of those believed to be the jointwork of B. and F. Philaster and The Maid's ^ Tragedy are considered the and dramas
"
in St. to B. and F. bestowed by
masterpieces,
Two
are
as
Noble Kinsmen is thought to contain the work of Shakespeare. As regards their respectivepowers, B. is held to have had the graver, solider, and more stately genius,while F. excelled in brightness, wit, and gaiety. The former was the stronger in judgment, the latter in fancy. The plays contain many beautiful but are often stained
unmatched
except by Shakespeare. The
very
lyrics,
gross
The play of indelicacy.

is now is a
by
works,
Subjoined
latest authorities.
H tnry VIII. included in Shakespeare's held to be largelythe work of F. and Massinger. list of the plays with the authorshipaccording to the The
(i) BEAUMONT."
Wit without
,
Masque. (2) FLETCHER."
Woman
Hater
Faithful Shepherdess (1609), Bonduca \l"7),
Money
(Boadicea](1618-19),
(I6i8) Mad
Pleased Chase and
Lover (1620?) Island
Valentinian (1618-19), (1614?), Loyal Subjects Humorous (1618-19), Lieutenant (1618?), Women Princess
Prize Wild (1621), Pilgrim (1621), Goose Month
Woman's (1621),
1624) Chances
Sea
in
Plays
One
Voyage (1622). (3) BEAUMONT FLETCHER?" and Fat* (1608), King and No King (1611),Cupid's Revenge
(? pub. 1647), A (late, p. 1647), perhaps Monsieur
Wife for
Thomas
(p. 1639),
Tragedy (1611), (1611?),Knight of Burning Pestle (1611),Maid's Wits at Several Weapons (1614), Coxcomb Philaster (1611), (1612-13), and Thierry and Theodpret (1616), doubtfully, Scornful Lady (1616), Little French Lawyer (1620)perhaps by F. and Massinger,and Laws and of Candy (?) perhaps by B. and Massinger. (4) FLETCHER and Man's Fortune OTHERS. Honest Field; The F., Mass., (1613), and Nice Valour (?); (p. 1647),F. and Middleton Captain (1613), F., Mid., and Rowley or Fieldingand B. Bloody Brothers (1616-17), Jonson (?); Queen of Corinth (1618-19),F. and Row. pr Mass, and Mid:; Barneveld (1619),by F. and Massinger; Knight of Malta Double False One (1620), A Very Woman (1621?), Marriage (1619), Custom Lover's Progress(p.1647), Elder Brother (p.1637), of [1620), F. Curate the Country (1628), (1622), by Spanish Prophetess(1622), and Two Noble Kinsmen and Shakespeare; Henry VIII. (p. (1617), Maid F. and of the Mill (1625-6), 1634),by Rowley, or Massinger; (?) Beggar'sBush (?) (1622), by F. and Shirley; Noble Gentleman Lover's Pilgrimage(1623?), Fair Maid of the Night Walker (1633?), Inn (1625-26), also with Middleton? The latest ed. is that of Mr. Bullen (n vols., 1904), and A. R. Waller ; Francis (7 vols.,pub. C.U.P., 1909); Dyce (n vols.,1843-46) of B. and F., E. Beaumont, G. C. Macaulay (1883); Lytic Poems in Harvard A. C. Potter Rhys (1897); Bibliography, Bibliograph.
"
Contributions, 1891.
BEAUMONT,
Brother
Dest
SIR
JOHN
(1582-1627?). Poet,
"
elder
the The
of Francis B., the dramatist is Bosworth known Field, pub. "rown of Thorns, is lost.
(q.v.).His poems, of which by his s., 1629. Another,
BECKFORD,
writer, only
and
s.
WILLIAM
(c. 1760-1844).
"
Miscellaneous
of William B., Lord Mayor of London, the associate of John Wilkes, inherited at the age of 9 an enormous supporter In fortune. these circumstances he grew and extra up wayward literature. His vagant, showing, however, a strong bent towards education entrusted he travelled to a privatetutor, with whom was the Continent. At the age of 22 he produced his on extensively oriental romance, Vathek (c. written originally in French and, 1781),
as
he
was
accustomed
to
is reason, o f flight imagination. It is an

two
nights. There
of three days and boast, at a single sitting a however, to believe that this was full of fantastic and impressivework,
magnificent conceptions,rising occasionallyto sublimity. His other principal are Memoirs ofExtraordinary Painters (1780), writings satirical work, and Letters from Italy with Sketches of Spain and a
full of brilliant descriptions of scenes and manners. Portugal(1835), B.'s fame, however, rests nearly as much eccentric extra his upon builder In and collector as upon efforts. as his literary a vagances his fortune of "100,000 a carryingout these he managed to dissipate He sat in year, only "80,000 of his capital remaining at his death. parliament for various constituencies,and one of his two dau. became Duchess of Hamilton.
BEDDOES, THOMAS
and
LOVELL
Dramatic (1803-1849).
"
poet
Oxford,
of Dr. Thos. s. physiologist, nephew of Maria Edgeworth. Ed.
eminent at the Charterhouse
B.,
an
physician,and
and
32
he pub

in 1821
endeavoured he afterwards which The Improvisator, Bride's The was Tragedy (1822), venture next His to suppress. the for him of and won friendship had considerable success, which and studied to went he Thereafter Gottingen Barry Cornwall." his profession, and about wandered practising then He medicine.
"
He d. got him into trouble. time' For before his some circumstances. at Bale in mysterious Death's which a drama, JestBook, death he had been engaged upon his friend,T. F. Kelsall. B. memoir with a in by 1850 was published had not the true dramatic instinct, but his poetry is full of thought If there were of his short pieces, Some e.g. : .and richness of diction.
expoundingdemocratic
theories which
"
dreams
to
sell,"and
"
If thou
wilt
ease
thine
heart,"
are
master
piecesof
BEDE
who
intense
OR
expressed. exquisitely feeling

Historian (673-735)."
"
B^DA
and
scholar.
B.,
the father of Englishhistory," wa$ referred to as is sometimes Benedict Abbot of of under the care Biscop, his in youth placed Or Abbot of afterwards arrow. and of Ceolfrith, J Wearmouth, of his days at in 703, he spent most in 692 and priest dained deacon Jarrow, where his fame as a scholar and teacher of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew disciples.Here likewise he d. and was brought him many towards the beginning of the nth cen his bones were, " title well-deserved of Venerable The to Durham. tury, removed the most first appears in 836. He was to his name prefixed usually His industry was marvellous, and learned Englishman of his age. about embodied in about its results remain 23 40 books, of which The others lives oi of Scripture. are commentaries books on are saints and martyrs, and his two great works, The Ecclesiastical
buried, but
"
Rerumj scientific treatise,De Natura information have fullest and best the we gives and the latter is down the to as to the historyof England year 731, In the anxious of the sciences as then known. care "an encyclopaedia selected reliable information, and with which he sought out and of the modern referred to authorities he shows the best qualities
History of England
The former of these
and
the
historian,and
for artlessness." a pleasing styleis remarkable History of Early EngL Lit.,Stopford Brooke (2 vols., 1892), etc. and WARD Orator BEECHER, HENRY (1813-1887). his
"
"
.divine,
s.
of
of the most
prominent His writings, which had a Soul and Life Thoughts.
one Stowe, was Lyman B. and bro. of Harriet Beecner popular of American preachersand platform orators, a advocate of temperance and of the abolition of slavery.
wide
include popularity,
Summer
in the
BERN,
tive whom
APHRA
(JOHNSTON)(1640-1689). Novelist
"
and
named a barber Johnston, but went with a rela she called father to Surinam, of which he had been ap He, however, d. on the passage thither, and her pointed Governor. childhood and youth were She became acquainted passed there. with the celebrated slave Oronoko, afterwards of herj the hero of one
dramatist, dau. of
novels.
.to the
Returning to England
was
in
1658
as
a
chant, but
widow
was
at the age of 26.
she m. Behn, a Dutch mer-j She then became attached')
Court,
that
and
employed
cultivated
Leaving
city she
the
political spy friendshipof
at
Antwerp.i
various
play-

wrights,and pamphlets.
little known.
33
produced
The former
was are
She
Among
The The
a
her
plays
and plays and novels, also poems extremely gross, and are now happily the first English professional authoress. The Forced The Rover, Marriage, Abdelazer, many
are
Oronoko and The Nun. her novels include the first book to bring home to the country former of these was for which let her have credit. of the horrors of slavery, sense
Debauchee,
etc., and
BELL,
torian, was
Lanarkshire.
HENRY
a
GLASSFORD
of the
a
Poet (1805-1874).
"
and
his
of
member He
wrote
Scottish
Bar, and
became
Sheriff
Life of Mary Queen of Scots (1830), vols. of poetry, Summer and Winter in her and two defence, strongly t he latter also Hours and Old My Portfolio, containing (1831), pieces
in prose.
BELLENDEN,
OR
BALLANTYNE,
JOHN (ft. 1533-1587?).

"
Poet, b. towards the close of the 1 5th century, and ed. at St. Andrews the Historia and Paris. At the request of James V. he translated Gentis Scotorum of Boece. This translation, Chroniklis of Scotland is a very free one, with a good deal of matter not in the original, so
that it may be almost work. It was considered a new as pub. in 1536, and is the earliest existing specimen of Scottish literary prose. He also translated He the first five books of Livy. enjoyed the of Moray. He how Royal favour, and was Archdeacon latterly, his became involved in which led to going to Rome, ever, controversy where he d., according however, states authority,
to
one
account,
he
was
about
1550.
Another
that
in 1587. living
"
BENTHAM,
prudence and at Westminster
JEREMY
(1748-1832).
Writer
on
juris
b. in London, 5. of a prosperous politics, attorney, ed. and Oxford, was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, but disliking the law, he made effort to practise, but little or no devoted himself to physical science and the theory of jurisprudence. In 1776 he pub. anonymously his Fragment on Government, an able criticism of Blackstone's Commentaries, which brought him under of Lord Shelburne, and in 1780 his Introduction to Prin ciplesof Morals and Legislation.Other works were Panopticon,in which he suggested improvements on prisondiscipline, Discourse on Punishments and Rewards Legislation (1811), (1802), and A Treatise on Judicial ParliamentaryReform Catechism (1817), Evidence. By the death of his /. he inherited a competency on which he was with able to live in frugalelegance, not unmixed B. is the the first the of and eccentricity. philo perhaps greatest is utilitarianism or sophicalradicals," and his fundamental principle the greatest happinessof the greatestnumber," a phrase of which he is generally, The the author. as though erroneously, regarded effect of his writings of the law administration and the on legislation has been almost incalculable. and He left his body to be dissected; his skeleton, clothed in his usual attire,is preserved in University London. College, Life by Bowring in collected works (J.H. Barton, n vols., 1844).
"
"
the notice
Civil and
Penal
Study of Life and

and
Work, Atkinson,
of humble
1903.
"
BENTLEY, RICHARD
b. in Yorkshire critic,
scholar, (1662-1742). Theologian,

parentage, went
at the age of 14
34
to Camb.,

afterwards
had
Spalding,and then Dean of St. Paul's, becoming tutor to the s. of Dr. Stillingfleet, his pupil to Worcester accompanied (q.v.), afterwards Bishop of and both universities, entering After taking his degree at Oxf. his of as perhaps the foundation the laid reputation he Church, the his letter in Mill's ed. greatest scholar England has produced by his Dissertation the Letters and on Malelas, of the Chronicle of John fame his which through Europe. After spread of Phalaris (1699), and the Boyle lectureship including receivingvarious preferments, in 1700, appointed of the Royal Library, he was, the Keepership afterwards and was, largelyowing to his own of Trinity, Master almost which were equal to his learning, pugnacity and rapacity, and controversies. These involved in a succession of litigations
charge
of
a
school
at
lasted
loss of his academic years, and led to the temporary he was In 1717, however, honours. and appointed preferments contentions the referred to he of Prof, During Divinity. Regius various without abatement, and pub. continued his literary activity for
20
He was much less ed. of the classics, includingHorace and Terence. which of Milton he emendations certain in attempted. successful rewarded of Pope he was by being Having incurred the resentment His is and Dunciad ! in The niche style nervous, a strong assigned His classical controversies and wit with sarcasm. and sparkles called forth Swift's Battle of the Books. (1833). Life by Sir Life by Monk Letters R.
Jebb
in
English
Men
of
(1882).
Miscellaneous JAMES (1764-1840).
"
BERESFORD,
and
writer
Miseries
clergyman.
He
made
translations author of
a
and
wrote
books, religious
The
but was of Human
known as the chiefly Life (1806-7.)
satirical work,
BERKELEY,
of William
near
GEORGE
a
eldest Philosopher, (1685-1753).

"
s.
B.,
cadet and
ed. at where Coll.,Dublin, Trinity
Kilkenny,
of the noble family of Berkeley,b. at Kilcrin of his native the school place and at he graduated and took a Fellowshipin
a
His 1707. first which
earliest
was publication
mathematical his
one;
but
a
the New
brought
him
into
notice
was
Essay
towards
Though givingrise to much contro 1709. the its at conclusions now time, are accepted as an established versy of the of There next theory optics. part appeared in 1710 the
Treatise followed the Principles concerning of Human Knowledge, which was in 1713 by Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, in which he propounded his system of philosophy,the leadingprinciple of which is that the world as represented to our senses its for depends existence on beingperceived. Of this theory the Principles givesthe and the Dialoguesthe defence. One of his main exposition objects the prevailing to combat materialism was of the time. A theory so novel was, as might be expected, received with widespread ridicule, of the more elect spirits, though his genius was realised by some such as Dr. S. Clarke. Shortlyafterwards B. visited England, and received into the circle of Addison, Pope, and Steele. was He then went to the Continent in various capacities, and on his return was made Lecturer in Divinity and Greek in his university, D.D. in 1721,
Theory of Vision, pub. in

of Derry in 1724. Dean founding a collegein Bermuda and In for
35
the project of he formed 1725 ministers for the colonies, training he gave up his and missionaries to the Indians, in pursuitof which America of to with its income and on went a salary deanery ^noo, he re of "100. Disappointed of promised aid from Government Soon after in 1734 appointed Bishop of Cloyne. turned, and was wards he pub. Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher, directed and in 1734-37 The Querist. His last publica against Shaftesbury, tions
were
Siris, a treatise
on
the
medicinal He
virtues
beloved. much and genial manners disposition in Englishphilosophybetween As a thinker his is the greatestname and Hume. Locke His styleis clear and dignified. The best ed. of B. is Prof. A. C. Eraser's,with Life (4 vols.,1871, and new, 1902) ; there is also a small work by the same (1881).
and Further affectionate
Thoughts
on
Tar-water.
d. at Oxford made him
of tar -water, in 1753. His
BERNERS,
Writer
on
BERNES,
OR
BARNES,
JULIANA (b.1388?).
"
sports. Nothing of her real history is less mythical have statements or known, more gathered round The her name. attributed Boke work to her is The of St. Albans (1486). It consists of four treatises on Hawking, Hunting, The LynShe was said to be age of Coote A rmiris, and The Blasynge of A rmis. the dau. of Sir James B., and Prioress to have been of Sopwell
heraldry and
but
Nunnery,
Herts.
BERNERS,
Translator, b.
JOHN BOURCHIER,
at
2ND
LORD
(1467-1553)."
ed. at Oxf., held various offices of state, includingthat of Chancellor of the Exchequer to Lieutenant he d. of Calais, where He translated, Henry VIII., and in such at the King's desire, Froissart's Chronicles a (1523-25), in English historical writing, a distinct advance manner as to make and the Golden Book of Marcus Aurelius (1534);also The History of Arthur of Bordeaux. and LytellBrytaine (Brittany), the
romance
Sherfield, Herts, and
of Huon
of
BESANT, SIR WALTER

of London,
Novelist (1836-1901).
"
and historian
b. at Portsmouth and ed. at King's Coll.,London, and for few in Mauritius, but a breakdown Camb., was a years a professor in health compelled him to resign,and he returned to England and took up the duties of Secretaryto the Palestine Exploration Fund, which he held 1868-85. He pub. in 1868 Studies in French Poetry. Three years later he began his collaboration with James Rice (q.v.). and Among their joint productions are Ready-money Mortiboy (1872), the Golden Butterfly t he both, success latter, (1876), especially very ful. This connection was brought to an end by the death of Rice in 1882. Thereafter B. continued to write voluminously at his own
hand, his leadingnovels
Fair, Dorothy Forster and All Sorts and Conditions The two latter belonged to a series in which he endeavoured of Men. to arouse the public conscience to a sense of the sadness of life among the poorest classes in cities. In this crusade B. had considerable the establishment of The success, Palace in the East of People's London being one result. In addition to his work in fiction B.
a
being All
in
Garden
(hisown
Children of Gibeon, favourite),
"wrote
on largely
the
historyand topography
of London.
His
plans
36
his books this subject on left unfinished: among in this field were in the i8th Century. is London novels are My Little Girl, With Harp and works Other among Monks The of Thelema, By Celia's Son This of Vulcan, Crown, with all Rice; and The Ivory Arbour, and The Chaplain of the Fleet, Craftsman, The of Avarice, The Master Gate, Beyond the Dreams London London under the alone. Stuarts, Generation, etc., Fourth under the Tudors
are
historical.
BICKERSTAFFE, writer, in earlylife
ISAAC
(c.
1735
1812
?).
"
Dramatic
Chesterfield Lord Lieu when to Lord a page and dramatic between of 1756 Ireland, produced tenant 1771 many the best known of which had considerable popularity, which pieces, Maid and The Love in a Village(1762), of the Mill. Owing to are dismissed from he was misconduct being an officer in the Marines, and had in ultimately,
to
his life seems date of his death
772, to fly the country. The and been passed in penury He was alive in 1812. is unknown.
1
remainder
of The
have
misery.
"
BIRD,
an
ROBERT
The
MONTGOMERY
Novelist, (1803-1854).
three tragedies, wrote The Gladiator, Oraphysician, Broker of Bogota, and several novels, including The Hawks Hollow, Peter Pilgrim,and Calavar, The Infidel, of Hawk first of which he gives graphic and in the two Nick of the Woods, of Mexican details and descriptions accurate history. American
loosa, and
BISHOP, SAMUEL
Poet, b. (1731-1795).
"
in
London, and
ed. at Merchant Taylor'sSchool and Oxf., took orders and became Headmaster of Merchant His poems miscel on Taylor's School. laneous subjectsfilltwo quarto vols.,the best of them those to are his wife and dau. He also pub. essays.
BLACK, WILLIAM
as a
Novelist. (1841-1898).
"
After
studying
he landscapepainter,
took
he went to London, and soon which made no War he acted impression. In the Austro-Prussian Thereafter as a he began afresh war to write correspondent. and was fiction, more successful; the publication of A Daughter of Heth established his popularity. He reached his (1871) at once
to after
journalismin Glasgow. In 1864 pub. his first novel, James Merle,
highwater-mark in
were
A Princess of Thule (1873). Many other books added before his death in 1898, among which be men may tioned In Silk Attire (1869), The Strange Adventures of a Phaton Macleod White (1872), Shandon Bells of Dare (1878), Wings (1880), (1882),Yolande White Heather (1883), Judith Shakespeare (1884), Stand (1886), Fast Green Craig-Royston! (1890), Eelin Pastures and Picca
Three dilly,
Feathers,Wild
(1898).
Scholar (1809-1895)."
and
man
BLACKIE, JOHN STUART
of letters, b. in Glasgow, and ed. at the Universities of Aberdeen and Edin., after which he travelled and studied in Germany and Italy. Returning to Scotland he was, in 1834, admitted to the Scottish Bar, but did not practise. His first work was his transla tion of Faust the (1834),which won approbation of Carlyle. From Prof, of Humanity 1841-52 B. was (Latin) in Aberdeen, and from when he 1852-82, in His retired,of Greek
Edinburgh.
37
of translations was incessant, his works consisting literaryactivity books of poetry, including of the Iliad, various of JEschylus and treatises and Ancient on and Greece, religious, philo Lays Legends of which be mentioned and subjects, may political among sophical, life of Burns. and a He was Horce Hellenicce, an Self-Culture (1873), enthusiastic champion of Scottish nationality. Possessed of great his picturesque and conversational general versatility, powers made eccentricity
society.
and
It
was
Literature
notable of Scottish of the most members owing to his efforts that a Chair of Celtic Language established in Edinburgh University. was him
one
BLACKLOCK,
of humble rle began to He Church.
THOMAS
Poet, b. (1721-1791).
"
near
Annan
parentage, lost his sightby smallpox when write poetry at the age of 12, and
was
old. 6 months studied for the
appointed Minister of Kirkcudbright, but was of his blindness, and account on objected to by the parishioners the on an presentation receiving annuity. He then retired gave up miscellaneous he took pupils. He pub. some ;o Edinburgh, where is for which now are chieflyremembered forgotten,and joems, lavingwritten a letter to Burns, which had the effect of dissuading Indies. He was made D.D. in 1767. lim from going to the West
of
SIR RICHARD BLACKMORE, 1650,d. 1729). Poet, one (c. III. and the Court Anne, wrote several Physicians to William
"
very
long
and
well-intentioned, but dull and
tedious, poems,
which,
and Johnson, are now utterly forgotten. ;hough praisedby Addison As may include Prince Arthur, Creation, Alfred. Redemption, They the of derision the were DC imagined,they subject by profanerwits and successful B. excellent an of the day. was a man. physician
BLACKMORE,
Novelist and and
RICHARD
b. at
DODDRIDGE
time
as a
(1825 1900).
"
poet,
Longworth,
to
Berks, ed. at Tiverton
School
to his and literature at market-gardening first Poems Melanter His followed was pub. by (1853), Teddington. Sea (1855), The Bugle of the Black etc.; but he by Epullia (1855), his true vocation. found that fiction, not poetry, was soon Begin
for a short Oxf., practised health, gave this up, and took
lawyer but, owing
ning with
than more ;hese much
Clara
Vaughan
and
in
two
1864, he produced
or
author, is Lorna
opinion of the public, though not of the the two which rank next to it being (1869), author's The Maid Sker and (1872)(the favourite) of Springhaven Alice Lorraine (1887). Others are Cradock Nowell (1866), (1875), ^ripps the Carrier (1876),Mary Anerley (1880),and Christowell features of B.'s writingsis his (1882). One of the most striking marvellous and Nature. He may be said for, with, sympathy eye to have done for Devonshire Scott did for the Highlands. He what been described sweetlas as proud, shy, reticent, strong-willed, tempered, and self-centred."
Doone
"
average, the best in the
three
of
fifteen novels, all of Of outstanding merit.
BLACKSTONE,
posthumous
School and
5.
SIR WILLIAM
a
(1723-1780). Legal Writer,

"
of
silk
mercer
great work
entered is his Commentaries
Oxf., and
in London, was ed. at Charterhouse the Middle His Temple in 1741. the Laws on of England, in 4 vols.
38
subject

still remains
an
and is said to have extraordinary success, of not a man B. was mind, nor original "14,000. brought excellent clear and wrote he an style, he a profoundlawyer; but was within the category of general which brings his great work dignified, It had the author He literature. he gave which also in proof The had
a
(1765-1769), which
the
best
general history of
the
and for neat polished verse, Farewell Muse. to his Lawyer's

turn
man
of
BLAIR, HUGH
b. and ed. at Edin.
Divine, and (1718-1800)."

After
of
letters,
being
where
translated
a series of lectures In 1759 he commenced Chair of Rhetoric and Belles after the on appointed. His Lectures were founded, to which he was Lettres was in chair of the 1783. His chief fame, how pub. on his resignation had an extraordinary in his Sermons, rests 4 vols.,which
that of the
to Edinburgh, High Church. composition,and soon
minister at Collessie in Fife, he was he filled various pulpits, latterly
ever,
upon
has for him a pension of "200. Time and obtained popularity, been sustained the opinion of his contemporaries: they have and even as scribed as feeble in thought though elegantin style, of warm bucket and remarkable water." for
a
not
de
"
authors, amiable, kind to young was harmless, but rather ridiculous vanity anc*
B.
simplicity.
BLAIR, ROBERT
his
Poet, (1699-1746).
"
b. at
Edin., where
/. was
clergyman,
became
was
minister The
dingtonshire. His
extending to 767 to great sublimity,and illustrated by William

Scottish distinguished
sole work lines of very Blake
various
of Athelstaneford, Hadin blank verse Grave, a poem merit, in some rising passages It
a
in others
sinkingto commonplace. (q.v.) B.'s s., Robert, was

Lord President of
was
was
judge
and
the
very Court of the
Session; and his successor author of Douglas.
in his ministerial
charge
and
Home,
BLAKE, WILLIAM
"
Poet (1757-1827).
"
b. painter,
"
in
of London, was from earliest youth a seer of visions and a dreamer Ezekiel under and tree a a dreams, seeing sitting green bough," full of angelsat Peckham," and such he remained of his to the end both in verse and days. His teeming imagination sought expression in drawing,and in his I4th year he was apprenticedto James Basire, eminent an engraver, and thereafter studied at the Royal Academy. his artistic works chief illustrations for Young's Night were Among Thoughts,Blair's Grave, SpiritualPortraits," and his finest work, Inventions to the Book of Job," all distinguished by originality and imagination. In literature his Songs of Innocence appeared in These in books made 1789, Songs of Experience 1794. were literally Blake and his heaven-provided wife; poems and designs alike by In like being engraved on copper by B. and bound by Mrs. B. fashion were produced his mystical books, The Book of Thel (1789), The and Hell (1790),The Gates of Paradise, Marriage of Heaven Visions of the Daughtersof Albion, Europe, The Book of Urizen (1794), The Book of Los and The Book of Ahania (1795). His last books were His earlier and shorter pieces, Jerusalem and Milton. e.g. The The The Sun Chimney-Sweeper," Holy Thursday," Lamb," flower," The Tiger,"etc.,have an exquisite from simplicity arising
" "
"
"
"
"
"

directness sublime
"
39
and
intensityof feeling
"
sometimes
tender, sometimes
Latterly he lost himself in clouds of always individual. and A lovingsoul, neglectedand misunder truly pious mysticism. but the stood world, appreciatedby an elect few, he led a by life of poverty illumined contented cheerful and by visions and celestial inspirations.
BLAMIRE, SUSANNA
Cumberland Cumberland."
Poetess,was (1747-1794).
"
of
until
good
of
family, and
received which
manners
the
were
sobriquet of
not
"
The
Muse
depict Cumbrian
also wrote shall walk
truth and vivacity. She fine songs in the Scottish dialect, including" Ye some What ails this Heart o' Mine." in Silk Attire," and
"
Her poems, life and
collected
1842,
with
BLESSINGTON, MARGARET
1849).
"
(POWER), COUNTESS
the husband the Continent, she
ist
OF
(1789-
Married
as
her
second
whom
she travelled much on with whom Byron, her Conversations only one of her books which has any works She
on
pub.
of B., with where she met Lord in 1834. This is the others
were
Earl
value.
The
slight
Travel, such
as
The
went
Idler in
to
Italy,annuals,
she
became
bankrupt HARRY
of
OR
and
Par's, where
and novels. lived under the
protection of the Count BLIND

"
d'Orsay.
THE
Is
spoken
who
HENRY by John Major

a
in his book
MINSTREL (ft. 1470-1492). History of Scotland as a wander

in the Scottish
ing minstrel,
William about Wallace, and tongue, it his his to own livingby reciting gained accompaniment on the claims that it was founded Harry harp at the houses of the nobles. Latin a on Life of Wallace written by Wallace's chaplain,John to have been traditionary.Harry Blair,but the chief sources seem has little of his moral elevation, but he surpasses him in graphicpower, vividness of and He shows the description, variety of incident. occasionally influence of Chaucer, and is said to have known Latin and French.
as a
skilled in the " " fabricated
composition of rhymes
is often
considered
inferior to Barbour
poet, and
BLIND, MATHILDE
heim, but
settled
Poetess, b. (1841-1896).
"
at
Mann
about 1849, and pub. several books of Oran The Heather The St. Fire (1886), on Prophecy of (1881), poetry, Birds of Passage (1895), She also etcSongs and Sonnets (1893), translated Strauss's Old Faith and New, and other works, and wrote Lives of
in London
George
Eliot
and
Madame
Roland.
Her
own
name
was
Karl Cohen, but she adopted that of her stepfather,
Blind.
BLOOMFIELD, ROBERT
Poet, b. at Honing(1766-1823).
"
ton in Suffolk, lost his /. when he was a year old, and received the rudiments of education from his mother, who school. kept the village While still a boy he went to London, and worked shoemaker as a under elder brother, enduring extreme an poverty. His first and chief poem, The Farmer's where half a Boy, was composed in a room dozen other men at work, and the finished lines he carried in his were head until there was time to write them down. The manuscript, after passingthrough various hands, fell into those of Capel Lofft, a Suffolk squire of literary exertions it was tastes, by whose pub.
40
with

a
It had in 1800. illustrations by Bewick The having been sold in three years. 26,000 copies for him
an
signal success,
Duke of Grafton
obtained
a through ill-health, he Rural Tales Wild (1804), pension of is. a day. Other works were and with the the Banks May Day Wye The (1811), of Flowers (1806), business bookseller as to on a An Muses carry attempt (1817).
appointment was obliged to
in the
Office, and allowed this, resign
Seal
when,
him
failed,his health
d. in threatened, was gave way, his reason at Shefford in 1823. B.'s poetry is smooth, correct, great but lacks fire and energy. and characterised by taste and good feeling, he was character, and lackingin self-reliance. Of amiable simple
and
he
'poverty
BODENHAM,
have
is 1600). Anthologist, JOHN (ft.

"
stated
to
viz., the ed. some been anthologies, Politeuphuia(Wits' Commonwealth) (i597). Wits' Theater (1598), and England's Helicon (1600), of the Muses Belvidere, or the Garden himself did not ed. any B. of the that Bullen Mr. says (1600). him attributed but to miscellanies : Elizabethan by bibliographers and he befriended the editors. their publication, that he projected
of
of
the
Elizabethan
BOECE,
a
OR
BOETHIUS, HECTOR
and ed. there
to
Historian, (1465 P-I536)."

and
at
probably b. at Dundee,
Paris, where
he
was
1498. 1492 regent or professor, Returning to acquaintanceof Erasmus. with Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen, in founding the univ. there fame the first Principal. His literary he was rests on of which Mortlach and two Aberdeen, in works, his Lives of the Bishops of his friend Elphinstonefigures which prominently,and his History of These works Scotland to the accession of James III. were, of course, but the translated into Scottish in Latin, History was composed prose by John Bellenden, 1530 to 1533, and into English for HollinThe shed's Chronicle. only predecessorof the work was the com and written in a flowing and pleasing of as it was Major, pendium and led it became ecclesiastical preferment to style very popular, B. shared in the credulity and Royal favour. of his age, but the charge of inventinghis authorities formerly brought against him
has been shown
to
While
there he made the Scotland he co-operated
be,
to
some
extent
at any
"
rate, unfounded.
was
BOKER,
American
GEORGE
HENRY
Service.
Poet, (1823-90).
his Francesca
in the
da Rimini, and among his books of poetry, Street Lyrics,Konigsmark, and The Book His dramas combine of the Dead. poetic merit with adapt for ability acting.
Diplomatic Among are Anne Boleyn, The Betrothed, and tragedies,
dramas,
generally
BOLINGBROKE,
1751.
"
HENRY
ST.
JOHN,
1ST
VlSCOUNT
(1678-
b. at Bats. of Sir Henry St. J., philosopher, and perhaps Oxf., was his tersea,and during youth noted f or but Parliament in chiefly dissipation, entering 1701 as a supporter of Harley, soon himself a name made by his eloquence and talent. He held office as War and Foreign Sec. successively, became a peer in 1712, intrigued formed and ad an successfully against Harley, ministration during the last days of Queen Anne, with the intention of bringing back the Stuarts, which frustrated was by the Queen's
Statesman
and ed. at Eton
Dictionary
death. the On the B.
went
was
of
English
I. his became him literature. and still
to
an
Literature
4
to
arrival
of
George
and and
and
name
the
accession erased from State after
power Roll the which Pre
of of
Whigs,
He
impeached,
to
the
to
Peers.
tender devoted doned
France,
Sec. in
of
James,
himself and his
who,
to
however,
dismissed and
1716,
In 1723
he par 1725 House Ux-
philosophy
to
he
was
returned forfeited He
England,
but retired the
a
act
was
passed
from the
in
restoring
of Lords.
estates,
excluding
his of influence.
him
thereupon
he he
house,
Swift
Dawley,
and After returned most of
near
on
dge,
latter
tual
in
where of whom to where
enjoyed
exerted
a
society
strong
in 7
Pope,
some
the
ineffec to France his chief
efforts 1735,
regain
he
position
for
political
years,
life, he
and
wrote
remained
works. B.
was
a man
of
brilliant defects
once so
and of much and his
versatile
talents,
which reflect
to
but led to his the of
selfish,
his
in
sincere,
ruin.
their
a
and His
intriguing, writings,
character
political
in of Re he Idea who
admired,
character
glittering
artificiality,
have
pretensions
the
reputation
them
are
philosopher
upon
long
been
on
exploded;
the
on
chief
flections
attacked
Exile,
Letters Letters
,
Study
of of
David
History
Patriotism,
Mallet
(in
which and
Christianity)
Patriot
a
the MSS. in 5
Spirit
to
of pub.
King.
ed.
He of his
left works
his
(q.v.),
complete
vols.
(1753-54).
Divine and
b. and and
BONAR,
James
entered Kelso. in 1866
HORATIUS
Solicitor of of the
(1808-1889).
Exise the Free
to
a
"
poet,
ed.
was
s.
of
B.,
the He
was
for Church Church Edin.
Scotland,
of
at
in
Edin.,
at and of and
Ministry joined
translated He
to
was
Scotland,
the
settled in
Disruption
he
was
1843,
D.D.
In and tracts
1853
made
Aberdeen.
in many
over
voluminous books and the world.
highly
wrote of
a
popular
number
author,
of
are was
addition of the
many
"
hymns,
all
as
which,
e.g.,
heard
voice A
Jesus
say,"
of these of
known
English-speaking
of
Faith and
selection His last
pub.
was
Hymns
Old
Hope
(3 series).
vol.
poetry
My
Letters.
42

whose of it. His
with Gipsies,
language
a
St. by his translations from containing 30 and a travelling agent of the Bible Society, of his remark givingan account his book, The Bible in Spain (1843), his literary in that country, made reputation. It able adventures its and Romany Rye (1857), followed sequel, was by Lavengro (1851), of works and ex which, though originality and Wild Wales (1862), re treme interest, and now perhaps his most popular books, were The two first give a highly coloured ceived with less publicfavour.
tionary Petersburg Targum, languages. B. became
he became shown learningwas work
so
familiar
pub. a publishing at
as
to
dic
of his story. S'cture In his latter years anchu.

own
He
translated he settled
at
the
New
Testament
into
Oulton
Broad, Norfolk,
of striking and great vigour B. was a man he d. where appearance His writings hold a unique and mind. of character and originality literature. in :. K-J. place English
BOSTON, THOMAS
Scottish divine, was (1677-1732).

"
suc
at Glencairn, and cessivelyschoolmaster Ettrick and in Selkirkshire. Berwickshire, of known work, The Fourfold State, one
minister In the
of
Simprin
ic
of
addition Crook
to his best-
classics religious
Scotland, he wrote
a
an
learned
treatise
on
little book, The original the Hebrew points. He
part in the Courts
in what was of the Church the merits of an English work, The Marrow Controversy," regarding Divinity,which he defended of Modern against the attacks of the " in Moderate the if Church. B., was party unduly introspective,
"
in the Lot, and also took a leading " known Marrow as the
piety and amiability. His autobiography is an singular record of Scottish life, full of sincerity and tenderness, interesting
a man
of
and
not
devoid
of humorous
touches, intentional
"
and
otherwise.
BOSWELL, SIR ALEXANDER
(1775-1822). Antiquaryand
popular Scotch
Weaver
are
song writer,s. of James B., of Auchinleck, Johnson'sbiographer, was interested in old Scottish authors, some of whose works he reprinted
at his private He wrote some press. Jenny'sBawbee and Jenny dang the
songs, of which the best known. B.
d. in
duel with
Mr.
Stuart
of Dunearn.
BOSWELL, JAMES (1740-1795)." s. of Alex Biographer,

He travelled much the on and visited Corsica, where he became acquainted with the patriot General Paoli. Fortunately for posterity he was in 1763 introduced to Dr. Johnson, and formed with him an acquaintance which soon ripenedinto friendship, and had as its ultimate fruit the immortal Life. He was also the author of several works of ander B. of Auchinleck, Ayrshire, one Courts of Scotland, was ed. at the Edin., and practised as an advocate. of the
judges of
School
High
the Supreme and Univ. of
Continent
more
or
less interest, Account an including and Journal of of Corsica (1768), Tour to the Hebrides (inthe of Johnson) (1786). Vain and company foolish in an exceptional and free from
degree,
by
no
means
more
serious
faults, B. has yet produced the greatest biography in the language. The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. appeared in 1791,
and at once tion since.
He
had
commanded an admiration which has suffered no diminu But by this time a cloud had fallen the author. upon lost his excellent his health wife, had given way, the

intemperance
43
he had to which always been subject had mastered of his great work. B. him, and he d. four years after the appearance called to the English as well as to the Scottish Bar, but his was and he had various foibles prevented his reachingany great success, The to enter career. also vainly endeavoured on a political ques with the characteristics of B. tion has often been raised how a man has discussed and been could have at a work, so produced unique former and the paradoxically by Carlyle, length by Macaulay argu formed his themselves ing that his supreme follyand meanness that far deeper insight, the latter, with greatest qualifications; discern excel of an to beneath these there lay the possession eye obser lence and a heart to appreciate it,intense powers of accurate vation and
were
a
considerable discovered
dramatic at
faculty.
His
letters to William
Temple
in Dublin made
Boulogne, and pub. 1857.

"
BOUCICAULT,
DION
Actor (1820-90).
and
dramatist, b.
and and ed. in London, joinedMacready while stillyoung, with Webster his first appearance the at Benj. stage upon in Bristol. Soon afterwards he began to write plays,occasionally Assurance conjunction,of which the first,London (1841) had an He excellent immediate was success. an actor, especiallyin but plays are for the most part adaptations, had in and have are construction, ingenious great very The Colleen Bawn, A rrah-naare popularity. Among the best known Pogue,Faust and Marguerite,and The Shaughraun. B. d. in America.
patheticparts.
often
His
BOWDLER,
Shakespeare,b.
THOMAS
near
Editor (1754-1825).
"
of The
Family
of a gentleman of independent fortune, studied medicine and his at St. Andrews at Edin., where he took degree in 1776, but did not practise, devoting himself instead to the cause In 1818 he pub. his Family Shakespeare of prisonreform. in 10 vols., in which text, but nothing is added to the original
Bath,
s.
"
those words
which cannot with propriety are omitted expressions be read aloud in a family." The work had considerable success, 4 editions having been pub. before 1824, and others in 1831, 1853, and 1861. It was, criticism and however, subjected to some ridicule, and rise to the used in an expression bowdlerise," always gave On the other hand, Mr. Swinburne has said, opprobrious sense.
"
and
More and foolish cant nauseous which would deride the memory or
man ever
"
was
never
chattered than the
the merits depreciate
than of B.
man
that No
did
better
service
to
Shakespeare
made in
it possibleto put him into the hands of children." B. subsequentlyessayed a similar enterprise imaginative
who and intelligent
regard
to Gibbon,
which, however,
was
not
"
so
successful.
BOWER, ARCHIBALD
Historian,b. at (1686-1766).
Dun
dee, and ed. at the Scots Coll., but afterwards Douay, became a Jesuit, wrote joinedthe Church of England, and again became a Jesuit. He a History of Rome the a (1735-44), History of Popes (1748-66). These works His whole life are and inaccurate. ill-proportioned to have been a very discreditable appears one.
BOWER,
of
OR
BOWMAKER,
continued
WALTER
Was (d.1449)."
Abbot
Inchcolm,
and
and
enlargedFordun's
Scotichronicon.
44

WILLIAM LISLE Poet (1762-1850)." and anti
BOWLES,
his /. was 6. at King's Sutton, Northamptonshire, of which quary, the for of his and most Winchester was Oxf., at ed. and vicar, and Canon became and of Wilts, Prebendary Bremhill, life Vicar first work, pub. in 1789, was a received with extra was little vol. containing 14 sonnets, which but by such men as ordinary favour, not only by the generalpublic, the It be Wordsworth. as and regarded harbingerof may Coleridge which in these school of the the reaction against Pope, poets were
Residentiary
of
Salisbury.
His
greata part. B. pub. several other poems of much the best are The Spirit of which of Discovery (1805), greater length, and he also enjoyed con and The Missionary of the Andes (1815), his siderable reputationas an principalwork in that antiquary, Britannicus (1828). In 1807 he pub. a department being Hermes views on Life of Pope, in the prefaceto which he expressed some
soon
to bear
so
rather fierce controversy with also wrote a Life of Bishop Ken. His an amiable, absent-minded, and rather eccentric man. characterised of feeling, tenderness, and are by refinement thought,but are deficient in power and passion.
poetry
which
resulted others.
Campbell,and
in He
Byron,
B.
was
poems
pensive
Other Coombe Ellen works are The Battle of the Nile (1799), The
Mount and St. Michael's (1798), Sorrows St. of Switzerland (1801),
John
in Patmos
etc. (1833),
BOWRING,
traveller,was
enabled He was him
SIR JOHN
b. at
at last to say
writer,and (1792-1872). Linguist,

"
Exeter. that
His
talent
for
acquiring languages
he knew 200, and could speak 100. editor of the Review in 1824; Westminster appointed travelled in various countries with the view of reportingon their commercial position;was an M.P. 1835-37 and 1841-49, and held various His chief literary work the appointments in China. was translation of the folk-songs of most and he European nations, also wrote and and works and original on hymns, poems political economic
executor
subjects. B. was of Jeremy Bentham

ANDREW
knighted in 1854. (q.v.).
He
was
the
literary
BOYD,
intended
KENNEDY
Miscellaneous
writer, 5. of Rev. Dr. for the English Bar, but entered the Church of Scotland, and was minister latterly at St. Andrews, wrote hi Fraser's Magazine series of light, a chirping articles subsequently collected as the
HUTCHISON (1825-1899)." B. of Glasgow, was originally
Recreations of a Country Parson, also several books of reminiscences, etc., written in a pleasant chatty stvle, and some He sermons D.D. and LL.D. was
BOYD, ZACHARY
familyof
Divine, belongedto (1585-1653)."
the
B. of Pinkhill, ed. at Glasgow and at Saumur. was Ayrshire, He translated many of into uncouth parts Scripture verse. Among his works The Garden are Zion and Zion's Flowers. of
THE HON. ROBERT Natural Philo (1627-1691)." sopher chemist, 7th 5. of the ist Earl of Cork, was b. at Lismore, Co. Waterford, and ed. at Eton and by private tutors, after which he pursued his studies on the Continent. On his return to England he
and
BOYLE,

devoted himself
45
natural to the study of science, especially philo of the founders of the Royal one chemistry. He was added to exist Society, and, by his experiments and observations in He to at the same pneumatics. ing knowledge, especially regard
sophy
and
time
devoted
much
study
serve
to
theology ;
to
so
much
Lord however, that he could he declined this advice.
strongly urged by
Clarendon As
enter
indeed the Church.
that
he
was
the cause of religion better as India Co. he director the East of a in the East, and for much for the propagation of Christianity He also founded of the Bible. the dissemination Boyle Lectures in defence of Christianity.He declined the offer of a peerage. of great intellectual acuteness, and remarkable for man a was
"
Thinking, a layman,
did the B. his
conversational
are Among his writings Originof Forms and powers. Experiments touching Colour, HydrostaticalParadoxes, and Qualities, His complete Observations on Cold; in theology, Seraphic Love.
works
were
pub.
wrote
in 5 vols. in 1744.
was Novelist, (1827-1889).
"
BRADLEY,
man.
EDWARD
under
a
a
clergy
novels
an
He
the
name
of
"
Cuthbert
Bede
"
few
and
tales, Fairy Fables

but
(1858),Glencraggan (1861),Fotheringhay
popular book great vogue.
was
(1885),etc.;
Oxford Freshman,
his most which had
Verdant
Green,
BRADWARDINE,
THOMAS
was (i2o,o?-i349). Theologian,

"
Prof, of Divinityand Chancellor, and after at Oxf., where he became Edward to he attended wards in his French III.,whom Chaplain twice elected of He was wars. Archbishop Canterbury by the monks, and on the second occasion accepted,but d. of the plague
days. He wrote on geometry, but his great work was De in which he treated Pelagius), (on the Cause of God against theologymathematically,and which earned for him from the Pope
Causa 40 Dei the title of the Profound Doctor.
within
BRAITHWAITE,
Poet, b. with the
OR
BRATHWAITE,
and
RICHARD
(1588-1673).
"
ed. at Oxf., is believed to have served Kendal, near War. Civil He was the author of Royalist army in the which of of the works best known is merit, unequal many very Four which records Drunken his Barnaby's Journeys, pilgrimages through England in rhymed Latin (saidby Southey to be the best of modern
man
times), and doggerelEnglish verse. in are (1631)and English Gentlewoman
The
a
English Gentle
more
much
Fleece strain. The Golden Other works are (1611) Poet's Willow, A Strappado for the Devil (asatire), and Husband ?
"
decorous (poems), The Art
Asleepc, West
ed. BRAMSTON, JAMES (c. 1694-1744).Satirist,

minster School Hastings. His and
at
and orders Vicar of was latterly The Art Politics in imitation of are of (1729), poems and The Taste in imitation Man of Pope. He Horace, (1733), of also parodied Phillips's in The Crooked Splendid Shitting Sixpence. His verses have some liveliness.
Oxf., took
BRAY, ANNA
J. Kempe,
and himself
was
ELIZA
married
Novelist, dau. (1790-1883).

"
of Mr.
an
first to C. A. Stothard, 5. of the famous R.A., and artist, secondly to the Rev. E. A. Bray. She
46
of novels, chieflyhistorical,and The Borders about a dozen wrote traditions of the and account an super and Tavy (1836), the Tamar in the form of letters to of Tavistock stitions of the neighbourhood This is probably the most friend. a great she was Southey of whom works her are Branded, Good St. of her writings. Among valuable White Hoods. Louis and his Times, Trelawney, and
BRETON,
Little is known
NICHOLAS
Poet (1545-1626)."
and
novelist.
Heavenly
wrote
the s. of William B., a London of his life. He was rather author and a was at Oxf., prolific perhaps merchant, was his works are and gift. Among poetical of considerable versatility Soul's Mad-cappe (1626), The Floorish upon Fancie, Pasguil's A In prose he Passionate The Shepherd. and Exercise,
World, my The Wil of Wit (1599),A Mad Wit's Trenchmour, Grimello's Fortunes Excellent Princes, of Two Masters, Adventures His mother (1 604) StrangeNews out of Divers Countries (1 622) etc. His and are fresh, the lyrics (q.v.) pure E. married poet Gascoigne, of full are conceits, pleasant reading, his romances, though and
, ,
.
remarkably
writer, b.
at
free from
grossness.
BREWSTER,
SIR DAVID
Man (1781-1868).
"
of science and
the
which,' after
intended Jedburgh,originally
at the
to
enter
Church,
of
Univ. of Edin., he became course a distinguished him led to devote himself Circumstances, however, licentiate. a brilliant ornaments of the most he was one to science, of which he in the department of optics,in which of his day, especially his of habits maintained He discoveries. investigation made many and composition to the very end of his long life, during which he of received almost every kind of honorary distinction open to a man science. More He
includinga
Worlds to Sir W.
also made many Life of Newton than One
important contributions to literature, (1831),The Martyrs of Science (1841), and Letters on Natural Magic addressed (1854),
he also edited, in addition to various scientific The Edinburgh Encyclopedia (1807-29). He likewise journals, Coll. of of Principalof the United held the offices successively Univ. St. the Andrews and of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, (1838),
Scott, and
of Edin.
nervous
(1859).
He
was
knighted
was
in
1831.
Of
to
high-strung and
in
matters
temperament, controversy; but he was

tion. He
was
a man
he
somewhat
irritable
of
of
repeatedlysubjected provoca and ferventlyreligious highly honourable

ARTHUR
serious
character.
BROKE,
was
OR
BROOKE,
of The
(d. 1563). Translator,

"
which
and Juliett, Historie of Romeus from Tragicall his Romeo took the of and Shakespeareprobably Juliet. story translated, through a French version, from the Though indirectly Italian of Bandello, it is so much altered and amplified almost to as rank as an original work. The only fact known regardinghim is his death by shipwreck when to France. crossing
the author
BROME,
vant
RICHARD
(d. 1652?)." Dramatist,
the
ser
friend of Ben Jonson,produced upwards of 20 plays, some in conjunction with Dekker and others. them Fault A are Among in Friendship, Late Lancashire Witches (withHeywood and Dekker), and

Lass (1632),The (1652),The Northern Jovial Crew Court Wit etc. (1653), City (1653), Beggar (1646), w ell. knew but stage-craft original genius, A He had
47
Antipodes
no
BRONTE,
Patrick Rev. embittered the lives of his children habits who by his peculiar education. in small close to the theories of a Brought up parsonage the Yorkshire on moors, graveyard of a bleak, windswept village in earlychildhood, she was the motherly friend and left motherless
"
CHARLOTTE dau. of the Novelist, (1816-1855). and of eccentric B., a clergyman of Irish descent
"
of her younger sisters," of whom two, Emily and in but less her talents. After various a Anne, shared, degree, and governesses, the sisters took to litera efforts as schoolmistresses under the names of Currer, Ellis,and ture and pub. a vol. of poems fell flat. Charlotte then wrote her first Acton Bell,which, however, and
guardian
which did not appear until after her death, and Professor, began Jane Eyre, which, appearing in 1847, took the public by followed by Shirleyin 1849, and Villette in 1852. In It was storm. married to her father's curate, the Rev. A. Nicholls, but she was 1854 life she d. in 1855. EMILY after a short though happy married B.
novel, The
(1818-1848). a
"
woman
of remarkable
and what
taciturn, pub. in 1848
novel, unpleasing,
She of Charlotte the
to
the 1849), was Grey (1848). novels and first, have
and some of The authoress
and ANNE (1820Hall and Agnes of fell had not the intellectual force of her sisters. The created a especially strong impression from the Tenant Wild and Jane Eyre gave rise to much curiosity Their authorship. strength and originality is likely a high place in English fiction which There is a biography of Charlotte by Mrs. works of vols. Charlotte B. have been issued
Wuthering striking poems;
of character, reserved but some a powerful, Heights,
force
pub.
speculationas
retained to prove Gaskell
of its
for them
permanent.
(q.v.). Complete ed. of by Mrs. Humphrey

Nicoll, LL.D.
the Ward
(7
(i9o'3).
Life in FULKE
Note
1877.
and
short
Great
R. Charlotte Bronte, A. C. Swinburne, Writers Series by A. Birrell.
1899-1900),and
by
Sir W.
on
BROOKE,
statesman,
GREVILLE,
LORD
Poet (1554-1628).
"
b. at Beau champ Court, Warwickshire, and ed. at and and held a various Camb., was Councillor, Privy Shrewsbury important offices of state, including that of Chancellor of the He Exchequer (1614-21). In the latter year he was created a peer.
was
murdered his
by
after
on poems moral Ctelica a nd He political subjects, including (109 sonnets). also wrote friend he was. His style a Life of Sir P. Sidney, whose is grave and sententious. He is buried in the church at Warwick, and the inscription his tomb, written by himself is a compendious on
,
death, consist
servant. of
His
works, which
were
chieflypub.
tragediesand
sonnets,
and
biography.
counsellor
to
It
runs:
King
s.
Fulke to Queen Greville, servant James, friend to Sir PhilipSidney."
"
Elizabeth,
BROOKE,
b. in Ireland,
as
a
HENRY
Novelist (1703-1783).
"
and
dramatist,
career.
work
which
of a clergyman, studied law, but embraced literature He wrote and but the only dramas, novels; poems, has kept its place is The Fool of Quality (5vols. 1766-70),
48
which
was

a
forgotten favourite book with John Wesley. His now His admired dau., w as by Pope. Universal Beauty (1735), poem, tended him his last to children, of 22 the only survivor CHARLOTTE, her work writer, herself a being principal days of decay, and was
of Irish Poetry (1789)Reliques
She d. 1793.
CHARLES BROOKS, novelist, and Journalist

office. various He
WILLIAM
SHIRLEY
(1816-1874)."
periodicals.
"
b. in London, began life in a solicitor's to early,however, took to literature, and contributed In 1851 he joinedthe staff of Punch, to which of Parliament," and on He succeeded him as editor. Essence Court and The Gordian Knot. the death of Mark
he contributed he Lemon (q.v.)
pub.
few
novels,
includingAspen
BROOKS,
was poetess,
MARIA earlym.
(GOWAN)
American ?-i845)." (1795
and left her a who lost his money, to a merchant, romantic and wrote she which impassioned after highly widow, young Bride finished The was Swen, of poetry. Her chief work, Zophielor Maria del called her Occidente," of Sou they, who under the auspices the most impassioned and imaginativeof all and regarded her as this verdict. but time has not sustained
" "
poetesses," BROOME,
at
WILLIAM
Poet (1689-1745)."
and ed. at Eton and He
and
b. translator,
entered the the Iliad in
Haslington,Cheshire,
and
Camb.,
translated
held various he ex with others, and was employed by Pope, whom prose along the Odyssey, of which he celled as a Greek scholar, in translating and books, i6th, i8th, the 23rd catching 8th, nth, I2th, Englished so the styleof his master exactly as almost to defy identification, in The Dunciad. He a niche and thus annoying him so as to earn
Church,
incumbencies.
pub. verses
S.
of his
own
of very
moderate
merit. poetical
IST
b. in Edin., and ed. of Brougham Hall, Westmoreland, himself Univ. where he School and there, distinguished High and called mathematics. He chose a in was legalcareer, chiefly in His the Bar in and to 1808. 1800, to the Scottish Bar English
at the
BROUGHAM of Henry B.
AND
VAUX, HENRY,
LORD
(1778-1868).
"
his defence of Queen Caroline in 1822. In chief forensic displaywas his versatility and eloquencesoon 1810 he entered Parliament, where raised him to a foremost place. The questionson which he chiefly and parlia the slave trade, commercial, legal, mentary reform, and education, and in all of these he rendered he had signalservice. When, in 1830, the Whigs, with whom exerted himself
were
attained B. was Lord made Chancellor; but power, his arrogance, a nd indiscretion rendered him a dangerous selfishness, and unreliable colleague, and he was to office. never again admitted He turned associates, but con fiercely againsthis former political tinued his efforts on behalf of reform directions. in various He
always acted,
of the founders of London Univ. and of the Societyfor the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. In literature he has a place as one of the original of and most voluminous contributors to projectors The Edinburgh Review, and as the author of a prodigious of number treatises on science, philosophy, and history, includingDialogueson of Instinct,Lives of Statesmen, Philosophers, and Men of Science
was
one
the Time
an
49
being
of
George III.,Natural
written
numerous
Theology, etc., his

84th
and
now
last work
autobiography
in his fame
writings were of permanent
far too value.
year, and far too diverse

rests
pub. 1871. His in subject to be
His his
on chiefly
to legal and specially reform, political
and
to the
his services to diffusion of useful
which literature,
are
lastingmonuments. CAM
BROUGHTON,
"
JOHN
HOBHOUSE,
IST
LORD
(1786-
Bristol, near 1869). Eldest s. of Sir Benjamin H., b. at Redland School and at Camb., where he became intimate ed. at Westminster with Byron, and accompanied him in his journeys in the Peninsula, best man." In 1816 he Greece, and Turkey, and acted as his
"
was
with On
him his
after fourth
return
his
canto
separationfrom
he
notes
to the
him.
his wife, and contributed of Childe Harold, which dedicated to was himself threw into politics with great
various advanced as an Radical, and wrote pamphlets, for energy he was in 1819 imprisoned in Newgate. In the follow of which one for entered After the Westminster. he Parliament, sitting ing year held of power various offices, attainment by the Whigs he including those of Sec. at War, Chief Sec. for Ireland, and Pres. of the Board
pub. Journey through Albania (1813),Historical Canto of Childe Harold and Recollec (1818), for tions of a Long Life (1865), privatecirculation,and he left in MS. Diaries, Correspondence, and Memoranda, etc., not to be opened till which his from extracts were dau., Lady Dorchester, pub. by 1900, the title of Recollections from a Long Life (1909). also under
of Control. He Illustrations
of the Fourth
BROWN,
in
CHARLES
law
BROCKDEN
a
Novelist,b. (1771-1810).
"
belonged to Philadelphia,
to
Quaker family,became
has the distinction He
exchanged
first American
for literature,and
of
lawyer, but being the

several
adopt
career. purely literary
wrote
novels, including Wieland (1798),Ormond (1799),Arthur Mervyn his Talbot and last, a Jane (1801). With good deal of (1800-1),
he has occasional but dwells sentimentality power, the horrible and repulsive, the result, perhaps, of the on too much he all his life morbidity produced by the ill-health from which crudeness and suffered.
BROWN,
The
GEORGE
DOUGLAS
wrote Novelist, (1869-1902).

"
House with the Green Shutters, which gives a stronglyoutlined harder and less of the genial aspects of Scottish life and picture It may character. be regarded as a useful supplement and correc tive
to
the Barrie
more
J.
M.
and
of the roseate presentations It made Ian Maclaren."

"
pression. The
There is
an
author
a
ed. with
d. almost immediately memoir by Mr. Andrew

"
of considerable im after its publication.

a
kail-yardschool
Lang.
BROWN,
s.
DR.
and essayist, JOHN (1810-1882). Physician

a
B. at where
John Biggar, he was the practically and where physician,
distinguished dissentingminister in Edin. ed. at the High School and Univ. of Edin., whole of his uneventful life was spent as a he was revered and beloved in no common de and he the cherished friend of his of most was distinguished gree, many contemporaries,including Thackeray. He wrote comparatively
of
B., D.D.,
50

is
insight
with
of it perfect,of its kind. his Friends, Pet Marjorie, His collected along with were Enterkine, Our and history biography, in Horeg papers In the mingling of tenderness Subseciva (LeisureHours), 3 vols. in with Lamb; in his much has he common humour delicate and His later clouded is he into dog-nature unique. years were
little;but all he did write
good, some
Rob and
which are essays, among and The Dogs, Minchmoor, medical art, and on
occasional fits of
depression.
s. Metaphysician, (1778-1820).
"
BROWN,
THOMAS
of the
time B., minister of Kirkmabreck, practisedfor some Rev. Samuel his and tastes talents in but the lying as a physician in Edin., himself to the direction of literature and philosophy,he devoted cultivation of these, and succeeded Dugald Stewart as Professor of Moral Philosophy in the Univ. of Edin., in which positionhe had His main contribution to remarkable popularityas a lecturer. B. was of literature is his Lectures, pub. after his death. man a and considerable attractive character talents, but as a philosopher he is
now
largelysuperseded.
is
now
He
also wrote
poetry, which, though b. at
lacked force, and graceful,
forgotten.
BROWN,
THOMAS
s.
EDWARD
of and
Poet, (1830-1897).
"
Douglas,Isle of Man, Church entered the
ed. there and at Oxf., a clergyman, and held various scholastic appointments, Clifton. later years were spent in his and much of his poetry lyrical gift, His poems include Fo'c'sle Yarns Manx Witch His
a mastershipat including
He had a true native island. dialect. in Manx written was (1881),The Doctor (1887),The
(1889),and
2
(1893).
He
was
also
an
admirable
letter -writer, and
Old John vols. of his
letters have
been
pub.
BROWN,
there
TOM
Satirist, was (1663-1704)."

the famous
on
ed. at
He
was
Oxf.,and
for a few epigram schoolmaster at but his to Kingston-on-Thames, owing years irregu larities lost the appointment, and went to London, where he wrote satires, epigrams, and miscellaneous and pieces,generallycoarse scurrilous.
composed
Dr.
Fell.
BROWNE,
CHARLES
FARRAR
Humorist (1834-1867).
"
(Artemus Ward), b. in Maine, U.S., worked as a compositor and and became a highlypopular humorous reporter, writer, his books Ward his Book, A. W. His Panorama, being Artemus A. W. among the Mormons, and A W. in England.
.
BROWNE,
the author theme of A
as
ISAAC
of
some
HAWKINS
Is (1705-1760).
"
clever imitations of somewhat also wrote

was
a
remembered contemporary poets on the
Addresses
of mortality of had barrister,
Pipe of Tobacco, a later day. He

the soul.
analogous to
a
the
on
Rejected
the im and
Latin He
poem
was a
who great conversational
B.,
country gentleman
friend
powers.
of Dr.
Johnson.
BROWNE,
cellaneous
was
SIR THOMAS
and
and (1605-1682)." Physician

s.
mis
and
metaphysical writer,
Oxf., after
of
ed. at Winchester
which
London merchant, he studied medicine

at
5
he
various
Continental settled
univs., includingLeyden, where

and
grad.
He
ultimately
practised at
Norwich.
His
first and
work, Religio Medici (theReligionof a Physi perhaps best known Other Pseudodoxia books are Epidemica : cian)was pub. in 1642. Enquiries into Vulgar Errors (1646),Hydriotaphia,or Urn-burial
After his death year. (1658); and The Garden of Cyrus in the same of and Christian Morals. B. is one Friend his Letter to a were pub. in the writers no the most English language. Though by original and dealinglargelywith trivial subjects free from credulity, means invest everything freshness and ingenuityof his mind while with on touches more interest; important subjects his often rises to the highest and pedantic, style,if frequentlyrugged pitch of grave and statelyeloquence. In the Civil War he sided with the King's party, and was knighted hi 1671 on the occasion of Norwich. In character he was visit to cheerful, and a Royal simple, if indirect influence on succeeding retiring.He has had a profound of the inquiry, he
literature, mainly
and Coleridge, is an There ed.
by
impressing
works
master-minds S. Wilkin
such
as
Lamb,
Carlyle.
of B.'s Dr.
by
(4 vols., 1835-6),
Gosse in Men of
Religio Medici
Letters
by
Greenhill, 1881.
Life by
"
Series, 1903.
BROWNE,
WILLIAM
?-i645 ?). Poet, b. at Tavistock, (1590
His poems, he entered the Inner Temple. ed. at Oxf., after which rich and flowing, and true to the which are are mainly descriptive, by phenomena of nature, but deficient in interest. Influenced influence in had such Milton and turn he an poets as upon Spenser, Keats. His chief works
were
Britannia's
Pastorals
and (1613),
The
Pipe (1614). Shepheard's
BROWNING,
was
ELIZABETH
BARRETT
Poetess, (1806-1861).
"
the dau.
name was
near
last She
the Barrett Moulton Barrett, who assumed on succeedingto the estates of his grandfatherin Jamaica. but spent her youth at Hope b. at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, Great
of Edward
End,
her She
While stilla child she showed Malvern. her gift, and of the Battle of Marathon. on a juvenile epic, /.pub. 50 copies but owed her profound knowledge of Greek ed. at home, was stimulus with mental to her early friendship the blind arid much scholar, Hugh Stuart Boyd, who was a neighbour. At the age of 1 5 confined her to a recum she met with an injuryto her spine which bent
never
positionfor
several years, and In 1826 she fullyrecovered.
from
the
effects of which
she
pub. anonymously
Mind and Other Poems. Shortlyafterwards of which he had disinterested been a supporter, considerablyre he duced Mr. B.'s means: accordinglydisposed of his estate and with his familyfirst to Sidmouth removed and afterwards to London. Miss B. wrote Prometheus At the former Bound (1835). After her removal to threatened. London This she fell into delicate health, her did not, however, interfere with
An Essay on the abolition of slavery,
lungs being
her literary to various The Romaunt labours, and she contributed of periodicals Margaret, The Rcmaunt of the Page, The Poet's Vow, and other pieces. In 1838 appeared The Seraphim and Other Poems (including Cow"
per'sGrave.") Shortly thereafter

favourite brother gave
a
serious
the death, by drowning, of her shock to her alreadyfragile health,
52
and for
a

time she
life and death. between Eventually, meanwhile fame her and was strength, she grow regained however, it Children the of The a of about Cry great gave 1841 ing. The pub. time she contributed critical some the same about and
hovered
impulse,
of the Age. In 1844 she Spirit of Exile," comprised "The Drama In Geraldine's and Courtship." 1845 she Lady Vision of Poets," Robert future her husband, Browning (q.v.). for the first time met Their courtship and marriage,owing to her delicate health and the entertained by Mr. B. to the marriage of extraordinary objections somewhat carried out under his were children, peculiarand any of After and secret a a circumstances. romantic private marriage her husband to Italy, departure from her home, she accompanied almost her home which became continuouslyuntil her death, and she and her husband of which both with the political aspirations The union of themselves. un proved one thoroughly indentified it never was forgiven by Mr. alloyedhappiness to both, though her strength greatlyincreased. circumstances In her new Barrett.
H. Home's papers in prose to R. which of vols. Poems, pub. two
" "
New
Casa and she settled in Florence, and there she wrote Her husband considered her work Windows Guidi strongest (1851) by many of the Tuscan under the inspiration strugglefor liberty. Aurorh
" "
popular of her longer Leigh, her largest,and perhaps the most In The Sonnets in 1856. 1850 from the Portuguese appeared poems, the history of her own love-story,thinly disguisedby its title under had appeared. In 1860 she issued a coll. ed. of her poems Poems the title, beforeCongress. Soon thereafter her health under she gradaullylost strength, and d. on went a change for the worse; considered She is the of 1861. June 29, generally greatest English
" "
combined with her sufferings, intellectual strength,made moral and her the champion of the she found and them. Her suffering oppressed wherever giftwas of her work in form. not so was lyrical, essentially though much Her weak points are the lack of compression,an occasional some what obtrusive and mannerism, and frequent failure both in metre not the of her husband in force of rhyme. Though nearly equal intellect and the higher qualities of the poet, her works had, as might be expected on a comparison of their respective subjectsand earlier and wider acceptance with the generalpublic. a much styles, Mrs. B. was of singular a woman and charm, and though nobility not beautiful, attractive. was Miss Mitford thus remarkably (q.v.) describes her as a young A slight, delicate figure, with a woman: shower of dark curls falling each side of a most on expressiveface; large,tender eyes, richlyfringedby dark eyelashes, and smile a
own
"
poetesses. Her works are strong and deep, thought.
full of tender Her
and
delicate, but
also
of
like
sunbeam." Life by J. H.
a
Ingram
Browning (1889).
(1889);Letters Coll. ed. of her works,
of
see
R.
Browning
and
E.
B.
above.
s.
BROWNING,
Robert
a man
ROBERT
Poet, only (1812-1889).

"
of
of fine intellect and equally fine character, who B., held a positionin the Bank of England, was b. in Camberwell. His he was mother, to whom the of dau. German was attached, ardently a shipowner who had settled in Dundee, and was alike
intellectually

and
53
The only other member of the morally worthy of his affection. who the also was was a sister, highly gifted, sym family younger In his childhood he his later of was patheticcompanion years. of natural At he his love and 12 history. poetry distinguished by he destroyed when he could not had written a book of poetry which find a publisher. After being at one two or private schools, and he was ed. by a tutor, dislike to school life, showing an insuperable London. studied Greek at Univ. and thereafter Coll., Through musical his mother he inherited some talent, and composed settings His first pub. was for various Pauline, which appeared songs. In little attention. in but attracted 1834 he 1833, anonymously life his which much of future first visit in to to was so Italy, paid his in 1835, though the poem of Paracelsus be passed. The publication had no general Wordsworth, gained the notice of Carlyle, popularity, of letters, and gave him and other men a reputationas a poet of later his of Str affordwas Two drama distinguished promise. years performed by his friend Macready and Helen Faucit, and in 1840 the difficult and obscure of his works, Sordello, appeared; but, most did little to increase his reputation. It with select a few, except followed and was Pippa Passes) by Bells Pomegranates (containing Luria and A Soul's A Blot -in the 'Scutcheon (1841), (drama) (1843), In married Miss Elizabeth this he Barrett (1846). Tragedy year his ideal Thereafter home the union of a happiness. (q.v.), poetess, in Italy, at Florence. In until his wife's death in 1861 was chiefly Men Eve and Easter Day, and in 1855 appeared he wrote Christmas Women. After the death of Mrs. Browning he returned to visits to however, Italy. Settlingin England, paying, frequent
1850
and
Dramatis Persons The Ring publishedsuccessively (1864), his greatest work, Balaustion's and the Book Adventure, (1868-69), and Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau(1871), Fifineat the Fair (1872), PacRed Cotton Night-cap Country (1873), The Inn Album (1875), translation of La chiarotto (1876), Saisiaz, etc. Agamemnon (1879), Dramatic Idylls (1879 and 1880),Asolando (1878), (1889)appeared To the great majority of readers, probably, the day of his death. on London B. is best known of his short poems, such as, to name a few, by some " the News Rabbi Ben How to Aix," Ezra," they brought good " " The Pied A Gram Evelyn Hope," Piper of Hammelin,"
" "
he
marian's
in the Desert." It was A Death long before of that in B. she had received the one England recognised greatestof her poets, and the causes lie the surface. His of this on subjects often recondite and lay beyond the ken and sympathy of the were
Funeral,"
"
great bulk of readers; and
ing the ideas and

expression, the
partlyto his often

treatment
owing, partlyto the subtle links connect and rugged extremely condensed
of them
was
not
seldom
difficult and
obscure. narrow Consequently for long he appealed to a somewhat circle. As time went after work was added, on, however, and work the circle widened, and the marvellous of and depth variety thought and intensity Societies began of feeling told with increasing force.
to be formed
for the study of the poet's Critics became work. more and more and he at last reaped the harvest of admira appreciative, tion and honour which was his due. to him. Many distinctions came He was made LL.D. of Edin., a life Governor of London Univ., and had the offer of tae Lord Rectorshipof Glasgow. He d. in the house-
54
of his
son
The buried in Westminster Abbey. at Venice, and was wise and noble optimism. His poems keynote of his teaching is a in 1896. Some vols. of his correspondence collected in 2 vols. were also pub. with Mrs. B. were s BrownWorks of ed. (17 vols. 1888-90); Furmvall Uniform Orr (1891); by Mrs. Sutherland ins Bibliography (1883), Lives of Men Chesterton K. G. (English (1904), Gosse (1890); Dowden Brooke, 1902, etc.; Poetry of Robert Browning by Stopford Letters), SUMMARY." B.
1812,
pub.
to
and Pomegranates 1841, m. to England and he returned till her d., 1861, when Persona, Ring and write until his d., pub. Dramatis d. 1889. Asolando 1889,
Paracelsus E. B. B.
1835, Sordello 1840, Bells 1846, lives chieflyin Italy

continued Book
to
1868-9. the
BRUCE,
family
Traveller,was JAMES (1730-1794)."
6. at
After ed. at Harrow. seat of Kinnaird, Perthshire, and his in out on expeditionto 1768 various travels in Europe he set Nile. He Blue of the Abyssinia,and in 1770 reached the source in 5 in 1790 pub. his Travels to England in 1774, and returned he adventures the notorious His singular vanity, quarto vols. which he character embellished imparted related, and the generally sub and he was excited some to his narrative degree of scepticism, deal of satire,to which, though much annoyed, he to a
jected
did not
good that he had shown allowed reply. It is,however, generally and that he his in explorations, perseverance, and zeal great daring, his to the geographical day. knowledge of made a real addition
BRUCE, MICHAEL
Poet, s. (1746-1767)."
of
poor
weaver
cattle, but re Kinross-shire, as a child herded at Kinnesswood, Univ. of the at sessions ceived education, a including 4 good Loch His school. time longestpoem, kept a Edin., and for a short His best is his Elegy. His Leven, shows the influence of Thomson. short cut was by consumption in 1767. The promising career " beautiful Ode the Cuckoo of the to beginning Hail, authorship " authorities is contested, some beauteous stranger of the grove
claimingit for B. and others for the of his own, B.'s works, adding some
Rev. and
who John Logan (q.v.), who claimed

"
ed. his.
the Ode
as
BRUNTON, MARY
of
were
dau. Novelist, (BALFOUR)(1778-1818).

m.
of Elwick, and of Col. Balfour of Oriental Languages in the

two
to
Univ.
novels,
-Control Self their
(1811)
"
Prof. Dr. Brunton, the Rev. the authoress of Edin., was and Discipline (1814),which
popular in
day.
at Eton
or
BRYANT,
Camb.,
Homeric
wrote
Scholar,ed. JACOB (1715-1804).

but learnedly, His
on paradoxically,
were
and
and
mythological
System
subjects.
chief works
New
the Plain Observations on Mythology (1774-76), and Dissertation concerning the Wars (1795), of Troy (1796). In the last two he endeavoured of Troy and to show that the existence the Greek these fabulous. on were so expedition sceptical Though he of believer the in the was an Rowley points implicit authenticity theo fabrications. on He also wrote authorship of Chatterton's logical subjects.
of Ancient
Analysis of Troy

BRYANT, WILLIAM
both sides
came
over
55
b. at
on
CULLEN
the in the
Poet, was (1794-1878).

"
Cummington, Massachusetts,
5.
of
doctor.
His
ancestors
Mayflower. His first poem was Thanawhich was topsis (1817), produced in greeted as the best poem time he for America time. After that to some being a lawyer up acted as ed. of and induced to exchange law for journalism, was Lines to a various are periodicals.Among his best known poems West Forest The The The The Wind, Rivulet, Hymn, Water-fowl, His is tender and etc. muse graceful, pervaded by Fringed Gentian, of solitude and the silence a contemplativemelancholy, and a love of the woods. Though he was brought up to admire Pope, and in
his
to
earlyyouth
throw and
imitated
him, he
He
was
one a
off his influence.
had
of the first American of duty, high sense
poets
was a
prominent
the
verse
reverence
and even citizen,and enjoyed the esteem patriotic of his fellow-countrymen. B. also produced a blanktranslation of the Iliad and the Odyssey.
BRYDGES,
grapher
SIR
SAMUEL
EGERTON
Biblio (1762-1837).
"
called to the Bar in 1787. and genealogist, ed. at Camb., was He novels but rendered and wrote now some forgotten, poems, valuable service by his bibliographical publications,Censura Liter aria, Titles and Opinions of Old EnglishBooks (10 vols. 1805-9). his editions of E. Phillips' Poetarum s Theatrum Anglicanorum (1800) Collin's Peerage of England (1812), of many Elizabethan and rare authors. He was made in 1814. He d. at Geneva. a baronet
BUCHANAN,
GEORGE
Historian (1506-1582).
"
and scholar
in 1519, he first with
b. at Killearn, Stirlingshire, of poor the help of an uncle, to the Univ. in contact with the two and the Reformation. His
parents, was
sent
great influences
Paris, and after seeingsome and in 1524 went to St. Andrews, where he Two later he found means Major (q.v.). years
of Paris, where came of the age, the Renaissance uncle having died, he had to leave militaryservice,returned to Scotland, studied under
John
to Paris, to return where he graduated at the Scots Coll. in 1528, and taught grammar in the Coll. of St. Barbe. Returning to Scotland in 1536 with a he was made great reputationfor learning by James V. tutor to one of his illegitimate sons, and incited by him to satirise the vices of the
This
he did in two Latin poems, Somnium and Franciscanus. stirred the wrath of th'eecclesiastical powers to such a heat he was that, the King withholdinghis protection, obligedin 1 5 39 to himself by flight first to England and then to France, where he save remained until 1 547 teachingLatin at Bordeaux and Paris. In the latter year he was invited to become a prof, at Coimbra, where he was imprisonedby the Inquisition as a heretic from 1549-51, and
wrote
which clergy,
the Latin
greater part of his magnificent translation

excelled
of the Psalms
into He
has never been verse, which returned to England in 1552, but soon
In 1561 taught in the Coll. of Boncourt. for the rest of his life. Hitherto, though country, where he remained a supporter of the new and a merciless exposer of the vices learning of the
by any modern. re-crossed to France and he came back to his native
clergy,he
the
had ranks
remained of the
openly joined
the ancient Reformers. He
in
faith, but
held the
he
now
Principal-
56
ship of

St. Leonard's St. Andrews, Coll.,
was a
supporter of
the
party
Detectio Maries famous of the Regent Moray, produced in 1571 his relations to the of Darnley and Queen's Resincs a scathing exposure was his tutor, to death, 1570-78, to leading up the circumstances and to whom he brought up with great strictness, James VI., whom afterwards the King was so vain. he imparted the learningof which De Jure Regni apud Scotos (1579), were His chief remaining works was his pub. History of Scotland, which against absolutism, and had borne he so great a part death. his Though before immediately the first scholar of his age, he in the affairs of his country, and was of his interment. d. so poor that he left no funds to meet the expenses remarkable for the is which his is History, His literary masterpiece and richness of its style. Its matter, however, gave so much power in all copiesof it,as issued calling was offence that a proclamation be purged of the that De they might the well as of Regni,
Jure
" B. which matters they contained. offensive and extraordinary his much for literature not so holds his great and unique place in influence and on his for subsequent lasting as strong own writings "
writers.
BUCHANAN,
at
ROBERT
Poet (1841-1901).
"
and
k novelist,
Caverswall, Staffordshire,the and ed. at Glasgow, was socialist,
and of a Scottish schoolmaster the friend of David Gray (q.v.). in search of fame, but had a long to London and with him went collection of first His a of work, poems, discouragement. period followed by Undertones had, however, some success, and was (1863), which and Poems London Inverburn others, (1866), (1865), Idyllsof
s.
gave him Thereafter
of his future. not always with he took up prose fiction and the drama, drastic criticism of his and got into trouble owing to some success, article on the Fleshly his in famous culminating contemporaries,
a
and growing reputation,
raised
high hopes
appeared in the Contemporary Review (Oct. School of Criti from Rossetti (The Stealthy and evoked replies 1871), his novels are Swinburne Under and the Among cism] ( Microscope) his and Man A Child of Nature God and the (1881), (1879), among dramas A Nine Days' Queen, A Madcap Prince, and A lone in London. directed His latest poems, The Outcast and The Wandering Jew, were in his unfortunate againstcertain aspects of Christianity.B. was latter years; turned out ruinously; he had to sell his a speculation and he sustained a paralytic seizure, from the effects of copyrights, which he d. in a few months. that his He ultimatelyadmitted criticism of Rossetti was unjustifiable.
School
of Poetry,which
BUCKINGHAM,
1687). Dramatist,
"
GEORGE
of the
VILLIERS,
ist
2ND
DUKE
OF
(1628-
s. Duke, who was in 1628 assassinated Felton. His life full of adventure was and by change of fortune. The Restoration gave him back his already twice lost estates, which he again squandered by a life of wild extravagance and profligacy at Court. He was of the Cabal " and intrigued a member against Clarendon. He wrote pamphlets, lampoons, and plays, but his chief contribution to literature was The Rehearsal, a comedy, in which he satirised the heroic drama of Dryden and others. It is believed that S. Butler had a hand in it. Dryden had his revenge in his picture of B. as Zimri in Absalom and
"
Achitophel.

BUCKINGHAM
DUKE
OF
as a
57
IST
AND
"
NORMANBY,
of the 2nd Earl Prince
JOHN
SHEFFIELD,
of Mulgrave, served and Turenne, and is also youth to the Princess, afterwards said to Queen, Anne. William and under He was a Privy Councillor James II., Mary, and His magni he remained a favourite. Anne, with the last of whom for to make ficent mansion was purchased and pulled down way
(1648-1721). S.
in his
soldier under love made have
Rupert
Buckingham
Essay
on
Palace.
He An
wrote
An
on
Account
of
Satire, and
Essay SILK
Poetry.
the Revolution, An He also remodelled
Shakespeare's Julius Casar.
BUCKINGHAM,
traveller, wrote
World. and He
JAMES
many books
Journalist (1786-1855).
"
established, and
many
produced
New of travel, both the Old and on for a year or two ed., The Athenaum, and social subjects. pamphlets on political
BUCKLAND, FRANCIS
TREVELYAN
Naturalist, (1826-80).
"
his /. was Dean of Christchurch. He b. and ed. at Oxf., where Life in the Guards. An and was studied medicine assistant-surgeon he wrote enthusiastic lover of natural history, largely upon it,among his works being Curiosities of Natural History (4 vols. 1857-72), Log Book
of a
Fishes for a time
Fisherman (1881). He
and Zoologist Natural History of British (1876), also founded and ed. Land He was and Water. Fisheries, and served on various Inspector of Salmon he of
was
commissions. Though observant, scientific in his methods and modes of Darwin. strong opponent
always strictly he was and a expression,

not
"
BUCKLE,
writer,
Kent.
s.
HENRY
a
THOMAS
in
(1821-1862). Historical
in b. at Lee London, was little at school, he received a
wealthy shipowner at a univ. and Though never and inheriting an degree of education privately, ample fortune jhigh himself he devoted to travel and a largelibrary, study, with Jland Ithe view of preparingfor a great work which he had projected, The As introduction Civilisation in this to he an of England. \\History
of
of the state of civilisation in various mtered the consideration upon )ther countries, but this he had scarcely completed when his death in 1862. The first vol. was ;ook place at Damascus pub. in 1857, In these the results of a vast amount ind the second in 1861. of
eading are shown;
but
they
are
not
free from data. idea of He
one-sided
views
generalisations restingon
insufficient
has, however,
and the
credit of having contributed a new historyand the method "f writing it. The completed work have to extended to 14 vols. was 3. was of the greatestchess-players in Europe. one
BUDGELL, EUSTACE
"d. at Oxf., was a cousin him ;ot appointed to :oolish
a
Miscellaneous writer, (1686-1737).

"
of Addison, who took him to Ireland lucrative office,which, however, he
and
was
by lampooning the Viceroy. He away issisted A. in the Spectator, of which he wrote signed X. 37 numbers [n these he imitates A.'s style with some vain success. B., who was evildays, lost a fortune in the South Sea ind vindictive, fell on accused of forginga will, and Bubble, was committed suicide by himself out of a boat at London throwing Bridge.
enough
to
throw
58
at

b. at Wells, ed. Theologian, (1634-1710)."
BULL, GEORGE
ordained by an ejected and Oxf., took orders, was Tiverton Bristol. He of Suddington near the received living and bishop in 1658, back for scheme to a bringing and was privy a strong Royalist, was obtained further he Restoration pre the Royal family. After the when David's at an of St. in age Bishop became and 1704 ferment had become unequal to any very active dischargeof the his strength Anglican theologians, He has a high place among duties of his see. held in high of the Trinity was and as a defender of the doctrine controversialists. Among even by Continental Romanist esteem endea he in which (1669-70) Harmonia Apostolica his works are the between teaching of voured to reconcile allegeddiscrepancies faith and between works, in St. Paul and St. James on the relation latter the higher authority, Defensio he assigned to the which and of Corruptions the Church of Rome. Fidei Niccenai
(1685)
BULWER,
BUNYAN,
ford, the
s.
E. L.
LYTTON.) (See
at
B. JOHN (1628-1688)."
of
a
Elstow,
near
Bed
ed. at a poor tinker, was At 17 he was worked at his father's trade. the Civil War, and served for two years at whose Man's
free school, after which .he drafted as a soldier in
woman, 19 he m. a pious young and the Pathway to Heaven two been books, the Plain influenced towards he was a religious Practice of Piety, by which book, Grace Abounding, B. describes life. In his autobiographical life in his youth; but there abandoned himself as having led an that he to be no evidence was, outwardly at any rate, worse appears fault which he : the only serious of his neighbours than the average The others being dancing and is profanity, bell-ringing. specifies
Newport Pagnell. At only dowry appears to have
overwhelming power of his imaginationled him to contemplate acts and to a vivid realisation of the dangers of impiety and profanity, harassed he was In particular these involved. by a curiosityin that he had unpardonable sin," and a prepossession regard to the voices heard He committed it. urging him to continually already After severe fearful visions. tortured and sell Christ," was by this condition, and became conflicts he escaped from an spiritual In 1657 he joined the Baptist believer. enthusiastic and assured committed to Bedford and in 1660 was Church, began to preach, Jail, to conform, or to desist at first for three months, but on his refusing with little interval for his confinement extended from preaching, was a periodof nearly 12 years, not always,however, very rigorous. He his and four children, includinga blind girl) family (wife supported and devoted all the time he could spare by making tagged laces, from this to studying his few books and writing. During this other The period he wrote Holy City and Grace things, among Under Declaration released the of Abounding. Indulgence he was
" "
in
In 1675 the Declaration was cancelled, and he was, under the Conventicle Act, again im prisonedfor six months, during which he wrote the first part of The which Pilgrim's Progress, appeared in 1678, and to which consider able additions were made in subsequent editions. followed It was the The Holy War by Life and Death of Mr. B adman (1680), (1682),
a
1672, and
became
licensed
preacher.
and the second
59
part
as
a
widely
wide a father and son, he was drenched of
known influence.
In
in with
of The Pilgrim's Progress(1684). B. was now popular preacher and author, and exercised a 1688 he set out on a journey to mediate between which he was successful. On the return journey
rain, caught
August 31. He is buried in Bunhill having written, in The Pilgrim'sProgress,probably widely read book in the English language,and one which
translated The into
more
chill and d. in London on B. has the distinction Fields.

a
the
most
book except any it the joy of old and young, schools of thought ignorant,and of readers of all possible in interest of lies the in which the intense and a theology, story 'of the writer makes characters, incidents, and scenes imagination
tongues
which
charm learned and
of the
work,
than makes
has been the Bible.
alike live in that of his readers as thingsactually known and remem in its of bered touches tenderness and themselves, by quaint and its pure, nervous, humour, its bursts of heart-moving eloquence, " idiomatic the English, Macaulay has said, Every reader knows well as he knows which he has as a road on forwards times," and he adds that a hundred England during the latter half of the seventeenth century there which were only two minds possessedthe imaginativefacultyin a degree. One of these minds produced the Paradise very eminent Lost, the other The Pilgrim's Progress." B. wrote about 60 books of which The ranks and to The next tracts, Holy War Pilgrim's in while Grace Progress popularity, Abounding is one of the most interesting piecesof biography in existence. and straight been In
"
narrow
path
backwards
and
There
are
numerous
Lives, the
Bedford
most
new
complete being
that
by
Dr.
(1885 John 1888): others are Southey's which is Froude on based, Offor (1862), (1830), Macaulay's Essay The People of the Pilgrimage, (1880). On The Pilgrim's Progress, by Kerr D.D. D.D. Characters, Bain, J. Bunyan by Principal Whyte,
Brown
of
BURCKHARDT,
Lausanne his books
JOHN
English. He travelled widely in Africa and in Syria, and the adjoining a great oriental scholar, countries, became the pilgrimage to Mecca, and obtained himself, made and, disguising He wrote of his to Christians. to placesnot open accounts access book Arabic He of and d. on a travels, dysentery at proverbs. Cairo when about to start on a new journey into the interior ol
Africa.
and ed. in of travel in
b. at LEWIS Traveller, (1784-1817). to England in 1806 and wrote Germany, came

"
BURKE,
EDMUND
Statesman, (1729-1797).
"
orator, and
he of an attorney in Dublin, where was political philosopher, b. His his but maiden was name mother, whose /.was a Protestant, Catholic. He received his early ed. at a was Nagle, was a Roman Quaker school at Ballitore, and in 1743 proceeded to Trinity Coll., Dublin, where he graduated in 1748. His /.wished him to study for the law, and with this objecthe, in 1750, went and entered to London the Middle time Temple. He, however, disliked law and spent more in literary than in legal pursuits study. In 1756 his first pub. work the
s.
the views of a satire on appeared, A Vindication of Natural Society, but close imitation the of that writer's so was Bolingbroke, style, and so grave the irony, that its point as a satire was missed. largely
60
In the

same
treatise On the Sublime and year he pub. his famous and three attracted universal attention, years Beautiful, which later with Dodsley the publisher The Annual (1759)he projected the yearly Survey of to write continued which he for Register, introduced time he was to the same About until 1788. Events about to go to H.) then W. G. Hamilton (known as Single-speech him of in the and Chief capacity Sec., accompanied Ireland as three In he for remained which he 1765 years. private sec., in sec. to the Marquis of Rockingham, the Whig states became private his fast friend until his death. then Prime Minister, who became man, Parliament member for Wendhe entered as time the same and orator brilliant his as an career and began philosophic over, he interested himself statesman. The first great subjectin which de colonies, which soon the controversy with the American was in and he in ultimate and into 1769 separation, war pub., veloped
At
The Present State of the G. Grenville, his pamphlet on small the of Gregories he estate In the same Nation. purchased year made him His speeches and writingshad now Beaconsfield. near the suggestion other effects had brought about famous, and among also about this the author of the Letters of Junius. It was that he was
reply
to
circle which, includingGoldsmith, Garrick, etc., had Johnson for its central luminary. In 1770 ap peared Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontent, directed hand, and of against the growth of the Royal power on the one time that he became
one
of the
In 1774 he was elected member for Bristol, other. differences with his constituency so until 1780, when the questions of Irish trade and Catholic emancipation led to his on he sat for Malton until his final retirement after which resignation, the administration of Lord North from public life. Under (1770in part went bad to worse, and it was 1 782) the American war on from faction on the and continued
at last owing to the splendid oratorical efforts of B. that it was To to end. this his brilliant two of most an brought periodbelong and performances, his speech on Conciliation with America (1775), his Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol (1777). The fall of North led to Rockingham being recalled to power, which, however, he held for a few months only,dying in the end of 1782, during which period B. held the office of Paymaster of the Forces, and was made a Privy Councillor. Thereafter he committed the great error of his political life in supportingFox in his coalition with North, one of the most it to those as in concerned of was the most flagitious, it,one fatal, in a cts this unhappy our political parliamentaryhistory. Under combination he continued to hold during its brief existence the office of Paymaster, and distinguished himself in connection with Fox's India Bill. The coalition fell in 1783, and was succeeded by the long administration of Pitt, which lasted until 1801. B. was for the remainder of his political life in opposition. In accordingly
1785
the
he made
his
great speech
moved
next
government
year of Warren
(1786)he
of that statesman, which, beginning in until 1794, and of which B. was the leadingpromoter. the events in France in progress which were led to the and culminated in the death of the King and Queen.
impeachment
The Nabob of Ar cot's Debts, and in for papers in regard to the Indian Hastings,the consequence of which was the
on
1787,
lasted
Meanwhile, Revolution,
By
these
B.

was
profoundly moved, and (1790) electrified England,

The
same
his
the on Reflections and even Europe. and the led

to
French Revolution Its success was which

arose
enormous.
events
differences its break
regarding them rupture of B's

to the
non-existent. In the same been to have year the appear end. B. felt that his work done and to an was Hastings trial came indeed that he was worn out; and he took leave of Parliament. The King, whose favour he had gainedby his attitude on the French to make him Lord Beaconsfield, but the death Revolution, wished of all its attractions, and had deprived such an honour son the only reward he would a was pension of ^2500. Even accept this modest reward for services so transcendent attacked was by the Duke of Bedford, to whom B. made a crushing reply in the Letter to a Noble Lord (1796). His last pub. was the Letter on a of his called forth by negotiations for peace with (1796), it appeared the author dead. was thinkers whom B. was of the greatest political one England has like his speeches,are characterised produced, and all his writings, by the welding togetherof knowledge, thought, and feeling. Un
of his he saw in fact
the Whig party up, with his Fox, and to Appeal from the New friendship him in the loss Old Whigs. In 1794 a terrible blow fell upon and in whom he was Richard, to whom attached, son tenderly which to and which not of were others, signs promise, patent in the
to
RegicidePeace
France. When
like most he is more successful as a writer than as a speaker. orators He rose too far above the heads of -his audience, which the continued and his splendour of his declamation, his inordinate copiousness, excessive
even
often passinginto fury,at lengthwearied, and in but his writings are found of the grandest some disgusted: of fervid and elaborated a examples richly eloquence. Though he
vehemence,
was
to the Cabinet, he guided and influenced largely while by his efforts in the direction of and order in administration and behalf of at home, on economy and hi well his contributions as India, as kindly justgovernment by
never
admitted
the
policy of
his
party,
to
political philosophy,he
laid his
country
and
indeed
the
world
under lasting obligations. There Lives by Prior are various ed. of his works B.
have
and (1824 and 1854); J. Morley (1867), Select Works appeared. by Payne
(3 vols. 1874-78).
Middle 1729, ed. Trinity Coll., Dublin, enters On treatise Sublime the and 1750, pub. Beautiful 1756, became friend of Rockingham 1765, enters Parliament and engages in American controversy,pub. speech on Conciliation with America
"
SUMMARY.
Temple
and P. C. 1782, joined coalition of Fox 1775, Paymaster of Forces North of W. 1782, leads in prosecution Hastings 1787-94, pub. French Revolution with Fox on Reflections 1790 and breaks party, Letter Peace 1796, d. 1797. on a Regicide pub.
and
BURNET,
torian,
s.
judge, and
GILBERT (1643-1715). Theologian and his of a Royalist and a Episcopalianlawyer, who became of the sister of Johnston of Warristoun, of the a leader
"
Covenanters, was
b. in Edin., and ed. at Aberdeen and at Amsterdam, where he studied Hebrew under Rabbi. a Returning to Scotland, he was and Prof, of successively Episcopal minister at Saltoun
62
Divinity
Scotch take an voured
in and Glasgow (1669),
was
then
offered, but time, and
declined,
led him he
a.
bishopric. His
active
and energetic
bustlingcharacter
of the between
to
endea to bring Episcopacy and in some he was favour with Charles Presbytery. Going to London he received various preferments. His literary II.,from whom repuin 1679 of the first tation was by the publication greatlyenhanced
part
about
in the controversies reconciliation a
vol. of his History of the Reformation of the Church of England, for of Parliament, and which the thanks which he received was com in 1682 and On two other account of letter vols., a 1714. by pleted to write to the King, he lost favour which he ventured of reproof at II. and the Court, policypursued by James being very repugnant to he became of him, he betook himself in 1687 to Holland, where one the advisers
Revolution,
adorned by which
was,
of the Prince of made he was liberal
by
his fame
Orange. Returning to England at the office he Bishop of Salisbury,which views and a zealous discharge of duty. The work is chiefly sustained, his History of my Own Times,
his direction,not to be pub. until 6 years after his death. It in It sketch of the of a the Civil Wars gives appeared 1723. history and a detailed account and Commonwealth, of the immediately suc While not free from egotism and some ceedingperioddown to 1713. it is written with a sincere desire for accuracy and fair party feeling,
by
ness,
and it has largely the authority of an eye-witness. The style, if somewhat in is and picturesque. Among his lacking dignity, lively other writings are a History of the Dukes of Hamilton, and an Exposi
tion of the 39 Articles. His principal works have been Press ed. of My Own Times by Routh
repeatedly printed. Clarendon (1823 and 1833).

"
BURNET,
writer
on
THOMAS
was
? 1715) (1635
.
Theologian and
Camb., and became
b. at Croft near Darlington,and ed. at of Charterhouse and Clerk of the Closet to William III. His literary fame rests on his Telluris Theoria Sacra, or Sacred Theory of the Earth, pub. about 1692, first in Latin and afterwards in English,a work of all scientific which, in absence cosmogony, Master
knowledge
tive Some
cosmogony.
were,
of the earth's structure, was a mere necessarily It is written, however, with much of the views expressed in another work,
specula eloquence. ArchaolgicnPhilo

theo
sophies,
however,
to
so
unacceptable
to
contemporary b. near
that logians
he had
resignhis post
at Court.
BURNS, ROBERT
5.
Poet, was (1759-1796)."
of William Burness or Burns, a small farmer, and a man of con siderable force of character and self-culture. His youth was passed in and a degree of severe poverty, hardship, manual labour which left its traces in a premature constitution. He stoop and weakened had little regular and got much of what schooling, education he had from his father,who his children
Ayr, the
taught
geography
Christian
elder
arithmetic, reading, writing,

"
and and also wrote history, for them A Manual Belief." With all his ability and character, however,
of the
B. was family from
consistently and unfortunate,

farm
to
migrated
with
his
large
circumstances.
dresser, but,
as
without ever being able to improve his In 1781 Robert went to Irvine to become flaxa the result of a New Year carousal of the workmen,
farm
including himself, the shop took fire to an This venture accordingly came
B. with his brother :he farm; maintained with troubles Gilbert in failing which
an
63
ground.
and
was
burned
to the
made
an
In 1784 the /. died, and end. ineffectual struggle to keep on

to
they
removed
Mossgiel, where
they
Meanwhile, his love affair uphillfight for 4 years. had Jean Armour passed through its first stage, and the
in in connection
therewith,
to
combined
with
the
want
of
of going to Jamaica as booksuccess farming, dissuaded this he was a by a letter plantation. From ceeper on and Blacklock at the suggestion of his Dr. Thomas rom (q.v.), This first ed. was brother brought out at Kilpub. his poems. of his best work, in much in June 1786, and contained marnock
led him
think
Dogs," The Address to the Deil," HallowThe Daisy," ;'en," The Cottar's Saturday Night," The Mouse," of which had been written at Mossgiel. Copies of this ed. etc., many are now extremely scarce, and as much as ^5 50 has been paid for one. The success of the work was immediate, the poet'sname rang over all Scotland, and he was induced to go to Edin. to superintendthe There received of a new ed. he was as ssue an equal by the Brilliant circle of men the city then of letters which boasted
cluding
"
"
The
Twa
"
"
"
"
"
Dugald Stewart, Robertson, Blair, etc., and

cratic tables, where also Scott, then a
'
was
guest
at
aristo Here
as
.
he bore boy of
not
himself
saw
manners
rustic,
15, clownish.
with him His
unaffected and
dignity.
him
. .
describes
of
countenance
...
more
massive than it looks in any of the portraits a strong expres sion of shrewdness in his lineaments; the eye alone indicated the joetical character and temperament. It was and of dark a large,
jast, and
he spoke with when feelingor interest." The results of this visit outside of its immediate and practical object, ncluded which those with some were friendships, life-long among
literally glowed
ed. brought him Mrs. Dunlop. The new time of the episode Highland Mary occurred. ^400. On his return to Ayrshirehe renewed his relations with Jean Armour, whom he ultimately Dum married, took the farm of Ellisland near About this
!-ord
Glencairn
and
fries, having meanwhile

as
a
At
gentry. And literature and his duties in the excise, to which he had been appointed in 1789, proved too much of a distraction to admit of success which in Meanwhile the he on farm, 1791 gave up. he was writingat his best, and in 1 790 had produced Tarn o' Shanter.
:his, together with
About London this time he was offered and declined an appointment in the staff of the Star newspaper, and refused to become on a candidate for a newly-created Chair of Agriculturein the Univ. of Edin., although influential friends offered to support his claims. After givingup his farm he removed It was to Dumfries. at this ime for The Melodies that, being requested to furnish words of which 100 songs, on his claim to immortalitychiefly perhaps rests, and which placed him in the front rank of lyric His now worldly prospects were poets. aerhapsbetter than they had ever been ; but he was enteringupon the last and darkest period of his career. He had become soured, and moreover had alienated many of his best friends by too freely
taken lessons in the duties of line to fall back upon should farming again prove Ellisland his societywas cultivated by the local
an
exciseman,
unsuccessful.
Scotland, he responded by contributing over
64
expressingsympathy unpopular advocates
Revolution, and the then with the French His health began to give at home. of reform into fits of despondency; fell and o ld, he became prematurely way; which he had always been more to and the habits of intemperance, He d. on July 21, 1797. less addicted, grew upon him. or directness, and sin of B. is marked by spontaneity, The
genius
his variety is marvellous, ranging from the tender inten humour and blazing of his lyrics through the rollicking sityof some satire of Holy Willie's Prayer wit of Tarn o' Shanter to the blistering full of His life is a tragedy,and his character and The Holy Fair. and tremendous odds, as at he But Carlylein his flaws. fought and cerity,
great Essay
shrouds and
to know
"
but damaged, the his voyage has been how blameworthy, tell us first whether the Globe or only to Ramsgate and the Isle of Dogs." round innumerable. about are Burns, his life and writings, books The Among the Lives are those by Currie (1800); Allan Cunningham is based which on memor Carlyle's (1828), (1834); J. G. Lockhart
.
.
says, tackle
Granted
the
into harbour ship comes is pilot blameworthy
with
.
the famous ed. of the Poems able Essay (whichsee}. Among may Edin. the first (Kilmarnock 1786), be mentioned (1787),and the Centenary (1896), by W. E. Henley and T. F. Henderson. at MossB. 1759, flax-dresser at Irvine 1781, farms SUMMARY.
"
has love giel, visits Edin. songs,

c.
affair with
Jean Armour, pub. first

to
ed. of poems
1786, goes
Ellisland, became
exciseman
1786, 1789, pub.
1791, d. 1797.
BURTON,
ed. at and in land, and
JOHN
was
Aberdeen,
b. and HILL (1809-1881). was Historian, in 1831 called to the Bar, but had little practice,
"
1854 was appointed in 1877 a Commissioner
Sec. to the of Prisons.
Prison He
period of his life a contributor and in 1846 pub. a periodicals,

siderable attention, and Lord President Forbes.
was
He in "f publication 1853 History of Scotland from the Revolution to the Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection, to which he added (1867Invasion to the Revolution, in 70) History of Scotland from Agricola's narrative. 7 vols.,thus completing a continuous Subsequently he Pub. a History of the Reign of Queen Anne (1880). Other works of a kind were The Book-Hunter lighter (1862),and The Scot Abroad of (1864). B.'s historical works displaymuch research and a spirit candour and honesty,and have and picturesque spirited passages, but the style is unequal, and frequentlylacks dignity. On the
to Blackwood's life of Hume, which attracted con followed by Lives of Lord Lovat and began his career as an historian by the
Board of Scot became at an early Magazine and other
whole, however, his is regarded

and valuable of history Scotland
as
the
most
generallytrustworthy
at
present existing.
BURTON,
and
SIR RICHARD
FRANCIS
(1821-1890)." Explorer
scholar, s. of an officer in the army, was b. at Barham House, Herts, and after a somewhat desultoryeducation abroad as well as at home, entered a life of travel, adventure, and upon militaryand
civil service in almost every quarter of the world, includingIndia, Africa, the nearer East, and North and South America, in the course of which he mastered official his masterful 35 languages. As an
65
of adventure and spirit brought him into collision frequently ways considered himself he not seldom with superiorpowers, by whom of upwards of 50 books on a the author ill-used. He was great and translations, of novels, travels, subjects, including variety Narrative Personal which are (1855)* of a Journey to Mecca among Lake in East Africa (1856), First Footprints Regions of Equatorial The Nile Basin, a translation and life of Camoens, an Africa (1860), translation of the Arabian literal Nights,with notes and absolutely of which his accomplished wife pub. an expurgated who the companion of his travels after 1861, edition. was Lady B., books also wrote on Syria, Arabia, and other eastern countries, as of whose well as a life of her husband, a number manuscripts she
commentaries,
estroyed.
BURTON,
t
ROBERT
Miscellaneous (1577-1640).
"
b. writer,
and ed. at Oxf., took orders, and became Lindley,Leicestershire, of Segrave,LeicesterIcar of St. Thomas, Oxf., 1616, and Rector antidote of spirits, he wrote as an lire, 1630. Subjectto depression
singularbook
"
which
has
given
he Melancholy,in which in 1621, unior, was pub.
appears and had
of Democritus great popularity. In the words the

name
him under
fame.
The
Anatomy
of
his quotationsfrom The author's varietyof learning, f Warton, with rude wit and and curious books, his pedantry sparkling are have rendered it a repertory of amusement lapeless elegance from which information." It has also proved a store-house without have not scrupledto draw ater authors acknowledgment. book of Dr. Johnson. B. was ; was a mathematician a favourite under dabbled When he was id in astrology. not an depression " and a facete, and juvenile," musing companion, very merry,
. . .
erson
of " great honesty,plaindealing, and charity." The best ed. is that of Rev. A. R. Shilleto, with introduction H. Bullen (3vols. 1893).
by
of
BURY, LADY
the Duke of
CHARLOTTE
dau. Novelist, (1775-1861).

"
Col. J. Campbell, and sth of novels econd to Rev. E. J. Bury, wrote number a Flirtation, remembered in conThe Divorced, etc., but is chiefly iparation, ection with a Diary illustrative of the Times of GeorgeIV. (1838), and somewhat scandalous work probably correctly, generally,
Argyll,and
m.
first to
"
iscribed to her. She vorks. She held for he Princess of Wales.
also wrote time some
some
an
and two devotional in the household of appointment poems
RICHARD Umgerville,b. at Bury
BURY,
DE
5. (1281-1345).
"
of Sir Richard
St. Edmunds, studied at Oxf., and was a Benedictine monk, became III. when Prince of Wales, tutor to Edward nd Bishop of Durham, offices of State. He was and held many a "ai"ron of learning, and one of the first English collectors of books, md he wrote his work, Philobiblon, in praise of books, and founded a a t Durham. ".brary
b. BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752). Theologian,

"
at Want-
of a Presbyterian was ige, linen-draper, )f that Church, but in 1714 he decided

s.
destined
to
for the ministry the Church enter of

C
66

went
to Oxf.
holdingvarious other preferments of Stanhope, Bishop of Bristol rector of the rich living he became said to have refused and was Durham of (1750), and Bishop (1738), In 1726 he pub. Fifteen Sermons, and in 1736 The the Primacy. the most powerful Analogy of Religion. These two books are among which and have ethics to ever contributions theology and original effect the force their for of entirely upon been made. They depend of B. excel was an have for they no style. their reasoning, graces and conscientious churchman. and a diligent Though in lent man, taste in the fine arts, different to generalliterature, he had some ed. by W. E. Gladstone B.'s works were architecture. especially Lives there are by Bishop W. Fitzgerald, Spooner (2vols. 1896),and in i8th also and of History English Thought see others, (1902), Leslie Stephen. Century, by England, and
After
BUTLER,
SAMUEL
was Satirist, (1612-1680).

"
the
s.
of
Worcestershire farmer. of Kent, and thereafter

believed whom are After the Restoration time the same about
to
In
earlyyouth
to
he
clerk have
various
page Puritan some justices, characters in
was
to the Countes
o
suggested
Hudibras
he became Mrs. In lost.

m.
Sec. to the Lord Pres. of Wales, an" with a jointure Herbert, a widow
was wa. 1663 the first part of Hudibras other in two 1664 and 1668 respectively.This work pub., and the modelled Don stands at the on which is to a certain extent Quixote, for wit and of the satirical literature of England, and head com in It rivals is directec has few language. pressed thought any
which, however,
againstthe Puritans, and while it holds up to ridicule the extrava fails to de of the party ran, it entirely ganciesinto which many civil their services and virtues and their to to liberty, religious justice passed into the proverbia Many of its brilliant couplets have commonplaces of the language,and few who use them have any idej of their source. of his work the popularity Butler, notwithstanding the in and d. was Court, neglected by poverty. Ed. of B.'s works have been issued by Bell (3 vols., 1813),anc Johnson (2 vols.,1893). Miscellaneous writer BUTLER, SAMUEL (1825-1902). ed. at Shrewsbury and Camb., wrote satirical books, Erewhon two and Erewhon Revisited (nowhere)(1872), (1901). He translated the
"
Iliad and Odyssey in prose, and mooted the theory that the latter wa*. written by a woman. Other works The Fair Haven, Life ana were sonnets Habit, The Way of all Flesh (anovel)(1903), etc., and some He also wrote on the Sonnets of Shakespeare.
BYRON,
"
GEORGE
GORDON, 6ra LORD
b. in London, the s. of and of Catherin Poet, was h" Gordon, heiress of Gight,Aberdeenshire, his second wife, whom for her money m. als" He was and, after squandering it,deserted. the From
a
BYRON Captain John B.
(1788-1824)
grand-nephew
of the his birth he suffered
5th,
from
known
a
as
the
"
wicked
"
Lord
malformation
of the feet,causin,
of lifelong lameness, which slight a was cause misery to him it might hav aggravated by the knowledge that with proper care been cured. After the departureof his /.his mother went to Abei where she lived deen, from her fortune. She was on a small salvage

woman capricious
67
of violent and
volcanic
son,
temper, with no fitness of altogether the circumstances
for guiding her his early life
of revolt which his life if they do not excuse, the spirit was explain, In of characteristic. the death he became a cousin, 1794, on long estates of the family, to the title and embarrassed heir-presumptive in 1798, he succeeded. In to which, on the death of his great-uncle 801
ic
he
was
sent
proceeded to
he remained until 1805, when Harrow, where read where he much TrinityColl.,Camb., history
to
and
verses
fiction,lived extravagantly,and
had
They were which Hours was Idleness, of by savagely attacked In Review. forth he sent the Edinburgh n reply English Bards and which created considerable Scotch Reviewers stir and shortly (1809), had settled he /ent at Newstead Meanwhile, through 5 ed. with of his the where cronies he was some seat, ibbey, family believed in wild and to have indulged extravagant orgies,the of which, however, were ccounts probably greatly exaggerated. 1809 he left England, and passingthrough Spam, went to Greece. the two over During his absence, which extended years, he wrote
which he in 1807 ollowed
pub.
hi
1806
were
got into debt. suppressed.
Some
early
irst two
i
cantos
1812, and
of Childe Harold, which were received with acclamation. were
pub.
In
after his He
his return
own
words,
followed
he awoke one his success ip A.bout the same "liomas Moore
morning
with time had
some
and
found
himself
famous."
began and (q.v.),

refused
short The Corsair, Lara, etc. poems, his intimacy with his future biographer, about 1815 he married him in the previousyear,
a
Vlilbanke,who
Anne Isabella union which, serious pro in 1816 dis-
wing
olved
to
the
on
vocations
total incompatibility of the parties, and the part of B., proved unhappy, and was
by a formal deed of separation. The only fruit of it was a After this break-up of his domestic dau., Augusta Ada. life, ollowed it was the of and as severe censure by pressure by society, led to the sale of his library, B. "n the part of his creditors, which gain left England, as it turned out, for ever, and, passingthrough Belgium and up the Rhine, went to Geneva, afterwards travelling with Shelleythrough Switzerland, when he wrote the third canto of
Childe Harold. He wintered in Venice, where he formed a connec tion with wife second Jane Clairmont, the dau. of W. Godwin's Venice he to q.v.). In 1817 he was in Rome, whence returning wrote the fourth canto of Childe Harold. In the same sold he year lis ancestral seat of Newstead, and about the same time pub. Man-
red, Cain, and

Don
le
The
Deformed Transformed.
between 1818 and
The
first five cantos
of
Juan
made
were
written
acquaintance of the leave her husband. It was this time that he about persuaded eceived a visit from Moore, to whom he confided his MS. autobio graphy,which Moore, in the exercise of the discretion left to him, in 1824. His next mrned he wrote where to Ravenna, move was
to
the
1820, during which period he Countess Guiccioli,?whom
much,
In 1821-22 he Faliero. year he joinedwith Leigh Hunt The Liberal, in the first lumber of which The Vision of appeared Judgment. His last Italian home where still was he was Genoa, accompanied by the Countess, and where he lived until 1823, when he offered himself as
inished Don
chieflydramas, includingMarino Juan at Pisa, and in the same in starting a short-lived newspaper,
68
an

the Greek
July of that year he started for in Cephaloniawaiting for the Greeks to months Greece, spent some landed he at MissoIn 1824, definite January, form some plans. but caught a malarial fever, of which he d. on April 19, 1824. longhi, of B. in English literature is probably not yet The final position in his own settled. It is at presentundoubtedly lower than it was and power of vivid and richlygeneration. Yet his energy, passion, the interest to his way with attaching coloured description, together him make loom must always ward and unhappy career, largein the exercised marked influence He writers. a on assembly of English Continental literature, and his reputationas poet is higher in some countries than in his own. foreign Murray's (13 Among ed. of the works of B. may be mentioned Conversa Moore's vols. 1898-1904). Lady Blessington's Life (1830), tions with Lord Byron (1834, new, 1894). allyto
insurgents.
In in Aberdeen, ed. Harrow pub. English Bards etc., 1809, Childe Harold first two cantos 1812, married 1815, separated1816, owing to this and finan cial difficulties leaves England, meets Shelley, pub. third canto of writes Don fourth canto Childe Harold 1816, 1817, Juan cantos 1-4 SUMMARY. and Camb.,
"
B.
1788, spent childhood
1818-20, lives at various
Guiccioli,finished Don d. 1824. insurgents,
places in Italy 1816-24 with Juan 1822, goes to Greece 1823

"
Countess
to
assis
BYRON,
HENRY
Dramatist, JAMES (1834-1884).

the Middle
b.
Temple, but soon took to writin for the stage, and produced many popular burlesquesand extra and was also the first editor o He wrote for periodicals, vaganzas. Fun. Among his best dramatic piecesare Cyril'sSuccess (1868) and The Upper Crust. Our Boys (1875), CEDMON (d. 680). The first Englishpoet of whom w have any knowledge. Originally employed as cowherd at the Abbe of Whitby, he became somewhat advanced in life a singerwhen The story of how the gift of song came to him is given by Bede, how in the stable he dreamed that one to him came having fallen asleep and his What shall I a on desiring sing? replie" song, asking he Sing to me of the beginning of created things." Therefore his song and added tc began to singand, on awaking, remembered
Manchester, entered
"
"
"
"
to the bailiff who had befallen him She Abbess Hilda. the tale the to repeated called C. was having together certain learned and pious persons, brought before them, told his story, and recited his verses, asked to turn intc read to him, which he was was part of Scripture and this being done he was received into the Abbey where verse; for the rest of his life, he lived as a monk, and continued to mak" his holy songs. Much that was formerly attributed to C. is nov held to be of later date. All that is known to be his is a Northum brian version of Bede's Latin paraphrases of C.'s first song : althoug] the authorship of The Dream of the Holy Rood," and o by some " a fragment on The Temptation and Fall of Man fo. is claimed him.
it.
was
Thereafter
over
he
told
what
him, who
"
"
Brooke
EnglishLiterature from Beginningto Norman Conquest,Stopfor* and Historyof Early EnglishLiterature, (1898), by the sam (1892).
CAIRD,
brother of
69
EDWARD
Philosopher, (1835-1908). younger

"
C. (q.v.), b. at Greenock, and ed. at Glasgow and was Coll. In 1866 he Fellow and Tutor of Merton he became of Moral at Chair to the Philosophy Glasgow, which he was appointed Master of Balliol Coll., from which he became when he held until 1893, He has written Critical Philosophyof Kant retired in 1907. (1877), and Social Evolution of Religion of Philosophy Religion, 'iegel (1883), Greek in the Evolution Comte Philosophers (1904). of Theology (1885),
John
Oxf., where
b. CAIRD, JOHN (1820-1898). Theologian,

"
at
Greenock,
and
"ecame
ed. at
one
Glasgow,
entered
of the most in Edinburgh, he was n the country and aming in 1862 Prof, of Divinity in the
of Scotland, of which he After minister a being eloquentpreachers. the translated to Univ. of that
Church
873 Principal. A
"efore world.
Queen
He
a
Victoria, made
wrote
and 1880),
vol.
Religionin Common known throughout the Protestant the to Introduction an Philosophy of Religion on Spinoza (1888).
sermon on
Glasgow, be and in city, Life, preached
him
CALAMY,
EDMUND
Puritan (1600-1666).
"
Divine, b. in
,
of the principal authors of a one Condon, and ed. at Camb., was controversial work bearingthe title Smectymnuus made amous up of he initials of the various writers, and pub. in 1641 in reply to Bishop lall's Divine Godly Man's
Right of Episcopacy. His he A Presbyterian, Ark.

favoured
see
other
was
chief he He of
work
was
a
is The of
mon
supporter
was
archy, and
"ut
the of
Restoration, after which
offered,
declined, the
his
Savoy ministerial from work. retiring melancholy caused by the great fire of
o
)f the
Conference.
Coventry and Lichfield. The passingof the Act

He London.
member Uniformity led

to
is said
have
d. of
CALDERWOOD,
DAVID
Scottish (1575-1650).
"
Church
historian,belonged to a good if Crailing, Roxburghshire.
and family,
afterwards had his controversial Altar work, e Jamascenum, against Episcopacy, was pub. In 1625 he returned o Scotland, and began his great work, The Historie of the Kirk of which Scotland, was pub. in an abridgedform (1646). The complete work was for the Woodrow printed (1841-49) Society. C. became ninister of Pencaitland, East Lothian, about 1640, and was one of
was o
ettingup Episcopacy,he
betake himself
to
Opposing imprisoned 1617, and
about minister 1604 became the designs of James VI. for
Holland, where
hose
appointed
to
draw
up
The
Directory for
Public
Worship
in
"cotland.
CALVERLEY, CHARLES
xanslator,
s.
STUART
H.
Poet (1831-1884).
"
and
the name of Blayds (who assumed ed. at and He called Harrow, Camb. was to âlverley), Oxf., was :he Bar in 1865, and before appeared to have a brilliant career dm, when a fall on the ice in 1866 changed him from a distinguished thlete to a life-long invalid. Brilliant as a scholar, a musician, nd a talker, he is perhaps best known of the greatest of one as arodists. He pub. Verses and Translations and Fly-leaves (1862), 1872). He also translated Theocritus (1869).
of the
Rev.
jo

WILLIAM
CAMDEN,
Antiquary (1551-1623)."
and
his
torian, b. in London, and ed. at Christ's Hospital, St. Paul's School, Master in Westminster in 1575 appointed Second and Oxf., was his and vacations in travel in Head Master spent 1593, School, and information. His antiquarian great lingover England collecting pub. in 1586, and at once brought him fame work, Britannia, was It is a work of vast labour and erudition, and abroad. both at home
made Clarencieux 1597 C. was Kinghis academic him free from at-Arms duties, enabled which, setting time to his antiquarianand historical labours. him to devote more Annals works other are His of the Reign of Elizabeth principal written in
elegant Latin.
In
(printed 1615-1623),Monuments
Abbey (1600),and
buried
a
in Westminster in research, founded
and in Westminster Inscriptions coll. of Ancient He was English Historians. The Camden Societyfor historical Abbey. named after him.
"
1838, is
CAMPBELL,
GEORGE
and philo (1719-1796). Theologian

of of of Scotland at Aberdeen, in Marischal Coll. there. His Divinity to Hume, in its was (1763),in answer and
was
minister a sopher, was and Prof, and Principal Dissertation on considered day Hume Rhetoric the Four himself. Miracles
a
the
Church
masterly argument,
admitted
to be so
b*y
of
His other principal works The were which is still a standard work, and A (1776),
Philosophy of
Translation
Gospelswith
Notes.
IST
CAMPBELL,
Lawyer
JOHN,
LORD
of the
CAMPBELL
minister
(1779-1861).
"
and biographer,s. highlysuccessful career as a lawyer,and
of Solicitor and Attorney-General, Lord Chief Justice, and Lord Chancellor. His contributions to literature Lives of the Chancellors and Lives of the Chief Justices. These were
of Cupar-Fife, had a held the offices successively Chancellor of Ireland, Lord
works,
though
deficient
in research
judgments of character, and ing and full of information.
and often unfair in accuracy, loose and diffuse in style, interest are
CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS

ed. at Eton Commission. Gaelic texts. and He
Celtic scholar, (1822-1885)."
Edin.,
was
an
was
Popular Tales of the
West
afterwards Sec. to the Lighthouse authority on Celtic folk-lore,and publr and various Highlands (4 vols., 1860-62),
CAMPBELL, LEWIS
of Greek St.
Scholar, s. (1830-1908).
"
of
naval:
was
officer,ed. at Edin., Glasgow, and Oxf., took Vicar of Milford, Hants, until 1863, when he was
at
orders, and
appointed
Prof,
Andrews.
He
and other E. Abbott
works the Greek on The Life and Letters of Prof. Jowett (q.v.), with whom he had collaborated in editingthe Republic of Plato. He also ed. the poems of Thomas he was Campbell, to whom related.
ed. of Sophocles out classics,and in conjunction with
brought
CAMPBELL, THOMAS
s.
Poet,was (1777-1844)."
acting
the
youngest
After b. distinction time
as
of Alexander C., a merchant in Glasgow, where he was leavingthe Univ. of that city,where he gained some by his translations from the Greek, and for
some

a
to study law, in which, however, he much did not make progress, but gained fame by producing in 1799, The Pleasures of Hope. In at the age of 21, his principal poem, of the faults of of the vigour thought and de youth, spiteof some in the poem, of versification displayed and power as well scription,
tutor, he
went
to
Edin.
it a marvellous made for liberty, performance for feeling Gertrude His other are a man. of Wyoming largerpoems so young 1809),O'Connor's Child, and Theodric (1824). It is not, however, but for his patriotic 'orthese that he will be chiefly remembered, Ye Mariners and war of England, Hohenlinden, and The Battle lyrics, also distinguished which as the are Baltic, imperishable. C. was ?/ is British Poets the his an and a critic, (1819) prefacedby Specimens of contribution criticism. C. resided to is which an important essay
as
its noble
took place at from 1803 until the year of his death, which in search of health. In addition had whither he repaired Boulogne, various mentioned he wrote to the works compilations, including Annals of Great Britain, covering part of the reign of George III.
n
London
In of
and he was Lord Rector he received a Government pension, buried in Westminster is He Univ. 1826-29. Abbey. Glasgow Life and Letters, Beattie (1840); Poems, Aldine ed. (1875,new,
1805
1890).
CAMPION, THOMAS
".
(c.1575-1620).Poet
"
and
the
musician,
Continent,
in for
are
at
Witham,
law
at
Essex,
and
ed. at
Camb.,
and
on
studied
Gray's
wrote
Inn, but
London. He ;heir metrical well known. 'he Arte longs.
beauty,
He
of
Poesie
Cherry Ripe and also wrote Epigrams in Latin, and He composed the music (1602).
"
masques, of which
medicine it,practised discarding fine lyrics and many remarkable

"
"
"
Lesbia
"
Observations on for most of his
CANNING, GEORGE
London, the
was
s.
Statesman, (1770-1827).
was
b. in
of
lawyer.
up by an Parliament became he entered soon as a supporter of Pitt, and in the House. After filling brilliant debaters of the most vari one with of that he Sec., offices, ous Foreign including striking ability, Prime but in mourned Minister, d., deeply was by 1827 appointed :he nation, a few months later. He has a place in literature as the started during the French in the Anti- Jacobin, a paper eadingspirit
brought
He lost his /.while still an infant, and In uncle, who sent him to Eton and Oxf.
1793
Revolution, in support of the English Constitution, and which, with ~ifford for ed., had of the most eminent of the day as men many
contributors. C. wrote the The Needy Knife-grinder,
a
Loves Loves
Triangles, parts n. and in., Plants, The Progress of Man,

at
parody
His
"
on
E. Darwin's
were
etc.
coll. Poems
of the of the pub. 1823.
Historian and theologian, CAPGRAVE, JOHN (1393-1464).
Augustinian Friar, and at lengthProvincial of He studied probably at Camb., visited Rome, client of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, whose life he a He the author wrote. of numerous and historical was theological of which of considerable works, some in are importance, including lives Nova Henricis: D e Illustribus of German Latin, Legenda Anglies, of Henry, and in English, Emperors, English Kings,etc.,of the name
".
Lynn,
the Order and was
became an in England.
72
monotonous Chronicle

and
dull, lives of St. Gilbert

to
and
St. Katharine,
and
reaching RICHARD CAREW,
1417.
Translator (1555-1620)."
and
anti
trans of Cornwall, ed. at Oxf., made a quary, a county gentleman Delivered Tasso's of cantos five Jerusalem (1594), lation of the first works Other A Survey of were correct than that of Fairfax. more and an Epistleconcerningthe Excellencies of the Cornwall (1602),
English Tongue (1605).
CAREW,
C.,
was
THOMAS
Poet, ?-i639)." (1594
s.
of Sir Matthew
the Middle one Temple, and was ed. at Oxf., entered who wrote of the on best and first courtlypoets gracefully of the C.'s have often and Court life gallantry. poems lightthemes of His chief work is Coelum tenderness. much beauty and even He lived the easy and careless life of a courtier of Britannicum. the is said to have consistingchieflyof short
day,
but
d. in
repentant
best cheek."
frame.
His
were lyrics,
coll. and known
pub.
poems, after his is
of the One death. that beginning He

"
most
beautiful and
loves
a
of his songs
that
rosy
"
CAREY, HENRY
believed
to
(d.1743). Dramatist
be
an
s.
and
song-writer,
illegitimate George Savile, Marquis was innumerable wrote Halifax. He of farces, songs, etc., burlesques, often with his own music, includingChrononhotonthologos a (1734),
of
burlesque on the mouthing plays of the day, and The Dragon of Wantley (1744?). His poem, Namby Pamby, in ridicule of Ambrose his Sally in our to the language, and added a word (q.v.}, Phillips also God Save the King was Alley is one of our best-known songs. claimed for him, but apparentlywithout reason.
CARLETON, WILLIAM
s. Novelist, (1794-1869).
"
of
poor
Irish cottar, b. and brought up among the Irish peasantry, acquired into their ideas which and has never been equalled. an insight feelings His finest work in is his short stories,collected under the title of
pub. in 1830
of the Irish Peasantry, of which two series were and 1832 respectively.He also wrote several longer novels, of which the best is Fardorougha the Miser (1837), of a work Others The Misfortunes ofBarny Branagan (1841), are great power. Valentine M'Clutchy (1845), Rody the Rover (1847),The Squanders
The Evil
Traits
and
Stories
and of Castle Squander (1854), of ^200 from Government.
Eye.
C. received
pension
CARLYLE, ALEXANDER
of the and Minister of
s. (1722-1805)." Autobiographer,
Cummertrees, Dumfriesshire, was ed. at Edin. and entering the Church became Minister of Inveresk, and associated with was ecclesiastical an as PrincipalRobertson leader. Hs was of great ability, a man and shrewdness, culture, and the friend of most of the eminent in Scotland of his day. men literary He left an ed. by Hill Burton, autobiography in MS., which was and pub. in 1860, and which is one of the most con interesting of his time. His statelyappearance temporary accounts gained for him the name of Jupiter" C.
Leyden,
"
CARLYLE, THOMAS
was
Historian (1795-1881)."
in Dumfriesshire. His
and
essayist,
was a
b. at
Ecclefechan
/.,James C.,

stonemason,
a
73
of intellect and strong character, and his mother of the fairest descent, that of the pious,the just, was, as he said, received His earliest education at the parish and the wise." was of Sartor school of Ecclefechan (theEntepfuhl Resartus). Thence School in 1809 to the of Annan, and he went to the Grammar miles which he travelled to foot. Univ. of Edin., the on 90 his chief study being mathematics. There he read voraciously, he went with After completing his " Arts " course, to divinity on the Church, but about the middle of his course the view of entering first at found that he could not proceed. He became a schoolmaster where he formed and then at Kirkcaldy, Annan a profound friend and met Irving (q.v.), Margaret Gordon, after ship with Edward believed to be the prototype wards by some Lady Bannerman, in Sartor. of Bhimine Returning in 1819 to Edin. he for a time studied law and took pupils; but his health was bad, he suffered and dyspepsia, and he tired of law. He also from insomnia was which to a conflicts, came sorelybestead by mental and spiritual of defiance to crisis in Leith Walk in June 1821 in a sudden uprising the clouds lifted. For the the devil and all his works, upon which acted he tutor Buller (whose to Charles next two as years, 1822-24, his cut short was career by promisingpolitical premature death)
man
"
On of this engagement he de the termination ind his brother. he began by contributing articles cided upon a literary career, which In 1824 he translated to the Edinburgh Encyclopedia. Legendre's and Goethe's an '"eometvy (towhich he prefixed essay on Proportion), for the London W-ilhelm Meister ; he also wrote Magazine a Life this time he visited Paris and London, where of Schiller. About and others. Thereafter met he Hazlitt, Campbell, Coleridge, In the following returned he to Dumfriesshire. m. year (1826) Here his first work Jane Baillie Welsh, and settled in Edin. German Romance A much im was more (4 vols.) Specimens of his friendship with Jeffrey and his connection was portant matter with the Edinburgh Review, in which others, his appeared, among and German Richter, Burns, Characteristics, Poetry. In essays on for the Chair of Moral 1828 C. appliedunsuccessfully Philosophy in he St. Andrews, and the same went to a small Craigenputtock, year to Mrs. C., where belonging they remained propertyin Dumfriesshire of his best essays and for several years, and where Sartor many Resartus were written, and where his correspondencewith Goethe In 1831 he went to London to find a publisher for Sartor, Degan. and it did in aut was not book form until unsuccessful, 1838, appear after having come out in Eraser's Magazine in 1833-34. The year in London, settled in Cheyne Row, ast mentioned found him finally Chelsea, his abode for the rest of his life. He immediately set to his French Revolution. work While it was in progress he in 1835 on ent the MS. to J. S. Mill, by whose servant nearlythe whole of the firstvol. was of which misfortune the work was burned, in spite ready for publication in 1837. Its originality, brilliance,and vividness took the world by storm, and his reputation of the foremost as one of letters in the country was and finally established, at once men [n the same he delivered and appeared as a public lecturer, year German tour courses on Literature, Periods of European Culture, Revolutions of Modern Europe, and Heroes and Hero-Worship, the
C2
74

was
pub. as a book in 1841. Although his writings had become produce a large income, his circumstances in to her succeeded C. patrimony Mrs. to having comfortable, owing Chartism had other each followed rapidly, ap now 1840. Books Letters and out in 1843, and Present and came Past in 1839, peared last named being perhaps Speechesof Oliver Cromwell in 1845, the attained the inasmuch it his as of fully successful writings, the most the from Cromwell ignorant or male object aimed at in clearing and he had long lain, under which giving him his volent aspersions In 1850 he pub. his of the nation. the greatest justplace among which followed next was Latter year fiercest blast, Day Pamphlets, It about friend his was John Sterling(q.v.). by his biography of of Mrs. C., that a this time, as is shown by the Letters and Memoirs his wife and himself, based between temporary estrangement arose with his C.'s Mrs. friendship Lady Ashpart upon apparently on
last of which did not yet
burton,
cause
of which his
C.
seems
to
have
been
unconscious.
In
his greatest work, Frederick the that year until 1865, and in connec in 1852 and visits to Germany two he made 1858. tion with which abounds in brilliant research and of astonishing It is a work of The French Revolu intensity passages, but lacks the concentrated which of his works It is,however, the one tion. enjoys the highest
1851
he
began
largest,if
not
Great, which
occupiedhim
from
in Germany. reputation Univ. whom wards

to
In with
1865
a
of Edin., and received he was

a
delivered
he was remarkable
elected address Almost
Lord
Rector
of the
enthusiasm.
by immediately after
C., and
in the
to the students
heavy
discovery,from
him, from
blow fell upon him of how her diary,
in the death
of Mrs.
absorptionin shown. sciously

in
some
the neglect and his work and Whatever

can
she had suffered, unknown greatly consideration want of which, owing to
quarters,there
to
attached sincerely In 1866 German
each
other causes, he had perhaps uncon made his faults,of which the most was that C. and his wife were be no doubt her. other, and that he deeply mourned
The Franco(pub.1881) were written. interested and evoked a him, profoundly for this time From his health to plea Germany. give way began and In 1872 hs right hand became more more. paralysed. In the distinction of the Prussian Order of Merit, as its founder, and in the same Disraeli Mr. year, offered him the choice of the Grand Cross of the Bath or a baronetcy and a pension, all of which he declined. The completion of his 8oth made the occasion of many tributes of respect and year in 1875 was
his Reminiscences War of 1870-71
1874
he received
the
biographer of
veneration, including a
admirers. He d.
on
gold medal February 5,
from 1881.
some
Burial
of in
his Scottish Westminster
Abbey
with
he had left instructions that he should lie his kindred. He bequeathed the property of Craigenputtock to the Univ. of Edin. C. exercised a very powerful influence the thought of his age, upon not only by his own but writings and personality, through theof distinction both in literature and active life whom men hemany imbued with his doctrines; and this of better no perhaps proof exists than the fact that much that was first and original when new him has propounded by passed into the texture of the national] ideas. His style is perhaps the most in remarkable and individual
was
offered, but

our
75
but utterly literature,intensely strong, vivid, and picturesque, or explosive. He had in a unconventional, and often whimsical and also irresistible high degree the poeticand imaginativefaculty, and fierce indignation. tenderness, humour, pungent sarcasm, insight, of C. shed but Sartor All the works light on his personality,
be regarded as autobiographical. Froude's First Thomas CarCarlyle 40 Years of his Life (1882), the Letters and in His same London, by lyle Life (1884), various Lives and ReminisMemories of Jane Welsh Carlyle (1883), etc. and Prof. Masson Nichol, ences by for Church but B. 1795, ed. Edin., studies SUMMARY. gives Resartus Thomas
.
especially may
. .
"
tries law, then tutor, takes to literature and writes for encyand magazines, and translates, m. 1826 Jane Welsh, lopaedias in Edinburgh to ettles in Edin., writes Review, goes essays writes and with Sartor Goethe, corresponds 3raigenputtock1828, in Fraser's Magazine 1833-4, settles in London Sartor appears 1834,
t up,
"ub. French
,nd Sartor 845, Latter ,ord 866
1837, lectures, pub. Heroes, and Chartism 1839, Past and Present 1843, Oliver Cromwell Day Pamphlets 1850, writes Frederick the Great 1851-65, Rector of Edin. Univ. 1865,Mrs. C. d. 1865, writes Reminiscences (pub. 1881), d. 1881.
Revolution
a as
book
CARRUTHERS, ROBERT
ellaneous became with
and Journalist (1799-1878).

"
mis-
for a time a teacher in writer, 6. in Dumfriesshire, was and In 1828 wrote a History of Huntingdon (1824). luntingdon,
ie
great ability.
long
he conducted ed. of the Inverness with Courier, which He ed. Pope's works with memoir a (1853),and e d. the Chambers first ed. of Chambers' 's Robert (q.v.)
Cyclopaedia of English Literature

ifLL.D. from Edin.
(1842-44). He
"
received
the
degree
CARTE, THOMAS
ind ed. at
b. near Historian, (1686-1754).

orders, but
Rugby,
resigned his benefice at Bath the oath of when take He was to to George I. required allegiance Francis a nd involved in the to conec. was Atterbury (q.v.), of his conspiracy,but he escaped to France, where equences
emained )rmonde until
Oxf., took
1728.
a
a
After of
and (1736), work
4)
in
the latter
pub. a life of the Duke of History of England to 1654 in 4 vols. (1747great research, though dry and unattractive Miscellaneous (1717-1806).
"
his return
he
style.
CARTER, ELIZABETH
at
writer,
Deal, dau. of a clergyman. Originally backward, she applied icrself to study with such perseverance that she became perhaps :he most learned Englishwoman of her time, being mistress of Latin, Greek, Hebrew,
She and
was
Arabic,
also
anguages.
Epictetus 1758, and wrote friend of Dr. Johnson and and unassuming agreeable
several modern European in well read translated science. She vol. of poems. She small the a was She other of eminent was men. many
besides
manners.
"
CARTWRIGHT, WILLIAM Dramatist, s. of (1611-1643). of Gloucestershire, a gentleman who had run through his fortune and inn at an Westminster School ed. and at kept Cirencester, entered the Oxf., zealous Royalist, and an a Church, was eloquent
j6
lyrics and

lecturer in He
preacher, and
metaphysics.
He
also
wrote
spirited
of Ben the friend was Jonson, H. four plays. Oxf. of fever. d. at He Walton. Izaak camp Vaughan, and and The The The Royal Slave, Lady Siege, his plays are Among him made and charming manners His virtues, learning, Errant.
highlypopular in
his
day. PHCEBE
GARY,
Were the
ALICE
dau. of The
and (1820-1871),
a
(1824-1871).
"
farmer
near
Cincinnati.
The
Clovernook
some
Papers
and
Clovernook
Children, and
and
wrote former other tales, and
poems. attained considerable
latter wrote
poems
hymns.
"
Both
sisters
popularity.
GARY, HENRY
FRANCIS
Translator,was (1772-1844).
b.
for his he was ed. at Oxf., where distinguished at Gibraltar, and is his translation of the work His classical attainments. great which is faithful not of Dante Commedia Divina (1805-1814), only into such fine but full of poeticfire,and rendered to the original, Englishas to be itselfliterature apart from its merits as a translation. the Greek. a from C., who also translated was He clergyman, received
a
pension in 1841.
Painter (1796-1872).
"
CATLIN, GEORGE
Wilkesbarre,
years, with
and
as
writer,b. at
a
for practised Pennsylvania,

to
some
time
lawyer,but
spent
of whom the 7 he
to his artistic instincts he took yielding
painting.
He
1832-39, among
about 500 their life,and
were
the
Indians
of North
America,
painted
Manners,
years
thoroughly acquainted portraits.He became work, Illustrations of the pub. an interesting American Indians etc., of the North (1857). His later in spent chiefly Europe.
CAVE, EDWARD
started
was
Publisher,b. (1691-1754).
"
near
Rugby,
of
in 1731
The
Gentleman's
Magazine,
1740.
for which
Dr.
parliamentaryreporter from
He
pub.
many
Johnson John
son's works.
CAVENDISH,
Gentleman
GEORGE
(1500-1561). Biographer, was

"
Usher to Cardinal he was much so Wolsey, to whom attached that he followed him in his disgrace, and continued to him until his death. He left in MS. a life of his patron, which serve is the first separate biography in English,and is the main original authority of the period. Admitting Wolsey 's faults, it neverthe less presents him in an attractive light.The simpleyet eloquentstyle
givesit a high placeas
biography.
Printer (1422-1491)." and
CAXTON, WILLIAM
translator,
b. in the Weald of Kent, was On mercer. apprenticedto a London his master's death in 1441 he went to Bruges, and lived there and in various other places in the Low Countries for over 30 years, engaged apparentlyas head of an association of English merchants trading in foreignparts, and in negotiating commercial treaties between England and the Dukes of Burgundy. His first literary labour was a translation of a French which he entitled The Recuyell of romance, the History es this of Troye, and which he finished in 1471. About time he learned the art of in the service of and, after
printing,
being

Margaret Duchess
native the of
77
Burgundy,
an
country
and
set up
at Westminster
returned to his English princess, in 1476 his printing press,

"
and Playe of England. His Recuyell and The Game the first books been in printed English on already Here the Continent. was produced the first book printed in Eng land, The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers (1477). C. obtained to from 80 works of them 100 favour, separate printed Royal many first in Chesse had
" "
and d. almost of his own translations His styleis clear and idiomatic.
"
with
pen
in hand
in 1491.
CENTLIVRE, MRS. SUSANNA

ctress, was
"
and
or
both, and who suffered at was perhaps She at of the Stuarts. in a he hands m. 16, lost her husband fell in a duel in 18 months, and then officer,who an m. rear, to with in cook whom she C., m. Anne, 1706, Joseph Queen nally,
She wrote 18 or 19 plays, ived happily for the rest of her days. which constructed and be mentioned rell amusing, among may "he Perjured Husband (1700),The Busybody (1709),The Warder Bold Stroke and A for a Wife (1717). She was a strong Whig, 1714), sometimes made her plays the medium of expressing her nd Dolitical
Freeman, reland, or
r
the dau. of who appears
to have
gentleman of the name belonged either

with
of either
Rawkins
to Lincolnshire
connected
opinions.
"
CHALKHILL, JOHN (ft. 1600). Poet, mentioned

Walton
by
Izaak
having written nothing else is known

as was
a a
pastoral poem,
tame
nom-de-plume
of him of W.
ver,
"
that
gentleman
W. says he
of the
was
a
Thealma and Clearchus. it has been held by some that the himself. It has been shown, howexisted name during the reign of of
Elizabeth.
ra.s
friend
Spenser, and
that
his life
and useful, quiet,
virtuous."
CHALMERS,
Baltimore
o
GEORGE
(1742-1825). Antiquary, b.
"
at
ôchabers, Elginshire, emigrated

; but
to
America
Britain, and
the outbreak on settled in London

a
of the
as
a
practisedlaw in RevolutionaryWar returned clerk in the Board of Trade.
and
He
lives of Colonies, and wrote of De and Scots. His Foe, Mary Queen Lyndsay, great work, however, is his Caledonia, of which 3 vols. had been pub. at tis death. It was been to have a complete coll. of the topo of Scotland; and, as it stands, is a monu Taphy and antiquities
pub.
in
1780
History of the
United
"ir David
ment
of
industry
isputed points.
and research, Besides those which he
though
not
always trustworthy in
C.
was
mentioned,
unable
"
the
out.
author
of
on tany other works tad projected several
and literary and historical, political, subjects,

was
to carry
CHALMERS,
md
THOMAS
Divine, economist, (1780-1847).
b. philanthropist,
nerchant,
;he Church in
,
at Anstruther, Fife, s. of a shipowner and studied at St. Andrews and, entering the ministry of of Scotland, was first settled in the small parish of
Kilmeny, Fife, but,

is
his talents
to
1815, translated
eloquencebecoming known, he Glasgow, where he was soon recognised

also he In 1823
and
the most eloquent preacher in Scotland, and where nitiated his schemes for the management of the poor.
78
and in 1828 Prof, of Moral Philosophy at St. Andrews, he became of In 1834 he began his great scheme of Divinity in Edin. that in of which result was seven the Church years extension, built. In the same ."300,000had been raised, and 220 churches in regard to 1834, began the troubles and controversies year, and in 1843 State, which the relations of Church and
patronage
ended
ministers with of the Church, when in the disruption 470 and founded their the Free benefices, C. at their head, resigned its first Moderator and chosen C. was of Scotland. Church Principal The Coll. in Edin. remaining four years of of its Theological Church, and in works his life were spent in organisingthe new in dead bed found the morning of He on was of philanthropy. coll. and were pub. in 34 30, 1847. His chief works, which of Christianity, evidences political vols.,relate to natural theology, Those and science. which and perhaps generaltheology economy, his Astronomical Discourses attention and his most attracted were delivered the latter in London to Lectures on Church Establishments,
May
most in rank and audiences distinguished containingall that was intellect in the country. The styleof C. is cumbrous, and often and force of intellect but the moral earnestness, imagination, turgid, of the writer shine through it and irradiate his subjects. And yet the written is described by contemporariesto have been immeasur
carried away the spoken word, which the hearer And the man than his achieve was even greater of His character ments. and one was singular simplicity, nobility, lovableness, and produced a profound impressionon all who came his influence. The character of his intellect was under notably
ably surpassedby
as
in
whirlwind.
as practical,
tion and of the
the
is evidenced of his parochial administra by the success Sustentation devised him for the support Fund," by
"
He was D.D., LL.D., D.C.L. ministryof the Free Church. and a CorrespondingMember of the Institute of France. (Oxon.), Memoirs (Hanna, 4 vols.). Smaller works by Prof. Blaikie (1897), Mrs. Oliphant (1893), and many others.
CHAMBERLAYNE,
medicine
at
WILLIAM
On
Poet, practised (1619-1689).

"
outbreak of the Civil War he Shaftesbury. joinedthe Royalistsand fought at the second battle of Newbury. He wrote a play, Love's Victory (1658),and an epic Pharonnida (1659). With occasional beauties he is, in the main, heavy and and is almost forgotten. He influenced Keats. stiff, the
CHAMBERS,
ROBERT
Historical (1802-1871)."
and
scien
tific writer, was b. at Peebles. exer Early dependent on his own tions, he started business as a bookseller in Edin. at the age of time to study, to such purpose 1 6, devoting all his spare that in, he Traditions 1824 pub. of Edinburgh, a work in which he had the of Sir W. Scott. Thereafter he poured forth a continuous of books and essays on and historical, social, antiquarian, scientific subjects. He joinedhis brother William establish in (q.v.) ing the publishingfirm of W. and R. Chambers, and in starting, Chambers' s Journal, to which he was contributor. Later' a constant ventures The were Literature Cyclopaedia of English (1842-44),of' which several ed. have and Chambers' t appeared (last
stream
assistance
Cyclopedia (10
vols.
1859-68;
new
1903-6), 1888-92). Among
his
owai

works may
a
79
of Creation, pub. anonymously Vestiges A Life of Burns (1851), Popular (1844), precursor Rebellions the in Scotland Scotland, (1847),History of Rhymes of Ancient Sea Margins (1848), Annals Domestic of Scotland (1859-61), Scotsmen and The Book of Days (1863). He Dictionary of Eminent
be of Darwinism,
was
mentioned
LL.D.
of St. Andrews.
CHAMBERS,
WILLIAM
Publisher (1800-1883).
"
and
mis
cellaneous Peebles, started in 1832 with his brother after joined him in the Chambers' s Journal, and soon Robert (q.v.) Besides contributions to the Journal firm of W. and R. Chambers. he and
wrote
an
author, b. at
several
books, includinga History of Peeblesshire

his brother. C.
was
a
(1864),
man
of of less literary distinction than for the dissemination of cheap and useful his brother, did much of Lord Provost Edin. He and literature. was was an 1865-69, of that city. He restored the ancient of the Univ. church LL.D. of St. Giles there.
autobiography of himself and business and, though capacity, great
CHAMIER,
the navy, he wrote
FREDERICK
he
sea rose
(1796-1870). Novelist, was

"
in
in which several
a
to the rank
novels
somewhat
of Captain. Retiring in 1827, in the styleof Marryat, in
cluding Life of
wrote
Bowling (1841).
books
Sailor (1832), Ben He also continued
Brace,
Jack Adams,
Naval
and
Tom and
James's
History,
of travel.
CHANNING,
WILLIAM
ELLERY
American (1780-1842).
"
Island, Divine, b. at Newport, Rhode the Congregationalist Church, but became
in New England. He had a the author of books literature of his time in America, and was on Milton elevation and and Fenelon, and on social subjects. The amiabilityof his character caused him to be held in high esteem. He did not but claimed for clearer class himself with Unitarians stand aloof from all but to
"
for a time a minister in the leader of the Unitarians powerful influence on the thought and
was
of the school of Priestley, those who strive and pray
light."
GEORGE
near
CHAPMAN,
lator, was
He
wrote
"
and
trans
b.
many
All Fools (1596), ward Hoe (withJonson), The As

a
and Camb. Hitchin, and probably ed. at plays,including The Blind Beggar of Alexandria A Humerous East Daye's Myrthe (1599), (1599), Gentleman and
Oxf.
Usher, Monsieur
dramatist he has humour, fire,but is very unequal. His
vigour,and great work by
d'Olive,etc. occasional poetic which he lives in
literature is his translation of Homer. The Iliad was pub. in 1611, the Odyssey in 1616, and the Hymns, etc., in 1624. The work is full of energy its place among and spirit, and well maintains the many later translations of such high poeticpowers as Pope and by men and it the merit others: and had of Cowper, suggesting Keats's immortal in which its embalmed and for are Sonnet, name memory who know from it in no other C. also translated many way.
Petrarch, and writer, dau.
completed Marlowe's
of
a
unfinished
Hero
"
and
Leander.
CHAPONE, HESTER
Miscellaneous (MULSO) (1727-1801).

of
gentleman
Northamptonshire,
was
m.
to
8o
solicitor learned the author

d. a 'ladies who who of the She was one afterwards. months and was gatheredround Mrs. Montague (q.v.), Miscellanies. and Mind the the of Improvement of Letters on few
CHARLETON,
writer
WALTER
(1619-1707).
"
Miscellaneous
I. He a to Charles was titular physician ed at Oxf., was and and natural antiquities, history, copious writer on theology, built that Stonehenge was to prove (1663) Chorea Gigantum "pub. " " character of the writers, and also one He was by the Danes. A Brief Discourse concerningthe in this kind of literature wrote Wits of Men (1675). Different
CHATTERTON,
THOMAS
Poet, b. (1752-1770)."
had been a man his mother needlework.
at
Bristol,
read blackwere
posthumous s. of a schoolmaster, who tastes, after whose death ing and antiquarian and girl by teachingand herself and her boy
music-book
of
some
maintained A
illuminated belonging to her an letter Bible and led to the impulse which the first things to give his mind of the and disaster. Living under the shadow
such
mingled glory
great
was impressed from infancy of St. Mary Redcliffe,his mind church obtained to the charters he access with the beauty of antiquity, ancient literature that depositedthere, and he read every scrap of At 14 he was apprenticed to a solicitor named in his way. came sordid in lived circumstances, eatingin the he with whom Lambert,
but continuinghis favourite with the foot-boy, kitchen and sleeping In 1768 a new bridge was opened, studies in every spare moment. what to a local newspaper purported to be a and C. contributed which it superseded. This old the of one account contemporary attracted a good deal of attention. Previouslyto this he had been the name of under and imitating ancient poems writing verses of the 1 5th century. he feignedto be a monk his Anecdotes for collections of Paintingin Walpole's Hearing " ancient containing bio manuscript England, he sent him an had flourished not hitherto known, who of certain painters, graphies Thomas
Rowley,
of H.
whom
"
ask W. fell into the trap, and wrote centuries before. forwarded C. and in could MS. he all the for furnish, response ing to himself, of more as accounts particulars adding some painters, submitted the whole to T. Gray which on W., becoming suspicious, Some the MS. be who to and Mason forgeries. pronounced (q.v.), the whole C.'s and ensued, on budget part, correspondence, angry dismissed C. thereafter, having been returned. of papers was by in
England
Lambert,
to
went
to
London, and
for
short time
his
prospects seemed
off poems, with feverish energy, threw bright. He worked and and meditated of satires, a history political England; papers, but funds and failed, he was spirits starving,and the failure to obtain an appointment as ship's he had applied, surgeon, for which drove him to desperation, and on the morning of August 25, 1770, he found dead from a dose of arsenic,surrounded torn was by his writings into small pieces. From childhood C. had shown morbid a familiarity be the idea of suicide, and had written a last will and testament, in the presence of Omniscience," and full of wild and executed profanewit. The magnitude of his tragedy is only realised when it is considered not only that the poetry he left was of a high order of
"
with
and originality
imaginativepower,
but
that
it
was
produced
at
an
our greatestpoets,had they died, would have remained age at which Precocious not only in genius but in dissipation, unknown. proud confined itself he and morose an as mainly unsympathetic age was, his moral to :o literary and delinquencies. awarding blame in a juster balance, and the laments has weighed him Posterity brilliant His coll. works in of a so light. appeared earlyquenching
ed. by Prof. Street in 1875. Among these are and another Bristowe Elinoure and Juga, Balade JElla, and of Charitie, Tragedie, Tragedy of Godwin. of his life is the Essay by Prof. Masson. The best account
1803,
CHAUCER,
London, the
a s.
GEOFFREY of John C., a

at
Poet, (i340?-i40o).
"
was
b. in
had also
vintner
of Thames
Street, who
Ipswich,and was occasionally employed on service which doubtless the means of his 'or the King (Edward III.), was The which C. dis to the Court. son's introduction acquaintance of the learningof his time shows that he playswith all branches received have nust an ample education; but there is no evidence
small
estate to
a as appears page of and in Clarence, Lady a militaryservice in France, when he was made [359 he first saw in 1 360. About 1 366 he was prisoner. He was, however, ransomed narried to Philippa, dau. of Sir Payne Roet, one of the ladies of the sister Katharine, widow Duchess of Lancaster, whose of Sir Hugh Previous to this Swynford, became the third wife of John of Gaunt. was
:hat he the
at
In either of the Univ. wife of Lionel Elizabeth,
1357 Duke
he
apparentlybeen deeply in love with another lady,whose rank probablyplaced her beyond his reach; his disappointment finding of the one expressionin his Compleynt to Pitt. In 1367 he was valets of the King's Chamber, a post always held by gentlemen, and received afterwards of marks, and he was a pension of 20 one soon the King's esquires. In 1369 Blanche, the wife of John of Gaunt, occasion for a poem of her died, which by C. in honour gave
ic
had
memory,
again
the Duchesse. Dethe of Blaunche In the same year he in France, and during the next ten years he was In 1370 he was sent employed on diplomaticmissions. frequently commercial to Genoa which to arrange occasion he a treaty,on may have rewarded met Petrarch, and was by a grant in 1374 of a The bore
arms
of pitcher af London ing it in
daily. In the same lease for life of a house after he repair ; and soon
a
wine
year
at
was
he
got from
on
Aldgate, appointed Comptrollerof
the corporation condition of keep the
Customs
"London;
.
and Subsidy of Wool, Skins, and Leather in the port of he also received from the Duke of Lancaster a pension of In 1375 he obtained the guardianshipof a rich ward, which tie held for three years, and the next employed on a year he was secret service. In 1377 he was mission sent to Flanders on a to treat of peace with the French King. After the accession of Richard II. in that year, he was for the sent to France to treat
marriage of the King with the French Princess Mary, and thereafter to Lombardy, on which occasion he appointed John Gower to (q.v.) act for him in his absence in any legalproceedings which might arise. In 1382 he became Comptrollerof the Petty Customs of the of and in London, port 1385 was allowed to appoint a deputy, which
enabled him
to
devote
more
time
to
writing.
He
had
in
1373
82
begun
he was occupied at intervals his Canterbury Tales, on which elected Knight of the Shire for the rest of his life. In 1 386 C. was to have had some he which connec with appears for Kent, a county fortunes His had now have he may property. tion, and where and of was abroad, His Gaunt, John suffered some patron, eclipse. over by his brother Gloucester, who presided the government was in him. Owing probably to this cause, C. was at feud with
was
December,
with
no
1386, dismissed
income
beyond his In 1 389, how time. wife also died at the same His raise money. into his hands, and the took own Richard government ever, in and he friends whose now were returned to C., power, prosperity This office, however, he was appointedClerk of the King's works. he held for two years only,and again fell into poverty, from which the On from the of in a rescued King pension "20. was 1394 by
accession
employments, leaving him obliged to pensions,on which he was

from his
additional of Henry IV. (1399) an pension of 40 marks lease of a house at a In the same was year he took given him. buried October He is he where d., 25, Westminster, probably 1400. to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, where a monument minor of the i6th erected by Nicholas century. was poet Brigham, a became he left two sons, Thomas, who the who died and Lewis, a importance, man young, the addressed the treatise he whom on to little ten-year-old boy relation Thomas evidence that Others no was Astrolabe. see any C., placed in the Abbey of Barking by of the poet. An Elizabeth
According to
some
authorities
of wealth
and
inclined In person C. was of fair embrace," complexion with corpulence, no poppet " " and elvish beard the colour of ripe wheat," an expression, and meditative. eye downcast ascribed to C. several Of the works reasons, are, for various
John
of Gaunt,
"
was
probably his
to
dau.
to
"
a an
of
The considered These include doubtful. greater or less strength, Romaunt of the Rose, Chaucer's Dream, and The Flower and the Leaf. After his return from Italyabout 1380 he entered upon his period of greatest productiveness: Troilus and Criseyde (1382?), Th* Parlement Foules The House Fame of of (1382?), (1384?),and The The first of Legende of Goode Women (1385), belong to this time. them stillremains of the finest poems of its kind in the language. one But the gloryof C. is,of course, the Canterbury Tales, a work which him in the front It rank of the narrative poets of the world. places contains and besides some passages in prose, it his power of story-telling, his sometimes his vivid humour, sometimes broad, picture-drawing, sly, his tenderness, and lightness of touch, reach their highestdevelop ment. He is our first artist in poetry, and with him begins modern His character English literature. genial, sympathetic, and
verse,
was
about
18,000 lines of
left
incomplete.
In
"
and pleasure-loving, yet honest, diligent, his writings. SUMMARY. B.

"
studious
"
is reflected
in
1340, fought in France 1359, by his marriage in became connected with John of Gaunt, employed on diplomatic missions 1369-79, Controller of Customs, etc., c. 1374, began Canter
1
366
bury Tales 1386, Clerk
Henry
1373, elected to Parliament 1386, loses his appointments' of King's Works II. and 1389-91, pensioned by Richard IV., d. c. 1400.

The vols. best
83
(6
1894) and Percy Society(1842),
ed. of C. is The Complete Works Others ed. by Prof. Skeat. are Richard Morris's
of GeoffreyChaucer
Thos.
Wright's for the in Bell's Aldine Classics

of
a
(1866).
CHERRY,
ANDREW
Dramatist, s. (1762-1812).
"
book
seller at Limerick, was a successful actor, and managed theatres in also wrote the provinces. He some plays, of which The Soldier's his rests on Daughter is the best. His chief claim to remembrance three songs, The Bay of Biscay, The Green Little Shamrock, and Tom
Moody.
CHESTERFIELD,
"
PHILIP
DORMER
STANHOPE, 4"
EARL
OF
3rd
and letter-writer, was (1694-1773). Statesman After being at TrinityColl.,Camb., Earl.
of Commons many Lord
high
the eldest 5. of the he sat in the House until his accession in 1726. He filled to the peerage those of Ambassador to offices, including Holland,
of Ireland, and Sec. of State. He distin was conversational his and for of wit, manner. guished powers, grace Letters addressed His place in literature is fixed by his well-known natural Dormer to his and Stanhope. Though brilliant, son, Philip Lieutenant full of shrewdness of morals tone
was
the
and knowledge of prevalent in the age of Johnson's famous recipient
the world, they reflect the low when written. He they were letter as to his " patronage."
"
CHETTLE, HENRY
is known is believed
wrote two
?). (1565-1607
He ed. R.
Dramatist.
Very little
of him.
to have
written
satires, Kind
Prentship(1595). He was have considerable which merit, is Hoffmann, plays, Among his own in Patient and he had Grissill which has been a hand reprinted, in influenced the have Merry Wives Shakespeare (1603)(which may Bethnal and Blind Green, Jane Shore. Beggar of of Windsor],The
Groat' s-worth of Wit (1592), Greene's collaborated in 35 plays. He also and 13 Harts Dreame and Pierre Plainnes (1593), for debt 1599. imprisoned
CHILD, FRANCIS
Boston, Mass.,
of
was a
Englishscholar,b. J. (1825-1896).
"
at
early English,and
ed. the American Scottish Ballads.
pub. Observations Language of Gower's

the author of
prof,at Harvard, one of ancient especially ed. of EnglishPoets in 130 vols.,and English and of Chaucer, and He was also a profound student the Language of Chaucer, and Observations the on on
ConfessioAmantis. MARIA
once
of the foremost students ballads in America. He
CHILD, MRS. LYDIA

many
Was (FRANCIS) (1802-1880).

"
popular tales, Hobomok,

"
The
Rebels,
Philothes,etc.
CHILLINGWORTH,
WILLIAM
(1602-1644). Theologian
and controversialist, b. and ed. at Oxf., was god-son of Archbishop Laud. into d oubts he Falling a theological subsequently became convert to Roman Catholicism, and studied at the Jesuit Coll. at to Douay, 1630. In the followingyear he returned Oxf., and after further consideration of the points at issue, he rejoined the Church of England, 1634. This exposed him to violent attacks on the part of the Romanists, in reply to which he pub. in 1637 his
84
famous
of the Protestants a Safe Way to Salva polemic,The Religion tion, characterised by clear style and logicalreasoning. For a but ultimately his scruples time he refused ecclesiasticalpreferment,
were
overcome,
and
he became
as one
Prebendary
of the ablest
and
Chancellor
of Salis of the
C. is regarded Anglican Church.
bury.
controversialists
CHURCH,
torian, and
became Rector
a
RICHARD
WILLIAM
at
Divine, his (1815-1890)."

Lisbon, and
ed. at took Dean he Oxf., where and became orders,
b. was biographer, friend of J. H. Newman
He (q.v.).
He of St. Paul's. Whatley, Somerset, and in 1871 in Church held but of the member was High party, was a leading ecclesiastical with his did who not sympathise reverence by many Ages views. Among his writingsare The Beginning of the Middle Movement memoir The and on Oxford (1891), posthu a pub. (1877), of
mously.
He
also wrote
Lives
of Anselm, Dante,
"
and Spenser,
Bacon.
CHURCHILL,
CHARLES
s. Satirist, (1731-1764).
of
School, and while still a school clergyman, was ed. at Westminster entered the Church, and on He clandestine marriage. boy made a him in the curacy and lecture the death of his /.in 1758 succeeded In he Westminster. the of St. Rosciad, in 1761 pub. John's, ship which
satirised the players and of the day. managers severely both fame and but he fell into him It at once money; brought habits, separated from his wife, and outraged the pro dissipated that he was of his to such an extent profession compelled prieties also incurred the enmity of those to resign his preferments. He led to the publicationof two other whom he had attacked, which satirical pieces,The Dr. Apology and Night. He also attacked he
Johnson
and
his Famine.
at
circle He
in
Prophecy of
Scotch The the in Ghost, and attached himself to John Wilkes,
The
on a
visit to whom,
Boulogne, he d. of fever.
Poet (i52o?-i6o4).
"
THOMAS writer, began life as a sequentlypassed through many
CHURCHYARD,
and
miscel
laneous
page to the Earl of Surrey,and sub vicissitudes as a soldier in Scotland,
on
He was Ireland, France, and the Low Countries. a hangerlatterly at Court, and had a pension of eighteenpencea day from Queen Elizabeth, which was not, however, regularly paid. He wrote in numerable of which pamphlets and broadsides, and some poems, the best
are
Wife (1563),The Worthiness of Wales (1587) and Churchyard's Chips (1575), repub.by SpenserSociety(1871), an autobiographical piece.
the
Shore's
CIBBER, COLLEY
Actor (1671-1757).
"
and
dramatist, b.
in London, Danish s. of a and ed. at Grantham School. sculptor, Soon after his return to London he took to the stage. Beginning with tragedy,in which he failed, he turned to comedy, and became popular in eccentric rdles. In 1696 he brought out his first play, Love's Last Shift, and produced in all about of which some 30 plays, were In 1730 he was made Poet very successful. Laureate, and wrote some forgottenodes of no merit, also an entertaining auto biography. Pope made him the hero of the Dunciad. Among other plays are The Nonjuror (1717),Woman's Wit, She

Would and
.
85
She
Would
Not, The
Provoked
Husband
(1728) (with
Vanbrugh)
CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864). Poet, s. of

"
cripple pauper,
b. at Helpstone near youth is the record of Peterborough. With a noble great diffi struggleagainst adverse circumstances. which he with able to have to he was save one pound, culty managed which led his first book of to an of a printed, poems prospectus
was
His
acquaintance with help the poems were

of descriptive
Mr.
Rural farm him for him. noblemen befriended and stocked Various a C. had no turn for practical and got into But unfortunately affairs, continued in difficulties. He, however, to produce poetry, and which had in addition to The 1821, Minstrel, appeared Village
Drury, a bookseller in Stamford, by whose pub.,and brought him "20. The book, Poems Life (1820),immediately attracted attention.
pub.
The
Shepherd's Calendar
Things, however, went on and he d. in an asylum. the feelings and ideas of humble
Muse Rural (1835). from bad to worse; his mind gave way, C. excels in description of rural scenes and
(1827), and
CLARENDON,
Lawyer, statesman,
estate
EDWARD
country life. HYDE, EARL
OF
(1608-1674).
"
and historian,s. of a country gentleman of good in Wiltshire, was b. at Dinton in that county, and ed. at Oxf. Destined for the Church, circumstances led to originally his being sent to London he did under his uncle, to study law, which Sir Nicholas of the King's Bench. H., Chief Justice of the himself the friend of all the leadingmen was in 1640 he at first supported ment outbreak of the Civil War, attached the
day.
earlylife he Entering Parlia

but,
on
In
popular
measures, to the
the
was
King,
author of many of his state From the 1648 papers. C. was Restoration in embassies various and as a coun engaged sellor of Charles II.,who made him in 1658 his Lord Chancellor, an office in which he was confirmed at the Restoration, when he also Chancellor became likewise raised of the Univ. of Oxf., and was
to the
and until
His power and influence came to an end, however, peerage. in 1667, when from all his offices, he was dismissed was impeached, and had to fly to France. The of his fall were causes partly the the with and the sale of of war Holland, Dunkirk, and miscarriage
partly the jealousy of

whose claims he had
and withstood.
rivals
the In
intriguesof place hunters,

his enforced retirement he
engaged himself in completing his great historic work, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, which he had begun in C.'s style is easy, not pub. until 1702-4. was 1641, and which
occasional with an want diffuse,and remarkably modern, flowing, of clearness owing to his long and involved His great sentences. unrivalled. in which he is almost strength is in character-painting, The followed History was by a supplementary History of the Civil War in Ireland (1721). C. also wrote an autobiography, The Life Earl of Clarendon of of Edward (1759),a reply to the Leviathan in Hobbes, and An the Active and Essay on ContemplativeLife, which the superiority C. d. at Rouen. of the former is maintained. He of high personal character, and a man was great intellect and but lackingin the firmness for the and energy sagacity, necessary troublous times in which he lived. His dau. Anne married the
86
Duke him

James II., a of York, afterwards humiliation. and trouble in much CHARLES
friend in connection which involved
CLARKE,
COWDEN
Writer (1787-1877)."
on
Shakespeare, etc., Latterly he lived
of Keats, and a publisher in London. C.-C. and France Italy. His wife, MARY V. Novello, of musician, a dau. compiled complete (1809-1898), wrote The Concordance to Shakespeare (1844-45),and Shakespeare with her husband, Recollections
"
Key (1879)and,
of Writers
(1878).
CLARKE,
went to
MARCUS
Odds and
Novelist,b. (1846-1881).
he For
in London,
to journalism. He took wrote two his Natural Term the the of Life (1874), novels, Long realistic with in a powerful and manner latter dealing transportation Lower Bohemia He in Melbourne, also wrote and convict labour.
Australia, where
The
Humbug
Papers, SAMUEL
The
Future
Australian
"
Race.
CLARKE,
Divine (1675-1729).
and
metaphysi
he became ed. at Camb., where the friend cian, b. at Norwich, was of the Universe he o f whose afterwards and disciple Newton, System In he delivered the defended 1704-5 against Leibnitz. Boyle lectures, The Being and Attributes of God, assuming an intermediate In 1712 he pub. views on between orthodoxy and Deism. position of the Trinity which the doctrine which he escaped by a somewhat
was,
involved of the
him
hi
trouble, from
unsatisfactory explanation.
however,
powerful opponent
C. also
pub.
Newton, on which, however, he declined.
ed. of the Iliad, a Latin whose death he was offered

an
He freethinkers of the time. translation of the Opticsof the Mastership of the Mint,
CLEMENS,
"
SAMUEL
LANGHORNE
b. at
(" MARK
TWAIN
")
(1835-1910). American working as a printerand in San Francisco. The The Innocents Abroad
Humourist, Florida, Missouri. After, he became as a Mississippi a journalist pilot, result of a tour to the Mediterranean was Other works The were (1869). Jumping
Adventures Frog (1867), Sawyer (1876),A Tramp Abroad of Tom the (1880), Lifeon The Mississippi(1883), HuckleberryFinn (1885), Pudd'nhead Wilson "1,000,000Bank Note (1893), The Man (1894), that CorruptedHadleyburg (1900), and Christian Science (1907). In the midst of his success he was overtaken by a heavy financial disaster through the failure of a publishingfirm of which he had become
a
partner.
his humour
He
was
however
Though
often visited other
keen, subtle, and
often based
England,
and
was
distinctions received
set himself to work off his liabilities. rather mechanical or rough, it was serious principles.In 1907 on he received with enthusiasm, and among from Oxford the degree of LL.D.
CLEVELAND, JOHN (1613-1658)." Poet, s.

a
of
an
usher
in
b. at Loughborough, and ed. at Camb., where he became coll. tutor and lecturer on rhetoric at St. John's, and much was after. A staunch sought he opposed the election Royalist, of Oliver Cromwell member for Camb. as in the Long Parliament, and was in consequence ejectedfrom his coll. in 1645. Joining the he was King, by whom welcomed, he was to the office
charityschool, was
appointed

of
87
In 1646, however, he was at Newark. deprived Judge Advocate the bounty the country dependent on about of this, and wandered but of the Royalists. In 1655 he was imprisoned at Yarmouth, whom he and went to London, released by Cromwell, to appealed, His best consideration till his death. where he lived in much of Hudibras is satirical,givinga faint adumbration ; his other affected and occasional of with great beauty, being passages poems, artificial. The Poems were pub. in 1656. work
CLINTON, HENRY
Gamston,
devoted
FYNES
b. at Chronologist, (1781-1852).
"
Notts, ed. at Southwell, Westminster, and Oxf., where he to the study of Greek. himself chiefly Brought into Parlia Newcastle in he took active part in of no ment 1806, by the Duke He bought in 1810 the estate of and retired in 1826. life, political he entered and there Welwyn, upon wide and profound studies bear
ing upon
classical
chronology,and
the subject, viz., Fasti on Literary Chronology of Greece, part i. (1824),part ii. (1827), part iii. (1830),part iv. Fasti Romani, Civil and and Literary Chronology of Rome (1841), vol. ii. An Civil vol. i. the (1851), (1850), Epitome of Constantinople, for Rome the same and Literary Chronologyof Greece (1851), (1853). He also wrote a failure. a tragedy, Solyman, which was
,
wrote various Hellenic* Civil and
important treatises
CLOUGH,
ARTHUR
HUGH
Poet, (1819-1861).
"
s.
of
in America, in Liverpool,he spent his childhood merchant cotton his which he received for but was sent back to England education, he was While at the Univ., where tutor and at Rugby and Oxf. the influence of Newman, but after Fellow of Oriel, he fell under his Fellowshipin 1848. In the and resigned wards became a sceptic year he in hexameters. in 1849 was
same
pub. his poem,

After
The
Bothie
of Tober-na-Vuolich,
written
for a year, he the Continent on travelling Univ. In 1849 Warden of London. Hall, appointed the and Amours de more a appeared Voyage, rhymed novelette, in serious work, Dipsychus. In 1854 he was appointed an examiner the Education His last appointment was as Office, and married.
Sec.
which
of a Commission he visited various C.

was a
on
Military Schools,
was
in
connection with
with
countries, but
man
d. at Florence.
and illness, sincere character, with a of singularly
seized
though full of fine and subtle thought, poems, of short lyrics, deficient in form, and with the some are, exception the hexameters which he employed in The Bothie are often rough, as though perhaps used as effectively by any English verse-writer. M. Arnold's of C. Thyrsis was written in memory passionfor
truth. His
COBBE, FRANCES
POWER
and Theological (1822-1904).

"
social writer, was Dublin. b. near Coming under the influence of Theodore Unitarian. first work, pub. Her a Parker, she became Intuitive Morals The on anonymously, was Theory of (1855). She in the East, and travelled pub. Cities of the Past (1864). Later she became interested in social questionsand philanthropic work, and
wrote
many
books
on
these
and
kindred
subjects,including
in Morals
was
a
Criminals, Idiots, Women
and
Minors
(1872),and Scientific Spirit of opponent of vivisection.
Darwinism (1869), the Age (1888). She
strong
88

WILLIAM and political Essayist (1762-1835)."
COBBETT,
Surrey, s. of a small farmer, his youth was writer, b. at Farnham, in which his good and in the army, spent as a farm labourer, a clerk,
promotion to the rank of ser between about England and America, in the former and agriculture, between journalism and alternating in power got him into fre his oppositionto men of which
conduct led intelligence geant-major. After moving and
to
his
daring subjectedhim to heavy fines in both countries, quent his career as a in England in 1800, and continued he settled down Radical. His violent writer, first as a Tory and then as a political changes of opinion,and the force and severitywith which he ex In 1817 pressedhimself naturallyraised up enemies in both camps.
trouble and
he Re for two years. turninghe stood, in 1821, for a seat in Parliament, but was unsuc returned for Oldham, but made cessful. In 1832, however, he was of his day. of the best known C. men was one mark as a speaker. no of he master and but intensely was clear, His intellect was narrow, went back
to
America,
where
he
remained
nervous
and into
his His
ideas
idiomatic the minds Rural
Englishstylewhich
of his readers.
to
enabled His
him
English Grammar,
Weekly
death.
Rides, Advice
Young
chief Men
to project writings are
and
Women. until his
Political
Registerwas
continued
from
1802
Scottish judge and HENRY COCKBURN, (1779-1854). ed. in Edin., became a distinguished b. (probably)and biographer, also one was of the Scottish Bar, and ultimately a judge. He member of Scotland in its darkness in of the leaders of the Whig party days f riend of Francis The Act of Reform the to life-long 1832. prior his life, work, he wrote pub. in 1852. His chief literary Jeffrey, his continued in Time Memorials his his is however, of (1856), writer of the Journal (1874). These constitute an autobiography with notices of manners, publicevents, and sketches of interspersed of great interest and value. his contemporaries,
"
COCKTON,
is
HENRY
as
Novelist,b. (1807-1852).
"
in
London,
Vox-
only remembered the adventures (1840),
an
author
for his novel
of
Valentine
of
ventriloquist. Mathematician (1814-1883).

"
COLENSO,
and Biblical
JOHN
where
WILLIAM
he
was
a
b. at St. Austell, Cornwall, and critic,
Coll.,Camb.,
various
tutor, entered
and He
the
Church,
ed. at St. John's and pub. In and
mathematical
treatises
VillageSermons.
mastered His the grammar
1853
the
he
was appointed first Bishop of Natal. wrote a Zulu language, introduced printing,
Zulu
dictionary,
Commentary
i
and
many on the Romans party, and his Critical Examination its then in was
extreme
useful
reading-booksfor the natives. excited great opposition from (1861)

views, created
High Church!
of the Pentateuch great alarm and
by! (1862-1879), Hej

Capei
1863 deposed
but confirmed
are
Town,
and excommunicated in his see by the he
by
Courts
excitement. Bishop Gray of
logical writings
hold their
now
largely superseded;
was
but
His theo-' of Law. i his mathematical better
text-books, for the writingof which
much
equipped,;
place.

COLERIDGE, HARTLEY
Samuel among
ic was
89
s.
Poet, (1796-1849).
"
eldest
of
T. the
sent
"
C.
Lake by Sou
b. at Clevedon, spent his youth at Keswick (q.v.), but poets." His early education was desultory,
they
to Oxf.
in
1815.
His
win
to London and wrote for magazines. went tried school which he at a Ambleside, keeping 1823 life of recluse Grasmere led the at until his then a he and ailed, Borealis he wrote leath. Here Essays, Biographia (lives of and a Life of Massinger worthies of the northern counties)(1832), f or his Sonnets. He also left un remembered is He chiefly 1839).
but a Fellowship, of it. He then leprived rrom

to
the weakness
of his character
talents enabled him to led to his being
1828
finished
drama,
Prometheus.
COLERIDGE,
SAMUEL
TAYLOR
Poet, philo(1772-1834).
"
of s. of the Rev. John C., vicar and schoolmaster opher,and critic, there in b. the 1772, Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire, was youngest of at Christ's Hospital from He was 1782 to 1790, and 3 children. the famous scholar and his Thence for master. he proceeded lisciplinarian, James Boyer, he read much, but desultorily, in 1791, where o Jesus Coll.,Camb., The troubles arising thence and also,apparently, and got into debt. and enlisting a disappointment in love, led to his going to London the name of Silas Tomkyn Comberthe 1 5th Dragoons under n be to He could and "acke. ride, not, however, taught through Latin lines written by him on a stable door, his real condition ome lad Charles Lamb for
a
schoolfellow, and
was
discovered, his
friends
communicated him off. He had
with, and
After this this time imbibed
his
release
extreme
accomplished,his brothers "eturned (1794)to Camb.
buying
escapade he
by
democratic and on them, pantisocratic or, as he termed principles, he visited in the same where he made the Oxf., eaving Camb. year and discussed with him of Sou of found a they, project icquaintance ing a which
pantisocracy on the banks of the Susquehanna, a scheme to want of funds, and speedilyfell through, owing firstly of the circumstance two the to in love projectors secondly falling with Sarah and Edith two of whom sisters, Fricker, simultaneously :he former became, in 1795, the wife of C., and the latter of Southey. term at Camb,, and there in Sept. 1794 C. had spent one more his first work, The Fall of Robespierre, drama, to which a Southey
second and After his third, was pub. at first and thereafter at Nether Clevedon, marriage for a neighbour,with "towey, Somerset, where he had Wordsworth whom he formed intimate association. About an 1796 he fell into the fatal habit which of taking laudanum, had such disastrous effects upon of will. his character and powers In the same year
two
"
"
contributed
acts, the
he
settled
parting
various Subjectsappeared, and a little later Ode to the De Year. While at Nether Stowey he was practically sup"orted by Thomas formed he had Poole, a tanner, with whom a friendship. Here he wrote The Ancient Mariner, the first part of ^"hristabel and Kubla in Khan, and here he joinedwith Wordsworth Some time producing the Lyrical Ballads. previously he had
on
"oems
much a Unitarian, and was engaged as a preacher in that for short and time acted at Shrewsbury. a In as a minister x"dy, fluenced by Josiah and Thomas Wedgwood, who each in 1798 gave
jecome
90
him
an

annuity
of ^75 on condition of his devoting himself to litera afterwards went to Germany, and soon this position, ture he resigned which an a experience profoundly for over year, he remained where On intellect. his return his of influenced the future development and at the end with Southey and Wordsworth, excursions he made he wrote and reportedfor the Morn where of 1799 went to London, of Schiller's Wallenstein translation appeared ing Post. His great Greta to near he Hall, Keswick, migrated In the same in 1800. year Soon after this his Christabel. the second part of he wrote where
and, whether as the cause he suffered much; slave had become to he a of opium. Iri, this, the consequence or the and there became of search health, in 1804 he went to Malta him who Alexander Sir Ball, appointed friend of the governor, remarkable capacity for his sec., in which position he showed which had become of he tired, this occupation, affairs. Resigning
health gave way, and
Rome, he travelled in Italy,and in the beginning of 1806 reached Bunsen. and of he enjoyed the friendship Tieck, Humboldt, where his to England in the end of 1806, and in 1808 delivered He returned of lectures on Shakespeare at the Royal Institution, and first course to live thereafter leaving his family at Keswick, he went (1809),
with Wordsworth and philosophical
at
Grasmere.
Here
he
started
The
Friend^
9 months.
had been That part of his this he allowed his but to and will in wife, confirmed to him by 1805, He delivered second a in 1811 the remaining half was stopped. and in 1813 his drama, Remorse, was of lectures in London, course with success. acted at Drury Lane Leaving his family dependent from 1816 to 1819, various with lived friends,first, upon Southey,he While there he pub. Christabel and with John Morgan at Calne. in 1817 Biographia Liter aria, Sybilline in 1816, and and an Leaves, autobiography. In 1818 he appeared for the last in the found in 1819 a final resting-place He time as a lecturer. His life at Highgate. household of James Gillman, a surgeon, shat His nervous thenceforth was a system was splendidwreck. in: sufferer. Yet these last and he constant was a were, tered, years Kubla Khan He maintained best. a struggleagainstopium he and though he ceased to write much, which lasted with his life, of a group of disciples, became the revered centre includingsuch continued men as Maurice, and Hare, and thus indirectly Sterling, increased in the philosophic and and his influence theological
some
which lasted for periodical, theological T. contributed Wedgwood by annuity
respects,his
thought of
and In he which ture, cations were
his time.
was
He
returned
one
to
Trinitarianism, and
marked
singular
childlike
humilitybecame
elected
to
an a
1824
of his most Assoicate of the
Royal
characteristics. Society of Litera
brought him
Aids After
pension of 100 guineas. His latest publi Reflection (1825)and The Constitution of Church
there
were
and State. Table Talk and Anima Endowed
his death
Confessionsof an (1835),
other works, pub., among Letters Enquiring Spirit (1840),
Poetee (1895). with an intellect of the first order, and an imagination at once delicate and splendid, of moral constitu-1 C., from a weakness tion, and the lamentable habit alreadyreferred to, fell far short of the performance which he had planned,and which included various
epic poems,
and
complete system
of
philosophy, in
which
all

nowledge
He to be co-ordinated. has, however, left enough was him in the first rank of English to excellence such as of place oetry and matter to and critical, oets, theological enough philosophic, the f ormative of forces him onstitute one intellectually principal His knowledge of philosophy,science, theology,and f his time. of conversation, alike wide and deep, and his powers was A almost of him in rather monologue, were unique. description the the of iter life tells dress, thick, waving, clerical-looking ilver hair, the youthful coloured and cheek, the indefinable mouth and the steady penetratinggreenish-grey quick, yet eye, the ps, music of his low and continuous enunciation, and the everlasting
terature
r
"
ones."
Hospital and Camb., enlists Southey, and proposes to 794 Clevedon and Nether settles at ound Stowey 1795, pantisocracy, take friend of to nd became Wordsworth, began opium 1796, writes W. in Lyrical Ballads, became and joins Unitarian Ancient Manner, ireacher,visits Germany 1798, pub. translation of Wallenstein 1800,
SUMMARY. but
"
B.
1772,
ed.
Christ's
bought off,became
intimate
with
ettles at
ectures
on
Greta
809, and
.
Christabel, goes to Malta 1804, leaves his family and lives with W. Shakespeare 1808, with Gillman thereafter with various friends, latterly at
to
Hall
and
finishes
Highgate, returned
1834.
Trinitarianism, pub. various
works
1808-1825,
also H. D. S. T. Coleridge, a Narrative, J. D. Campbell (1893), raill (Men of Letters Series, 1884), also Pater's Appreciations, De Studies in and W orks, Poetry Shairp's Principal Philosophy ûincey's
1868).
COLERIDGE,
he
SARA
"
writer,
only dau. of the above, m. her cousin, Henry Nelson C. She Dobrizhoffer's Account translated of the Abipones, and The Joyous nd Pleasant History of ths Chevalier Bayard. Her original which was works are Pretty Lessons in Verse, etc. (1834), very popular,
. .
.
and a which
fairytale, Phantasmion.
she added
an
essay
on
She also ed. her father's Rationalism.

"
works,
to
Scholar and theologian, was COLET, JOHN (1467-1519).

in London, the The only survivor
.
who twice Lord Mayor. of a wealthy citizen, was of a family of 22, he went to Oxf. and Paris, and He entered Greek. ihence to Italy, he learned the Church, where and held many preferments,includingthe Deanery of St. Paul's.
s. e
continued
to
follow
t. Paul's
epistles.He
;he Church, and would action of Archbishop
his studies, devoting himself chiefly to the was outspoken against corruptionsof but for the prohave been called to account his great fortune He devoted to Warham.
out
Among his works are a endowing St. Paul's School. devotional the Sacraments and various writings. It is of knowrather for his learning and his attitude to the advancement edge than for his own writings that he has a place in the historyof boundingand
xeatise
on
English literature.
COLLIER, JEREMY
controversialist,b.
at
Church (1650-1726).
"
historian
at
and
and
Stow,
Cambridgeshire, ed.
became Rector of
Ipswich
Camb.,
entered
the Church, and
Ampton,
Suffolk,
92
a nonjuringbishop. lecturer of Gray's Inn, London, and ultimately and his man'of from was war engaged in contro He was youth, a His first important one with until his death. was versies almost in his to led and Gilbert Burnet, being imprisoned Newgate. He His chief of real learning. writingsare his however, a man was, and especially his EcclesiasticalHistory of Great Britain (1708-1714),
Short
View
of
the
Immorality
of which
and he he
Profaneness of
was
{1699),on Farquhar,
match.
account for whom, work The the
however,
the attacked by himself showed towards
English Stage Congreve and

more
than
materially helped
the
subsequent
a
of purification
stage.
"
COLLINS,
JOHN (d. 1808). Actor
and
writer, was
successful. staymaker, but took to the stage,on which he was fairly entertainments and pub. Scripscrapologia, He also gave humorous for the little piece, He is worthy of mention To of verses. a book " beginning In the downhill of life when I find I'm declin morrow,
ing,"characterised
ture
by Palgrave as
"
trulynoble poem."
"
COLLINS, JOHN CHURTON

and
Writer (1848-1908).
on
litera
critic,b. in Gloucestershire, and ed. at King Edward's in 1894 Prof, of EnglishLitera School, Birmingham, and Oxf., became
Birmingham. He wrote books on Sir J. Reynolds (1874), Illustrations of Tennyson in England (1886), (1891),anc also on Swift and Shakespeare, various collections of essays, Essays and Studies (1895), and Studies in Poetry and Criticism etc. (1905), and he issued ed. of the works of C. Tourneur, Greene, Dryden Herbert of Cherbury, etc.
ture at Voltaire
COLLINS, MORTIMER
solicitor at
Novelist, s. (1827-1876).
"
of
in Plymouth, was for a time a teacher of mathematics in he Berkshire and Guernsey. Settling life, adopted a literary was a prolific author, writinglargelyfor periodicals.He also wrote a deal
verse,
of occasional and humorous Sweet Anne Two including Page (1868), Mr. Carrington(1873), under the name
good
and T.
several
a
novels,
Plunges for
of
"
Pearl
(1872),
and
R.
Cotton,"
a
Fight with Fortune

hatter
at
(1876). COLLINS, WILLIAM (1721-1759)." Poet,s. of

Chichester,where
Oxf. he is
was
respectable
Chichester,
sank into after fits ol
b.
He
was
ed. at he
His a melancholy career. with the reception of his poems, his Odes, especially fell into habits of intemperance, despondency, and
Winchester, and
Disappointed
been his friend, commemorated him in a beautiful ode. left unfinished" that on the Superstitions of the Scottish for many was lost but sightof, years discovered was
d. a physicaland mental melancholy,deepeninginto insanity, wreck. has signally reversed the judgment of his contemporaries, Posterity and has placed him at the head of the of his age. He did lyrists not write much, but all that he wrote is precious. His first publica tion was vol. of poems, a small the Persian including (afterwards called Oriental) but his Eclogues(1742) work was his Odes ; principal those to Eveningand The Passions, which (1747), including will live as long as the language. When Thomson died in 1748 C., who had Another Dr.
"
Highlands,
Alex,
by
93
C.'s poetry is distinguished by its high imaginative Carlyle(q.v.). felicitous descriptive and by exquisitely phrases. quality, Aldine ed. of Poems to Memoirs ed., Moy (1827), prefixed Dyce's
Thomas,
1892.
COLLINS, WILLIAM
William
WILKIE
Lincoln's
Novelist,s. (1824-1889).
"
of
called to the Bar Inn, and was His first novel was literature. for law 1851, but soon relinquished his true field, found He Antonina (1850),a historical romance. lies chiefly in which his power life, however, in the novel of modern of the holds the attention which of a skilful plot, in the construction
C., R.A., entered
In Count to the last. and baffles his curiosity Fosco, how character to English fiction. he has contributed an original ever, White and Woman in The novels his two, numerous (1860), Among Others The Dead out The Moonstone are stand pre-eminent. (1868), " I say Secret (1857), No Name Armadale After Dark, (1862), (1866), reader
No," etc.
He
collaborated
THE
with
Dickens
in No
Thorough/are.
"
COLMAN, GEORGE,
6. at
more
ELDER
Dramatist, (1732-1794).
which friend of He wrote The the best known are Marriage (1766). C. was
a
British Envoy, he was his /. was Florence, where for the stage with success. took to and "iarrick, writing than 30 dramatic
pieces,of
and The Clandestine Jealous Wife (1761), also manager and part proprietorof various scholar
wrote
and essays,
translated and
Terence
and and
the
ed. Beaumont
THE
He theatres. a was Arte Poetica of Horace, Fletcher and B. Jonson. De
COLMAN, GEORGE,
The Heir the
at Law
YOUNGER
or
Drama (1762-1836).
"
wrote tist, s. of the preceding,
adapted
numerous
plays,including
1836). Many
on
stage.
Examiner of Plays (1824He was and John Bull. of his plays are highlyamusing, and keep their place and he was him popular in society, His wit made a
favourite with
George
CHARLES
IV.
COLTON,
writer, ed.
CALEB
"
and Camb., took orders and held various livings. took of talent, with little or no principle, eccentric man He was an hand. had to leave the country. He d. by his own :o gaming, and His books, mainly collections of epigrammatic aphorisms and short had a pheno almost forgotten, essays on conduct, etc., though now
at Eton
menal
popularity
Few
in their
day.
a
Among
poems.
"
them
are
Lacon,
or
Many
Things in
md
Words, and
few
COMBE,
GEORGE
Writer (1788-1858).
some
on
phrenology
practisedas promotion
he in
a
for education, b. in Edin., where however, he devoted lawyer. Latterly, and Dhrenology, 'ounded
a
time
he
of his views school. His chief
on
himself to the education, for which

was
of
1848
Man
work
The
Constitution
of
(1828).
COMBE,
His within the
"
WILLIAM
(1741-1823). Miscellaneous
"
that of an adventurer, his later was rules " of the King's Bench prison. He the author of Tours The membered Three as of Dr. Syntax, a comic a series of imaginary was poem (?). His cleverest piece of work
early life was
writer. passed chiefly is chiefly re
94
Lord and

ttelton. He Stella.
letters,supposed to have
Ly
books, and
was
" ' wicked been written by the second, or Swift his letters between Of a similar kind were for various illustrated the letterpress also wrote generalhack.
'
CONGREVE,
WILLIAM
Dramatist, was (1670-1729).
b. in
ed. at Kil to Ireland, and taken In boyhood he was Yorkshire. 1688 he returned to In Dublin. England kenny and at TrinityColl., to have the Middle and entered Temple, but does not appear His the first The for took to a nd comedy, stage. writing practised, Old Bachelor, was produced with great applause in 1693, and was Love f"* Love (l695). and The followed by The Double Dealer (1693), and by a tragedy, The Mourning Bride Way of the World (1700), for wit and all remarkable are sparkling (1697). His comedies licentiousness have driven them and their profanity dialogue,but from the stage. These latter qualities brought them under the lash in his Short View of the English Stage. Conof Jeremy Collier (q.v.) into controversy with his critic who, however, proved greve rushed C. was favourite had various too strong for him. at Court, and a In his latter years he was him. lucrative offices conferred upon
blind; otherwise
ambition
his life
was
prosperous,
a
and
he
achieved
his chief
of being admired as Gosse Life, (1888). Works, Series (1888).
fine ed.
gentleman gallant. also Mermaid by Henley (1895),

of
a
and
CONINGTON,
clergyman
and
at
JOHN
Translator, s. (1825-1869).
"
was b., ed. at Rugby, began the study of law, but soon became relinquished it.ând devotinghimself to scholarship, Prof, of Latin at Oxf. His chief is his work trans (1854-1869). lation of Virgil's JEneid in the octosyllabic metre of Scott (i 861-68). He also translated the Satires and in Pope's Epistlesof Horace a nd Iliad in He stanza. couplets, completed Worsley's Spenserian also brought out valuable ed. of Virgil C. and Perseus. of] was one the greatest translators whom England has produced.
Magdalen
Boston, Lincolnshire, where and Univ. Coll.,Oxf., and
he
CONSTABLE, HENRY
C., ed. at
Poet,s. (1562-1613)."
of Sir Robert
Camb., but becoming a Roman Catholic,went to Paris, and acted as an agent for the Catholic powers. He d. at Liege. In 1 592 he pub. Diana, a collection of sonnets, and contributed to England's Helicon four poems, including Diaphenia and Venus and Adonis. His styleis characterised by fervour and richness of colour.
COOKE, JOHN ESTEN
Novelist, b. (1830-1886)."
in Vir
illustrated the life and history ginia, of his native state in the novels, The Virginia Comedians and The Wearing of the Gray, a taltf^ (1854), of the Civil War, and more formallyin an excellent History of the State. His style was somewhat
high-flown.
COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE
Novelist,b. (1789-1851).
"
at
New and ed. at Yale Coll., Burlington, Jersey, he in 1808 entered the1 U.S. Navy, in which he remained for 3 years, an experiencewhich of immense was future value to him as an author. It was not until 1821 that his first novel, Precaution, Its want i of success
appeared.
95
he produced The did not discourage him, and in the next year (1822), him He wrote as which a a at once place story-teller. high gained Spy, be mentioned The Pioneers which of The over (1823), may 30 novels, Mohicans The Prairie The Pilot (1823),The Last of the (1826), (1826), The Pathfinder, The Deer slayer The Bravo (1840), (1831), Admirals and Satanstoe He also The Two (1842), (1845). (1841), C. United States the Naval wrote was a History of (1839). possessed narrative and of remarkable descriptive powers, and could occa He the merit of opening up an had delineate character. sionally Red Rover of field,and givingexpressionto the spirit and he sometimes his true was limited, World, range he was ack of judgment in choosing subjectswith which combative but honest and He was to deal. a proud and
entirelynew
but
the New showed

not
fitted
estimable
an.
COOPER, THOMAS
Leicester, and
and
Chartist poet, was (1805-1892).

"
b. at
He
was
apprenticedto
shoemaker.
at
In
spiteof hardships
schoolmaster. in
he ed. himself, and difficulties, and lecturer among a leader Became imprisoned in Stafford gaol for two
a 23 was the Chartists, and
1842
gatory of Suicides,
Became
years, where political epic. At the same he
he wrote his Pur time he adopted
views, which jceptical

:hem. Radical.
continued until 1855, when to hold he and was a preacheramong a Christian, joined the Baptists, into an In his latter years he settled down old-fashioned
His friends in 1867 raised an annuity for him, and in the last life he received a government pension. In addition to his of his year Somewhat several novels. he wrote an impulsive,he was poems
icnest
and
sincere
man.
CORBET, RICHARD
was
Poet, s. (1582-1635).
"
of
gardener,
ed. at Westminster and Oxf., and entered the Church, in he obtained and rose to be Bishop suc which preferments, many Oxf. Norwich. and He celebrated for his wit, of was cessively His which not seldom into which are passed buffoonery. poems, often clude
to
were mere doggerel, Journey to France,
School
not
pub.
Newark,
and
Iter Boreale, the account the Farewell to the Fairies.
until after his death. They in of a tour from Oxf.
CORNWALL,
rington,and
was a
BARRY,
see
PROCTER, B. W.
"
CORY, WILLIAM
Poet, b. JOHNSON (1823-1892).
at Tor-
he was ed. at Eton, where afterwards master. He a brilliant writer of Latin His chief poetical work is verse. in which he showed a true lyrical lonica, containingpoems gift.
CORY ATE,
at Odcombe, the household
OR
CORY
ATT,
THOMAS
Poet, (1577-1617).
"
b.
in
Somerset, and
of Prince
ed. at Westminster Henry. In 1608 he made
and
a
Oxf., entered
walking tour
miles in one France, Italy,and Germany, walking nearly 2000 which of shoes, until 1702, hung up in Odcombe Church, were, known
count
"
pair
fixed Next
and the thousand mile shoes." He an ac amusing gave of this in his Coryate'sCrudities hastily up (1611), gobbled pre to which were verses commendatory by many contemporary
as
poets.
year
Crambt, Coryate's sequel, (1612)C. bade farewell
or
to
Colewort twice Sodden followed. his fellow-townsmen, and set
96
out
on

another
journey to Greece, Egypt, and India, from which he d. at Surat. He returned. Though odd and conceited, C. never real took and information close observer, pains in collecting a was visited. he as to the places
COSTELLO,
LOUISA
STUART
Poet (1799-1877)."
and
she was a minia Maid The the she In etc. Isle, of Cyprus pub. 1815 ture-painter. which books of wrote were travel, very popular, (poems). She also founded French on her novels, chiefly were history. Another i as
in Paris, where novelist,b. in Ireland, lived chiefly
work,
pub. in 1835, is Specimens of the Early Poetry of France. Poet and COTTON, CHARLES (1630-1687). translator,
"
succeeded methods and
to
an
embarrassed
estate, which
his
i happy-go-lucky
did
not
improve, wrote
excellent made an C. was the friend of Izaak humorous Walton, Journey to Ireland. and wrote a second part of The CompleteA ngler. He was apparently always in difficulties, always happy, and always a favourite.
burlesqueson Virgiland Lucian, translation of Montaigne's Essays, also a
COTTON, SIR ROBERT
BRUCE
(1571-1631). Antiquary,
"
a great collector of charters at Denton, Hunts, and ed. at Camb., was and records throwing lightupon English history,and co-operated with Camden (q.v.). Among his works are a historyof the Raigne of III. Henry (1627). He was the collector of the Cottonian library,
now
in the British
Museum,
and
was
the author
of various
political
tracts.
COUSIN,
only dau.
minister
ANNE
Ross
(CUNDELL) (1824-1906). Poetess,

"
of D. R. Cundell, M.D., Leith, of the Free Church of Scotland,
m.
1847
Rev.
Wm.
Cousin,
Somft
at latterly
Melrose.
of her hymns, especially Sands of Time "The are sinking,"are known and sung over the English-speaking world. A collection of her poems, Immanuel's Land and Other Pieces, was pub. in under her initials A. R. C., by which she
was
most
widely known.
of
1871! ^
COVERDALE,
lation of the Bible
MILES
Translator (1488-1568)."
til
Bible, b. in Yorkshire, and ed. at Camb. an Originally Augustinian monk, he became a supporter of the Reformation. In 1 5 35 his trans^
It bore the titled pub., probably at Zurich. that is the Holy Scripture the Olde and Net) of Testament and translated and faithfully out of the Doutche newly Latyn into English. C. was made Bishop of Exeter in 1551, but, on the accession of Mary, he was imprisoned for two years, at the end of which he was released and went to Denmark and afterwards "" On the death Geneva. of Mary he returned to England, but tha views he had imbibed in Geneva adverse to his were He ultimately, however, received a benefice in he which
was
Biblia, the Bible
preferment
01!
London,
resignedbefore
treatises of the
his death.
Continental
Besides the Reformers.
Bible
he
translated
COWLEY, ABRAHAM
stationer in London, where
Poet, *" (1618-1667)."

he
was
of
grocer
was
6.
influenced
by reading Spenser,a
This,
possession of his mother.
copy he said, made
In childhood he of whose poems

him
a
greatl'
in th
was
poet.
97
he was first book, Poetic Blossoms was pub. when (1633), only 15School he went to Camb., where After being at Westminster he was translations. On his the outbreak of the f or graceful distinguished Civil War the turned of his out he joined and was Royalists, college, he remained for 10 followed the Queen to Paris, where which he rendered unwearied service to the years, during Restoration the he At but wrote odes, some loyal family. in
1646
or
12
royal
was
disappointedby being
refused
the
Mastership
of the
Savoy,
and
said fter a
expected. He d. of fever a on by Pope by lyingin the fields brought The however, is perhaps an drinking-bout, drinking-bout. C.'s fame his contemporaries was 1-natured addition. among
to have
:tired to the country. He received a lease of Crown fe in the country did not yieldhim the happinesshe
lands, but his
auch
oems n some
greater than
are
marred of
that which by conceits
has posterity and he

a
forced
and
accorded His to him. artificial brilliancy. and
them,
however,
sings pleasantlyof gardens
They comprise Miscellanies, The Mistress, or Love ~*oems (1647), Pindaric Odes, and The Davideis, an epic on David He is his best in such imitations of Anacreon at as unfinished). in his Essays, though now "he Grasshopper. His prose, especially Imost unread, is better than his verse; pimple and manly, it somerises to eloquence. C. is buried in Westminster mes Abbey near
ountry
scenes.
penser. Ed., Grosart
Waller (1881),
(1903).
"
COWPER, WILLIAM
'lev.
o
Poet, was (1731-1800).

C., the eminent
the
s.
of the
Lord Chancellor. A shy and of his mother when he was 6 years old, and inflicted upon him he sufferings by a bullyingschoolfellow at his his tender and shrinkingspirit rst school, wounded irrecoverably. [e was sent to Westminster School, where he had for schoolfellows imid
John George ephew of
C., Rector of Great Berkhampstead, Herts, and Chaplain II. His grandfatherwas he was the granda judge, and
the
ist Earl
child, the death
Warren and poet (q.v.), Hastings. The powerful influence of his egal family naturally suggested his being destined at 1 8 he entered the chambers of a solicitor, or the law, and where
hurchill, the
companion Thurlow, the future Chancellor, a truly into have got on well however, seem conjunction; the pair, ongruous and their time in and making ogether, employed chiefly giggling iggle." He then entered the Middle Temple, and in 1754 was ailed to the Bar. This was perhaps the happiestperiod of his life, of two cousins, Theodora and Harriet eing enlivened by the society With the former he fell in love; but his proposal of marriage
e
had
for
"
vas
opposed by
he
never
her
who /., her
had
im, and
later
met
again.
observed symptoms of morbidity in The latter, as Lady Hesketh, was
In 1759 he received days one of his most intimate friends. small sinecure appointment as of Bankrupts, Commissioner ?-hich he held for 5 years, and in 1763, through the influence of a elative,he received the offer of the desirable office of Clerk of the ournals to the House of Lords. He accepted the appointment, but he dread of having to make formal before the House a appearance
o
preyed
upon
to
his mind
an
as
to induce
temporary
le was
sent
asylum
at St.
Albans, where
loss of reason, and he remained for about
98
a
income no beyond a small sum inherited from He had now year. suffi and no aims in life; but friends supplemented his means his /., life of the retirement mind with lead a him to quiet to enable to Huntingdon, and He went resolved to follow. he had which with whom he went to the acquaintanceof the Unwins, there made The ripened into a close acquaintance soon live as a boarder. accident of Mr. U., from an the death, (1767), and on
ciently
friendship,
" of his poems) to Olney, (the Mary C. accompanied his widow N. and C. becamecurate. was the Rev. John Newton (q.v.) where collaborated in producing the well-known friends, and intimate which of engaged 67 were composed by C. He became Olney Hymns, his mental of attack fresh malady in 1773to Unwin, but a
"
Mary
preventedtheir marriage.
and and The
occupied poeticgift. At
took to gardening, " himself by keeping pets, includingthe hares amused Tiny " in his works.. Puss," and the spaniel Beau," immortalised for which he however, chief means, adopted keeping his mind the cultivation of hisideas was and free from distressing On
" "
his recovery
he
The Progressof of Mrs. U., he wrote suggestion Conversation, Charity, Hope, Expostulation, whole in vol. ia.the and were one and Retirement added, were pub. its of" merits signal 1782. Though not received with acclamation, and the idiomatc freshness, simplicity, graceful humour, pure and obtained written which it in was recognition, gradually English His health had to the of now the fame began spread. poet-recluse become re-established, and he enjoyed an unwonted considerably of fostered by the friendship of cheerfulness, which was measure her received his From he had become who Austin, neighbour. Lady turned into his im which he forthwith the story of John Gilpin, that he should write at Hers also was the suggestion mortal ballad. famous in blank verse, which gave its origin to his most poem, poem Before it was the The Task. however, had, pub., intimacy appar off. littlefeminine The been broken ently owing to some jealousies, and distinguished1 Task was pub. in 1785, and met with immediate it was, in fact, thesuccess. Although not formallyor professedly, the classical school of beginning of an uprising against poetry, and the founding of a new school in which Asthe teacher. nature was Dr. Stopford Brooke points out, Cowper is the first of the poetswho loves Nature for her own the idea sake," and in him entirely of Mankind whole is fullyformed." as a About this time he re sumed his friendship with his cousin, Lady Hesketh, and, encouraged he his translation of Homer, which by her, began appeared in 1791.Before this he had removed with Mrs. U. to the village of Weston Underwood. His health had again given way; and in 1791 Mrs.. U. became and the objectof his assiduous and affectionate: paralytic, A settled gloom with occasional care. now brighterintervals was He strove to fight it by engaging in various trans falling upon him. and in revising his Homer, and undertaking a new lations, ed. of Milton, which last was, however, left unfinished. In 1 794 a pension* the
Error; Truth, Table Talk,
"
"
in 1795 he removed with Mrs. Mrs. U. d. in thefollowing death released him year, and three years later his own from his heavy burden of trouble and sorrow. His last poem wasThe Castaway,which, with its darkness almost of shows no"i despair,
was
a
of
^300
now
conferred
upon
him, and
East
U.,
invalid,to helpless
Dereham.

loss of intellectual
as
a
99
reputation
or
C. has that writers, and in this he shows, command the same manner,
poet
poeticpower. of being among
In
addition
to
his
and the the In literature C. is the connecting link between classical school of Pope and the natural school of Burns, Crabbe, in common with the and Wordsworth, more having,however, much acute
observation,
the very best of English letterin an even easier and more unstudied idiomatic of pure English, the same and same mingling of gentle humour
melancholy.
latter. SUMMARY. Temple and House became pub. Poems 1880. The vols. There Letters B. ed. Westminster Middle School, entered 1731, called to the Bar, 1754, appointed Clerk of Journals of of Lords, but mind 1763, lives with the Unwins, gave way and with him writes Olney Hymns, intimate with J. Newton
"
1782, Task of Error, etc.), (Progress

ed.
1785, Homer
1791,
d.
standard
1834-37).
are
of C.'s works is Southey's,with memoir (15 Others the Aldine are (1865),the Globe (1870).
Lives
by Hayley (2 vols., 1805),Goldwin

T.
Smith
(Men
of
and Series),
Wright.
was Historian, (1747-1828).
"
COXE, WILLIAM
Jon, and
b. in Lon-
ed. at Eton and Camb. As tutor to various young of men the Continent, and pub. accounts of his on amily he travelled much His chief historical work is his Memoirs of the House of ourneys. Austria and he also wrote lives of Walpole, Marlborough, (1807), and He had "ooks, though somewhat decided of Wilts. others.
access
to
valuable
on
originalsources,
was
a
and
his
withstandinga
Archdeacon
heavy, are Whig bias.
the whole He
trustworthy,not clergyman, and d.

at
CRABBE, GEORGE
his fortune
Poet, b. (1754-1832).
"
Aldborough,
apprenticedto
Suffolk,where his /.was collector of salt dues, he but, having no likingfor the work, surgeon,
in literature. Unsuccessful
was
to London to at first,he as a last try wrote of his writings, and resource a letter to Burke some enclosing was house, immediately befriended by him, and taken into his own where he met Fox, Reynolds, and others. His first important work,
went
The
He took pub. in 1781, and received with favour. of Rutland his domestic orders, and was appointed by the Duke with him at Belvoir Castle. Here in 1783 he pub. chaplain, residing The w hich established his and about the same Village, reputation, :ime he was Lord Thurlow to two small livings. He presented by secured from want, made was now devoted a happy marriage,and limself to literary and scientific pursuits. The Newspaper appeared n followed by a period of silence until 1807, when he 1785, and was forward followed came again with The Parish Register, by The Tales in Verse (1812), and his last work, Tales of the Borough (1810), lall (1817-18). In 1819 Murray the publisher gave him ^3000 for the last named work and the unexpired copyright of his other In 1822 he visited Sir Walter Scott at Edinburgh. Soon poems. afterwards his health began to give way, and he d. in 1832. C. has been called the poet of the poor." He in simple, describes but and their vivid, weaknesses, crimes, verse strong struggles, sorrows, and pleasures, sometimes with racy humour, oftener in sombre hues,
Library, was
"
i oo His
of introduced, goes to the heart; his pictures pathos,sparingly the and he has rise to seldom terrific, a and crime despair not natural scenery, and of bringing out of painting marvellous power of scenes at first sightun in detail the beauty and picturesqueness free from is affec He absolutely uninviting. or even interesting, of the be as and one regarded greatest tation or sentimentality, may
masters
of the realisticin
certain
faults, too
great
With these merits he has literature. in his pictures, minuteness too frequent
our
dwellingupon the sordid and depraved aspects of character, and and not unsome degree of harshness both in matter and manner, of taste. a want frequently to ed. of works by his son (1834), Ainger (Men of Life prefixed
Letters,
1903).
Works
(Ward,
3 vols., 1906-7).
CRAIGIE, MRS.
.1906). Dau.
TERESA MARY PEARL (RICHARDS)(1867b. in Boston, Massachusetts. of John Morgan, R.
and Paris, and from received in London Most of her education was and reader observer. At childhood she was a 19 she m. great did not prove happy and was, the union but Mr. R. W. Craigie, In 1902 she became Roman Catholic. dissolved. a her petition, on Oliver of the under She Hobbes," wrote, John pseudonym ,a of sub of novels and dramas, distinguished Dumber by originality finish of style, ject and treatment, brightness of humour, and
"
among
which
Gods, Some
The and Dream and Ambassador
Some Emotions and a Moral, The be mentioned may Wickenham Mortals and Lord (1895),The Herb Moon an"l Robert School for Saints (1897), Orange (1900),The Business The (1907). and The Bishop'sMove. Her dramas include The
CRAIK, GEORGE
LILLIE
Writer (1798-1866).
"
on
English
literature,etc., b. at Kennoway, Fife, and ed. at St. Andrews, went he wrote in 1824, where for the to London largely Societyfor the In 1849 he was Promotion of Useful Knowledge." appointed Prof, of EnglishLiterature and History at Belfast. Among his books are
"
The Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties History of British (1831), Commerce and Literature and the English History of English (1844), Language (1861). He was also jointauthor of The Pictorial History of England, and wrote books on Spenser and Bacon.
CRANMER,
Churchman,
THOMAS
(1489-1556). Theologian and

"
b. at Aslacton, Notts, ed. at Camb., and became an eminent classical and biblical scholar. He supported Henry VIII. in his divorce proceedingsagainst Queen Catherine, gained the with the of the Reformation ini promoters On the accession of he England. committed to the Tower, was Mary, and after a temporary failure of courage and constancy, suffered, It is largely martyrdom at the stake. to C. that we the stately] owe forms of the Book of Common He also wrote over Prayer. 40 "works, and composed several hymns; but the influence of the Prayer-book in fixingthe language is his great, though indirect, service to our literature. Fox's Book of Martyrs, Strype'sMemorials of Cranmer, Hook's .Lives of Archbishops etc. of Canterbury, chief
King's favour, and obtained Primacy. He was one of the
rapid preferment, ending
Literature of English Dictionary CRASHAW,

C., a Puritan Camb., where
in he was, Covenant. communion.
101
RICHARD
divine, was
he became
a
Poet, (i6i3?-i649).
"
s.
of William
ed. at Charterhouse and b. in London, Fellow of Peterhouse, from which, however, take the Solemn and almost
and
to 1643, ejectedfor refusing
League
and
Thereafter he suffered He
went
to
France,
joined the
great straits, being
starvation, but was, through the influence of Queen Cardinal Palotta. About to Sec. Maria, appointed 1649 he
Roman reduced to Henrietta

went to
of the Church of and in the following year became a canon Italy, C. is said to have been an eloquent He d. the same x"retto. year. well as a poet of a high order in the as a scholar preacher, and was transcendental ecstatic and style. His chief work is Steps to the somewhat in religious poems he style of Herbert ; his Weeping of the Magdalen is full of the most for which is,indeed, his besetting sin a fondness conceits, extravagant commemorated him in beautiful His friend ode. a is a poet. Cowley
mainly Temple (1646),consisting
of
CRAWFORD,
FRANCIS
MARION
Novelist (1854-1909).
"
and
b. at Bagni di C., an American listorian,s. of Thomas sculptor, Lucca, Italy,and ed. in America, at Camb., and in Germany, he Herald went to India and ed. The Indian (1879-80). Thereafter he at Sorrento, and ettled in Italy,livingchiefly becoming a Roman historical works Ave Roma Catholic. His principal Immortalis are
Malta, 1904), and
the South as Sicily,Calabria, and (reprinted Venetian Gleanings (1905),but his reputation he wrote between ests mainly on his novels, of which 30 and 40, the which Mr. Isaacs known of Dr. Claudius "est are perhaps (1882), Marzio's A Roman Saracinesca Crucifix (1887), 1883), Singer(1884),
1898), The
Rulers
of
Romance A Cigarette-maker's considered his (1890), generally 1887), Pietro Don Orsino Ghisleri and The (1892), nasterpiece, (1893), Heart of Rome da Rimini. His (1903). His one play is Francesca and written in a styleof decided novels are all interesting, distinc tion. His historical works, though full of information, lack spirit.
CREASY, SIR EDWARD
SHEPHERD
Historian, (1812-1878).
"
d. at Eton and Camb., and called to the Bar in 1837,he became in 1840 ^rof. of History, London of Ceylon, Univ., and in 1860 Chief Justice when he was contribution to literature knighted. His best known World his Battles the Decisive Other works s are Fifteen of (1852). historical and rnstitutions Critical Account the Ottoman
of
the Several
Invasions
of England
and Colonial
1852),History of
Turks, and
Imperial
of the British
Empire (1872).
"
CREECH, THOMAS
b. near Translator, (1659-1700).
Sher-
Head Master of Sherborne School. He "orne, ed. at Oxf., became translated Lucretius in verse for which he received Fellow a (1682), shipat Oxf., also Horace, Theocritus, and other classics. Owing to a in lisappointment love and
pecuniary difficulties he hanged

Churchman (1843-1901).
"
himself.
CREIGHTON,
MANDELL
and
listorian,b. at Carlisle,and ed. at Durham Grammar School and Merton Coll.,Oxf., he took orders, and was to the presented living 3f Embleton, Northumberland, in 1875, where, in addition to zealous of pastoral duties, he pursued the historical studies on thelischarge
IO2
In 1882 the first two rests. his reputation chiefly results of which in by two more vols. of his History of the Papacy appeared,followed first he Dixie In was in fifth appointed and 1884 1894. a 1887, He ed. the Prof.' of Ecclesiastical English History at Camb. held In after canonries at having Historical Review (1886-91). 1891 he became and Windsor, Bishop of Peterborough,from Worcester
,
His duties as Bishop to London. in 1897 translated the completion of his great historical work an made addition it various in to text-books impossibility.He wrote of Sir George Grey, a life of Queen Elizabeth, a memoir on history, He reviews. and articles was as a leading and recognised many which of he had to the history department specially authority on he which of London
was
devoted
himself, and
he made
his mark
as
a
"
Churchman.
CROKER, JOHN WILSON

cellaneous
as a
Politician (1780-1857).
and
mis
Dublin, he entered Parliament Coll., writer. Ed. at Trinity various the Secre to offices, and was including appointed Tory, which held for he He 20 of the was one Admiralty, years. taryship
of its most of the Quarterly Review, and wrote some of the founders reviews. He articles and violent political pub. in 1831 an ed. of: historical essays and Be/swell's Life of Johnson. He also wrote some satirical
pieces.
THOMAS CROFTON Irish (1798-1854).
"
CROKER,
Anti
in the Admiralty. years held a position quary, b. at Cork, for some to the collection of ancient himself largely Irish poetry He devoted his Researches and folk-lore. in the South of are publications Among
Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland (1824), Daniel O'Rourke (1825-27), Popular Songs of Ireland (1837), (1829),. He assisted and Barney Mahoney in the Cam(1832). founding and Societies. den Percy
Ireland
"
"
"
"
CROLY, GEORGE
and divine, b. at orders and became
Poet, novelist, historian, (1780-1860).

"
Dublin, and
Rector of St.
Trinity Coll. there, he took Walbrook, and had a high Stephen's,
ed. at
wrote as a preacher. He reputation dramas, satires, novels, poems, a nd of success works, and attained some history, theological measure in all. Perhaps his best known works his novels, Salathiel are founded the legend of the wandering Jew," and Mareon (1829), ton (1846). His chief contribution to theological literature is an of the Apocalypse. exposition
"
CROWE,
dramas,
CATHERINE
Wrote (STEVENS) (1800-1876)."
two novels, includingSusan one or and Lilly Dawson Hopley (1841), but is chiefly remembered (1847), for her Night-side Nature of (1848),a collection of stories of supernatural. Though somewhat morbid she had consid talent.
children's books, and
CROWE,
ed. at
EYRE
an
EVANS
the
(1799-1868). Historian
"
and
novelist, 5. of
officer in TrinityColl., Dublin.
Vittoria Colonna, To-day

a
b. near army, He wrote several in Ireland (1825),The
Southampton, and novels, including English in France
(1828),and Charles History of France
D aimer (1853). Among his historical works arc in Lardner's Cabinet Encyclopedia, afterwards

and ênlarged Charles X.
103
and
separately pub., and

SIR
History of
Louis
XVIII.
CROWE,
art,
s.
JOSEPH
ARCHER
Writer (1825-1896).
"
on
of his childhood Most b. in London. of the above, was was in to his became and a return in ne on 1843 France, England spent educational for in then He was some engaged years journalist. afterwards war "work in India, and was correspondentfor the Times various occasions, and filled various important consular posts,for on K.C.M.G. with G. B. In collaboration in 1890 made he was which the author of several refugee,he was Painters The Flemish art, including Early in A A New Italy (1864-68), History of History of Painting (1856), Titian, His Life and Times (1877), Painting in North Italy (1871), "and Raphael,His Life and Works (1883-85). The actual writing of
Cavalcasselle,
an
Italian
on
-authoritative
works
-allthese
was
the work
of C.
"
CROWE,
Berks, the
whence he
s.
WILLIAM Poet, b. at Midgham, (1745-1829). at Winchester, ed. as a foundationer of a carpenter,was
he became Public Orator. He where conventional Lewesdon Hill wrote a smooth, but somewhat poem, and lectured ed. Collins's Poems on (1828), poetry at the (1789), C. His coll. in Institution. was a clergy were 1827. Royal poems
proceeded to Oxf.,
man
and
Rector
of Alton
Barnes,
Wilts.
"
CROWNE,
from Nova and -emigrated,
JOHN
Scotia,
to
(1640? -1703). Dramatist,

which his
returned
Nonconformist minister, had of usher to a lady gentleman quality.His first in He in all about wrote 1671. play,Juliana,appeared 17 dramatic the best is Sir Courtly Nice of which adapted from (1685), pieces,
/.,a
became
the In
Spanish.
It is
amusing,
general,however, RALPH CUDWORTH,
and C. is dull.
enjoyed
"
long
continued
vogue.
Divine (1617-1688).
and
philo
sopher,b. at Aller,Somerset, and ed. at Camb., where, after being a of Clare Hall 1645, Prof, of Hebrew Master tutor, he became (164588),and Master of Christ's Coll.,1654. His great work is The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678). A work of vast learning
and of the age. C.'s acuteness, it is directed againstthe infidelity in his statement of the opposingposition remarkable candour was so " that Dryden remarked that he raised such strong objections that many thought he againstthe being of a God and Providence had not answered He also left in MS. a Treatise concerning them." Eternal and Immutable
CUMBERLAND,
dramatist, ed.
service, and
is The West with Indian. Sir J. B.
Morality, pub. in 1731. RICHARD (1732-1811). Novelist

"
and
and at Westminster Camb., entered the diplomatic filled several government appointments. His best play do not rise much above mediocrity. Surges he wrote an epic entitled The Exodiad, translations from the Greek. some His novels
Along
and
he also made
CUMMINS, MARIA
Mass.,
was
SUSANNA
B. (1827-1866).
"
at
Salem,
well-known of The Lamplighter, as the authoress a some sentimental what tale which had very wide popularity. She wrote of which had the same others, including Mabel Vaughan, none
success.
104

ALLAN Poet (1784-1842)." and
in his
CUNNINGHAM,
Dalswinton, Dumfriesshire, writer, b. near laneous He was of his father's. friend apprenticed a who was Burns, knew and imita to leisure his reading writing but gave to a stonemason, contributed to Cromek's he which tions of old Scottish ballads, Nithsdale and Galloway Song, pub. in 1810, and which Remains
miscel youth
of
of Scott and Hogg. Thereafter he the friendship a and became reporter,and subse parliamentary to London, went his the sculptor,but continued quently assistant to Chantrey, life of Sir D. and Wilkie, labours, writing three novels, a âined for him and Architects, besides British Painters, Sculptors, Sea. He the best is A wet sheet and a flowing which of songs, many He had Works. four of all Burns's of ed. sons, also brought out an inherited in his and some to important positions, degree whom rose Lives
literary of Eminent
literary gifts.
CURTIS,
GEORGE
WILLIAM
(1824-1892). American
"
editor, and essayist,
contributed journalist,
to
New
York
Tribune,
of his most and and to Putnam's Harper's monthlies, in which of New these are a books first appeared. Among Trumps, story the and and Prue I, Lotus-eating, Potiphar Papers. G. York life, of his day. orators also one of the finest American was
CYNEWULF ably
a
poet. (fl. 750). Anglo-Saxon

"
He
to
was
prob
been
a
Northumbrian,
His
though
sometimes
thought
have
less doubtfully at or others, more poems, and some in the Exeter Book and the Vercelli to him, are contained considered his are the which to be certainly The poems Book. are is allusions in which derived hints and Riddles, from nearlyall that is Mercian. tributed which of him, or at least of the earlier part of his life, known appears in the been that of a joyous and poetical to have nature, rejoicing His the world. the next of legend of a. beauty poem, Juliana, indicates transition in his and l ife a spiritual ; sorrow virgin-martyr, repentance are its predominant notes, and in these respects another it. In the Crist (Christ), C. has passed St. Guthlac, resembles poem, the clouds to an assured faith and The Phoenix, peace. the second part of Guthlac, though not certainly his, are gener and Elene (thelegend allyattributed to him. The Fates ofthe Apostles of St. Helena) are his; the Andreas and The Dream of the Roode
through
and
are
stillin poems
some
the
the
respectsthe subjectof controversy. In several of in a introduced are separate letters of C.'s name
and
are regarded and Elene Apostles,
peculiar manner,
Juliana, Crist, The
The Exeter and and poems,
Vercelli
are
they
AND
IST
a
named
Books from
are
the
attestingsignature. said to be signed. collections of ancient English placeswhere they were found.
as an are
thus
DALLING
BULWER,
and (q.v.),
at
BULWER, WILLIAM
Elder (1801-1872)."
HENRY
brother
LYTTON
of Lord
LORD
EARLE Lytton
distinguished diplomatist. He represented England Madrid, Washington (where he concluded the Bulwer-Clayton raised Treaty),Florence, Bucharest, and Constantinople, and was
to the peerage in 1871. He was the author of a number of books of travel and biography,including An Autumn in Greece (1826), a Life Historical Characters of Byron (1835), unfinished and an (1868-70), life of Lord Palmerston.
Literature of English Dictionary DAMPIER, WILLIAM

Yeovil.
105
and buc
Discoverer (1652-1715).
"
After various b. near seafaringadventures, and caneer, he was in 1688 marooned on Nicobar life, leadinga semi-piratical to England in 1691. Island, but escaped to Acheen, returned A Discourse the World and He pub. his Voyage Round (1697), of Winds He then was employed by government on a voyage (1699). of which of survey in the course and discovery(1699-1700), he ex of Australia the coasts of New coast and plored the north-west Britain. In 1701 he was wrecked Ascension Guinea and New upon rescued by an East Indiaman. He was Island, from which he was court-martialled afterwards for cruelty, and wrote an angry but un His Voyage is written convincingvindication. and interesting. homely, but is perspicuous in
a
styleplainand and
DANA,
b. critic,
at
RICHARD
Camb.,
HENRY
Mass.,
was
Novelist (1787-1879).
"
called to the Bar in 1817. Among his novels Tom Thornton and Paul are Felton, both somewhat violent and his and which better, are improbable tales, poems, include The Buccaneer He is,how and The Dying Raven. (1827), in The He wrote ever, stronger as a critic than as a writer. largely North American The Idle a paper, Review, and for a time conducted of his best work. Man, which contains some
DANA, RICHARD
HENRY,
Miscellaneous JR. (1815-1882).

"
at Harvard, but on his eyesightgiving sailor,and gave his experiences in Two shipped as a common way Years before the Mast (1840). Called to the Bar in 1840, he became maritime Other books law. an on authority by him are The Sea man's Friend Cuba and Vacation (1841), Voyage to (1859).
writer, s. of the above, ed.
DANIEL, SAMUEL
was
Poet, s. (1562-1619).
"
of
b. near Taunton, and ed. at Oxf., but did not attached himself to the Court as a kind of voluntarylaureate,and in the reignof James I. was of the children of the appointed Inspector and of the chamber. He is said a groom Queen's revels," Queen's to have enjoyed the friendship of Shakespeareand Marlowe, but was " at jealousies with Ben Jonson. In his later years he retired to a r farm which he owned in Somerset, where he d. D. bears the title of the is h is and clear with a rewell-languaged," style flowing, modern in energy and fire,and is thus note, but is lacking tedious. His include works sonnets, epistles, apt to become and The dramas. of them is The History most important jmasques, of the Civil Wars between York and Lancaster in 8 books, pub. in considered his best work, and his 11604. His Epistles are generally sonnets have had some modern admirers. Among his poems may be mentioned the Complaynt of Rosamund, Tethys Festival (1610), and Hymen's Triumph (1615), and Musophilus,a defence a masque,
" "
music master, graduate. He
jmarkably
'
Defence of Rhyme learning,
(1602).
"
DARLEY,
b. itic,
at
GEORGE
Poet, novelist, and (1795-1846).

at
TrinityColl. there, he early decided to follow a literary and where he brought to London, went career, his first poem, Errors He also Ecstasie wrote for of (1822). put the London Magazine, under the pseudonym of John Lacy. In it
D2
Dublin, and ed.
io6
appeared

his best
story,Lilian followed, including Sylvia, or

he Thereafter critic. severe He
was
of the Vale.
The
Various
a
other
books
May
Queen,
he
a
joined the Athenceum,
also a profound student of and Fletcher in 1840. old Englishplays,editingthose of Beaumont o f the that his 1 with the imbued 7th he century spirit So deeply was included T. F. I was desire," is by. "It Palgrave in not beauty poem, an Treasury as lyricof that anonymous the first ed. of his Golden of considerable talent, and pub. also a mathematician He was age. fell into D. the nervous depressionand treatises on subject. some dramatist d. in
in which and
(1827). poem showed himself a
1846.
"
of
ROBERT Naturalist, s. (1809-1882). DARWIN, CHARLES D. (q.v.), and of Josiah and grandson of Dr. Erasmus a physician,
Wedgwood, the
famous potter,was b. and was at school at Shrews to study medicine, but was he went to Edin. In more 1825 bury. with the regular than curriculum. After taken up with marine zoology he grad.in 1831, continuing, two years he proceeded to Camb., where
however,
year the
came
his the which
independent studies in natural history. In the same his appointment to accompany opportunityof his life,
naturalist
on
a
To this five he attributed extended the over nearly years, voyage, of his mind, and after his return first real training an account pub. of it, Zoologyof the Voyage ofthe Beagle(1840). After spending a few arranginghis collections and writinghis Journal,he years in London the Weald removed of Kent, where, to Down, a retired village near
Beagle as
survey
of South
America.
in
was
surrounded by a largegarden, his whole the in patientbuildingup, from accurate passed house
new
remaining life
observations,
in science bad and
of his in when
theory of Evolution, which created a thought generally. His industry was

it is remembered that time
to
epoch
chronic
marvellous,
from
especially
health.
he
suffered
After
to coral reefs, and devoting some geology,specially the of barnacles, he took up the development exhausting subject of his favourite the transformation of species. In these question, earlier years of residence at Down he pub. The Structure and Dis tribution of Coral Reefs (1842), and two works the geology of on volcanic islands,and of South America. After he had given much time the questionof evolution by natural had written out his notes on the subject, he received in 1858 from Mr. A. R. Wallace a (q.v.) manuscript showing that he also had reached a independently theory of the originof species similar to his own. This circumstance created of con a situation siderable delicacy and difficulty, which was ultimatelygot over by the two discoverers presentinga jointpaper, On the Tendency off Species to form Varieties,and On the Perpetuationof Varieties and Speciesby Natural Means The publication in 1859 of* of Selection. The Origin of Speciesgave D. an the acknowledged place among of science,and the controversies greatest men which, along with other of his works, it raised, helped to all over the carry his name civilised world. Among his numerous subsequent writingsmay be" mentioned The Fertilisation of Orchids Variation (1862), of Plants and Animals under Domestication The Descent (1868), of Man, and Selection in relation to Sex (1871), The Expressionof the Emotions in and
profound thought to
selection,and
Man and Plants Movement
07
Plants Animals (1872),Insectivorous (1875),Climbing of Flowers (1877),The Power of (1875),DifferentForms Formation and The Mould in Plants of Vegetable (1880), through the Action of Worms (1881). D., with a modesty which was disclaimed for himself the possession of his chief characteristics, one of any talents except unusual remarkable of noticing an power of which and attention, :hings easilyescape observing them carethis to In he had a addition, however, :ully." peculiarinsight, for truth and fact, enormous and great reverence singular industry, his and and kindliness, self-abnegation: modesty, magnanimity
"
attracted
the affection
of all who
knew
him.
Life and Letters,by his son, F. Darwin, 3 vols., 1887; C. Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection,E. B. Poulton, 1896; various short Lives by Grant Allen and others.
DARWIN,
was scientist, re
ERASMUS
b. at his
and Poet, physician, (1731-1802).

"
Elston, Notts, and
ed. at
Camb.
and
at
Edin.,
ultimatelysettled in Lichfield as a physician, and attained so a high professional reputation, much he but the that offered, declined, so was appointment of In 1778 he formed botanical to George III. a xhysician garden,
and
n
he
took
degree of M.D.
He
in
1792 Botanic
The Loves 1789 pub. his first poem, of the Plants, followed The w hich combined form The by Economy of Vegetation, Garden. Another The Temple of Nature, was pub. poem,
He also wrote various scientific works in prose. The poems of D., though popular in their day, are now little read. Written in polishedand sonorous with startling they glitter verse, imiles and ingenious,though often forced, analogies, but have little interest. :rue poetry or human
posthumously.
DASENT,
vian
SIR
GEORGE
WEBBE
Scandina (1817-1896).
"
his /. was scholar, b. in the island of St. Vincent, of which ed. at Westminster School, King's Coll., LonAttorney-general, the for lon, and Oxf., he entered diplomatic service, and was the British Embassy at Stockholm, where he in Scandinavian literature and Rejecame mythology. urning to England he was appointed Assistant Ed. of The Times 1845-1870). In 1852 he was called to the Bar, and in the following
to
everal
years Sec. interested
appointed Prof, of English Literature and Modern History He King's Coll.,London, an office which he held for 13 years. have to do with Scanwas knighted in 1876. His principal writings linavian language,mythology, and folk-lore,and include an Ice landic Grammar, The Prose or Younger Edda Popular Tales (1842), the Norse (1859), The Saga of Burnt Njal (1861), rom and The Storyof isli the Outlaw (1866), mostly translated from the Norwegian of A.sbjornsen.He also translated the Orkney and Hacon Sagas for
rear
was
at
:he Rolls Series,and hree to One, Half a clear. s pointed and
wrote
four
novels, Annals
of an
Eventful Life,
His
Life, and
The
Vikings of the
SIR WILLIAM
Baltic.
style
"
DAVENANT,
Doet and
MI
OR
D'AVENANT,
(1606-1668).
dramatist
future
shakespearewas
the
his /. kept an inn, which b. at Oxf., where was influence in the habit of visiting. This had some claimed to be poet, who Shakespeare's natural
io8
son.

D., ed. at
Lincoln
Coll., was
in involved Lord Brooke, became side, and the took he which Royalist in and after to France, Tower, escaped
afterwards the troubles

was
in
the
of the
service ot Civil War,
knighted.
King
when release founded he
was
Later
D.
was
was
and he
Queen,
employed again in the
on
imprisoned in the returning was, in 1643, various missions by the

1650 to 1652,
have owed his Gondibert. pub. In of Milton. 1656 he practically the interposition to the EnglishOpera by his Siege of Rhodes (1656). In 1659 his poem
from Tower is said He to
he seems to again imprisoned, but after the Restoration and established and a theatre, Royal favour, have enjoyed prosperity female the first habitually to introduce he was where players and which D. wrote are movable pieces, 25 dramatic among scenery. Platonick Lovers The Lombards the (1629), (1636), Albovine, King of Wits (1649). (1633),Unfortunate Lovers (1643),Love and Honour be said of Gondibert, read ; and the same of them are now None may Ben considered a masterpiece by contemporaries. D. succeeded with Dryden in altering Jonson as Poet Laureate, and collaborated under verse (and debasing)The Tempest. He coll. his miscellaneous had the satisfaction of the title of Madagascar. He is said to have of Milton when the latter was the offices in kind in good repaying and others in founding the He joined with Waller danger in 1660. classical school of
English poetry.
"
DAVIDSON,
at
Poet JOHN (1837-1909).

Renfrewshire,
of
s.
and
b. playwright,
the in his
Barrhead,
of
Dissentingminister, entered
in Greenock refinery
a
a department sugar year, returningafter one year to school as afterwards engaged in teachingat various in 1890 to London. He to literature went writer of poems and of marked a plays
chemical
I3th
He was pupil teacher. and having taken places, achieved a reputationas vivid and individuality realism. His poems include In a Music Hall Fleet Street'' (1891), New Ballads The Last\ Eclogues(1893), BaptistLake (1894), (1896), Ballad his1 (1898),The Triumph of Mammon (1907),and among plays are Bruce (1886),Smith : a Tragic Farce (1888),Godfrida circumstances (1898). D. disappeared on March 27, 1909, under which left little doubt that under the influence of mental depression he had committed suicide. Among his papers was found the MS. of a new work, Fleet Street Poems, with a letter containingthe words,*; This will be my feW* last book." His discovered a body was
"
months
later.
DAVIES, JOHN (1565 Called "the ?-i6i8)."

was a
Welsh
Poet,"
wrote very copiouslyand rather tediously writing-master, on a nd themes. His works theological include Mirum in philosophical Modum, Microcosmus and The Picture of a Happy Man (1602), (1612)^ Wit's Bedlam (1617),and many epigrams on his contemporaries which have some historical interest.
DAVIES, SIR JOHN (1569-1626)." Lawyer and poet, s. of lawyer at Westbury, Wiltshire, ed. at Winchester was and Oxf., and became a barrister of the Middle Temple, 1595. He was a member of the English and Irish Houses successively of Commons, and held -various legal offices. In literature he is known the writer of two as
a

poems, Orchestra
:
a
109
in two (Know Thyself), :he Immortality of the
containinga pub. in 1 599.
and Nosce of Dancing (1594), Teipsum elegies (i) Of Humane Knowledge (2) Of The poem Soul. consists of quatrains, each and It was complete compactly expressed thought. also the author of treatises on law and politics. D. was Poem
DAVIS,
mown same as
OR
DAVYS,
Sandridge
was
JOHN
to
(i55o?-i6o5). Navigator,
"
D.
name.
of He
one
of the
devoted bethan sailors,who North-west by, and named Passage. Davis Strait was discovered made in the last of which He he met his after,him. voyages, many of a Japanese pirate. He was the author at the hands of a death World's The Hydro Dook, now scarce, graphicalDescription, very also wrote Secrets,which had and he
a
him from another of the distinguish of the Eliza most enterprising themselves to the discovery of the
work
on
practical navigation,The
"
Seaman's
DAVIS, THOMAS
ed. at
great repute. OSBORNE at Poet,6. (1814-1845).
Mallow,
Trinity Coll.,Dublin, and called to the Irish Bar 1838. He of The Nation of the founders and of the Young was one newspaper, Ireland party. He wrote some ballads, originally stirring patriotic afterwards contributed to The Nation, and republished as Spiritof of Curran he Nation, also a memoir the great Irish lawyer and
orator,
to prefixed plans which iterary
an
ed. of his
were
speeches; and he had formed many brought to naught by his untimely death.
Chemist (1778-1829)."and
man
DAVY,
SIR HUMPHREY
a
b. at Penzance. He earlyshowed was natural to pursue his science, and continued in to studies when He became a apprenticed 1795 specially surgeon. in 1797 he began more interested in chemistry, to which exclusively assisted himself. Thereafter he Dr. Beddoes in his ;o devote and entered his brilliant at of Bristol, course aboratory upon His chemical and Researches, Chemical, discovery. Philosophical led to his appointment as Director of the Chemical 1799), Laboratory of letters, s. of enthusiasm an
wood-carver,
for
of scientific Royal Institution,where he also delivered courses his life was ectures with extraordinary popularity. Thereafter a succession of scientific triumphs and honours. His great discovery that of the metallic bases of the earths and alkalis. He also was discovered various metals, includingsodium, calcium, and magne sium. In 1812 he was There knighted,and m. a wealthy widow.
at the
after he investigated volcanic :he safetylamp. In 1818 he
invented in and 1820 became cr. was baronet, Dres. of the Royal Society, to which he communicated his discoveries which n electro-magnetism. In addition to his scientific writings, nclude Elements and Chemical of Agricultural Chemistry (1813), he wrote Salmonia, or Days of Fly Fishing Agenciesof Electricity, somewhat modelled and Consolations in Walton, 1828), upon Travel (1830),dialogues on ethical and religious questions. D.
a
action
and
fire-damp,and
sustained an seizure in 1826, after which his health was apoplectic nuch impaired,and after twice winteringin Italy, he d. at Geneva, where he received a public funeral. Though not attached to any
Church, D.
was
sincerely religious man,

holds
a
naterialism and scepticism. He discoverers. scientific
foremost
strongly opposed to place among
i io
Literature of English Dictionary JOHN (b. 1574). Dramatist,

"
DAY*
s.
of
Norfolk
at Camb., was 1592-3. yeoman, identified. He been have works the author and was others in plays, out of Breath and Humour Trickes (1608), The Parliament of Bees. masque,
It is only since 1881 that his collaborated with Dekker and of The Isle of Gulls (1606), Law also (1608), of
an
allegorical
DAY,
THOMAS
Miscellaneous writer, was (1748-1789).

"
and at Oxf., and called to the^ ed. at the Charterhouse b. in London, Bar 1775, but having inherited in infancy an independence,he did of Rousseau in his social views,' a disciple not practise. He became in in practice combination with better to put them and endeavoured
morality.
which
was
He was increased
as
social reform of the author
benevolent eccentric, and used his income, his of marriage with an heiress,in schemes by it. He is chiefly remembered he understood the as
a
once
History of Sandford and Merton. universally-read and novelist, (1661 ?-i73i).Journalist

"
DEFOE, DANIEL
s.
of
butcher
he and
was
ed. at
coming
on
b. His /.being a Dissenter, in St. Giles,where he was coll. at Newington with the view of be Dissenting minister. He a Presbyterian joined the army of Monmouth, fortunate its defeat was enough to escape punishment. Inji
a
joinedWilliam writer, D. had political

he
1688
III. been
Before
hosier, a merchant-adventurer maker, all of which proved

his
so
down to his career as a settling in various as a engaged enterprises to Spain and Portugal,and a brickunsuccessful that he had to flyfrom the he
was appointed Glass-Duty Office, 1659-1699. Among his morei and The are an important political Essay on Projects writings (1698), True-born Englishman (1701), which had In a remarkable success. The Shortest with the written in 1702 appeared Dissenters, Way a strain of grave irony which was, unfortunatelyfor the author, mis understood, and led to his being fined, imprisoned,and put in the which pillory, suggestedhis Hymns to the Pillory (1704). Notwith^ standing the disfavour with the government which these disasters affairs and practical implied,D.'s knowledge of commercial ability were recognised by his being sent in 1706 to Scotland to aid in the. Union negotiations.In the same Jure Divino, a satire, year followed by a Historyof the Union and The Wars (1709), of Charle* XII. Further (1715). and misunderstandings disappointments in connection with political led to his giving up this line a! matters for posterity, and, fortunately activity, taking to fiction. The first
creditors. known to Having become effective writer, and employed by them, in the
government
as
an
Ac
countant
inferior interest) in 1720. sequel(ofgreatly These were followed by Captain Singleton(1720),Moll Flanders, Colonel Jacque, and Journal of the Plague Year (1722), Memoirs A of a Cavalier (1724), New the World Voyage Round and (1725), Captain Carlton (1728). Among his miscellaneous works are Political History of the Devil (1726),System of Magic (1727),The Complete English Tradesman!] and The Review, a paper which (1727), he ed. In all he pub., includ-j ing pamphlets, etc., about works. All D.'s 250 writingsare distin-j guished by a clear, nervous of fiction by a style,and his works
and its
greatest of his novels, Robinson
Crusoe, appeared in 1719, and
minute been verisimilitude and naturalness of incident which has
1 1 1
never
equalled except perhaps by Swift, whose genius his, in some The other only descriptionof his personal respects, resembled. advertisement intended in to lead to his is given an appearance A middle-sized, spare man about forty apprehension,and runs, brown-coloured and dark brown of hair, a old, complexion, years and hooked a a chin, but wears a a wig; large sharp nose, grey eyes, His mind his mouth." was a mole peculiaramalgam of near what he imaginationand matter-of-fact,seeingstronglyand clearly outside his little of what but did conscious, lay apparently, see, purview Lives by Chalmers (1786),H. Morley (1889),T. Wright (1894), and others ; shorter works by Lamb, Hazlitt, L. Stephens,and Prof.
"
Minto, Bonn's
British
Classics,etc.
DEKKER,
cellaneous
come
THOMAS
us,
Dramatist (i57o?-i64i?).
"
and
mis
writer, was
to
contributed to over dramas. have written or 20 of his fellow-drama times with several He collaborated at various tists, including Ben Jonson. Ultimately Jonson quarrelledwith them which in The Poetaster (i6oi),to D. and D., satirising Marston D.'s is Old best Fortunatus in Satiromastix play (1602). (1606), replied and Honest Whore Shoemaker's The Holiday (1600), (1604), and The VirginMartyr (1622)(withMassinger), Roaring Girl (1611), Ford and Edmonton The Witch History of (1658)(with Rowley), of others
are
to down believed is
though
b. in London. he was
Few
a
details
well-known
of D.'s life have writer in his day,
Sir Thomas His
Wyat,
Westward
Ho, and Northward
Ho, all with Webster.
The Gull's Hornbook (1609),The Seven prose writingsinclude and The Belman satirical Sins of London, of London (1608), of life the of his time. His which works glimpses give interesting somewhat have been to life appears a chequered one, alternating He is one of the most of the between revelry and want. poetical
Deadly
older dramatists.
Lamb
said he
"
had
poetry enough
"
for
anything."
DE
6. at
LOLME,
JOHN
has
Louis
Political writer, (i740?-i8c"7).
a Geneva, English literature for his well-known work, The Constitution of England, written in French, and trans He also wrote lated into English in 1775. a comparison of the with that of Government a Sweden, History of the Flagel English
place in
lants
to
(1777),and The British Empire in Europe (1787). He came England in 1769, lived in great poverty, and having inherited
fortune, returned
worked
to his native
small
placein
"
1775.
DELONEY, THOMAS
to
Novelist (1543-1600).
silk-weaver
and
balladist,
in Norwich, but was in as a appears London of the next 10 years is known to by 1586, and in the course written which him have about of involved in some ballads, 50 It is only recently trouble, and caused him to lie perdue for a time. that his more important work as a novelist,in which he ranks with and attention. Greene He to have Nash, has received appears his original turned field of effort when closed to to this new one was have him for the time. ceding writers than and writes Less under the influence
Greene, he is more of middle-class citizens and
other pre and natural, simple, direct, tradesmen with a lightand
of
Lyly
and
1 1 2
of Reading is in honour of Of his novels, Thomas celebrates weaving, and The Gentle clothiers, Jack of Newbury He " dy'd poorely," shoemakers. of is dedicated to the praise pleasant humour. Craft DE
but
"
was
honestly buried." AUGUSTUS
MORGAN,
Mathematician, b. (1806-1871)."
in India, and
brilliant of English of the most one ed. at Camb., was in virtue of his Budget of here mentioned He is mathematicians. in The Athenceum, in pub. Paradoxes, a series of papers originally with sparklingwit, and fallacies are discussed mathematical which the keenest
logic.
SIR
DENHAM,
Poet, s. JOHN (1615-1669)."

was a
of the Chief
of Exchequer in Ireland, Baron with career He began his literary
b. in Dublin, and ed. at Oxf. which tragedy,The Sophy (1641),
is rises above mediocrity. His poem, Cooper'sHill (1642), seldom It is the first in remembered. is he which work example the by devoted to local description. D. received ex English of a poem assignedhim is travagant praisefrom Johnson; but the place now is smooth, clear, and agree His verse humble much one. more a is a and expressed with remarkable occasionally thought able,
terseness
D. suffered In his earlier years for hfe force. Restoration enjoyed prosperity. He, Royalism; but after the made an however, unhappy marriage, and his last years were architect by profession, an clouded coming by insanity. He was Wren and between as King's Surveyor. Inigo Jones and
Critic, etc.,s. of DENNIS, JOHN (1657-1734).

"
saddler,
and Caius Coll.,Camb., from and ed. at Harrow b. in London, was for he which of the latter was expelled stabbinga fellow-student, and He attached himself himself to Trinity Hall. to the transferred he wrote several bitter and interest whose in vituperative Whigs,
pamphlets.
then
His attempts at play-writingwere failures; and he to himself the of his con works chiefly criticising acuteness, he aroused temporaries. In this line,while showing some devoted much
his ill-temper and jealousy. Unfortunately for he attacked, such as Pope and Swift, had of those whom him the power of conferringupon unenviable an immortality. has attained Embalmed in The Dunciad, his name which a fame no of his own could have work given it. Of Milton, however, he his works showed Rinaldo and true appreciation. Among a are Armida and Critical Virginia (1709),Reflections (1699),Appius and Satirical (1711), and Three Letters on Shakespeare. He d. in
enmity by
him,
some
straitened
circumstances.
DE
laneous
QUINCEY,THOMAS
writer, s. of
"
and (1785-1859). Essayist

"
miscel
aristocratic while he was and he
merchant in Manchester, was The b. there. a assumed De " was his whom he lost himself, by /., stilla child,having been known of Quincey, by the name from claimed descent Norman a family. His Autobio
vivid pictureof his earlyyears at the family him as a highly imaginativeand of Greenheys, and show over-sensitive hard child, suffering things at the hands of a tyran nical elder brother. He was ed. first at home, then at Bath Grammar residence
graphic Sketches give a

chool,
fas
113
he
next to
at
privateschool
Manchester ran rambled in Wales small allowance time a and for on some way, in lade to him by his mother. Tiring of this, he went to London led the Bohemian life related in he end of 1802, where he strange to interfere, he Confessions. His friends, thinking it high time
sent
the
Winkfield, Wilts, and in 1801 Grammar he School, from which

at
did not, however, preclude occahim in 1803 to Oxf., which he made his first ional brief interludes in London, on one of which which to play so was prominent and cquaintance with opium, isastrous a part in his future life. In 1 807 he became acquaintedwith afterwards with C. and Southey, and soon Wordsworth, Coleridge,
ent
Lamb.
the years 1807-9 he paid various visits to the Lakes, nd in the latter year he settled at Townend, Grasmere, where Wordsworth had previouslylived. Here he pursued his studies, enslaved and more lecominggraduallymore by opium, until in 1813
During
drops daily. John Wilson then livingat Elleray, had become was which to Edinburgh occasionally, ended his passing the latter part of his life in that city. His marriage n of a farmer, took place in 1816. 0 Margaret Simpson, dau. Up to his time he had written nothing, but had been steepinghis mind in German metaphysics,and out-of-the-way learningof various kinds ;. "ut in 1819 he sketched out Prolegomena of all future Systems of
8000 Christopher North), who is friend, and brought him
.e
was
taking
from
to
12,000
'olitical finished. In the same Economy, which, however, was never he acted as ed. of the Westmoreland Gazette. His true literary rear in the London areer began in 1821 with the publication Magazine if The Confessionsof an English Opium-Eater. Thereafter he pro duced of articles, of them almost the scale of on some and T ait's magazines, the Edinburgh Literary "ooks, in Blackwood's These and included Murder considered 'azette, Hogg's Instructor.
a
long series
is
and in his later and more Arts (1827), important De "eriod, Suspiria Profundis (1845),The Spanish Military Nun 1847),The EnglishM ail-Coach, and Vision of Sudden Death (1849). n 1853 he began a coll. ed. of his works, which was the main occupaion of his later years. He in 1830 brought his family to had
one
of the
Fine
Edinburgh,which, except for two years, 1841-43, when he lived in till his death in 1859, and in 1837, on his lasgow,was his home wife's death, he placed them in the neighbouringvillage of Lasswade, while he lived in solitude, moving about from one dingy lodgingto
another. De Q. stands the great masters of stylein the language. among his greatest passages, as in the Vision of Sudden n Death and the Dream the of his cadence falls sentences Fugue, elaborately piled-up ike cathedral music, or gives an abiding expressionto the fleeting ictures of his most dreams. His character unfortunately gorgeous bore
no
correspondence
had in fact been and manners
to his intellectual
endowments.
ystem
shattered
by
indulgence in
moral opium. His
His
" have been thus described: A short and ippearance but agile, frame; a shapely and compact head; well-proportioned 1 face with rare, almost feminine beaming with intellectual light, and a eauty of feature complexion; fascinatingcourtesy of and a and fulness, swiftness, nanner, speech." elegance of silvery
iiis own
works
give very
detailed
information
regarding himself.
14
De Quincey : his Life and Writings (1879), See also Page's Thomas of Letters). Collected \ De Quincey (English Men Prof. Masson's Writings (14 vols. 1889-90).
DERMODY,
THOMAS
Poet, (1775-1802)."
b. at
Ennis,
but fell into idle and dissipated showed great capacityfor learning,, He his opportunities. pub. two books of I habits, and threw away coll. as The Harp of Erin. after his death were which poems,
Poet, s. oil THOMAS (1814-1902)." DE VERB, AUBREY b. in Co. Limerick, and ed. at I Sir Aubrey de V., himself a poet, was became lifehe In acquaintedwith Words Dublin. early Trinity Coll., and On the religious influenced. he was greatly worth, by whom
ecclesiastical side he
passed under
was
Manning,
was
and
in
1851
of many author In 1861 he began a etc. Search The for Proserpine(1843), (1842), The Infant Bridal, Irish Irish subjects, Inisfail, on series of poems its and Ireland in interest His people led him to write " Odes, etc. and Irish Misdeeds Misrule (1848); prose works, includingEnglish on Poetry (1887). His and to criticism he contributed Essays chiefly his Recollections (1897). His poetry is characterised.] last work was ethical tone, imaginative power, and grave stateliness of the
and influence of Newman He" of Rome. received into the Church Waldenses vols. of poetry, including The the
by lofty
expression.
DIBDIN,
writer, b. at
drama,
sea
Dramatist CHARLES (1745-1814)." career Southampton, began his literary
and
at rests
song?
a on
16 with
The
Shepherd'sArtifice.His
fame, however,
his
unrivalled, and include Tom Bowling, Poof are songs, which have written He is said to over Jack, and Blow High Blow Low. dramatic of these, besides many piecesand two novels, Hannaki 1 200 and a History of the and The Younger Brother (1793). Hewitt (1792),
Stage (1795).
DICKENS,
port, near
CHARLES
Novelist,b. (1812-1870).
"
at Land-
clerk in the Navy Payhis /. was where a his want mortifications of his early life, and The hardships Office. time in the blackingfactory, and his miserable of regularschooling, form the basis of the earlychaptersof David which are Copper-field,
Portsmouth,
accounted largely
for
by
the
fact that
his
Mr. extent the prototype partlyby] sensitive child, unusually susceptible his being a delicate and time fcfrl He had, however, much both in body and mind. suffering and had the older to Smollett,! access novelists, Fielding, reading, A kindly relation also took and others. him frequently to the
of the immortal
to /. was Micawber;
considerable^
but
tpj
theatre, where
stage. After
London, and
sea, in which his life which
he few
interest in, and love of, the j acquiredhis life-long residence in Chatham, the familyremoved to years'
soon
thereafter his /.became inmate of the Marshal- j an the whole by-and-by family joined him, a passage in furnishes the material for parts of Little Dorrit. Thisj
a
of family obscuration happily lasted but elder D. managed to satisfy his creditors, and from his official duties on a pension. About the
period
short time: the) retired after soon |

same
time
two
years
of continuous
and shortly afterwards schooling,
had he entered |
D.

a
1 1
law
office.
His
leisure he devoted
hand, in which
he became very for The True first tary reporter, Meanwhile he had Chronicle.
expert.
reading and learningshort then acted as parliamen Sun, and from 1835 for the Morning been contributingto the Monthly
to
He
the papers the Evening Chronicle which, in 1836, coll.form as Sketches by Boz ; and he had also produced In the same comic burlettas. Miss Ann two or one year he m. in the occurred the and following Hogarth ; opportunity of his year life. He was asked by Chapman and Hall to write the letterpress for a series of sportingplatesto be done by Robert Seymour who, succeeded Hablot Browne d. shortly after, and was however, by
Magazine
appeared
and
a
in
(Phiz)who became the illustrator of most of D.'s novels. In the hands of D. the original the Pickwick altered,and became plan was entirely Papers which, appearing in monthly parts during 1837-39, took the SimultaneouslyOliver Twist was coming out in country by storm. D.'s literarycareer a was Bentley's Miscellany. Thenceforward and continued the almost of his works success, yearlypublication constituted the main events of his life. Nicholas Nickleby appeared in serial form Next he Master 1838-39. projected year Humphrey's
,
to be Clock, intended It was, however, soon
series of miscellaneous
stories and
abandoned,
Barnaby
Gordon
its place. the latter, dealing with the partialexception of the Tale of Two into the historical novel. In Cities, the author's only excursion 1841 D. went to America, and was received with great enthusiasm, Notes which, however, the publicationof American considerably
Rudge taking
The The
Old
Curiosity Shop
sketches. and
Riots, is, with
of Martin Chuzzlewit in 1843, with its damped, and the appearance caustic criticisms of certain features of American life,converted into extreme, though temporary, unpopularity. The first of the
Christmas
the
the Christmas Carol appeared in 1843, and m D. where went to he wrote at Genoa The following Italy, year followed Cricket The the The Battle of Life, on Chimes, Hearth, by and The Haunted In January, 1846, he was Man. appointed first ed. of The Daily News, but resigned in a few weeks. The same year he went while there wrote to Switzerland, and Dombey and Son,
" "
books
which
immediately followed by his pub. in 1848, and was masterpiece,David Copperfield (1849-50). Shortly before this he had become theatrical of which a company, performed in manager the provinces, and he had in 1849 started his magazine, Household Words. Bleak House appeared in 1852-53,Hard Times in 1854, and Little Dorrit 1856-57. In 1856 he bought Gadshill Place, which, in 1 860, became his permanent home. In 1 8 5 8 he began his public read from his while successful from finan works, a which, ings eminently
was
cial
of view, from the nervous strain which they entailed In graduallybroke down his constitution, and hastened his death. the same the year he separatedfrom his wife, and consequent upon Words to controversy which arose thereupon he brought Household and an Year started AH the in which A Tale end, Round, appeared and Great Expectations of Two Cities (1859), (1860-61). Our Mutual Friend of his Thither out in numbers and decided readings, accordinglyhe went He had a followingMay.
came
point
(1864-65). D. was to give a course

in the end of
now
of them
in the full tide in America. the his
1867, returningin
and magnificentreception,
profits
1 1

to ^20,000
amounted
was
obliged,on
of the kind. Drood, which
such that he all appearances In 1869 he began his last work, The Mystery of Edwin was interruptedby his death from an apoplectic
; but
on was
the effect
his health
medical
to abandon advice, finally
seizure on June 8, 1870. characteristics marked is the extraordinary of D.'s most One exhibited in the number of his invention and variety of wealth as introduced into his novels. the characters of Another, especially, boundless entire is his his flow of in animal works, course, spirits. of observation Others his marvellous keenness and his descrip are the English race And tive power. well, with Thackeray, be may
laughter,and the sweet and unsullied of David Copper-field gives to [its] pages On the other hand, his faults are obvious, a tendency children." that often tires, to caricature,a mannerism and almost disgusts, fun seldom often forced, and not into mawkishpathos degenerating But rich and at his best how ness. genial is the humour, how tender often the pathos. And when all deductions are made, he had the laughterand tears of the English-speaking world at command for a full generation while he lived, and that his spell still works is continuous succession of editions. a new proved by SUMMARY. B. 1812, parliamentaryreporter c. 1835, pub. Sketches
grateful for
which
"
"
the innocent the author
Pickwick 1837-39, and his other novels almost con his death, visited America 1841, started Household Words and All Year the Round also he began his 1849, 1858, when A merica publicreadings, visiting again in 1867, d. 1870. Letters ed. by Miss Hogarth (1880-82). Life by John Foster (1872), Lives and Monographs by Sala, F. T. Marzials Numerous (Great Writers A. W. Ward Series), F. G. Kitton, (Men of Letters Series),
by
Boz
1836,
tinuouslyuntil
G. K. Chesterton, etc.
DIGBY, SIR KENELM
Miscellaneous writer, (1603-1665)."
b. near s. of Sir Everard Newport Pagnell, D., one of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators, ed. at Oxf., travelled much, and was was engaged in sea-fighting. Brought up first as a Romanist, then as a Pro testant, he in 1636 joined the Church of Rome. During the Civil War he was active on the side of the King, and on the fall of his for a time banished. was cause He was the author of several books on and religious the quasi-scientific on subjects, including one Choice of a Religion, the Immortality on the Soul, Observations on
'
of
Spenser's Faery Queen,

Medici. Cure
of
and a criticism He also wrote a Discourse on Wounds of a by means he had
on
Sir T.
Browne's
one
Religio
On which the he
and Vegetation,
sympathetic powder
imagined
writer
on
on
discovered.
DILKE, CHARLES
from retiring which
WENTWORTH
Critic andl (1789-1864).

"
for many years in the Navy Pay-Office, he devoted himself to literary pursuits. He had in 1814-16 made continuation a of Dodsley's Collection of EnglishPlays, and in 1829 he became part proprietorand ed. of The Athenaum, the influence of which he greatly extended. In 1846 he resignedthe editorship, and assumed that of The Daily News, but contributed to The Athenceum his famous on Pope, Burke, papers Junius, etc., and shed much new light his on His
literature, served
subjects.
grand-

son,
the
present
Sir C. W.
Dilke, pub. these writingsin 1875 under
the title, Papers
of a
Critic.
DISRAELI, B. (see BEACONSFIELD). D'ISRAELI, ISAAC

was
"
writer,
had been settled first in from a Jewish family which and Leyden, Ed. at Amsterdam at Venice. afterwards of number himself to literature, a interesting producing of considerable works value, includingCuriosities of Literature,in 3 Anecdotes series (1791-1823), Dissertation on (1793),Calamities of also works Literature Amenities Authors dealing of (1841); (1812), blind. He D. was with the lives of James I. and Charles I. latterly decended
Spain, and he devoted
was
the
/.of Benjamin D., RICHARD
Earl
of Beaconsfield
(q.v.).
"
DIXON,
poet, 5.
WATSON
and
his
School, Birmingham, and at Carlisle School, Master He of Carlisle. Canon and of and Vicar Warkworth, Hayton for his History of the Church pub. 7 vols. of poetry, but is best known (1877-1900). Jurisdiction of England from the Abolition of Roman
of Dr. James D., a well-known torian of Methodism, ed. at King Edward's Second 3xf., took Anglican orders, was
Wesleyan
minister
and
DIXON,
WILLIAM
HEPWORTH
"
in 1846,and became b. near and traveller, Manchester, went to London articles on social he wrote with The Daily News, for which connected Howard he and the Prison In and prison reform. pub. John 1850 had a wide circulation,and about the same World of Europe, which in answer to Macaulay's on time he wrote a Life of Peace (1851), Lord and Bacon Lives Admiral Blake of followed, which slaught. somewhat received D. authorities. of books many America include
severe was
criticisms of The
at
the
hands Land
of
competent
and
wrote
ed.
Athenceum,
1853-69,
travel, including The
Holy
(1865), New
and Free Russia (1870). His later historical works (1867), and The Her History of Two Queens Majesty's Tower, Boleyn). Though a diligent [Catherineof Arragon and Anne successful in throwof original student authorities, and sometimes his D . not fresh on light subjects, was always accurate, and thus .ng his laid himself open to criticism; and book, Spiritual Wives, treat ing of Mormonism, was so adverselycriticised as to lead to an action. He wrote, however, in a fresh and interesting style. He was one of the founders of the Palestine Exploration Fund, and was a member of the first School Board called to the London He for was (1870). Bar in 1854, but never practised.
DOBELL, SYDNEY
Zranbrook, Kent,
lam,
THOMPSON
a
Poet, (1824-1874).
"
b. at
where
most
s. of of the
wine-merchant,
poet'slife was
cocious (he was engaged at 1 5 and m. The Roman, appeared, and had great popularity. Balder, Part I. Smith [1854),Sonnets on the War, jointlywith Alexander (q.v.) His later [1855),and England in Time of War (1856) followed. in search of health, and abroad were passed in Scotland years
to Cheltenremoved His youth was pre passed. at 20). In 1850 his first work,
who
which, however,
was
damaged
by
fall while
exploringsome
ruins
1 1

exhibit D.'s poems sometimes and simplicity, of diction, but fancy and brilliancy into grandiloquenceand other run he belonged. so-called spasmodicschool to which
at Pozzuoli.
want faults of the
DODD,
WILLIAM
Divine (1729-1777).
"
and
ed. forger,
at
and a Royal Chaplain, a popularpreacherin London, Camb., became in hopeless difficul but, acquiringexpensive habits, got involved first endeavoured to which he from by an attempted escape ties, which he for was simoniacal disgraced,and then by transaction, forginga bond for ^4200, for which, according to the then existing made to obtain a commu law, he was hanged. Great efforts were of the petitions, of the sentence, and Dr. Johnson wrote one in but on D.'s book, Thoughts Prison, appearing posthumously, he " who has been canting all his days may cant remarked that a man of a collection of Beauties of Shake the author D. was to the last." tation
on speare, Reflections
Death, and
translation
of
the
Hymns
of
Callimachus.
DODDRIDGE,
PHILIP
(1702-1751).
"
Nonconformist
and books and hymns, b. in London, divine and writer of religious institution at Kib worth, became ed. for the ministryat a theological at Northamp minister first at Market Harborough, and afterwards head also acted of where he a theological as ton, academy. D., who
was a
man
of amiable
and
joyous character,
standard
as
well
as
an
accom
plished scholar, composed

which
Soul Several He d. at Lisbon, whither he had gone in search of health. of his hymns, e.g., Ye Servants of the Lord, 0 Happy Day, and O God used by English-speaking Christians, and of Bethel, are universally have been translated into various
of religion, many is The Rise and Progressof Religionin the the best known (1745). In 1736 he received the degree of D.D. from Aberdeen. books of
languages.
DODGSON,
"
CHARLES
LUTWIDGE
("LEWIS CARROLL")
and writer of books for children, s. of (1832-1898). Mathematician Oxf. at Daresbury, Cheshire, was and ed. at Rugby a clergyman After taking orders he was lecturer mathematics, on on appointed which he several valuable treatises. His fame rests, subject pub. however, on his books for children, full of ingenuityand delightful in Wonderland, and its sequel, humour, of which Alice's Adventures the best. are Through the Looking-glass,
DODSLEY,
bookseller, b.
ROBERT
near
Poet, dramatist, (1703-1764)."

apprenticed
to
a
Mansfield, and
and stocking-weaver,
this employment, he ran away but not liking and became a footman. While thus engaged he produced The Muse in Livery (1732). This followed was by The Toy Shop, a drama, which brought him under the notice of Pope, who befriended him, and assisted him in starting business as a bookseller. In this he became eminently successful,anc acted as publisher for and pub. The Annual
Pope, Johnson, and and made Register,

Several mentioned Hands he wrote Bethnal
Akenside.
a
He
Plays, also of works original
Poems above Blind
by
collection of Old in 6 vols. In addition various Green
projected English
to the
plays and
(1741), and
including The
Beggar of
poems, Cleone
(1758).

DONNE,
119
a
JOHN
Poet (1573-1631).
"
and
divine, s. of
he was b. Brought up as a sent Roman to Oxf. and Camb., and afterwards Catholic, he was Here he studied the entered Lincoln's Inn with a view to the law. and Romanists Protestants, with the points of controversy between
wealthy ironmonger
in London,
where
joined:the Church of England. The next two years changeful, including travels on the Continent, service as a privatesec., and a clandestine marriage with the niece which led dismissal of his patron, to and imprisonment, followed by reconciliation. On the suggestionof James I., who approved of Rome which he had a book written, Pseudo-Martyr (1610), against he was, to Bohemia, he took orders, and after executing a mission in 1621, made of St. Paul's. D. had Dean great popularityas a consist of elegies, satires, epigrams, and preacher. His works in which, amid conceits and much that is religious pieces, many is likewise much and there artificial, poetry and frigid, worse, of his is An works a high order. imagination Perhaps the best of an Anatomy of the World (1611), elegy. Others are Epithalamium Collec (1613),Progress of the Soul (1601),and Divine Poems. tions of his poems He in and exercised a 1649. 1633 appeared
result that he somewhat re
strong influence
to him we efforts after
owe
on
literature for the unnatural the
over
half
century
style of
conceits
after his death; and overstrained
of originality
succeedingage.
"
DORAN,
Irish
JOHN
wrote
number
writer, of
parentage, lighter phases of manners, bearing Traits with Something on Them punning titles, (1854), e.g., Table and Knights and their Days. He also wrote Lives of the Queens of England of the House of Hanover (1855),and A History of Court Fools (1858),and ed. Horace Walpole's Journal of the Reign of His books contain curious and out-of-the-way much George III.
information. D.
was
of works a dealingwith the and social history, often antiquities,
for
short
time
ed. of The
Athenaum. OF
DORSET, CHARLES
"
SACKVILLE, 6xn EARL
(1638-1706).
of the dissolute and witty courtiers of Charles II., and a friend of Sir C. Sedley (q.v.), he participated. in whose orgies He was, however, a patron of literature, and a benefactor of Dryden in his later and less prosperous He few satires and wrote a years.
Poet,
was
one
the latter being the well-known, To all you Ladies songs, among Land. As might be expected,his writingsare characterised the prevailing of the time. indelicacy
on
now
by
DORSET, THOMAS
BUCKHURST Camb. He studied
SACKVILLE,
"
IST
EARL
OF,
AND
LORD
(1536-1608). Poet
5.
hurst, Sussex, the only

in
conjunctionwith (i561 -2) the first regular English tragedy. A little later he planned The Mirror which was to have been a series of narra for Magistrates, tives of distinguished the of somewhat model on Englishmen, Boccaccio's Falls of Princes. he handed the too Finding large, plan it over to others seven poets in all being engaged upon it and himself contributed two poems only, one on Buckingham, the con,
" "
and b. at Buckwas statesman, of Sir Richard S., and ed. at Oxf. and law at the Inner Temple, and while there wrote, Thomas Norton, F err en and Porrex or Gerboduc
120
III., and an Induc federate, and afterwards the victim, of Richard value of the constitute nearly the whole tion or introduction, which
work.
They Chaucer grandeur of style. and imaginative power, and a statelyand sombre S. played a prominent part in the history of his time, and held many and Lord Treasurer, high offices,including those of Lord Steward his It fell till death. to him from held he 1 which 599 the latter of the of death. Scots sentence of to Mary Queen to announce
are
In these poems and Spenser.
S.
becomes
connecting link between by strong invention distinguished

the
DOUCE,
was
FRANCIS
time
b. in London, Antiquary, (1757-1834).

"
for
some
Shakespeare
in the British Museum. and a dissertation on (1807),
He The
Dance
pub. Illustrations of of Death (1833).'.

s.
DOUGLAS,
Earl of
GAVIN
was
Poet, 3rd (i474?-i522).

"
of the
5th
for the 1474, and ed. at St. Andrews in 1501 made Provost and he was Promotion came early, Church. of Aberbrothock, and Arch of St. Giles, Edin., and in 1514 Abbot times and he had But the troublous, were bishop of St. Andrews.
Angus,
b. about
he was deprived of; hardly received these latter preferments when in 1514 and,? however, named He was, Bishop of Dunkeld them. confirmed and undergoing imprisonment, was after some difficulty, driven and two he In 1520 forth, was in the see. again years later His principal The Palace of are d. of the plague in London. poems both but his great and Hart, Honour allegorical; King (1501), in of the JEneid translation his achievement ten-syllabled was D.'s metre, the first translation into English of a classical work.
language
is
more
archaic and
rough rhythm and his description,

Coll. ed. of works
is
of his predecessors, his than that of some and a power of vivid unequal,but he had fire, are ingeniousand felicitous. allegories by John Small, LL.D., 4 vols.,1874.
DOYLE,
belonged to
a
SIR
FRANCIS
HASTINGS
Poet, (1810-1888)."
family which produced several distinguished-1 military He was his bore the same b. near who name. officers, /., including Oxf. and ed. at Eton and Tadcaster, Yorkshire, Studying law he held various in 1837, and afterwards called to the Bar high was of Customs. fiscal appointments, becoming in 1869 Commissioner In 1834 he pub. Miscellaneous Verses, followed by Two Destinies Thebes and Return of the Gktards (1844), (Edipus,King of (1849), D.'s best (1866). He was elected in 1867 Prof, of Poetry at Oxf.
include The Red Thread is his ballads, which work of Honour, Thet In his longer Private of the Buffs,and The Loss of the Birkenhead. his of not equalledby his power was genuine poetical feeling poems and "expression, much of his
poetry
is
commonplace.
"
DRAKE, JOSEPH RODMAN

York, studied
F. Halleck
-and
"
Poet, b. (1795-1820).
He
"
at New
with
"
The
medicine, d. of consumption. in the Croaker Papers, and wrote American Flag."
collaborated The
CulpritFay
DRAPER, JOHN WILLIAM
Historian,b. at! (1811-1882).

"
St. Helen's, Lancashire, emigrated to Virginia, and was Univ. of New York. He wrote History of the American
in prof, Civil
the.
War.
{1867-70), History of the Intellectual Development of Europe (1863),

between and History of the Conflict "esides treatises on various branches Science and of science.
"
1 2 1
Religion (1874),
in Warwick-
DRAYTON,
hire, was
Camb.
or
MICHAEL
Poet, b. (1563-1631).
and
to a gentleman, in early life page was possiblyat His earliest poem, The Harmonie Oxf. of the Church, was The Shepherd's Garland (1593),after lestroyed. His next was Three historical poems, wards Gaveslon reprinted as Eclogues.
1
S93)" Matilda
(1594),and
Robert, Duke
ollowed, and Webster, and

ver, was
n
to have he then appears others in dramatic work.
of Normandie (1596) collaborated with Dekker, His magnum opus, howhistorical
of England a topographical Polyolbion (1613?), description full of
verse, twelve-syllabled accurate

as
antiquarianand
details,
the work make an authority on such matters. is full of vigour and gusto. Other poems The rushingverse of D. are Heroical "he Wars Barons the (1603), England's of Epistles(1598) Royal lovers such as Henry II. being imaginary letters between md the fine Rosamund), Poems, Lyric and Heroic (1606)(including
o
to
Agincourt "), Nymphidia, his most gracefulwork, Muses Idea's Mirrour, a collection of sonnets, Idea being the and Elizium, addressed. of the lady to whom lame they were Though often had of D. had the true and poeticgift, grandeur, passages xeavy, of with the heart of the a praises England patriot. ang
"allad of
"
DRUMMOND,
dentine
HENRY
at
(1851-1897). Theologicaland
"
writer, b.
the
ministryof
ave :our e
himself in the undertook
and ed. at Edin., he studied for the Stirling, Having a decided scientific bent he and made to the study of geology, a scientific specially Free Church. Mountains with Sir A. Geikie. Some
a
years later Lake Nyassa and the Lakes Corporation, and leighbouring country for the African also valuable He home a Report. pub. TropicalAfrica, a rought much He became associated ivid account of his travels. with the
Rocky
geological explorationof
\merican
peaker
nen.
on
D. L. Moody, and became an evangelist, extremely effective himself to young devoting s ubjects, specially religious
to
he
chief contribution Spiritual World, which His
literature D.
was
his Natural
man
Law
in The
had
extraordinary popularity.
was
a
Ascent is
of Man
was
less successful.
of
great personal
ascination, and
and suggestive in an interesting wrote but manner, scientific his works in unassailable. was no means by reasoning
DRUMMOND,
rom
a
WILLIAM
Poet, was (1585-1649).

"
descended
lobert
ancient D., Queen of family,and through Annabella Ed. at Edin. III.,related to the Royal House. Univ., he tudied law on the Continent, but succeedingin 1610 to his paternal himself to poetry. Tears on the he devoted state of Hawthornden, very leath
of
Meliades
(PrinceHenry) appeared
Funerall, Divine,
addressed
a
in
yoems, Amorous,
is êasting(1617), md. D.
was
etc.
His
a History of the and Scotland The from 1423-1524, Cypress meditation death. He also a mechanical a on was rove, genius, ,nd patented 16 inventions. D., though a Scotsman, wrote in theiassical English of the day, and the friend of his principal was
also
James VI. on and composed prose-writer,

to
1613, and in 1616 finest poem, Forth his revisiting Scot-
'ive
Jameses, Kings of
122

of Ben
notably literarycontemporaries,
which
at notes of his D. occasion conver preserved on Hawthornden, blame, sations, not always nattering. For this he has received much them. not As did he a poet that pub. be remembered but it must is sweet, flowing, he belonged to the school of Spenser. His verse writer of of which, one excelled sonnets, He a as harmonious. and of Milton. has a suggestion John the Baptist, Centuries of Scottish Literature, Three (1873), Life by Prof. Masson Club ed. of Poems (1832). Walker, 1893. Maitland
on
Jonson, who
visited him
DRYDEN,
satirist, was
from whom
JOHN
(1631-1700). Poet, dramatist,

"
and
/., Rectory, Northamptonshire. b. at Aldwincle Erasmus, 3rd s. of Sir he inherited a small estate, was also of good family; was Driden ; his mother Mary Pickering, Erasmus in side and religion. Puritan the to families politics both belonged and and School Coll.,Camb., Trinity ed. at Westminster He was While written coll. he had at to London. thereafter, in 1657, came
not
His
some
very
successful
verse. was
Oliver The
Cromwell
interval much of
(165^)
18
followed, in 1660, by Astraa

has
months written been against his apparent change ol though led that the whole cast of his mind remember fair to it is opinion, In he m. 1663 to be a supporter of de facto authority. him Lady The Restoration Elizabeth Howard, dau. of the Earl of Berkshire. debased in its most form, and for introduced a revival of the drama many
Heroic Stanzas on the Death of It first considerable was poem. of the Restoration. Redux, in honour crowded with had been events, and His his
a prolific playwright,but though his vigorous years D. was in this department, as in him enabled to work effectively powers his natural not he engaged, it was other in which line, and "very his which does not his fame rest are deeply plays, upon happily His first effort,The Wild stained with the immorality of the age.
Ladies, a tragi his other dramas and reputation, among comedy, Indian mentioned The Tyvannit be Amboyna (1673), Queene, may in Almahide Almanzar and Love (ridiculed Buckingham*! (1669), All for Love (an adaptation ol (1670), Arungzebe (1675), Rehearsal) Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra)(1678). During the greai plague, 1665, D. left London, and lived with his father-in-law ai Charleton. On his return he pub. his first poem of real power; and thl the great fire, Annus Mirabilis, of which the subjects were War. In 1668 appeared his Essay on Dramatic Dutch Poetry in the fine alike as criticism and as prose. Two form of a dialogue, yean he became Poet Laureate later (1670) and Historiographer Royal with D. was in prosperous circumstances; a pension of ^300 a year. now having received a portionwith his wife, and besides the salaries OJ his appointments,and his profits from literature, holding a valuablt share in the King'splay-house. In 1671 G. Villiers, Duke of Buck his heroic* Rehearsal, in ridicule of the overdone ingham, produced of the prevailing D. as Mr. Bayes. To this D drama, and satirising immediate made but bided his time. The next years wer" no reply, devoted But by this time publicaffairs were to the drama. assum critical A section of the nation ing a was large aspect. becoming
Gallant
was (1663), a
failure; his next, The
Rival
established
his
.alarmed
at the
prospect
of the succession
of the Duke
of York,
anc
i
123
and Shaftesbury was supposed to be proof Monmouth. of the Duke And D. showed now The first part of Absalom and Achitophel lis full powers. appeared Charles David," Shaftesbury as n 1681, in which figuresas " ' Monmouth as Absalom," Buckingham as Zimri," Achitophel,"
restoration of popery,
claims
noting the
"
"
of whom the attack the short but crushing delineation of the n The Rehearsal effect was requited in the most ample measure. tremendous. Nevertheless )f the poem the indictment was against ignored by the Grand shaftesburyfor high treason was Jury at of the event :he Old medal a was Bailey,and in honour struck, vhich gave a title to D.'s next stroke. His Medal issued in was The success [682. }. Replies were of these wonderful in Absalom and forthcoming These ichitophel Transposed,and Pordage's Azaria and Hushai. especially jompositions, Pordage's,were comparatively moderate. ?ax otherwise Shadwell's Medal was of John Bayes, one of the most "rutal and indecent in the and an pieces language. D.'s revenge the publication of MacFlecknoe, a satire in which was imple one ill his opponents, but held up to the Shadwell, were especially ridicule and of and others had conferred oathing succeeding ages, them however an unenviable, no efforts of immortality which, ipon
" "
poems Elkanah
raised Settle's
storm
round
secured for them. Its immediate effect was all his assailants. The followingyear, 1683, of Religio the publication Laid of a layman). In saw (thereligion r686 D. joinedthe Church of Rome, for which he has by some been
own
iheir
;o
crush
and
could have silence
)lamed
for time-serving of the basest kind. On the other hand his and conscientiousness have others been as consistency by strongly naintained. The change, which announced was by the publication
n
1687
of The
it all events "arodied by C.
It was Prior in the Town and Mouse. Montague Country the Revolution D. was deprived of all his pensionsand appointin which he was succeeded nents, includingthe Laureateship, by lis old enemy Shadwell. His latter years were passed in comparaive poverty, although the Earl of Dorset and other old friends conand ributed
Hind and the Panther, a did not bring with it any
Defence of the
Roman
Church,
worldly advantages.
by
their
stances onger
he turned what it had been jelongDon Sebastian, and
to lightenhis cares. In these liberality again to the drama, which, however,

as a source
circum
was no
of income.
To in the
this demand
period
A
new
his last
nine, however,
was
beginning to
the same time (1697). About apThe Ode for St. Cecilia's Day, and Alexander's Feast, and in 700, the year of his death, the Fables, largelyadaptations from Chaucer and Boccaccio. In his own line,that of argument, satire, ind declamation, D. is without literature: he had a rival in our ittle creative imagination and His which in no dramas, pathos. mlk are the greatestpart of his work, add almost nothing to his "eared he was ame ; in them meeting a public demand, not followingthe lative bent of his genius. In his satires, and in such as poems Alexander's he rises the of his to in Feast, a highestpoint powers swift and heart-stirring. In prose his styleis clear, strong, verse
xanslations which had arisen. ind he produced, in addition " " 5erseus, his famous Virgil
be This
play, Love opened
Triumphant.
to
up D. a new gave translations from
for
opportunity, Juvenal and
24

nervous.
and
He
seems
to
have
been
almost and
insensible
to
the
beauty
of Nature. B. SUMMARY.
1631, ed.
Annus
Westminster
c.
Camb., became
playwright
pub.
and
Mirabilis
pub.
Absalom
Flecknoe and Hind tion and
Achitophel(part Laid 1683, joinedChurch 1682, Religio

Panther
"
Laureate 1666, Poet Medal 1682, i) 1681, of Rome

"
prolific 1667,
Mac-
1686, pub.
Revolu Cecilia's he d.
of offices and 1687, deprived
1688, pub. translations including Alexander's Feast c. 1697, and Fables 1700, when Day Scott's ed. with Life 1808, re-edited in 18 vols. W. Sir
pensions at Virgil 1697, S*.
by
Prof.
Saintsbury
Aldine (1883-93);
ed.
(5 vols., 1892),Johnson's Lives

E. GRANT
"
of
the Poets, etc.
DUFF,
SIR MOUNTSTUART
M.P. for the
Mis (1829-1906).
Lieut. -Governor Sir Hi
cellaneous writer,was on He pub. Studies of European Politics,books of Madras. series of and Notes a and Renan, Lord de Tabley, Maine, work. Diary, perhaps his most interesting
ElginBurghs, and
from
DUFFERIN,
"
HELEN
SELENA
(SHERIDAN),COUNTESS
OFI
(1807-1867). Eldest and BrinsleyS. (q.v.),

sisters Duchess
a
were
known
her best known piece being perhaps The" I'm sittin' on the stile, Irish the beginning Emigrant, of Extracts Low or She also wrote Latitudes, Lispings from Mary." Finesse, or a Busy from the Journal of the Hon. Impulsia Gushington,
good
deal
of Somerset. of verse,
dau. of Tom S., grand-daughter of Richard sister of Mrs. Norton (q.v.).She and her tw"j" the third being the" the three Graces," as in the family talent, and wrote* She shared
" "
Lament
Day
at
Messina, etc.
DUFFY,
of the Nature
SIR
CHARLES
to
GAVAN
one
Poet, (1816-1903).
"
b. in
took Monaghan, early
of the founders became one of the leaders of the Young Ireland newspaper, he became he went to Australia, where Thereafter a lead movement. Victoria. Premier His later to be of and years ing politician, rose in He did much to stimulate were spent chieflyon the Continent. and journalism, and for the national historyand literature,started The and made The Ballad Poetry of Ire a collection, Library of Ireland, which He also was a land, pub. an autobiography, great success. Ireland
a
taste
My
Life in
Two
Hemispheres.
SIR WILLIAM Herald (1605-1686).
"
DUGDALE,
quary, From
and
anti
b. at Coleshill, was Warwickshire, and ed. at Coventry SchoolJ heraldic and a earlyyouth he showed strong bent towards which led to his in a studies, as antiquarian 1638, appointment, from which he be Garterto rose Pursuivant-extraordinary, KingIn 1655, jointly at-Arms. with Roger Dodsworth, he brought out the first vol. of Monasticon Anglicanum (the second followingim 1661, and the third in 1673),containingthe charters of the ancient monasteries. In 1656 he pub. the Antiquities of Warwickshire, which maintains a high place among county histories,and in 1666 OriginesJudiciales. His great work, The Baronage of England, a History of Imbanking and appeared in 1675-6. Other works were and St. Paul's Cathedral. a All D.'s writing^ History of Drayning, monuments of and are learning patient investigation.
Du
"
125 (1834-
MAURIER, GEORGE
Louis
PALMELLA
BUSSON
1896). Artist John Leech on
{1891), Trilby
in
and novelist, b. and ed. in Paris, in 1864 succeeded the staff of Punch. His three novels, Peter Ibbetson and The Martian (1894), (1896), originally appeared
Harper's Magazine.
DUNBAR,
have been he
WILLIAM
Poet, is (i465?-i530?).
"
believed to
b. in Lothian, and ed. at St. Andrews, and in his earlier Franciscan friar. Thereafter he appears to have a IV. Court in and some Deen matters. political employed by James His chief poems The Thrissil and the Rois (The Thistle and the are The Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins, a powerful satire, Rose) (1503), The Golden and The Lament for the Makaris Targe, an allegory, In all these is vein of there true a (c.1507). (poets) poetry. In his
days
was
allegorical poems
or
he follows
Chaucer
less imitative and conventional: :he Lament, he takes a bolder and shows his native flight power. His comic The date somewhat and circumstances are poems gross. af his death are uncertain, some holding that he fell at Flodden, others that he was alive so late as 1 5 30. Other works The Merle are ind The and the Flyting 'scolding) of Dunbar and Nightingale, " Gosse Mr. calls D. the in literaKennedy. largest figure English Chaucer between and nire Spenser." He has bright strength,
in his setting, and is thus more in his satirical pieces, and in
swiftness,humour,
Mid full of colour.
and
pathos, and
his
touch descriptive
is vivid
DUNLOP, JOHN COLIN

rd Provost
:o
i
s. (c. 1785-1842).Historian,
"
of
wrote
of
the Bar
in
Glasgow, 1807, and became
where
and at Edin. he was ed.,was Sheriff of Renfrewshire. He
called
Literature to the (1814), History of Roman and Memoirs Augustan Age (1823-28), of Spain during the Reigns of
a
History of
Fiction
IV. ^hilip he Latin
and
Charles
II.
(1834).
He
also made
translations
from
Anthology.
SCOTUS
DUNS,
The dates
JOHANNES
was
a
Schoolman. (i265?-i3o8?).
"
of his birth and death dike doubtful. He may have been
and
at
the
place
of his birth
to
are
a
Oxf., is said
He the
have
was a
been
man
sobriquet of on Among logic and theology are a many and work a on )hilosophic metaphysics, De Rerum grammar, ^rincipio (of the beginning of things). His great opponent was Thomas into of the divided Aquinas, and schoolmen day were
subtilis. his works Icotists and
egent or prof, at Paris, and sxtraordinary learning, and
Franciscan.
received
of Doctor
Thomists,
or
realists and
nominalists.
"
D'URFEY,
THOMAS
and
song
was writer, a well-known a companion of Charles man-about-town, I., and lived on to the reign of George I. His plays are now forand is he best in known connection with collection of ;otten, a songs him describes mtitled, Pills to Purge Melancholy. Addison as a a diverting companion," and cheerful, honest, good-natured
'
"
nan."
nclude
writingsare nevertheless extremely Madame Fickle Siege of Memphis (1676), and The Campaigners (1698). Vife (1680),
His
gross.
His
plays
(1677),Virtuous
126

TIMOTHY
DWIGHT,
6. at
Theologianand poet, (1752-1817)."

was a
Northampton,
Mass.,
grandson
of
Jonathan
Edwards,
and latterly minister, Prof, of Divinity, became a Congregationalist t reatises and besides include, theological His works Pres. of Yale. The America Conquest of (1772), the following poems, sermons, and The Triumph Canaan (1785), unreadable. their day, but now
a satire,admired of Infidelity,
in
DYCE, ALEXANDER
Scholar (1798-1869)."
and
s. of critic,
b. in Edin., and ed. there and at D., was Lieut.-General Alexander country He took orders, and for a short time served in two Oxf. and in he Church London, the settling curacies. Then, leaving His dramatists. the of ed. himself to his life-work English betook first work, Specimens of British Poetesses, appeared in 1825; and the intervals ed. of Collins's Poems, and at various thereafter Mar Beaumont and Fletcher, Middleton, of dramatic works Peele, His great ed. of Shakespearein 9 lowe, Greene, Webster, and others. for the Camden vols. appeared in 1857. He also ed. various works Rogers. All D.'s work is Society, and pub. Table Talk of Samuel marked
by
varied
and
accurate
minute learning,
research, and
solid
judgment. DYER, SIR EDWARD

Park, Somerset,
?-i6o7).Poet, b. at Sharphanr (1545

"
introduced to the Court and ed. at Oxf., was by the Earl of Leicester, and sent on a mission to Denmark, 1589. He was of the Garter, and knighted. of the Order Chancellor in 1596 made suet In his own among day he had a reputation for his elegies doubl For a long time there was judges as Sidney and Puttenham.
as
to what
poems
now
were
to
be attributed
"
to
him, but
as
have pieces is that

on
been
apparentlyidentified beginning, My
"
his.
to me
contentment
mind
about a dozer The best knowr a kingdom is.'
Poet, was DYER, JOHN (1700-1758).

shire. In his
b. in Caermarthen-
painting,but findingthat h" of success, enterec to not likely a was measure satisfactory the Church. He has a definite,if a modest, place in literature at the author of three poems, The Ruins of Rorm Grongar Hill (1727), is and The Fleece first of these the The ano best, (1740), (1757). the best known, and contains much true natural description ; but al have passages of considerable and precisioi merit, delicacy poetical of phrase being their most Wordswortt noticeable characteristic. had a high opinion of D. as a poet, and addressed sonnet to him a
early years
attain he studied
EARLE,
writer, b. at Merton. He
the Closet made Dean
next
Divine JOHN (1601-1665).

"
and
he
miscellaneous
was
a
York, took orders, was Assembly of Divines at Westminster,

and ed.
to
at Oxf., where tutor to Charles
Fellow Clerk he and

"
II.,a member
and Restoration
of th"
o
1643, Chaplain
On the
Charles
when
was year eloqueni and Con to the was opposed venticle " and Five Mile " Acts, and to all forms of persecution He wrote Hortus Mertonensis of Merton) in Latin, bu (the Garden his chief work dis Piece of the World was or a Microcosmographie,
witty
of Westminster, Bishop of Salisbury. He agreeable in society,and

"
in exile. in 1662
wa
Bishop
of Worcester, learned and
th
ivered in f all the
127
interesting:
"
Essays
"
and character
Characters " books.
the (1628),
best and
most
EASTLAKE,
au.
ELIZABETH,
LADY
(RIGBY) (1809-1893).
Rigby of Norwich, a writer on medical and ^ricultural spent her earlier life on the Continent and in subjects, Sir Charles L. Eastlake, the famous din. she In 1849 m. painter, Letters from Her first work Jid Pres. of the Royal Academy. was he Shores of the Baltic (1841). From 1842 she was a frequentconributor to the Quarterly she wrote a Review, in which very bitter
of Dr. Edward various books riticism of Jane Eyre. She also wrote and ives of her husband, of Mrs. Grote, of Gibson the
on
art, and
ECHARD,
eacon
LAURENCE
He
sculptor. (c.1670-1730).Historian, b. at
"
ed. at Camb., took orders and became Archtranslated Terence, part of Plautus, D' Orleans' listory of the Revolutions in England, and made numerous compilaon ons history,geography, and the classics. His chief work, is his History of England (1707-1720). It covers the owever, eriod from the Roman his and to continued times, own occupation
arsham, Suffolk, and

of Stow.
the subjectuntil it was standard work on ranslations of Rapin's French History of England.
o
be
the
superseded by for
EDGAR, JOHN GEORGE

lev.
Writer (1834-1864).
"
Boys,s.
John E. Hutton, Berwickshire. Great Men f (1853),Runnymede rints of Famous Men, Cressy and ditor of Every Boy's Magazine.
Among his books are and Lincoln Fair (1866),FootPoictiers. He was also the first
"
of Boyhood
EDGEWORTH,
f Richard ng. estowed romise
MARIA
was
Novelist,only child (1767-1849).

a
Her/., who
b. near Readeducation and mechanics, her education. much attention She showed on early assisted her /. hi his literary of distinction, and labours, himself writer
on
E., of Edgeworthstown, Co. Longford, was
in .specially
Practical Education and Essay on Irish Bulls (1802). he soon discovered that her strengthlay in fiction, and from 1800, rhen her first novel, Castle Rackrent, appeared,until 1834, when her continued series of novels and to produce a ast, Helen, was pub., she ales characterised by ingenuity of invention, humour, and acute elineation of character, notwithstanding a tendency to be didactic, " nd the presence of a of in her writings. It was most the purpose Miss in I rish character of E. that suggested to Sir uccess delineating N. Scott the idea of rendering Miss E., a similar service to Scotland. fho had great practical able to render much aid during was ability, he Irish famine. In addition above to the works mentioned, she
"
m"te
Moral
Tales
and
fashionable
Life (1809
6. at East
Belinda (1801),Leonora and 1812),and a Memoir of

"
(1806),Tales her/.
of
of
a
EDWARDS,
iinister, was
censed
s
n
s. JONATHAN (i702?-i758). Theologian,
Windsor, Connecticut, ed.
at Yale
and Coll.,
as
preacher in
a
tutor
at Yale,
The 1722. in which position
following year he was appointed he showed exceptional capacity.
1726
he
here, and
to remained
went
sual earnestness hi 1750 e was
aving
arisen
on
Northampton, Conn., as minister of a church for 24 years, exercising his ministry with unand diligence.At the end of that time, however, dismissed by his congregation,a disagreement certain Thereafter he questions of discipline.
128
acted
as
a

missionary to
the Indians While thus of Massachusetts. treatises,On the Freedom of the in he 1746, (1758). Previously,
"engaged he composed his famous On OriginalSin and Will (1754),

had
Affections. In 1757 he Religious was appointed Pres. of Princeton Coll.,New Jersey,but was almost immediately thereafter stricken with small-pox,of which he d. on intellect of extraordinarystrength an E. possessed March 22, 1757. was capable of sustaining very lengthened and clearness, and of the ablest defenders of He is one chains of profoundargument. its which he to most of developed theology, the Calvinistic system of fervent man a piety, and of the extreme positions. He was
produced his
treatise, On
the
loftiest and
most
disinterested character.
EDWARDS,
RICHARD
Poet, ?-is66)." (1523
was
at
Oxf.,
made of the Chapel he was a Gentleman to Court, where -and went He had of the a high reputation singingboys. Royal, and master acted His Palamon and A rcite was for his comedies and interludes. three the stage fell and Elizabeth at Oxf. in 1566, when before nevertheless the and five killed hurt, proceeding. play persons were and Pythias (1577), a comedy, is his only extant Damon play.
EGAN, PIERCE
satirised
Humorist, (1772-1849).
"
b. in
:
or
London, ha
and the
the Prince Regent remembered is best but (1814), Night Scenes ofJerryHawthorn
in
The
by
and had
Lives of Life in London
Florizel
Perdital
Day
and
his
collection of sketches
which the It
friend,Corinthian Tom, elegant the at time, ancl great success
which the
gives a pictureof days of the Regency.

EDWARD
sports and
was
in of London amusements illustrated by George Cruikshank*

"
EGGLESTON,
Vevay, Indiana,
Novelist, (1837-1902).
"
b.
al
He wrote minister. a number o: a Methodist was " mud attracted Hoosier of t he series, which, specially tales,some which The Hoosier Schoolmaster, The Hoosiet attention, among are Schoolboy,The End of the World, The Faith Doctor, Queer Stories fo\
Boys
"
and
Girls,etc.
see
ELIOT, GEORGE,"
EVANS.
"
Was ELIZABETH, QUEEN (1533-1603).

women
one
of the scholar'
of her time, being versed in Latin, Greek, French, anc Her translation of Boethius Italian. her exceptional art ane shows skill. In the classics Roger Ascham She wrot* her tutor. was various short
"
poems,
some
of which
were
called
by
her
contem
He form. poraries sonnets," though not in the true sonnet letters and despatches show idiomatic force of expres an original sion beyond that of any other English monarch.
ELLIOT, Miss
Gilbert authoress Elliot
JEAN (1727-1805)." Poetess, dan.

has small niche The Flowers ballad,
a
"
of Minto, of the beautiful
in
literature
of Si as th|
ning,
with
"
I've heard
same was
the
beguiling"
Cockburn.
of the Forest, begin the lilting at our balla" yowe-milking." Another title beginning, I've seen the smiling of fortun1 written by Alicia Rutherford, afterwards Mnj

ELLIOT, EBENEZER
"
129
Poet, b. at Masborough, (1781-1849).
in an iron-foundry, and in 1821 took Berkshire, in his youth worked He is best with success. account business on his own p the same behalf and and of the his on oppressed, nown poor by poems Corn which of the denunciations Laws, his f or gained for specially little Corn Law read, he now of the lim the title Rhymer. Though His Corn Law are ad considerable principal poems poetic gift. Patriarch The Ranter, and The Village (1829). thymes (1831),
ELLIS, GEORGE
West
Miscellaneous writer, s. (1753-1815).

"
of
fame Indian gained some by Poetical Tales by Sir planter, in the Rolliad, a series had hand He also a Gander (1778). regory about f Whig satires which 1785. Changing sides he appeared contributed to the Anti- Jacobin. He fterwards accompanied Sir Harris on his mission to the Netherlands, and there coll.materials Revolution or his History of the Dutch (1789). He ed. Specimens of he
Early English Poets
Romances,
both works the fifth canto /ho dedicated
of
and Specimens of the Early English (1790), scholarship. He was a friend of Scott, of Marmion
"
to him.
ELLWOOD,
as
THOMAS
A (1639-1713).
young
Quaker who
in 1662, and devoted much of his time to introduced to Milton him that It is to asked the him. to a we owe by sading question He Paradise of was a simple,good man, ready to Regained. riting has left an and uffer for his religious opinions, autobiography of which it ngular interest alike for the details of Milton's later life, it casts on the times of the writer. He also ives,and for the light and some controversial works. a sacred rrote Davideis (1712), poem,
ELPHINSTONE,
MOUNTSTUART
Fourth (1779-1859).
"
s.
of
Lord nth ie E., was ed. at Edin., and entered the Bengal Civil Indian ervice in 1795. He had a very distinguished career as an to establish the present system of governtatesman, and did much He education. Governor of Bombay to extend was ent and of laws for that code and a Presidency. In 1819-1827), prepared the of Governor-General but he declined, was offered, 829 position f India. and The Rise of the He wrote a History of India (1841), British Power in the East, pub. in 1887.
ELWIN, WHITWELL
Critic (1816-1900).
"
and
s. of editor,
country gentlemen of Norfolk, studied at Camb., and took orders, le was an important contributor to the QuarterlyReview, of which became editor in 1853. He undertook to complete Croker's ed. of e he dropped it, leaving it to 'ope,and brought out 5 vols., when e finished by Mr. Courthope. As an ed. he was extremely autoratic, and on all subjects had pronounced opinions,and often iagular likes and dislikes.
ELYOT,
SIR
THOMAS
(1490-1546). Diplomatist, physi"
;ian,and writer, held many diplomatic appointments. He wrote he Governor a treatise on education, in which he advocated (1531), entler treatment of schoolboys, The Castle of Health (1534),a nedical work, and A Defence of Good Women He also in (1545). the first Latin and and made various 538 pub. English Dictionary, ranslations.
E
130

RALPH
EMERSON,
WALDO
was Philosopher, (1803-1882).

"
managed
had His /. was there, who a b. at Boston, Massachusetts. widow with six a in who d. 1811, and leaving Unitarian, become a the second. Mrs. E. was then 8, whom aged Ralph, children, of of boarders and of energy, taking by means however, a woman was, E. entered Harvard a good education. to give all her sons
minister
usual course there, in 1817 and, after passing through the in ordained which he to was 1827, and studied for the ministry, There native he remained his in settled over city. a congregation he resigned, until 1832, when ostensibly on a difference of opinion of the Lord's the permanent nature Supper as view in of to in radical change regard religion a rite,but reallyon a the formal of maxim that day religion expressedin the general, he lost his young time the same wife, and hisis past." About with his brethren
on
"
health, which
had
never
been
robust, showed
where he
signs of failing. In
eminent met many search of recovery Europe, with On his return and formed a life-long Carlyle. men friendship in 1834 he settled at Concord, and took up lecturing. In 1836 hetranscendental little book which, though pub. Nature, a somewhat did wide circle. not to The fine much a appeal thought, containing Two in 1837. Scholar followed American years previouslyhe had he visited
a second marriage. His influence as a thinker he was extended, regarded as the leader of the transcendentalists,. chief contributors to their organ, The Dial. of the and was one Th"\ of his life, remainder was singu though happy, busy, and influential, In 1847 he paid a second visit to England, when uneventful. larly
entered
into
rapidly]
and delivered of lectures ia a course Carlyle, which he subse on RepresentativeMen," England quentlypub. EnglishTraits appeared in 1856. In 1857 The Atlantic started, and to it he became a frequent contributor. Monthly was In 1874 he was nominated for the Lord Rectorship of the Univ. oi He, however, regarded Glasgow, but was defeated by Disraeli. he
spent
with week Scotland and

a
"
nomination little. He and in

,
as
the
greatesthonour
of his life. His works mentioned
After
were
1867
he wrote
n
d. on addition
April 27,
to those
1882. above
coll. in
vols.,
include
series)Conduct
lect,and
ofLife,Societyand Solitude,Natural
Essays (two History of Intel
Poems. The intellect of E. was subtle rather than robust, and down the in suggestive rather than systematic. He wrote tuitions and suggestions of the moment, and was careless a* entirely to whether these harmonised with previous statements. He was an and stimulating thinker and writer, and wielded original a styleoi much and fascination. His views beauty approached religious
more
nearly to
was
a man
Pantheism of
than
to any
other
known
system
character.
THE
of beliefs
He
elevation singular
and
"
purity of THOMAS
ERCILDOUN, THOMAS
(ft. 1220-1297). A rhyme or story for
"
OF,
OR
RHYMER
'"
and
is
reported
other
minstrel to whom is ascribed Sir Tristrem, recitation. He had a reputation for prophecy, to have foretold the death of Alexander III., and
various
events.
OR
ERIGENA,
Scotland
or
b. irj Scoxus, JOHN (ft. 850)."Philosopher,
Ireland, was
employed
at
the
Court
of
Charles
th"

Bald,
translations
He France. was a pantheistic mystic, and made bold in the Alexandrian from philosophers. He was and had both strengthand subtlety of his principles, he exposition is De Divisione His chief work f intellect. Natures, a dialogue in above rtiich he placesreason authority.
King
of
ERSKINE, RALPH
ras
Scottish (1685-1752).
"
Divine
and
poet,
his /., a man where of b. near Cornhill, Northumberland, for the minister. ncient Scottish family, a time, was, nonconforming minister of Dunfermline, and, with his brother He became Ebenezer, in the controversies in the Church of Scotland, which involved was Church in 1736. He has a place ed to the founding of the Secession for his literature as the writer of devotional works, especially which ed. had and Sonnets (of appeared by 1797), Scrip25 Gospel
n
ire
Songs (1754)s. (1788-1870). Theologian,

"
ERSKINE, THOMAS
".,of Linlathen,
d. He
was
of David
to which
aving under impressions he devoted unusuallydeep religious laving come and pub. various works, inlimself largely to the study of theology, ludingThe Internal Evidence forthe Truth of Revealed Religion (1820), Freeness and The Jnconditional the Order. He Gospel, of Spiritual charm of and wielded of man a character, singular great, nfluence the religious on thought of his day. He enjoyed the of such different types as Carlyle, of men Chalmers, Dean friendship Prevost Paradol. His Letters and ed. by Dr. W. were tanley, Hanna (1877-78).
called
to
property he succeeded, his elder brother the Bar in 1810, but never practised,
ETHEREGE,
t
SIR GEORGE
Dramatist, was(i635?-i69i).
"
the a man-about-town, Camb., travelled,read a little law, became and their He achieved of set. Rochester, some Sedley, ompanion ote as the writer of three lively Sh? comedies, Love in a Tub (1664), and The Man all characlould if she Could of Mode (1668), (1676), erised by the grossness of the period. He was sent on to* a mission broke his neck when his where he downLatisbon, lighting guests tairs after
a
drinkingbout.
MARY
"
EVANS,
ANN
OR
MARIAN
near
man
("GEORGE
ELIOT
").
dau.
b. 1819-1880). Novelist, was f Robert land E., agent, a ducation eath

was
Nuneaton,
of
Warwickshire,
strong individuality.Her
completed
in
at
school the
of her mother for her in the
1836, and
in Coventry, and after the she marriage of her elder sister,
ept house heir house nade the

nd
/.until his death in 1849. In 1841 they gave up country, and went to live in Coventry. Here she acquaintance of Charles Bray, a writer on phrenology,
Charles
his brother-in-law
Hennell,
rationalistic
writer
on
the
whose influence led her to renounce therigin of Christianity, views in which she had been In vangelical 1846 she brought up. in her first work, the completion of a translation engaged literary of Strauss's Life of Jesus. On her f.'s death "egun by Mrs. Hennell he went abroad with the Brays, and, on her return in 1850, began
) as
write
for
the
Westminster In this
Review, of which
assistant-editor.
capacity she
was
from much
1851-53
thrown
she into
132
with (q.v.), Spencer and George Henry Lewes the societyof Herbert into an irregular connection she in 1854 entered the latter of whom she translated the In death. same his until lasted year which of her t he one only writingsto Feuerbach's Essence of Christianity, until she It not was was nearly "which she attached her real name. the true discovered of her nature have to she that appears 40 not until 1857 that The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. for it was
genius;
Amos that Mr.
printed
1859,
Barton Magazine, and announced appeared in Blackwood's had arisen. It was followed writer of singular by power a new all three and re Love Repentance, being Janet's Story Gilfil's Bede was Scenes from Clerical Life (1857); Adam pub. in as The Mill
on
the Floss, in its earlier chapters largely autobio con in 1860, Silas Marner, perhaps the most artistically graphical, In 1860 and 1861 she visited Florence structed of her books, in 1861. with the view of preparingherself for her next work, Romola, a tale of the times of Savonarola, which appeared in 1863 in the Cornhill in 1866. followed Radical Miss E. now Magazine. Felix Holt the and took to poetry, and between for a time abandoned novel-writing
1871 produced The Spanish Gipsy, Agatha, The Legend of fine and though containing much Armgart. These poems, Jubal, in and fact in them she writing work, did not add to her reputation, had Accordingly,she returned departed from her true vocation. and in Middlemarch, which to fiction, appeared in parts in 1871-72,
1868 and she to have produced her greatest work. in 1874-76, was out Daniel came Deronda, which greatly in In 1878 she pub. The Impressions her last novel. and it was ferior, In of Theophrastus Such, a collection of miscellaneous essays.
was
by
many
considered
which Lewes d., an event plunged her into year Mr. melancholy,which was, however, alleviated by the kindness of Mr. John Cross, who had been the ultimate friend of both L. and her The union was she m. in March, 1880. a short self,and whom one, the
same
being terminated George Eliot

writers
by
her death
on
December
22
in the
same
year.
will probably always retain a high of fiction. Her great power lies in the minute
the lower character, chieflyamong and folk of the tradesmen, country
place among painting of middle classes, shopkeepers, Midlands, into whose thoughts
-and feelings she had an insight almost like divination, and of whose modes of expression she was Her complete mistress. generalview relieved by a power of seizing the humorouspessimistic, elements in human There is also, how and stupidity ill-doing. much seriousness in her treatment of the phases of life upon ever, which she touches, and few writers have brought out with greater the and effects of continuance in evil hardening power degrading the inevitable and irretrievable of or a wrong courses, consequences act. Her descriptions of rural scenes have a singular charm. of life is
Life,ed. by J. W.
Cross
(1885-6).Books
Stephen (Men
of
on
her
by
Oscar
Brown
ing,1890,
and
Sir Leslie
Letters),1902.
and miscellaneous EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)." Diarist,

writer, was
and
was
'.
of
an
old
and Surrey family,
was
ed. at
school
at Lewes
at Oxf. He travelled much the Continent, seeing all that on best worth in the of and collections,both seeing way galleries and which of he has in. public account private, given an interesting

his
135
Diary. King as a
He
was
volunteer After
Continent.
all his life a staunch Royalist,and joined the after repairedagain to the in 1642, but soon 1652 he was at home, settled at Sayes Court, near
famous. After the Restoration Deptford, where his gardens were but his ae was employed in various matters by the Government, offended the character and manners was by constantly !ofty pure from to his Diary, kept up In addition of the Court. 1624-1706, d etails of and of is full and which private events, interesting public such subjects as plantations, he wrote Sylva (1664), gardening, upon Britannicum architecture, (unpub.), prevention of smoke Elysium in
London,
of and
founders
dignity againstthe laxity of
engraving, Sculptura (1662),and he he was of which for the Royal Society, stand forth purity of E'.s character
his times.
was
a
one
of
time sec. in strong relief
the The
EWING, MRS.
Writer
JULIANA
HORATIA
(GATTY) (1842-1885).
"
also a of children's stories,dau. of Mrs. Alfred Gatty (q.v.), have which her writer for children. tales, hardly been Among into and still excelled in sympatheticinsight child-life, enjoy unA Flat Iron for a Farthing, diminished are: Jackanapes, popularity, Mrs.
Jan of the Windmill,

of a
and Short
Overtheway'sRemembrances, WILLIAM
"
and
The
Story
Life.
FABER,
FREDERICK
Yorkshire, and ed. at Harrow hymn-writer, was b. at Calverley, under the influence of Newman, whom he he came and Oxf., where He of Rome. various wrote into the Church followed theological treatises,but
The Sweet has
a
Pilgrims of
the
place in literature Night, My God

us ere we
for his how
hymns, wonderful
which thou
include art, and
Saviour, bless
go.
"
FABYAN,
London,
ROBERT
(d. 1513).
an
Chronicler,was
and into Sheriff.
a
b. in
He
of which notable
diary of
he became events, which
Alderman he
kept
expanded
chronicle, which
It covers the period Concordance tie entitled, The of Histories. of Henry VII., in England to the death from the arrival of Brutus the affairs of London. It was and deals mainly with not printed the title of The New it appeared under Chronicles until 1515, when
of England
s.
and
France.
FAIRFAX, EDWARD
Translator, natural (i58o?-i635).

"
of Sir Thomas F., lived at Fuystone, near Knaresborough, in peace of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, on and prosperity. His translation which his fame is founded, is a masterpiece, of the comparatively one literature. few translations which in themselves It was are highly
praised by Dry
was
den
and
Waller.
The
first ed. F.
appeared
a
dedicated
Demonology,
Edin., where
to Queen Elizabeth. in which he was a devout
also wrote believer.

"
in 1600, acid treatise on
FALCONER,
he
WILLIAM
was
Poet, s. (1732-1769).
of
barber in
competent
thus thoroughly a sailor,and was the management of the storm-tossed vessel,the and fate of which described in his poem, The Shipwreck career are of genuine, though unequal, talent. The efforts (1762), a work which F. made in the successive to improve the poem ed. which
b., became
to describe
34
followed
poems,
successful. The work not entirely the first were gained of York, through whose influence for him the patronage of the Duke the positionof purser on various warships. Strangely he obtained occurred death by shipwreck. F. wrote other enough, his own Nautical useful besides a Dictionary. now forgotten,
FANSHAWE,
dau. of
a
CATHERINE
MARIA
Poetess, (1765-1834).
"
clever occasional Her best verse. Letter famous Riddle the the on is H, beginning Tcnown production " in hell " often attri 'Twas whispered in heaven, 'twas muttered buted to Lord Byron.
wrote Surrey squire,
FANSHAWE,
SIR
RICHARD
(1608-1666). Diplomatist,
"
Park. Herts, and ed. at Camb., translator, and poet, b. at Ware the Civil War broke out sided travelled on the Continent, and when for the cause. sent to Spain to obtain with the King and was money in Holland. After the He acted as Latin Sec. to Charles II. when and various Ambassador held he was Restoration to appointments,
Portugal
and
Spain successively.He
translated
Fido, Selected Parts of Horace, and The Lusiad memoirs of her Harrison, wrote wife, nee Anne
own
Guarini's of Camoens. life.
Pastor His
FARADAY,
s.
MICHAEL
was
Natural (1791-1867).
"
philosopher,
book the
of a binder.
blacksmith,
He
6. in London, taste for a earlyshowed
apprenticed to a chemistry,and attended
and
he was, in 1813, appointed lectures of Sir H. Davy (q.v.)., by whom the Institution. assistant in He became his chemical of one Royal and popularisers the greatest of British discoverers of science, his in the department of electro-magnetism. discoveries being chiefly He had
an
unusual his
power
stood.
Among The Magnetism (1821),

a
under making difficult subjectsclearly writingsare History of the Progressof ElectroNon-metallic Various Chemical in Nature. F. was a benevolence of character, and Forces
of
Elements, The
History
man
of
Candle, and
The
of
remarkable
simplicityand
deeply
religious.
FARMER, RICHARD
scholar, Shakespearian (1735-1797).

"
b. at Leicester,and ed. at Camb., where he ultimately became Master of Emanuel Coll. He wrote an Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare in which he maintained that Shakespeare's (1767), knowledge of the
through translations,the errors a production of great ability. F. was prebend in St. Paul's.
was
classics It is
of which
a
reproduced. clergyman, and held a
he
FARQUHAR, GEORGE
donderry,
actor.
s.
Dramatist, b. at Lon-l (1678-1707)."

on
leavingwhich
fellow-actor himself to
of a clergyman, and ed. at Trinity Coll., Dublin, he took to the stage, but had no great success as This, together with an accident in which he wounded with
a
an a
giving Thereafter he acting them. the Love and Bottle a joined (1698)was his first venture, and army. others were The Constant Sir Harry Wildair Couple (1700), (1701), The Inconstant The Recruiting Beau's and The (1703), Officer (1706), Stratagem (1707). F.'s plays are full of wit and sparkle and, though often coarse, have not the malignant pruriency of some of writing plays
instead of
sword, led
to
his
it, and relinquishing
predecessors. He poverty.
his made
an
135
and d. in
unfortunate
marriage,
"
WILLIAM FREDERIC Theological (1831-1903). for Univ. and Camb., was writer, b. in Bombay, and ed. at London Head from of and Master at master a Harrow, "some 1871-76 years
FARRAR,
Marlborough
and
School.
He
became
Canon successively of
of St. Rector He of Canterbury. was an Dean eloquent preacher and a volu such as minous author, his writingsincludingstories of school life, had great popularity, Eric and St. Winifred's, a Life of Christ, which
Margaret's,Archdeacon
of Westminster Westminster and
Life of St. Paul,
and
two
historical
romances.
HENRY and econo (1833-1884).Statesman Fellow of mist, b. at Salisbury,and ed. at Camb., where he became In 1858 he was blinded by a shooting accident, in Trinity Hall. to prosecute his studies, especially in spite of which he continued his Manual Political and in be economics, 1863 pub. of Economy,
FAWCETT,
"
Prof, of Political Economy in Camb. coming in the same year views he desired to enter a political Having strong political upon defeats elected and after M.P. for was career, repeated Brighton. attained He a soon recognisedposition, devoting himself specially Indian and in 1880 to parliamentary reform questions,and was appointed Postmaster-General, in which office he approved himself His career however, cut short by his was, capable administrator. before he had made himself a recognised but not death, premature his works which include The Economic on authority on economics, Position of the British Labourer Labour and Wages, etc. In (1871), Millicent Miss he to share m. Garrett, a lady highlyqualified 1867
a
in all his intellectual

some
interests,and
is
a
who
collaborated
with
him
in
of his
publications. There
FRANCIS
life of him
"
by and
Sir L.
Stephen.
FAWKES,
near
Poet (1721-1777).
b. translator,
translated -the poems song,
Doncaster, and Anacreon,

of Gavin Brown The
he took orders. ed. at Camb., after which He and other modernised classics, Sappho, parts of
was
Douglas, and Jug, and of Partridge Shooting.
the author poems,
of the well-known Park and
two
Bramham
FELTHAM,
of
a
OWEN
author writer, (1602?1668). Religious

"
book
entitled
Resolves, Divine, Moral, and
Political
(c.1620),
It had containing 146 short essays. great popularity in its day. affected stiff and in style, it contains Though sometimes many and occasional felicities sound, if not original or brilliant, reflections, of expression. F. was for a time Thomond as chaplainor sec., and Low Countries. in the household of the Earl of
Brief Character pub. (1652),

"
of the
FENTON,
at
Poet ELIJAH (1683-1730).
and
ed. translator,
time acted the Earl of Orrery in to as sec. then Master of Sevenoaks Grammar School. In of poems. He is best known, however, as the 1707 he pub. a book assistant of Pope in his translation of the Odyssey, of which he the twentieth and catch first, fourth, nineteenth, books, Englished of his master ing the manner so completely that it is hardly possible
Camb., for a Flanders, and was
136
to

while thus engaged he pub. His latest contributions to ed. of Waller's Poems (1729).
their work; between distinguish successful tragedy,Marianne. (1723)a

were a
literature
Life of Milton, ADAM
and
an
FERGUSON,
Philosopherand (1723-1816).
his
Perthshire, studied at torian, 5. of the parishminister of Logierait, of which he was in the latter and Edin. Univ., succes St. Andrews Moral and Mathematics, of Professor Philosophy (1764-1785). sively he was As a young man chaplain to the 42nd Regiment, and was In 1757 he was made of Battle the Keeper of Fontenoy. present at Prof, of As he a was the Advocates' Philosophy highly Library. men no by many distinguished successful,his class being attended
In 1778-9 he acted as sec. to a com at the Univ. to endeavour to reach Lord North an out mission accom sent by F.'s colonists. American works the with modation are principal Institutes of Moral Philo Essay on the History of Civil Society(1765), of the Roman History of the Progressand Termination sophy (1769), Moral and Political Science and of Principles (1792), Republic(1782), translated into French and German. have been F. all of which
longer students
he d. in 1816 at the age his later years at St. Andrews, where friend of Sir Walter Scott. The French intimate He was an above all his Cousin F. in the a place predecessors philosopher gave
spent
of 92.
Scottish
school
of
philosophy.
SAMUEL
of
FERGUSON,
SIR
Poet (1810-1886).
"
and
anti
b. at Belfast, the s. parents of Scottish extraction, he was quary, which he received in 1865 the ed. at Trinity Coll., Dublin, from LL.D. with of He a barrister, success as practised honorary degree
Q.C. in 1859,and Deputy Keeper of the Irish Records 1867, an appointment in which he rendered valuable service,and was knighted in 1878. He was to Blackwood's a contributor Magazine, in which his best known The the Anchor, and was. appeared Forging of poem,
became
one
of the
chief
promoters
of the
Gaelic
revival
His
coll. poems appeared under the title of Lays (1865),Congal, an epic poem (1872),and his prose tales posthu His principal as Hibernian mously (1887), Nights'Entertainments. work in was antiquarian Ogham Inscriptions Ireland, Wales, and Scotland.
in Irish literature. of the Western Gael
FERGUSSON,
Writer JAMES (1808-1886).

"
on
architecture,
i
b. at Ayr, was engaged in commercial became interested in the architecture first work, Picturesque Illustrations dustan which followed was (1840), the True
pursuitsin India, where he of the country, and pub. his

Ancient Architecture in Hin An Historical Inquiry intri
of
by
in Art (1849), and A History of 'Archi tecture in all Countries Earliest the Times to the Present from Day He also wrote Fire and Serpent Worship, etc., and (1865-67). a book the use of earthworks in fortification. on
of Beauty Principles
FERGUSSON, ROBERT
bank
Scottish poet,s. (1750-1774)."

Univ. of St. Andrews. His
clerk, was
a
ed. at the
of a /.dying, he
became
office. Early displaying copying clerk in an Edin. lawyer's a talent for humorous he contributed Ruddiman's. to descriptive verse, Scottish receptacle Weekly Magazine, then the principal for fugitive
137
poetry. His verses, however, attracted attention by their merit, of them in a coll, form. and he pub. some Unfortunately he fell into dissipated habits, under which his delicate constitution gave His influenced and he d. insane in his 24th year. poems way, them. Burns, who greatlyadmired
FERRIER, JAMES FREDERICK

cian, b. in Edin., and
Scottish
(1808-1864).Metaphysi
"
called to the ed. there and at Oxf., he was himself to literature and philo Bar in 1832, but devoted sophy. In 1842 he was appointed Prof, of History in Edin., and in 1845 translated to the Chan- of Moral Philosophy and Political He in St. Andrews. at 1854 Institutes of Meta Economy pub. physics,and ed. the coll. works of his father-in-law, Prof. Wilson
(" Christopher North.")
FERRIER, SUSAN
dau. of
EDMONSTOUNE
Novelist, (1782-1854).
"
clerks of the Court of Sessioni of the principal which office he was the colleague of Sir Walter Scott. Miss F" in wrote three excellent Inheritance novels, Marriage (1818), The and Destiny (1831), all characterised and [1824), by racy humour tactful acute friendship character-painting. Her cheerful and
James F., one
helped to
soothe
the last
days
of Sir W.
"
Scott.
FIELD, NATHANIEL
of
"
and
actor,
of the Queen's Revels," who was one performed in Ben Jonson's Cynthia's Revels in 1600. He Woman's wrote A a Weathercock Amends and for Ladies (1618), (1612), (withMassinger) The Fatal Dowry (1632).
the children
FIELDING, HENRY
Sharpham
Edmund and his mother His childhood

"
b. at
General
from the Earls Desmond, the of Sir Henry Gould of Sharpham Park. dau. was was spent at East Stour, Dorset, and his education received he was at first from sent to a was tutor, after which Eton. love affair with heiress at a a Following Lyme Regis young he was sent to Leyden to study law, where he remained until his /., who had entered and into a second who was an extra marriage,
Park, near F., descended
Glastonbury.
His father was of Denbigh and
to send his allowance. Thrown his own upon and to London began to write lightcomedies and farces,of which during the next few years he threw off nearlya The drama, however, was not his true vein, and none of his score. pieces in this kind have survived, unless Tom Thumb, a burlesque his contemporary playwrights, be excepted. About upon 1735 he Miss Charlotte Cradock, a beautiful and amiable m. girlto whom, for forbearance, he was though he gave her sufficient cause devotedly " attached. She is the prototype of his Amelia and Sophia." She brought him ^1500, and the young coupleretired to East Stour, where he had a small house inherited from his mother. The little fortune was, however, soon and in a year he was back dissipated; in London, where he formed of comedians, and managed a company a small theatre in the Haymarket. Here he produced successfully Dramatic Satire the Times, and The Historical Register on Pasquin,a in which This satirised. for 1736, was Walpole was enterprise
vagant
man,
ceased
came
resources,
he
"
"
E2
138
brought to an end by the passingof the LicensingAct, 1737, making to the production the imprimatur of the Lord Chamberlain necessary the Middle at read law Temple, was of any play. F. thereupon
Circuit. the Western The went in 1740, and Richardson's of which in Pamela, the publication same year rise thus his first to of idea novel, the a with giving parody, spiredF. the characters, especially Parson As, however, Joseph Andrews. idea was laid aside, and Adams, developed in his hands, the original called
to
the
Bar
saw
novel. It was the form of a regular assumed the work pub. in 1742, its in the same as and though sharinglargely qualities great successor, not phenomenally was Tom though encouraging, Jones,its reception, cordial. Immediately after this a heavy blow fell on F. in the death The next few years were of his wife. occupied with writinghis Mis which cellanies,
contained, along with

A
important works, History of Jonathan
some essays and poems, World this to the Next, and Journey from satire Wild the Great, a grave ; and he also
two
The
con
Patriot The True ducted two papers in support of the Government, consideration of which in he and The Jacobite was appointed Journal, and Westminster, and had a Justiceof the Peace for Middlesex In 1 746 he set convention at defiance pension conferred upon him.
by marrying Mary MacDaniel,

and the
nurse
tionate his Inquiry into the Increase efficient magistrate,and of Robbers beneficial led with to results. remedies, By this suggested (1751), of his great masterpiece, The History time, however, the publication had given him a place among the of Tom Jones,a Foundling (1749), passages is often say of the age; but a much coarser manners is advanced the ground that, while other on stronger defence novelists of the time made immorality an incentive to merriment, F.'s treatment of such subjects, Lowell has said, rather shocks as than corrupts," and that in his pages evil is evil. On the other hand, there is universal agreement as to the permanent interest of the of character types presented,the profound knowledge of life and
some
had been his first wife's maid, who of his children, and who proved a faithful and affec showed himself and F. an upright,diligent, companion.
All critics are immortals. offensive and to delicacy, excused the plea of the on
agreed that
this book
contains
to
morality.
This
"
into insight
human nature, the genialhumour, the wide humanity, the wisdom, and the noble and masculine Hi* English of the book. other which but these small novel, Amelia, only a minority, some, have regarded as his best, was now pub. in 1751. His health was and in 1753, as a forlorn hope, he went in of restoration to Lisbon, where he d. on October 8, and was buried in the English cemetery. His last work was a Journal of his with weaknesses and serious faults, F. waa Though voyage. many of honest and masculine fundamentally a man character, andl in earlier though improvident and reckless in his habits, especially he was affectionate in his domestic life, and faithful and relations, efficient in the performance of such public duties as he was called to His figure* discharge. Thackeray thus describes his appearance, tall and stalwart, his face handsome, was manly, and noble-looking; to the last days of his life he retained a grandeur of air and, though down worn by disease, his aspect and presence imposed respect upon! search
"
thoroughly broken,
people round
about
him."

London SUMMARY. and
"
139
to
B.
1707,
wrote
dramas,
ed. Eton, studied law called to Bar 1740,
at Leyden, came pub. Joseph Andrews
appointed a magistratefor Middlesex, etc., journalist, 1742, became Increase and pub. Inquiryinto of Robbers 1751, pub. Tom Jones 1749, Amelia 1754. 1751, d. at Lisbon in Ballantyne's Novelists' Library with a included His works are biography by Scott (1821). An ed. Stephen was pub. by Smith, Elder and vols. by Prof. Saintsbury, Dent
There Dobson
are
in and Co.
10
vols. with a study by L. Co. (1882); another in 12 an"i various others. (1893), and (1855), A.
various
Lives
(Men
of Letters,
by Watson 1883).
Lawrence (1807),
FIELDING, SARAH
of and the
Novelist,was (1710-1768).
"
the sister
She
wrote
above,
several The
high opinion novels, including David Simple

who had of
a
of her
talents.
(1744), The
translated
Governess,
Countess and
Dellwyn.
She
also
Xenophon's
Memorabilia
Apologia (1762).
ROBERT
FILMER,
SIR
(d. 1653?).
"
Political
writer,
ed. at Camb. He s. F., of East Sutton, Kent, was Charles enthusiastic I. and, in was an knighted by Royalist,was He is notable as the 1671, was imprisoned in Leeds Castle, Kent. form, of the doctrine of the divine defender, in its most extreme of Sir Edward of works, of which the latest and best known, Patriarcha, appeared in 1679. the idea that the government of a family His theory is founded on of all government. and method His by the father is the original attacked in afterwards Locke his Treatise doctrines were on by He was for Government. opposed to the persecutionof old women
right of kings, which
he
expounded
in
succession
supposed
witchcraft.
FINLAY, GEORGE
Historian, of (1799-1875).
"
Scottish
his /., officer in the b. at Faversham, an Kent, where descent, was for was inspectorof government powder mills. Intended army, the law, he was ed. at Glasgow, Gottingen,and Edin., but becoming enthusiast of Greece, he joined Byron in the war in the cause an thereafter of independence, and Athens, bought a property near for the improve where he settled and busied himself with schemes His had little success. ment of the country, which History of and did in sections between not at first Greece, produced 1861, 1843 receive been the which recognition its merits
deserved, but
it has
since
in Germany, a students in all countries, and specially alike its of for works value, place among literary style permanent and the depth and insight re-issued It was of its historical views. in 1877 as A History of Greece from the Roman Conquestto the Present Time (146 B.C. to 1864).
given by
FISHER,
JOHN
(c.1469-1535).
"
Controversialist and
scholar, b. at Beverley,and ed. at Camb., entered the Church, and became in 1504 Bishop of Rochester. in Latin He wrote against the doctrines of the Reformation, but was a supporter of the New
at Camb. to teach Greek Learning,and endeavoured to get Erasmus his influence of the Through Lady Margaret Professorship Divinity founded of Richmond, at both the Univ. by Margaret Countess were
140
and in
he was where also first prof, at Camb., he became 1502 in found also instrumental He was of Queen's Coll. Head (1505-8) the divorce For Coll. proceed and St. Christ's opposing John's ing cardinal in Made burned. a 1535, he ings of Henry VIII. he was
was
beatified
in 1886.
FISKE, JOHN
at
"
writer,was
Green;
but
b.
this
Hartford, Connecticut.
The that
family name
was
he
dropped, and
adopted
a
at Harvard
he studied for, and
of his mother's family. After being admitted to, the Bar, but did not was
practise. He wrote on evolution. and history,

Idea
on
Myths and Mythmakers of God, Originof Evil.

America. These American
includingmythology, varietyof subjects, these subjects are, his books on Among Cosmic Darwinism, The Philosophy, (1872),
include
England, The
also the author of many works He was France New and New Old Virginia, America Revolution, and Discovery of (1892).
FITZGERALD,
was letter-writer,
EDWARD
Translator (1809-1883).
"
and
b. near Woodbridge, Suffolk, s. of John Purcell, He was wife's the death of her /.in 1818. his who took surname on Thereafter he lived in retire and Camb. ed. at Bury St. Edmunds he took a neigh and study with his parents until 1838, when ment Bernard of the poet, In he dau. a Barton, m. 1856 bouring cottage. he lived at separated. Afterwards various placesin the East of England, continuinghis studies, with By this time, however, he had yachting for his chief recreation. life of his father-in-law written become a author, an prefixed having his and coll. to (1849), Euphranor, a dialogueon youth (1851), poems and Modern Instances Polonius, a Collection of Wise Saws (1852). Becoming interested in Spanish literature,he pub. translations of Six Dramas Thereafter to of Calderon. turning his attention he translation Persian, produced (1859), anonymously, his famous from
whom,
however,
he
soon
of the Rubaiyat the Agamemnon
of
Omar Khayydm. of Êschylus, and
He the
also
pub.
translations
of and
CEdipus Tyrannus
of Sophocles. In his translations F. aimed not so literal a mere as reproductionof the sense of the original, at reproducing its effect on the reader, and in this he was extra successful. In the department of letter-writing also he ordinarily attained excellence perhaps unequalled in his day. an
CEdipus
much
Coloneus
at
FITZSTEPHEN, WILLIAM
Thomas
which
a
(d.ngo)."
his murder, and of London
"
Was
wrote
servant
of
Becket, witnessed
an
his
biography,
century.
contains
account interesting
in the I2th
FLAVEL, JOHN (1627-1691). Divine, b.

studied at Oxf., but ejectedfrom
was a
at
Bromsgrove,
and was settled at Dartmouth, Presbyterian, his living in 1662, continuing, however, to preach there secretly. He was a voluminous and popular author. Among his works are and Navigation Spiritualised, Husbandry Spiritualised titles which of his characteristics as an expositor. suggest some
FLECKNOE,
been
an
Irish
RICHARD priest. He
(d. 1678). Poet,

"
said
book
to
have
wrote
miscellaneous poems, some His name has been preserved in
several plays, now of them sacred, and a
forgotten, also
of travels.
a"
Dryden's satire,MacFlecknoe,
"
141
and
throughout
the
realms his
of
nonsense
absolute;
not
"
but
according to
in grace
some
authorities
pieces were slighter
wanting
fancy.
FLETCHER,
and which
care
ANDREW
succeeded
Scottish (1655-1716).
"
statesman
writer, s. of Sir Robert political

estate of he
at
an
Bishop Burnet, who
was
F. of Saltoun, East Lothian, to He was ed. under the early age. then minister of Saltoun. Being
of the Duke of York, after measures firmlyopposed to the arbitrary where he he to wards went Holland, II., joined Monmouth, James his ill-starred whom he accompanied on expedition. Happening of the Duke's Dare, another followers, he to kill,in a quarrel, one fled to the Continent, travelled in Spain and Hungary, and fought After the Revolution he returned to Scotland, against the Turks. affairs. He opposed the Union, and took an active part in political federation fearing the loss of Scottish independence, and advocated various rather than incorporation. He introduced improvements in agriculture. His principal writingsare Discourse of Government Discourses Two concerning the Affairs of Scotland (1698), (1698), Conversation for the concerning a rightRegulation of Government in which Good his well-known Common occurs of Mankind (1703), saying, Give me the making of the songs of a nation, and I care
"
not
who
makes
its laws."
FLETCHER, GILES, AND

"
PHINEAS
(1588?-i623) (1582-1650).
Poets,
were
the
sons
to
Russia.
entered
wrote
Phineas, the Church,
of Giles F., himself a minor poet, and Envoy the elder, was ed. at Eton and Camb., and of Hilgay, Norfolk. He becoming Rector
in 10 books, giving an Purple Island (1633),a poem of the of man, allegorical description body and mind contains fine passages, re some which, though tedious and fanciful, of Spenser,whose sweetness the harmonious the poet disciple calling of Piscatory Dialogues. GILES, the He was also the author was. The elaborate also ed. at Camb., and, like his brother, became a His poem, Christ's Victory country parson, being Rector of Alderton. and Triumph which, though it contains (1610), risingto passages younger,
was
sublimity,is
almost unknown of English now except to students have influenced Milton. is said to literature, but Both Giles, had a genuine poeticgift, brothers, but especially of then- subjects and alike in the allegorical the metre treatment thus
passing' they adopted, they followed a stylewhich was away, missed cousins of John F., were popularity. They
FLORENCE
a
and the
dramatist.
OF
WORCESTER
His work
(d.mS).
is founded
"
Chronicler,was
that of Marianus, upon taken from the chronicler, supplemented by additions Bede's Lives and Asser's the Saints, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, of Life
an
monk
of Worcester.
Irish
of Alfred.
After
his death
it
was
brought down
"
to
1295.
an
FLORIO, JOHN (i553?-i625). Translator, s. of

preacher,exiled for his Protestantism, but who credit owing to misconduct, b. in London, was,
tutor
Italian
of
languages
at Oxf.
In
1581 he
was
to have lost appears about 1576, a private admitted of member a
142

teacher of French
Patronised and Italian. by Italian reader in Anne of in to became he 1603 noblemen, various Fruites Second First He I. of (1578), pub. James Denmark, Queen Fruites consistingof Italian and English Dialogues,and his (1591), great Italian dictionary entitled A World of Wonder, in 1598. His translation of The chief contribution to pure literature is his famous
Magdalen Coll.,and
if somewhat Essays of Montaigne,in stately
stiff Elizabethan
English.
FONBLANQUE, ALBANY
and
WlLLIAM Huguenot
bred
(1793-1872)." Journalist
to the
writer, political
in
was
of
sioner
He was wrote much for The took he which in a high place. He journalism, and became ed. and Westminster Review, and subsequently Times, articles His best Examiner. were of the republishedas proprietor (1837). He also wrote How England under Seven Administrations In 1847 he was Governed. appointed Statistical Sec. to the are we
Bankruptcy.
descent, the s. of a Commis law, but deserted it for
Board
of Trade.
FOOTE, SAMUEL
Truro of a and
Actor (1720-1777).
"
and
dramatist,b. at
by his extrava good family,and ed. at Oxf., succeeded two fortunes. To repair his in folly running through gance with to the stage, and finances he turned began tragedy, in which and the mimetic He then took to comedy, he failed. representa tion of living characters, for which his extraordinarycomic powers He also became author of dramatic him. a prolific highlyqualified and claimed have to added 16 original wrote He 20 plays, pieces. of his pieces, characters to the stage. Several owing to the offence they gave to persons of importance, were suppressed, but were modified form. His conversation was usuallyrevived in a slightly in the and highestdegree. Among his best agreeable entertaining
works Garratt
are
An
Auction
of Pictures,
The
Liar, and
The
Mayor
of
Lover The Lame Author (1770),The Knights (1749), (1763), Devil Two Sticks The Nabob (suppressed) 1757, (1768), upon (1779), The Capuchin (1776).
FORBES,
sopher,s.
studied
JAMES
DAVID
called
Natural (1809-1868).
"
Philo
b. and ed. at Edin. He F., of Pitsligo, was the but to devoted himself was Bar, to science, in which he gained a great reputationboth as a discoverer and He was teacher. Prof, of Natural Philosophy at Edin., 1833Sir D. Brewster, as Principal of the United 1859, when he succeeded Coll. at St. Andrews. He the of of founders was one .the British
of Sir William
law, and
Association embraced
glaciers.
and discoveries investigations the subjects of heat, light,polarisation, and specially In connection with the last of these he wrote Travels
in
1831.
His
scientific
Tour of Mont throughthe Alps (1843), Norway and its Glaciers (1853), Blanc and Monte Rosa and Papers on the Theory of Glaciers. (1855),
FORD, JOHN
and appears
to have
(c. 1586?).
"
Dramatist, b. probably at
to the
a
Ilsington, Devonshire,
was
admitted
practised as
lawyer.
Lover's Melancholy (1629), 'Tis Pity, The Perkin Warbeck Sacrifice (1633), (1634),The Lady's Trial (1639), and Fancies Chaste and Noble with (1638). He also collaborated
Middle Temple in 1602, His chief plays are The Broken Heart, and Love's
Dekker and and
143
F. has
a
Rowley
as a
in The
Witch of
of
Edmonton for
(1624).
high position
power had
dramatist, though rather
general intellectual
austere
qualities. C.
sometimes
Lamb
little humour;
than for strictly dramatic first of the order of was poets." He says, xhis plays,though the subjectsare painful, and
beauty
"
thought
F.
horrible,
are
gently flowingverse.
The
full of pensive tenderness expressed in date of his death is uncertain.
FORD, PAUL
grapher,
was
LEICESTER
b. in
Novelist (1865-1902).
"
and
bio
Lives of Washington, wrote and wrote a number Jefferson, had considerable of novels, which success, includingPeter Sterling Match Untold a Love, Janice Meredith, Wanted ^1894),Story of an He d. by violence. a Chaperone. maker, and Wanted
Brooklyn.
He
Franklin, and others, ed. the works
of
FORD, RICHARD
ed. He
more
Writer (1796-1858).
"
on
art and
travel,
at
Winchester Handbook
a
and
Camb.,
and
travelled in
acquainted with Spain,becoming intimately

wrote
a
the
for Travellers
Spain
in years and people. is much which (1845), for several
country
than
mere
guide-book, and
Gatheringsfrom Spain (1846).

first to make the in England.
he was the accomplished artist and art critic, known generally painter, Velasquez, great Spanish An
FORDUN,
JOHN
(d. 1384?). Chronicler,said

"
to
have
been a chantry priestand Scotichronicon, for which he

on
began the prepared himself, it is said, by travelling
Canon
of
Aberdeen.
He
He also through Britain and Ireland in search of materials. continuation. He the Gesta a Annalia, brought history compiled to 1153, leaving, down however, material to the time of his own Bower death, which was subsequently worked (q.v.}. up by Walter foot
Historian FORSTER, JOHN (1812-1876).

"
and
biographer,
School there, and at Univ. Coll., b. at Newcastle, ed. at the Grammar Inner barrister of the relin a London, became Temple, but soon quished law for literature. In 1834 he accepted the post of assistant ed. 1847-55. IQ this position F. and ed. of the Examiner, was exercised influence on public opinion. He also ed. the Review in 1846, and was 1842-3, the Daily News Foreign Quarterly and Commissioner Sec. to the a Lunacy Commission 1861-72. His historical writingswere which are chiefly biographies, among Commonwealth Statesmen the Gold of England (1836-9), Life of of
a
marked
smith Eliot
(1854), Biographicaland
Lives of (1864), He
a
Historical
Essays (1859),Sir John

Dickens
Walter
(1871-4).
was man
also left the of great decision heart under
S. Landor and Charles (1868), first vol. of a Life of Swift. and

a
F., who
an
force
of character, concealed
unusually tender
was
somewhat
overbearingmanner.
"
FORTESCUE, SIR JOHN (1394 7-1476 ?). Political writer,

descended from Devonshire eminent an a family. He was and held the office Chief of of the Lord lawyer, Justice King's Bench the Wars staunch of the Roses he was Lancas a (1442). During trian. On the triumph of Edward IV. at Towton he was attainted, and followed the fortunes of the fallen Lancastrians, accompanying
Queen Margaret to Scotland and bury, was captured, but pardoned
Flanders. He fought at Tewkesof writingin support condition on
144

claims, which
of the Yorkish
he did, considering that his own party to have at one said been is He ruined. be to hopelessly appeared this was only a titular time Lord Chancellor; but it is probable that His works exiled are the family. him by appointment given title the two to and crown, of the Lancastrian defences various
treatises, De
of
Laudibus On the
England), and printed till 1714,

of Wales.
37) (inpraise of the laws Legum Anglice(15 the Governance of the Kingdom of England, not
former for the instruction of Edward, Prince
FORSTER,
was Essayist, JOHN (1770-1843)."
b. at Halifax,
of power and ed. at Bristol for the Baptistministry. Though a man and not as a did mind he popular preacher, prove ful and original chief to his contribution to literature, himself devoted mainly Memoirs Man's of Himself, Writing which is his four Essays (i)On a On the Romantic," Character, Epithet (4)On Decision (3) On of (2) attention attracted much which of all etc., EvangelicalReligion, the more thoughtfulpart of the community, and still hold among pub. in 1805, and in 1819. F. their place. These Essays were
"
the Evils of Popular another added on advocated a national system of education.
Ignorance, in
which
he
FOSTER,
was
STEPHEN
COLLINS
(1826-1864). Song-writer,
"
of which had Pittsburgh. He wrote over 100 songs, many which be mentioned Old The may among extraordinary popularity, Town Massa's Old Races, Folks at Home, Netty Ely, Dog Tray, Camp He where my Love lies Dreaming. in de cold,cold Ground, and Come composed the music to his songs. b. in
Fox, CHARLES
torian, s. of Henry
who
Statesman JAMES (1749-1806).

"
and
his
of the greatest one F., ist Lord Holland, was Commons. of His only House in the have sat ever orators of a work was serious literary a proposed History of the fragment An introductory chapter sketchingthe Reign of James the Second. development of the constitution from the time of Henry VII., and a few chapters conducting the historyup to the execution of Monmouth
are
all which
he
completed.
"
Fox,
GEORGE
enthusiast,and Religious (1624-1691).
of the Societyof Friends, b. at Drayton, Leicestershire,was founder in youth the subjectof peculiarreligious impressionsand trances, he conceived life. The and a wandering protests which adopted and the beliefs to make himself bound manners, against prevailing Divine took the form of interrupting service, to the clergy, of uncomplimentary forms of address The clergy, and him in frequent trouble. the magistrates, to the mob alike treated him with harshness persecution. amounting None of moved of these things, however, him, and friends, many them them Oliver Cromwell, extended favour influential,among him. From towards he made various 1659 onwards missionary he Later journeys in Scotland, Ireland, America, and Holland. visited and d. was the Continent, repeatedly imprisoned, again in 1691. F.'s literary works his Journal,Epistles, and Doctrinal are and which sometimes the and involved
use
Pieces.
He
was
not
man
of
and the defence strong intellect,
of his

doctrines sincere
was
145
undertaken
by
the
far
more
competent
iollower, Barclay
a
The (q.v.).
Journal,however,
hand of his is full of interest as
and others, of the singular experiences, religious transcript and mystic. enthusiast of a spiritual The best Life is that by Hodgkin, 1896. Journal (reprint, 1885).
FOXE,
JOHN
Coll.
was (1516-1587).Martyrologist,
"
b. at
Fellow of of the
a
he became ed. at Oxf., where he himself there to the gave Magdalen in and ended then debate, by Geologicalquestions
Soston, Lincolnshire,
and
While
study becoming
he in 1545 left his coll. He Protestant, in consequence tutor in the family of Sir T. Lucy of Charlecote, and then became of the recently executed Earl of Surrey. afterwards to the children he retired the of and pub., at to the Continent, Mary reign During first draft of the Acts and Monu (the Strasburg,his Commentarii employed as a reader for the ments). Removing to Basel he was of his writings. "ress Oporinus,who pub. some by the famous printer
of which
i)n the accession

with
soon
kindness afterwards
by
of Elizabeth, F. returned to England, was received the Duke of Norfolk, one of his former and pupils, (1563)pub. the work on which his fame rests, the
of the Acts and Monuments, better known The as with favour Received the Protestants, of Martyrs. great by Catholics with and has always been, charged by the Roman t was, of facts. The truth of wilful the and matter perversion jross he not, as in the circumstances was ippears to be that while Foxe from some could hardly have been, free from party spirit or degree
Englishversion
Book
facts, he did not intentionally try to mislead; and authorities of his citations from with the originals has been careful and accurate in that matter. him to have shown F., Canon in became of who had been ordained a priest 1560, Salisbury n works, and d. in 1587. 1563. He wrote sundry other theological attributed There of him of doubtful to his s., but is a memoir
of
error as
to
comparison
mthenticity.
:he British
Some Museum.
of his papers,
used
are by Strype (q.v.),
now
in
FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP

The
(1740-1818). Reputed
"
author
of
Letters of Junius, s. of the Rev. PhilipF., a scholar of some note, the recommendation On of Lord Holland he b. in Dublin. was received an appointment in the office of the Sec. of State, and was thereafter private sec. to Lord Kinnoull in Portugal, and to Pitt to the War then transferred he m Office, where 1761-2. He was which remained he from contributed to the 1762-72, during period His next various pseudonyms. appointment was that press under )f a member of Bengal, which he held from of Council 1773-80. While in India in continual he was conflict with the Governorhe was wounded in a duel in General, Warren Hastings, by whom He returned to England in 1780 with a large fortune, and 1779. entered Parliament associated with a as Whig. In 1787 he was he showed Hastings,against whom Later he was the a sympathiser with French of the association of the Friends Revolution, and a member of the People. He retired from public life in 1807, and d. in 1818. He was the author of about 20 political pamphlets, but the great interest attaching to him is his reputed authorship of the Letters of Burke in the
impeachment
of
extraordinary vindictiveness.
146
Junius.

These
letters which, of implacability their attacks of and partly because
partlyon
and the the
account
of the boldness and brilliance of their literary
their author mystery in which style, wrapped himself, created an extraordinary impression,and have of condensed sarcasm. since retained their placeas masterpieces ever Public Advertiser, Woodfall, a The pub. in by paper They appeared the first on January 21, 1769, and the last on the correspondingday of Grafton and directed againstthe Dukes of 1772, and were chiefly the himself did not king Bedford, and Lord Mansfield; but even of those actions attacked held up the Not were public only escape. in their lives which circumstance but private to execration, every Their into the light. authorship was dragged could excite odium Shelmen, attributed to many distinguished e.g. Burke, Lord was and and to Barre, Gibbon; HorneTooke, recently Wilkes, burne, J. to F., and, in the opinion but the evidence appears to point strongly verdict in a civil, of Macaulay, would support a nay, in a criminal of the MS. as the similarity It rests upon such circumstances trial." to be the disguised is known to what writingof F., the acquaintance the of the writer with the working of the Sec. of State's Office and of Mr. Chamier of the in the his denunciation a War promotion Office, War a well-known grievanceof F., his acquaint Office,which was
"
ance
with
Pitt, and
the moral
the
existence F.
the
silence of
Junius
when
styleand
man,
character
tie to Lord Holland, and in the: resemblances absent, was of the writer to those of F.
a
of
strong
FRANKLIN,
BENJAMIN
American (1706-1790).
"
states
a numerous writer, was one family. His /" F. was b. He was at Boston, where apprenticed a soap-boiler was who treated him harshly. at the age of 13 to his brother, a printer, he lived in New After various changes,during which York, London,
and philosopher,
of
he at last succeeded and Philadelphia, business a as printer. He also started which was highly popular,Poor Richard's
in
a
founding
successful
newspaper,
The and
Gazette,
Almanac,
the
Busy
body
Papers, in imitation
of the
was
Spectator. After deputy
minor appointments, he Colonies. the American business in which he was
made
holding various Postmaster-General for1
In
so
regard to elec- i the civilised world, anc he became known over loaded with honours. In 1 762 he returned to America, and toohi was controversies in the which led to the Revolutionary a prominent part War In 1776 he was and the independence of the Colonies. U.Sr tricity. For
these Minister to France, and in 1782 was of the treaty whict a signatory confirmed the independence of the States. ir He returned home various after retired in and, offices, 1785, holding political 1788, anc d. in 1790. His autobiography is his chief contribution to litera ture, and is of the highestinterest. Works (10 vols., Bigelow, 1887-9), Autobiography (1868),Liver
him their English agent. found time for scientific investigation, with especially
some on public 1757 he went to London successful that various colonies appointed! In the midst of his varied avocations he-
by
s.
M'Master
and (1887),
Morse
(1889).
Historian (1823-1892)."
FREEMAN,
of
EDWARD
was
AUGUSTUS
b. at Harborne, Staffordshire. He lost both hi; in and childhood, parents was brought up by his paternalgrand
John F.,
147
ed. at privateschools, and as a privatepupil of He was mother. In 1841 he was dau. he afterwards m. the Rev. R. Gutch, whose He had inherited an income suffi elected to a scholarshipat Oxf. of and him a profession, a prepossession cient to make independent to enter the of the celibacy of the clergydisinclined him in favour Church, of which he had at one time thought. He settled ultimately
at
Somerleaze,
for
a
near
Wells, where
with
one
on
writing
was
and periodicals,
strong Liberal, and

for Parliament.
in study, he occupied himself the duties of a magistrate. He occasion stood unsuccessfully as a
also twice unsuccessful was an as but in succeeded for c hairs, professional ultimately, 1884, applicant He had always been an Prof, of Modern Stubbs as History at Oxf. it and when tour in Spain that he enthusiastic was a on traveller, took ill and d. on May a voluminous 16, 1892. F. was author, and His first book was controversialist. a keen a History of Architecture candidate
He
(1849),and
the
most
among
the very
numerous
which publications
he issued
The History (1863), Conquest (6 vols., 1867-79),The Historical The Reign of William Rufus (1882), Geography of Europe (1881-2),
important were
the Norman
of Federal
Government
History of
unfinished and an History of Sicily. Besides these he wrote innu of which articles in merable were periodicals, separatelypub. many much of his best work. He was laborious and contain and honest, coloured sometimes but the controversial cast of his mind his work. His short books, such as his William I., and his General Sketch of
European History,are marvels of condensation, and show him at his best. His knowledge of historywas wide, and he some singularly of vivid presentation. times showed a great power FRENEAU, PHILIP Poet, b. in New York, (1752-1832). considerable (1786-8),the most con produced two vols. of verse to that date in tribution to poetry made America. He fought in up taken the Revolutionary War, and confined in a was prisoner, British prison-ship, the arrangements of which he bitterly satirised in The British Prison Ship (1781). He also wrote vigorousprose, of is an example. Amid which Advice to Authors much commonplace F. produced a small amount of genuine poetry in his and doggerel, short pieces, such The Indian as Burying Ground, and The Wild
"
Honeysuckle.
FRERE,
JOHN
HOOKHAM
(1769-1846). Diplomatist,
"
anti translator, and author, eldest 5. of John F., a distinguished b. in London, and ed. at Eton and Camb. He became a quary, was clerk in the Foreign Office, and subsequentlyenteringParliament Under In 1800 he was Foreign Sec. Envoy to and Ambassador to and was Portugal, Spain 1802-4, again 1808-9. In 1818 he retired to Malta, where he d. He was a contributor to the Anti- Jacobin, to Ellis's Specimens of the Early English Poets and to Southey's Chronicle of the Cid. He also made (1801), some
was
appointed
translations from A contribution literature to was Round Table, purportingto be
masterly
All F.'s
are writings
but his chief original ; ristophanes a burlesque poem on Arthur and the by William and Robert Whistlecraft. characterised less by scholarship than by wit. no
FROUDE,
essayist,3rd
JAMES
s.
ANTHONY
Archdeacon
"
and
neat
of
the
of
Totnes,
Devonshire,
148
which
Hurrell of the of Richard F., one he was b., and brother School ed. at Westminster and leaders of the Tractarian party, was influence under the of New time he came short for a Oxf., where and contributed to his Lives of the English Saints, and in 1844 man, with Newman how The connection orders. was, he took Deacon's of short-lived; and the publicationin 1848 of The Nemesis ever, and mental conflict the in severe showed that spiritual through Faith which he had passed, the writer had in revolt Tractarian influences, but was of Christianity.One doctrines mental his of Fellowship at Oxf. : resignation
only escaped from all of the funda againstmany

not
result another
of the
was
book
was
his
of the Grammar Master In the same began year Town, Tasmania. he became time contributor to the a the and about same Carlyle, he was ed. and to Fraser's Magazine, of which Review Westminster afterwards coll.and in the These from 1860-74. pub. papers were 4 vols. of Short Studies on Great Subjects. In 1856 he pub. the first 2
appointment
as
Head
his loss of an School of Hobart his friendshipwith
of his life,The History of England from the vols. of the great work to Fall of Cardinal Wolsey to the Spanish Armada, which extended in As literature which this worlr of last the 1870. 12 vols., appeared the greatest productionsof the century; bub in has a place among it is much its treatment dramatic, ethical,and polemicalthan more and indeed the inaccuracy in matters historical in the strict sense; combined with his tendency ttfc F. was of fact to which liable, idealise and to colour with his own prejudicesthe characters who from the value of hisin his narrative, are serious deductions figure
history. The English in Ireland in the Eigh Century appeared in 1872-4. On the death of Carlyle in"i of his sole literary himself in the position 1 88 1, F. found executor, in that capacity pub. successively the Reminiscences and (1881), Letters and History of the First Forty Years of Carlyle's Life (1882), Welsh Memorials Carlyle (1883), History of Carlyle's Life im of Jane London that in the discharge(1884). The opinion is held by many of the duties entrusted to him by his old friend and master he showed neither discretion nor loyalty indiscreet and his revelations and gross ;
work considered
as
teenth
inaccuracies confine
a
evoked of controversy and protest. F. did not a storm his labours to purely literary effort. In 1 874-5 he travelled as Government Commissioner in South Africa with the view of fostermovement
"
the various colonies there; federating in 1876 he served on the Scottish Univ. Commission; in 1884-5 visited Australia, and the fruit of his observations to the gave world m'Oceana in the West (1886),and in 1886-7 he was Indies, and pub. The Englishin the West Indies (1888). The year 1892 satf his appointment as Prof, of Modern History at Oxf., and his lectures there
were
ing a
in favour
of
in his last books, Life and Letters of Erasmus (1894); in the Sixteenth Century (1895), and The Council English Seamen of Trent (1896). F. was elected in 1869 Lord of Rector of the Univ. St. Andrews, and received the degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh in
pub.
1884.
By
his instructions
no
Biography
was
to be written.
"
SARAH MARGARET Was b. in (1810-1850). Massachusetts, dau. of a lawyer,who encouraged her in overwork of knowledge with life-long ing herself in the acquisition evil results
FULLER,
to her health.
149
brothers
On
his death
she
supported a large family of

early studies
and sisters by teaching. Her with the literature not only of
imbued with cism, and she co-operated the Puritan theology till then prevalent in New England, and be the conductor of the Transcendentalist came organ, The Dial, from She made various translations from the German, and pub. 1840-2. Summer the Lakes on (1844),and Papers on Literature and Art In the same to Europe, and at Rome 1 846) met the ( year she went Italian whom in She she and an Ossoli, m. 1847. Vlarquis patriot, husband in the thick of the Revolution of 1848-9, and in icr were :he latter year she was in charge of a hospitalat Rome. After become
.
Italy;she
had
had made her familiar of but France, Spain, and England with German philosophy and mysti Theodore Parker in his revolt against
:he from
suppression
of the took
Revolution
out
on
she
escaped
The
with
her
husband most
Italy,and
disastrous:
ship small-pox broke

were a
for America.
on
voyage
proved
child d., the ship was she and her husband she was possessed of
was
wrecked
lost. of
vessel, and their infant Fire Island, near New York, and Destitute of personal attractions,
of
the
singular power
conciliating sympathy.
Hawthorn,
She and
other
the intimate eminent men.
friend
Emerson,
Channing,
FULLER, THOMAS
of
a
Divine (1608-1661).
"
and
s. antiquary,
b. at Aldwinkle, Northamp was clergyman of the same name, tonshire. Possessed of exceptionalintelligence and wonderful a he became himself at a good scholar, and distinguished memory,
Camb., where he was sent. Entering the Church, he obtained rapid the at the Savoy, and a chaplaincy "referment, including lectureship II. He was a voluminous :o Charles author, his works dealingwith the chief are morals, history,and antiquities.Among :heology, the Crusades the i.e. The War, Historyof Holy Holy State and (1643), he Profane State (1642), A Pisgah Sight of Palestine (1650), Church Worthies -listory of Britain, History of Cambridge University (1655),
Good Thoughts in Bad The outstandTimes. characteristic of F.'s is shrewd observation writings ng conveyed in " of humour. Lamb His a conceits oftenstyle are quaint says, imes deeply steeped in human and passion." But in addifeeling ion there is much wisdom and a remarkable power observations into a compact, aphoristic form. hough far from being a systematicwork, is full of of The
f England (1662),and
castinghis
Worthies,
graphical and
luthor, would
antiquarianmatter which, but for have been lost. inHe was Coleridgesays of him, the most the least in sensible, an omparably prejudicedgreat man of a singua F., who was ige that boasted galaxy of great men." a arly amiable character, was strong Royalist,and suffered the
"
bio interesting the pains of the
oss
of
his
lowever,
Lives
the Commonwealth. back to him the at Restoration. given Russell and by J. E. Bailey (1874), (1844),
preferments during
They
M. Fuller
were,
(1886).
FULLERTON, LADY
885). Novelist,
"
GEORGIANA
(LEVESON-GOWER) (l8l2-
dau.
minent lad
statesman.
considerable
of the ist Earl Granville, and sister of the She wrote of novels, some of which a number success. They include Ellen Middleton (1844),
150
also

and (1847), vols. of
verse.
Grantley Manor
Too She
Strange not
to be True
(1864). She
in
pub. two
joinedthe
"
Church
of Rome
1846.
GAIMAR,
the wife
GEOFFREY 1140?). Chronicler,translated (ft. into French for the chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth verse added continuation a of his patron, Ralph Fitz-Gilbert, and
the Saxon
dealingwith Engles.
Kings.
"
His
work
is entitled
L'Estoire des
Novelist GALT, JOHN (1779-1839).
and
miscellaneous
b. at Irvine, Ayr writer, s. of the captain of a West Indiaman, was went to he London still and formed while man a shire,but young which proved unfortunate, and he then partnership, a commercial A little before this he had pro entered Lincoln's Inn to study law. the Battle of Largs,which, however, his first book, a poem duced on he soon suppressed. He then went to various parts of the Continent in connection with certain commercial
'
schemes,
time.
a
and
met
Lord
Byron, with whom pub. Letters from

some
he travelled for some had the Levant, which less successful. were in the novel of Scottish
Returning home he favourable and reception,

He
soon,
:
dramas,
which
his true
rests
vocation
however, found and his fame* country life,
the Ayrshire Legatees(1820),The Annals of the Parish upon The Entail Sir and Andrew The Provost. Wylie (1822), (1824), (1821), of historical romance, which not so successful in the domain He was
he tried in Ringan Gilhaize,The Spae-wife, The Omen, etc., although In addition these contain many to his novels G. striking passages. historical and works, includinga Life? biographical produced many and Studies Tour of\ Life of Wolsey (1812), of Benjamin West (1816),
Asia, Life of Byron
Lives (1830), of the Players, and an Auto biography (1834). In addition to this copious literary output, G. was schemes, constantlyforming and carrying out commercial the most the Canada important of which was Company, which, like most of his other with enterprises, though conducted great and his ended in on ability energy disappointment and part, trouble broken for himself. In 1834 he returned from Canada in health and spirits, and d. there in 1839 of of immense was a talent and energy, but would man these higher place in literature had he concentrated fewer objects. Most of his 60 books are his novels, especially The Annals perhaps
to
Greenock,
held
a
paralysis. G.)
have
qualities upon but some of forgotten,

de the Parish, have in Canada is named
of
servedly
after him.
secure
place.
The
town
of Gait
GARDINER, SAMUEL
at
RAWSON
b. Historian, (1829-1902)."
and Oxf. In
Alresford, Hants, Isabella, dau. of Edward ApostolicChurch, which

was
ed. at Winchester
1855
he
"".-
the founder of the Catholic Irving (q.v.), he joined, and in which he ultimately held high office. About the time of his leavingOxf. he had planned his great work, The History of England from the Accession of James I. tc the Restoration, and the accomplishment of this task he made th"
great object of his life for
more
than
40 years.
The
first two
vols
appeared
in
James
I. to the
stalments
History of England from o, Disgraceof Chief JusticeCooke, and subsequent in" appeared under the followingtitles: Prince Charles ant'
as
1863
The
the Accession
51
The Spanish Marriage (1867),England under Buckingham and Personal Government The Fall Charles I. (1875), of Charles I. (1877), in re-issued Government Charles I. these the were 1883-4 (1881) of of ; in a consolidated form entitled History of England from the Accession The second section of I. to the Outbreak of the Civil War. in three vols. pub. the work, History of the Great Civil War, followed in 1886, 1889, and 1891 respectively, and three more vols.,History Protectorate in Commonwealth and the of 1894, 1897, and 1901,
of James
writer
the health of the indefatigable in In addition d. to this monu 1902. gave way, G. wrote many school and college historical text-books, mental work contributed to the Epochs of Modern and History Series, The and The First Two Stuarts Thirty Years' War (1874), (1876); he
brought the story
down and
to
1656, when
he
also wrote Students'

was
Prof,
Outlines of English History, three parts (1881-3),and History of England, three parts (1891). From 1871-85 he of History at King's Coll.,London, and lecturer on history
of Univ. Society for the Extension Teaching. He of the historical documents which in he unearthed " his investigations, and of issued those the Camden," by many " other societies. He ed. of The Clarendon," and was English Historical contributed Review, and largely to the Dictionary of National Biography. The sober and unadorned style of G.'s works did little to commend
for the London also ed. many
general reader, but their eminent a nd the laborious earning, accuracy, impartiality, pursuitof truth which the respect and they exhibited earned for him, from the first, of scholars and serious students admiration of history; and as his it was recognisedas a permanent contribution jreatwork advanced
to historical literature.
was
them
to the
In
elected
to
Research Merton.
he received first Fellowships, 1882 held
by
civil list pension,and All Souls' Coll.,and from the
subsequently by
Univ.
He of Oxford, Gottingen,and
honorary degrees Edinburgh.

"
GARNETT, RICHARD
on
n
and (1835-1906). Biographer

G.,
an
writer
literature, s. of Richard
the British Museum.
Bloomsbury,
ibrarian.
he entered Museum in 1851 as an assistant he remained for nearly 50 years, and rose to be of Printed Books. He marvellous Keeper acquired a knowledge of and of with pure literature. He made Docks, everythingconnected There translations and other from
wrote
B. at the British
keeper of Printed Books Lichfield, and ed. at a school in
assistant
numerous
the books
Greek, German,
of
Italian, Spanish,
The Twilight of verse, graceful various on (1888), biographicalworks Milton, Blake, and others, The Age of Dry den, a History of Carlyle, Italian Literature,and contributed articles to encyclopaedias, many and to the Dictionary of National Biography. he Gods Tales
and
Portuguese,and
GARRICK, DAVID
at Hereford, but belonged. He Johnson's School
Actor (1717-1779).
"
and
dramatist, b.
got
was
most
at
of his education his at Lichfield,to which also one of the three pupilswho attended Edial. With his great preceptor, whom he He also to under scruple
accompanied to London, he always remained on friendlyterms. took to the stage,and became the greatestof Englishactors. He
wrote
various
"
take
and did not plays,and adaptations, versions of of improved some Shakespeare'sgreatestplays,.

"
152

The
same more
includingCymbeline,
the Tale, performing last
case
Taming
service
excuse.
are
of the Shrew, for Jonson and Of his best.
and
The
Winter's in the The
Wycherley,
with Miss
much
original plays
Lying
b.
Valet and
in her Teens
perhaps the
GARRISON, WILLIAM
at
LLOYD
Orator,was (1805-1879)."
for his eloquent Though chieflyknown Newburyport, Mass. is also remembered for his he advocacy of negro emancipation, Sonnets and other Poems
(1847).
and poet,b. Physician (1661-1719)."
GARTH, SIR SAMUEL

at
and ed. at Camb., he settled as in the county of Durham, he where in soon acquired a large practice. London, a physician Addison friend of and, though of zealous He a was Whig, the as views, of Pope, and he ended his career phy different political He is re he was sician to George I., by whom knighted in 1714. had of The the author membered Dispensary, a satire, which as Bolam
great popularityin
He also ed.
a
its
day,
and
of Claremont,
descriptive poem.
translation
to
of Ovid's
Pope, and others honourable most

able burial for
contributed.
him
to which Addison, the circumstance however, Perhaps,
Metamorphoses,
Dryden,
is his intervention remains whose over
to procure an he pronounced
honour
a
eulogy.
GASCOIGNE,
dramatist,
the famous
5.
GEORGE
(1525 or
Poet 1535-1577)."
and
Sir William descended from of Sir John G., and G., ed. at Camb., and Chief Justiceto Henry IV., he was While there he produced two plays, both' entered Gray's Inn 1555. translations, The Supposes (1566) from Ariosto, and Jocasta(1566) from
Euripides.
Disinherited
in order Breton from
to rehabilitate
under Released
He (q.v.}. While of his creditors. there the importunities the Prince of Orange, and was taken prisoner by after a few of his poems
of his prodigality, he m,, account on of Nicholas* his finances, a widow, the mother to escape had, nevertheless, to go to Holland he the
saw
service
Spaniards..
months,
had been
he
that some issued an Floures
England, and found pub. He thereupon^ surreptitiously

returned
to
Hundred Sundvie authoritative ed. under the title of An bound Poesie (1572). Other works are Notes of up in one Glasse The of Government Instruction, for making English verse, contributed and The Steele Glasse He also satire. a (1575), (1576),
to the
entertainments
to have
and
appears
had
in honour a share
to
and originality, England.
did
much
at Kenilworth of Queen Elizabeth of G. was of Court favour. a man in of blank the verse use popularise
GASKELL,
"
ELIZABETH
CLEGHORN
(STEVENSON) (1810-
minister, 1865). Novelist, dau. of William Stevenson, a Unitarian and for some time Keeper of the Treasury Records. She m. William G., a Unitarian minister, at Manchester, and in 1848 pub. anony
mously her first book, Mary Barton, in which the life and feelings oij the manufacturing working classes are poweii depicted with much and sympathy. Other novels followed, Lizzie Leigh (1855), Harrison's Confessions (1865), Ruth (1853), Cranford (1851-3*1 North and South (1855), Lovers Her last worhj Sylvia's (1863),etc. Wives and was Daughters (1865),which appeared in the Cornhilt,
Mfyj
Magazine, and
cter
are
153
was
cteristics of Miss less ivith
Ansten,
of
of the charleft unfinished. Mrs. G. had some of charand if her styleand delineation
are,
minutely perfect, they

vein whom
wrote.
Jronte fhose
deeper to (q.v.),
Life
she
feeling. She
her Of
sympathy Cranford
Lamb."
the other hand, imbued the friend of Charlotte was comfort, and brought much It i" Lord wrote, Houghton
on
"
be finest piece of humoristic British literature since Charles
that description
has
been
added
to
GATTY, MRS. ALFRED

)au. of Rev.
nd
was
(MARGARET SCOTT) (1809-1873).

"
A.
J. Scott, D.D.,
friend
navy and
who chaplain, She became

not
m. a
served
under,
the
trusted
of, Nelson.
jatty, D.D., Ecclesfield,Yorkshire,
Alfred Rev. useful and highly the her books Aunt may
popular writer
DC
mentioned
of tales for young people. Parables Worlds Nature, from Aunt
Among
Realised, Proverbs
and llustrated,
Judy's Tales.
on
Magazine, and wrote a book her daughter. was q.v.}
She British
also conducted sea-weeds.
Judy's Juliana Ewing

at
GAUDEN,
b. JOHN (1605-1662). Theologian,

"
Mayfield
His claim to remembrance his rests on Essex, and ed. at Camb. n eing the reputed author of Eikon Basilikt (the Royal Image), a jook purporting to be written by Charles I. during his imprison
ment,
and
meditations containing religious
and
defences
Pub. x"litical acts. immediately after the King's that produced an so extraordinary effect, so much said had it been have week to earlier, it would that, a pub. eported There father's life. his to saved be little doubt now seems lave author. the At all events he claimed hat Gauden to be was made of ecompensed for his services, and was Bishop successively Lxeter and 'he work "y Milton the strength of these claims, within ed. answered a passed through 50 year, and was in his Iconoclastes (the Image-breaker).
his execution, it II. isCharles
of
Worcester, apparently on
GAY,
was a
Poet JOHN (1685-1732).

"
and
dramatist, b.
near
of Sarnstaple child
lot
good
he
was
but
the trade, was liking
decayed family. His parents dying while apprenticedto a silk-mercer in London, but released by his master. In 1708 he pub. a
Sports,which
A little before houseohld he dedicated this he had
to
)oem,
Wine, and
vhose
n
he friendship
as
in 1713 Rural obtained.

sec.
Pope,
Duchess nouth. His next attempts were in the drama, in which he was not t first successful; but about he made his first decided hit in 1714 set of six satirise a to Week, Shepherd's pastoralsdesigned Ambrose which, however, secured publicapproval on their Philips,
appointment
in the
of the
received of Mon-
"wn fas
merits. aided
These
were
an
followed
by Swift,
account
)f the London imbitious of "y his
streets, and
by Trivia (1716),in which he in mock heroic verse of the dangers The Fan. G. had always been by
and his aspirations were gratified of sec. to an embassy to Hanover, vhich, however, he appears to have He resignedin a few months. hen returned to the drama in What and Three call Hours It, d'ye fterMarriage, neither of which, however, took the public fancy. he pub. a collection of his poems, which n 1720 brought him
publicemployment,
receiving the appointment
154
but
soon
of the South in the collapse Sea after lost all his means The drama, Captive,he pub. After producing another Company. and his added to soon which after, in reputation, his Fables (1727), life in The of his Beggar'sOpera, a 1728, achieved the great success in which the graces and Swift, by suggested pastoral, Newgate satirised. A sequel,Polly, fantasticalities of the Italian Opera were
suppressed by the Lord Chamberlain Court, but was pub. and had an enormous passed in the household years of his life were
was
as
the reflecting upon The sale. last few of the Duke of Queens-
his friend and patron. He d. after G. was amiable, an three easy-goingman, of attracting the strong attach-^ who appears to have had the power whom He seem$"i were of his friends,among ments Pope and Swift. the latter had a sincere of the very few for whom been one to have in Westminster is buried He affection. Abbey. Of all he hagi
berry,
who
had
always
been
days' illness,aged 47.
he is best remembered written finest is Black-eyed Susan.
by
one
or
two
songs,
of which
th$
and
GEDDES,
ALEXANDER
"
b. at Ruthven, BanffCatholic scholar, of Roman parentage, was the local at of for the Scalan, ajHfy seminary shire, and ed. priesthood in his native county. His translation of a priest at Paris, and became him known made the Satires of Horace as a scholar, but his liberality* to London, where he of view led to his suspension. He then went who enabled him to with Lord to known a new* became Petre, proceed for English Roman he translation of the Bible Catholics, which of the Psalms, and which carried on as far as Ruth, with some
wa^
tht
pub. in
3 vols.
Hebrew of criticism. Tweedside
792-6) This was followed by Critical (i he largely the in which anticipated Scriptures,
.
Remarks German
on
school
The
result of this functions. G.
was publication was
all ecclesiastical
a
also
Pastoral, Carmen
French
praise of
the absolution received for his soul was mass
Seculare Revolution. He d. without recanting,bu1 of a French at the hands though public priest, forbidden the ecclesiastical by powers.
was (noo?-ii54). Chronicler,
"
his suspension from poet, and wrote Linton pro Gallica Genie (1790),ir
a
GEOFFREY
OF
MONMOUTH
probably a
wrote
Benedictine and became monk, Latin British a History of Kings. attributed to him, is now held to be not rather a historical romance than a sober
to
some
Bishop
Merlin's
of St.
Asaph.
H"
Prophecies, lonj genuine. The historyis and gave scandal history,

followed him. and It wai W
more prosaicchroniclers who translated into Anglo-Norman subsequently and into English by Layamon.
of the
by
Gaimar
GERARD,
ALEXANDER
writer Philosophical (1728-1795).

"
Gilbert G., was ed. at Aberdeen, where he became s. of Rev. Prof., firs? of Natural Philosophy,and afterwards of Divinity,and one of th"i ministers of the city. As a prof,he introduced U various reforms.
"
1756 he gained the prizefor an Essay on Taste which, together witt Essay on Genius, he subsequentlypub. These treatises,thougl now superseded, gained for him considerable reputation. GIBBON, EDWARD b. sc Historian, was (1737-1794).
an
"
Putney
of
an
ancient
Kentish
family.
His
f. was
Edward
G.,
an"

iis mother
seven
155
Judith
Porten.
He
was
was
when entered 15 was at Magdalen Coll., Oxf., where, account, he according to his own Oxf. then at its lowest and months was idly unprofitably. pent 14 kind had little effort of or ?bb, and earnest study encourage any maintained his wide reading to have ment. G., however, appears
some degree, and his study of Bossuet and other controversialists To counteract this his /. ed to his becoming in 1753 a Romanist. Mallet the the charge of David jlaced him under (q.v.}, poet, deist, and ed. of Bolingbroke's works, whose influence, not unnaturally, next sent to Lausanne, and ailed of the desired effect, and G. was Various of a Protestant "laced under the care pastor,M. Pavilliard. n
survived who infancy, and "recocious love of study. After he was sent to Westminster lome
of a family of the only one himself a delicate child with a education

at
receiving his early

School, and
G. not unwillingto be re-con to have made Circumstances appear he soon returned at all events to the verted to Protestantism; for over four years, doctrines. At Lausanne he remained eformed himself of French ind devoted assiduously to study, especially iterature and the Latin classics. At this time also he became engaged
o
Mademoiselle
the wife of Necker, and the mother of friendship. In 1758 terms on Essai and in I' Etude de la Litter ature, transsur 1761 pub. England, this time he made the ated into English in 1764. About on a tour he stayed for three months, and Paris, where Continent, visiting he remained itae'l, thence
orily opposed ventually became
Suzanne by his
Curchod
; but
on
/. it
was
broken
the match off. With
being perempthe lady, who of Madame de G. returned to
proceeding to
Switzerland of the
and
Italy.
on
There
it
was
that,
nusing amid the ruins the plan of le formed

;he Roman iis /. d.,
)een
Capitolat Rome
October
Empire.
writingthe history of the Decline and He returned to England in 1765, and

embarrassed
estate
15, 1764, Fall of
leavinghim
the
in England. home when iis affairs, he left his estate lived and set himself to realise the great plan which, since its con le seriously had never been out of his thoughts. The first chapter was ception, his usual
in 1770 of Buriton, which had With view to a recovering in London where, in 1772,
vritten three times, and the second twice before he could satisfy limself that he had found the style suited to his subject. The proof the the fact that G. had meanwhile work was delayed by press House of entered the for LisCommons, where, as member 1774)
ceard, he
was
and held of Trade Plantations and 1779-82. The irst vol. of the Decline and Fall appeared in 1776, and was received vith acclamation, and it was time had elapsed not until some that the luthor's treatment of the rise of Christianity excited the attention ind alarm of the religious and ecclesiastical world. howWhen, nature of his views was at length realised, a sver, the far-reaching ierce and prolonged controversy arose, into which G. himself did
lot enter
iis American )fnce as a Commissioner
steady,though silent,supporter of Lord policy. He subsequentlysat for Lymington,

a
North
in
except
The
in
one
case
where third
to
his
mpugned.
hereafter
second and (1783) G. returned
vols.
historian as an fidelity in 1781, appeared

where lived
was
and
with an earlyfriend,M. quilly :he completion of his history,and
he Lausanne, his Deyverdun, devoting his
tran
evenings
to
mornings to society. At
156
of his use the night of June 27, 1787, in the summer-he on length, and the great work of ht-3 Ufe words were last the penned, garden, of his and at the moment the circumstances, Of feelings completed. The last three vols. he has himself given an impressiveaccount. London to to them see issued in 1788, G. having gone through were
to Lausanne This being done he returned where, within the press. His d. last friend clouded beloved his Deyverdun a year, years were with to the French anxieties a nd Revolution. regard by by ill-health, for him, he came was a serious matter to In 1793, though travelling
Sheffield on Lord the death of his in London on January 16, 1794. historians is in the first rank, and if the The place of G. among and the enormous of detail involved his work in mass vast scale of it are considered along with the learningand research employed in of view, lucidityof accumulating the material, and the breadth which have of fused them and into sense proportion arrangement, claims his the first to a distinct and splendidpicture, place cannot
England
to
comfort
his friend
and wife, took ill,
d.
suddenly
be
dismissed. lightly is
one
Gallicisms,
monious, and sible to him have added to oui of knowledge, and have shown some his historical accuracy his conclusions to be mistaken, has been comparatively little shaken, and his work is sure of permanence.
As
a man
His style, though not pure, being tinged with noble in our the most literature,rich, har and information of not acces sources though stately; of
G.
seems
to
have of
been
feelings, though capable such as those with Deyverdun and he appears reciprocated,
his brilliant conversational and affected the tive countenance
manners
calm and cool in his affectionate steady friendships, and the Sheffields, which were warmly been liked in society, to have where and He
was
somewhat
made him shine. powers of the fine gentleman, which
vain,
and
awkward somewhat
rendered corpulence, Autobiography, SUMMARY.

"
his unattrac figure,and latterlyhis extreme ridiculous. He left an interesting
B. 173,7, ed. Westminster and Oxf., became Romanist and sent to Lausanne he returned to Protestantism, 1753, where pub. Essay on Study of Literature 1761, visited Rome 1764 and resolved to write his Decline and Fall of Roman Empire, began to write it 1772, pub. 1776-87, d, 1794. Decline and Fall (SirW. Smith, 8 vols., 1854-55), another (J.B.
1896-1900). Autobiography (Lord Sheffield, 1796), reprinted. GIFFORD, RICHARD Poet, was ed. at Oxford (1725-1807)." and took orders. He was the author of a poem, Contemplation. He also wrote a nd controversial works. theological
often
Bury,
7 vols.,
GIFFORD, WILLIAM
of humble
a
Critic (1756-1826)."
Ashburton,
and
poet, was
after
6.
being for Having, how of ever, a nd desire for signs a hei superiorability, learning, befriended and ed.,ultimately was at Oxf., where he grad. Becom-i to Lord ing known Grosvenor, he was patronised by him, and in: of time produced his first poem, course The Baviad satire a (1794), directed against the Delia Cruscans, a clique of very small and senti mental poets, which at once quenched their little tapers. This was'
short time shown
at
sea,
was
parentage
at
Devonshire, and
to
a
apprenticed
cobbler.
157
minor followed satire, The Mttviad, against some by another his Epistle to Peter dramatists. His last effort in this line was Pindar a by personalenmity, which evoked (Dr. Walcot), inspired These had established Cobbler. the repu writings reply,A Cut at a and ferocious critic,and he was even apof the Anti- Jacobin, which Canning and his Review riends had juststarted, and of the Quarterly (1809-24). He of Ben and also brought out ed. Ford. As a Massinger, Jonson, tation of G. as "ointed in 1797
a
keen,
ed.
critic he
had
avagely bitter,and
acuteness; much
but
more
he was one-sided, prejudiced,and influenced in his judgments by the
merits of his victims. In his literary whole however, he displayed independence and spiritin career, as well as gratitude overcoming the disadvantagesof his early life, had served him. He held various those who :o appointments financial anxiety. which placed, him above )olitical opinionsthan
by
the
GILD
who
AS
(5i6?-570?). British historian,was

"
monk
is believed
nonastery.
:he overthrow invasion until the end of the 4th century, and the second :he Roman time. It is obscure continuation and wordy, to the writer's own md value. not of much
to have Brittany about 550, and founded a gone De Excidio He wrote Britannice a history, (concerning of Britain). It consists of two the first from parts, to
WATSON Poet, b. at (1844-1909). and a was a a lawyer, soldier, Jersey, successively he last capacity ed. Scribner's (afterwardsthe American Century) Magazine. He holds a high place among poets as ;he author of The New The Celestial Passion, The Great Day (1875), ^n Palestine (1898), In the Remembrance, Five Books of Song (1894), i eights Book A etc. (collection) of Music (1905), (1906),
GILDER,
RICHARD
"
Sorderstown, New ournalist, in which
GILDON, CHARLES
"elonged to
a
Critic (1665-1724).
"
and
an
dramatist,
unsuccessful
or
Roman
Catholic
family,
a
"
and
was
a literary hack, and "laywright, rimination. He attacked Pope
critic of little He also wrote

"
acumen
as
Sawny Dapper,"
a
and
was
disin
eturn
embalmed
in The
Dunciad.
Life of Defoe.
GILFILLAN, GEORGE
minister at lissenting ordained Jniv., and was voluminous author. and ôrtraits, vols.
a
Poet (1813-1878).
Comrie,
minister
and
critic, s. of
at
Perthshire,
of Poets
a
studied in Dundee.
Glasgow
He
was
church
Among
his
writings
are
Gallery of Literary
with introductions and notes Lives also wrote of a 48 Burns, Scott, and others, and His style somewhat was fight(1867) a poem in nine books. turgid, ,nd his criticism rather sympathetic than profound. He
,
Series of British
GILFILLAN, ROBERT
Poet, b. (1798-1850).
"
at Dunferm-
Collector of Police Rates He wrote in Leith. ine, was latterly a lumber of Scottish songs, and was in Nodes favourably mentioned imbrosiance (see Wilson, J.). He was the author of the beautiful I my Hame ? Oh, why left ong,
GILLESPIE, GEORGE
yas
Scottish Theologian, (1613-1648).

"
b. at
Kirkcaldy,and
studied
at St. Andrews.
He
became
one
of
158
the
of the Westminster member a was of Edin., and ministers of notable Assembly, in which he took a prominent part. A man in view of remarkable influence exercised an he intellectual power, of He the most formid one was the fact that he d. in his 36th year. His best controversialists of a highly controversial able age. known claims work is Aaron's Rod Blossoming, a defence of the high Presbyterian party.
"
of the ecclesiastical
at Brechin Greece History of and ed. there Glasgow, (1786)from World the standpoint, a History of from. a strongly anti-democratic and a View of the Reign of Frederick Alexander to Augustus (1807), various translations from the Greek. He also made II. of Prussia. Robertson as succeeded He HistoriographerRoyal for" Principal
GILLIES, JOHN
and
Historian, b. (1747-1836).
wrote
a
at
Scotland.
of GERALD CAMBRENSIS name GIRALDUS (literary b. historian, was BARRI) (ii46?-i22o?). Geographer and
"
DE|
of
a"
with the Royal Norman family settled in Wales, which intermarried eminent scholar Church and an family of that country. He was whose man, objectof ambition was the Bishopricof St. David's, to which
by the chapter,but from which he wasfc in Ire* travelling oppositionof the King. When kept out by Prince land with Topographia Hibernica, a John (1185) he wrote of the country, and in 1188 he wrote* valuable account descriptive
he
was
twice
elected
the
Itinerarium other
Cambria,
similar
work
on
Wales. De
He Rebus
left several
a se
including an autobiography, his own doings). (concerning

works,
Gestjm
GISSING, GEORGE
In his novels
b. at Novelist, (1857-1903).
"
Wakefield.
and he depicted the environment strugglesof somewhat and lower middle classes with and" lower a pessimistic depressingrealism, although his last work, The Private Papers 0/1 seemed Henry Ryecroft, outlook. The He Nether In (1892), His other
to usher
theg
in the dawn Demos
of
somewhat
brighter^
novels
include
World Grub Street (1889),New the Year of Jubilee(1894),and The d. at St. Jean de Luz in the Pyrenees.
I (1886),Thyrza (1887), (1891),Born in Exile\ Traveller (1898). Town |
GLADSTONE, WILLIAM
scholar, and
man
EWART
of letters, fourth s. of Sir John G., a merchant of Scottish ed. at Eton and Liverpool,was ancestry. He was Christ Church, Oxf. From his youth he was deeply interested inri time and at one religiousand ecclesiastical questions, thought on Church. the In he Parliament entered as a Tory, andJ entering 1832 from the first gave evidence of the splendid talents for debate and |
Statesman, (1809-1898). imj

"
in the department of finance, which raised I statesmanship, especially him to the positionof power and influence which he afterwards | attained. After holding the offices of Pres. of the Board of Trade,; Colonial Sec., and Chancellor of the Exchequer, he attained the posi-|| tion of Prime
Minister, which
His
he
held
four
times
was
1868-74, 1880-85,!
of intense the
1885-86,and 1892-93.
career political
one
energy!
and in every activity department of government, he became Prime Minister, and while it gained him
after! especially
enthusiastic |
159
applause and devotion of a large portion of the nation, it exposed the part of another. intense opposition lim to a correspondingly on involved him in the greatestconflicts of his life The questions which
his chief efforts of intellect were the disestablishment and evoked )f the Irish Church, the foreign policy of his great rival Disraeli,and the old Liberal party iome Rule for Ireland, on the last of which In labours broken midst of which the was finally political up. sufficient absorb his tireless to he. even might have been energy, and write upon various time to follow out subjects which interest for him. His first book The State, "ossessed a life-long was which formed the its Relations with the Church n (1839), subjectof Studies on Homer of Macaulay's essays. and the Homeric one Age Homeric and 1858), Juventus Mundi Synchronism (1876), (1869), nhe bund
Impregnable
ind Vaticanism his other were
The of Holy Scripture (1890), a nd Past Years (1874-75), Gleaningsof

to
Rock
Vatican
Decrees
8 vols., (1897),
contributions principal and

on
even
hip, though
ind
sound
brilliant, was
scholars.
literature. G.'s scholarof an old-fashioned kind,

not
his conclusions from and
Homeric
questionshave
In his
received
upport luxley
vith
contemporary
controversies
much with
modern
others his want of scientific knowledge and scientific tendencies placed him at a
was
a
of sympathy disadvantage, intellect. that he His life-
lis character "ossessed

lever vas
a
singularlycomplex
made it
which plasticity
and his one, to of him possible say
was anything, but was always becoming something. noble and stainless one, and he must singularly probably ever emain of the great figures in the historyof his country. one others by J. M'Carthy, Sir Wemyss Life by J. Morley (3 vols.),
leid, and
many
others.
"
GLANVILL, JOSEPH (1636-1680). Controversialist
and
noral writer, b. at Plymouth, and ed. at Oxf., took orders, and held, rarious benefices, includingthe Rectory of Bath Abbey and a pre"end at Worcester. He under the influence of the Camb^ came of Henry More 3latonists, especially (q.v.).His contendings were with the ihiefly English Nonconformists, against whom (withthe Baxter whom he held in great esteem) he exhibited His chief work is the Vanity of Dogmatizing (1661) jreatbitterness. vhich contains the story of " The Scholar Gipsy," in later days :urned to such fine account Matthew Arnold. G. wrote fine a by its a-t best recalling that of Sir Thomas Browne. iterarystyle,
sxceptionof
GLAPTHORNE,
dgh reputation
orgotten.
"oems,
s
HENRY
among his
two
(ft. 1640)." Dramatist,

comedies, three
had
almost
He
wrote
were
which
Argalus
were
)thers
and The
contemporaries,though now and a book of tragedies, all reprinted in two vols. in 1874. His best workParthenia (1639),based upon Sidney's Arcadia.
Hollander, Wit
is
a
Constable, and
The
Ladies'
^rivilege (all 1640).
GLASCOCK,
le
WILLIAM
NUGENT
Novelist. (1787-1847).
"
saw a good deal of service in the navy [rew the inspiration of his vigorous and nclude Sailors and Saints (1829), Tales
with
credit, and
breezy and of a Tar (1836),
this which sea-stories, Land"
from
sharks
and
Sea
Gulls
(1838).
60
ROBERT
GLEIG, GEORGE
S. (1796-1888).
"
of
George G.,
Bishop of Brechin, entered the army, and served in the Peninsula after serving various In 1820 he took orders, and America. and and in 1844 Chelsea of in Hospital, bee., 1834, Chaplain cures he held until office which of the Forces, 1875. He
Chaplain-General
a
was
frequent contributor
was
to
reviews
and
magazines, especially
Subaltern, appeared,
Blackwood's,
.and he 'works.
in which his best known of Lives also the author
novel, The of Warren

Chelsea
Hastings,Clive,and
other
Wellington,Military Commanders,
Pensioners, and
GLEN, WILLIAM
Poet, b. (1789-1826).
"
in
Glasgow,was
He d. in poverty. Indies. He wrote' ior some years in the West which has survived is his Jacobite "several poems, but the only one ballad, Wae's me for Prince Charlie.
GLOVER,
was a
RICHARD
Poet (1712-1785).
"
and
dramatist,
and M.P. for Weymouth. A scholarly, London merchant, he wrote for in blank with two taste literature, a man poems verse, and The Athenaid Leonidas (1787). Though not without a (1737),
they want degree of dignity, gotten. He also produced a is best remembered He by
and interest,and for now are energy which few dramas, had littlesuccess. his beautiful ballad, Hosier's Ghost, the
beginning
"useful and
"
Portobello lying." G. had citizen. public-spirited As

near
reputation
of
GODWIN,
Miscellaneous thrift of bad in the world.
MRS.
MARY
at
(WOLLSTONECRAFT) (1759-1797).
"
writer, was habits, and

Her
next
of Irish extraction. 19
Her
to
/. was
make
spend
way
Mary
left home
her
ten at
lady, in teachinga the family of Lord

from
school
spent as companion to a Newington Green, and as governess in

years
were
In 1784 she assisted her sister ill-treated to escape her. In 1788 she took to a and became adviser to Johnson the publisher, literary translating, she became known to many of the literary through whom people oi the day, as well as to certain Radicals, including Godwin, Paine, and Fuseli, the painter. She then, 1792, went to Paris, Priestly, she met Captain Imlay, with whom where she formed a connection; the fruit of which was her daughter Fanny. Captain Imlay
Kingsborough.
who
husband
having Putney Bridge,but was Thereafter she resumed her literary labours, and lived with W. married her in 1797. Their dau., Mary, whose Godwin, who birth she did not survive, became the second wife of Shelley. Her chief original to Burke's are a writings Reply the French on Reflections Vindication Revolution (1791), of the Rights of Women (1792),and Original Stories for Children, illustrated by W. Blake. Her Vindi
deserted rescued.
her, she tried
to commit
suicide
at
cation
received
much
over
adverse
criticism
on
account
of its extreme
positionsand
of -plainness
speech.
"
GODWIN,
at
WILLIAM
(1756-1836). Philosopherand
Norwich,
and
to to
novelist, 6. at Wisbeach, and ed. at a school in his /., a Presbyterian minister, had removed, -city
a
which
subsequently
the
Presbyteriancoll.
at
Hoxton,
with
view
ministry.

From
near
1778
to
1783
he
acted
as
minister
of various
congregations
views having undergone important London ; but his theological changes, he resignedhis pastorate,and devoted himself to a literary series of historical sketches in the form His first work, a career. He then found of sermons, failed. employment as one of the and became otherwise A nnual Register, writers in the New principal of political and social reform. Many of prominent as an advocate and extreme, and even his views were peculiar in practice, out to subvert morality; but and
a supported by of society: for the regeneration emcacy
carried tended, if fully
they
the
were
propounded
belief in their
their author
with
whole-hearted and
singularcircum
with and ultimate of his connection marriage to Mary Wollthe courage of his opinions. at least that he had stonecraft showed him famous. His Enquiry concerning Political Justice(1793) made
stances
pub. his masterpiece, Caleb Williams, a novel ex strength rarely equalled. The next few years G. was, were occupied in political by his controversy, for which masculine well fitted and it in the midst a nd his was style, sincerity ;
A year
hibitinga
later he sombre
of these the death

"
in 1797 that his first marriage,already alluded to, and he pub. a singular of his wife, of whom but interesting Life, occurred. In 1799 his second great novel, St. Leon, based upon the His stone and the elixir of life, appeared. other philosopher's
"
novels, Fleetwood
much are elaborate inferior.
(1804),Mandeville
In addition
to
(1817),and
these works
Cloudesley (1830),
G.
brought out an An Life of Chaucer in 2 vols. (1803), Essay on Sepulchres A History of (1808), containingmuch fine thought finelyexpressed, the Commonwealth, of the theories Malthus an Essay against (q.v.},
his last work, Lives of the Necromancers. For some time he in the business, in which, however, he ultimately engaged publishing In his later years he had the office of Yeoman proved unsuccessful. Usher of the Exchequer conferred him. G. entered in 1801 upon into a second with Mrs. he whom a widow, Clairmont, marriage by had had
a an
and
dau.
This
lady had already a

with
s.
and became and

"
dau., the latter of whom

His in dau. 1816
damage
irregular connection Mary Wollstonecraft

"
Byron.
"
by
the
his
first
ot
G.,
wife
helley. G.
entleman
was
man
of
simple
manners
imperturbabletemper.
s.
GOLDING, ARTHUR
Translator, (i535?-i6o5?).
of
of Essex, was in the perhaps at Camb., and was diligent ranslation of theological works and but is Calvin, others, Beza, by remembered his for versions of Caesar's Commentaries hiefly (1565),
nd
of specially He
Ovid's
the Metamorphoses (1565-67),
latter in ballad of Seneca.
aetre.
also translated
Justin'sHistory, and
part
GOLDSMITH, OLIVER
s. ssayist,
Poet, dramatist, and (1728-1774)."

was was
ot
an
Irish
ord.
early Athlone, and Llphin, of smallpox which attack evere him for disfigured to TrinityColl., e went Dublin, whence, having come
education received nth one nduced im as
e
His
b. at Pallasmore in Co. Longvarious schools at at At had the age of 8 he a Edgeworthstown.
clergyman,
life.
In 1744 into collision
of the coll. tutors, he ran in 1746. He was, however, away The Church chosen for return, and grad. in 1749. was a to him profession againsthis will be it said in justice presented himself before the Bishop of Elphin for examination
to
"
62

as a
"
perhaps
type of deeper and
more
inward
incongruencies
"
rejected. He next figured as a tutor; in scarlet breeches, and was accumulated but had no sooner ^30 than he quittedhis employment little uncle his savings. A long-suffering and forthwith dissipated than once interposedon named Contarine, who had already more him send to London to study to means his behalf, now provided
he was law. He, however, got no farther than Dublin, where the house of his returned to and fleeced to his last guinea, mother, with a large family. After an interval spent in idle now a widow medical was career a perceived to be the likeliest opening, ness, he remained the usual on and in 1752 he steered for Edin., where
proceeded to Leyden. a After a year there he walking tour, which led him he livec through France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. How it is hard to say, for he left Leyden penniless. It is said that he dis puted at Univ., and played the flute, and thus kept himself in exist All this time, however, he was gaining the experiencesan ence. happy-go-lucky terms
1754, started on
to turn t knowledge of foreign countries which he was afterwards At one of the Univ. visited at this time, h such excellent account. the medical is believed to have secured degree,of which he subse as th quentlymade use. Louvain and Padua have both been named
source
until
when
he
of it. appears
He
to
a
reached have been of doctor he
London the
and
in 1756 literally penniless an a s occupied successively apothecary" poor, and

an
almost
journeyman,
Peckham.
usher
in
school
Th writing for the Monthly Review. for a medical next appointment year he applied unsuccessfully his first important literary India; and the year following, 1759, saw An into State Polite the venture, Enquiry of Learning in Europe. was attention, and brough pub. anonymously, but attracted some him other work. At the same time he became known to Bishop Percy the collector of the Reliquesof Ancient and he had written Poetry, The Bee, a collection of essays, and was employed upon various In with Johnson, which le" periodicals. 1761 began his friendship 1757
was
In
to that of the other great men of that circle. His Chinese Letters afterwards republished as The Citizen of the World, appeared in Tht Public Ledger in 1762. The Traveller,the first of his longerpoems, out in 1764, and was followed in 1766 by The came Vicar of Wake Man field. In 1768 he essayed the drama, with The Good-natured which had considerable success. The next few years saw him busilj
occupiedwith Lives (1769),

in the
same was
work for the publishers, including The History of Romt of Parnell the poet, and Lord anc Bolingbroke (1770), year
England
his other 1774.
pub.
Animated Nature, all pub. ii out with overwork and year, worn anxiety, hi caught a fever, of which he d. April 4. With all his serious anc faults his reckless improvidence,his vanity,and, ii very obvious his earlier years at any rate, his dissipated habits G. is one of th" lovable characters most in Englishliterature, and one whose writing show most of himself his humanity, his and In that
" " "
drama, Retaliation,The History of Greece, and
The Deserted Villageappeared; The History o, in 1771. In 1773 he produced with great succesi She Stoops to Conquer. His last works Th, were
bright
spontaneou
friends then
humour,
eluded
and
some
the kindest of the best and
"
heart
in the
world." in
His
in
greatest men
England,
among
Johnson, Burke,
made
a
163
and Reynolds. They all, doubtless, laughed at and loved him. At butt of him, but they all admired burst into tears, Reynolds laid down Burke of his death the news that day, and and an his brush Johnson wrote painted no more The poor, the old, and the outcast imperishable epitaph on him. and wept for the benefactor crowded the stair leading to his lodgings, refused to share what he had (oftenlittle enough) with who had never and for the means of his histories, his of duns existence, or to satisfy the urgency Animated Nature, and such like, have, apart from a certain charm of his could be without, little permanent work of style which no Deserted She Stoops to Traveller and The value; but The Village, will keep his memory The Vicar of Wake-field, Conquer,and, above all, them. Much of his work
"
written
at. high pressure

"
dear to all future SUMMARY. B.

"
readers
of
English.
and
to
Leyden
Dublin, went to Edin. 1752, 1728, ed. TrinityColl., travelled foot on over large part of Continent, 1754,
reached
London various publishing
1756,
other
[762, pub. Vicar of Stoops to Conquer 1773,

There
are
for magazines, etc., and after and wrote works Citizen in World The the of produced Deserted and She Wakefield 1766, Village1770,
1854, 1885. [rving,and
Prof.
by Prior, 1837, Cunningham, Gibb 1869, (Bohn's Standard Library), (Globe), Foster, 1848-71, Washington Biographies by Prior, 1837,
many Masson others. See also Boswell's
d. 1774. ed. of G.'s works
Johnson,
and
Thackeray's
EnglishHumorists.
GOODALL,
WALTER
Historical writer, b. in (i7o6?-i766).

"
Banffshire,and ed. King'sColl.,Aberdeen, became

to the Advocates'
Library in Edin.
to have
if the
which
Letters
i",e
said
been
assistant librarian In 1754 he pub. an Examination written by Mary Queen of Scots, in the
"
combats
the
genuineness of
Fordun's
Casket
Letters."
He
also ed., among
other
works,
Scotichronicon
"
(1759).
was
GOODWIN,
Norfolk, and
THOMAS
ed. at Camb., Arnheim
Divine, (1600-1680).
in Holland.
b.
in
Becoming
thereafter made
an
he was Vicar of where ministered he to a church Independent, Council Cromwell's he the Restoration
TrinityChurch.
at
Chaplain to
in London, and Returning to England he was of State, and Pres. of Magdalen
At l.,Oxf. He was Dreach in London. controversial pamphlets,
sembly,
He
and
assisted Oliver
to was deprived,but continued the author of various commentaries and member of the Westminster As was a in drawing up the amended Confession, 1658.
on
attended
Cromwell
his deathbed.
"
GOOGE, BARNABE
Poet (1540-1594).
and
translator,b.
of and Oxf. He was at Lincoln, studied at both Camb. a kinsman him Ireland. He translated from in Cecil,who employment gave the Latin of Manzolli The Zodiac of Life,a satire againstthe Papacy, also and The Popish Kingdome by T. Kirchmayer, a similar work; The tub. In 1563 he Foure Bookes of Conrad Heresbach. of Husbandrie and Sonnettes. a vol. of original Eglogs, Epytaphes, poems,
GORDON,
ADAM
5.
LINDSAY
of
an
Poet, was (1833-1870).

"
b. in
itheAzores, the
officer in the army.
He
went
to
Australia,
64

he had he had with horses and riding, for in connection himself the into to Bush, betook He got passion. he derives In the main hand. trouble, and d. by his own and Garde, Britomarte) (as in the Rhyme of Joyous
a
where
varied
career
which financial
his inspiration and mediaeval from
English sources,
not
from
his Australian
sur
roundings. Among his books are Sea-spray and Smoke-drift (1867), Sick The Stock-rider](1870), Ashtaroth Ballads Bush (containing Exile's Farewell, and Whis An of his poems, e.g. (1867). In many pering in the Wattle Boughs, there is a strong vein of sadness and
pathos.
GORE, MRS. CATHERINE

1861).
"
GRACE
a
FRANCES
at
(MOODY) (1799Retford, where

she
Novelist, dau.
She
m. a
of
wine
merchant whom
was
b.
Captain Gore, with
the Continent, supporting her family by Between 1824 and 1862 she produced about 70 works, the most novels of fashionable were successful of which English life. Among Manners be mentioned these may of the Day (1830),Cecil, or the and The Banker's Adventures Wife (1843). She (1841), of a Coxcomb also wrote for the
she resided her voluminous
mainly on writings.
stage,and
composed
"
music
for songs.
GOSSON, STEPHEN
6. in Kent, and ed. at which are now lost, and at Paul's Cross in 1577 became Abrose
Poet, actor, and satirist, (1554-1624).

Oxf., he
went to
London,
and
sermon
wrote
by a pastorals ; but, moved he deserted a during plague,

critics in his prose
plays, preached
of its severest one (1579), directed
the theatre, and satire, The School of
against "poets, pipers,players, jesters,
of a Commonwealth." Dedicated to Sir and such-like Caterpillars is believed and have P. Sidney, it was not well received to him, by his Apologiefor Poetrie (1595). G. entered evoked the Church, and of St. Botolph's, London. d Rector
GOUGH,
London,
over 20
RICHARD
studied
(1735-1809). Antiquary,was
"
b. in
and
England
works,
a
many years he made in pursuitof his antiquarianstudies. He which are Great Britain of The British
at Camb.
For
journeys
pub.
about Brit~ other
among
Topography (1768),Sepulchral
ed. of Camden's various
Monuments
of
on
(1786-99), an
annia,
translation
Arabian
Nights (1798),and
numismatics.
treatises
archaeology, topography, and
GOWER,
JOHN (1325?1408).
"
Poet.
he
Although
few
de
to have been a appears with Kent, well known at than Court, and in possession of more He the estate. one was friend of Chaucer, who him the title of the moral Gower," gives which has clung to him since. His first principal ever work was written in French Speculum Meditantis (theMirror of one meditating) the subjectof married life. It was on long believed to have been lost. It was followed Vox Clamantis by (the Voice of one crying)!
come
tails of his life have of wealth and man
down
to
us,
importance,connected
"
written
in Latin, giving an account of the peasants' revolt of 1381 and attacking the misgovernment and lee social evils which had to it. His third, and Amanlis Confessio only English poem, was of 30,000 lines,consisting (Lover'sConfession), a work of tales anc meditations on II. love, written at the request of Richard It is thfl
earliest
165
In his old age of tales in the English tongue. retired about 70, He had, when to the Priory of St. blind. G. became the Church of St. Saviour, Mary Overies, the chapel of which is now he was he spent his last years, and to which where a Southwark, G. represented the serious and cultivated man liberal benefactor.
largecollection
of his time, in which poet he is heavy and
he
was
reckoned
the
equal of Chaucer, but and
as
prolix.
GRAFTON,
RICHARD
(d. 1572).
"
Printer
chronicler,
printed various ed. of the Bible and Prayer-book; also the Pro of Lady Jane Grey, for which he was of the Accession clamation where he compiled an Abridgement of the Chronicles cast into prison, of England (1563). To this he added in 1568 A Chronicle at Large. holds a high place as authorities. Neither
GRAHAME,
b. and ed. in
was
Poet, s. JAMES (1765-1811).

"
of
was lawyer,
time in a law office in After spending some His health being delicate, called to the Scottish Bar. and his circumstances and practice, easy, he early retired from in Church of 1809, was England appointed taking orders in the
Glasgow.
Edin., he
curate
successivelyof Shipton, Gloucestershire, and Sedgefield, several pleasingpoems, of which the best is He Durham. wrote He visit in his d. to on The Sabbath a Glasgow 47th year. (1804). full of quiet observation of country sightsexpressed His poems are
verse. graceful
in
GRAHAME,
led
a
SIMON
life
as a
OR
SIMION
been
to
a
B. (1570-1614).
"
in Edin.,
the
wrote
dissolute
traveller, soldier, and

have
courtier
on
Con the his
He tinent. Passionate the latter
appears of which
to
good
and
scholar, and
Sparke of a RelentingMinde,
is believed He have
an
Anatomy
to
of Humours,
suggested
austere
a
Anatomy
of Melancholic.
medicine in
at
became
"
Burton Franciscan.
GRAINGER,
family,studied
settled
Poet, of JAMES (1721-1766).

Edin.,
other He
was an
Cumberland
peace and Dr. Johnson, Shenstone, in Solitude, appeared 1755. Indies poem, where (St.Kit's), The
in London, practice
where
men
and on the army surgeon, he became the friend of of letters. His first poem,
he made
to the West subsequently went a rich marriage,and pub. his chief
Sugar-Cane (1764).
was Biographer, JAMES (1723-1776).
"
GRANGER,
at
Oxf.
the Church, became and, entering
Oxon. He pub. Shiplake, a Biographical History of England from Egbert the Great to the Revolu tion (1769). He insisted on the importance of collecting engravings of to the and himself gathered 14,000, and portraits of making such collections. practice gave
a
Vicar
of
great impulse b. in
GRANT,
Glasgow, and
MRS.
ANNE
m.
Was (M'VICAR) (1755-1838).

"
of Laggan, vol. of poems. She also wrote Letters from the Mountains, and Essays on the Superstitionsof the After lived 1810 she in the friend Edin., where she was Highlands. of Sir W. Scott and other eminent through whose influence a men, her. pension of ^100 was bestowed upon Inverness-shire.
in 1779 She
the Rev.
James Grant, minister

a
pub. in 1802
66

Novelist, was JAMES (1822-1887).
"
GRANT,
the
s.
of
an
He he himself served for a short time. officer in the army, in which of which the best in a brisk, breezy style, wrote upwards of 50 novels of War (1845), Adventures of an known are perhaps The Romance and The Bothwell, Hilton, Harry Frank Ogilvie, Aide-de-Camp, of wrote also Kirkcaldy He biographies of Grange, Yellow Frigate,
Montrose,
from
an
and others which, however, historical point of view.
are
not
always trustworthy
"
GRANT,
an
JAMES
AUGUSTUS
Traveller,was (1827-1892).
and sent by the Royal Geographical was officer in the army, SPEKE to with (1827-1864), Captain JOHN HANNING Society along Africa. of Grant A Walk wrote for the equatoriallakes search Speke and Grant Expedition,and Africa, The Botany of me across it in 1863. Speke wrote I saw as What and Source the of the Nile (1863), covery of of the Source of the Nile (1864). Khartoum
Journal of
led to the
the Dis
Discovery
GRATTAN,
THOMAS
COLLEY
"
writer, b. in Dublin, and ed. for the law, but did not practise. He The Heiress of Bruges (4 vols., 1830); wrote a few novels, including
but his best Continental
wrote
a
Highways wanderings, of which

work
was
and he and
Byways,
of description He He
his also
was
pub.
history of the Netherlands

time British Consul
for
some
books at Boston, U.S.

"
three series. America. on
GRAY,
weaver
DAVID
Poet, (1838-1861).
s.
of
gave destined for the service of the Church, and was for 4 while he maintained himself by teaching. years at Glasgow Univ. His first poems In 1860, however, appeared in the Glasgow Citizen. he went with his friend Robert Buchanan to London, where he into fell He befriended Mr. Monckton soon was consumption. by Lord Houghton, but after a sojourn in the South Milnes, afterwards of England, returned home His chief poem, to die. The Luggie (the river of his birthplace) contains much beautiful description;bu^ his genius reached its highest expression in a series of 30 sonnets written in full view of an earlydeath and blightedhopes, and bear
at
at
Kirkintilloch, Dumbartonshire.
He
hand-loom early promise
school, was
ing the title,In the Shadow. They unrelieved melancholy by hope.
breathe
of spirit
the
deepest,
GRAY, THOMAS
s. was
of
b. in London, th$v a scrivener, who, a respectable citizen," though described as of so cruel and violent a temper that his wife had to separate
"
Poet, was (1716-1771).

"
from G.
a
his mother and her sister, who carried on a business, for his liberal education at Eton (where he became friend of Horace and Camb. After completing his Univ. Walpole),
was
him.
To
indebted
to France and Italy, where he spent difference arising a G. returned to England, years, when and went back to Camb. to take his degree in law without, however, intention of at Camb. for the rest of any practising. He remained his life, his time in the study of the classics, natural science, passing and antiquities, and in visits to his friends, of whom Walpole was It was in 1747 that his first poem, again one. the Ode on a Distant
course over
he
accompanied Walpole
two

of Eton Prospect
and
67
appeared,and it was followed between College, 1750 Odes, including The Progress of Poesy, 1757 by his Pindaric and The however, somewhat Bard, which were, coldly received. Nevertheless the death of Colley Gibber, the offer of he had, on the laureateship, which he declined; but in 1768 he accepted the of Modern Professorship History in his Univ., worth ^400 a year. to the been drawn study of Icelandic and Celtic poetry he Having The Descent Fatal and The Sisters, produced of Odin, in which are
first streaks of the dawn of the Romantic Revival. little space, but what he wrote he brought to the of which he was highestperfection capable,and although there is a the of modern critics to depreciate on some him, it is tendency part
apparent
the
G.'s poems
occupy
all but the among had a wider acceptance all classes of readers than his Elegy in a Country Churchyard. among In addition to his fame as a poet, he enjoysthat of one of the greatest of English letter-writers, and of a reallygreat scholar. He d. at Camb. after a short illness following state a gradually upon declining
probable
first order
that his place will always remain of poets. Probably no poem has
high
of health.
Lifeby
laneous
Gosse
GREELEY,
early
work. York
(Men of HORACE
the
s.
Letters
Series, 1882).
"
and (1811-1872). Journalist
miscel
of a small farmer in New Hampshire. His life was first and thereafter a in editorial as passed printer, He started in 1841, and conducted until his death, the New Tribune. He was and in long a leader in American politics,
was an
writer, was
1872
unsuccessful
which are writings, Political Economy on
candidate and chiefly political and (1870),
Presidency. His economical, include Essays Recollections of a Busy Life (1868).

"
for
the
GREEN, JOHN RICHARD

5.
Historian, was (1837-1883).
the
of
tradesman
then various cures in London, under strain caused a constant by delicate health. student of history, his scanty Always an enthusiastic leisure was devoted to research. In 1869 he finally gave up clerical and received the of librarian at Lambeth. work, He appointment had been laying plans for various historical works, includinga exhibited in a series of Lives of as History of the English Church of what he and, Archbishops Canterbury, proposed as his mag A of num under the History opus, England Angevin Kings. The however, that his lungs were discovery, the affected, necessitated his energies abridgment of all his schemes, and he concentrated on the preparation of his Short History of the English People, which appeared in 1874, and at once gave him an assured place in the first rank of historical writers. In 1877 he m. Miss Alice Stopford,by whose talents and devotion he was greatlyassisted in carryingout and completingsuch work health enabled him to under as his broken take during his few remaining years. Abandoning his proposed historyof the Angevins, he confined himself to expanding his Short Historyinto A History of the English People in 4 vols. (1878-80), and writing The Making of England, of which one vol. only, coming the down After
to
School, and
in Oxf., where at Jesus Coll.
he was ed., first at Magdalen Coll. He entered the Church, and served
828, had
death
his
appeared appeared
when The
he d. at Mentone
in March The
1883.
Short
Conquest of England.
68

said
to
History may be history, making
writing of moral of the the social, industrial, and progress the and in infinite To care theme. main gathering sifting people its charm, and an historical a styleof wonderful of his material G. added imaginationwhich has hardly been equalled.
have
begun
new
epoch
in the
GREEN,
author
verse
on cure.
the as Poet, is known MATTHEW (1696-1737)." and in of The original octosyllabic poem Spleen, a lively and the best means of prevention the subject of low spirits
and lightness It has life-like descriptions, sprightliness, The and its admired owes Gray. of touch, and was Pope by poem in author's to denote the of the term to the use day name depres to held an sion. appointment in the Customs, appears G., who an have been a quiet,inoffensive person, entertaining companion, and and
a
Quaker.
THOMAS HILL
was (1836-1882). Philosopher,
"
GREEN,
at Birken
b.
and ed. at Rugby and Balliol Coll., he became Whyte Prof, of Moral Philosophy and, by his social questions, exercised and enthusiasm on a character, ability/^ chief Introduction His works Hume's influence. to an are powerful Human Nature he Treatise on (Clarendon Press ed.), in which
Rectory, Yorkshire,
Oxf., where
criticised H.'s
Prolegomena to Ethics,
from the philosophyseverely pub. posthumously.

"
idealist
and standpoint,
GREENE,
ROBERT
Poet, dramatist, and (i56o?-i592).
studied where at Camb., b. at Norwich, and he pamphleteer, was Oxf. in at He also After A.B. was 1588. incorporated grad. he returned in Spain and Italy, and took A.M. to Camb. travelling of the wild and brilliant in London he who was one crew Settling passed their lives in fitful alternations of literary production and the creators of the English drama. and were He has dissipation, left an account of mischief." of his
career
in which
During his short which he ran after through his wife's fortune, and deserted her soon the birth of her first child, he poured forth tales,plays,and poems, which had great popularity. In the tales, or pamphlets as they then his wide were called, he turns to account knowledge of city His plays, includingThe Scottish History of James IV. and vices.
little read, contain fine some but his fame rests, perhaps, good bombast; poetry among scattered are chieflyon the poems through his writings,which full of grace and tenderness. G. d. from the effects of a surfeit of pickled herrings and Rheinish wine. His extant writings are much less gross than those of many of his contemporaries, and he
are now a
calls himself the mirror life about in the of town, course
he
"
Orlando
Furioso, which
deal of
seems
to
have
given signs of repentance
on
his
deathbed,
as
is
a
evidenced Million reference
by his last work, of Repentance. In

to
Shakespeare
Among
his
as
A Groat' s-worth this curious work "an crow upstart may be
of
Wit
occurs
bought
his beautified with mentioned
with famous
our
feathers."
censure
which Notable
Triumph of Time plot of The Winter's Tale, A Arbasto, of Coosnage, Discovery King of Denmark, Penelope's Web, Menaphon (1589),and Coney Catching. His plays, all pub.
works to Philautus, Pandosto, the the Shakespeare borrowed
other
Euphues' (1588),from

posthumously, include Friar Bacon and the King GJ A ragon, and George-a-Greene,
"
69
Friar Pinner
Bungay, Alphonsusof Wakefield. His
he received the influence of Lyly, whence under tales are written of from Gabriel Harvey the nickname Euphues' Ape." ed., 1861). His works are Plays ed. by Dyce (2 vols., 1831, new included Grosart's Huth in Library."
"
GREG, WILLIAM
Manchester,
RATHBONE
b. in Essayist, (1809-1881).
"
for some and ed. at Bristol and Edin., was years en millowner at business a as Bury. Becoming gaged in his father's to he contributed and social questions leeplyinterested in political and essays on these subjects, reviews and magazines many papers which viz.,Essays on Political and were repub. in three collections, and Social Social Science Literary Judgments (1869),and (1854), of his are Enigmas of Other works Mistaken and Aims, etc. (1876). Life (1872),Rocks Ahead (1874), distrust of democracy In his writings he frequentlymanifested a view of the future of his country. He held succes and a pessimistic of Customs and Controller the sively appointments of Commissioner Miscellaneous
Essays (1884).
of H.M.
Stationery Office. CHARLES
GREVILLE,
CAVENDISH
FULKE
(1794-1865).
"
and Oxf., was to George III., Political annalist, ed. at Eton a page office of afterwards held the sinecure to Earl Bathurst, and sec. Clerk to the Privy Council, an Sec. of Jamaica. In 1821 he became office which brought him into close contact with the leaders of both of becoming unusual and gave him opportunities parties, political The in passing behind the scenes. acquaintedwith all that was utilised in his formation and events thus acquiredhe fully as to men Journal of the Reigns of GeorgeIV., William IV., and Queen Victoria, which, ed. by Henry Reeve, of the Edinburgh Review, was pub. in three series between from 1820-60, and of the time. listory and constitutes
1874
1887.
an
the period The Journal covers contribution invaluable to the
GRIFFIN, BARTHOLOMEW?
almost nothing is known, pub. in under the title of Fidessa, of which
($.1596). Poet,
"
of whom
sonnets
1596
some
"
a are
collection of 62 excellent.
GRIFFIN, GERALD
poet, s.
of
a
and Dramatist,novelist, (1803-1840).

b. and ed. in Limerick, he went in 1823 to of his literary work was produced. In 1838 he his brothers, and, dividinghis property among
tradesman,
most
London, where
returned to Ireland devoted himself to a religious life by joining the Teaching Order of the Christian Brothers. Two out by years thereafter he d., worn self-inflicted austerities. His chief novel, The was Collegians, his dramas adapted by Boucicault as The Colleen Bawn, and among is Gisippus. His novels depictsouthern Irish life.
GRIMOALD, NICHOLAS
and
Poet, was (1519-1562).

"
at Camb.
Oxf., and
was
chaplainto Bishop Ridley.

Sonnettes (1557), wrote Christus Redivivus, and
two
Tottel's
Songs and and Archi-propheta
made
He contributed to in Latin, dramas translations.

"
GROOME,
s. jwriter,
of
FRANCIS HINDES clergyman, wrote for
various
etc. encyclopaedias, F2
He
70
a

student of the and gipsies their
was
language,
and
pub.
Tents (1880),Gypsy Folk Tales (1899),and an ed. Lavenero (1900). Other works were A Short Border History (1887), (his /. and Suffolk Friends (1896),a novel, and Two
In Gypsy of Sorrow's
Kriegspiel Edward q.v.). Fitzgerald, GROSART,

ALEXANDER
BALLOCH
Was (1827-1899)."
Lives ot He wrote of the English PresbyterianChurch. minister issued and also their works, ed., with divines, ed. Puritan various and Robert Bruce of Michael Fergusson (q.v.) Lives, of the poems with his literature to was notes, service chief reprints, his But Fuller's literature, and including Elizabethan Jacobean of
(q.v.)!
rare
Spenser's GROSE,
Occasional Issues of Unique and Worthies Library, 39 vols. (1868-76), Very Rare Books, 38 vols. 1875-81, Huth Library. 33 vols. (1886), Works, 10 vols.,Daniel's Works, etc.
FRANCIS
Antiquary (1731-1791)."
Richmond Wales Herald
and
lexico
He well
was
grapher,of Swiss extraction, was of England and pub. Antiquities (1789-91). He afterwards but d. suddenly at Dublin.
1755-63.
which (1773-87),
thereafter, 1789, set out on received, and the fruit of which was Scotland, through
undertook a similar to the In addition
an antiquarian tour Antiquity of Scotland to Ireland, expedition
works
above
men
A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue tioned he wrote Armour A Provincial Glossary (1787),a Treatise on Ancient He an was accomplisheddraughtsman, and Weapons, etc. trated his works.
(1785),
and illus
GROSSETESTE,
scholar,
was
ROBERT
(d. 1253). Theologian and

"
b. of poor parents at Stradbrook, Suffolk, and studied His abilities and learning Paris. at Oxf. and possibly procured him preferments; but after an illness he refused to be longer a many he Later and resigned all but a prebend at Lincoln. pluralist,
reformer, as is shown by his refusing courageous at Lincoln, of in 1253 to induct a nephew of the Pope to a canonry he had been which equally bold in Bishop since 1235. He was III. for tenth of the Church demand of the a Henry resisting
was
a
strenuous
and
revenues.
Amid
his
absorbing labours
as
Churchman,
he
found
to be a copiouswriter on a great varietyof subjects, including com husbandry, physicaland moral philosophy,as also sermons, d'Amour. Bacon the Chateau was mentaries, and an allegory, Roger of and his of testifies to a pupil his, amazing variety knowledge.
time
GROTE, GEORGE
s. Historian, (1794-1871).
"
of
wealthy
in London, and ed. at Charterhouse b. at Beckenham, banker was In 1810 he entered the bank, of which School. he became head in for of Parliament 1830. In 1832 he was elected one of the members In 1841 he retired from Parliament, and in 1843 the City of London. from time to literature, his interest from under the the influence and of Bentham youth. He early came of the leaders of the group two of theorists Mills, and was one " known Radicals." In Harriet 1820 he Miss as m. philosophical Lewin fitted to be his helper who, from her intellectual powers, was the
bank, thenceforth
which, along with
devoting his whole had been his chief politics,

in his and interests. and political literary
2
171
criticism the remaining 6 vols. vols. of his own, to 1856. G. belongs to the school of which with his the and historians, begins History, philosophical of legends,ends with the fall of the country under the successors Review Westminster a severe in 1845 pub. the first appearing at intervals up Alexander which ject,
to the In 1826 he contributed of Mitford's History of Greece,
of the standard works the sub It is one on the Great. him to treat in a full and thorough enabled his learning the styleis clear and strong. It has been repeatedly manner; into French and German. G. re-issued, and has been translated also pub.,in 1865, Plato and other Companions of Socrates, and left life G. was, Aristotle. In political unfinished as might be a work on and somewhat consistent rigidRadical, and he was a of the founders of the He was of the ballot. one strong advocate first London Univ., a Trustee of the British Museum, D.C.L. of Oxf., of the Academic des and LL.D. of Camb., a Foreign Associate in and is Sciences. He was but a offered, declined, 1869, peerage
expected, a
buried
in Westminster
Abbey.
GRUB, GEORGE
Historian,was (1812-1892).
"
b. in Old
He studied law, and was Aberdeen, and ed. at King's Coll. there. in 1836 to the Society of Advocates, Aberdeen, of which admitted He librarian from he was was 1841 until his death. appointed Lecturer the Univ.
an
on
Scots
Law
(1881-91).
He
in Marischal Coll.,and was has a place in literature
as
written Ecclesiastical History of Scotland (1861), point of a Scottish Episcopalian,which, though
Prof, of Law in the author of the from stand is concise,
dry,
clear,fair-minded, and
Robertson) Gordon's
he
was one
Scots founders. of the
trustworthy. Affairsfor
G. also ed. the
(alongwith
Joseph
Spalding Club,
of which
GUEST,
LADY
CHARLOTTE
Dau. (BERTIE)(1812-1895).
"
of the gth Earl of Lindsey,m. ironmaster, after whose death enthusiastic student an was native the scholars
translated the Red as manuscript of which in Jesus Coll.,Oxf., is known and which is classic of mediaeval Book a recognised now of Hergest, She also prepared a romance. Boys ' Mabinogion containingthe
'
in 1833 Sir Josiah J. Guest, a wealthy in 1852 she managed the works. She of Welsh aided literature, and by skill the Mabinogion, with consummate
She was of Arthur. also noted as a collector and which china, fans, playing cards, on subjects she wrote several volumes. She entered into a second marriage in 1855 with Dr. C. Schreiber, but in literature she is always referred to under her first married name. earliest Welsh of tales
GUTHRIE,
in Edin.
THOMAS
Divine (1803-1873).
"
and
a
philan
minister
a
b. at Brechin, thropist, Possessed effective

most
studied for the Church, and of a commanding presence and
became and
voice, and
remarkably
picturesquestyle of
perhaps the
associated and
was
with
popular preacher of his day forms of philanthropy, especially temperance many
oratory, he became in Scotland, and was
the founder. the latter of which he was He of the leaders of the Free Church, and raised over "100,000 for manses for its ministers. Among his writingsare The Gospel in Plea for Ragged Schools, and The City,its Sins and Sorrows. Ezekiel,
one
ragged schools, of
72

WILLIAM
Catholic
HABINGTON,
cestershire Roman
Poet, s. (1605-1654)."
was
of
Wor
a Jesuit. refused to become in his poem he celebrated praisesof chaste love. He also wrote a and a Historie of Edward of Arragon (1640),
ed. at St. Omer's, but gentleman, of Lord Powis, whom dau. He m. Lucia, Castara (1634),in which he sang the
tragi-comedy, The
IV. His
verse
Queen
is grace
ful and
tender.
HAILES, DALRYMPLE
judge and family famous
tish raised
to the in tiring the
DAVID,
was
LORD
Scot (1726-1792)." Belonging

Bar in
to
a
historical writer, as lawyers,he was in
b. at Edin. called to the
1748, and
also un 1766. An excellent judge, he was favourite his and of studies, produced several pursuit Scottish value and in on of permanent works history antiquities, and Canons of the Church of Scot cludingAnnals of Scotland (1776), Bench land
(1769).
He
was
friend and
correspondentof
"
Dr.
Johnson.
HAKE, THOMAS
GORDON
a
Poet, b. at (1809-1895).
Leeds,
ed. at Christ's Hospital,was places. His books include
and practisedat various physician, Madeline (1871),Parables and Tales
(1873),The
Memoirs
Day Sonnets Serpent Play (1883),New (1890),and of Eighty Years (1893). Collector of voyages, HAKLUYT, RICHARD (i553?-i6i6).
"
belonged
to
good
Herefordshire
family
of Dutch
descent,
was
and ed. at West b. either at Eyton in that county or in London, The sightof a map School and Oxf. minster of the world fired his imagination and implanted in his mind the interest in geography of our great navigators and the lives and adventures and discoverers, which became the rulingpassionof his life; and in order to increase his knowledge of these matters he studied various foreignlanguages and the art of navigation. He took orders, and was chaplain of the
English Embassy
Archdeacon the West of Indies
in Paris, Rector of Witheringsett, Suffolk, 1590, Rector of Gedney, Lin Westminster, 1602, and After he
a
colnshire, 1612.
first collection
at
great work, The and Discoveries of the English Nation made by Sea or over Land to the Remote and Farthest Distant within the Compass of these 1500 Years. Quartersof the Earth It appeared in its final form (three folio vols.) in 1 599. Besides it he A Discourse Western and he left a vast mass of of MS.pub. Planting, afterwards used (infar inferior style) by S. Purchas (q.v.}.In al$ his work H. was actuated not only by the love of knowledge, but by a noble patriotism:he wished to see England the great sea-power of the world, and he lived to see it so. His work, as has been said, is our English epic." In addition to his he
compiled, while
. .
of voyages Paris, his
to America
and
PrincipalNavigations,Voyages
. . .
"
originalwritings
translated
various the
World, from
HALE,
laneous
a Steering
SIR
Discoveries being of the Portuguese of Antonio Galvano. MATTHEW (1609-1676). Juristand miscel
"
works, among
them
The
a great reputation as a lawyer and judge. neutral course during the political changes of his time, he served under the Protectorate and after the Restoration, and rose to be Chief Justiceof the King's Bench. He is mentioned here as the author of several works on and law. science,
writer, has left
divinity,
Among

them
are
173
and Contempla Originationof Mankind, stillof works are authority. great legal has down in he handed a somewhat dissipated early youth, Though and piety. high reputationfor wisdom
tions, Moral
Primitive The and Divine.
His
HALES,
b. Theologian, JOHN (1584-1656).

"
at
Bath, and
scholars of his of the best Greek ed. there and at Oxf., became one In 1616 he accompanied day, and lectured on that language at Oxf. to the Hague in the capacity of chaplain, the English ambassador he was converted from attended the Synod of Dort, where and A lover of quiet and learned Calvinism to Arminianism. leisure, ecclesiastical preferment, and all high and responsible he declined in a Fellowshipof Eton, of retirement chose and obtained scholarly which his friends Sir Henry Savile and Sir Henry Wotton were suc Provost. cessively gave made his offence him
a
treatise but H.
to
Laud,
he
was
Prebendary
Commonwealth,
Golden Remains
Schism and Schismatics on (1636?) defended himself so well that Laud of Windsor. Refusing to acknowledge the fell into deprived, poverty, and had to sell his
library. After
his death the
writingswere
Mr.
pub.
in
of
Ever -Memorable
John
Hales
1659 as of
The Eton
College.
HALIBURTON,
Windsor,
Nova Court
THOMAS
of the
CHANDLER
B. (1796-1865).
"
at
a lawyer, and rose to be Judge of the He the author of The Clockwas Colony. Supreme Samuel Slick and a nd or Slickville, a maker, con of Doings of Sayings Slick in England. In these he made tinuation, The Attacht, or Sam contribution to English fiction,full of shrewd a distinctly original He may and humour. be regarded as the pioneer of the Ameri ness humorists. He various school of other wrote can works, including and Human The Old Judge, Nature Nature, A Historical and Statis tical Account of Nova Scotia,etc. In 1856 he settled in England, and
Scotia, was
sat
in the House
of Commons
for Launceston.
IST
HALIFAX,
"
CHARLES
School and
MONTAGU,
and
EARL
OF
(1661-1715).
First Lord with and Prior of in
A famous Westminster he became the
wit, statesman,
Chancellor
of literature, was ed. at Camb. Parliament Coll., Trinity Entering
patron
Treasury 1697. effort His chief literary power.

The Town and Hind Mouse
of the Vain and
Exchequer
was
in arrogant, he
a
1694, and
soon
lost
popularityand
his collaboration of
Country (1687), parody reply to H. and Panther. the friend and was Dryden's patron of other of the classical writers Addison, Steele, Congreve, and many of his day. He became a peer in 1701.
HALL,
MRS.
ANNA
MARIA
(FIELDING) (1800-1881).
"
b. in Dublin, but left Ireland at the age of 15. Never Novelist, was theless,that country gave her the motive of several of her most suc cessful books, such as Sketches of Irish Character (1829),Lightsand Shadows of Irish Character (1838),Marian (1839),and The White Boy (1845). Other works are The Buccaneer, and Midsummer Eve, a and sketches in the of Art which her tale, fairy many Journal, SAMUEL CARTER HALL ed. With husband, him was (1800-1889), she also collaborated in a work entitled Ireland, its Scenery,Character,
74
Mrs.

H.
was a
etc.
were
very
voluminous
talents writer; her descriptive of
Her
her power considerable, as also was writer of some likewise a was husband
note,
depicting character. art. on chiefly

of Sir
HALL, BASIL
eminent
man
5. Traveller, (1788-1844).
"
James H.,
in the navy, and rose to be captain. of science, was an and wrote visit to Corea, first of the Voyage of Discovery He was one America in 1827-28, a lively in North also Travels to Corea (1818), offence in the U.S., Fragments of Voyages which work gave some tales and and He some romances. Travels and was (1831-40), insane. latterly
HALL,
in
OR
HALLE, EDWARD
b. Chronicler, (i499?-i547).
"
and Oxf. at Camb. studied He was a successively and for Parliament served in various on Bridgnorth, lawyer, and sat He wrote a history of The Union Commissions. of the two Noble and and Yorke, commonly called Hall's Illusive Families of Lancastre It was Chronicle. pub. after the author's death by Richard Grafton,
London,
and
by Queen Mary. prohibited Divine, b. HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656).

was
"
at
Ashby-de-la-
the Church, and he entered ed. at Camb., in became Zouche, of Norwich. He had a 1627 Bishop of Exeter, and in 1641 Bishop I. to Scotland He in 1617, career. James accompanied chequered Accused to the Synod of Dort. of Puritanism, and was a Deputy troublous and at enmity with Laud, he fell on days, and was, in and tested
joiningthose bishops who pro against the validityof laws passed during their exclusion from Parliament. (owing to tumult in the streets) Returning to
the he found that his
revenues
1641, imprisoned in
Tower
for
Norwich
had he
privateproperty
seized.
In
1647
been retired
sequestrated,and
to
a
his
near
he passed the remainder Norwich, where Among his Characters Virtues works and Vices are of Contemplations, (1614), and his Virgidemiarum,or Satires (1597-8), the last written before condemned in orders, and he was by Archbishop Whitgift to be burned. Pope, however, thought them satire in the English language." H.'s controversy,in which gave rise to much and the writers who called themselves
" "
small of his life.
farm
the best
Divine
poetry and truest Right of Episcopacy

"
Archbishop Ussher, Milton, Smectymnuus (acombina

at
was
tion of their
HALL,
took part. initials) ROBERT Divine, b. (1764-1831).

"
Arnsby,
ed. at
a
Leicestershire,the
s.
at the Univ. of Aberdeen, from which he Baptist Academy, received the degreeof D.D. in 1817. He ministered to congregations at Bristol,Cambridge, Leicester, and again at Bristol, and became of the greatest orators of his day. His most one famous pulpit sermon
was
of and
Baptistminister
of
some
note,
which
was
the Death that on of the Princess Charlotte (1817). Another created a great impression that on Modern was H. Infidelity.
a
lectual of his Remains
sufferer,and was life-long insane, yet his occasionally was activity unceasing. After his death a collection was sermons Works pub. (1843),and Miscellaneous
intel of 50 and
(1846). HALLAM, HENRY

was
Historian,s. (1777-1859)."
Windsor,
and ed. at Eton and
of
Dean
He
was
of Wells,
b. at
Oxf.
called
to
175
Temple, and appointed a Commis his earliest writingswere in the papers he but in 1818 into foremost Review a ; leaped Edinburgh place of his View of the State historical writers by the publication among followed in 1827 by Ages. This was of Europe during the Middle
the Bar
at
the
Inner
sioner
of
Stamps.
Among
The VII. tion
principal languagesof by profound learning, indefatig Europe, are field able research, and judicial impartiality.They opened a new in which their author has had few, if any, superiors. of investigation H. was In politics a Whig; but he took no active share in party of great promise, both warfare. He had two of whom sons pre Of these the elder,ARTHUR deceased him. HENRY, is the subjectof and of him his /. wrote a Tennyson's In Memoriam, touching his r emains. memoir to prefixed literary
wide and
in 4 several
History of England from the Accession of Henry of George II., and his third great work, Introduc to the Literature of Europe in the i$th, i6th, and ijth Centuries, vols.,appeared in 1837-39. All these, which have gone through
Constitutional
to the Death
ed., and
have been characterised
translated
into the
HALLECK,
Croaker
FITZGREENE
a
Poet,b. at Guilford, (1790-1867).

"
Conn., wrote, with
Papers,
also
a
Rodman series In
Drake,
of 1822
satirical
Fanny,
this
are
satire. in most Alnwick
poet who young and humorous he visited Europe, and

a
found
on
of his Castle.
subsequent poetry,
d. at 25, The and verses, the traces of e.g. his lines on
Burns, and
HALLIWELL-PHILLIPS, JAMES ORCHARD

and Archaeologist
(1820-1889).
"
the Shakespearian scholar, ed. at Camb., was author of a Life of Shakespeare(1848), New Boke about Shakespeare and Stratford Folio Edition of Shakespeare(1853upon Avon (1850), other various and works relative to him, also Dictionary of Old 65),
English Plays (1860).

Societies, and
Words. In
He
a
also ed. works his wife's
for the Camden Archaic and
and
Percy
compiled added 1872 he^

PHILIP
Dictionary of
name
Provincial of Phillips to his own.

"
HAMERTON,
writer on intended
GILBERT
Artist (1834-1894).
and
b. near Oldham. s. of a solicitor, aesthetics, was Originally for the Church, he decided for art and literature. After working as an artist in the Highlands with his wife, who was a he settled in France, and devoted himself to writing Frenchwoman, his works and art. Paint etc. (1868), on are Etchers, Among Etching
The Intellectual ing in France afterthe Decline of Classicism (1869), Intercourse Life (1873),Human (1884),The Graphic Arts (1882), of which were Landscape (1885),some magnificentlyillustrated. He also left an autobiography. His writingshad a great influence the love of art artists,and also in stimulatingand diffusing upon the public. among
HAMILTON,
Constitution
ALEXANDER
the West United He was
Statesman (1757-1804).
"
and
writer, b. in political
of the
of the framers of the the first Sec. of the national Treasury. of the greatest of American one states and has also in literature the principal writer in the a place as men, founded to expound and defend Federalist, a periodical the new
one
Indies, was States, and
was
176
contributed

was
Constitution, which
afterwards
articles.
pub. as
permanent The
work.
H.
51 of its
85
HAMILTON,
of Glenburnie,
a
ELIZABETH
Wrote (1758-1816)."
had much
Cottagers
on
perhaps had some domestic humble

tion, Essays
on
tale which effect in the life in Scotland.
popularity in its day, and improvement of certain aspects of

She and The
"
the Human
Mind,
also wrote Hindoo
Letters
Educa
Rajah. brother
of (1827),
HAMILTON,
Sir William
which
THOMAS
Novelist, (1789-1842).
wrote (q.v.),
a
Hamilton
novel, Cyril Thornton
He was received with great favour. was and settled in Edin., and, on his retirement, He
was
to Blackwood.
and Campaign (1829),
also the author and Manners Men
officer in the army, an became contributor a of Annals of the Peninsular in America
(1833).
HAMILTON,
b. at the liant, he was
was
WILLIAM
Poet, (OF BANGOUR) (1704-1754)."

in
and bril Linlithgowshire. Cultivated his and of society, career literary a favourite began by Table Tea Allan He to Miscellany. Ramsay's verses contributing joined the Pretender in 1745, and celebrated the Battle of Preston he wandered in the Highlands, After Culloden pans in Gladsmuir. and escaped to France. His friends, his Soliloquy, he wrote where in obtaininghis pardon, and he returned to hfe however, succeeded
family seat
native
to
He He
country. In 1750, on the death of his brother, he succeeded the family estate, which, however, he did not long live to enjoy. for his fine ballad of The Braes is best remembered of Yarrow. He d. at Lyons. The Episode of the Thistle. also wrote WILLIAM
army, He
wrote
HAMILTON,
Poet, served
Lieutenant.
(OFGILBERTFIELD)(i665?-i75i).
"
in the in modern
from
which
he
retired
with
the
rank
of
abridgment
Wallace.
Epistlesto Allan Ramsay, and an poetical Scotch of Blind Harry's Life of Sir William, b. (1788-1856). Metaphysician,
"
HAMILTON,
in
SIR WILLIAM
Glasgow, in the Univ. of which his /. and grandfather success ively filled the Chair of Anatomy and Botany, ed. there and at called to the Scottish Balliol Coll., Oxf., was he Bar, at which attained little practice, but was Solicitor of Teinds. In appointed 1816 he established his claim to the baronetcy of H. of Preston. On in 1820, he was the death of Dr. Thomas Brown unsuccessful an
'
candidate
for the following year he
Chair
was
1829 that he gave

ments
a as
a
Philosophy in Edin., but in the Prof, of History. It was not until appointed full proof of his remarkable and attain powers
of Moral
in a famous article in the Edinburgh Review, philosopher Cousin's of Victor doctrine of the Infinite. This paper critique carried his name and for him the over won Europe, homage of con tinental philosophers, Cousin himself. After this H. con including
tinued to contribute
lated with into
notes
to the Review, many of his papers being trans and Italian. In 1852 they were French, German, coll. and additions, and pub. as Discussions in Philosophyand
etc. Literature,
In
1836
H.
was
Metaphysics at Edinburgh, which

tion until his death, after which
elected Professor of Logic and office he held with great reputa the lectures he had delivered were

edited
177
His and Veitch. and pub. by Prof. Mansel opus magnum of Dr. Thomas his edition of the Works Reid, left unfinished, was H. was the last, and certainly the most and completed by Mansel. school of the Scottish of learned and accomplished, philosophy, it his mission correlate to the to develop and which he considered
systems
years he his mind H.
of
important
times other contributions from
and
to
countries. science of
He
also
made
various
the
of one paralysis unaffected, impaired his powers Veitch appeared in 1869. Prof. by suffered
logic. During his later side, which, though it left

of work.
A
Memoir
of
HANNA,
of Samuel
WILLIAM
Divine (1808-1882).
"
and
biographer,
H., Prof, of Divinityin the PresbyterianColl.,Belfast, s. minister of the Free Church of b. there, became a distinguished was Guthrie of Dr. He T. wrote an Scotland, and colleague (q.v.}.
admirable his works. and (q.v.},
Life of
He
wrote
Dr.
Chalmers, whose
Letters
son-in-law Thomas
also ed. the of various theological works.

"
he Erskine
was,
and
ed.
of
Linlathen
HANNAY,
Novelist JAMES (1827-1873).
and
journalist,
took navy He wrote
for some b. at Dumfries, and after serving was years in the ed. of the Edinburgh Courant. to literature, and became
two
also Lectures
Eustace Conyers (1855); Satire and Satirists, and Studies on Thackeray. For British Consul the last five years of his life he was at Barcelona.
novels,
and Fontenoy (1850), Singleton

on
HARE,
AUGUSTUS
JOHN
CUTHBERT
(1834 1903).
"
Youngest s. of Francis H., and nephew of Aug. and Julius H. (q.v.), b. at Rome, of Aug. H., practically adopted by his aunt, the widow and ed. at Harrow. He was the author of a largenumber of books, which fall into two classes : biographies of members and connections
of his family, and and historical accounts descriptive countries and cities. To the first belong Memorials of of various
a Quiet Life (hisadoptive mother's).Story of Two Noble Lives (Lady Canning and Lady Waterford), The Gurneys of Earlham, and an inordinately
extended
London,
autobiography; to the second, Walks in Rome, Walks in Wanderings in Spain, Cities of Northern, Southern, and Central Italy (separate others. His writingsare works), and many all interesting and informing, but in generalsuffer from his tendency
to diffuseness.
HARE, AUGUSTUS
Francis
WILLIAM
m.
Was (1792-1834).
"
the
Duchess
s.
of
of the author of a historyof Germany. He was of Sir W. sent by the widow Jones, whose godson he was, to Win chester, and New for some Coll.,Oxf., in the latter of which he was time a tutor. Church the he incumbent became of the Entering rural parishof Alton Barnes where, leading an absolutelyunselfish he was the father and friend of his parishioners. In addition life,
a
Hare-Naylor, who
was
cousin
of the
famous
Devonshire, and
to
Truth,
which
Guesses at writing in conjunctionwith his brother Julius (q.v.), work short a multifarious on containing subjects, essays attracted much
attention, he left two
vols. of
sermons.
HARE,
younger
JULIUS
CHARLES
was
(1795-1855)." Essayist, etc.,

b. at Vicenza. When
two
vears
brother
of the above,
178
female of Clotilda Tambroni, to the care old his parents left him and Ed. at Charterhouse Camb., he at Bologna. Prof, of Greek rich of the to family living appointed took orders and, in 1832, was Here refused. he had had John which Augustus Hurstmonceau, also for a neighbour. He was Bunsen and for curate, Sterling(q.v.) His first work and a Chaplain to the Queen. of Lewes Archdeacon
was
with his brother, and he also pub., jointly Guesses at Truth (1827), of Niebuhr's translation a History of with Thirlwall (q.v.), jointly The Victory of Faith and other theologicalbooks and Rome, wrote and a A Life of Sterling, and other questions, Church on
pamphlets
Vindication
man
eccentric, an H., though a lovable, was of Luther. and unmethodical, unpunctual. of strong antipathies,
HARINGTON,
SIR
JOHN
(1561-1612).
"
Miscellaneous
Park Bath, and ed. at near writer, and translator, b. at Kelston of courtier a and Camb., became Queen Elizabeth, whose god Eton
Essex, by whom 1599 he served in Ireland under much which of authority was a stretch he was knighted on the field, View he wrote A Short there While the of the resented Queen. by for his He in 1880. was epigrams, repute State of Ireland, first pub. His trans have wit, but others are only indelicate. of which some
son
he
was.
In
of the original, of Ariosto, in the metre Furioso lation of the Orlando is now free paraphrase, and is a somewhat superseded. It first handed which in MS. about! of were extracts, appeared in the form the Queen, who the Court until they reached reprimanded the trans the most of her ladies by translating the morals lator for corrupting until he him his banished to and seat country unedifyingpassages, work His valuable most translated the whole have should poem. which is one was pub. in 1769 by a descendant, under the title of
a miscellaneous Trifles), NugfB Antiques(Old-time
collection of and
from
his
a
writings and
papers, of the minute account her and other eminent
containing many things and letters Queen's last illness,

persons.
"
interest, e.g.,
verses
by
HARLAND,
HENRY
b. of American Novelist, (1861-1905).
Thereafter he went ed. at Rome. parentage he graduated at Harvard, thence to America, where to Paris, and and settled in New York. His falls into two literarycareer marked sections, very diverse in character. distinctly During the first of these he produced,under the pseudonym of Sidney Luska,"
at St.
Petersburg, and
"
highlysensational novels, thrown off with little regard to and which it was his wish should be forgotten; literary quality, but about underwent hei a complete change, and 1890 his aspirations became enthusiast in regard to style The first an and the mot propre. novels of this new Miss era, Mademoiselle Grey Roses (1895), (1893), and Comedies and Errors (1898), though obtaining the approval of the literary elect,had little general popularity ; but the tide turned with the appearance of The Cardinal's which -box was Snuff (1900), admired. It followed was widely (1901), by The Lady Paramount and My Friend after a pro Prospero (1903). H. d. at San Remo longed illness.
a
series of
Political theorist, HARRINGTON, JAMES (1611-1677)." s.

of Sir
Sapcotes H.,
was
b. at
Upton, Northamptonshire, and
ed. at

Oxf., where
179
versityhe The Hague

was
the
After leaving the uni he was a pupil of Chillingworth. the Continent, visiting, other places, travelled on among and Venice, where he imbibed republican principles.He for some time a groom of the bedchamber to Charles I. On he sided with the Parliament, but outbreak of the Civil War appears,
of the King, for whom of the execution he his cherished to have a theories, notwithstanding political
disapproved
personal
attachment. himself to
active life, and devoted (as it may be called)of Oceana, which he pub. in 1656, and in which Oceana represents Eng In this work he land, Marpesia Scotland, and Panopaea Ireland.
Thereafter he withdrew from romance composing his political
propounds property,
deavoured
the theory that the natural of which land is the most

to
element
of power important. He with
in states is further en After
propagate
his views confined
a debating society by establishing
in the Tower, and subsequently at Plymouth. He issued several defences of Oceana, and made trans lations from under mental Virgil. In his later years he laboured delusions. describes him of middle as stature, strong, wellAubrey
called the Rota, and the Restoration he was
by
his conversations
his friends.
set, with
hazel quick,fiery
eyes, and
thick
"
curly hak.
was a
HARRIS,
office in the
JAMES
Admiralty
learned
(1709-1780). Grammarian,
and the member and
wealthy country gentleman
of a entitled Hermes, or a Philosophical work In Universal Grammar. For the which had it quiryconcerning purpose in view it is useless; but it contains much curious matter. His s, the eminent was James H., ist Earl of Malmesbury. diplomatist,
Treasury.
of Parliament, who He was the author
held
singularand
HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER

etc., b. at Eatonton,
Writer (1848-1908).
"
of
tales,
journalist.He
Georgia,was successively printer, lawyer, and struck out an line his in stories of animal original
negro, in whose and retain an ex
were
life as it presents itself to the mind of the Southern dialect they are written. These not only achieved
ceptional popularityamong
instance lore and
children, to whom
the attention
they
in the first of folk
addressed, but
anthology.
attracted Among his
with Uncle in the Wild Woods
Nights
Remus
writingsare Mr. Rabbit at (1884),

of Aunt
when
career
Chronicles (1897),
(1880), Aaron (1895), etc. Minervy Ann (1899),

Home
"
of students Uncle Remus
HARTE,
fornia. He
FRANCIS
had
a
BRET
varied
(1839-1902).
still
as
a a
American
to
humorist, b. in Albany, N.Y., but

somewhat
boy
went
Cali
teacher, miner, and
and it is as a realistic chronicler of the gold-field and journalist, an humorist that his chief literary achieved. original triumphs were Among his best known Novels, in which he writingsare Condensed showed The Luck great skill as a parodist, of Roaring Camp. The
Idyll of Red
Gulch, and
The
Heathen
Chinee.
In 1880
he
came
to
His Glasgow as U.S. Consul, and from 1885 he lived in London. often show the tenderness and fine that allied to writings are feeling the higher forms of humour, and he may be said to have created a form of short story in his Californian tales and prose idylls. special
HARTLEY,
denden,
DAVID
b. (1705-1757)." Philosopher,
ed. at
at Ludbut
Yorkshire, and
Camb.,
studied
for the
Church,
180
owing
to

difficultiesturned theological
at various to
medicine
as
profession,
and includingLondon places, success and writer and eminence on as a philosophy, He also attained Bath. of thought based upon founded a school be said to have indeed may of Vibrations, and (2)that of Asso theories, (i)the Doctrine two in elaborate he an treatise, These developed of Ideas. ciation and his his his Frame, Duty, Expectations. Observations on Man, with practised
Though
tinued
his
system
has
long been discarded,

and
"
its main
ideas
have
con
to influence
thought
Saffron
investigation.
s.
HARVEY,
GABRIEL
b. at
Poet, (i545?-i63o).
Walden,
of
rope-
became ed. at Camb., and the maker, was of The Hobbinol Calendar. 'of the Shepheard's friend Spenser,being satirical pieces, sonnets, and pamphlets. Vain various wrote He critic of others, and was in he was a remorseless and ill-tempered, volved the in with controversy, specially perpetual
was
Greene
wrote
latter of whom
to
rhetoric, claimed
a
have
able to introduced
"silence him.
He
and Nash, treatises on
hexameters
into
English,was
abandon it.
con
foe to
rhyme, STEPHEN HA WES,
and
persuaded Spenser temporarilyto
(d.1523?). Poet;
"
very
little
with certainty. He is believed to have been is known Oxf. Camb. at He first studied have and or in b. Suffolk, may Chamber of the in in which Groom into view as a comes 1502, clearly his VII. dedicated first to he Pleasure, Pastyme of Henry year In Worde. the de in same 1 appeared year 509 by Wynkyn printed
cerninghim
the
Convercyon of
on 509), England (i Exemple of Vertu.
and A Joyful Meditacyon of all Swerers (1509), of He also wrote the the coronation Henry VIII. familiar with French H. was a scholar, and was share
and in
poetry. No great poet, he yet had a considerable the language. regularising STEPHEN ROBERT Poet HAWKER, (1804-1875).
Italian
"
and
antiquary,
a wenstow, coast, where
ed. at
Cheltenham and
and
Oxf., became
parson
of
wrecking community on the he exercised a reforming and beneficent, though ex influence until his death, shortly before tremely unconventional, smuggling
he
was some
MorCornish
which
poems
received of great
into the Roman and originality
Catholic
Church.
charm,
Records
of the
He wrote Western
Shore (1832-36), and The Quest of the Sangraal (1863) among them, besides short poems, of which the best is Shall known perhaps Die based is ? which, it old rhyme, deceived an as on Trelawny and both Scott Macaulay into thinking it an ancient fragment. He also
pub.
collection
of papers,
Footprintsof
"
Former
Men
in
Cornwall
(1870).
NATHANIEL
s.
HAWTHORNE,
which
Novelist, b. (1804-1864).
a
at
Salem, Massachusetts,
of
sea
his mother led the life of a conduced to an early taste for reading,and from boyhood he play cherished literaryaspirations.His education was completed at Bowdoin where he had Longfellow for a fellow-student. Coll., After obtained a which, how post in the Custom-House, he did find not and soon ever, congenial, gave up, betaking himself to literature,his earliest efforts,besides a novel, Fanshawe, which
captain,who recluse. An
d. in 1808, after accident when at
graduating,he

had
no
being short tales and sketches, which, after appear coll. and were pub. as Twice-told Tales (1837), ing in periodicals, in In 1841 he joined for a few series second followed a 1842. by tired of months the socialistic community at Brook Farm, but soon
success,
it,and
manse,
in the next
formerly
an
year he tenanted
m.
and It
set up
was
house
in Concord The
in
an
old
by Emerson,
from
Old
Letter (1850),his most powerful work, The (1851),The besides and The Blithedale Romance House (1852), of Seven Gables, Book, and The Tanglewood Tales. ais children's books, The Wonder Such business as he had occupied himself with had been in connec tion with Custom-House appointments at different places; but in his friend Franklin received from Pierce, on his election to 1853 he at Liver States Consul the appointment of United the Presidency, of a for four years, when, in consequence he retained which pool, of The
to Italy and failure of health, he went began his story in under the title of The in 1860 Faun, pub. England lifetime was his Transformation. The last of his books pub. during notes Our Old Home on (1863), England and the English. He had
Manse Scarlet
(1846).
whence followed by
proceeded
Snow
Mosses
Image
threatened
Marble
returned
to America
tiepassed his The Ancestral
The Dolliver of mysticism,and a tendency work is pervaded by a strong element His the seen and the unseen. between to dwell in the border-land characterised distinctive and charm, rich,varied, by a styleis grace he is undoubtedly the and imaginative. On the whole suggestive, greatestimaginativewriter yet produced by America. ed. of the vols. Riverside, 1 5 ; Standard biographies. Lives by his son
are
health and powers, in 1860, where, with failing four After his death there were pub. remaining years. Grimshawe's Dr. Secret,and Footstep,Septimus Felton, of H.'s or less fragmentary. Most Romance, all more
There
several
Works, e.g. Little Classics, 25 vols.;
M. D. Letters, 1850),
Library, 1 5 vols. ; the two last have Julian,H. James (EnglishMen of Conway (GreatWriters, 1890),etc.
"
HAY,
and JOHN (1838-1906). Diplomatist
poet, b.
at
Salem, Indiana, ed. at Brown Univ., and called to the Illinois Bar, of President Lincoln's sees. He then served in the army, and was one held diplomatic posts at Paris, Madrid, and Ambas Vienna, was in Sec. State. sador to Great and of Britain, was 1898 appointed He has a placein literature by virtue of his Pike County Ballads, and
Cast than
Days (1871). HAYLEY, WILLIAM
Poet (1745-1820).
"
and
biographer,
was
b. at Chichester, and ed. at Eton Camb. and Though over strained and romantic, he had some and was a gccd a bility, literary conversationalist. Life he He the friend of Cowper, whose was and it was to his influence with Pitt that the grantingof a wrote; the He was the author of numerous pension to poet was due. poems,
including The Triumph of Temper, and of Essays on History and Epic Poetry, and, in addition to his biography of Cowper, wrote a
Life of
"
Milton.
On
the that
death is
of Thos.
Warton
in
1790
he
was
offered, but
declined, the
man
Laureateship.
good
old
Everything about
Of him Southey except his poetry."

"
said, at
HAYNE,
PAUL
HAMILTON
of
an
(1830-1886).Poet, b.
family, contributed
to
Charleston, S. Carolina,
various
82

(1885), containing
show the influence
"
magazines, and pub. Poems Lyrics." His gracefulverses

sonnets
are some
Legends
Keats.
and His
of
of his best work.
HAYWARD, belonged to an
ABRAHAM
Miscellaneous writer, (1802-1884)."
was He studied and sayer of good things, raconteur as a He had a great reputation the to contributor periodicals, especially a and he was copious of his articles were reprinted as Bio Many Quarterly Review. Eminent Statesmen and Writers ; and Critical and Essays, graphical and Lord and of Chesterfield, Lives he also wrote George Selwyn
old Wiltshire law at the Inner
family and Temple, and
was
School. ed. at Tiverton called to the Bar 1832.
books
on
Whist, Junius,and
The
Art
of Dining.
His
Select Corre
spondenceappeared posthumously.
HAYWARD,
SIR
Historian, b. ?-i627)." JOHN (1564
at
historical works, the earliest of various the author Felixstowe, was of which, The First Part of the Life and Reign of King Henry IV., that was pub. in 1599, and gave such offence to Queen Elizabeth the author was imprisoned. He, however, managed to ingratiate himself with James I. by supportinghis views of kinglyprerogative. a History of the three He also, at the request of Prince Henry, wrote William II., and Henry J.) Norman Kings of England (William I., The
Life and Reign of Edward
VI.
was
pub. posthumously
in
1630.
HAYWOOD,
MRS.
ELIZA
Drama (FOWLER) (1693-1756)."
tist and novelist, b. in London, was early m. to a Mr. H., but the which she union turning out unhappily,she took to the stage, upon in Dublin She afterwards settled in about London, 1715. Appeared and produced numerous plays and novels, into which she introduced scandalous identity was episodesregarding livingpersons whose with her which, satires, a veiled, practice along political very thinly certain involved her in with than and trouble, once more together in concert with Curll the bookseller, Pope, made upon enemies for her a place in The Dunciad. Her called her in to have but serious reputation question, nothing very appears She is repeatedlyreferred to by Steele, and has been been proved. doubtfullyidentified with his Sappho." Some of her works, such attacks
procured
"
The as Others
Jenny Jessamy had great popularity. Idalia (1723), Love in Excess Captive (1721), Certain Island of a adjacent to Utopia (anony at the Court mously) (1725),Secret History of Present Intrigues of Caramania The Female (anonymously) (1727). She also conducted and other papers. Spectator, and critic, b. HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830). Essayist
The Memoirs (1724),
were
History of Jemmy
Fair
and
"
at
request he
the s. of a Unitarian minister. At his father's for the ministryat a Unitarian Coll. at Hackney. His interests,however, were much and political more philosophical than The theological. turning point in his intellectual develop
was
Maidstone,
studied
his meeting with Coleridgein 1798. Soon was after this he studied art with the view of becoming a painter, him and devoted self specially to portraiture, but though so good a judge as his friend J. Northcote, R.A., believed he had the talent requisite for success
ment

he
183
literature,
could in
not
himself, satisfy
of art. He
and
retaininghis love
and
gave up the idea, turned then definitely

on
though always
to
1805 pub.
was
Action, which
his first book, followed by About
political essays.
to
the Morning reporter in 1817 he pub. a vol. of literary Review sketches, ; and Edinburgh his Characters last In the named Table. The Round year appeared Plays, which was severelyattacked in the Quar of Shakespeare's Blackwood's and Magazine, to which his democratic terly Review himself in a cutting obnoxious. He defended him made The best of H.'s the ed. of former. the Letter to William Gifford, his three courses of Lectures, On the English Poets, critical work Literature of the Gn the English Comic Writers, and On the Dramatic in Elizabeth 1818, 1819, and appeared successively Age of Queen attacked in which Table he works His next 1820. were Talk, views
" "
the Principles of Human Essay and various other philosophical 1 8 1 2 he became parliamentaryand dramatic to the Chronicle ; in 1814 a contributor
The Spiritof the Age (1825),in which he what then commenced of his contemporaries. He criticised some life of to be his chief literary a he intended Napoleon undertaking, with great Buonaparte, in 4 vols. (1828-30). Though written unpopular, and it literaryability,its views and sympathies were His last work a Life of Titian, in failed in attaining success. was subtle with Northcote. H. is one of the most which he collaborated and Shelley (1821-22), of English critics,though, when acute and contemporaries came allowed himself to be unduly swayed by under review, he sometimes from which he had himself often suffered feeling, personalor political His chief principle of criticism as avowed of others. the hands criticism should reflect the colour, that himself a genuine was by work." In his private the lightand shade, the soul and body of a not life he was happy. His first marriage, entered into in 1807,
at
"
ended
in
divorce
which in Liber Amoris, a work A second censure. marriage with a Mrs. Bridgewater ended by the lady leavinghim shortlyafter. The fact is that H. was possessedof a peculiartemper, which led to his quar
dau., which landlady's exposed him to severe
in 1822, and was he celebrated
followed
by
an
amour
with
his
with relling and

"
most
sincere
of his friends. convictions. There
Winterslow,"
by
E.
A. R. Waller
of honest He was, however, a man is a coll. ed. of his works, the and A. Glover, 12 vols.,with intro
duction
by
W.
Henley,
FRANCIS
etc.
HEAD,
essayist,and
SIR
BOND
in the
Traveller, (1793-1875).
"
America of as manager turned to literature, and
biographer,served a mining
made
Engineers,went
which
to
South
of reputationby the and the Andes travels, Rapid Journeys across Pampas among which followed by Bubbles from the Brunnens was (1827), of Nassau of Upper Canada (1834). He was Governor 1835-37, but was not a Thereafter he contributed to the Quarterly Review, great success.
a
company, considerable
failed,and
then
book
repub. his articles as Stokers and Pokers Highways He a Life of Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller. Baronet in 1836.
and
"
and
was
Byways,
made
a
and
wrote
HEARN,
on
LAFCADIO
s.
and (1850-1906). Journalist

"
writer
in
Japan,
of
an
Irish
Army
surgeon
and
of
Greek
lady, b.
184
to be

Islands, lost his parents early,and charge of by an aunt in Wales, a Roman
was
Leucadia, Ionian
taken
sent
home On
Catholic.
left penniless, still a boy, he was delicate, he was her death, when in spiteof and half blind, and after experiencinggreat hardships, New Orleans to he ed. himself, he took to journalism. Going which he attained a considerable reputationas a writer with a distinctly the influence of Herbert under Spencer, the study of social questions. After largelyto spending three years in the French West Indies, he was in 1890 sent that country, and there on to Japan to write a book a individual style. He himself and devoted
came
by
publisher
of he remained, becoming a naturalised subject,taking the name He lectured and on marrying a Japanese lady. Koizumi, Yakomo Univ. at Tokio. in the literature Though Imperial getting English to an understanding of the than, perhaps,any other Western nearer he felt himself to the end to be still an alien. Among his
Japanese,
by acute observation, imagination, distinguished of a high order, are Stray Leaves from Strange and descriptive power Ghosts (1887), Some Chinese Gleaningsin Buddha Literature (1884), Hints and Echoes Kokoro, Fields (1897), of Japanese Ghostly Japan,
which writings,
are
Inner
Life,etc.
He
was
also
an
admirable
"
letter -writer.
HEARNE,
Waltham,
THOMAS
b. (1678-1735). Antiquary,
at
at White
second
Berkshire, and ed.
Oxf., where
A
keeper of the Bodleian Library. of his post in 1716, and afterwards
strong
he became he was Jacobite,
in 1712
he refused, on He a the chief librarianship. large number pub. Bodleiana works, includingReliquice (1703),and
deprived political grounds, of antiquarian

ed. of Leland's ScotoFordun's
Itinerary and
thronicon.
Collectanea, Camden's
of his
own
Annals,
were
"
and
Some
collections
pub. posthumously.
of the Rector
of Richard he
HEBER, REGINALD
of the
Poet, s. (1783-1826).
his poem, Palestine, and was in Germany After travelling became Rector of the and
Malpas,
man
H., the
Fellow
famous
wealth, and half-brother ed. at Oxf., where book-collector, was

of
family and
gained
in
Newdigate prizefor
of All Souls.
elected and
1805
Russia, he
took orders in 1807, family living of Hodnet. In 1822, after two refusals,he accepted the Bishopricof Calcutta, an office in which he showed great zeal and capacity. He In additien d. of apoplexy in his bath at Trichinopolyin 1826. to Palestine he wrote reference the to Europe, a poem having specially Peninsular War, and left various fragments,includingan Oriental based on the story of Bluebeard. H.'s reputation rests now romance Greenland's mainly on his hymns, of which several, e.g., From Icy and Best of the Sons of the Morning, and Holy, "Mountains,Brightest God the holy, holy, Lord Almighty, are sung wherever English He also wrote a Life of Jeremy Taylor (1822). language is known. H. was a Churchman. scholar and wit
as
well
as
devoted
Christian
and
HELPS, SIR ARTHUR

was
and historian, (1813-1875)." Essayist

After Surrey, and ed. at Eton and Camb. to various in and sec. private public men, him of rendering independent employment, and devoted himself for
20
b. at
Streatham,
Univ. he
leavingthe
was
1841, his circumstances he retired to Bishop'sWaltham,
years
to
study and writing. Appointed,in
Became
1
185
860, Clerk to the
Privy Council, he
known to, and a favourite of, Queen Victoria, who entrusted nim with the task of editingthe Speeches and A ddresses of the Prince book, Leaves from the Journal of our Consort (1862), and her own the first was publications Lifein the Highlands (1868). Of his own of Crowd series and the Cloister in the a aphorisms, (1835), Thoughts and there and
followed, among
Business
(1841),Friends
wrote
in
others, Essays written in the Intervals of Council, 4 series (1847-59), Realmah
War and General Culture Conversations on (1871). In World and The Conquerors of the New (1848-52), The Spanish Conquests in America, 4 vols. (1855-61). He also wrote for his historical works a. Life of Thos. Brassey, and, as the demand individual ell off, he repub. parts of them as biographies of Las
869),
H. listory
3asas, Columbus,
without
success.
Pizarro, and
His
fining as they do the snced, and highly cultivated man, beautiful quiet English." They ional depth or originality.
'
Cortez. He also tried the drama, his most successful work, con are essays and opinions of a shrewd, experithoughts written have in what Ruskin any called excepnot,
however,
HEMANS,
FELICIA
DOROTHEA
(BROWNE) (1793-1835).
"
-'oetess,dau. of a Liverpool merchant, who, owing to reverses, -etired to North Wales. While than a child she pub. yet little more first of which the not was ier reception encouraging. In the poems,
further publication appeared which drew a letter first important work, The Domestic Affections, in to in which she was m. 1812, ippeared Captain Hemans, an year [rish officer. The not a happy one, and her union, however, was her and lusband deserted her five sons in 1818. Her practically continued iteraryactivity was during the whole of her short life,
"ame rom
year,
1808,
Shelley.
Her
ind her works

lot
include, The
Forest
successful, The
f Woman,
Lays of Leisure
Vespers of Palermo, a drama, which was her best poem, Records Sanctuary (1826), Hours, Songs of the Affections, Hymns for
her last effort. In Childhood,and Thoughts during Sickness (1834), the visited where she she of Scotland, who Scott, was 829 guest held her in affectionate regard. She also enjoyed the friendship :"f Wordsworth. delicate, her health latterly Always somewhat of decline and she d. in 1835. Her a shorter entirely gave way, Dieces enjoyed much and to their still, popularity, owing grace and
:enderness,retain
jnergy and
certain and
are
place,but ERNEST
her
long poems
are
lackingin
and
depth,
forgotten.
Poet (1849-1903).
"
HENLEY,
WILLIAM
b. at Gloucester, made the iritic, Stevenson and collaborated (q.v.),
acquaintance
.ncluding Deacon
ournalism,
and
Brodie, and
became
him with in Robert Macaire.
ed. of The
Magazine of
Robert Louis several dramas, He engaged in The National Art,

an a
of
Observer,and The New of English poetry for
Review, compiled Lyra Heroica, boys, and, with Mr. Farmer, ed.
which include the Sword, For
an
anthology Dictionary
f Slang. His The Voluntaries,
poems,
Song of
thorn and Lavender, are very strains of the purest music to
Hospital Rhymes, London England's Sake, and Haw unequal in quality,and range from
uncouth and unmusical realism of
86

He
wrote
no
poeticworth.
the
with
as
a
T. F. Henderson
"
in which
poet
is set forth
lewd
peasant
of
Life of Burns genius."
Complete works, 7 vols., 1908. Besides writing VIII. (1491-1547). HENRY songs includ learned a controversialist, and con ing The King's Ballad, was Sacramentorum Assertio in Luther Septem (Defence tended against treatise which for him the titlt a gained of the Seven Sacraments),
"
of Defender
of the Faith.
OF
HENRY
Archdeacon De treatise,
HUNTINGDON
Historian, was (1084-1155).

"
of
(Historyof the
Huntingdon English) comes

Mundi
from 1109. down to
His
Historia He
Anglorum
wrote
a
1154.
of the
also
Contemptu MATTHEW
(on Contempt
"
World).
s.
HENRY,
Commentator, (1662-1714).
oi
He
divine, was H., a learned Nonconformist Philip the destined for law, and studied was originally to theology, and, in 1687, became turned his mind
b. in Flintshire.
at Gray's Inn, bu minister of a Non
Here he remained until 1712, when church at Chester. conformist of a congregationat Hackney, where to take the oversight he went He wrote later. works", but. he d. two religious many years remembered of the Old and New Testaments by his Exposition chiefly The commeni which he did not live to complete beyond the Acts.
on
the
was, Epistles
however,
furnished its
after his death

a
conformist of view, the
divines. work
Though long
still maintains
superseded from place as

a
by 1 3 Non critical poin'

of practical ingenuity 01
book and
by great freshness being distinguished religion, and and vigorousexpression. pointed thought,
HENRY,
ROBERT
Historian, (1718-1790).
"
b.
at
St.
the Church entered of Scotland, becoming Ninians, Stirlingshire, of Edin. He the wrote of the ministers History of Great Britair. one in 6 vols., covering the period from Plan th" on a New (1771-93), The reign of Henry VIII. novelty con into different civil heads, subjects history and so on, and following out each of them social, military, separately The work was anc having no critical qualities, mainly a compilation, the is now of little value. ferocioui a nd Notwithstanding persistent of Dr. Gilbert Stewart it had attacks a (q.v.), great success, anc brought the author over ^3000, and a government pension of -"100 Roman sisted invasion until the in
dividingthe
HENRY,
THE
MINSTREL ROBERT
HENRYSON,
BLIND (see HARRY). (1430? -1506?). Scottish

"
poet
details of his life are Few the dates of his birth anc known, even death He been to have schoolmaster a being uncertain. appears Convent, at Dunfermline, and was perhaps in the Benedictine of the Univ. of Glasgow in 1462. He member also practisedas
Notary Public,
are
and
The
Moral
may Fables
have
been
of Esope
in orders. His principal poems the Phrygian, The Testament o
Cresseide,a sequelto the Troilus and Cressida of Chaucer, to whorr it was, until 1721, attributed, Robene and Makyne, the first pastoral not only in Scottish vernacular, but in the English tongue, The Uplandis Mous and The
Burges Mous
(Countryand
Town
Mouse),
anc
187
in the learning versed the Garmond was H., who of Gude Ladeis. and generalculture of his day, had a true poeticgift. His verse is and with wit. and full of swift, descriptive sparkling strong power, He is the first Scottish lyrist of the pastoralto and the introducer
English literature.
HENTY,
wrote them
over are
GEORGE
80 books for
ALFRED boys,
Dash
(1832-1902). Boys' novelist,

"
which
had
Freedom's
By England's Aid, Cause, Out on the
for Khartoum,
as
great popularity. Among Facing Death, In

full of adventure
amusement.
"
Pampas, etc., all

well
as
and
interest,and
conveying
information
HERAUD,
London,
of
JOHN
Huguenot
ABRAHAM
Poet, (1799-1887).
to various
b.
in
and pub. two poems, into Hell (1830), and
descent, he contributed which attracted some

The
periodicals,
Descent
attention, The
books
Judgment of
the Flood
produced
few
plays,miscellaneous
OF
poems,
(1834). He also of travel, etc.
HERBERT,
"
CHERBURY, EDWARD,
IST
LORD
(1583-1648).
the eldest s. of Richard historian, was H., of there and at b. He was or was Montgomery Castle, Eyton, Shropshire. at Oxf., and while there, at the age of 16, he m. a kinswoman four Thereafter H. he returned years his senior, the dau. of Sir William
Philosopher and
to the
Univ.
and and him
devoted
manly sports James I. made
Continent, where his share of troubles. diplomatic affairs,not without and few was a cr. an Irish, years later,an English, peer,
and to the practice of his At coronation in 1603 accomplishments. in 1608 he went to the a Knight of the Bath, and for some he in and was engaged military years
to
himself
study,
In
as
1624
he
Baron
H.,
of the Civil War he sided, though the Royalists, but in 1644 he sur rendered to the Parliament, received held various offices, a pension, and d. in 1648. It was in 1624 that he wrote his treatise,De Veri-
Cherbury. On the outbreak somewhat with half-heartedly,
of
tate,
An empirical theory of knowledge," in which truth is distin guished from (i)revelation, (2)the probable,(3)the possible, (4)the false. It is the first purely metaphysical work written by an and much It rise to was Englishman, controversy. reprinted gave in
"
1645, when
Errors) and De ReligioneLaid (concerning His other chief philosophical work a Layman). was De Religione Gentilium which of an (1663), English translation ap peared in 1705, under the title of The Ancient Religion of the Gentiles
the (concerning the Religion of
,
the author Causes of
added
two
treatises,De
Causis
Errorum
and Cause It has been called the of their Errors considered. charter of the Deists," and was intended to prove that " all religions recognisefive main articles (i)a Supreme God, (2)who ought to be worshipped, (3) that virtue and of that purity are the essence
"
"
and worship, (4) that sin should be repented of, and (5) rewards in future his historical works a state. are punishments Among of the Rochelle a vindication ExpeditioBuckinghamii Duds (1656), to the expedition, a Life of Henry VIII. (1649), extremely partial brilliant of his a King, his Autobiography, which gives picture
contemporaries,
somewhat also was
and events of his time, and a his doings. of himself and He vaingloriousaccount the author of some of a metaphysical cast. On poems
manners
and
of the
88
whole
Dictionary of
his is
one
Literature English
most
the
of the
shining and
of spiritedfigures ed.
the time.
Autobiography
Collins, etc.
ed.
by
S. Lee
(1886). Poems
by J. Churton of
HERBERT,
was
GEORGE
Poet, brother (1593-1633)."
above,
School and Trinity Coll., Camb., where he took ed. at Westminster He became the orator and was 1619-27. in 1616, public his degree whom said the of is last and Bacon, Donne, friend of Sir H. Wotton, his writingsto to submit as held him in such high esteem to have of James I., who He acquired the favour him before publication. worth a year, and him a sinecure having power "120 conferred upon Court in the time the himself for to attached some ful friends, he of his two death of The of patrons, however, led
hope
preferment.
him
change his views, and coming under the influence of Nicholas of Little Gidding, and of Laud, he took orders in Ferrar, the quietist after 1626 and, serving for a few years as prebendary of Layton of in 1630 Rector Ecclesia, or Leighton Brooms wold, he became
to
Bemerton,
Wilts, where
of
a
ing
the duties
are
passed the with parishpriest

he
or
health, however,
works The
failed, and
Temple,
he d. Sacred Poems
remainder of his life, discharg conscientious assiduity. Hisi in his 4Oth year. His chief! and Private
Ejaculations
"
and Jacula Prudentium, a collec The Country Parson (1652), (1634), Not tion of pithy proverbialsayings,the two last in prose. pub. until the year after his death, The Temple had immediate acceptance, H.'s biographer, copies,according to I. Walton, who was 20,000 its admirers few were1 Among years. of the most some Coleridge. H. wrote exquisitesacred poetry in the language, although his style,inr, and characterised fluenced by artificiality by Donne, is at times excellent classical scholar, and an accomplished conceits. He was an
having
Charles
been
sold
in
I., Cowper, and
musician. Works with
Life by Izaak SIR
Walton,
ed.
1846, etc. by Coleridge,

"
HERBERT,
THOMAS
Traveller (1606-1682).
and
historian, belonged to an old Yorkshire in connection with an Camb., and went

and break taken
family,studied at Oxf. and embassy to Persia, of which,

"
of other Oriental countries, he pub. a description. On the out afterwards of the Civil War he was but was a Parliamentarian, into the household much of the King, to whom he became at
was
tached,
his only attendant, latterly he

was
and
was
with
him and
on
the1
scaffold. At the Restoration Threnodia Carolina, an pub. life. King's
account
made Baronet, a of the last two
in 1678' years of thitj
HERD,
DAVID
Scottish anthologist, s. of (1732-1810).

"
farmer in Kincardineshire, was clerk to an accountant in Edin., and devoted his leisure to collecting old Scottish poems and songs, which he first pub. in 1769 as Ancient Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads, etc. Other and enlarged ed. appeared in 1776 and W. Scott Sir 1791. of his MS. made collections in his Minstrelsy of the Scottish use Border.
HERRICK, ROBERT
apprenticed
as
a
Poet, b. in London, (1591-1674).

"
was
goldsmith to
his uncle, Sir William
H., with
whom
he remained
189
orders, and
Thereafter he went to Camb., took for 10 years. of Dean in 1629 presentedby Charles I. to the living Prior, a remote parishin Devonshire, from which he was ejectedin In the interval he appears to have lived 1647, returningin 1662.
was or
pub. in Human Divine in both and 1648, and Hesperides 1647, in vol. the latter Over in the two one 60, however, together year. in Hesperideshad previously included of the lighter appeared poems entitled Wit's H.'s collection Recreations. in a early anonymously in which had been a free one, and his secular poems, life in London
was
probably supported, more or wealthy Royalists. His Noble Numbers

in Westminster, his
or
less, by the
Pieces
of gifts
Pious
Works
than in his sacred, show him to have at ease he appears much more not been a thorough Epicurean, though he claims that his life was As a lyricpoet H. stands in the front to be judged by his muse. and some of his love rank for sweetness, grace, and true poeticfire, and Gather Rose-buds, are unsurpassed in ye songs, e.g. Anthea, in such little poems their kind; while Blossoms, as exquisite he finds classic for his others love of a nd a expression Daffodils, In his life. falls much and he nature epigrams, however, country the most He has been described below himself. as franklypagan
"
of
English poets." ed. by Nutt (1810),Grosart Swinburne, 1891). HERSCHEL, SIR JOHN FREDERICK
Poems S. of Sir William
(1876),Pollard
WILLIAM
and
(prefaceby
(1792-1871)."
discoverer
of the at at b. and ed. where he was Camb., Slough, planet Uranus, was Senior Wrangler and first Smith's of the one prizeman. He became his of astronomers. treatises are English Among writings greatest
astronomer
H., the eminent
and manual leading

on
Sound
Light, and his Astronomy (1831) was the subject. He also pub. Popular on
made translations from
for
long
the
Lectures
Collected Addresses, and the Iliad.
Schiller,and
and from
HERVEY,
of Weston
writer,Rector Religious JAMES (1714-1758).

"
Pavel 1,Northants,
was
the author
the Tombs (1745-47),Theron and had a great vogue in their day. wrought sentiment, and overloaded
a
Aspasio,
They
with
are
of Meditations among and other works, which characterised by over H. down

was a
devout
delicate
unselfish and constitution.
man,
who
by
florid ornament. his labours broke
HERVEY,
was a
JOHN,
s.
LORD
Writer (1696-1743).
"
of memoirs,
younger
of the
ist Earl
proved an able debater, and Lord Privy Seal. He was a dexterous and supple courtier. He wrote Memoirs of the Reign of which unfavourable view of the and manners GeorgeII., gives a very morals of the Court. It is written in a lively, though often spiteful
style,
and
"
of Bristol. he Entering Parliament held various offices, includingthat of favourite with Queen Caroline, and a
and
contains He
was
sketches. Lord
many satirised
clever
by Pope
and under
discriminating
the
name
character
of
"
Sporus"
Fanny." PETER
was
HEYLIN,
Ecclesiastical writer, b. at (1600-1662).

"
Burford, Oxon.,
one
of the
clerical followers
of Charles
I.,who
190
suffered
being deprived under the Commonwealth for his fidelity, of Alresford, and other preferments. After the Restora of his living but the failure of his of Westminster, sub-Dean made tion he was He voluminous was a advancement. health prevented further controversialist acrimonious and against the keen a writer, and Puritans. Among his works are a History of the Reformation, and a
Life of Laud
(1668). (CyprianusA nglicanus)
HEYWOOD,
JOHN
Dramatist (i497?-i58o?).
"
and
epi
He grammatist, is believed to have been b. at North Mimms, Herts. More, and through him gained the friend of Sir Thomas was a VI. and of Edward at the Court of Henry VIII., and was favour had he a Princess, great regard. Being Mary, for whom, as a young
a
supporter
of the
old
he enjoyed religion,
accession where
and the regular the old "moralities" between constructive skill,and a racy, if drama, and displayed considerable humour. broad and even somewhat Among his interludes are coarse, Love The The Play of the Wether Play of (1533).and The (1532), is The An allegorical Pardoner and the Frere. Spider and the poem the Spider stands for the Protestants, and the Flie (1556),in which likewise the author of some Catholics. H. was Flie for the Roman his title of " the old English epigrammatist." 600 epigrams,whence
he d. He was intermediate position
of Elizabeth, he famous
her favour, but on the went to Mechlin, left the country, and of com as a writer of interludes,a species
HEYWOOD,
THOMAS
(d. 1650).
"
Dramatist.
Few
facts
derived him have come about down, and these are almost entirely been in have b. He from his own to Lincolnshire, writings. appears and was Fellow Protestant. of Peterhouse, Camb., and an ardent a 1600 to 1641, and his pro His literary extends from about activity " had a main duction was unceasing; he claims to have written or
finger in
only a small proportion (24) are for by many of known to be in existence, a fact partly accounted them and by the having been written upon the backs of tavern bills, circumstance that though a number of them were popular,few were
220
"
plays,of
which
pub.
The Four Prentices of Lon* Among them may be mentioned don in Fletcher's (1600) (ridiculed Knight of the Burning Pestle), Edward IV. (2 parts)in 1600 and 1605, The Royal King and the A Woman Killed with Kindness Loyal Subject (1637), (1603),Rape Fair Maid Love's Mistress of Lucrece (1608), of the Exchange (1607), (1636), and Wise Woman an of Hogsdon (1638). H. also wrote Apology for Actors (1612), a poem, Hierarchy of the Blessed He was Angels (1635),and made various translations. thoroughly
English in
and
course
his
to
and treatment, subjects
and
had
invention, liveliness,
and of
truth
wrote
nature,
far too
but much
OR
lacked
to write
the
higher poetic sense, uniformly well.

"
HIGDEN,
believed
RANULF
been
RALPH
(d.1364). Chronicler,is
b. in the West of England, took the monastic Vow Chester travelled at in 1299, and seems to have (Benedictine), the North over of England. His fame rests on his Polychronicon, a universal down The to events. history reaching contemporary work is divided
an
to have
into
has authority,
7 books interest as
and, though of
no
great
value
as
an
showing
the state
of historical and
geo-
in Latin, it was Written trans graphicalknowledge at the time. and printed by lated into English by John of Trevisa (q.v.) (1387), translation of the I5th Another Caxton (1482),and by others.
century
was
issued work.
in the H.
approved history.
writer,
minster
5.
For two centuries it was Rolls Series. an various other treatises on wrote theology and
HILL, AARON
of
a
"
and miscellaneous
country gentleman
thereafter made
School, and
of 17 dramatic author some pieces, also wrote Voltaire's Zaire and Merope, being adaptations. He a is good passages, quantity of poetry, which, notwithstanding some satiric as a Having written some general rule dull and pompous. in The Dunciad, which led lines on Pope he received in return a niche H. to a controversy, in which reconciliation took place. He
a spirit. Afterwards friend and a was correspondent of he highly praised. In addition to his his but schemes were great projector, and honourable but was a good man,
of Wiltshire, was ed. at West in the East. He was the a tour of them, such as his versions of
showed
some
Richardson,
whose
Pamela
was a
literary pursuits H.
usually
unsuccessful.
over-impressedwith
He his own
importance.
"
HINTON,
Writer JAMES (1822-1875).
on
and sociology
a successful aurist,but psychology,s. of a Baptist minister, became social arrested he and his attention by being questions, gave more consideration time the and of these. his to of more exposition Openhis books full of thought and suggestion. and altruistic, minded are
Among
his
writingsmay
be Pain
mentioned The (1866),
Man Law
The (1859),
on Chapters
Mystery of and the Art of Thinking (1879),
Dwelling-place Life (1874), Philosophyand Religion

con
and his of Human
(1881).
HOADLEY,
and BENJAMIN (1676-1761). Theologian

"
Camb., entered the Church, and became Bishop and Winchester. o f He successively Bangor, Hereford, Salisbury, of the was a great supporter of the Revolution, and controvertor
ed. troversialist,
at
doctrines
of divine either the generally
right
causes
and of
passive obedience.
controversy
or
or
His works were elicited by it. One of

was
his sermons, On the Nature of the Kingdom of what the originating known cause was time for with which a raged long troversy,
Church of Christ the Bangorian great bitterness.

as
con
HOBBES, THOMAS
Malmesbury,
travelled the
5.
was (1588-1679). Philosopher,

"
b. at
he and with William as through France, Italy, Germany, Lord Cavendish, afterwards 2nd Earl of Devonshire," with whom he remained after the completion of the tour. While as sec. engaged in
a
of
clergyman, and
ed. at Oxf.
Thereafter
tutor
this capacityhe became acquainted with Bacon (whose amanuensis he is said to have been),Herbert of Cherbury, and Ben Jonson. In 1629 he pub. a translation of Thucydides. After the death of his took placein 1626, he went in 1628 to Paris, where he for 18 months, and in 1631 he assumed the positionof tutor to his s., afterwards the 3rd Earl, with whom he went in 1634 to France, Italy, and Savoy. When in Italy he was the friend of remained
patron,which
192
men.
Galileo, Gassendi, and other eminent in the Earl's service, and he remained
on
Returning
to
England
devoted
philosophy and
The politics.
commotions
himself to his studies of the times, how
expounded in his and his Royalistprinciples, disturbed him; ever, in treatise,De Corpore Politico,led to his again, 1641,leaving England until 1652. While he remained there, he and going to Paris, where with mathematical Descartes, subjects on entered into
controversy works, including Leviathan, and principal pub. tutor to the in 1647, the appointment of mathematical
some
of his
received,
Prince of The
then in that city. was II., who him into such un however, his works, brought in views expressed break the it to found connec expedient popularitythat the Prince his relations In 1653 he resumed to returned H. England. and tion, in habits of however, in London family, living, with the Devonshire
Wales,
Charles 'afterwards
intimacy with tion the King
Selden, Cowley, and

him
a
Dr.
Harvey.
conferred upon but of the day, it was the Royal benefactions his at Chatsof in the family patron, chiefly later years were spent until his death, his continued activity he literary worth, where H. most of the his in was one occurred in 1679, which gist year. continued influence to prominent Englishmen of his day, and has
pension of
the Restora like most of irregularly paid. His
On
^100, but
thought philosophical
more
or
less
ever
since, generally, however,
propositionis that all by evoking opposition. selfishness based (more or less en action is ultimately human upon social sentiments. or allowing no place to the moral lightened), is viewed as a purely selfish in his political writingsman Similarly hand of authority. the restraint in held be must strong by being who De works are His chief philosophical Corpore Politico,already men Rudiments concerningGovern tioned, pub. in 1640; Philosophical translated into in and Society, Latin, Englishin 1650; ment originally
His
fundamental
and Power the Matter, Form, of a Commonwealth, Nature Human Treatise on Ecclesiastical and Civil (1651); (1650); and Letters upon Liberty and Necessity (1654). Generallyspeaking, of his principal all his works led him into controversy,one opponents
Leviathan,
or
is Letters upon Liberty and Necessity,which of written the ablest indeed ever of the ablest of them, and one one the subject,brought him into collision with Bramhall, Bishop of on He he completely overthrew. not, how was Londonderry, whom of th0 in his mathematical successful one controversies, so ever,
being Clarendon.
The
chief
of
which
was
on
the
Quadrature
of
the
Circle.
Here
his
able the famous mathematician was Wallis, who In 1672, when demonstrate his errors. 84, H. wrote his year translated 4 autobiography in Latin verse, and in the same received well that he completed books of the Odyssey, which were so of the Iliad. the whole the remaining books, and also translated
antagonist was
easily to
Though accurate largely to convey

which their Civil
at
fail literal renderingsof the sense, these works the beauties of the original, notwithstanding issued within three ed. were 10 years, and they long retained Behemoth, a history of the popularity. His last work was occurred his death, which War, completed just before
as
Hardwick
Hall,
one
though a clear and characterised by
bold
a
of the Devonshire family. Al and keen controversialist, he was thinker, a certain constitutional timidity believed to of the
seats
193
the time caused been near have by the alarm of his mother of the Spanish Armada. descent of his birth at the threatened faults which of and contradiction, impatient Though dogmatic which of his had the H. with him opinions, courage age, grew upon he did not trim to suit the times. SUMMARY. B. 1 588,ed. Oxf., became acquaintedwith Bacon, went
"
Paris 1628, in Italy 1634, pub. De Corpore Politico (1640), again with while there in and Descartes, was n Paris controversy 1641-52, tutor to Charles and pub. Leviathan appointed mathematical (1651), later at !I. 1647, returned Restoration, to England 1652, pensioned Nature 1650, Liberty and rears spent at Chatsworth, pub. Human and Wallis, writes auto Necessity1654, controversy with Bramhall Behemoth translates Homer, 1679, d. 1679. pub. biography 1672,
to
Works "y Groom
ed. by Sir W. Robertson.
Molesworth
Life by
L.
monograph (16 vols. 1839-46), Stephen (EnglishMen of Letters

"
Series).
HOBY,
SIR
THOMAS
Translator, b. (1530-1566).
at
Leominster, and
Gratulation Bucer's to the ed. at Camb., translated the *,hurch of England, and The Courtyerof Count Baldessar Castillo, Paris while Ambas H. in d. had great popularity. atter of which ador to France.
HOCCLEVE,
robably
OR
OCCLEVE, THOMAS
where he appears
(1368 P-I450?). Poet,

"
b. in London,
to have
spent
most
of his
intended for in Chester's Inn in the Strand. ife,living Originally in Seal the he Church, he received Office, an Privy appointment which until 1424, when he retained assignedhim in quarters were In 1399 a pension of "10, subsehe Priory of Southwick, Hants. conferred increased had been 6s. to him, 8d., [uently ^13, upon him thus which, however, was furnishing paid only intermittently, have been with a perpetualgrievance. His early life appears to and to the end he was a man. weak, vain, discontented irregular, lis chief work is De Regimine Principum or Governail of Princes, written The best part of this is an autobiographical 1411-12. holds in which he orelude Mai de T. Hoccleve, Regie up his youthful in the MS. ollies as a warning. It is also interesting as containing, all subsewhich n the British Museum, a drawing of Chaucer, from have been taken. [uentportraits
HOFFMAN,
New and fran any
aer,
CHARLES FENNO York, s. of a lawyer, was
Poet, etc., b (1806-1884).

"
deserted ,arly
but bred to the same profession, it for literature. He wrote a successful novel, Greysmuch of which displayedmore lyrical verse, some power which had preceded it in America.
HOGG,
JAMES (THE
ETTRICK
SHEPHERD) (1770-1835).
"
and writer of tales,belonged to a race of shepherds, and began r*oet, ife by herding cows until he was trusted old enough to be with a lock of sheep. His imaginationwas fed by his mother, who was "ossessed of an He inexhaustible stock of ballads and folk-lore. tad little schooling, and had great difficulty in writing out his earlier but was earnest in giving himself such culture as he could. x"ems, the service of Mr. Laidlaw, the friend of Scott, he was Entering by
G
194
him
poet, and assisted Minstrelsy. In 1796 he had
to the
material collecting begun to write his songs, for his Border under the visit to Edin. in 1801 he coll. his poems and when a on there followed The Moun and in 1807 title of Scottish Pastorals, etc., the diseases of sheep brought him A treatise on "300, tain Bard. he embarked a sheep-farming enter the strengthof which upon on in prise in Dumfriesshire which, like a previous smaller venture returned to Ettrick and he bankrupt. Harris, proved a failure,
introduced
him
in
for suppor Fore this view he, in 1810, settled in Edin., pub. The critical which for started a the and ran journal, Spy, Minstrel, his showed full Wake and final] The In 1813 Queen's powers, year. the poets of his country settled his rightto an assured place among the friend of Wilson He joinedthe staff of Blackwood, and became
Thenceforward
With
he
relied almost
entirelyon
literature
Other and Byron. followed, The Pilgrims o poems Poetic Mirror, and The the Madoc Moor, the Sun of (1815), Quee The Thre Hynde (1826); and in prose Winter Evening Tales (1820), In his late Perils of Man (1822),and The Three Perils of Woman. Altrive his at of moorlan home a on acres was cottage 70 years
Wordsworth,
of Buccleuch, where he d. greatl by the Duchess his almost As might be expected from total want lamented. often in H. but he ha education, was taste, greatly wanting regular of his lyrics real imagination and poetic faculty. Some like Tht in their and hi sweetness, and Skylark are perfect spontaneity Kilmeny is one of the most exquisitefairytales in the language vain and greedy of praise, but honest and, beyond hi Hogg was is He a leading character, partlyidealised,parti means, generous.
presentedto
him
caricatured, in Wilson's
Noctes
Ambrosiancs.
"
HOGG,
of
mar
THOMAS
a
* Biographer, JEFFERSON (1792-1862). Gram gentleman of Durham, ed. at Durham the acquaintance Coll.,Oxf., where he made
John H.,
country
Univ. of Shelley, whose lifelong friend and biographerhe became. Associate with S. in the famous The on Necessity of Atheism, h* pamphlet shared in the expulsionfrom the Univ. which it entailed,and there after devoted himself to the law, being called to the Bar in 18 17.
School, and
1832
cences
he contributed
to
to Bulwer's
was
New much
Monthly Magazine
admired.
his Reminis he
was
of Shelley,which
Thereafter of which
write a biography of the pleted 2 vols., but in so singulara fashion which he had been entrusted withdrawn. was
commissioned
poet,
he com that the material wit The work, which
probably unique in the annals of biography, while giving a vivk and credible picture of S. externally, shows true appreciation no o him a as poet, and reflects with at least equal prominence tin render humorously eccentric personality of the author, which it entertaining in no Other of H. works common wer" degree. Memoirs of travels, Tw* of Prince Alexy Haimatoff, and a book Hundred and Nine of Williams Days (1827). He m. the widow drowned with friend, who was him. Shelley's along THOMAS HOLCROFT, Dramatist, s. of (1745-1809).
"
small
a some
Newmarket
in London, passed his youth as a pedlar,and a stable boy. A charitable bin having given person education he became th" a schoolmaster, but in 1770 went on
shoemaker
provincial stage.
to introduce
195
He
then
Road
to
the melodrama Ruin (1792) is the
took to writingplays,and was the first into England. his plays,The Among best, and is still acted; others were
Duplicity (1781),and A Tale of Mystery. Among his novels are Alwyn (1780),and Hugh Trevor, and he wrote the well-known song, of stern and irascible temper, indus GafferGray. H. was a man trious and energetic, and a sympathiser with the French Revolution.
HOLINSHED,
d.
OR
HOLLINGSHEAD,
to
a
RAPHAEL
OR
RALPH
isSo?).
"
Belonged
to have to
Cheshire
Anthony priest. He came Reginald Wolf, a

His
Wood
been
at one
London,
family, and is said by of the Univ., and to have been and in the employment of was
hack-work. from which considerable assistance
printer, making translations and doing of Englande, Scotlande, and Irelande, of his history, based to a was Shakespeare drew much
extent
on
German Chronicles
the
collections
of W.
Harrison, R.
of Leland, and Stanyhurst, and others.
he had the The intro
of England and the English was the work of ductory description to Ireland, and H. him Harrison, Stanyhurst did the part relating self the historyof England and Scotland, the latter being mainly translated from the works of Boece and Major. Pub. in 1577 it had and wide and a an welcome, lasting eager popularity. A later ed. in ed. by J. Hooker and Stow. It is a work of real value of useful and interesting a magazine information, with the authori ties cited. Its tone is stronglyProtestant, its styleclear.
1586
was
"
HOLLAND,
JOSIAH
GILBERT
Novelist (1819-1881).
"
and
et, b. in Massachusetts, helped to found and ed. Scribner's Monthly the Century Magazine), in which (afterwards appeared his novels, 'rthur Bonnicastle, The Minturn. Story of Sevenoaks, Nicholas
n
poetry
he wrote
Bitter Sweet
Kathrina, (1858),
"
etc.
HOLLAND,
helmsford,
and
PHILEMON
ed. at
Translator, b. (1552-1637).
Camb.,
was
at
master
medicine. entry, where he also practised ade in good Elizabethan Natural English,are of Pliny's
of the free school at His chief translations,
History,
Camden's
(Plutarch's Morals, Suetonius, Xenophon's Cyrop"dia, and

\Britannia.
been Ihardly later [His There
are
passages
in the second
of these
excelled
were
by
any in
later prose
translator
which have of the classics.
years
passed
poverty.
HOLMES,
OLIVER
WENDELL
(1809-1894). Essayist,
"
b. of good Dutch and ovelist, and poet, was English stock at amb., Massachusetts, the seat of Harvard, where he graduated in in Paris, 829. He studied law, then medicine, first at home, latterly hence he returned in 1835, and practised in his native town. In 838 he was appointed Prof, of Anatomy and Physiology at Dartouth he was in 1847 transferred Coll., from which to a similar lair at Harvard. to he had done little in literature: his Up 1857
" of poems, containing The Last Leaf," had been pub. ut in that the Atlantic started with Lowell Monthly was year and H. contributor. In it aped., as was a engaged principal pr :ared the trilogy which he is best Autocrat The known, by of the
t book
Table reakfast
The (1857),
Professor,The
Poet
all graceful, (1872),
196
The poems
He egotistical. pleasantly has been called
"
allusive, and
(1861),which
Guardian
which
"
Angel. By
Nautilus,"
and less,"
lie imbedded The Last Leaf,"
Venner the snake story of literature," and for the he is valued most readers many " The Chambered in his books, such as
wrote
"
also
Elsie
Homesick
in
Heaven,"
"
The
Voice
"The
Boys."
"
HOME,
Dramatist, s. JOHN (1722-1808).

b.,ed. there
and
of the Town
at Edin., and entere" he was Clerk of Leith, where Before the Church. doing so, however, he had fought on th" in the side '45,and had, after the Battle of Falkirk, been Royalist he escaped. His ministeria Doune Castle, whence a prisonerin which was passed at Athelstaneford, East Lothian, was brought life, Courts his producing th" on end by the action of the Church had been which This drama, of by Garrick rejected Douglas. play created immense Edin. in an in sensation, anc but brought out 1756, the following H. then became in London its appearance made year. privatesec. to the Earl of Bute, who gave him the sinecure of Con"
to an
Thereaftei at Campvere in Holland. of Scots Privileges servator Wales Prince of w ho hisacces the he was on tutor to (George III.), Other him sion conferred a pension of ^300. plays were Thi upon Fatal and The Alonzo, Discovery Alfrec (1769), Siege of Aquileia,
(1778),which
was
total failure. he settled
In 1778 Rebellion. brilliant circle of literary men claims the of He supported Ossian.
He also wrote a History of th in Edin., where he was of th" one Robertson of which the centre was the to be translator o: Macpherson
Miscellaneous writer, b. a WILLIAM convinced in Hi: his youth became and active democrat. a Bath, zeal in the propagationof his views, political and philanthropic, wa in his busines: want of success so absorbing as to lead to a uniform
HONE,
(1780-1842).
"
satirical writings,which had im undertakings. He pub. many which The Political House that Joel mense were popularity, among Built (1819), in the Moon The Man (1820),The Political Showmat and The Apocryphal New Testament. For one of his earlies (1821), satires, The Political Litany, pub. in 1817, he was prosecuted,bu he acquitted. Later brought out Ancient Mysteries (1823),Ever Table Book and Year Booh Day Booh (1828) (1826-27), (1827-28), These he had the assistance of other writers, ar works, in which full of curious miscellaneous on learning subjects,such as cere
etc. His last literary wa enterprise ed. of Strutt's Sports and Pastimes self-sacri a (1830). Always and honest he was an ficing unbeliever,but in hi man, originally he atter became sincere Christian. a years
an
monies, dress, sports,customs,
HOOD,
of
a
THOMAS
Poet (1799-1845).
"
and
comic
writer,s
in London, where he was b., was put into a mercan but the confinement tile office, adverse his health, he wa to proving sent to Dundee, where the family had h connections, and where obtained some literary employment. His health being restored, h returned to London, and entered the employment of an uncle as a] Here he acquired an acquaintance with drawing, whic] engraver. he afterwards turned to account in illustrating his comic writings
bookseller
197
he became, at the account Aiter working for a short time on his own Magazine, and made the acquaintge of 22, sub-editor of the London and of many nce literary men, including De Quincey, Lamb, Odes and Addresses to Great [azlitt. His first separate publication, Thus success. appeared in 1825, and had an immediate *eople,
ncouraged
and Oddities, and he produced in the next year Whims for 9 which he continued commenced The Comic he Annual, 1829, in Gem his Aram. The and wrote strikingpoem, Eugene ears, in 1824, a step which, though productive of [ean while he had m. could not be conle main happiness and comfort of his future life, health his had idered altogether begun to give way, and prudent,as
e
had
no
means
of
support
E his publisherinvolved is delicate health, made The between struggle. years
Soon afterwards but his pen. the failure him in difficulties which, combined with of his life a continual the remainder
the period of 1839 were this and for a of time he was most acute obligedto difficulty, abroad. In 1840 friends came to his assistance, and he was ve His health was, however, quite broken ble to return to England. but his industry never own, flagged. During the five years which
1834 part
and
to him he acted as ed. first of the New Monthly Magazine, of Hood's Monthly Magazine. In his last year a Govern ment pension of ^100 was granted to his wife. Among his other mentioned little be had Tylney Hall, a novel which writingsmay he satirised the English tourist, and Up the Rhine, in which uccess, emained nd then the onsidering ttle wonder
owers,
that
of pressure circumstances of his work much was line particular
under
which
but
in his
erious
ew
ire
are poems of them, such perfectin their kind.
ephemeral he is unique, while his instinct with imagination and true pathos. A the and The Shirt, as The Song of Bridge of Sighs
of humour dau. Ed. of Works
and
he wrote, it is his beneath
Life by
his
s.
and
by
same
(7 vols. 1862).
and
with Biography, by Ainger, 1897. elections,
HOOK,
at
THEODORE
a
EDWARD
"
ovelist,s. of James H., music-hall

As Harrow. Iramas. In 1805 he fhich was followed he
boy produced by Catch Him

were
b. in London, and was composer, for his father's comic words wrote a comic opera, The Soldier's Return, who Can. many he Both
lighlysuccessful, and
followed
by
and 1812
of them others. His
were mar-
ellous powers as a conversationalist avourite in the highest circles. In

nent
ears,
made improvisatore received
him
of Accountant-General of Mauritius, which when serious irregularities sent were discovered, and he was in Government for claim of tome a disgrace, " 12,000. prosecutedby jad imprisoned. It subsequentlyappeared that the actual peculaion had been the work of a subordinate, and that H. himself was
the appointhe held for 5
nly chargeable with gross neglect of duty, but though he was eleased the claims againsthim were He then not departed from. ed. of John Bull, a journalof high Tory and aristocratic proiccame which he conducted with great ability; he also ed. the New livities, which Monthly Magazine, and wrote many novels, among were and Gilbert and 'ayings Gurney, Doings (3 series), Jack Brag. 'hough making a largeincome, he was always in difficulties, and.
198
after in
a

broken health and he spirits, d. at Fulham
with long struggle 1841.
HOOK,
of
WALTER
FARQUHAR
s (1798-1875)." Biographer,
b. at Worcester, and ed, at Win of Worcester, he held various the benefices Church, Oxf. and Chester Entering his to Leeds of Vicar exertions, 20 owing (where,largely and became and afterwards schools were Dean and many built), churches new he was as a churchman Besides his labours volu a of Chichester.
James H., Dean
Die includingChurch Dictionary (1842), author, his works and Lives the Arch of tionary of Ecclesiastical Biography (1845-52), minous still engaged at was to Juxon, vol. xi. he had brought down His his death, and which he affirmed in which the Church the Hear (1838), Apostolical sermon much attention. succession of the Anglican episcopate,attracted
on bishops of Canterbury (1860-75),
which
he
HOOKER,
RICHARD
b. Theologian, (i554?-i6oo).
"
near
of which was Vowell. His ability name Exeter, of a familythe original him recommended to the notice o: and gentleness as a schoolboy Bishop Jewel, who sent him to Corpus Christi Coll., Oxf., where Fellow in 1577. His proficiency became he graduated and in a Two led to his appointment in 1579 as Deputy Prof. Hebrew years
later,1581, he took orders, and

of his
thereafter advantage was taken soon into an unsuitable to entrap him marriage with a simplicity had nursed named him it woman Joan Churchman, whose mother been have the illness. As connection an turnec might expected, out unhappily, his wife being a scold, and, according to Anthony woman." His fate may, clownish a Wood, however, haw silly, been mitigatedby the fact that his own sweet that h" was so temper
"
Some has doubt, moreover, angry. of the reporteddetails of his domestic life. In 1 582 some he received the living of Drayton-Beauchamp, in Bucks, and in the was following appointed Master of the Temple. Here he hac year for a colleague of mark as evening lecturer Walter Travers, a man is said never been cast on
to have
been
seen
among
the
Puritans. views
Though
on was
both
men
were
of the
finest
were
mora
character, their different,and as
questions widely disposed to conceal his opinions,i to be said that in the Temple the pulpitspake pure Canter came in the afternoon." bury in the morning and Geneva Things de into an animated in which H. considered vteloped was controversy, to have and the triumphed, Archbishop (Whitgift)suspended
neither
"
ecclesiastical
become intolerable for H. wh" their differences, and he petitioned Whitgift that he might retire to the country and find time anc quiet to complete his great work, the Ecclesiastical Polity, on whicl he was in 1591, presented to th( engaged. He was accordingly, of Boscombe near living sub-Dean and Amesbury, and made 2 minor Prebendary of Salisbury. Here he finished The Four Books 0) the Lawes The of Ecclesiastical Polity,pub. in 1594. following yeaj he was of Bishopsbourne presented by Queen Elizabeth to the living Kent. Here the fifth book was and here he d. in 1600 pub. (1597), The sixth and eighth books were not pub. until 1648, and the seventt
Travers.
The
however, position,
in
had
respected his opponent
of spite
only appeared
in
greatest achievements
1662. The alike in
Ecclesiastical Polity is
one
of
the
English theology and
English litera-
ture,
a
199
masterpiece of reasoning and eloquence,in a style stately Hallam con and sonorous, though often laborious and involved. had the writer better sidered that no displayed capacities English of the language. The argument is directed againstthe Romanists
the other, and the fundamental hand and the Puritans on the one of law as the mani idea is the unity and all embracing character The festation of the divine order of the universe." distinguishing " his Fuller calls dove-like sim what note of H.'s character was describes him his "an as biographer, plicity." Izaak Walton,
on
"
obscure, harmless
...
man,
in
worn
poor full of
clothes, of
with
mean
stature
and and
body stooping holy mortification, his face

purblind, yet short, or
his
'out, not
age,
. .
but
.
study,
and tho'
priesthe
low
.
.
was
faithful
none
gesture
book
not heat-pimples as a parish weak, sighted." In his calling and diligent. In preaching his voice was at all, standing stone-still in the pulpit."
"
The
sixth
doubtful seventh
of the Ecclesiastical authority, and to have no
Polity has
claim have to been
"
been considered its place, and
of the
and
eighth are
rough
Some notes. relatives. his wife's first appears in the
believed of his MSS.
to
were
"
put together from destroyed after his death by
Works, ed.
It includes
epithet judicious attached to his name his monument at Bishopsbourne. on inscription ed. revised by Church, etc. (1888). by Keble (1836) ; new
The
the
Life by
I. Walton.
"
HOOLE,
Translator,s. JOHN (1727-1803).
of
watch
and inventor, was maker b. in London, and was in the India House, he rose of which to be principal auditor (1744-83). He translated Tasso's Delivered and Ariosto's Orlando Furioso Jerusalem (1763), well as other works from the Italian. He was as also the (1773-83), author of three dramas, which failed. He is described by Scott as
"
noble
transmuter
of
gold into
lead."
"
art, of Amsterdam, of Scotch descent, his wealthy merchant family having emigrated to Holland in the I7th century. In early life he spent much time in travel, studying architecture, and collect of ing objects art. Returning, he settled in London, and occupied himself in arranginghis vast collections. In 1807 he pub. a work on
on
was a
HOPE, THOMAS
Novelist (1770-1831).
and writer
Household
two
Furniture the
and
taste
Decoration, which
in such
proving public magnificentworks, On Costumes Designs of Modern

been somewhat astonished the Memoirs of a Modern he had that
had a great effect in im This was matters. followed by the Costume and of the Ancients (1809), (1812). Up to this time his reputation but upholsterer, in 1819
novel, Anastasius ; or, full of imagination, work descriptive This book, which was power, and knowledge of the world. pub. attributed to and credited was to the anonymously, Byron, only author his avowing it in Blackwood's on Magazine. H. also wrote Greek,
a a
transcendent world literary by his

a
of
treatise
on
the
was
tecture.
He
Originand Prospects of Man, and Essays on Archi munificent and discerning artists. patron of rising
HENRY
or
HORNE,
Eccentric
RICHARD
was
HENGIST
(1803-1884).
"
poet,
India
Company
b. in London, and ed. at Sandhurst for the East Service, but failed to get a nomination. After a
200
to Navy, he returned of adventure, partlyin the Mexican with combative 1828 c areer in a literary highly and began England, His next appearance, The in the Athenceum. a poem, Hecatompylos, obstacles thrown the of in the an exposition False Medium (1833),
youth
raised a nest of middlemen, of genius" by literary of "men " epicpoem," pub. 1843 at the priceof one hornets; and Orion, an include Cosmo de Medici His followed. plays, which farthing, did and not add Judas Iscariot, The Death of Marlowe (1837), (1837), he Spiritof the Age (1844), to his reputation. In The New way
greatly
had the
was
assistance
not
a
of Mrs.
Browning^
Though
writer
of talent,
he
poet. THOMAS HARTWELL

for
a
HORNE,
(1780-1862). Theologian,
"
a law, but became ed. at Christ's Hospital,was Introduction to the Critical great biblical scholar, and in 1818 pub. in consideration (1818), Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures the usual preliminaries, admitted to orders without he was of which and a and in 1833 obtained a benefice in London prebend in St.
time
in the
Paul's, and
ment
to the
of the
Study
in the printed books assistant senior depart Museum (1824-60). He wrote an Introduction and various other works, but he of Bibliography(1814),
was
British
is chiefly remembered
was
in connection
was
with very
and reprinted, frequently at home and in America.
that first mentioned, which widely used as a text-book
both
HOUGHTON,
"
RICHARD
MONCKTON
MILNES,
IST
LORD
(1809-1885). Poet,
in London, of Commons the
s. of Robert (known as "single-speech")M., b. He and ed. privatelyand at Camb. sat in the House from when for Pontefract he was raised to 1837-63, His interests however, mainly literaryand were, Peerage.
everybody sympathies being of able to bringtogetherthe most oppositeextremes the widest, he was of life and opinion. He championed the cause of oppressed nation of the slave. He and vols. of poetry, among alities, pub. many which Leaves were Poetry for the People (1840),and Palm (1848). He also wrote a Life of Keats, and various books of travels. Though he had not the depth of mind of feeling to make or intensity a great is the work of a man of high culture, gracefuland poet, his verse such as The Beating of my refined, and a few of his shorter poems strike and own true note which Heart, a StrangersYet, gained for
was
and philanthropic, worth knowing at
it
said of him
that
he
"
knew
home
and
abroad;
"
and
his
"
them
wide
acceptance. EDWARD
and
HOWARD,
of
Novelist,a (d.1841)."
as
sea-comrade
Captain Marryat, MetropolitanMagazine.
sub-ed.
assisted
him
sea
in
conducting the
is the best
He
Rattlin the Reefer, sometimes known. Others Outward were
wrote several attributed to Bound and
novels, of which
Ashore.
s.
Marryat,
Jack
of
HOWARD,
the Earl outbreak he of of
was
SIR
the
ROBERT
he
Dramatist, (1626-1698)."
brother-in-law
was
of
the
was
Berkshire, and
Civil War with
of the After and
Dryden. King's party,
On and
imprisoned during the Commonwealth.

ever,
in favour
the
Court,
the Restoration, howheld many important
201
of which the best was The Committee, plays, posts. He wrote some collaborated with Dryden in The Indian and Queen. He was at odds with him, however, on the questionof rhyme, the use of which he wrote against in very indifferent blank verse.
HOWE,
Puritan divine, 6. at LoughJOHN (1630-1705).

"
borough, of which his /. was curate, studied at Camb., and became, in 1652, minister of Great Torrington,Devonshire, where he was famous In 1657 and prayers. for the unusual lengthof his sermons Oliver Cromwell made him his resident chaplain at Whitehall, a Richard which he retained under C., so long as the latter position On the Restoration H. returned held the office of Protector. to
Great Torrington,from which, however, he was ejectedin 1662. Thereafter he wandered from placeto place, preachingin secret until Ireland when he went to as 1671, chaplainto Lord Massareene, and in 1675 he became minister of a dissenting in London. congregation In 1685 he travelled with Lord Wharton the Continent, but re on turned in 1687 to London, where he d. in 1705. H. was the author which The are practical divinity, among Doctrine into the the and The Living Temple, Inquiry of Trinity, Divine Presence. The substance of his writings is better than their is involved which and style, extremely diffuse,and evinces much H. is described of a fine presence and dignified as vigour of mind.
manners.
of many
excellent
works
of
Ho WELL,
of
a
Miscellaneous JAMES (i594?-i666).

"
s. writer,
at Oxf. and at Abernant, Caermarthenshire, was the greater part of his earlier life travelling in various Con tinental countries, including the Low Countries, France, Spain, and various of matters on business, duringwhich he became versed Italy, in many and amassed and observa stores of information languages, tions on men and manners. He was and was a keen on Royalist, this account imprisoned in the Fleet, 1643-51. He wrote a large
clergyman
spent
number of books, including In Dodona's Grove, a political allegory, structions for Foreign Travel (1642), Tears thePresent for England's
Wars,
Trance,
or
Eliance, Familiar
It is
one
News Hofrom Hell, and above all,Epistolce written in the Fleet to imaginary Letters, chiefly
no
correspondents,but
of the
doubt
most
upon and interesting
based
notes
of his
own
books entertaining
travels. in the
HOWIE, JOHN (1735-1793). a Renfrewshire Biographer,

"
farmer, who
claimed
descent
Lives of the martyrs of Scotland
to Hamilton, the first, the under the title of Scots Worthies. The last, James Renwick, work of an unlettered man, it has considerable merit as regardsboth matter and style, and was the Scottish peasan long a classic among try as well as higherorders of the people.
from from
an
wrote Albigensianrefugee,
Patrick
Ho WITT,
"
WILLIAM
was
Ho WITT, (1792-1879),
writers.
a
MARY
was
(BOTHAM)
and Derbyshire,
William
H.
to apprenticed
as
builder; Mary
b. at Heanor, b. at Colewas
ford, Gloucestershire;they m.
they
carried
on
business
in 1821, and settled at Hanley, where chemists. Two years later they reG2
2O2
moved where
to

much for 12 where they remained years, and accomplished. Thereafter literarywork was at Esher, London, Heidelberg,and Rome, at successively Their both d. which work, which was literary they very
Nottingham,
of their
lived the last of
they
partlyin conjunction, partly independently, of subjects variety a poetry, fiction, social economical and and subjects. Useful history, translations, of it is William's and pleasingin its day, little likelyto survive. Rural Life in England include A History of Priestcraft works (1833), and Haunts Places, Homes of the Poets, (1837),Visits to Remarkable in Rural Gold and Life Germany, History of the (1855), Land, Labour, and History of Discovery in Australia. Mary trans Supernatural,
voluminous,
was
done
and
covered
considerable
"
lated
the
Swedish
novels
wrote
Leighton and The tales and for children, and Cost of Caergwyn, many poems Their jointproductionsinclude The States. a History of the United A bbeys and Castles Forest Minstrel, Book of the Seasons, and Ruined
successful
and Improvisators,
of Frederica Bremer, novels, includingWood
H.
C.
Andersen's
of Great Britain.
munion in
Both Church
or
brought
of Rome.
1847, and
became
up as believers
Quakers, they left that in spiritualism; and in
com
1882
Mary joinedthe
HUCHOWN,
Unless He
was
SIR HUGH
Sir
OF
EGLINTON
-: (ft. i4th cent.)."
identified
a
with
Wyntoun.
nobleman
writer If he related
is shrouded in mystery. of alliterative verse, referred to by Andrew of be identified with Sir Hugh, he was an Ayrshire
Hugh,
Huchown
to Robert II.,b. of Lothian, and ningham, Justiciar David II. He also held office under
c.
1300-20, Chamberlain for the Commissioner
of Cun
by
some
scholars
Destruction
of
to have translated Troy and The Wars
In that case the poems bearingthe titles The of A lexander.

"
Borders. also he is believed
HUGHES,
was a
JOHN (1677-1720). Essayistand
dramatist,
clerk in the Ordnance Office,then sec. for the Commission of He contributed the Peace. to the Spectator, Taller, and Guardian, ed. Spenser, and several dramas, of which wrote the best is The
Siege of Damascus.
its
It was his last,he having d. on the first night of Addison talent performance. thought so well of his dramatic that he requestedhim to write the conclusion of Cato. He, however, finished it himself. H. was a highly respectable person, and is commemorated affectionately by Sir Richard Steele.
HUGHES,
grapher,
called
was
s.
THOMAS
of
a
Novelist (1823 ?-i896)."

was squire,
and
bio
Berkshire
in
ed. at most
to
Tom which School-days (1856), and perhaps remains the best picture of English public-school larity, life in the language. Its sequel,Tom Brown at Oxford (1861), was a comparative failure,but his Scouring of the White Horse deals in with his own a charming way countryside. He also wrote Lives of Alfred the Great, Bishop Fraser, and D. Macmillan, the publisher. H. devoted much attention to philanthropic in conjunction work with Kingsley and Maurice. In 1882 he was appointed a County Court Judge.
the Bar Brown's
1848.
Much
the
Rugby and Oxf., and successful of his books had an immense popu

HUME,
5th
Lord
203 Patrick,
ALEXANDER
Poet, (1560-1609).
"
s.
of
Polwarth, ed. at St. Andrews, and on the Continent, was himself to the service destined for the law, but devoted originally minister of Logic in Stirlingshire. of the Church, and was He pub.
Sacred Songs, including the of a summer Estival," descriptive day. in 1599
Hymns
and
beautiful
"Day
HUME,
and historian, DAVID, (1711-1776). Philosopher

"
b. and second of Joseph H., of Ninewells, Berwickshire, was s. intended the law. for For this, however, he ed. in Edin., and was into which he was initiated had no aptitude, and commercial pursuits he was in a counting-housein Bristol proving equallyuncongenial,
permitted
to
follow he
France, where
on a study, living pub. anonymously
and in 1734 to went Rheims and La Fleche in passed three years at him by his /. In 1739 he small allowance made his Treatise on Human attracted Nature, which out
his
bent, literary
little attention. wells his desirous tion of of
Having
returned
to Scotland, he
.
wrote
at
Nine-
and Philosophical (1 74 1 -42) He now became some finding employment which would put him in a posi independence,and having been unsuccessful in his candida in 1745 ture for the Chau: of Moral Philosophy in Edin., he became whose state was to the Marquis of Annandale, a nobleman governor little removed from insanity. Two later he the more accepted years St. of to General Judge-Advocate-General congenialappointment Clair on his expeditionto Port L' Orient, and in 1748 accompanied him he passed on to a on diplomatic mission to France, whence Vienna About the same time he produced his Philo and Turin. Essay in Miracles, sophicalEssays (1748),including the famous
Essays, Moral
which
rise to so much followed in controversy. These were gave he con of Morals, which 1751 by his Enquiry into the Principles sidered his best work; and in 1752 by his Political Discourses, which In the same alone of his works had an immediate success. year he in Chair of but for the was applied unsuccessfully Logic Glasgow, The access to appointed Keeper of the Advocates' Library in Edin. books and original this position him authorities which gave appears to have and the suggestedto his mind the idea of writinga history, first vol. of his History of England, containing the reignsof James I. and Charles I.,was Its reception not favourable, was pub. in 1754. and the disappointment of the author it not was so great that, had been for the state of left his native land, France. The second the two countries, he would have and settled permanently in changed his name, vol.,which appeared in 1757, dealingwith the
war
between
Commonwealth,
better
and
and reception, brother." Thereafter
the had
four vols., 1759 finished the history from
ing
Charles II. and James II.,had a the effect of buoying up its unfortunate the tide completely turned, and the remain he turned and back and 1762, in which
reignsof
"
of Julius Caesar to the the invasion which attained ex vast popularity, a Henry VII., tended to the whole work. During the progress of the history H. Dissertations : the Natural History of pub. in 1757 Four accession of
Religion ; of
Two
others
the Passions of Taste. ; of Tragedy ; of the Standard Suicide and Soul the The on on were Immortality of cancelled, but pub. posthumously. In 1763 H. accompanied
204
Lord

Hertford
to
Paris, and
there which he
for
was
d' Affaires.
While
months few introduced
acted to that the then
as
Chargi
brilliant famous.
of Rousseau, him on his return home, and for he persuadedto accompany whom The and fickle character suspicious he a whom procured pension. the Soon friendshipto an end. soon brought of R., however, and from H. received a pension, 1767-68 he was after his return Sec. of State. In 1769 he re to General Conway, then under-sec, income of with Edin. to returned a year an and which, "1000 tired,
was
the French literarysociety for Among other acquaintanceswhich he
capitalwas
made
ample competence, and there he recognisedhead of the intel spent the remainder of his days, of the city. lectual and literary society of the most and operativeof his of H. was The mind one original of the views of previous a questioning largely age. His philosophywas and he occupied towards mind, considered as a selfmetaphysicians, that to assumed a analogous position Berkeley entity, by subsisting He towards matter similarlyconsidered. profoundly influenced into being the philo calling European thought, and by indirectly sophy of Kant on the one hand, and that of the Scottish School on of thought. As a historian he showed the other, created a new era introduced He and higher method of the same a new originality. writinghistorythan had previouslybeen practised. Until his time chronicles and contemporary memoirs had, generally speaking,been his and all that had been cannot, produced; though great work and the fact that it is not based from its frequentinaccuracies upon of an authority,its clear, documents, claim the character original narrative and and spirited its reflection of the in graceful, style, constitute it of the and it must a writer, classic, dividuality always retain a place among the masterpiecesof historical literature. In character H. was kindly,candid, and good-humoured, and he was beloved who held his views in what as a man even was by many
time and
place considered,
was
an
the
little short SUMMARY. decides
of abhorrence.
"
B. 1711, ed. at Edin., tries law and but commerce, for literature,goes to France Human Nature 1734-37, Pu". and of to M. 1739, Essays Moral Philosophical1741-2, governor Annandale L' to Orient, engaged 1745, accompanies expedition diplomatically 1748, pub. Philosophical Essays, including Miracles 1748, Enquiry into Principles of Morals 1751, Political Discourses 1752,
Keeper
of Advocates' Dissertations
1754-62, Four
became
and
1757,
Library 1752, pub. History of England Chargi d' Affairesat Paris 1763,
1767-8,retires
acquaintedwith Rousseau, under -sec. of State settles in Edin. 1769. Life by Hill Burton (2 vols., 1846), shorter ones
and
by Huxley,
Grose
ed. by Green Works Knight, an_ Calderwood. 1874). History often reprintedwith Smollett's
(4 vols.,
continuations.
was
a
HUNNIS,
of the
"
WILLIAM
(d. 1597). Poet,

"
gentleman
to Edward VI., imprisoned during the reign of Mary, but after the accession of Elizabeth was released, and in 1 566 made of the children" master of the Chapel Royal. He wrote metrical versions of the Psalms, and some vols. of verse, A Hiveful
Chapel Royal
of Honey,
and
Handful of Honeysuckles.

HUNT, JAMES HENRY
LEIGH
"
205
poet, was b. at Southgate,and ed. at Christ's Hospital. A selection -pub. by his /. in 1801 under the title of of his earliest poems was his in he In brother joined John conducting a 1805 Juvenilia. which latter had started. the the Thereafter the News, paper, of pronounced the Examiner, embarked brothers a upon paper
Radical Prince been fined views. The in
Regent
condensed
"$oo, and the of best genial philosophy, however, the prisoner made with his cell into turned bookcases and a a piano, study, things, and and his yard into a garden. He had the sympathy of many, his received his friends, includingByron, Moore, and Lamb. On Two release he pub. his poem, The Story of Rimini. other vols. of in 1814 and 1818 poetry followed, The Feast of the Poets and Foliage, respectively.In the latter year he started the Indicator, a paper Tatler, and after this had or something in the styleof the Spectator
run
in this journalof an article on the appearance in words which which described have he was into Adonis H. fat of led to a fifty," being With his customary imprisoned for two years.
"
its course the in In 1828. place
Companion, conceived
1822 H.
to
went established the Liberal, a paper which illusioned with Byron, H. returned
similar lines, took its with and there Italy Byron, did not prove a success. Dis
on
home,
which
and
Contemporaries, Byron's friends, who accused the author of H. started the London Journal,which he ed. for two years. Among his later works Pen and The are Captain Sword (1835), Captain A Florence a Palfrey, poem, Legend of (drama), Imagination and Wit and Humour A Fancy (1844), (1846), Jar of Honey from Mount The Old Court Suburb Hybla (1848), (1855),The Town, Sir Ralph Esher, a novel, and his Autobiography (1850). Although his poems have considerable and descriptive brightness,he had not power the depth and to make a intensity poet, and his reputation rests his essays, which full of a rather are genial philosophy, upon and display a love of books, and everything pleasant and beauti ful. did much He to popularisethe love of poetry and literature in generalamong his fellow-countrymen.
Byron
a
and
his
work
pub. in 1828 Lord gave great offence to ingratitude. In 1834
HURD, RICHARD
Divine,and (1720-1808).
"
miscellaneous
writer, b. at Congreve, Staffordshire,was ed. at Camb., and entering the Church, became of Lichfield and Worcester. Bishop successively He produced an ed. of the Ars Poetica of Horace, Dissertations on Letters on Chivalry and Romance, and Poetry,Dialogueson Sincerity, An Introduction to the Prophecies. He in 1783 offered, but was declined, the Primacy.
HUTCHESON,
Ireland, and
After
FRANCIS
b. (1694-1746). Philosopher,
"
in
Presbyterian ministry Glasgow keeping an academy at Dublin for some years he pub. his for him a great reputa Enquiry into Beauty and Virtue, which won Prof, of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow, where tion. In 1729 he became
at
ed. for the
Univ.
he exercised Scottish to
some
great influence
of
a
system
extent
his students, and also upon the views his he was philosophy. philosophical of Shaftesbury. He introduced the term, disciple
over
In
206
"

sense," which
in action. two he His vols. defined
as
a
moral
power
Moral
attributes
System of LUCY
perceivingmoral Philosophy appeared

of
in posthumously
HUTCHINSON,
MRS.
dau. (b.1620)."Biographer,
of London, m. m of the Tower 1638 of Sir Allan Apsley, Lieutenant who of those the one signed Hutchinson, Colonel, afterwards John afterwards who but protestedagainst of Charles I., death-warrant She has a place in power by Cromwell. the assumption of supreme the of most interesting literature for her Life of her husband, one its immediate of account not on only the language, biographies in and characteristics the throws it which upon but of the
subject
light
in of good family. Originally of the life of Puritans conditions in 1806, printedby a descendant for her family only,it was tended to the narrow false the a s clear impressions to and did much away which had Puritans prevailed. and austerity of the educated ness o f noble representatives their class. Colonel H. and his wife were ;
HUTTON,
miscellaneous
RICHARD
writer, was
HOLT
Essayist and (1826-1897).

"
brought up as a Unitarian, and for some body, but coming under the influence of a preacherof that time was of England. and others of his school, joinedthe Church F. D. Maurice He was a frequent contributor to various magazines and reviews, In 1861 he and assisted Walter Bagehot in ed. the National Review. of the ed. and Spectator. Among his other became joint-proprietor and Literary (1871), be mentioned Essays, Theological writings may and Guides Thought Contemporary Modern of EnglishThought (1887), less which or or more reprints expansions were and Thinkers (1894), of Bagehot prefixedto an and a memoir in periodicals, of his work
ed. of his works.
HUXLEY,
5.
THOMAS
HENRY
Scientificwriter, (1825-1895).
"
of an childhood
assistant
a medical Thereafter
b. at Ealing. From in a publicschool, was master his he became In insatiable reader. 1 3th year he was an and in 1842 entered Charing Cross Hospita^. apprentice,
was
which
on was appointed surgeon Strait. While in this at Torres sent to make surveys which he communicated made he observations, numerous position of the Royal a Fellow to the Linnaean Society. In 1851 he became School of of Natural at the in Prof, History 1854 Society, and his life was full one, divided Henceforth between Mines. a very
Haslar,
he and
for then
few
months
surgeon
on
the Victoryat board H.M.S. Rattlesnake,
was
scientific foremost
and public work. investigation and was elected Englishbiologist, served

on
He
was
Pres. of the
1883.
He
the London
School in
Commissions.
His
writings are
Board the main
which entitle them clearness,force, and charm addition which and besides the ture; they made human
recognisedas the RoyalSociety and on various Royal distinguishedby a to a place in litera

to
a
knowledge, they
did
much
to
diffuse
love
the and
stock
of
science. H. was a keen controversialist, contending for scientific view of all subjects from the metaphysical as distinguished and a or and encountered much theological, accordingly opposition,
study of the strictly
good
in
deal of abuse. not a materialist, and was Nevertheless, he was sympathy with the moral and tender aspects of Christianity.He

was
a
207
the Mr.
more
eminent
stone.
Among strong supporter of the theory of evolution. of his opponents were Bishop Wilber force and
His
Glad
are including scientific communications, the those the more on numerous. important are Among very Evidences Place in Nature Medusa, of Man's (1863), Zoological Evolution and Ethics Lessons on Physiology(1866), (1893), Elementary also an admirable letterCollected Essays (9 vols. 1893-4). He was writer, as appears from the Life and Letters,ed. by his son, and to him the word, and almost the idea, owe we Agnostic."
pub. works,
"
INCHBALD,
and
MRS.
ELIZABETH
(SIMPSON)(1753-1821).
"
In a romantic fit Novelist dramatist, dau. of a Suffolk farmer. she be she left her home at the age of 16, and went to London, where came acquaintedwith Inchbald the actor, who m. her in 1 772. Seven later her husband d., and for the next ten years she was Scotland and Ireland. She produced many in stage, chiefly years
on
the
plays, /'// Tell you What (1785), includingMogul Tale (1784), Appearance is against Them The Man, (1785),Such Things Are, The Married A and two and Nature novels, Simple Story (1791), Wedding Day, which have been and Art (1796), frequentlyreprinted. She also collection of plays, The Modern made Her a Theatre, in 10 vols. remarkable for its simplicity and frugality, and a large part life was of a delicate sister. of her earningswas appliedin the maintenance sentimental and romantic nature, she Though of a somewhat reputation. preserved an unblemished Poetess and novelist, dau. INGELOW, JEAN (1820-1897).
"
of
banker
at
Boston,
Lincolnshire, pub. three

individual
which
perhaps the best known
pieceis
"
vols. of poems, The High Tide
of
on
the Coast
of Lincolnshire," and several successful novels, including Fated to be Free (1875), and Sarah de Berengei (1872), Off the Skelligs excellent stories wrote for She also children, Mopsa tht (1879).
Fairy,
Stories told to Children, etc.
Her
poems
show
considerable
gift. lyric
INNES, COSMO
was
"
and
antiquary,
Prof, of He in
called
to
the
Scottish
Constitutional
was
the author Early Scottish for the
in the Middle and Sketches of Ages (1860), He also ed. historical MSS. History (1861). many Much Bannatyne and other antiquarianclubs. learningis his works.
and Law of Scotland
in 1822, and History in the Univ. Bar
was
appointed
of Edin.
1846.
displayedin
INNES, THOMAS
"
descended
Catholic family in Aberdeenshire. old Roman from He studied an of which he became in Paris at the Scots Coll., Principal. He was the author of two learned works, Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants Britain and Northern Parts Civil the and Ecclesiastical of (1729), of
History of Scotland, 80
to 818
(pub.by
HENRY
of
an
the
Spalding Club, 1853).

"
IRELAND,
He
man
WILLIAM
(1777-1835). Forger
of
Shakespeare manuscripts, s.
claimed
to have
discovered
of fortune. of
The faith
antiquarianbookseller in London. the MSS. in the house of a gentle i ncluded various deeds, a Protestant forgeries
letters
to
confession
by Shakespeare,
Ann
Hathaway,
208

and
Southampton,
others,
new
version He
detected of letters and experts,but was by Malone, and various men the on of stage completed the ex and the representation Vortigern which he failed. in He pub. a I. then tried novel-writing, posure. he asserted that his /. in which confession in regard to the forgeries, had
pletedrama,
Vortigernand
Rowena.
King Lear, and completely deceived
of
com
his
/.
imposture, but had been completelydeceived by it. part in thê Theologianand orator, (1792-1834). IRVING, EDWARD
no
"
Dumfriesshire, and ed. at Edin. Univ., for some b. at Annan, years to the thereafter was engaged in teachingat Kirkcaldy. Ordained in 1819, assistant to he became, of Scotland ministry of the Church to the Scotch Church in in Glasgow, after which he went Dr. Chalmers had almost he where an London, Hatton unprecedented Gardens,
Cann his admirers including De Quincey, Coleridge, popularity, of his The effect spoken oratory is not pre ing,Scott, and others. doubt in a considerable and was no served in his writings, degree and fine voice. is He described due to his striking as appearance sallow with and command dark, athletic man, complexion a tall, ing features; long,glossyblack hair, and an obvious squint." Soon in Regent Square he began to de church after removing to a new the relative to views his near approach of the Second Advent; velop involved him in a charge of here Sacraments the and his Homilies on from tical views on the person of Christ, which resulted in his ejection his church, and ultimately in his deposition from the ministry.
"
Thereafter
of gifts rapid development, and resulted in the personal claim, underwent the Catholic of communion, new a ApostolicChurch, the founding of which are commonly known adherents as Irvingites." Whether his views mistaken in there be doubt of the personal no can rightor of the man. and nobility His pub. writingsinclude For sincerity The Last Days, and the Oracles of God, For Judgment to Come, and of majesticeloquence. contain many passages
"
his views healing and
as
to the
of
revival, as in the early Church, of the no tongues, to which, however, he made
IRVING, WASHINGTON
torian, b. in New York,
s.
(1783-1859). Essayistand
"
his
had emigrated from in He his Scotland. his education and was was youth delicate, somewhat but his /. had a fine library, of which he had desultory, the run, and he was reader. In 1799 he entered omnivorous an a law office, but a threatening of consumption led to his going, in 1804, of health. On his return in 1806 he on a European tour in search admitted He did not, however, prosecute law, but to the Bar. was joined his brothers in business as a sleepingpartner, while he de voted himself to literature. In 1807 he conducted Salmagundi, an in 1809 appeared A History of New York Diedrich by Knickerbocker,a burlesque upon the old Dutch settlers, which has become He made in 1815 a second a classic in America. visit to Europe, from which he did not return In for 17 years. he welcomed England was by Thomas Campbell, the poet, who in troduced him to Scott, whom he visited at Abbotsf ord in 1 8 1 7. The he was following connected failed,and he year the firm with which had to look to literature for a livelihood. He produced The SketchBook w hich (1819), was, through the influence of Scott, accepted by and amusing miscellany,
of William
I. who

and had a great success he he went to Paris, where Traveller. Tales of a 1824 by minister at Madrid, invited him
209
In in
Murray,
1822
on
both 1826
sides of the
Atlantic. followed American
Hall, began Bracebridge

In
to
Everett,
and
come
the assist him
by making
which relative to Columbus, translations opened up to him a new The result was field hitherto little cultivated. a series of fascinating historical and romantic works, beginningwith History of the Life and The Conquest of Granada and including (1828), Voyages of Columbus TheAlhambra (1831), (1829), Voyages of the Companions of Columbus Mahomet and the and of Spain (1835), Conquest (1832), Legends of Meanwhile had returned he to his Successors England in (1849). in In he was 1842 1829, and to America 1832. appointed Minister returned In the same to Spain, and in 1846 he finally to America. his and the Life of he work, a Goldsmith, pub. Life of great year erf of tales collection out s Roost, a 1855-59, Wolf Washington, came and essays, appeared in 1855. I. was : in his youth he had m. never been he faithfully engaged to a girlwho d., and whose memory cherished. His last years were old Dutch at an Sunnyside, spent there house his and he d. near sleepy hollow," suddenly on Nov. of commanding or a writer 28, 1859. Though not, perhaps, power in his earlier works, imparted by his style I.,especially originality, charm and treatment to every subject he touched, and a singular American holds of letters,among whom a men high place among he is the first who has merits, produced what has, on its own He was of high character and a man livinginterest in literature. amiable disposition. Poet, the (1394-1437)." JAMES I., KING OF SCOTLAND
"
In 1406 he was third s, of Robert sent III.,was b. at Dunferrnline. for safety and education taken to France, but on the voyage was prisoner by an English ship,and conveyed to England, where until 1824 he remained confined in various places, but chiefly in the He was then ransomed of London. Tower and, after his marriage
Lady Jane or Joan Beaufort, dau. of the Duke heroine of The King's Quhair (orBook), crowned ed., and on his England he had been carefully
to
of Somerset, and the at Scone. While in return to his native
country
endeavoured its turbulent to reduce nobilityto due sub introduce reforms. His and various to however, efforts, jection, which do not appear been to have always marked by prudence, in the monastery of the Black ended in his assassination disastrously
"
of great natural J. was a man both intellectual and ardent student and a capacity practical an In addition order. of to The King's Quhair, one poet of no mean the finest love poems in existence, and A Ballad of Good Counsel, which attributed to him, he has been more doubt are very generally credited with Peeblis Christis Kirke the to the Play and on fully
.
Friars, Perth, in February, 1437.
Greene.
JAMES,
Novelist many and and
on
GEORGE
PAYNE
RAINSFORD
(1801-1860).-"
At an and continued his production with such industry that reach to 100 vols. This excessive rapidity fatal to his was
years the Continent.
historical writer, 5. of a British Consul at various
physicianin London, was for places in the United States early age he began to write romances,
his works
permanent
2 1 o

his books Richelieu had
reputation; but
popularity. The Man Philip Augustus (1831), (1829), Among them are The Robber, Henry of Guise at Arms (1840),The Huguenot (1838), The King's Highway (1840). In addition Agincourt (1844), (1839), Memoirs a Life of the he wrote novels of Great Commanders, to his and works. He held historical biographical Black Prince, and other Royal. the honorary office of Historiographer
considerable
immediate
JAMESON,
MRS.
ANNA
BROWNELL
(MURPHY) (1794-1860).
miniature B. M., a distinguished Writer art, dau. of Denis on Robert m. Jameson, a barrister (afterwardsAttorney-General painter, of Ontario) The union, however, did not turn out happily: a separa her attention to literature,and and Mrs. J. turned tion took place,
.
with other art. Among many speciallyto subjects connected she produced Loves works of the Poets (1829),Celebrated Female Rubens the Court of Charles II. (1833), Beauties of (1831), Sovereigns Book the Galleries Hand to the from of Art, German), (translated Her etc. Early Italian Painters, Sacred and Legendary Art (1848), in and, though now show works knowledge and discrimination many still retain respects superseded, interest and value.
JEBB,
Dundee, Camb.,
SIR
RICHARD
CLAVERHOUSE
B. (1841-1905)."
at
and
at the
1869
he time
elected from
ed. at St. Columba's Coll.,Dublin, Charterhouse, and he lectured on the classics, and was in last of which After being Prof, of Greek at Glasgow, Public Orator.
held
1889
the
corresponding chair
in Parliament. of School
represented the
of the
are
Univ.
at Camb., He was
to
and
one
for of
the
founders his works

on
British
Archaeology at
Introduction
Athens.
Among
Lectures
of Letters Poems and
one
The he
Greek
Poetry,
Attic Orators, An Life of Richard
Homer,
Bentley (EnglishMen
of Sophocles, and the works in discovered of 1896. J. was Bacchylides, Fragments scholars. most brilliant of modern and Series),
ed. the
of the
JEFFERIES,
novelist, s. of
a
RICHARD
Naturalist (1848-1887).
"
and
literary
attention after he
career
by
b. at Swindon, Wilts. He was began his the staff of a local newspaper, and first attracted letter in the Times the Wiltshire labourer. There on
farmer,
on
wrote at
for
the
Pall
Mall
Gazette, in which
in
a
appeared his
County (1879),
Gamekeeper
Home,
and
Wild
Life
Southern
both afterwards repub. Both these works are full of minute obser vation and vivid description of country life. They were followed Poacher Wood Round about a by The Amateur (1880), Magic (1881), Great Estate (1881),The Air and others similar on Open (1885), his novels in which his he draws Bevis, are on subjects. Among childish own memories, and AfterLondon, or Wild England (1885), a of the future, when romance London has ceased to exist. The Story
of My
Heart (1883)is an idealised pictureof his inner life. J. d. after a painfulillness, which lasted for six years. In his own line, that of depicting with an intense sense for nature all the elements of country and wild life,vegetable and animal, surviving in the face of modern he has had few equals. Life by E. civilisation,
Thomas.
Literature of English Dictionary JEFFREY,

FRANCIS Critic (1773-1850).
"
2 1 1
and
political
b. in Edinburgh, ed. at the High School official, writer, s. of a legal for a there, and at Glasgow and Oxf., where, however, he remained he studied and to few months law, was only. Returning Edinburgh
Tory, he earlyimbibed state of Scotland, political Whig hindered his pro his with tendencies, long literary strong together his fessional advancement. however, acuteness, Gradually, ability, to the front of his profession. He was and eloquence carried him in 1829 and, on the acces of the Faculty of Advocates elected Dean Lord Advocate, and had a sion to power of the Whigs in 1830,became Reform in far as it related to Scot in the share Bill, so passing large elected M.P. for Edinburgh, and was raised land. In 1832 he was in 1834. His literary fame rests on his to the Bench as Lord Jeffrey with in connection the Edinburgh Review, which he edited work
called to the Bar in 1794. Brought up and this,in the then principles,
as a
from
was
a
in its commencement contributor. constant
1802 The
until
1829, and
of this
to
which
he
founding
periodical by
of brilliant talents- and liberal sympathies, of young men whom were Brougham, Sydney Smith, and F. Horner, among the opening of a new constituted epoch in the literaryand of the J.'s contributions country. political ranged progress group ethics over and, literary criticism, biography, politics,and exercised in respect of the first, a profound influence; especially the critic of his in fact, regarded as he was, greatest literary his have been far from and judgments although universally age, it remains true supported either by the event or by later critics, than any of his contemporariesto diffuse that he probably did more of publictaste in such and to raise the standard a love of literature, his made selection of A matters. by himself, was pub. in 4 papers, of brilliant conversational vols. in 1844 and a man 1853. J. was information and of vast wit, and was sparkling universally powers, and amiability admired for the uprightness of his char and beloved
acter.
JERROLD,
and
DOUGLAS
s.
WILLIAM
of
"
miscellaneous
the stage. at sea. He was upon then became devoting all his spare time to apprenticeto a printer, self-education. He earlybegan to contribute to periodicals, and in his the Theatre writer of short a 1 8th year he was as Coburg engaged by In 1829 he made of a great success by his drama Black-eyed Susan, which he followed up by The Rent Day, Bubbles of In 1840 he became the Day, Time works Wonders, etc. ed. of a publi cation, Heads of the People,to which a contributor, Thackeray was dramatic
an actor, himself writer, his his I2th year loth to From
appeared
he
as
child
pieces.
and
in which of the best of his own work some appeared. He was of the leading contributors to Punch, in which Mrs. Caudle's one Curtain Lectures from out, and came 1852 he ed. Lloyd's Weekly
Newspaper.
Story of a
Among
Feather.
his novels are St. Giles and St. James, and The J. had a great reputationas a wit, was a genial
a
and kindly man, raised a fund of
and
favourite
with
his fellow
who litterateurs,
^2000 for his family on his death. Historical JESSE,JOHN HENEAGE (1815-1874).
"
writer,
of the
ed. at Eton,
was
clerk in the
Admiralty.
He
wrote
Memoirs
2 1 2 Court of

of England, of G. Selwyn and his contemporaries (1843), Etonians Celebrated and etc,, (1875). (1845), the
Pretender
JEVONS,
WILLIAM
STANLEY
of
and (1835-1882). Logician

"
merchant, his mother an s. economist, b. in Liverpool, was He was ed. at the Mechanics Institute the dau. of W. Roscoe (q.v.}. After High School, Liverpool,and at University Coll., London. time received he in for the some 1853 studying chemistry appoint
he remained of assayer to the mint at Sydney, where until 1859, his appointment, and came home to study mathe he resigned when While in Australia economics. he had been matics and a con and soon after his return home tributor to the Empire newspaper, the Australian he pub. Remarks wrote in various on Goldfields, time to time pub. important papers and from scientific periodicals,
ment
iron
economical which he had attained subjects. The position as a scientific thinker and writer was his recognisedby being appointed in 1863 tutor, and in 1866, Prof, of Logic,Political Economy, and and Moral Mental In 1864 Philosophy in Owen's Coll.,Manchester.
on
pub. Pure Logic and The Coal Question; other works were Lessons in Logic (1870), Elementary and Principles of Science (1874), in Currency and Finance Investigations (1884), posthumously. His valuable and promising lifewas brought to a premature close by his drowned while His being bathing. great objectin his writingswas
to
he
and placelogic work he
economics showed
all his unusual
of position great industry and
in the
exact
care
sciences, and
combined
in
with
analytical power. GERALDINE ENDSOR

Zoe, The
She also
JEWSBURY,
wrote
Novelist, (1812-1880)."
and Constance Half-Sisters, wrote stories for children, and
several
novels, of which
Herbert
was a
be mentioned. may contributor to various

OF
magazines.
JOHN
studied
SALISBURY
(ii20?-n8o?).B.
"
at
Salisbury,
at Paris. He became sec. to Theobald Archbishopof Canter In 1176 he was bury, and retained the office under Becket. made of Chartres. He in wrote Bishop Latin, in 8 books, Polycraticus, seu De Nugis Curialium et Vestigiis the Trifles of the Philosophorum
(on
if in its
and the Footsteps of the Philosophers). Courtiers, In it he treats of pastimes,flatterers, the duties of tyrannicide, kings and knights, virtue and vice,glory, and the rightof the Church to remove kings
opinionthey
He
was one
Anselm.
failed in their duty. He also wrote of the greatest scholars of the Middle
Life of
Ages.
JOHNSON,
land and other
LIONEL Poet and critic. Ire (1867-1902)." Poems The Art of Thomas (2 vols.) (1897), Hardy, and
critical works.
miscellaneous
JOHNSON, SAMUEL
"
Political writer,some (1649-1703).

"
his great namesake. School and Camb., and took orders. He attacked James II. in Julian the Apostate (1682), and was imprisoned. He continued, however, his attacks on the Government by pamphlets, and did much to influence the public
times called the Whig to distinguish him from )f humble extraction, he was ed. at St. Paul's
"

mind in favour of the Revolution.
"
2 1
a
Dryden
Absalom and he received a
by
the Revolution Benjochanan." Achitophelas himself rewarded considered but insufficiently pension, declined. which he Deanery,
gave After
him
place in
JOHNSON,
education
SAMUEL
and Moralist,essayist, (1709-1784).

"
5. lexicographer,
owing
time
to
of a at his native town, and poverty, to leave without usher in
bookseller
at
Lichfield, received
in
his
early
went
1728
taking a
to Oxf., but had, degree. For a short
school at Market a Bosworth, but found the was liveli it up, and gained a meagre that he threw so irksome position In 1735, being hood by working for a publisherin Birmingham. of over who then 26, he m. Mrs. Porter, a widow brought him 40, he He started he was an sincerelyattached. ^800, and to whom academy at Ediol, near Lichfield,which, however, had no success, David Garrick was (q.v.), attendingit. only three boys, one of whom in this and to venture was given up, J. Accordingly, 1737 went he had hard with Here London Garrick. a struggle accompanied by poverty, humiliation, and every kind of evil, always, however, He contributed he was. to the quittinghimself like the true man Gentleman's the debates in parliamentary Magazine, furnishing and much under the title of free generally improved form, very Debates of the Senate of Lilliput." In 1738 appeared London, a satire imitated from Juvenal which, pub. anonymously, attracted immediate attention, and the notice of Pope. His next work was the life of his unfortunate friend Savage (q.v.) (1744); and in 1747 he began his great English Dictionary. Another satire,The Vanity in and in Human the Wishes, same of appeared 1749, year Irene, a His the the of next venture Rambler, a paper was tragedy. starting somewhat the lines of the Spectator and grave, on ; but, sententious of the lightness likewise and of its and it had none model, grace lacked its popularity. It was almost the work of J. himself, solely
"
and was carried his dear Tetty

"
on
"
twice
week
for two of
years. Lord
In
d., and
The
was
mourned; sincerely
1752 his wife, in 1755 his and
Dictionary appeared.
patronage
Chesterfield
(q.v.),
which he had vainly sought,was then in a letter which has become classic. a
and Oxf. conferred him the upon the friend of Reynolds and Goldsmith; added. The less Idler, a somewhat and Rambler, appeared in 1758-60, written
was
offered, but proudly rejected The work made him famous, He had become degree of M.A.
Burke and others
successor were soon
ponderous
of
the
Rasselas, his most popular work, in 1759 to meet the funeral expenses of his mother, who then d. at the age of 90. At last the tide of his fortunes turned. A of conferred of his him in the and rest pension "300 was 1762, upon
days
which
in honour, and such comfort as the melancholy to the acquaint subjectpermitted. In 1763 he made for o f Boswell it was and so important ance, prob posterity, James ; in the that he founded club." his famous same ably literary year In 1764 he was introduced to Mr. Thrale, a wealthy brewer, and for of his time, an honoured many years spent much guest,in his family. The kindness and attentions of Mrs. T., described a by Carlyleas whom loved the elephant to play creature, bright.papilionaceous
were
spent
he
was
"
"
with, and
wave
to and
fro upon
his trunk,"
were
refreshment
and
214
solace last
to
him. In
his ed. of Shakespeare came out, and his of the Poets, in 10 vols. (1779-81).He Isles of Scotland, an ac had in 1775 pub. his Journey to the Western Boswell. of His last years the in of a tour made count company Goldsmith and Thrale, darkened were by the loss of friends such as
1765
great work
was
the Lives
and
by
an
estrangement from
Mrs.
T.,
on
her
marriage with
Piozzi,
and morbid fear of Italian musician. Notwithstanding a lifelong an with fortitude and borne soothed calmness, death, his last illness was and and he d. peacefully of attentions Burke, the Reynolds pious by in Westminster buried He was December Abbey, and on 1784. 13, erected by the " club." Statues of in St. Paul's was monument Uttoxeter. Lichfield and He had received in him were also erected the degree of LL.D. from Oxf. and Dublin and of J. had the tenderest domineering manners, rough Though of several persons, for years the home of hearts, and his house was the who and Levett, had no claim such as Mrs. Williams surgeon,
a
and friendlessness. As Goldsmith helplessness of bear but his skin." the His out nothing and and these characterise were honesty standingqualities courage, all his works. Though disfigured by prejudice and, as regards of fact, in many matters they remain, as has been parts superseded, and all and he will some excellent, said, genuine works; worthy honourable of and most stand the one ever figuresin the greatest Boswell' s marvellous Life has made history of English literature. familiar and to posterity manners more dress, J.'s bodilyappearance, than those of any other man the large,unwieldy form, the face seamed with scrofula, the purblind eyes, the spasmodic movements, upon him but their
"
aptly said, he
had
"
"
"
the
sonorous
voice,
even
the
full of matter, bushy and in force and strength, sense, wit, prejudice, superior sparkleto the sounding,but often wearisome periodsof his written style. Of his works the two most important are the Dictionary, which, long
so
worsted
and stockings,
suit, metal conversation the wig,

brown
buttons,
black
supersededfrom a philological point of view, made an epoch in the of the and the Lives of the Poets, many of them history language, deformed by prejudiceand singularly inadequate criticism,others, almost perfectin their kind, and the whole written in a styleless and more natural and lively than his earlier works. pompous
SUMMARY.
"
B.
1709,
ed. to
Oxf., usher
London
and
hack
writer, starts
academy
at
Ediol, goes
debates, pub. London
reports parliamentary 1738, Life of Savage 1744, began Dictionary

1737,
Wishes and Irene conducts 1747, pub. Vanity of Human 1749, Rambler 1750-52, pub. Dictionary 1755, Idler appears 1758-60, pub. Rasselas 1759, receives pension 1762,became acquaintedwith Boswell
1763, pub. ed. of Shakespeare 1765, and Lives of Poets 1779-81, "#' 1784. Recollections, etc.,by Mrs. Piozzi, Reynolds, and others, also Johnsoniana (Mrs.Napier, 1884),Boswell's Life, various ed., including that of Napier, 1884, and Birkbeck Hill, 1889.
JOHNSTON, ARTHUR
Aberdeen,
studied for about living
(c. 1587-1641).Poet
"
in
Latin,b. near
of
medicine
at
Padua,
where
he
20 years in France, he returned to Rector physicianto Charles I.,and was afterwards
graduated. After England, became

King's Coll..

Aberdeen. He attained his works
a
215
of Latin
European reputationas
writer
a
poetry.
a
Among
translation of the
collection
and Muses Aulicce (1637), are Poetarum Delicice and he ed. Psalms, of Latin poetry by Scottish authors.
complete
Scotorum,
JOHNSTONE,
CHARLES
(i7i9?-i8oo). Novelist.
"
Pre
to India, at the Irish Bar, he went vented by deafness from practising successful He wrote of a newspaper. one he was where proprietor somewhat sombre Adventures the a a Guinea, or of book, Chrysal,
satire,and
some
others
now
utterly forgotten.
"
JONES, EBENEZER
of
Poet, wrote (1820-1860).
good deal
poetry
He
was
of very
was
vein. work
befriended
Studies is
a
unequal merit, but at his best shows a true poetic His chief by Browning and Rossetti. His Sensation and Event most widely (1843). of
"
appreciatedpoems
the World ended in
were
To He
the
Snow,"
an
"
To
Death,"
and
"
When
Burning."
made
unhappy marriage, which

"
separation.
ERNEST
s.
JONES,
and
CHARLES
Poet, novelist, (1819-1869).

to
of Cumberland, of Major J., equerry He b. at afterwards adopted the King of Hanover, was views of the Chartists in an extreme form, and was imprisoned for his release conducted a two on years for seditious speeches, and had died Chartist newspaper. down, Afterwards, when the agitation
Chartist,
the
Duke Berlin.
he returned also wrote Maid

some
and The
which he had deserted, and as a barrister, practice number He of a novels, includingThe produced largely. The Painter Woman's and of Florence, also Wrongs, of Warsaw, The Revolt of Hindostan The Battle Day (1855), (1857), poems, of his lyrics, such as The Song of the Poor, Cor ay da (1859). Some well Song of the Day Labourers, and The Factory Slave, were
to his
known.
JONES, SIR
was
WILLIAM
Orientalist and jurist, (1746-1794).

"
He lost his /.,an and Oxf. and ed. at Harrow b. in London, of He at extra eminent mathematician, earlyshowed 3 years age. t hose of the East, specially ordinary aptitudefor acquiring languages, and learned 28. Devoting himself to the study of law he became of his time. He was of the most one profound jurists appointed
one
of the
Judges
in the
Supreme
Court
of
Bengal, knighted
in
he never returned. While there, 1 783, and started for India, whence in addition to his judicial duties, he pursued his studies in Oriental various translations. languages,from which he made Among his works original Enchanted Fruit, and A Treatise on the Gods He founded the Bengal Asiatic Society. and India. of Greece, Italy, He unfinished left various works which, with his other writings,
are
The
were
and
coll. and honoured
ed.
by
Lord
Teignmouth.
of
He
at the
earlyage
or
48.
His
d. chief
beloved universally The work was legal
Institutes
of Hindu BEN
Law
OR
the Ordinances
of Manu. Poet (1573-1637).

"
JONSON,
have minster
BENJAMIN
to
and
His /.,who d. before dramatist, was probably b. in Westminster. Ben to have was from Carlisle, and the family to four, seems come
originally belonged
School, for which
Annandale.
seems
He have
was
sent
to
West
to
he
to
been
indebted
the
2 1
Camden meanwhile, had of W. who (g.v.),
a was one
masters. His he was for a time put and joined the army, it, he ran to that trade, but disliking away Countries. in the Low Returning to againstthe Spaniards fighting both actor and as a as an England about 1592 he took to the stage, unsuccessful. he In 1598, former In the was capacity playwright. tried he for in but fellow-actor was killed a duel, murder, a having he the time About of benefit same joined the clergy. escaped by
kindness
of the
mother,
m.
and bricklayer,
Roman
was
Catholic
in
1598
was
Humour,
for 12 years. in which he remained It in his also that his first successful play, Every Man produced, with Shakespeare as one of the players.
Church,
and Cynthia's Revels (1600), (1599), the the courtiers, and the The Poetaster (1601), satirising citizens, The last called forth followed. several replies, respectively, poets the Satiromastix for the Satirist) the most notable of which was (Whip not of Dekker a severe, retort, though altogether unfriendly, (q.v), which J. took in good part, announcing his intention of leavingoff in this kind was satire and tryingtragedy. His first work Sejanus received. It followed which not was was (1603), very favourably with Marston and Chap Ho, in which he collaborated by Eastward reflections Scotland offence Certain to James I.,and on man. gave the authors From the begin were imprisoned,but soon released. devoted himself of the the to new reign J. ning largely writing of Court in which he excelled his all contemporaries,and masques, about the same time entered upon the production of the three great is shown. The first of these, Volpone, playsin which his full strength in 1609, or the Silent Woman or the Fox, appeared in 1605 ; Epicoene, and The Alchemist in 1610. His second and last tragedy, Catiline, Two in France was as com produced in 1611. years later he was panion to the son of Sir W. Raleigh,and on his return he held up Puritanism in Bartholomew to scorn Fair, which hypocritical was followed in 1616 by a comedy, The Devil is an Ass. In the same and year he coll. his writings plays,poems, epigrams in a folio entitled his Works. In 1618 he journeyed on foot to Scotland, where he was received with much honour, and paid his famous visit to Drummond His last success at Hawthornden. (q.v.) ful play, The Staple of Newes, was produced in 1625, and in the his first stroke of palsy, from same which he never year he had recovered. His next The New driven from entirely Inn, was play, the stage, for which in its rapid degeneracy he had become too learned and too moral. A quarrelwith Inigo Jones, the architect, who furnished the machinery for the Court masques, lost him Court with failing favour, and he was obliged, to turn powers, again to the for which his last The and stage, The Tale of a plays, Magnetic Lady written in 1632 and 1633. Town Tub, were and Court favour, how ever, turned again,and he received a pension of "100; that of the best poets and lovers of literature he had always kept. The older poets his friends, the younger were were proud to call themselves, and be called by him, his sons. In 1637, after some years of gradually health, he d., and was failing buried in Westminster Abbey. An
Every
Man
out
of
his Humour
"
"
admirer caused a mason to cut on the slab " known O Rare Ben Jonson." inscription, Sad Shepherd. His works include a number
over
his grave the wellHe left a fragment, The of epigrams and trans-

lations,collections
2 1
of poems (Underwoods and The Forest) ; in prose Discoveries. of short essays and notes on various subjects, a book of of founder the new a style English comedy, original, J. was but lacking in spontaneity and nature. powerful,and interesting, of some one to become mere impersonations it. Thus is the he called he herald, a as though quality in He with decadence. of a power painted general magnificent one, however, he often shows a singuul,but heavy hand ; in his masques, in the lyrics which His he introduces. ar especially gracefulness, His characters
"
tend
or
humour,"
is not a particularly attractive given by Drummond, of lover and and contemner himself, a scorner a great praiser one, of others, given rather to lose a friend than a jest, jealousof every after drink and action of those about word him, especially a in of dissembler of ill parts which a him, some reign bragger good kind and angry that he wanteth oppressed passionately his reason." with fantasy which hath ever mastered There must, in a man who could command, have been far other qualities lowever, of so many of as J. undoubtedly did, the goodwilland admiration In person he was the finest minds of his time. marked tall, swarthy, with small-pox,and in later years burly.
character,
"
as
...
in Low kills actor England 1592, stage, brawl Romanist Man Humour in his n c. i$g8-c.1610, Every 1598, a out of his Humour 1598,Every Man 1599, and other plays till 1633, coll. works 1618, loses and recovers pub. 1616, visits Drummond Court favour, d. 1637.
"
SUMMARY.
B.
1573,
ed.
Westminster
School,
to
serves
Countries, returns
to
and
takes
works be mentioned those of Gifford (9 Among the ed. of J.'s may Series vols., 1816), re-issued (1875),selected plays Mermaid (3 vols., 1893-5),Morley (1884), and Symonds (1886). Lives and studies by Symonds (EnglishWorthies),and Swinburne (1890).
Ecclesiastical historian, ed. JORTIN,JOHN (1698-1770).

"
held various benefices, becoming at Camb., and enteringthe Church Archdeacon of London. He Ecclesiastical n on 1764 pub. Remarks Life of Erasmus, and various miscellaneous a History (1751-54), samphlets and tracts; 7 vols. of sermons appeared after his death. All his works and are written in a lively show learning, style.
JOWETT, BENJAMIN
3amberwell,
lad and
Scholar, was (1817-1893).

"
6. at
Balliol Coll.,where he Tutor and a distinguished career, becoming 1838, 1840, Master of Greek 1870. He held the Regius Professorship 1855-93 :hough for the first 10 years he was, owing to the oppositionof his theological opponents in the Univ., deprived of a large part of the usual emoluments. He was and formidable a keen controversialist, and was usually found on what was, for the time, the unpopular iside. His contribution (an essay on The Interpretation of Scripture) and Fellow famous Essays and Reviews, which appeared in 1860, brought into strong collision with powerful sections of theological to which he had alreadygiven offence by his commentaries opinion, the Epistles to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and on Romans. His views were, to be extremely latitudiindeed, generallyconsidered aim larian.
to the
ed. at St. Paul's
School
Latterly
was
he
Univ., and
held
exercised in reverence
an
extraordinary influence of whom by his pupils, many
in
the
have
2 1
8
to
risen
translations, with learned are His chief works eminence. of of Plato, Thucydides, and of the of The Dialogues introductions, in He also, conjunction with Prof. Campbell, Politics of Aristotle.
brought
LL.D. of
out
from
He ed. of The Republicof Plato. and Camb. the Univ. of Edin. (1884),
an
held
the
degree
of
and (1890),
Doctoi
Theology
of
Leyden (1875).
JUDD,
SYLVESTER
Novelist, b. (1813-1853)."
for the ministryat
at
West-
hampton, Mass., studied tarian pastor. He pub. Philo, a Richard a Tale of the Real and the Ideal (1845),
Yale, and became a Uni religious poem, followed by Margaret,
A Rus-Urban His work w orks. theological Tale (1850). He also produced some fine and true is very unequal, but often, as in Margaret, contains and character. both of nature
Edney,
passages descriptive
KAMES,
laneous
HENRY
HOME,
raised
to
LORD
the
Miscel (1696-1782)."
Berwickshire,
Bench
admitted was in In in 1723, and 1748 he 1752. advocate an It is,however, pub. a collection of Decisions of the Court of Session. his that historical fame and writings literary his philosophical on the include His writings of Morality and Principles Essays on rests.
writer, 5. of Geo.
H., of Kames,
in which The Elements of Criticism (1762), Natural Religion(1751), of human the elements based on nature; he sought for principles and Loose Hints Man on Education^ (1774), Sketches of the History of views modern are in which anticipated. In all these works, many while the styleis stiffand crabbed, there is much original thought. which also an eminent o n Lord K. was authorityupon agriculture, Gentleman Farmer. entitled The work he in 1 777 pub. a
KAVANAGH,
Morgan
scene
JULIA (1824-1877). Novelist,

"
dau.
of
and
the wrote novels, of which philologist, many which Madeleine in are Adele, France, (1848), usually among in France in. Daisy Burns ; also biographicalworks, Woman
K., poet, and
is
the iSth
etc. Century (1850),
KAYE,
combe. ceeded
SIR
JOHN
of
a
WILLIAM
"
and
Addis-
biographer,s.
London
solicitor, was
time in the and political work literary
ed. at
Eton
and
After servingfor some J. S. Mill as sec. to the His first
he suc Bengal Artillery, secret department in the
East India Office. a novel was pub. in 1845,series of histories and and he then began his valuable biographies illustrative of the British occupation of India, includingThe War in and The War in which did he not India, Sepoy Afghanistan (1851), live to finish,and which was History of the Indian Mutiny East India
Company
and
and other
completed by G. B. Malleson (6 vols., 1890); also histories in India, and Lives of Christianity
Indian soldiers and statesmen.
as
The
of the of Sir All his
John
Malcolm
writingsare characterised by painstaking research, love and a style suited to the importance of his subjects. He
K.C.S.I. in
was
of truth,: made
1871.
ANNIE
KEARY,
books
Novelist,wrote (1825-1879).
"
some
good
also
novels, includingCastle Daly, A

for children and educational
Doubting Heart, and

works.
Oldbury,
"

"
2 1 servant
Poet, s. of the chief KEATS, JOHN (1795-1821).
his master's dau., and d. a man of some at an inn in London, who m. He was substance. sent to a school at Enfield, and having mean while become an orphan, was in 1810 apprenticedto a surgeon at Edmonton. In 1815 he went to London to walk the hospitals. He in his profession, and having not, however, at all enthusiastic was become gave and others, he acquaintedwith Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt, Shelley, himself
more
His firstwork some son his first book, Poems, came nets appeared in Hunt's Examiner, and much that gave little promise out in 1 8 1 7. This book, while containing not without to come, touches of beauty and music, of what was was
more
" "
and
to literature.
few readers it fell quiteflat, finding Endymion, begun during a visit to the but
beyond
Isle of
his immediate
circle.
Wight, appeared in in Blackwood the Quarterly and savagely attacked Review. These attacks, though naturallygiving pain to the poet, of his health breaking at the time, the cause were not, as was alleged confidence in his own down, as he was possessed of considerable his claim to and of here a as immortality Symptoms poet. powers, themselves to show in the however, and, ditaryconsumption, began
1818, and
was
in the Lakes and Scotland, from the better. The death soon none after of his brother Thomas, whom he had helped to nurse, told upon his spirits, Brawne. as did also his unrequitedpassionfor Miss Fanny In 1820 he pub. Lamia and Other Poems, containingIsabella,Eve of
hope
of restored health, he made which he returned to London
tour
to the Nightingale and The produced within a period of This book about 1 8 months. was warmly praisedin the Edinburgh Review. His health had by this time completelygiven way, and he likewise harassed and hopeless love. He had, was means by narrow of possessing warm however, the consolation friends, by some many of whom, and the Brawnes, he was the Hunts nursed. At tenderly last in 1821 he set out, accompanied by his friend Severn, on that returned. After much suffer journey to Italyfrom which he never ing he d. at Rome, and was buried in the Protestant cemetery there. The character of K. was much misunderstood until the publication by R. M. Milnes, afterwards Lord Houghton (q.v.), of his Life and Letters, which This, together with the gives an attractive pictureof him.
St. Agnes, Hyperion, and Grecian Urn, all of which
the had
odes
been
other friends, represent him as eager, enthusiastic, and but and free from sensitive, humorous, reasonable, vanity, affectionate, a good brother and friend, sweet-tempered,and help ful." In his political views he was in his religious, indefinite. liberal,
accounts
of
"
Though
subjectedto much harsh and unappreciative his assured. His chief criticism, place among English poets is now characteristics are intense, sensuous and love of beauty, imagination, rich and and melodious picturesquedescriptive exquisitely power,
versification. and Letters Life, Letters, etc., by R. M. Milnes (1848),Poems (Forman, 5 vols.,1900). Keats (Men of Letters Series,Colvin, 1887), Poems etc. Lamia and Other Poems Endymion (1818), (1817), (1820).
in his life-time
KEBLE, JOHN
Rev.
Poet (1792-1866).
"
John K., Vicar Fairford in the same
of the Aldwyn's, Gloucestershire, b. at he county, ed. by his /. and at Oxf., where

of Coin St.
and
divine,s.
22O
for some and was elected a Fellow of Oriel Coll., years tutor and His ideal life, in the Univ. however, was that of a country curate clergyman, and having taken orders in 1815, he became he had been writingThe Christian to his /. Meantime Year, which appearedin 1827, and met with an almost unparalleled acceptance. its became first at soon with authorship known, anonymous, Though
was
examiner
the Chair of Poetry at his famous sermon on " national apostasy gave the first impulse to the Oxf. movement to the Church of Rome, he, of which, after the secession of Newman the with in and connection leader, was as regarded Pusey, along contributed several he of the which with more important tracts " the result that K. was he held Oxf., which
'
in
until
1831 appointed to 1841. In 1833
"
enforced to authority,implicit were deep submission for Catholic tradition,firm belief in the divine prerogatives the real nature of the sacraments, and the danger of of the priesthood, independentspeculation." His /.having d.,K. became in 1836 Vicar in which
reverence
"
he remained until his death. In of poems, Other Lyra Innocentium. works and Man, and an ed. of were a Life of Wilson, Bishop of Sodor of Hooker. After his death appeared Letters of Spiritual the Works The literary Counsel, and 12 vols. of Parish Sermons. of K. position must mainly rest upon The Christian Year, Thoughts in Verse for the the Year, the objectof which Sundays, and Holidays throughout was, described the as author, to bring the thoughts and feelings of the by reader into unison with those exemplified in the Prayer Book. The while of no means by merit, are generally poems, equal literary of
1846
Hursley,near Winchester, he pub. another book
where
delicate and true poeticfeeling, and refined and felicitous extremely to language; and it is a proof of the fidelity its themes nature with which treated that the book has become are classic with readers far removed a religious from the author's eccle siastical standpoint and general school of thought. K. was of one
characterised often
by
the most
and unselfish men who adorned the Church of saintly ever and England, and, though personally exercised vast a shy retiring, influence upon his generation. spiritual another Life by J. D. Coleridge(1869), by Rev. W. Lock (1895).
KEIGHTLEY, THOMAS
TrinityColl.,Dublin,
wrote
Historian, ed. (1789-1872)."
at
works on mythology and folklore, and at the request of Dr. Arnold of Rugby, a series of text-books on English, Greek, and other histories. His History of Greece was translated into modern Greek. Among his other books are Fairy and Mythologyof Ancient Greece and Italy, Mythology(1850), and a work Tales on and their transmission from Popular one country to another.
ROBERT Historian, b. in Kin(1681-1757)." cardineshire, belonged to the family of the Earls Marischal, and was Bishop of Fife in the Scottish EpiscopalChurch. He was deeply in Scottish antiquities, versed and pub. History of the Affairsof Church and State in Scotland during the Reformation. He also compiled A Catalogue of the Bishops of Scotland (1755). KELLY, HUGH Dramatist, s. of a Dublin (1739-1777)."
publican, worked
in London
as
a
KEITH,
staymaker, 1760,
and
after
ed.
various False lated
221
Memoirs wrote of a Magdalen (1767). His play, journals, and was trans had an success, extraordinary Delicacy (1768), His other and into French, German, Portuguese. plays had left off writing for the stage in 1774, and He no great success. without He endeavoured to practise success. as a barrister, but received from for which he a also wrote pension pamphlets, political Government.
KEN, THOMAS
b. at
writer, s. (1637-1711). Religious

"
of
an
and Berkhampstead, ed. at Winchester attorney, was the Church received the of Oxf., and entering living Brightstone, he composed his Morning, Evening, and Mid [sle of Wight, where of English hymns. night Hymns, perhaps the most widely known accustomed After holding to sing daily to the lute. These he was other benefices II. :o Charles
was
Little
he became He was one
Bishop of
of the
"
Bath
and
Wells, and
"
Chaplain
Seven
Bishops
sent
to the Tower
James II. Refusing to take the oaths to William and Mary, he deprived, and spent his later years in comparative poverty, :hough he found an asylum at Longleat with Lord Weymouth.
his brother-in-law. Walton was for Winchester School, and other prayers [zaak K. wrote devotional
"
manual
of
works.
KENNEDY,
in
JOHN
was
PENDLETON
as
a
Novelist,b. (1795-1870).
and
Baltimore, lawyer distinguished politician.He H orse three novels, Swallow Barn Shoe Robinson wrote (1835), (1832),
Rob and ife in the
of the Bowl
Southern
(1838),which
States.
"
give
vivid
presentation of
KENNEDY,
Glasgow, Flytingof Ane [Age),
and
WALTER
is
1500). (ft.
best
S. of Lord
Dunbar's
are
K., was
ed. at
known as Other and Kennedy. poems Ballot in Praise of Our Lady, and The is probably lost. VIost of his work Duribar
perhaps
antagonist in the Praise of Aige Passion of Christ. of Sir

the best
KILLIGREW,
Robert and [I., known
THOMAS
worth,
Dramatist, s. (1612-1683).
"
K., of Han
wrote
was
witty, dissolute courtier of Charles

a
is The
nine plays, each in Parson's Wedding.
different
city.
s.
Of them
KING, HENRY
London, was Church, and
year
wrote
Poet, (1592-1669).
"
of
Bishop
of
he
was
ed. at Westminster in 1642 to be rose deprived,but was
and Oxf. He entered the Chichester. of The Bishop following reinstated He at the Restoration.
School
on elegies Royal persons and on his privatefriends,who many and Ben included Donne Jonson. A selection from his Poems and Psalms in was 1843. pub.
KINGLAKE, ALEXANDER
WILLIAM
B. (1809-1891).
"
near
Taunton, ed. at Eton and Camb., was called to the Bar in 1837, and which in 1856 he abandoned in acquired a considerable practice, order to devote himself to literature and life. His first public had been Eothen, a brilliant and original venture work of literary Eastern travel, pub. in 1844; but his magnum opus was his Invasion which is one of the most effective of the Crimea, in 8 vols. (1863-87),
works of its class. It has, however, been
charged
with
being
too
222
favourable whom
to Lord
Raglan, and unduly

had
an
the author againstit.
extreme
aversion.
hostile to Napoleon III.,for Its great length is also
KINGSFORD,
London,
WILLIAM
Historian, (1819-1898).
"
b.
in
went to Canada, and where in the army, he was served He in work. has literature a in for his place surveying engaged of careful work in Canada a 10 vols., research, though not History of merits. for distinguished purely literary
KINGSLEY,
torian, s. of
but
a
CHARLES
Novelist (1819-1875).
"
and
his
clergyman, was
of his childhood
country, and ed. in at King's Coll.,London, and Camb. In Clovelly Devonshire, the Church, and for the law, he entered tended became, in 1842, curate, and two years later rector, of Eversley, Hampshire. In the latter year he pub. The Saints' Tragedy, a drama, of which the heroine Two Elizabeth of novels is St. followed,Yeast (1848) and Hungary. in which he deals with social questionsas affect Alton Locke (1850),
passed most
b. at Holne at Barnack
Vicarage near
in the Fen
Dartmoor,
labouring class, and the town worker respec ing the agricultural become He had deeply interested in such questions,and tively. himself threw heart and soul, in conjunctionwith F. D. Maurice and of social amelioration, which others, into the schemes they sup of Christian socialism, contributingmany ported under the name tracts and articles under the signatureof Parson Lot." In 1853 in which the conflict of the earlyChristians with appeared Hypatia, the Greek is depicted it followed in was philosophyof Alexandria ; in Ho, perhaps his most 1855 by Westward 1857 by popular work; Two Years Ago, and in 1866 by Hereward the Wake. At Last (1870), Indies. His taste for gave his impressionsof a visit to the West natural historyfound expressionin Glaucus, or the Wonders of the
"
Shore The Water Babies is a story for (1855), and other works. children written to inspire love and reverence of Nature. in K. was 1860 appointed to the Professorship of Modern History at Camb., which he held until 1869. The literary fruit of this was and Roman Teuton In the he involved in same (1864). was a controversy year with J. H. Newman, which resulted in the publication by the latter of his Apologia. K., who had in 1869 been made of Chester, a Canon
Always of a highly nervous in repeated failures o| temperament, health, and he d. in 1875. Though hot-tempered and combative, he of singularly was a man noble character. His type of religion, cheerful and described muscular robust, was as Christianity." Strenuous, eager, and keen in feeling, he was not either a profoundly learned, or perhaps very impartial, historian,but all his writingsare marked by a bracingand manly atmosphere, intense sympathy, and great descriptive power.
1873.
resulted
"
became
Canon
of Westminster in his over-exertion
KINGSLEY, HENRY
diggings, being afterwards
1858 he devoted
number of novels himself of much
Novelist, brother (1830-1876)."

and
to
of
left
the above, ed. at King's Coll., London, without and betook himself graduating, in the mounted
Oxf., which
the Australian On
he
goldin
a
police.
his return
wrote
to industriously
more
literature, and
than
average
merit, including Geoffrey
Hamlyn
and the but
.
223
Ravenshoe The Hillyars and the Burtons (1865), (1861), (1859), is generally Of these Ravenshoe A ustin Elliot (1 863) regarded as to Edinburgh to ed. the Daily Review, In 1869 he went best. became this and he soon war correspondent for his up, gave War. during the Franco-German paper
KINGSLEY,
dau. of
MARY
K. successful
HENRIETTA book), and
Traveller, (1862-1900).
"
George Henry
a
and a traveller, (himself niece
Bubbles,
she made West in Africa Travels Miss K. had of its class. books and stimulating of rites the religious savage peoplesfrom viewing She Boer
was
very travelled in West Her collections.
Africa, where
author of South Sea She of Charles K. (q.v.). observations valuable and is one of the most original
a
singular power
point of
their
of view.
about
to undertake
and prisoners,
another d. of fever.
journey,but stopped GILES

"
to nurse
KINGSTON,
where
WILLIAM
HENRY
Writer (1814-1880).
of his youth in Oporto, but spent much of tales for boys, b. in London, His first merchant. his /. was a book, The Circassian Chief, appeared in 1844. His first book for boys, Peter the Whaler, was pub. that he retired from business and de in 1851, and had such success in to the production of this kind of literature, voted himself entirely
deservedlygreat; and during 30 years he wrote upwards of 130 tales,includingThe Three Midshipmen (1862), The Three Lieutenants (1874),The Three Commanders (1875),The also He etc. conducted Admirals Three Heathcote, (1877),Digby and Colonial The various Colonist, Magazine and papers, including also interested in emigration, He was volunteer East India Review. services schemes. For in various and philanthropic negotiat ing, treaty with Portugal he received a Portuguese ing a commercial labours a Government pension. knighthood, and for his literary
which his
popularitywas
KIRKLAND,
Novelist, b. JOSEPH (1830-1894).

"
in New
He is York State, was a lawyer in Chicago,then served in the war. vivid life-like and of the author of two novels remembered as very Me and Illinois The Far in the West, Zury Veys. Other pioneerlife The Captain of Company K. and The Story of Chicago. works are
KITTO, JOHN
Cornish led to
was
Biblical scholar, s. (1804-1854).

"
of
a
stonemason,
his
becoming
the
means
b. at Plymouth. was deaf. From totally
At
the
poverty
age and
of
12
fall
hardship he
rescued and these he
by friends, to
known,
his mental had whom become powers within of education his reach. were placed that he became
a
By
the
profitedso remarkably
tributor
to Biblical
pursuitof
Daily
Lands,
The
dealingwith
pedia of
scholarship. He travelled much his favourite studies. Among his works are Scripture Bible Illustrations, and The Lost Senses in 2 vols.,one Deafness also ed. and the other with Blindness. He
valuable con in the East in
Pictorial Bible, The Journal of Sacred Literature, The Cyclo Bible Literature, and contributed to various periodicals. of from In Government. received He a "100 pension 1844 the Univ. of Giessen conferred him the D.D. of degree upon
KNIGHT,
b. at Windsor,
CHARLES
where his
Publisher (1791-1873).
"
and
writer,
ap-
/. was
bookseller.
After
servinghis
224

him
in 1823 started and to London, he went with Brougham and co-operatedeffectively business as a publisher, for with The Useful connection Society in Diffusing others and the and issued for The He Society, was publisher Knowledge. Pictorial History of England, Magazine, Penny Cyclopedia, with prenticeship
Penny
Pictorial The He ed. with success etc. Once of vol. of author upon a essays,
Shakespeare,
a
and
was
the
Passagesfrom
Peace, which
other works.
was
autobiography, a History of the Thirty Years' Working Life (1863), completed by Miss Harriet Martineau, and various
an
Time,
KNIGHT, HENRY
man
GALLY
a
A country gentle (1786-1846).

"
of Yorkshire,
ed. at Eton
and
Camb.,
Tale Tale
was
the author
of several
a
Oriental tales, Ilderim, Tale, and Alashtar, an

on
Syrian
Arabian
(1816),Phrosyne, (1817). He was
Grecian also
an
works the subject, wrote various on authority and Architecture The Normans Ecclesiastical The of Italy, including than him his novels. which in Sicily, more reputation brought
architecture, and
KNOLLES,
RICHARD
b. at Historian, (i55o?-i6io).
"
Cold-
ashby, Northamptonshire, and ed. at Oxf., pub. in 1603 The History ed. Its principal value now of the Turks, which went through many of its for which it is of fine ranked is as a piece time, English high by
was
Hallam. K. continued
was
master
of
school
at
Sandwich.
The
History
of the
KNOWLES,
well-known
by HERBERT
Sir Paul
Rycaut (1628-1700).
Poet, (1798-1817).
"
author
Stanzas written in Richmond Churchyard, which gave future excellence. But few weeks of he d. after he had a promise been enabled, through the help of Southey to whom he had sent of his poems, to go to Camb. some
KNOWLES,
of
JAMES
SHERIDAN
Dramatist, s. (1784-1862).
"
and lexicographer, 6. at Cork. was James K., schoolmaster of a ballad, The the author Welsh was Harper, which had and gained for him the notice of Hazlitt and others. popularity, some years he studied medicine, which, however, he abandoned
He
great
For for
literature,and
produced several plays, including Caius Gracchus The Hunchback and The Love Chase (1815), Virginius (1820), (1832), in some of which he acted. He gave up the stage in 1843, (1837), became and a preacherin connection with the Baptist communion, enjoyed great popularity. He pub. two polemicalworks, The Rock
of Rome,
b. and The Idol demolished
"
by
its
own
Priests.
KNOX, JOHN (1505 P-I572).Reformer

near
and
was historian,
School there and at Haddington, and ed. at the Grammar He is believed the to have had connection with Glasgow. some The family of K. of Ranfurly in Renfrewshire. year of his birth believed be found was to but of late writers have long some 1505, to hold that he was reason really6. some years later, 1510 or even the pupilof John Major (q.v.) and became 1513. At Glasgow he was
,
as a disputant. distinguished
a
He
is believed
to have
been
ordained
priestabout
About which
and taught. to St. Andrews 1530, after which he went this time, however, there is a during gap of 1 2 years or more, almost of his life. About nothing is known 1545 he came

under the influence
at St. Andrews
225
burned of George Wishart, who was as a heretic the Reformation in the followingyear, and embraced the Continent, in Eng of which he became a champion on principles, He joinedthe reforming in Scotland. and especially land, and finally and much in in St. Andrews 1 againsthis will,elected was, 547, party then: minister. and For condemned the next
sent to France, The next year he was made prisoner, for nearlytwo years. where he remained to the galleys,
in England, chiefly at Newcastle and five years he was in and de he where was Berwick, propagating zealouslyengaged in doctrines. On the accession of Mary 1553 fending the reformed he remained K. escaped to the Continent, where at Dieppe, Frank
"
until 1559. the Maine, and Geneva During this period,in his and ecclesiastical addition to activities, he wrote pastoral the best known of his works of that time being his First copiously, fort
on
"
Blast Women. other
of the Trumpet againstthe

The it first,
Monstrous
proved
he promised two which Scotland in 1559, and at was

narrator
also the last,as he He or threatened.

once
of Regiment [government] the never produced returned to finally
of the
crowded of
and
the
abdication
Queen
chief actor the chief and in which culminated events pregnant establishment and the of Protes Mary the
in Scotland. of Edin. As minister of the High Church K. of events, which at the centre he probably did more to mould was than any other man. to As Carlyle He is the one Scotchman says, his of all the world debt." and Here, a whom, others, owe country
"
tantism
after
his
long
in
battle
with
wickedness
high
his places, and
growing
November Historie
weakness
of
24, 1572. the Reformation in Scotland.
and and principalities spiritual powers, and triumphs, disappointments,after of the world," he d. on becoming weary in His place literature he has by virtue of his
"
It extends that
from
1558-67.
Its language is much more in Scotland the time. at and in saturnine
English
It is of
than the
spoken and written highest historical value,

"
style terse, vigorous, with flashes of a quiet, somewhat humour, and of vivid description the writing of a great of action dealing with the events in which he had been the lead man His own ing actor. figureand that of the Queen are those round which the drama The leadingfeatures of his character turns. were and intense earnestness. said the Here," Morton, Regent courage
"
"
lies
man
who
never
feared
the
sternness there was hi him a vein He has been accused of intolerance, and of harshness in his dealings with the Queen. But has as said, as regards the second Carlyle not these speeches; they seem to accusation, so coarse, They are about fine as the circumstances would me as permit. It was un
"
face of man." And with all his of cordial friendliness and humour.
fortunatelynot
unless Lives ed.
one
possibleto
untrue
be
politewith
nation." Prof. Hume
the
Queen
of Scotland
proved
M'Crie
to the
by
D.
and (1812),
Brown
(1895).
Works
by
Laing. VICESIMUS
Moral and
KNOX,
Oxf
.
(1752-1821)." Essayist,etc., ed:

Head Master of School
.
at
He
took
orders, and became
pub. Essays
well-known
and Literary (1778),
ElegantExtracts, often
Tunbridge compiled the formerly reprinted.
226
KNOX,

WILLIAM
Poet, (1789-1825)."
several books of
s.
of
Roxburghshire, wrote
Songs of Israel,Harp
of Scott. Edin., and He fell into d. at
poetry,
The
fanner in Lonely Hearth,

a
of Zion, etc., which
gained him the friendship in a journalist was habits, latterly dissipated

"
36.
KYD,
THOMAS
Dramatist, s. (1558-1595).
Taylor'sSchool,
of
to
London
led the appears of his time, was with the dramatists for life of hardship so common " treasonable and Atheistic for and views," time short imprisoned a Italian. and His drama, The translations from the French made
scrivener, ed. at Merchant
have
extraordinary popularity,and was Some of the scenes and German. be Dutch are another contributed Ben been hand, have to lieved probably by by Jonson. He also produced a play on the story of Hamlet, not now written the first draft of Titus have he may in existence, and have been which attributed to Other him Andronicus. plays Cornelia The Rare Part First The (1594), of Jeronimo (1605), are Spanish Tragedy (1594),had
into translated
Triumphs of Love and Fortune, and The Tragedye of Solyman and dramatists in Perseda (1599). But, although one of the best known certain either as to his personalhistoryor his day, very little is now his works.
LAIDLAW,
WILLIAM
and and
Poet, (1780-1845).
"
s.
of
border
was
.
steward farmer, became of the beautiful author
amanuensis well-known
"
to Sir W.
Scott, and
the
ballad, Lucy's Flittin'
LAING, DAVID
the
(1793-1878). Antiquary,s.
he
was
of
his
book
seller in Edin., with whom ment, in 1837, as librarian
of the
in partnershipuntil Signet Library. He
appoint
of
ed. many
sec.
of the Bannatyne Club, of which he was publications also Prof, of He to the was 61). Honorary Antiquities tish
were
(1823Scot ed. Works he
Royal
Academy.
Baillie's
Among
Letters the poems and
and (1846-64),
important works Journals (1841-2), John of Sir D. Lyndsay, Dunbar,

more
"
the
which Knox's and
Henryson.
Britain,
LAING, MALCOLM
man
Was (1762-1818).
Scotland
country gentle
Great
in
Orkney.
a
He
completed Henry's History of

from
the Union
and
wrote
History of
of the
Union of the Kingdoms (1802). He was an assailant of the Ossianic poems, and wrote a dissertation on the ticity of of Scots in the Murder of Darnley. pation Mary Queen much to improve the agriculture of Orkney.
Crowns to the of the authen Partici He
did
LAMB, LADY
3rd
Lord Earl of Melbourne
CAROLINE Bessborough, m.
and Prime
Novelist,dau. (1785-1828).
"
of
the
Hon. She
William
Lamb,
afterwards
Minister.
though
of little literary value, attracted of these, Glenarvon contained a (1816), with whom the authoress had Byron, shortlybefore been infatuated. It was followed Hamilton Reis (1823). and Ada by Graham (1822), Happening to meet the hearse conveying the remains of Byron, she became unconscious, and fell into mental alienation, from which she never recovered.
wrote three novels, which, much The first attention. caricature portraitof Lord

LAMB, CHARLES
"
227
b.
and poet,was Essayist (1775-1834).
Salt, one of the in London, his /. being confidential clerk to Samuel After being at a school in the neigh of the Inner Temple. benchers of Mr. Salt to Christ's influence sent by the bourhood, he was and where he formed remained from he where 1782-89, Hospital,
He was then for a year or two his elder brother a clerk. in the South Sea House, where John was he to the India House, where Thence in 1792 transferred he was he retired with a pension of two-thirds remained until 1825, when of the "f his salary. Mr. Salt d. in 1792, and the family,consisting lived his his sister and ten senior, mother, Charles, Mary, years
a
friendshipwith Coleridge. lifelong
.,
together in
somewhat
straitened
circumstances,
to
John,
own
compararesources.
His sister Mary, in a Thencekilled her mother with table-knife. a insanity, which he he to forward, was 'orward, givingup a marriage looking of his unfortunate who devoted himself to the care sister, became, except when separatedfrom him by periodsof aberration, his life" " Cousin and affectionate Bridget of his companion the ong sudden fit of
"
ively well off, leaving them pretty much .n 1796 the tragedy of L.'s life occurred.
their
contribution of four a was literary appearance Poems Various on Coleridge's Subjects(1796). Two later he with his friend Charles pub.,along Lloyd,Blank Verse, years ;he little vol. includingThe Old Familiar Faces, and others of his essays.
sonnets
His
first
to
his romance, Rosamund Gray, followed in turned to the drama, and produced John for although Woodvil, a tragedy,and MY. H., a farce, both failures, :he first had some echo of the Elizabethan had it dramatic music, no iorce. Meantime the brother and sister were leadinga life clouded
"est
known
:he
same
poems, He year.
and
then
the anxieties arising from of the the condition moved about from another. to L.'s one lodging far had not yielded much either in money so iterary ventures or asked by W. Godwin to assist him iame, but in 1807 he was in (q.v.) lis and to this he, with the assistance of his JuvenileLibrary,"
poverty
and
by
atter, and
they
"
contributed sister,
the
now
doing again
About
the for
and tragedies
Mary
children, The
Mrs.
Tales from Shakespeare, Charles the comedies. In 1808 they wrote, Adventures of Ulysses, a version of the
famous
Leicester's School, and Poetry for Children (1809). the same time he was commissioned by Longman to ed. selections from the Elizabethan dramatists. To the selections were added at once criticisms, which brought him the reputation of
Odyssey,
being one of the most subtle and penetratingcritics who had ever touched the subject. Three in years later his extraordinary power this department was farther exhibited in a series of papers on In Hogarth and Shakespeare,which appeared in Hunt's Reflector. 1818 his scattered contributions in prose and verse coll. as Tht were Works of Charles Lamb, and the favour with which they were
received led to his being asked to contribute to the London Magazine " the essays which his fame on The Elia " rests. name chiefly under which written that of a fellow-clerk in the they were was India House. They appeared from 1820-25. The first series was
printed in 1823, the second,

1823
had the L.s had left London
practically adopted
The and Emma
Last taken
Essays of Elia, in 1833. In and a cottage at Islington,

a
Isola,
young
orphan,
whose
228

their lives until her in to E. and
1833 marriage presence brightened lived Enfield at and L. In retired, 1825 the publisher. Moxon,
But Edmonton. alienation mental duration. The wound 1834. His his health
was
impaired,and his sister's attacks of ever frequent and of longer were becoming more slightly hurting his face. During one of his walks he fell, he d. December and on into 29, erysipelas, developed highest. His in depth and superior. In
sister survived until 1847. and critic is the very The place of L. as an essayist only rival in the former department is Addison, but and richness of fancy L. is the of feeling, tenderness
the two. be no comparison between the realms of criticism there can his led much work as as L. is here at once profound and subtle, and of to the revival of interest in and appreciation influence other any in which His are own older poetry. self-revealing a writings, our recollections of his and the quiteunusual and always charming way, familiar to us than of Lamb the personality more friends,have made
literature, except that of Johnson. His weaknesses, any other in our his his oddities, charm, his humour, his stutter, are all as familiar to him, and the tragedy and noble his readers as if they had known for a character of reverence self-sacrifice of his life add a feeling we
already love.
Life and Letters and Final Memorials by Talfourd, also Memoir (1883-88). by B. W. Proctor and A. Ainger prefixedto ed. of Works Life,Works, and Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb, in 9 vols.,E. V. Lucas, and 12 vols. ed. W. Macdonald.
LANDON,
of
an
LETITIA
ELIZABETH
dau. Poetess, (1802-1838).

"
She was a prolific and, in her agent, was b. in London. far too but she and far wrote easily day, remarkably popular writer, for permanent fame. too much Many of her poems appeared in the but she pub. separately similar and Gazette, publications, Literary The The Fate of Adelaide (1824),The Trou (1821), Improvisatrice army badour few The (1825), Venetian Ethel Bracelet
etc. (1829),
was
She
also wrote
novels, of which
Castracani Castruccio of the West African one found dead from the was
was was
Churchill (1837). She m. effects of

as
a
best, and a tragedy of Maclean, Governor a Mr. after her she Colonies, where, shortly arrival,
an
the
overdose her
of
poison,which
it
supposed subject.
she
was
she had She was
taken best
relief from
which
accustomed
known to write.
by
she to which spasms L. E. L., under initials,
LANDOR, WALTER
cellaneous the
SAVAGE
Poet (1775-1864).
"
and
mis
b. at IpsleyCourt, Warwick, s. of a physician, was of his and ed. at mother, Rugby and Oxf., where he property earned the nickname the mad he was of Jacobin," and whence rusticated. His whole long life thereafter was a series of quarrels, extravagances, and escapades of various kinds, the result of his violent prejudices, love of paradox, and ungovernable temper. He of his relations, and quarrelledwith his /., his wife, most
author,
"
his Yet
all his friends, ran through a large fortune, and ended in days Italysupported by a pension granted by his brothers. he was devoid not of strong affections and generosity. His earliest publication Poems was (1795);Gebir (1798), an epic, had
nearly
little success, but
won
229
of Southey. In 1808 he the friendship to Spain to take part in the war went againstNapoleon, and saw attention his powerful to first work His attract was service. some About time he m. Miss the of Don same Julian (1811). tragedy of would her won mainly, as appear, on account JuliaThuillier and purchased the estate of Llantony Abbey, derful golden hair" for him
"
" "
year there, he lived until 1818 at Como, which, in 1815 to Italy,where having insulted the authorities in a Latin poem, he had to leave. his residence for some At Florence, which was years, he commenced of first two vols. ap which the his famous Imaginary Conversations, peared 1824, the third 1828, fourth and fifth 1829. Other works
went to France.
a a
Monmouthshire, authorities,he
he went
whence,
after
various After
quarrels with
residence of
the
local
were
Examination The Pericles and (1834),
of W.
Shakespeare touching Deer-stealing
(1847),
and
with finally
Poemata his wife
(1837),Hellenics Aspasia (1836),Pentameron et Inscriptiones (1847). He quarrelled to England, which, in 1835, and returned
action in 1858 on of an account he had to leave however, to for libel arisingout of a book, Dry Sticks Fagoted. He went his until death. L. at where he remained, chiefly Florence, Italy, of English holds the writers of the highest places among one and and his His are brilliant, thoughts striking stylerich prose. and
dignified.
ed. C. G.
Works
Crump,
10
vols.
LANE, EDWARD
s.
WILLIAM
Arabic (1801-1876).
"
scholar,
prebendary of Hereford, where he was b., began life as an but going to Egypt in search of health, devoted himself engraver, the study of Oriental and adopted the to languages and manners,
of
a
dress and habits of the Egyptian man of learning. He pub. Manners which the Modern remains and Customs a stan of Egyptians (1836), of The Thousand dard authority, and a translation and One Nights intended to be the great was (1838-40)(Arabian Nights). What left unfinished of his life, his Arabic Lexicon, was work at his death, but
completed by his nephew, Prof. S. L. Poole. regarded as the chief European Orientalist of his day.
was
L.
was
LANGHORNE,
was
Poet, s. JOHN (1735-1779).

"
of
clergyman,
for two Kirkby Stephen; having taken orders, he was and from Rector of in curate London, a 1776 Blagdon, Somer years is He remembered set, and Prebendary of Wells. as chiefly being the translator,jointly with his brother, Rev. William L., of Plutarch's Lives, but in his day he had some reputationas a poet, his chief work in poetry being Studley Park and Fables of Flora. In his Country b. at he dimly foreshadows Crabbe, as in his descriptive Justice(1774-77) he dimly foreshadows Wordsworth. He was twice married, poems and both of his wives d. in givingbirth to a first child.
LANGLAND,
"
WILLIAM
Little
(OR WILLIAM
OF
?LANGLEY) (1330
be gleaned as to his personalhistory, can and 1400 ?). of that little part is contradictory. In a note of the i5th century written on one MS. he is said to have been b. in Oxfordshire, the 5. of a freeman named Stacy de Rokayle, while Bale, writing in the 6th his 1 Robert and says name an century, makes (certainly error),
Poet.
230
he
was

b. at
great poem, he was bred to the it is to be the Plowman, of the monastery at Great time an inmate at one Church, and was had and dau., which, of course, pre a He m., however, Malvern. cluded him from going on to the priesthood. It has further been with the help of friends, sent him that his /., inferred from his poem friends the process of educa death of these the that on but to school,
Piers in a little house to London, living to an end, and he went tion came in Cornhill and, as he says, not only in but on London, supporting " dead. The for the tools I labour himself by singingrequiems and and and Placebo, Paternoster, with Dirige, my primer [are] Psalms." References to and seven Psalter, legal terms my my have copied for lawyers. In later life he suggest that he may with his wife and dau. Poor him appears to have lived in Cornwall with the and he ever a sympathiser was oppressed. His self, poor of the interest his been to have and almost life, great appears poem
. . .
Cleobury Mortimer
in
Shropshire. gathered that
From
his
and adding to, without, however, improv he was altering is The Vision of Piers Plowman. title of the full The it. poem ing Three distinct versions of it exist,the first c. 1362, the second c. 1377, " and the third 1393 or 1398. It has been described of as a vision Christ seen through the clouds of humanity." It is divided into is in the unrhymed, alliterative, and first English nine dreams,
to the end
manner.
such Meed as allegory appear personifications Falsehood, Repentance, Hope, etc. Piers Plow (worldlysuccess), first introduced and simple,becomes as the type of the poor man, Christ. into the Further transformed on Do-well, gradually appear In
the
Do-bet, Do-best.
express
In
stands out as a sad, earnest, and clear-sighted in a time of oppressionand unrest. onlooker It is thought that he have been the of author Richard the Redeless : if so he a poem, may at the time of writing, in Bristol, and making a last re was, living monstrance to the misguided King, news of whose death may have him while at the work, as it stops in the middle reached of a para
remedy.
all that he He himself
this poem, and had to say of the
its additions, L. was able to abuses of the time, and their
graph. He is not much of an artist,being intent rather on deliver than that it should be in a perfectdress. Prof. ing his message the Manley, in the Cambridge Historyof EnglishLiterature,advances that The Vision not is the work of but of several theory writers, one, W. L. being therefore a dramatic, not a personalname. It is sup ported on such grounds as differences in metre, diction, sentence of view on social and ecclesiastic matters structure, and the diversity in different expressed parts of the poem.
LANIER, SIDNEY
of
Miscellaneous writer,s. (1842-1881).

"
a lawyer of Huguenot descent, was b. at Macon, Georgia. He had a varied soldier,shopman, teacher, career, having been successively lawyer,musician, and prof. His first literary venture was a novel, Tiger Lilies (1867). Thereafter he wrote mainly on literature,his works The Science of English Verse (1881),The including English Novel and also (1883), Shakespeare and his Forerunners some
"
poems
which of
have
been
The Marshes
Glynn," and
the Welsh
of
and Froissart,
(1902); admired, including "Corn," greatly "The Song of the Chattahoochee ; ed. worked He Mabinogion for children.
"
under about the shadow his death. of serious
231
lung trouble, which

"
eventuallybrought
LARDNER,
DIONYSIUS
Scientific writer,s. (1793-1859).
of a solicitor in Dublin, and b. there, was intended for the law, but having no taste for it, he entered Trinity Coll.,Dublin, and took himself to literaryand scientific pursuits,and orders, but devoted to the Edinburgh Review, and various became contributor a Encyclo paedias. In 1827 he was appointed Prof, of Natural Philosophy and of London in the Univ. and in (afterwards Univ. Coll.), his The Cabinet which work, 1829 began was great Cyclopedia, In his literary finished in 133 vols. 20 years later. undertakings, which included various other schemes of somewhat similar character,
Astronomy
he was in Paris
and eminently successful, financially from
otherwise.
He
lived
1845
until his death.
LATIMER, HUGH
Leicestershire of Clare Hall.
a
Reformer (1485-1555).
"
and
s. of divine,
yeoman,
went
to Camb.
was
in
Bilney,embraced doctrines. He called to appear before Wolsey, was certain but dismissed articles. His on subscribing oppositionto the his of the King's supremacy, Pope, and support brought him under the notice of Henry, and he was appointed chaplainto Anne Boleyn, For preaching in favour and in 1535 Bishop of Worcester. of the reformed doctrines he was twice imprisoned in the Tower, 1539 and which he 1546, and on the former occasion resignedhis bishopric,
arguments
VI. On the acces of thrown into London, Mary Ridley,Bishop October and burned Oxf. His at on words 16, 1555, prison (1554), of encouragement to his fellow-martyr well known, " Be of good are shall this day light comfort, Master we Ridley,and play the man; such a candle by God's in I trust shall never be as England grace
to resume
on
ancient the reformed
Taking orders, he faith, but convinced by the
500, and became at first a defender

1
Fellow of the
of
declined sion of
the
accession
of Edward
he
was
with
put
out."
"
He
holds
his and
sermons
that especially
outspoken, homely,
humour.
place in English literature by virtue of his The Ploughers which, like himself, are on popular, with frequent touches of kindly
"
LAUDER,
miscellaneous Lochandhu
SIR THOMAS
writer,
s.
DICK
a
Novelist (1784-1848).
"
arid
(1825),and
known for his Account also wrote Legendary Tales of the scientific journals and magazines.
two novels, baronet, wrote Badenoch (1827),but is best of the Great Floods in Morayshire in 1829. He
of
Scottish
The
Wolf of
Highlands, and
contributed
to
LAW,
tutor
to
WILLIAM
the
Divine, s. (1686-1761).
"
of
grocer
at
ed. at Camb., and in 1727 became the historian. About 1728 he his best known A Serious Call and Devout to book, a pub. Holy Life,a work which has had a profound influence upon the religious life of
Kingscliffe, Northamptonshire,was
/. of
Edward
Gibbon,
England, largelyowing
such minds he became
as
a
it produced upon to the impression which of Dr. Johnson, the Wesleys,and others. In 1737 of the works student of Jacob Boehmen, the German those
mystic,and
devoted
himself
to largely
the
of his views. exposition
232
The
a complicated one, combining positionof L. was theological Puritanism char and : his writings are High Churchism, mysticism, and lucid and brilliant keen a logic, acterised by vigorousthought, and often sarcastic, His humour. of flashes relieved bright, by style, work attacking Mandeville's Fable of the Bees (1723)is perhaps that best displayed in combination. He are these qualities in which where school for had founded he a 14 retiredin 1740 to Kingscliffe,
girls.
LAWRENCE, GEORGE
a
ALFRED
Novelist, was (1827-1876)."

"
several novels, of which one Guy Living" He wrote of the Ameri the outbreak On had great popularity. stone (1857) intention of the with America to he went joiningthe Civil War can and released taken on prisoner only Confederate Army, but was barrister.
"
promisingto
LAYAMON
venath. He his
was a
return
to
England.
"
the (ft. 1200). Metrical historian,

of him is
s.
of Leo-
writings. la Worcestershire. at Ernley (now Areley Regis), priest and Wace, in French, day the works of Geoffreyof Monmouth it came to him in the favourite reading of the educated, and were tell the story of Brut in English verse. He that he would mind the earlier of books on and, founding his poem set out in search from his own and much so knowledge of Welsh writers, he added consists of of England tradition that while Wace's 1 West 5,000 poem Among the legends he givesare those lines,his extends to 32,000. The poem is in the old English unof Locrine, Arthur, and Lear. the revival of the English marks rhymed, alliterative verse, and mind and spirit."
All that is known
own
" "
"
gatheredfrom
his
LA YARD,
Nineveh, 6.
SIR AUSTIN
HENRY
(1817-1894). Explorerof
"
After spending some at Paris, 5. of a Ceylon civilian. h e in search of employ in the office of London out set a solicitor, years Western but passingthrough interested ment in Ceylon, Asia, became in the work of ancient cities. Many of his of excavatingthe remains finds human-headed sent to the British Museum. bulls,etc. were Two books Nineveh and its Remains and The Ruins (1848-49), of Nineveh and Babylon (1853) brought him fame, and on his return home he received many of the City honours, includingthe freedom
" " " "
of London, the degree of D.C.L. from Oxf., and the Lord Rectorship of Aberdeen Univ. He entered he sat as a Parliament, where Liberal. He held the offices of Under-Foreign Sec. (i 861-66), and Chief Commissioner of Works and Ambassador to was (1868-69),
Spain 1869, and Constantinople 1877;

he
was
and on his retirement in 1878 G.C.B. made He was successful and de a very excavator, scribed his work but he and most was no brilliantly, great linguist, of the deciphering of the inscriptions done by Sir H. Rawlinson. was His last work in Persia, etc.,and he left an was Early Adventures
autobiography, pub. in
1903.
He
also wrote
on
Italian
art.
LEAR,
He
was
EDWARD
Artist (1812-1888)."
and settled in Rome
as
author, b. in London,
an
and miscellaneous a landscape painter.
trated, of
and wrote illus traveller, indefatigable accounts, finely his journeys in Italy,Greece, and Corsica. His best

known and works
are,
233
of wit his Book of Nonsense (1840)(full Nonsense Rhymes (1871),and Laughable good sense), More birds. for depicting Lyrics (1876). L. had also a remarkable faculty
however,
LECKY,
WILLIAM
EDWARD
HARTPOLE
(1838-1903).
"
Dublin, Historian, the s. of a landed gentleman of Carlow, was b. near and in and ed. at Cheltenham Originally Trinity Coll., Dublin. himself to a literary His tended for the Church, he devoted career. first work Leaders of importance was of Public Opinion in Ireland on Swift, Flood, Grattan, and O'Connell). The study (1861)(essays determined the of Buckle's extent History of Civilisation to some of two and resulted in the production direction of his own writings,
of the Spiritof important works, History of the Rise and Influence in Europe (1865), and History of European Morals from both remarkable for to learning, Augustus Charlemagne (1869), clearness, and impartiality.Both, however, gave rise to consider is The History able controversy and criticism. His principal work of England in the Eighteenth Century (1878-90). Characterised by his deals with the same it a a s books, qualities sterling preceding had wide and has a acceptance. subjectmore generally interesting,
Rationalism of the American and the controversies which led to it, war, favourable earlier is more than that of some to the Englishposition historians. and The Other works are Democracy and Liberty (1896), Irish sympathies, L. was Map of Life (1899). Though of warm He for his Home Rule. sat in Parliament dis Univ. from 1895 until his death. He received many academical of the Institute of a tinctions, and was Corresponding Member members of the Order of Merit. France, and one of the original His view
stronglyopposed
to
LEE,
NATHANIEL
at
Dramatist, (i653?-i692).
"
s.
of
Hatfield, was clergyman he After leavingthe Univ.
ed. at Westminster
to London, went He was taken up by both as actor and author. dissolute set, led a loose life, and drank himself into of the same four After his he lived where he Bedlam, recovery spent years. fall and his death from under the effects met a mainly upon charity, of a carouse. His tragedies, bombast and fre which, with much occasional fire and of imagination,have flights quent untrained based on classical subjects. The principal tenderness, are generally
are
a
School and Camb. and joined the stage Rochester and others
The Rival Queens, Theodosius, and few comedies, and collaborated with in The Duke
Mithridates.
He
an
Dryden
HARRIET
in
also wrote adaptation of
(Edipus,and
of Guise.
LEE, SOPHIA
LEE, (1750-1824),
(1757-1851).
"
Novelists and the dramatists, dau. of John L.f an actor, were authors of various dramatic their and novels. far most pieces By memorable work The was Canterbury Tales, 5 vols. (1797-1805) of two, The Young Lady's and The Clergy which, with the exception all The most powerful of them, Kruitzner, man's, were by Harriet. fell into the hands of Byron in his boyhood, and made so profound it under the impressionupon him that, in 1821, he dramatised title of Werner, or the Inheritance. The authoress also adapted it for the stage as The Three Strangers. The tales are in general remark able for the ingenuity of their plots. Harriet lived to the age of 94,
an
H2
234
and powers of conversation. the last her vigour of mind his offer of marriage to which, however, her an made Godwin barrier. chief Sophia's an insuperable opinionspresented religious had a great run, The Chapter of Accidents, a comedy, which work was
to preserving
enabled the sisters to start a school at Bath, of which the profits a competence and produced for them successful, which proved very later their in retire able to which years. on they were
LE
FANU,
JOSEPH
SHERIDAN
was
Novelist,s. (1814-1873).
"
of a Dean Richard
came
a
of the
EpiscopalChurch
Brinsley Sheridan,
contributor and
grand-nephew of TrinityColl.,Dublin, and be of the Dublin University proprietor ultimately

ed. at
of Ireland, and
their first appearance. of his novels made which many and was first brought Called to the Bar in 1839, he did not practise, Croohoore Shamus two ballads, into notice Phaudrig and_ by His of had novels, which extraordinary popularity. O'Brien, and Anchor include The Cock he wrote which (1845), Torlough 12,
Magazine, in
by the Churchyard (1863),Uncle Silas (1847),The House In The Tenants most the of Malory (1867), popular)(1864), (perhaps Die and to Glass Darkly (1872), (posthumously). They a Willing are by able construction, ingenuityof plot, generally distinguished of the mysterious and supernatural. in the presentation and power ranked is he next to Lever. Irish novelists generally Among
O'Brien
LEIGHTON, ROBERT
Divine, was (1611-1684).

"
the
s.
of
his
Alexander of his anti-prelatic books, was slit and his ears cut off. nose
and L., physician,
writer
on
put
in the
was
theology,who, on fined, and pillory,
account
had
Robert
time for some he resided at Douay. received Presbyterian ordination, and Edin. In 1653 he was Newbattle, near Prof, of 1662
ed. at Edin., after which he Returning to Scotland admitted minister of was
appointed Principaland
Divinityin the
when, having appointed Bishop of Dunblane, under the new Episcopal establish He endeavoured to bring ment. repeatedly but unsuccessfully about ecclesiastical union in Scotland the basis of combining an on the best elements in each system. Discouragedby his lack of success in his well-meant he offered in 1665 to resignhis see, but was efforts, persuaded by Charles II. to remain in it,and in 1669 was promoted to be Archbishop of Glasgow, from which wearied and dis position, he in widowed retired lived his and with 1674, appointed, finally On visit sister,Mrs.. Lightmaker, at Broadhurst a Manor, Sussex.
to London he was seized with a fatal illness, and d. in the arms of his he had the greatest eleva friend,Bishop Burnet, who says of him, tion of soul, the largest mortified of knowledge, the most compass
"
offices he held until of Edin., which from he was himself Presbyterianism, separated Univ.
and and
that heavenly disposition
ever
saw
in mortal."
His
sermons
commentaries,
among
consist
a pub. posthumously, maintain high place a like for and classics, Englishreligious thought style. They of his Commentary on St. Peter, Sermons, and Spiritual Exer
all
etc. cises, Letters,
His
Lectures
and
A ddresses in Latin
were
"
also
pub.
LELAND,
humorist, b.
CHARLES GODFREY at Philadelphia, ed. was

a
American (1824-1903).
at
Princeton, and
whom
in
Europe.
more
In his travels he made
study of the
on gipsies,
he wrote
235
fame rests Breitmann His book. than one chieflyon his Hans in the known written Ballads Dutch. as patois Pennsylvania (1871), of his are Meister Karl's Sketch-book Other books (1855), Legends of Birds (1864),Algonquin Legends (1884), Legends of Florence (1895), and
Flaxius,
or
Leaves
from
the
Life of an
Immortal.
"
LELAND
OR
LEYLAND,
JOHN (1506-1552). Antiquary,
and at Camb., Oxf., and and ed. at St. Paul's School b. in London, and one of the first Englishmen to Paris. He was a good linguist, acquireGreek, and he was likewise acquainted with French, Italian, Spanish,Welsh, and Anglo-Saxon. He became chaplainand librarian whom he received the Rectory of Poppeling, to Henry VIII., from
near
Calais, and
afterwards and
was
in
1533
the
appointment
do
over
of
King's Antiquary.
work
Soon
deputy,
documents famous
he was permitted to commissioned to go and antiquities; lasted the

on
his
in France England in search this made
by
of his
and
to
the
strength of
for about six years. He able to do was of dissolu destruction the manuscripts on something vast collections of documents and tion of the monasteries, and made and information general features of the regarding the monuments unable fullyto digestand set in country, which, however, he was
tour, which
stem
They formed, nevertheless, an almost inexhaustible quarry such as Stow, Camden, field, succeedingworkers in the same and Dugdale, wrought. In his last years he was insane, and hence in his lifetime. His collections his of none Itinerarywas, appeared in 9 vols. (1710-12), and his however, at length pub. by T. Hearne Collectanea in 6 vols. (1715).
order. in which
LEMON,
MARK
and Journalist (1809-1870).

"
humorist,
and theatrical pieces, b. in London, wrote a few novels, of many and Loved which the best is Falkner others Hall, Lyle, being Leyton lectured and stories for Last. He also wrote at children, gave public and contributed to various periodicals.He is best known readings,
as one
of the His
Punch.
founders JestBook
and, from
appeared
her
in
1843 until 1864. Ramsay,

"
his death, the
ed. of
LENNOX,
New
wrote
CHARLOTTE
of which
Was (RAMSAY) (1720-1804).

"
b. in
York,
a
/.,Colonel
was
vogue
play
"
which Female Quixote (1752), in its day. Her other writings novels, translations, and a befriended now are by Dr. Johnson. forgotten. She was
novel, The
Governor. She had considerable
Mrs. Thrale liked her."
said (q.v.)
that
"
everybody
admired
Mrs.
L., but
nobody
LESLIE,
studied
OR
LESLEY,
and Law.
JOHN
He
was a
Historian, (1527-1596).
"
at Aberdeen
Paris, at the former
1562,
Prof,
of Canon
Privy
of which he became, in Councillor 1565, and
Bishop
of Ross 1566, and was the confidential friend of Queen Mary, He was who made him her ambassador thrown to Queen Elizabeth. into the Tower for his share in promoting a marriage between Mary of Norfolk, whence condition of and the Duke released on being he where he first Paris to went to and then Rome, leavingEngland, busied himself on behalf of his mistress. Vicar-General of He became the diocese of Rouen in 1 579, and d. at the monastery of Guirtenburg
near
Brussels.
While
in England
he
wrote
in Scots
vernacular
his
236
History of Scotland from
left off) the death of James I. (where Boece and expanded it in Latin he rewrote At Rouen time. to his own Scots into re-translated by James it was (1575),from which in
1
Dairy mple
596. SIR
took
L'ESTRANGE,
pamphleteer,
ROGER
of
a
and Journalist (1616-1704)."
Norfolk baronet, was probably at Six the for arms King. years later he was Camb., and in 1638 condemned to death. and He, captured, imprisonedin Newgate, in and had to make Kent, to a endeavoured rising however escaped, he was employed in the service of Charles II. flee to Holland, where he returned to England in Cromwell from On receiving a pardon active in writing on he was 1653. In view of the Restoration behalf of monarchy, and in 1663 pub. Considerations and Proposals
youngest s.
he was appointed Sur in order to Regulatingof the Press, for which the of and received Licenser a and Press, veyor of Printing-Presses first His news of printing public news. grant of the sole privilege followed The Intelligencer, year, and was appeared in the same
paper,
concerning City Mercury, or Advertisements and writing Thereafter his life was spent in ed. newspapers Trade. pamphlets in support of the Court and against the Whigs political In 1685 he was re Dissenters. knighted. His controversies and Revolution his the he lost and after into him trouble, peatedlygot
by
The News and the than once imprisoned. In addition to appointments,and was more his political writingshe translated Msop's Fables, Seneca's Morals, from other authors, Cicero's and Offices.His JEsop contains much and he his In was vigorous,but lively writings includinghimself.
coarse
and
abusive.
LEVER,
Dublin,
and
CHARLES
ed. at
JAMES
Novelist, b. (1806-1872).
"
at
at various in Ireland. In he 1837 places Gottingen,and practisedat contributed to the Dublin UniversityMagazine his first novel, Harry and wide acceptance which it found Lorrequer,and the immediate himself He him to literature. to devote decided accordingly his most O'M alley (1840), Charles it with followed popular book. After this scarcely a year passed without an addition to the list of which be his light-hearted, stories, among breezy, rollicking may Burke Hinton Tom Arthur mentioned O'Leary, of Ours, (1842), Jack and The Dodd
Trinity Coll.
there.
He
studied
medicine
Family
more
Gwynne
1864 he
laneous General. Dublin he went Consul
(1847) are
contributed
Abroad. in the
The
O'Donoghue
nature
to
Blackwood's
and The Knight of In of historical romances. miscel series of a Magazine and
O'Dowd on Men, Women, papers, Cornelius L.'s life was After largelyspent abroad. Brussels
Things in his practising

to ed. the after which British was
in profession to
1840-42
University Magazine,
he which
returned he did
to
Dublin
until
1845,
he of which He continued d. to produce novels up to the end of his life. Among the later ones Sir Brooke are Fosbrooke, The Bramleighs of Bishop's and Lord Kilgobbin(1872). Folly,
Italy,settled at Florence, and thereafter at Spezzia and Trieste, at the latter successively
LEWES, GEORGE
miscellaneous
HENRY
and (1817-1878). Philosopher

"
writer, b. in London,
and
ed. at
Greenwich,
and
in

Jersey and Brittany.
medicine and
237
His earlylife was varied ; he tried law, com then for two a nd was successively, years in merce, from which tried London he the on Germany, returning stage, and for the settled down to journalism,writing Morning eventually various Chronicle, for the Penny Encyclopedia, and periodicals. Review Thereafter and the Fortnightly he ed. the Leader (1851-54), His articles deal with he extra an (which founded) (1865-66). of subjects criticism,the drama, biography, and ordinary variety His chief works The His are science, both physical and mental. Thales to Comte's Comte, from tory of Philosophy Philosophy of the Sciences The Common Psychology of Life (1859),Studies in (1853), Problems Animal Life (1862), of Life and Mind (1873-79). L. was able dramatic an critic,and in this department he exceptionally produced Actors and the Art of Acting (1875),and a book on the By far his greatestwork, however, is his Life and Spanish Drama. which remains Works the standard of Goethe (1855), English work on and which the end of the in its German the subject, had, by century He also wrote two translation, passed into 16 ed. novels, Ranand and Violet neither of which Rose, Blanche, thorpe (1847), (1848), In his writings attained he is frequentlybrilliant and any success. and training, whether in philosophy or original; but his education not to him a sufficiently biology,were thorough give place as a in either. L.'s life in its Matter section influenced master was by with Miss Evans connection his irregular ("George Eliot"), with
"
lived for the last 24 years of it,in close intellectual sym his appreciationand To were largelydue encouragement pathy. her taking up prose fiction. whom he
LEWIS, SIR GEORGE

and
CORNEWALL
F. L.,
a
Scholar (1806-1863).
"
statesman,
s.
of Sir Thomas
Radnorshire
baronet,
was
and Oxf. He studied law, was ed. at Eton called to the Bar in 1831, in 1847, where and entered Parliament his intellect and character After serving on various soon gained him great influence. impor tant the commissions and minor holding Home he became offices, War his Chancellor Sec. of
Exchequer 1855-58,
Sec. 1859-61, and
1861-63.
did not His official labours laborious studies, chiefly in of and
knowledge
bility of
On the Use and Abuse Other works are of Political Terms, Authority in Matters of Opinion, The Astronomy of the Ancients, and a Dialogue on the best Form The of Government. somewhat mind of his led him sift turn evidence to sceptical minutely, and the labour
no
among Ancient Roman results of Niebuhr.
enteringinto profound and and the state regard to Roman history, In his Inquiry into the Credi the ancients. he combated the methods History (1855),
prevent
involved doubt
publicduties
Matthew and Oxf.
shortened
in his wide range of severe his valuable life.
study
and
his
LEWIS, MATTHEW
L.,
GREGORY
Sec. in the War
Novelist, s. (1775-1818)."
Office,was
a
of
Deputy
Thereafter
tales of witchcraft for him, and in Germany his favourite study, with the author of The Monk,
he went to Germany. and the supernatural had he had
ed. at Westminster his childhood From
powerful fascination for pursuing ample opportunities
the result that at the age of 20 he became the supernatural and the a tale in which
238

"
from which horrible predominate to an unprecedented extent, and characteristic The in all L." same Monk appears he is known as Tales mentioned Terror be which of (1779), his works, among may Tales of Wonder (to which Sir W. Scott contributed),and Romantic L. Tales (1808). Though affected and extravagant in his manners, in and fact and ill an in feelings, not wanting generous kindly was
ness
contracted
some
remedy
cause
to the West voyage of the slaves on grievances

on a
Indies
to
inquireinto
there
was
and the
his estates
of his death.
LEYDEN,
Poet JOHN (1775-1811).

"
and
b. at Orientalist,
of superiorability, Roxburghshire, gave Denholm, him for the Church. He and his f.,who a shepherd, destined was of where he had the brilliant Univ. Edin., a entered accordingly for languages and natural history. aptitude showing a special career, of the Church, but continued his licentiate a In 1800 he became In 1 799 he scientific and linguistic studies, and also began to write. had pub. a sketch of the Discoveries and Settlements of the Europeans to Scott's Min and Western in Northern Africa, and he contributed
early evidence
strelsyof
Wonder.
being
would the
public service, but could be obtained that of a ship's was only opening which exertions L. himself for this qualified By extraordinary surgeon. his poem, in a few months, and set sail for the East, after finishing
Scenes
to the Scottish Border, and for Oriental His enthusiasm his behalf to Government made on his acquirements available make
"Monk" for
Lewis's
to
Tales
of
learningled
some
application
which
situation
for the
of Infancy.
after
some
Soon time
way, the Malay Peninsula, and some and vast stores of linguistic
was
and
after his arrival at Madras passed in Prince of Wales of the East Indian
his health gave Island he visited
founded Dekkan
Islands, collecting ethnographicalinformation, on which his great Dissertation on the Indo-Persian, Indo-Chinese,
Soon after this L.
was
and
Languages (1807).
appointed
Minto, to Java. by his almost super human exertions, and immediately after landing he contracted of in which he three days at the early age of 36. Two d. a fever, Oriental works translated by him, Sejdrah Maldyu (Malay Annals) and Commentaries in 1821 and 1826. of Baber were pub. respectively
prof,in the Bengal Coll.,and a little later a 1811 he accompanied the Governor-General, His health, however, had undermined been
judge
Lord
in Calcutta.
In
LIDDELL, HENRY
Ed.
at
GEORGE
Historian,etc. (1811-1898).
"
became
and Christ Church, Oxf., of which in 1855 he Dean. He Ancient Rome wrote a History of (1855),and, Lexicon along with R. Scott, pub. a Greek-English (1843).
Charterhouse
LIDDON, HENRY
captain
PARRY
Divine, (1829-1890).
"
s.
of
in the navy, b. at North was Stoneham, Hants, and ed. at He took orders King's Coll. School, London, and Oxf. 1853, was of Cuddesdon Vice-Principal TheologicalColl. 1854-59, Prebendary of Salisbury of St. Paul's 1870. He was also Ire 1864, and Canon land Prof, of Exegesis at Oxf. 1870-82. In 1866 he delivered his
Bampton
Lectures
one
as recognised
The Divinity of Our on to be Lord, and came of the ablest and most of eloquentrepresentatives

the
239
the among ardent an
High
Church
party.
of the the moral various
His
sermons
in St. Paul's
were
was
leading features
life of religious
protagonistin
ecclesiastical
London. L. controversies of his time
bearing upon
"
and
questions.
LIGHTFOOT, JOSEPH BARBER

and
ed. at the
scholar, b. at
and of Prof,
Liverpool,and
Camb.,
entered
King
to
Edward's
was
School, 1862, 1870-80.
Birmingham,
Hulsean member
Church, and
successively
Victoria
Divinity 1861, Chaplain
Queen
Bishop of Durham probably the greatest scholar of his day in England, as a grammarian and textual critic. Among his works especially Pauline several of the minor Commentaries on are a epistles, frag the Apostolic Fathers, Leaders in the Northern on mentary work and The ApostolicAge (1892). Church (1890), Margaret
1879.
He
was
Testament of of the New Company Prof, of Divinity,Camb., 1875, and
Revisers
LILLO,
GEORGE
Dramatist, (1693-1739).
"
of
Dutch
his /.in business as a jeweller, descent, was b. in London, succeeded his leisure to the composi in which he had good speed,and devoted tion of plays in the line of what known the " domestic as was drama." in all seven of these, among which He wrote The Lon are don Merchant, or the History of George Barnewell, acted 1731, The and Fatal Curiosity (1736). He was Christian Hero a friend (1735), of an old Roman of Fielding, who said of him that he had the spirit joinedto the innocence of a primitiveChristian."
"
LINDSAY,
poet
was
OR
LYNDSAY, SIR DAVID

L. of
or
Scottish (1490-1555).
"
and
s. of David satirist,
Garmylton,
near
Haddington,
b..either there Early in life he was
at The at
the
in Fife, and ed. at St. Andrews. Mount Court of James IV., and on the King's
on
death was appointed to attend and counsellor he remained, his
country, not always
the infant James V., whose friend his advice was, unhappily for given heed to. In 1 529 he was knighted and
though
He was made Lyon King at Arms. employed on various missions to the Emperor Charles V., and to Denmark, France, and England. He was always in sympathy with the people as againstthe nobles and the clergy,and was their poet, with his words in their mouths. He favoured of and those the Reformers, who one was urged Knox did not, however, adhere to the reformed to become a preacher. He and d. at least nominally in the Roman Church. Yet congregation, he lashed the vices of the clergy been lashed as they had never before, and also The
only escaped
days
their vengeance of the King, who by the protection condoned the severities directed His latter against himself. The at where he His d. chief were Mount, spent writingsare written
King (1529),The Testament and Complaynt of our Soverane Lord's Papyngo (Parrot) (1530) A ne Pleasant Satyre of the Three Estaitis,A Dialogue betwixt Experience and a Courtier (1552),The Monarchy (1554),and The L. was with fancy, a true History of Squyer Meldrum. poet, gifted and humour, a powerful satiric touch and a love of truth and justice. He had a strong influence in turning the minds of the common people in favour of the Reformation. V/orks ed. by Chalmers and D. Laing (3vols.,1879). (3vols.,1806),
,
Dreme,
1528,
The
Complaynt
to the
240

OR
LINDSAY,
LINDESAY,
ROBERT
His (1500P-I565?)."
a history entitled torian, Laird or tenant of Pitscottie,Fife, wrote continuation of that of a as The Chronicles of Scotland, intended
Boece. accurate
It deals
with the period 1436-1515, and in detail,is often vivid and quaint.
though
often
in
LINGARD,
JOHN
Historian, b. (1771-1851)."
at
Win
Catholic parentage, was in 1782 sent to Roman chester of humble whence he from the revolu the English Coll. at Douay, escaped to England, went toCrookhall tionaries in 1793, and returning Coll., Ordained to Ushaw. and afterwards in 1795, a priest Durham, near Vice-Pres. and Prof, of Philosophy at the latter coll. In he became the 1806 he pub. The Antiquities of Anglo-Saxon Church, and while a at Hornby, Lancashire, began his History of England to missioner and Mary the Accession (8 vols., 1819-30). In the pre of William material hitherto unpub., and had to this work L. of access paration Protestant for in the historians, such as documents not available Vatican and other
new
Roman
Catholic various from writers
sources,
the Protestant standpoint. L. critics with the result that it is now to his admitted replied generally in parts coloured while that the history, and by the theological the of view of is author, and an point generally political impartial
able to throw attacked was
lighton
various
parts
and was consequently of his subject. The work
by
it remains the Reforma a leadingauthorityon from the side of the enlightened Roman Catholic opinion is supported by the fact that the Ultra the Roman montane Catholics regarded the book as a party among in of the interests of their Church. one dangerous respect valuable tion
work, and
periodviewed priesthood. This
LINTON, MRS.
miscellaneous
ELIZA
LYNN
of
a
Novelist (1822-1898).
"
and
in
writer, dau.
clergyman,
settled
in
London
1845, and Amymone any great
first novel, Azeth, the Egyptian ; year produced and Realities (1851), followed. None of these had (1848),
next success,
her
and
she
then
joined the
In
staff of she W.
the
Morning
m. 1858 J. Linton, an eminent wood-engraver,who was also a poet of some note, a writer his craft, and a upon Republican. In 1867 they separated in a
Chronicle,and All the Year
Round.
friendly way,
the husband going to America, and the wife devoting herself to novel -writing, in which she attained wide popularity. Her most successful works The True were History of Joshua Davidson Patricia Kemball (1874), and Christopher Kirkland. (1872), She was
severe
critic of the
"
new
woman."
LISTER, THOMAS
Westminster
HENRY
Novelist,ed. (1800-1842)."
He
at
England among Herbert Lacy (1828), Granby (1826), Arlington(1832).

the author of
a
and Camb., was the first Registrar-General for latterly Wales. and He wrote several novels, which are
was
also
Life of Clarendon.
LITHGOW,
Lanark,
claimed
WILLIAM
"Traveller, (1582-1645).
b.
at
at the end of his various to have peregrinations miles foot. tramped 36,000 on Previous to 1610 he had visited Shetland, Switzerland, and Bohemia. In that year he set out for Palestine and Egypt. His next journey, 1614-16, was in Tunis and Fez; but his last,1619-21, to Spain,ended unfortunately in his ap-

prehensionat Malaga
his travels in.Rare The
24
He gave an account and torture of as a spy. and Paineful Peregrinations, and wrote Adventures Siege of Breda, The Siege of Newcastle, and Poems.
LIVINGSTONE,
6. at
DAVID
mill
(1813-1873). Missionary explorer,

"
Blantyre, Lanarkshire,
cotton he
spent
there.
the years
between
10
a Becoming the service of the London himself, and entering qualified Africa. He subse Missionary Society,set out in 1846 to South which into the made interior, ultimately developed journeys quently in which he into his great pioneeringand explorationexpeditions, discovered Lake Ngami 1849, and the river Zambesi 1851. In 1856 and retired he visited England, pub. his Missionary Travels (1857), Consul He from the service of the London was MissionarySociety. in and commanded at Cjuilimane1858-64, an 1858 expedition for of which he dis exploringEastern and Central Africa, in the course and Shirwa Lakes covered Nyassa 1859. Again visiting England and its Tributaries he pub. his second book. The Zambesi (1865). Returning to Africa he organised an expeditionto the Nile basin, discovered Lake Bangweolo, explored the cannibal country, endur and dangers,from which he was terrible rescued sufferings ing just in time by H. M. Stanley. His last journey was to discover the of the Nile, but it proved fatal,as he d. at a village in Ilala. sources His remains were brought home and buried in Westminster Abbey. of indomitable and of L. was man a a simple nobilityof courage, His writings unadorned of his work character. statements are plain, the greatestexplorers and experiences.He ranks among and philan thropists. The diary which he kept was pub. as Last Journals of in Central Africa (1874). His view of his duty David Livingstone in which he found in the circumstances himself was to be a pioneer ground, and leavingnative agents to work it up. opening up new
operativein
missions
interested
and 24 as an in foreign
LLOYD, ROBERT
and
Poet, ed. (1733-1764)."
at Westminster
Camb.,
pub.
some
popularity,
scious him C.'s death
Lovers kindness much he took
which The Actor (1760), had considerable a poem miscellaneous and comic a verses, opera, The Con friend He of a was Churchill,who showed (1764). in bis
to
frequent misfortunes;
soon
and
a
on
hearing of
heart.
bed, and
d., apparently of
broken
LOCKE, DAVID
1888). Humorist,
"
Ross
b. in New
(PETROLEUM
York State. His
V.
NASBY) (1833-
satires really political the He influenced then a war. was a printerand opinion during his include and the Cirkle, journalist, writings Swingin' round of P. V. Nasby, Nasby in Exile, and two novels, A Paper Struggles City and The Demagogue.
LOCKE, JOHN
steward,
School
was
s. (1632-1704). Philosopher,
"
of
land-
b. at Wrington, near Bristol, and ed. at Westminster Oxf. In 1660 he became lecturer on Greek, in 1662 on and in he went Rhetoric, to an as sec. 1664 Embassy to Branden burg. While a student he had turned from the subtleties of Aris totle and the schoolmen, had studied Descartes and Bacon, and becoming attracted to experimental science, studied medicine, and At the same time his mind had been much a little in Oxf. practised and
exercised by questionsof morals
and
government,
and
in
1667
he
242
wrote to Lord

his Essay known In the same year he became house ist Earl of Shaf tesbury) in whose Ashley (afterwards of the made acquaintance Buckingham, he Here to reside. entrusted of the time, and was by and other leading men
on
Toleration.
he went
Halifax,
Ashley with
of his grandson, the education of his 5., and afterwards the famous 3rd Earl of Shaf tesbury (q.v.) He was also employed by for the new colony of Carolina, the him to draw up a constitution were regarded as too liberal provisionsof which in regard to religion Church, departed from. at the instance of the Established and were, L. the Chancellor he bestowed upon Ashley became In 1672 when of Board at the afterwards and a post office of Sec. of Presentations, for and in the went same year In 1675 L. graduatedM.B., Trade. been to Monthad which delicate, his health, always of benefit the
.
there where pelier, quently to Paris, eminent Frenchmen
then he where of the

was
celebrated became
medical
school, and
most
acquaintedwith
Recalled
Shaf
subse of the
day.
he returned to England but, his from a to take refuge in Holland In consequence there. him followed in 1684 and was to the Government, Christ Church.
by patron having
tesbury in 1679 in 1682 been obliged for high treason, he prosecution

obnoxious of this he became deprived of his studentshipat
d. in Holland, L. remained returned to England in the fleet he when there until the Revolution, with in favour He now was carried the Princess of Orange. which the offer of diplomatic employment which, had and Government, his of appointed a Com health, he declined, but was account on adviser of the Governmenl he In was an missioner of Appeals. 1698
Shaf
tesbury having
on
the
questionof
the
and coinage,
was
made
member
of the
newly
Council on Trade, which instituted positionhe resigned in 1700. at Francis and Lady Masham Sir with lived he his last years During Cudworth of who dau. a was Ralph Oates in Essex, where Lady M., The his last years. old friend, assiduouslytended and an
(q.v.),
services various
in civil and matters were religious and his is it and writings, philosophical great; upon that the Human his Essay on Understanding (1690) chiefly on the first into four books, of which It is divided his fame rests. the second of which he denies), treats of innate ideas (the existence of L. to his
country
but
the third deals with language, and the works the limits of the understanding. Other fourth lays down Education On the Conduct of his are Thoughts concerning of (1693), the Understanding(pub.posthumously), The Reasonableness of Chris It Treatise on Government, and Letters on Toleration. tianity(1695),
traces
the
originof ideas,
not
philosopherL. was a calm, sensible, very profound or original reasonable writer, and his books were th*i very influential on of his well French the as as on philosophy day, English thought His style is plain and of the next century. clear, but lacking in
a
and
and variety. brightness and Bourne Lives by Lord King (1829), See also T. H. Prof. A. C. Fraser (1894). Hume (1874).
(1876).
Green's
Works ed. Introduction
by
to
LOCKER-LAMPSON,
the and
sec.
FREDERICK Hospital,held
He
wrote
a
Poet, (1821-1895).
"
s.
of
of Greenwich
the
Admiralty.
appointments in Somerset number of clever vers de
House
societtt

which and
were
243
authors,
coll.
an a
as
London book
Lyrics (1857).
of similar
verse
He
also
compiled Lyra autobiography,

and
Elegantiarum,
Patchwork,
anthology
by
an
former
of extracts, and
wrote
My
Confidences (1896).
LOCKHART,
s. biographer,
JOHN
GIBSON
Novelist (1794-1854).
"
of Scotland of a minister of the Church of good family, and ed. at b. at Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire, was Glasgow and and called the Scottish Bar studied law at to Oxf. He Edin., was in 1816, but had little taste for the profession. Having, however, Lectures on the already tried literature (he had translated Schlegel's himself he devoted and to a literary more more Historyof Literature]
,
life.
of the leading con one joined John Wilson, and became to Blackwood's Magazine. After bringingout Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk (1819),sketches mainly of Edinburgh society,he Valerius Adam Blair (1822), four novels, (1821), Reginald produced Wald Dalton (1824). His Life of Burns (1824),and Matthew ap Review He was ed. of the Quarterly 1824-53. In peared in 1828. 1820 he had m. Sophia,dau. of Sir Walter Scott, which led to a close the and to his with latter, writinghis famous Life of Scott, friendship in the language. His undoubtedly one of the greatest biographies overshadowed with deep depressioncaused later years were by the children. A singularly of his wife and reserved and death cold with dislike his to led but his manner being regarded by many, He tributors intimate friends
were
warmly
attached
"
to him.
LODGE, THOMAS
of Sir Thomas Taylor'sSchool abandoned took
a
Poet (i558?-i625).
of
and
was
dramatist, s.
L., Lord
and for
law
ed. at Merchant Mayor of Lincoln's Oxf. He was student a Inn, but literature, ultimately studied medicine, and
London,
M.D.
at Oxf.
1603; having
become
Roman
Catholic, he had
he and
chiefly among largepractice, Defence of Plays in reply to

dramas,
and
are
his
In 1580 co-religionists. School His and
pub.
he
Gosson's
of
Abuse
wrote
works
poems, Wounds The of Civil War, A Greene, q.v.} for London Looking-glass be mentioned and his romances Euphues' Shadow, Forbonius may Prisceria (1584),and Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden Legacie (1590). and Scilla (1589), Phillis honoured Glaucus include His poems and Amorous Pastoral Sonnets, Elegies, Delights(1593). Rosa from which work, and the source lynde,his best known Shakespeare A s you like It, was written to beguile the tedium is said to have drawn Robin the Divell and William of a voyage to the Canaries. LongL. was also a voluminous translator. beard are historical romances. with He
was one
romances.
principal dramatic (in conjunction with and England. Among
of the founders
plays
are
heavy
which
sentimental
and tedious. and over-refined he is far

more
of the regularEnglish drama, but his own His romances, popular in their day, are in language, but are enlivened by lyrical successful
"
piecesin
Soutra,
than
in his dramatic
a
work.
LOGAN, JOHN (1748-1788). Poet, s. of

Midlothian,
sect to
was
small farmer
at
destined for the ministry of a small Dis himself to the his senting /. belonged, but attached of Leith Church minister South of Scotland, and became in 1773. He read lectures on the philosophy of history in Edin., and was which
244
He 'also ed. those of his friend, of a vol. of poems. the author in such a way, to lead to a con however, as Bruce Michael (q.v.), troversy, still unsettled, as to the authorshipof certain of the pieces of Bruce's and intro inserted. L., in fact, suppressedsome poems others of his own. duced Unfortunately for the reputation of both poets the disputed authorshipextends to the gem of the collection, Ode to the Cuckoo, beginning Hail, beauteous stranger the exquisite considered the most Burke beautiful lyricin of the grove," which habits, resignedhis ministerial the language. L. fell into dissipated he took an where active part in the to and went London, charge, of the Warren impeachment Hastings. controversy regarding
"
LONG, GEORGE
Camb. He
was
Classical scholar, ed. (1800-1879).

"
at
Prof, of Ancient Languages in the Univ. of Virginia, Greek of at Charlottesville, 1824-28, University Coll., London,
1828-31,and
of education,
of Latin
was one
there, 1842-46.
of the founders the
He
did much for the diffusion and sec. of the Royal Geo
and ed. of Society, graphical Aurelius and Marcus (1862),

wrote
-was
Two the
Discourses
on
The Roman
Penny Cyclopedia. He translated Discourses and of Epictetus (1877),

Law
a subjecton (1847),
which
he
greatestEnglishauthority. WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, HENRY
Poet, (1807-1882).
"
b. at Portland, Maine, the 5. of Stephen L., a lawyer. From childhood he cared little for games, but was always devoted to read In he to Bowdoin 1822 sent of which was his /. was Coll., ing. a after and Chair of Trustee, graduating was appointed to a new
was
him for his duties, he completely qualifying sent to Europe for a three years'course of study. He accord was inglywent to France, Spain,and Italy. Returning in 1829 he com his professional menced duties, writingalso in the North American Review. In 1831 he entered into his first marriage,and in 1833 ê pub. his first books, a translation from the Spanish,followed by the
more
Modern with the
Languages,
view of
which
the
coll. had
decided
to
establish, and
first part of Outre Mer, an account of his travels. At the end of the invited to become Prof, of Modern year L. was Languages at Har vard, an offer which he gladlyaccepted. He paid a second visit to
Europe accompanied by
He returned to
his duties
his wife, who, however, d. at Amsterdam. in 1836, and in 1838 appeared Voices
"
of the
which
Psalm of Night, containing the had extraordinary and popularity, of his
Life
"
affections
same
countrymen
which
"
he
gave held until
and him
"
Excelsior,"
place in
the
his death.
The
(1847),generally In masterpiece,followed. 1849 he pub. Kavanagh, a novel which added nothing to his reputation, and in 1851 Seaside and Fireside,and The Golden Legend. Having now sufficient and a secure income from his writings, he resignedhis professorship, and devoted himself entirely to literature. Hiawatha in 1855, appeared and The Courtshipof Miles Standish in 1858. In 1 86 1 he lost his wife under tragiccircumstances, a blow which told heavily upon
his
the publicationof Hyperion. His next work year saw was Ballads and other Poems, containing The Wreck of the Hesperus " " and The In 1843 he m. his second VillageBlacksmith." wife, and in the same The appeared year Spanish Student, a drama. The Belfry of Bruges and Evangeline considered

him. His latest works
were
a
245
translation
of Dante's
England of a Wayside Inn, The New he combined with The which of last two the The Divine Tragedy, 1868 Christus. In which named he into Golden a trilogy, Legend with the received he was he paid a last visit to England, where Books Three works Later were of Song, After highest honour. L. lacked the 1882. d. March Thule. He and Ultima on math, 14, him make of to a and of feeling great imagination intensity power
media, Tales
Cornand Tragedies,
Divina
poet;
he
never
but
soars
the heart
was a man
If have appealed to a wider circle of readers. he touches heightsor sounds the deeps of feeling He by appealingto universal and deep-seatedaffections. few
poets
to the
Lives by Robertson
character. of noble and chivalrous ed. of works S. Longfellow in Riverside Writers a nd Higginson Series), (Great
(ii vols. 1886-90), (American Men of
Letters).
LOVELACE, RICHARD
s.
Poet, b. at Woolwich, (1618-1658).

"
of Sir William
"
L., was
most
was
Wood beheld."
tune
"
as
the He
in
support
ed. at Oxf., where he is described by Anthony amiable and beautiful that eye ever person enthusiastic and an Royalist, spent his whole for of that cause. For presenting the Kentish peti
"
tion in favour wrote his famous release he served Returning, he Lucasta in

:
of the
King,
When
he
was
song, in the French
Love
with
imprisoned in 1642, when unconfintdwings. After

was
he
army,
and
wounded
was again imprisoned, 1648, and Epodes, Odes, etc. He lives in literature by a few and tender. which, though often careless,are graceful lyrics
his at Dunkirk. produced his of his He d.
poverty.
LOVER, SAMUEL
was
a
and novelist, (1797-1868). Song-writer

"
number
He painter of portraits, chieflyminiatures. produced a of Irish songs, of which several The including Angel's Shamrock attained Whisper, Molly Bawn, and The Four-leaved novels, of which Rory O'More great popularity. He also wrote some its first form and the best known, and a are Handy ballad), Andy (in
"
"
short
Irish
sketches, which,
with
popular in founding Bentley'sMagazine.
entertainment
called Irish
songs, he combined Nights. He joinedwith his
into Dickens
LOWELL,
JAMES
RUSSELL
(1819-1891).
"
Poet
and
b. at Camb., Massachusetts, s. of a Unitarian minister, was essayist, Harvard. ed. at He began active life as a lawyer, but soon aban doned himself mainly to literature. In 1841 business, and devoted he pub. a vol. of poems, A Year's Life,and in 1843 a second book of verses He also wrote at this articles in time appeared. political the Atlantic and North American Review. In 1848 he pub. a third vol. of Poems, A Fable for Critics, The Biglow Papers,and The Vision of Sir Launfal ; and he was in 1855 appointed Professor of Modern in succession to Longfellow. Among Languages at Harvard my Books in in 1870 and in 2 series, appeared 1876. His later poems cluded various Odes in celebration of national events, some of which
were
Rue. and
coll. in Under In 1877 he he held

a
the Willows, The Cathedral, and Heartsease and minister United States to Spain, appointed similar appointment in England 1880-85. He d. at
was
246
Elmwood,
and

the house in which
varied critic America he is the greatest of the abolition of strong advocate
wit, humour, gifts,
L. was a man b. and considerable scholarship, he

was
has
singularly poeticpower, a yet produced. He was

of
slavery.
LOWTH,
s.
of William
on
ROBERT Theologianand (1710-1787)." and author of Winchester, L., Prebendary

the
was Prophets,
scholar,
of
a
Com
mentary
Oxf.
Entering
the
Church London.
wrote
David's, Oxf., and
and at b, at Winchester, of St. he became Bishop successively he De Sacra Poesi In pub. 1753
a
and
ed. there
also He Hebrcsorum. of Winchester founder
Life of
made
"
Coll.,and
William the of Wykeham, translation Isaiah. of new
LYDGATE,
ordained
a
was Poet, b. in Suffolk, JOHN (i37o?-i45i?).
After studying at Oxf., Paris, and priestin 1397. Padua, he taught literature in his monastery at Bury St. Edmunds. clear-minded, earnest man, with a to have been a bright, He appears He of pleasant, and flowingverse. a faculty love of the beautiful, whatever was required wrote copiouslyand with tiresome prolixity and his total of him, moral tales, legendsof the saints, and histories, reaching 130,000 lines. His chief works are output is enormous, Prince written at the requestof Henry V. when Troy Book (1412-20), and The Story of Thebes of Wales, The Falls of Princes (1430-38), in first These books were printed 1513, 1494, and c. 1500 1420). (c. He miscellaneous was wrote L. also poems. many respectively. Duke of for a time Court poet, and was patronisedby Humphrey, Gloucester
tery at
the greaterpart of his life was avowed Edmunds. He was St. an Bury romancists the French follows though he largely
; but
spent
admirer
in the
monas
of Chaucer, previousto him.
LYELL, SIR CHARLES

s.
and writer, Geologist (1797-1875).

"
of Charles
L., of Kinnordy, Forfarshire
botanist (a distinguished
of Dante), was student brought up near the New Forest. After various school to at placesin England, he was sent to Oxf., going He studied imbibed for science. Buckland he where under a taste himself to geology, devoted called to the Bar, but soon law, and was and made various scientific tours on the Continent, the results of his and of the Geological in the Transactions investigations beingpub.chiefly His two chief Pres. of which afterwards he was repeatedly Society, The Principles and The Elements works are of of Geology (1830-33), of the In combated these books he necessity (1838). Geology that the greatest geologic stupendous convulsions, and maintained be still in operation. He causes produced by remote changes might other works, Geological also pub.,among Evidence of the Antiquityof He Prof, of in Man was (1863). King's Coll., London, Geology of the Pres. British Association 1864, knighted in 1848, 1831-33, and cr. a Baronet In his later years in he
1864.
was
He
was
buried
in Westminster the
generallyrecognised as
"
Abbey. greatest of
living geologists.
Dramatist LYLY, JOHN (i554?-i6o6).
writer,
Camb. and Phao
was
and miscellaneous
both
are
on
b. in
wrote
He
of Kent, and the Weald ed. at several dramas, most of which
Oxf.
and classical
mythological subjects,including Campaspe and Sapho and and Midas Endymion (1584), (1591), (1592). His chief fame,

however,
Wit
rests
on
247
of
his two
didactic
romances,
Euphues, the Anatomy
and his England (1580). These works, which Ascham's ob Toxophilus, and had the same were of education and exercised reform the in view, viz., a manners, jects powerful,though temporary, influence on the language, both written " " " in our words and spoken, commemorated euphuism and euphuof the stylehave been set forth as " pe istic." The characteristics and (1579),
Euphues by largely inspired
dantic
and
far-fetched
and smoothness which do not, however, exclude a good deal and such-like puerilities, of wit, fancy, and prettiness." Many contemporary authors, in of it, while others, e.g. Greene, cluding Shakespeare, made game admired and piecesfor practisedit. L. also wrote lightdramatic contributed of the Chapel Royal, and a the children pamphlet,
indirectness, a cloying allusion, elaborate punning, drowsy monotony of diction, alliteration,
Pappe
which years.
with he
an
Hatchet the
supported
(1589) to Bishops.
the He
Mar-prelate controversy
sat in Parliament for
some
in
LYNDESAY, SIR D. (SeeLINDSAY.) b. at FRANCIS LYTE, HENRY (1793-1847). Hymn-writer,

"
Ednam, Brixham,
He is is
near
Kelso, of
an
ancient
Somersetshire
was : one
family,and
incumbent of
ed. at Lower
Trinity Coll., Dublin,

Devonshire. remembered chiefly
took
orders, and
He pub. Poem? for his hymns, and loved.

IST
religious (1833). chiefly

of which. Abide with Me,
known universally
LYTTELTON, GEORGE,
"
LORD
LYTTELTON
(1709-1773).
L., of Hagley, Worcestershire, ed. at Eton Poet, s. of Sir Thomas the patron of many and Oxf., was includingThomson literary men, himself somewhat voluminous author. and was a Mallet, and
Among his works are Letters from a Persian in England to his friendin of St. Paul (1746), Ispahan (1735),a treatise On the Conversion which had Dead and the a popularity, of Dialogues (1760), great and the well-informed, careful, History of impar Reign of Henry II., remembered He is chiefly tial,but tedious. by his Monody on the
The death of his wife. stanza Thomson described is playfully himself referred to in Ixv. He
was
in The
Castle
of Indolence
in which
Chancellor
is by L., who is (cantoi, st. Ixviii.), in took some and publicaffairs, part of the Exchequer in 1756.
LYTTON, EDWARD
LORD Earle
GEORGE
EARLE
LYTTON-BULWER,
IST
Novelist and third son of General statesman, (1803-1873)." Bulwer and of Heydon Dalling,Norfolk, and of Elizabeth
was
Herts, Lytton, heiress of Knebworth, Camb. and He at privately began to
write
pub.,
Rosina
in
1820, Ismael
an
his mother, a quarrelwith and the loss of his income, and thus incidentally the impulse to gave his marvellous The literary activity. marriage proved an unhappy terminated one, and was by a separationin 1836. During its con
Wheeler,
and other Poems. Irish beauty, caused
b. in London, and ed. when still a boy, and His marriage in 1825 to
tinuance, however,
his life was a busy and productive one, its results including Paul Clif Falkland Pelham literary (1828), (1827), the Aram The ford (1830),Eugene Rhine, Last (1832), Pilgrims of Days of Pompeii, Rienzi (1835),besides England and the English,
248
tales, essays, and articles A thens, its Rise and Fall, and innumerable and magazines, includingthe New reviews Monthly, of in various In the he entered Parlia in same ed. which he became 1831. year towards Conservatism, ment a Liberal, but graduallygravitated as and held office in the second government of Lord Derby as Colonial himself largely he devoted to questions Sec. 1858-59. As a politician authors, affecting
such
as
He continued literature. his works until the end of his life, energy the Barons Harold the Last the mentioned (1843), of (1848), including Novel and What will triad of The Caxtons famous My (1850), (1853), he do with it? (1859); and his studies in the supernatural, Zanoni
copyright and the labours his literary
removal of taxes upon with almost unabated later than those already
still were The Coming and A Strange Story (1862). Later (1842), To Kenelm the and drama he con Race (1873). Chillingly (1870) still enjoy popularity, The Lady of Lyons, tributed three plays which and less Money (1840). In poetry he was Richelieu, both (1838), New successful. The a Timon, satire, is the best remembered, it brought to the reply by Tennyson which attacked him. who had In his works, upon both in sub an amazing versatility, numbering over 60, L. showed ject and treatment, but they have not, with perhaps the exception of the Caxton series, kept their original popularity. Their faults are
however, owing largely,

down the
author,
and artificiality,
forced
and brilliancy,
as
rule
they
rather
dazzle
truth to nature. L. was by their cleverness than touch by raised to the peerage in 1866. down etc.,of Lord Lytton by his son, 2 vols.,conies to Life,Letters, Political Memoir to 1832 only. prefaced Speeches(2 vols.,1874).
their
EARL BULWER, IST OF Poet LYTTON and of the ed. s. statesman, was above, (1831-1891). and Bonn, and thereafter at Harrow to his was uncle, privatesec. Sir H. Bulwer, afterwards Lord at Wash Bailingand Bulwer (q.v.),
"
LYTTON,
EDWARD
ROBERT
ington and Florence. Subsequently he held various diplomaticap other at pointments European capitals. In 1873 he succeeded his /. in the title, and in 1876 became He was cr. an Viceroy of India. Earl on his retirement in 1880, and was in 1887 appointed Ambas
sador
as
a
at
Paris, where
than
as
a
poet
able
degree some
he d. in 1891. He valued himself much more of affairs;but, though he had in a consider of the qualities of a poet, he never quitesucceeded
man
Chronicles and Characters (1860), Orval, or the Fool of Tim"( (1868), Fables in and King Poppy (1892). As Viceroyi (1869), Song (1874), of India he introduced important reforms, and his dispatcheswere1 remarkable for their fine literary form.
CATHERINE (SAWBRIDGE)(1731-1791). of Kent, was a of republi advocate an proprietor canism, and a sympathiser with the French Revolution. She wrote] a History of England from the Accession I. the Elevation to of James of\ the House of Hanover which had great popularity! (8vols.,1763-83), in its day, some critics, Walpole, placingit above Hume. e.g. Horace
MACAULAY,
of
MRS.
"
Dau.
landed

Though
written,
a
249
well
work
of
no
real research
or
it is in authority,
the main
THOMAS BABINGTON, LORD (1800-1859). and of Zachary M., a wealthy listorian, essayist, statesman, s. merchant, and one of the leaders of the anti -slavery party, was b. at and ed. at Leicestershire, a lothleyTemple, private school and at which of he became Fellow in 1824, and Coll.,Camb., a ~Tinity he rhere, though gained distinction as a classical scholar and in ebater, he did not take a high degree,owing to his weakness About the time of his leavingthe Univ. his prospects mathematics. ere entirely changed by the failure of his father's firm. He accord' ngly read law, and in 1826 was called to the Bar, which led to his in Bankruptcy. He ppointment two years later as a Commissioner his first appearance in print,in Knight's iad by this time made with the uarterlyMagazine, and in 1825 he formed the connection of both, so greatlyto the fame EdinburghReview which redounded
"
MACAULAY,
lis first contribution although he afterwards
graph
a para scarcely took the reading in mblic by storm, and at once to the first society gave him access his extraordinary conversational enabled ,ondon, in which powers
the famous on was essay said of it that it contained

"
Milton, which,
which
his matured
judgment approved,"
leading place. He now began to fyirn his mind owards sat in the public life,and by favour of Lord Lansdowne for his family borough of Calne. louse of Commons Entering the louse in 1830 in the thick of the Reform M. at once struggle, leaped and after the of the nto a foremost a debater, place as passage leform of the two members Bill sat as one for the new borough of The acquaintêeds, and held office as Sec. to the Board of Control. with Indian affairs which he thus gained led to his appointment nce member of the Supreme Council of India, whither in he went a is
to
im
take
Here his chief work the codification of the criminal law, was vhich he carried out with great ability, and by which he wrote his the history of the empire. By the regard for the rights of on .ame he natives which he showed, he incurred much ill-willin interested
834.
[uarters.
ure,
"ear
For
this he consoled In
which he
graduallyassumed
The
himself with the pleasures of literathe preponderance in his mind over

to
)olitical ambitions. lis
he sat until 1847, when he was and from Sec. [uestion, 1839-41 was 4ncient Rome in and were a pub. 1842,
~
he vhich
began still divided between energieswere Edinburgh Review, and politics.He
1838 he returned History of England, but
England.
some
The
to
next
come
for
time
this task, the demands of elected for Edin., for was thrown out on the Maynooth for War. collection The
Lays
of
of his essays in In 1846 he joined the govern Edinburgh the following year. ment of Lord John Russell as Paymaster-General, an office with ight duties, his retirement from which, however, followed the loss )f his seat in the next He set free for his was now finally year. became Teat work, which thenceforth the leadinginterest of his life. The first and second vols. appeared in 1848, and were received with
;xtraordinary applause.
"eat in the
In 1852 he was offered, but declined, a coalition government of Lord howAberdeen, accepting, the in Parliament seat which Edin., now iver, repentant, gave him
250

this time
to
or
unsolicited. His health began about of failure, and he spoke in the House
only
once
show twice.
symptoms In 1855
out, and meeting with the third and fourth vols. of the History came America in and both at home unprecedented in the case a success translated into various foreign languages. of an historical work, were he appre raised to the Peerage, a distinction which In 1857 M. was at His last were ciated and spent Holly Lodge, years enjoyed. Kensington,in comparative retirement, and there he d. on December 28, 1859.
affections. generous Possessed
an
of the warmest a man m., M. was family of his family he was a steady friend and a in his public life opponent, disinterested and honourable of vast extent, and of an astonishing knowledge memory,
Though
never
Outside
alike as a flow of ready and effective speech,he shone unfailing conversationalist. In his and orator a writingshe parliamentary collection and of his in the materials, arrangement spared no pains Nevertheless, his and he was incapable of deliberate unfairness. mind was stronglycast in the mould of the orator and the pleader: and the vivid contrasts, antitheses, and even paradoxes which were do not of forms natural his a expression always tend to secure in hand. of the matter view Consequently he has been judicial critics of party -spirit, accused inaccuracy,and prejudice. by some He
to
has
not
often, however, been

in what he
found
mistaken
matter
of fact, and
avowedly
of the periodwhich picture givea living successful. Unfortunately,strength and life failed triumphantly before his great designwas completed. He is probably most widely which retain an extraordinarypopularity. his known Essays, by Life by his nephew, Sir G. O. Trevelyan. See also J.C.Morison's of Letters). Men Life (English
on any important himself to do, namely, set he dealt with, he has been
MACCARTHY,
DENIS
FLORENCE
Poet, b. at (1817-1882).
"
devoted Dublin, and ed. at Maynooth with a view to the priesthood, contributed to The verses himself, however, to literature, and Nation. his other and are Ballads, Poems, Lyrics Among writings The Bell Founder and (1850], (1857), collection of Irish lyrics, translated Under
-Glimpses.
He
also ed.
Calderon, and
wrote
Shelley's
Early Lif
M'CosH, JAMES (1811-1894). writer,s. of Philosophical

"
an
Ayrshire farmer,
afterwards
was
minister Free
Queen's Coll., Belfast, and thereafter Pres. d New Coll., Jersey. He wrote several works on philosophy, Method Intuitions of the including of the Divine Government (1850), Mind inductivelyinvestigated (1860),Laws of Discursive Thought Scottish Philosophy(1874), and Psychology(1886). (1870), and ecclesias M'CRIE, THOMAS (1772-1835)." Biographer
at
land, and Prof, of Princeton
of the
first of the From Church.
Church
of he
Scot
was
1851-68
Logic
tical historian,b. at Duns, and ed. at the Univ. of Edin., became the minister of of the Dissenting His churches of Scotland. one leading ranks high among and Life of Knox (1813) for the ability biographies which learning it been and displays,
a was
the
means
great Reformer
which he had
from
cloud
of
enveloped.
and prejudice It was followed
vindicatingthe misunderstandingin by a Life of Andrew
of

Melville Knox's (1819),
a successor as
251
Scotland, also
Reformation
work
of
great merit.
in
Italyand Spain.
GEORGE
the leader of the Reformers in M'C. also pub. histories of the He received the degree of D.D. in
1813.
MACDONALD,
of
Poet (1824-1905).
"
and
s. novelist,
farmer, was Aberdeen, and

a
minister
on
of a account considerations, partlyof a threatened partlyof theological He then took to literature, and pub. his first of health. breakdown Without dramatic followed Poems Within and a book, (1856), poem, in Faerie in 1857, and Phantasies, a Romance, 1858. He then turned and produced numerous to fiction, novels, of which David Elginbrod Robert Falconer (1868),The Marquis of (1862),Alec Forbes (1865),
b. at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, and ed. at the Univ. oi He at the Independent Coll., Highbury. became after but few a t a congregation Arundel, years retired,
Lassie
wrote
Sir Gibbie of stories for children and (1877),
are (1879), perhaps the best. He also and originality, great charm including
and the Goblin, At the Back The Princess Wind, and of the North novelist Bannerman's As he had Ranald consider a Boyhood. dramatic and able narrative humour, tenderness, a genial power, view of life and character, tinged with mysticism, and within his from the ministry he attached limits was a true poet. On retiring of England, but frequently himself to the Church preached as a lay remuneration for his sermons. never acceptingany man,
MACKAY,
of
a
CHARLES
Poet (1814-1889).
"
and
s. journalist,
was officer, and London, Asylum,
naval
b. at Perth, and ed. at the Royal Caledonian of his early life was at Brussels, but much in to London wrote (1834),
spent
in France.
Coming
ism, pub.Songs and Poems Delusions, and a romance,
his songs, some rests upon in 1846 set to music by Henry Russell, and had an astonishing were ed. of the Illustrated London News, popularity. In 1852 he became which other him to in the musical set were supplement songs by Sir H. R. M. acted Times to old English music as Bishop. by Civil War, and in that capacity correspondentduring the American discovered of LL.D. and from disclosed the Fenian in
1834, he engaged in journal a History of London, Popular Longbeard. His fame, however, chiefly of which, includingCheer, Boys, Cheer,
conspiracy.
"
He
had
the
degree
Glasgow
1846.
MACKENZIE,
SIR GEORGE
(1636-1691). Lawyer
and mis
cellaneous writer, s. of Sir Simon M., of Lochslin, a brother of the Earl of Seaforth, was ed. at St. Andrews, Aberdeen, and Bourges, called Lord in 1659, in 1677 became Advocate, in which to the Bar the minister of subservient he the was persecutingpolicy capacity II. in Scotland, and the of Charles of the Covenanters of his persecution
"
inhumanity gained for
and him
was
relentlessness the name of

a
Bloody
Mackenzie."
In with
however, privatelife,
he
cultivated
and
as
learned
gentleman
of various the author is A Moral Solitude to Public Employment (1665). He Essay preferring of value, including also wrote and antiquarian works legal, political, Institutions of the Law Scotland Antiquityof the Royal Line of (1684), Heraldry, and Memoirs of the Affairsof Scotland of Scotland (1686),
tendencies, and is remembered literary the best known graceful essays, of which
252
not of Charles II, a valuable work which was Advocates' founder of the the M. was until 1821. Library in pub. Revolution where to he the d. retired at Oxf., He Edin.
from the Restoration
MACKENZIE,
HENRY
Novelist (1745-1831)."
and
miscel
he was b. and ed, laneous writer, s. of a physicianin Edin., where Controller became of Taxes and for the for Scotland. law, He studied of three novels, The Man the author The He was of Feeling(1771), and Julia de Roubignt (1777), all written in Man of the World (1773), the in strain of rather high-wrought sentimentalism, in which a He was also a leading contributor of Sterne is to be seen. and The Lounger, two somewhat in the to The Mirror periodicals In his later he of the of the was one days Spectator. leading style fluence members of the of Edinburgh. literary society
MACKINTOSH,
historian,
the army
was
SIR
and JAMES (1765-1832). Philosopher

"
Aldowrie, Inverness-shire, 5. of an officer in landowner, ed. at Aberdeen, whence he proceeded he grad. in 1787. In the to Edinburgh to study medicine, in which he went to where he wrote for the press London, followingyear in studied and he and Vindicia Gallicce in answer law, pub. 1791
and
to
b. at
Burke's
on Reflections
received the
by
those other Law

two
who,
and
the French Revolution, which was in its earlier stages, sympathised
well with
Revolution,
delivered
on
Sheridan, and
1795, he lectures his The
the of Fox, procured for him friendship Called the Bar to at Lincoln's Inn in Whigs. before that societyin 1799 a brilliant course of and which Nature increased Nations, of greatly
reputation.
In
1804
he
went
out
to
India
as
Recorder
of
appointed a Judge of the Admir years later was remained in India until 1811, discharging his He official duties with After his return he entered great efficiency. in 1813 as member Parliament for Nairnshire, and attained a con
Bombay, and alty Court.
siderable
reputationas a forcible and informing speaker on ques tions of criminal law and generalpolitics.On the accession of the in he made member of the a Board was of Control for 1830 Whigs India. He also held from of Law and 1818-24 the Professorship General Politics at Haileybury. His true vocation, however, was
to
and literature,
Progressof pedia Britannica, a sketch of the History of England for Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia, a Life of Sir Thomas More for the same, a frag of a projectedHistory of the Revolution of 1688, and ment some
articles in the
and strengthwas a Dissertation on
it is to withdrawn the
be
regretted
from
that so much of his time his it, writingsbeing confined to Ethical Philosophy in the Encyclo
Edinburgh Review.
Actor (1697 P-I797)."
one
MACKLIN, CHARLES
another
actor
and
dramatist,
b. in the north of Ireland, was of his day, shiningequallyin in

a
quarrelhe
He Man
actors distinguished tragedy and comedy. Having killed tried for murder, but acquitted, was
of the
most
and d. a centenarian. Mode (1759)and The

ones
wrote, among
other
comedies, Love
la
of the World
printed.
famous
the creator burlesquecharacter.

was
He
which the only (1781), were of Sir Pertinax Macsycophant, a

M'LENNAN,
253
JOHN
FERGUSON
(1827-1881). Sociologist,
"
in 1857 called to and Camb., was b. at Inverness, and ed. at Aberdeen Draftsman the Scottish Bar, and was Parliamentary subsequently contribution His main to literature is his original for Scotland. and learned work, The book, Primitive Marriage (1865). Another Patriarchal Theory, left unfinished, was completed by his brother and other papers works by M. gave a great impulse with which the of they deal, and cognate :o the problems study in 1874. questions. M. received the degree of LL.D. from Aberdeen
(1884).
These
"
MACLEOD,
FIONA NORMAN
"
MACLEOD,
SHARP, WILLIAM). (see Scottish divine (1812-1872).

"
and
miscellaneous M., D.D., a distinguished writer, s. of the Rev. Norman ordained minister of the Scottish Church, studied at Edin., and was of the most and He became ministers, one in distinguished 1838. made of the of his one most Church, was Royal popular preachers trusted friend of Queen in 1857, and became.a Scotland he contri the first ed. of Good He was Victoria. Words, to which Wee The articles and buted Davie, stories, including Starling, many and his Son. and The Old Lieutenant
Chaplainsin
MACNEILL,
ndies
HECTOR
Poet, (1746-1818).
"
was
in the West
various
1780-86, and
"amphlets,two
clerk on novels, and Scotland's
flagship. He
Skaith, the
wrote
several
",arse of Forth, and "ut is best known ne'er

a
poems, last
The
Harp againstdrunkenness,
Boy Tammy,
political (1789),The
I lo'ed
Laddie
but ane,
for his songs, such as and Come under my
My
Plaidie.
"
MACPHERSON,
"f the Ossianic
Allegedtranslator JAMES (ij36?-ijg6).
Invernessfarmer at Ruthven, s. of a small poems, and Edin., became for the Church at Aberdeen teacher tutor in a gentle and afterwards "f the school in his native parish, ambitious in man's family. In 1 758 he pub. The Highlander, an poem But in the follow cantos, which, however, attracted no attention.
hire,studied
ing year
certain
of Douglas, submitted to John Home the author (q.v.}, which he to be translations from represented writings and some of his friends ancient Gaelic poems. By the help of Home number to pub. a considerable enabled of his Fragments of ML was ôetrytranslated from the Gaelic and Erse Languages. These were he eceived
i
with
profound
which
can
and
controversy
widely-spreadinterest,and gave hardly yet be said to be settled.

with
rise to While
"ome
authorities
mmediately
received called their

a
enthusiastic admiration, others in genuineness question. In the first in
them
stance, however,
raised to enable M. to make a was subscription in search of further poeticremains, the result of which was ourney ;he production in 1761 of Fingal,an epicin 6 books, and in 1763 of in 8 books. The fame which these brought to Temora, also an epic, :heir discoverer
vent
n
as sec.
was
great, and
the
sales
enormous.
In
1764
M.
1766 he support of
vas
the Governor settled in London,

to
of Pensacola became and in and

an
Returning energeticpamphleteer in
in Florida.
the
Government,
retired in
next
rf Arcot.
year He
appointed to the lucrative

1789,
1780 entered Parliament, and post of Agent for the Nabob

an
bought
estate
in his native
254
of the

he d. in
where parish,
Great doubt stillrests upon the subject it is,however, generallyadmitted that M. if they ever even took great liberties with the originals, reallyexisted form in the the in anything at all resembling given allegedtransla
1796.
Ossianic poems:
tions.
No of
manuscripts in
unlike
the
have original has

to
ever
been
or
forthcoming.
Few, however, will deny that M.
either discovered,
body
and the
poetry
anything that
merit, indeed, but containing many
composed, a preceded it, of unequal and beautiful passages, striking

break way the up the tyranny of for the romantic
contributed which unquestionably thus prepare classical school and
revival.
MAGINN,
laneous
WILLIAM
afterwards
and (1793-1842)." Journalist

a
miscel
writer, b. at Cork, became
contributor
to
Blackwood's
foreigncorrespondentto The Representa and when its short tive,a paper started by J.Murray, the publisher, of the leadingsupporters of Fraser's Magazine. career was run, one writers of his time, he has left One of the most brilliant periodical
In permanent work behind him. temperate habits, and d. in poverty.
no
Magazine, and
his later years
he fell into in
MAHONY,
"
FRANCIS
6. at
ed. at the Jesuit Coll. at Clon1866). Humorist, goweswood, Co. Kildare, at Amiens, and at Rome, becoming a member of the society, Prof, of Rhetoric was at Clongoweswood,but after expelledfrom the order. He then came was soon to London, and
SYLVESTER Cork, and
(FATHER PROUT) (1804-
Magazine, under the Prout." Father He was signatureof witty and learned in many took the professed languages. One form which his humour was of the in mediaeval French of discovery originals Latin, Greek, or and popular modern poems Many of these jeux d' esprit songs. coll. as Reliques were He wittily described himself of Father Prout. Irish potato seasoned with Attic salt." as an Latterlyhe acted as various to foreigncorrespondent and d. at Paris newspapers,
a
"
"
became
leadingcontributor
to Fraser's
reconciled
to the Church.
MAINE, SIR HENRY
JAMES
SUMNER
(1822-1888)." Jurist,
ed. at Christ's Hospitaland at Camb., where he became Regius Prof, of Civil Law Called to the Bar in 1850, he went 1847-54. in 1862 to India as legal member of the Government. On his return he was in: 1870 appointed Prof, of Comparative Jurisprudenceat OxL, which office he held until his election in 1878 as Master of Trinity Hall.i He became Whewell Prof, of International Law at Camb. in 1887, and was the author of many valuable works law and the on
history and institutions, political profoundly influenced the study of jurisprudence. Among his writingsare Ancient Law (1861),Village Communities (1871), Early History of Institutions (1875), and Disser tations on Early Law and Customs (1883).
of
MAIR,
at
OR
MAJOR, JOHN (1469 studied Historian, ?-i55o)."
and the teacher Paris, was of John Knox and George In 1506 he was of the Sorbonne, and in 1519 a Doctor became Prof, of Divinity at St. Andrews. He wrote, in Latin, treatises on divinity and morals, and a Historyof Greater Britain, in
Camb. Buchanan.

which the
255
brought separate histories of England and Scotland were pub. at Paris (1521). In his writings,while upholding the together, he was doctrinal outspoken in condemning the teaching of Rome, corruptions of the clergy.
MAITLAND,
years the House the he
was
SIR RICHARD
to
Poet, /.of (1496-1586).

"
M.
of
Lethington, Sec. of State

blind, and
Mary
Queen
in
of Scots.
In
a
his later
of Seaton, and
as
occupied himself by writingpoems,

He far as to have
composing
History of
e.g. On
Queene'sMaryage, to have kept appears
etc.
held various
Year, On but offices, chiefly legal,
the New
of his time, and "ruggles
possibleout of the fierce political satirical humorist. been a genially

"
MALCOLM,
ian,
SIR
Indian soldier, statesJOHN (1769-1833).
and Burnfoot, Dumfriesshire, went to India in 782, studied Persian, was employed in many important negotiations to Persia nd held various posts, being Ambassador distinguished the author He of several of Bombay was nd Governor 1826-30.
historian, b. at
aluable
History of Persia Political History of India of Central India (1823), 815), Memoir Lord and Clive (1836). to Life of "am 1823 (1826), 1784
works
regarded
as
authorities, viz., A
MALLET,
ORIGINALLY
'MALLOCH, DAVID
(1705-1765).
"
miscellaneous bet and writer, ed. at Crieff parish school and the he became niv. of Edin., where acquainted with James Thomson, in the family of the Duke tutor of to London id in 1723 went as of his ballad William and In the lontrose. following year appeared him and which made remembered, by which he is chiefly Margaret,
cnown
In 1726 he changed his name Pope, Young, and others. it make more to o pronounceable by Southern tongues. His imitation of Thomson, was pub. in 1 728. At the request 'xcursion, an he had of Wales, whose f the Prince become, he wrote with sec. in which Rule Britannia first homson a Alfred (1740), masque, claimed he the is now authorship, ppeared, which, although
to
Mallet
He attributed to Thomson. snerally nd on Bolingbrokebequeathing to him ed. of his works e pub. an (1754). On VL became sinecure.
a
also wrote a Life of Bacon ; his manuscriptsand library, the accession of M.
George III.,
with
some
zealous supporter of Lord In addition to the works
Bute, and
above
was
rewarded
wrote
named
Dr. .different dramas, including Eurydice, Mustapha, and Elvira. " the only Scotsman whom Scotsohnson said of him that he was did not commend." nen
MALONE,
udge, b.
aw,
EDMUND
Critic, s. (1741-1812).
"
of
an
Irish
but
in Dublin, and ed. at Trinity Coll. there, studied for the into decided follow to a a fortune, literarycareer. coming
Vcute, careful,and
sensible,he was a useful contributor to the study f Shakespeare,of whose he pub. a valuable He works ed. in 1790. ilso aided in the detection of the Rowley forgeries of Chatterton, less respectable ind the much At his Shakespeare ones of Ireland.
eath
vrote
he
was
engaged upon
under of the
another
ed. of
t trough
out
of James editorship and
Lives
Dryden
others, and
Burke.
was
Shakespeare,which was Boswell M. also (q.v.). the friend of Johnson,
Goldsmith, Reynolds, and
256
"TArthur. to made

SIR Very THOMAS
MALORY,
1470)."Translator (ft.
endeavour
of Morte
An has been of him. little is known of Thomas Sir with a him Warwickshire, Malory identify of the Roses, sat both sides in the Wars on who fought successively his book he In strove to make and d. a in Parliament 1471. 1444-45, and showed Arthurian the of continuous judgment legends, story alike in what he included and omitted.
MALTHUS,
of
a
THOMAS
ROBERT
Economist, (1766-1834)."
s.
b. near was landed Dorking, and ed. at Jesus Coll., proprietor, Fellow. he became which of a Taking orders he became Camb., He travelled much the continent, Essex. on of Albury, incumbent of livelihood and mode of life information as to the means collecting of various Essay on peoples. In 1798 the first ed. of his famous Population appeared, and in 1803 a second greatlyenlarged. Its
supported by leadingproposition, lation increases approximately in

subsistence do
so
much
a
in
an
arithmetical
is that while popu learning, of geometricalratio, the means ratio only, which, of course,
It necessarily failed to prospect for the race. up an apalling undreamed-of the then account take into developments whereby the produce of the whole world has been made available for all nations. of it rise to a great deal of controversy, much work The gave Prof, of Political Economy at based on misunderstanding. M. was
opened
Haileybury.
MANDEVILLE,
native
came
BERNARD
DE
Satirist, a (1670-1733).
"
short prose and
at Leyden, having his In to England to practise over profession. 1705 he pub. a in 1714 reappeared with a The Grumbling Hive, which poem, various dissertations of mora and the origin on commentary,
of Dort
in Holland, who
studied
medicine
virtue, etc., as The

in 1729
was
Fable
of the Bees,
or
a
Private
made
the
subjectof
Vices Public Benefits, persecutionfor its immora
tendency. It was Bishop Berkeley
also vigorously combated William and Law, author
by,
of The
others, among Call. Serious
While the author probably had no intention of subvertingmorality, views his of human nature were assuredlycynicaland degrading in of his works, A Search into the Nature a high degree. Another versions to the later of the Fable, alsc Society (1723), appended startled the public mind, which his last works, Free Thoughts and An Enquiry into the Originof Honour and the Usefulness Religion did little to of Christianity
reassure.
"
MANDEVILLE,
only of
SIR
JOHN.
Was
the
ostensible
authoi
of travels bearing his name, written about a book the middle of the 1 4th century, giving of journeysin the East, includ account an It appears to have been ing India and the Holy Land. compil from the writingsof William of Boldensele, Oderic of Pordenone and Vincent de Beauvais. The of Mandeville was name probabl] fictitious.
MANGAN,
Dublin,
most
s.
JAMES
He
CLARENCE
was
Poet, (1803-1849).
"
b.
modern
an
a priestwho then became late a lawyer's clerk, and was languages. assistant in the library of Trinity Dublin. He contri College,
of a small grocer, of his education from
brought
up in
poverty, and receivet instructed him in severa
257
of Irish newspapers, of very various merit to a number buted verses to The Dublin and translations from the German University Magazine. considered be to such as critics his were some poetical powers By Irish him the first for have to poets; but his place among gained from him habits and intemperate attaining prevented any irregular His best work, generally excellence. inspired by the miseries sure and had of his country, often rises to a high level of tragic power, been equal to his poeticgiftit is difficult his strengthof character to say
to what
heightshe might
MRS. MARY
DE LA
have
attained.
He
d. of cholera.
MANLEY,
"
RIVIERE
or 1672-1724). (1663
writer, dau. of Sir Roger political bigamous connection with her cousin, Manley, was decoyed of highlydubious Her M. was one career morality, subsequent John Her works The New but considerable are success. literary principal liberties in which taken satire Atalantis a were great (1709), (sic) and Memoirs Court In with Whig notabilities, of Europe (1710), The The three She also wrote Royal Mischief, plays, (1711). trigues Novelist, dramatist,
and into a Lost
Lover, and
Lucius, and
she makes writings spelling. She was
great havoc
a
vivacious
In her the Examiner. and even with with classical names writer. and effective political
conducted
MANNING,
Her
ANNE
"
writer.
works Mistress best known are Mary Powell, which first ap and in The Household in 1849, of Sir Sharpe'sMagazine peared life told in of More's home the Thomas a More, delightful picture Her written his of form a diary writings by daughter Margaret. have much charm, and show a delicate historical imagination. literary
MANNING, HENRY
EDWARD
Cardinal (1808-1892).
"
and
and Oxf., Herts, and ed. at Harrow theologian. B. at Totteridge, and as one notable as an eloquentpreacher, of the where he became rector He of ablest of the Tractarian was Woollavingtonparty. of Chichester 1840. In 1851 cum-Graffham 1833, and Archdeacon he attached himself to the of Rome, in which he entered the Church he was the leading party. More even than Newman Church in England. His writingsconsist of the Roman he pub. several vols. before his secession from the of which IChurch of England, and controversial Petri Priviworks, including in The Vatican Decrees (1875), answer to Gladstone's (1871), Ultramontane of spirit
[sermons,
\legium
\Vaticanism, and
MANNYNG,
338). |[
"
The
Archbishop [Catholic
Was
a
Eternal Priesthood (1883). He became Roman of Westminster 1865, and Cardinal 1875. OR
ROBERT,
Canon
ROBERT
DE
BRUNNE
1288(ft.
of the GUbertine Order. His work, Handlynge with original additions from the Manuel in French lies P"cMs, a book written of Wadverse by William is practically collection of tales short stories and the a on translated (c. 1300), Y"inne
liington,
We.
Seven lômmandments,
Deadly Sins, Sacraments,

the time.
verse
etc., and
l/alue of as givinga contemporary picture

1335)a
translation and in of the French the l:oft, second
Irom
the death
Chronicle of which the period more covers interesting part of Cadwallader Edward T, the end of the of to reign
is of He also made of Peter Lang-
MANSEL,
physician,s.
of
HENRY
a
Meta LONGUEVILLE (1820-1871). clergyman,was b. at Cosgrave,Northamptonshire,

"
258
He took orders, was and ed. at Merchant Taylors'School and Oxf. in Theology at Magdalen Coll. 1855, Bampton Lecturer 1858, Reader and Dean of St. Paul's Ecclesiastical 1867, 1869. Prof, of History Among his writingsare Prolegomena Logica (1851),The Limits of Man's Science (1853), Demonstrative Conception of Eternity (1854), Philosophy of the Conditioned Limits (1858), of ReligiousThought Hamilton's of Sir. W. Lectures. ed. also He was joint (1866).
MAP,
OR
MAPES,
WALTER
him are gleaned Most and romancist. statesman a mis from his De Nugis Curialium (Of the Trifles of the Courtiers) and much notes anecdotes, of throwing light contemporary cellany of Henry II. He was and opinionsof the Court b. the manners on blood Celtic in his veins, his /.had probably in Herefordshire, and had service to the King, and he had studied at Paris, and on his rendered
,
DE of the facts about
Ecclesiastical (ft. 1200)."
he found favour, and obtained the Court, where pre and in Church both ferment State, and in 1173 was a travelling on justice. Thereafter he attended the King, probably as chaplain, the French him at and went to his foreign Court, represented wars,
return
attended
Rome he and
seems
was
to the Lateran to
Council
have
continued
Archdeacon at least of the Golias poems, rough satires on the vices of the some influenced his which has the future of English b ut great work, clergy,
After the death of Henry II. of 1 179. in favour Richard under I. and John, of Oxf. in 1196. M. is the reputed author of
literature,was
his systematisingand the Arthurian spiritualising the legendsof Launcelot, legendswith additions of his own, including d'Arthur. of the Quest of the Holy Grail, and of the Morte
MARKHAM,
cellaneous land.
GERVASE
as
Translator (i568?-i637).
"
and
and
mis
Ire
writer, served
soldier in the Low
Countries
into civil life about 1 593 he displayedextraordinary Retiring and writer. a translator, as industry compiler, original Among his the R. are a poem on original writings Revenge (1595)(Sir Grenville's continuation of Sidney'sArcadia, The Discourse of Horsea ship), The Young Sportsman'sInstructor, Country Con manshippe (1593), and various books also plays and tentments on (1611), agriculture; of the latter of which some are religious. poems, MARLOWE, CHRISTOPHER Dramatist, s. oi (1564-1593). at Canterbury,where a shoemaker he was ed. at the King's b., was School to Benet's there, and in 1581 went (now Corpus Christi) Coll.,Camb., where he graduated B.A. 1583, and M.A. in 1587. Of his life after he left the Univ. almost It has, nothing is known. with however, been conjectured,partlyon account of his familiarity Countries. matters, that he saw service,probably in the Low military His first play, Tamburlaine, was acted in 1587 or 1588. The story is drawn from the Spanish Life of Timur Its re by Pedro Mexia. for it sounding splendour,not seldom passing into bombast, won immediate and it long held the stage. It was followed popularity, in 1604 by Faustus, a great advance Tamburlaine in a dramatic upon
"
of absence material horror " in the treatment, so different in this respect from the original legend, has often been remarked M.'s handling of the subjectwas upon. greatlyadmired by Goethe, who, however, in his own the motive version, makes while M. has knowledge, power, and the mediaeval legend pleasure.
sense.
The
"

In his next in technical
259
play,The Jew of Malta, M. continues to show an advance is unequal,and the Jew Barabas is to but the work skill,
a a
Shyiock
to monster of display lighest power. horror of The ;he piled-up

as
man.
In
Edward
The
rhodomontade
II., M. rises to his of Tamburlaine and

a
Jew
are
replacedby
approaches
mature
self-restraint,
Shake
and
'
in the whole any

scene
workmanship
one
he
more
nearly to
speare than The death any

now
scene,
ancient
done. else has ever Speaking of it Lamb says, of Marlowe's King moves pity and terror beyond or modern, with which I am acquainted." M. is
certainlybelieved to have had a largeshare in the three in "arts of Henry VI., and perhaps also he may have collaborated His next plays, The Massacre Titus Andronicus. of Paris and The both show marked fall a Tragedy of Dido (writtenwith Nash, q.v.},
almost
that in his last years, perhaps,breaking likely ing off; and it seems he became careless of fame as of under the effects of a wild life, down ail else. Greene, in his Groat's Worth of Wit, written on his deathand a "ed, reproacheshim with his evil life and atheistic opinions, information laid his death before an was ew against hapless days The informer lim for blasphemy. next year hanged for an was
outrageous offence,
jut M.'s life and
his witness alone which he made no opinions,
and
might
not
be
conclusive,
notorious.
secret of,were
On the other hand, his friends, Shakespeare, Nash, Drayton, and To escape the plague Chapman, all make kindlyreference to him. in in London he rfrich was was livingat Deptforcl, 1593, raging then wound about
'
and country village, in the
there he
in
tavern
brawl
he
received
a a
head,
his whom
own
knife The
serving man,
a
upon of the girl
being turned it. had drawn parish

ffrancis record
against him by The quarrel was

the
i
town.
Christopher Marlowe,
slain
by
:593."
troducer
ness
of the Elizabethans. he is inferior to Shakespeare alone among Dower !n addition short poems to his plays he wrote some (ofwhich the translations from is Come best known live with me and be my love], and Lucan's Dvid's Amores Pharsalia, and a glowing paraphrase of
M. is the father of the modern form of blank of the modern and expression,originality,
June English drama, and the in rich In imagination, verse. dramatic and general poetic
bears Archer, the
entry.
of
and Leander, a poem VEusaeus' Hero completed by Chapman. Ed. of Works by Dyce, Cunningham, and Bullen; Ingram's C. Mar lowe and his Associates, etc.
MARMION,
a a
SHACKERLEY
Dramatist, (1603-1639).
"
s.
of
country gentleman of Northamptonshire,was ed. youth of extravagance, he fought in the Low writingsconsist of an epic,Cupid and Psyche, and
Holland's show plays
at Oxford.
Countries. three
After His His little
comedies,
Leaguer, A
some
power
Fair Companion, of satire,and were
and
The. Antiquary. popular,but he had
of the dramatist.
MARRY
West mavy India
as a
AT, FREDERICK merchant, was
Novelist, (1792-1848).
"
s.
of
midshipman under Lord service iDundonald),and saw much

cheren, and
in the Burmese War of
b. in London. In Cochrane in the
1806
he
entered
at
(afterwards Earl
returned in
the of
Mediterranean,
He
Walas
a
1824.
1830
260

C.B. the and experiences through which he had foundation the of his numerous and for preparation in Frank was the first, 1829. It was pub. Mildmay, the of which best Peter are perhaps 30 others, The
scenes
Captain and passed were

followed
novels, of which
by
over
Mr. Midshipman Easy (1836),The Simple, Jacob Faithful (1834), Phantom and The Fiend (1839). M. is the princeof Ship (1837), Dog the of of his sea, vigorous definition sea story-tellers; knowledge
character, and
to failing
hearty
and
honest, if somewhat
broad, humour
never
please.
HERBERT
a
MARSH,
and Theologian (1757-1839).

"
contro
clergyman, ed. at Canterbury, Cambridge, and methods the German of Biblical first to introduce was Leipsic, the lectures and on into criticism subjectat Camb., England, gave In and 18 16 he was made excited great interest which controversy. translated to Peterborough in 1819. Bishop of Llandaff, and was
versialist, s. of
the critical views and Church, to the Bible His Catholic and broad Politics Churches churchmen Great Bitain and
oppositionto the evangelical party in the in Divine to service, and to Society, hymns emancipation,involved him in controversy with high,low,
his alike. and He France and
was
of of England
History of the (1799),Comparative View of the

a
the
author
of
Rome,
Horn
"
Pelasgicee.
and
MARSTON,
Dramatist JOHN (i575?-i634).
satirist,
In later life he gave up writing for ed. at Oxf. b. at Coventry, was incumbent of Christchurch, Hants, the stage,took orders, and was in 1598 with satire, The career 1616-31. He began his literary
Scourge of Villanie and The Metamorphosis of Pygmalion's Image (i598),the latter of which was burned by order of Archbishop Whitgift. In 1602 appeared The History of Antonio and Mellida, and its Antonio's sequel, Revenge,ridiculed by Ben Jonson. In repayment! in attacking Jonson in Satiroof this M. co-operatedwith Dekker mastix A reconciliation,however, took; (a Whip for the Satirist). dedicated to J., was place,and his comedy, The Malcontent (1604), Ho written in collaboration withi another, Eastward was (1605), him and Chapman. Other of his What You are plays Sophonisba, Will (1607), and possibly The Insatiate Countess (1613). Amid much bombast and verbiagethere are many fine passages in M.'s dramas, where and and the motives. Sombre are scorn especially indignation he has been called birds." the singing caustic, a screech-owl among 6. MARSTON, PHILIP BOURKE Poet, was (1850-1887). in London, and lost his sightat the age of 3. His poems, Song-tide, A II in A II, and Wind Voices bear, in their sadness, the impress of this and of a long series of bereavements. affliction, He was the friend
"
"
of Rossetti
sonnet
and
of Swinburne,
the
latter
of whom
has
written
to his memory.
MARTIN, SIR THEODORE
Poet, biographer, (1816-1909)."
and translator,s. of James M., solicitor in Edin., where he was b. and ed. at the High School and Univ. He practisedas a solicitor in Edin. 1840-45, after which he went to London head of and became the firm of Martin and Leslie, parliamentary agents. His first con tribution to literature was The Bon Gaultier Ballads, written along with W. E. Aytoun (q.v.), full of wit and humour, which still retain

their
261
contributed to a magazine, they ap popularity; originally include Dante.' s Vita His translations in form in book 1855. peared and Heine's Poems and Aladdin, Nuova, (Ehlenschlager's Correggio and Hertz's Rent's the Schiller's Bell, Ballads, King Daughter. Song of with a Life, and one of He also pub. a complete translation of Horace for his Life of the He Catullus. is, however, perhaps best known committed to him the writingof which was Prince Consort (1874-80), with such which he executed and work ability by Queen Victoria, a tact as to win for him her lifelong friendship. He also wrote Lives of Prof. Aytoun and Lord Lyndhurst. He m. in 1851 Miss Helen of studies Faucit (d.1898),the well-known actress, and authoress in whose Life he M Female Characters, pub. on 1901. Shakespeare's into old age, pub. in 1905 a translacept up his intellectual activity Lord and :ion of Leopardi'spoems, Monographs (1906). He was Rector of St. Andrews
1881, LL.D.
where From her
MARTINEAU,
mist,
was a
HARRIET
1875, and K.C.B. 1880. Novelist and econo (1802-1876).

of Edin.
"
b. at Norwich, manufacturer.
/.,descended
from she
French
family,
her
earliest years
deaf, and took to literary pursuitsas an wards, when her /.had fallen into difficulties, they became
very of Her
delicate and After amusement.

was
her
means
Devotional Exercises for Young first publication was support. interested in she Persons political (1823). Becoming economy,
endeavoured
The
two to illustrate the subject by tales, of which were serious treat Later she pub. a more Rioters and The Turn-out. Poor Law of it in Illustrations of Political Economy ment (1832-4), and Taxation Illustrations and of (1834). About Paupers (1833),
on
this time she economic
and was regarded as consulted occasionally questions,being went

to
London,
an
authority
by
Cabinet America
Ministers. and [1837), sidered
her liever in revelation. Hour and
of travel books Among Eastern Life, Present and Past in it she declared best book: her
are
Society
in
and The children.
England
in 1849. collection
She also wrote two of books for the Man (1840),also a number is her History of important work Perhaps her most during the Thirty Years' Peace, 1816-46, which appeared Comte's translated She Philosophy (1853),and pub. a
which she con (1848), herself no longer a be novels, Deerbrook (1839),
herself and Mr. H. G. Atkinson On the of letters between and Development,which encountered Laws Nature severe of Man's to her separate publications In addition she wrote in criticism. for t he articles for newspapers, and numerable News, specially Daily In 1845 periodicals. she settled in the Lake
"
District,where
she died.
MARTINEAU,
Unitarian theologian, JAMES (1805-1900).
brother of the above, was Possessed of con b. at Norwich. younger inventive siderable in and mathematical talents, he was originally for engineering, tended for the Unitarian but studied ministry,to which he was ordained in 1828. After servingas pastor in various he places the in became New Manchester
.
1840
and Moral Coll. (subsequently removed to of Mental
Prof,
Philosophy in
London),
and
which 1 869-8 5 were Principal Among his writings, very influential, Substitutes Rationale Ideal are for God of Religious Inquiry (1836), Ethical Theory (1885), Study of Spinoza (1882), (1879), Study Types of and religious Seat of Authority in Religion(1890), of Religion (1888),
262
poems
new

and
hymns.
He
was
M. D.D.
was
man
of very
elevated
powerful intellect; of great acuteness,

ideas. of Edin.
candour,
1884. and
"
character and and to openness D.C.L. of Oxf. 1888.
MARVELL,
the Rector Parliament
ANDREW
Poet (1621-1678).
Yorkshire, where
Continental he
and
s. of satirist,
of Winestead,
thereafter travelled in various
was b., ed. countries.
Camb.,
He
sat
and in
and incorruptible for Hull, proving himself an assiduous In with strong republicanleanings. member, spiteof this he was a in his society, took pleasure and offered favourite of Charles II.,who both de him a place at Court, and a present of ^1000, which were clined. In his
own
day
for
he
some
was
writer, and political

as
best known as time from 1657
a was
powerful and
assistant
fearless
to Milton
he wrote After the Restoration Latin Sec. against the Govern Growth in this kind the his chief work on of Popery and being ment, He also in Government the author was Arbitrary England (1677). General His Councils. Historical Essay regarding controver of an and vigorous, but sometimes and vitupera coarse lively his poems rests on His fame which, though few, have now of the highestpoetical are qualities.Among the best known many The The Nymph complaining for the Emigrants in the Bermudas, and Thoughts in a Garden. Of the last Palgrave Death of her Fawn, " it be of that reader's insight test a as regarded may any says his of and Horatian into the most Ode on poetical aspects poetry," Return The Cromwell's of Hull voted him town from Ireland. a sial stylewas tive.
however, forbidden by the Court. His appear was, of middling stature, pretty strongdescribed, He was brown-haired." set, roundish-faced, cherry-cheeked, hazel-eyed, Life and Works by Cooke, 1726, reprinted1772; Thomson, 1726; Grosart Dove, 1832; and specially (4 vols., 1872-74).
monument,
ance
which
is thus
"
MASON,
WILLIAM
Poet, s. (1724-1797).
"
of
clergyman,
b. at Hull, and ed. at Camb. He took orders and rose was to be a Canon His first poem of York. v/as Muscsus, a monody on the death of Pope, and his other works include Elfrida (1752), and Caractacus Heroic an Chambers, Epistleto Sir William the in which he satirised modern fashions in gardening, architect, some The English Garden, his largest odes. He work, and some was a close friend of Gray, whose Life he wrote. His language was too for his powers of thought,but he has passages where the" magnificent rich diction has a pleasing effect.
"
(1759), dramas
MASSEY,
Herts. As errand
a
GERALD boy
Poet, (1828-1907)."
b.
near
Tringij
he worked in a silk-factory, and as a straw-plaiteri and When he he to was 1 boy. came London, where he wasi 5 taken up by Maurice and Kingsley. His first book was pub. in 1851, but he first attracted attention by Babe Christabel (1854). This was followed by War Waits, Craigcrook A Castle,and Havelock's March. selection from these was under the title of pub. 1889, My LyricalLife. Later he wrote and lectured on and spiritualism, produced prose works the originof myths and mysteries in The Book on of
Begin
The nings (1881), Light of the World
Natural
Genesis He
true
and (1883),
a
(1907).
had
a
also wrote
Ancient Egypt : book the on sonnets often
the of
Shakespeare. M.
vein, but though lyrical
musical,

at times harsh and he was tion to form and finish.
263
atten
rugged, and
did not
give sufficient
MASSINGER,
ably b.
Earl of
at
PHILIP
His
Dramatist, was (1583-1640).

"
prob
of the
em was
Salisbury. Pembroke, by
/. appears
and M.
to have
been
retainer he
whom
by Queen
Elizabeth
a was capacity. ployed Univ. suddenly without graduating. He in collaboration writingfor the stage,frequently
in
confidential
at Oxf., but is next found with that
quitted the
details of his life have whole and The
come
down,
but
it
seems
in London others. Few he was the on
He was found dead in bed on March unfortunate. 16, 1640, buried in St. Saviour's, Southwark, of the actors. was by some buried has the entry, burial register Philip Massinger, a
"
stranger."
believed
servant to
Of the many be i8th
plays which
are
his entirely
he wrote extant, other
or
had
were
hand
in, 1 5
burned
so
by
much
in the
"
with his
probably plays Unnatural Combat be mentioned The (pr.1639), The Virgin may by Dekker), which contains perhaps his finest Martyr (1622)(partly His best writing. plays on the whole, however, are The City and Madam A New Way to pay Old Debts (pr.1633),which (1632),
can
others
He, however, collaborated century. fine work Fletcher, Dekker, etc.,that much
identified
only be
by
internal
evidence.
Among
his
latter Noble The The
kept
joined with
Duke Great
the stage until the igth century. He is believed to have Fletcher and Shakespeare in Henry VIII. and The Two Other Kinsmen. plays which he wrote or had a hand in are The Renegado, The Roman Actor, of Milan, The Bondman, Maid Duke of Honour, The Picture, and of Florence, The His verse is fluent and sweet, and in his gr?,ve and Dowry. He He of
a
The Fatal reflective
he rises to a rich and stately music. passages has little and is not seldom humour, coarse. repeats himself,
often
has,
story.
however, much
skill in the construction

"
and
working
and
out
MASSON, DAVID
and historian, (1822-1907). Biographer

at
Coll. there b. at Aberdeen, and ed. at Marischal he studied He did theology under Chalmers.
Edin., where
enter
not, however,
the Church, but began a literary in Aber career by ed. a newspaper deen. He then returned to Edin., where he worked for the brothers and where he became Chambers, the eminent publishers, acquainted with Wilson, Sir William Hamilton, and Chalmers, for the last of whom he cherished in 1847 he wrote veneration. extraordinary Going to London in extensively reviews, magazines, and encyclo Prof, of English Literature in Univ. paedias. In 1852 he became He was Coll.,and in 1858 ed. of Macmillan's Magazine. appointed in 1865 Prof, of English Literature in Edin., where he exercised a influence his of risen whom have to on students, many profound in literature. high positions Though a most laborious student and of letters, M. took a warm interest in various publicquestions, man Italian of women. and the higher education including emancipation, He was the author of many important works, includingEssays Bio graphical and Critical (1856),British Novelists (1859),and Recent British Philosophy (1865). His magnum opus is his monumental Lifeof John Milton (6vols.,1859-80) the most complete biography of any Englishman, dealingas it does not only with the personal life of the poet, but with the history, of his social,and religious political,
an
264
time.
Other books
are
Drummond of Hawthornden (1873), De of Letters Series) (1878), EdinburghSketches and and Memories Carlyle Personally and in his Writings. (1892), of De Quincey'sworks, and the Register ed. He also ed. the standard in connection of Scotland, his introductions of the Privy Council
Quincey (inEnglishMen
He of great historical value. was appointed His full of in M. Scotland was f or 1893. learning guided by toriographer in his judgments of men broad-minded, and sane genial, sagacity, and thoroughly honest and sincere. and things, with which
are
MATHER,
a
COTTON
Divine,s. (1663-1728).
"
of Increase
a
M.,
leadingAmerican
was
"
divine,
was
ed. at Harvard,
became
minister,
and
to his /. He was laborious, able, and learned, but colleague self-sufficient. He carried on a persecution and extremely bigoted innocent of so-called witches," which led to the shedding of much
on
hand he was much of a reformer the other to so as inoculation for small-pox. He was advocate a copious author, his chief work beingMagnolia Christi A mericana ecclesiastical an (1702), Others Late Memorable of New Providences were England. history
blood;
Invisible had
to Witchcraftand relating World (1693).
Possession and The Wonders (1689), In his later years he admitted that
of the
"
he
gone
too
far
"
in his crusade
againstwitches.
at
in the
MATHIAS, THOMAS
Camb.,
He
was
ed. Satirist, JAMES (1754 ?-i835)."

minor
appointments Royal various trans accomplished Italian scholar, and made into from lations the English He also pro Italian, and vice versa. duced which he lost heavily. His chief work, a fine ed. of Gray, on The Pursuits of Literature (1794), however, was an undiscriminating satire on his literary which went contemporaries through 16 ed., Dut is now almost forgotten.
and
an
held
some
household.
MATURIN,
in Dublin
CHARLES
ROBERT
b. (1782-1824). Novelist,
"
ed. at TrinityColl. there, and He was the author of a few taking He is,perhaps, dramas, one of which, Bertram, had some success. better known for his romances in the style of Mrs. Radcliffe and " Monk Lewis. The first of these, The Fatal Revenge appeared in 1807, and was followed by, among others, The Milesian Chief (1812), the most Women, which was successful, and lastly by Melmoth, in
"
of Huguenot ancestry,was orders held various benefices.
which indeed
he outdoes his models in the mysterious,the horrible, and the revolting, without, except very occasionally, reaching His
their power.
was style,
pub.
last work, The A Ibigenses, in in the year of his death.
somewhat
different
MAURICE, FREDERICK
of
a
DENISON
Divine, s. (1805-1872).
"
Unitarian minister, was b. at Normanston, near Lowestoft, and studied at Camb., but being then a Dissenter, could not graduate. He went to London, and engaged hi literary work, writingfor the Westminster Review and other periodicals, and for a short time ed. the Athenaum. His theological views having changed, he joined the Church of England, went to Oxl, graduated, and was ordained 1834. He became Chaplain to Gay's Hospital, and held other
clerical positions in London.
In
r84O
he
was
appointed Prof,
of

English Literature Prof, of Theology.
265
and History at King's Coll.,and subsequently the Christian social He became a leader among of his On the publication and for a short time ed. their paper. ists, his asked to he in was resign professorship 1853 Essays Theological of the Working of the founders In 1854 he was at King's Coll. one made and in 1866 he was he became Men's Coll., of which Principal, Camb. Among his writingsare The Moral and their Relation to Christianity, of Religions Old Testa the The and Prophets Kings of MetaphysicalPhilosophy, and Theological The Doctrine of Sacrifice, ment Essays. M.'s (1853), Prof, of Moral
Philosophy at
and
the World
often blamed and was nevertheless, as obscure; copious, influence over of the best minds he exercised an extraordinary some of his views, and the purityand eleva of his time by the originality tion of his character.
stylewas
MAXWELL,
WILLIAM
HAMILTON
a Novelist, (1792-1850).
"
Coll., Dublin, entered Scoto-Irishman, b. at Newry, and ed. at Trinity After service in the Peninsula, and at Waterloo. the army, and saw his for of wards he took nonorders, but was living deprived residence. His novels, O'Hara, and Stories from Waterloo, started in the the school of rollicking militaryfiction,which culminated and of Wellington, M. also wrote a Life of the Duke novels of Lever. Rebellion. Irish the a History of
MAX-MULLER,
the German Berlin, and
FRIEDRICH
s. of Philologist, (1823-1900).
"
b. at Dessau, and M.f was poet, Wilhelm In 1846 he was Paris. requested by
He settled at Oxf. 1848, and in Rig Veda. 1850 was European appointed deputy Taylorian Prof, of Modern becoming Prof. 4 years later,and Curator of the Bodleian languages, Library in 1856. In 1868 he was elected first Prof, of Comparative Philology. He ed. Sacred Books of the East, and wrote in English Workshop (1867-75). He did much to stimu Chips from a German late the study of comparativereligion and philology. He was made in 1896. a Privy Councillor
Company
to ed. the
the in
ed. at Leipzig, East India
MAY,
THOMAS
Poet (1595-1650).
"
and
b. in historian,
went to Camb., and thence M., of Mayfield, Sussex, s. of Sir Thomas law for literature. In 1622 he pro to Gray's Inn, but discarded duced his first comedy, The Heir, and also a translation of Virgil's Georgics. Six years later, 1627, appeared his translation of Lucan, which he gained him the favour of Charles I., at whose command
The Reigne of King Henry II., and The Victorious poems, Edward When the Civil War III., each in 7 books. broke out M., to the disappointmentof his friends, took the side of the Parliament, and was made Sec. to the Long Parliament, the historian of which he became, pub. 1647, The History of the Parlia ment of England, which began Nov. 3, 1640. This work he prefaced with a short review of the precedingreignsfrom that of Elizabeth. The narrative closes with the Battle of Newbury, 1643, and is char acterised by fulness of information M. was also the and candour. author of several tragedies, including Antigone,of no great merit.
wrote two
Reigne of King
MAY, SIR THOMAS

"
ERSKINE,
IST
BARON
FARNBOROUGH
School, and
12
and historian,ed. (1815-1886). Jurist
at Bedford
after
266

in
was
holdingvarious minor offices became he in 1886, when Commons, retiring
1871
clerk
to
the
House
of He
K.C.B. of a had previously, 1866, been made first of Parliament, which, etc., treatise on the laws, privileges, pub. translated into various in 1901 its tenth ed., and was in 1844, reached His Constitutional History of England, 1760-1860 is
raised He
to the peerage. the author was
languages. Democracy
a continuation practically
in Europe. and impartial. painstaking,
He also wrote of Hallam's great work. writer historical M. As learned, was an
MAYNE,
entered the
Dramatist, JASPER (1604-1672).

"
was
at
Oxf.,
He War He
became and The Amorous The City Match wrote two dramas, (1639), sustain the clerical did he character. which of neither in (1648), humour. had, however, some
Church,
and
Archdeacon
of
Chichester.
MAYNE,
In
Poet, JOHN (1759-1836).

"
was
b. in Dumfries.
in Ruddiman's ancient
was
1780 he pub. the Siller Magazine. It is a humorous

in Dumfries
to
Gun the
"
in its
poem
form original o descriptivef an He
custom
of
shooting for
Siller Gun."
continually
on
also wrote He a it, until it grew to 5 cantos. poem adding Helen of Kirkconnel. version the and ballad, a of Hallowe'en,
verses were
His
admired
by
Scott.
MELVILLE,
York, and
took
HERMAN
to the
sea,
b. Novelist, (1819-1891).
"
in New
which
ing
the this He
an
imprisonment
Islands. Omoo
of
some
months
led to strange adventures, includ in the hands of cannibals in
Marquesas
a a
experience.
was
Whale,
power
powerfulsea
very
is based upon His first novel, Typee (1846), followed in 1847, Moby Dick, or the White story, in 1852, and Israel Potter in 1855. considerable
and
showed unequal writer, but occasionally originality.

"
Scottish divine and MELVILLE, JAMES (1556-1614).
re
former, s. of the laird of Baldovie, in Forfarshire, and nephew of the when M., by whom, Principal great reformer and scholar, Andrew
of the
or
Univ.
of
Glasgow,
he
was
chosen
to
assist him
as
regent
in 1580, Andrew became professor. When, Principal of St. St. Andrews, James accompanied him, and acted as -Mary'sColl., of Hebrew and chief work period,written with but his Prof, Oriental
was
his
much
Languages. He wrote many poems, the for an originalauthority at naivete, and revealing a singularly
Diary,
matters, way
back had to
tractive personality. M., who for his part in Church banished to England, d. at Berwick been his on Scotland.
MELVILLE,
SIR
s. JAMES (1535-1617). Historian,

"
of Sir
a John M., of Hallhill, was page French and afterwards Court, one
Mary Queen of Scots at the of her Privy Council. He also acted as her envoy to Queen Elizabeth; and the Elector Palatine! He was the author of an autobiography which is one of the original authorities for the period. The MS., which for lay long hidden in Edin. Castle, was discovered in 1660, and pub. 1683. A later ed. brought
out in
to
was
1827 by
the
Bannatyne
Club.
The
work
is
written in in
a
267
upon
but lively style,

or
is not
always to
be
relied implicitly
regard either to facts
the characters
"
attributed
to individuals.
MEREDITH,
GEORGE
of
Novelist (1828-1909).
and
poet, b.
who afterwards s. at Portsmouth, Augustus M., a naval outfitter, and ed. at Portsmouth and Neuwied in Ger to Cape Town, went of the what to he had a in means trustee, neglect Owing many. in his early days very poor. Articled herited were lost, and he was to for his first the Battle of Chilliana on work, printed magazines, poem wallah, appearing in Chambers' s Journal. Two years later he pub. Love in the Meantime he had been Poems Valley. containing (1851), and in 1866 he was ed. a small provincial war newspaper, correspon dent in Italyfor the Morning Post, and he also acted for many years as By this time, however, literaryadviser to Chapman and Hall.
21
he had lawyer in London, exchanged for journalism,and

a
no
taste
for law, which

was
he
soon
at
he
writing poetry
The Shaving of Shagpat had produced several of his novels. Richard Fever el in appeared in 1856, Farina in 1857, The Ordeal of, in Emilia in Evan as 1861, 1859, Harrington England (alsoknown its in in Sandra and Rhoda 1866, 1864, sequel, Vittoria, Belloni) Love and Fleming in 1865. In poetry he had produced Modern Poems of the English Roadside (1862), regarded as his best generally These followed were by The Adventures of Harry poeticalwork. Career Richmond (1875),said to be the author's Beauchamp's (1871), which marks the beginning of a change favourite, The Egoist(1879), characterised in style by an even greater fastidiousness in the choice condensation of thought than of words, phrases,and its prede and Diana Comedians The the (1880), of Cross-ways, cessors, Tragic novels to attain the first of the author's anything approaching period yielded in poetry, Poems and generalpopularity. The same Earth Ballads and Poems the Lyrics of (1883), of Tragic Life Joy of His Earth later novels, One of our and A (1888). Reading of (1887), | and his Aminta \Conquerors (1891),Lord Ormont (1894),and The I exhibit a tendency to accentuate A mazing Marriage (1895), those denied which of all to of M.'s style general popularity [(qualities did add his little to to The and contemfworks, they reputation. include The Empty Purse and Jump to Glory Jane "orary poems 1892). In 1905 he received the Order of Merit, and he d. on May twice m., his first wife, who He d. 1860, being a was 9, 1909. Peacock This union iaii. of Thomas Love did not prove in (q.v.). His second ill respects happy. wife was Miss Vulliamy, whp d. 885. In his earlier life he was vigorous and athletic,and a great he lost all power of locomotion. talker; latterly the of M. and probably never will be were never Though writings generally popular,his genius was, from the very first, recognisedby he best judges. All through he wrote for the reader who brought of and who not for him read mind, attention, something thought, he had it is therefore futile to attribute failure to him because he did not achieve what he did not lim at. the kind of even Nevertheless, the long delay in receiving which he sought was Few a recognition disappointment to him. writers have striven to charge sentences and even words so heavily with meaning, or to attain so great a degree of condensation, with
merely
to
be
amused
without
trouble; and
268
omitted the result that links in the chain of thought are not seldom is also a tendency and left for the careful reader to supply. There where and forms of expression words and to adopt unusual plainness these and features served taken to would have as well, simplicity for the charges of obscurityand affectation so gether give reason of motive the discussion and Moreover, often made. feelingis
of the events and circum to the narrative of proportion stand related. But to compensate us for which to stances they often, indeed, whimsical, but keen these defects he offers humour, observation of and close and exquisitefeelingfor na sparkling, often out the most of word-painting, delicate and power and invincible of an character, optimism penetrating analysis which, while not blind to the darker aspects of life,triumphs over In the depressionwhich they might induce in a weaker nature. ture,
a
marvellous
distinctly negative. Miscellaneous author, FRANCIS MERES, (1565-1647). studied Camb. and Oxf., and became at of a Lincolnshire family, was He pub. in 1 598 Palladis Tamia Rector of Wing in Rutland. : Wit's of with a Greek, comparison English containing poets Treasury,
matters
of faith and
dogma
his
standpointwas
"
Latin, and
Herman
Italian.
MERIVALE,
CHARLES
translator
s. Historian, (1808-1893).
"
of
John
and minor poet, b. in London, ed. at Harrow, M., a other Hail ey bury, and Camb., he took orders, and among pre held those of chaplain to the Speaker of the House of ferments his college he was Commons, 1863-69,and Dean of Ely. From days of Roman and between keen student history, 1850 and 1864 he under the Empire, an able and scholarly pub. his History of the Romans critics to be too favourable to the work, though considered by some idea. and the uxlier Fall work The An was imperial Emperors, of
a
the Roman
Republic(1853). MERRIMAN, H. SETON (See SCOTT, H.
S.).
of
a
MESTON, WILLIAM
P-I745). S. (1688
"
blacksmith,was
ed. at Marischal Coll.,Aberdeen, took part in the '15,and had to go into hiding. His Knight of the Kirk (1723) is an imitation of Hudibras. It has little merit.
MICKLE, WILLIAM
minister of
Poet, s. JULIUS (1735-1788).

"
of the
in
Langholm, Dumfriesshire,was
He
went
for
some
time
brewer
he was to Oxf., where corrector for the Press. Clarendon After various literary failures and minor successes he produced his translation of the Lusiad, from the Portuguese of which Camoens, In 1777 he brought him both fame and money.
went
Edin., but failed.
he was received with distinction. In 1784 ballad of Cumnor which Scott the to Hall, pub. suggested Kenilworth. of He is best writing remembered, however, perhaps There's luck aboot the Hoose, nae by the beautiful lyric, which, his. although claimed by others, is almost certainly to he the
where Portugal,
MIDDLETON, CONYERS
Divine (1683-1750)."
ed. at Camb.
on
and
scholar,
of him
b. at Richmond, Yorkshire, and several latitudinarian treatises into controversy with Waterland
He
was
the author
miracles, etc., which and others, and (q.v.)
brought
of
a
Life of

Cicero
writer from plagiarised largely (1741), of the William He
269
a
Bellenden,
master
Scottish with very fine

was
I7th century.
Another
of his controversies
was
Bentley on literary style.
administration. college
of
MIDDLETON,
Londoner chronicle
THOMAS
Dramatist, (1570-1627).
"
was
in which and city chronologer, capacityhe composed a He lost. wrote 20 of the city, now over plays,chiefly collaborated with and and comedies, besides masques pageants, Dekker, Webster, and other playwrights. His best plays are The Changeling,The Spanish Gipsy (both with Rowley), and Women Women. Another, The Game beware of Chess (1624), got the author trouble of its into account on and the playersalike having brought the King of Spain and other publiccharacters upon the stage. They, however, got off with a severe reprimand. M. was a keen observer of strong passion. He shone in scenes and most London is, of life,
however, unequal and repeats himself. Other plays are : The Phosnix, A Trick to Catch the old One Term Michaelmas (1608),The (1607),
The Roaring A Mad World, My Masters (1608), FamilieofLove (1608), Old Law Girl (1611) (with Dekker), The (1656) (with Massinger his pageants and and Rowley), A Faire Quarrel(1617);and among The Triumphs of Honour The Triumphs of Truth (1613), are masques The Inner Temple Masque (1619), etc. and Industry (1617),
and historian, s. MILL, JAMES (1773-1836). Philosopher

"
of He
shoemaker,
was
was
ability,
was
sent
to the
as
a
and showing b. at Montrose, Univ. of Edin. with a view
signs of superior to the ministry.
preacher in 1798, but gave up the idea of the in 1802 engaged in literary work, ed. In for the Edinburgh Review. wrote and in 1819 1806 he began his History of British India (1817-18), Examiner received the appointment of Assistant to the India Office, had meanwhile head of the M. in became and 1834 department. friend of Jeremy Bentham, become the intimate was perhaps the also one of the and was chief exponent of the utilitarian philosophy, include Univ. His philosophical founders of the London writings Elements of Political Economy (1821),and Analysis of the Human Mind (1824). M.'s intellect was powerful,though rigidand some his style clear and precise, and his conversational what was narrow; and influential in remarkable, moulding the opinions powers very into with his distin of those who contact him, especially came guished son, John Stuart (q.v.).
licensed and
Church, going to London the St. James's Chronicle, and
MILL, JOHN STUART

above, b. in London, was the successor of Bentham
s. of (1806-1873). Philosopher,
"
the
him
ed.
by
his
/. with
the view
of
making
tarian philosophy. his 1 5th year had studied classical literature, logic, political economy, and mathematics. In that year he went he was to France, where under the charge of Sir S. Bentham, brother of Jeremy. His a studies had led him to the adoption of the utilitarian philosophy, and after his return he became acquainted with Grote, the Austins, and other Benthamites. In 1823 he entered the India House as a clerk, to be examiner of Indian and, like his /., rose correspondence; and,
and himself,as the exponent of the Utili In all respects he proved an apt pupil,and by
270
on
the dissolution of the Company, retired on a liberal pension. In Rationale of JudicialEvidence. During the 1825 he ed. Bentham's contributor to Radical he a was journals, frequent following years His Logic appeared in 1843, and pro Review. and ed. the London duced
a
profound impression;
and
in
The Political Economy. years between treatises his on Liberty, Utilitarianism, Representative productive, Examination and his of Sir W. Hamilton's Philosophy Government, the House this period. In 1865 he entered of for Westminster, of the members where, though After this political he made no great mark. highly respected, his a nd to wrote The Sub he returned literary pursuits, parenthesis Question (1870),and an (1869),The Irish Land of Women jection
1848 he pub. Principlesof 1858 and 1865 were very
being pub. during

Commons
as one
he showed 1851 Mrs. Taylor,for whom he survived for and whom He i 1 an 5 years. extraordinary devotion, in His Autobiography gives a singular, and d. at Avignon. some methods and of the views of his in his account /. respects painful his life adherent all of the ulitieducation. an Though remaining
Autobiography.
M. had
m.
in
philosophy,M. did not transmit it to his disciples altogether it too narrow and rigid for his own intellec unmodified, but, rinding himself to widening it, and tual and moral requirements,devoted of idealism. into it a certain element infusing Personal Recollections (1882), Criticism with L. Courtney's Bain's Autobiography,Stephens's Utilitarians,J. John Stuart Mill (1889), Grote's Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy of Mill, etc.
tarian
MILLER,
HUGH
and (1802-1856). Geologist,

"
man
of
b. at Cromarty, had letters,
the ordinaryparishschool education, and remarkable love showed of reading and power of story-telling. a early At 17 he was apprenticedto a stonemason, and his work in quarries, with rambles the rocks of his native shore, led him to together among the study of geology. In 1829 he pub. a vol. of poems, and soon afterwards and effective combatant into the controversies, first of the of the Bill, and thereafter Scottish Church in one accountant of question. In 1834 he became the local banks, and in the next year brought out his Scenes and
as
an
threw
himself
ardent Reform
Legends in
he had been Church, associated, started a newspaper, The Witness, and M. was called to be ed., a position which he retained till the end of his life, and in which he showed conspicuous ability. works The Old Red Sandstone Foot are geological (1841), Creator (1850), The Testimony of the Rocks and (1856), Sketch-book of Popular Geology. Other books are: My Schools and Schoolmasters, an autobiography of remarkable interest, First Im pressions of England and its People (1847),and The Cruise of the Betsy. Of the geological books, perhaps that on the old red sand M. was stone, a department in which is the best : but a discoverer, all his writingsare distinguished by great literary excellence, and of vivid description. The end of by a marvellous especially power his life was most tragic. He had for long been overworking his brain, which at last gave way, and in a temporary loss of reason, he shot himself during the night. Lifeand Letters,P. Bayne (1871), etc.
the North with which
of Scotland.
In
1840
the
popular party
in the
Among
his
prints of the

MILLER, THOMAS
humble
271
pub.
be for a
Poet (1807-1874).
"
and
novelist,of
in earlylife as a basket-maker. He parentage, worked to London he Sea the was Nymphs (1832). Going Songs of and S. Rogers (q.v.), and friended by Lady Blessington(q.v.)
unsuccessful and time engaged in business as a bookseller, but was to literature,producing over himself exclusively devoted 40 vols., Gideon Giles the includingseveral novels, e.g., Royston Gower (1838), In his stories delineated Sketches. he and Rural successfully Roper, and scenes. rural characters
MILMAN,
HENRY
HART
Poet (1791-1868).
"
and
historian,
ed. at Eton and Oxf. s. of Sir Francis M., a distinguished physician, in St. orders he became Rector of 1835 Margaret's,West Taking He also held the professor minster, and in 1849 Dean of St. Paul's.
1821-31. Among (drama) (1815),Santor Jerusalem (1820),The Martyr of Antioch

mentioned Fazio
ship of Poetry
at Oxf.
his
works poetical (epic)(1818),The and Anne (1822),
be may Fall of
Boleyn
(1826). It is,however, on his work as an historian that his literary fame rests, his chief works in this department being his His chiefly and especially the History of Christianity (1840), tory of Jews (1830), The History of Latin Christianity (6 vols. 1854-56),which is one of the most important historical works of the century, characterised distinction and by learning and research. alike by literary M. also
brought out a valuable a History of St. Paul's
ed. of Gibbon's Cathedral. Decline and
Fall, and
wrote
MILNES, R. MONCKTON1608 in Bread
(SeeHOUGHTON).
"
Poet, was MILTON, JOHN (1608-1674).

of yeoman Protestant.
to be a man
b.
on
gth December
was
Street, London. Oxfordshire, who

He had then become
His
cast
a
/.,also
him off
John,
the
s.
of
a a
his
becoming
good and loftyintegrity,
From estate. his love of, and proficiency M. re in, music. from a Scotch friend of his father's, ceived his first education Thomas note, one of the writers of Smectymnuus. Young, a Puritan of some of he
was
scrivener in London, and grew him his illustrious s. inherited his
Thereafter
went to Christ's for his beauty and his delicacy of mind he was Camb., where Coll., " had m. Edward the lady." His sister Anne nicknamed Phillips, and the death of her first child in infancy gave to him the subjectof his earliest poem, On the death of a Fair Infant (1626). It was fol lowed during his 7 years'life at the Univ., along with others, by the
at St. Paul's
School, and
in
1625
poems, and On
On
the
Morning of
Christ's
a
cision, The
Passion, Time, At
Solemn
On the Circum Nativity (1629), Music, On May Morning,
all in 1630; and two sonnets, To the Nightingale Shakespeare, in 1631. In 1632, having and On arriving at the Age of Twenty-three, given up the idea of enteringthe Church, for which his /. had in
tended him, he lived for 6 years at Horton, near Windsor, to which the latter had devoted further to retired, study. Here he wrote L' Allegro in 1632, Arcades Comus in 1634, and // Penseroso (1633), and Lycidas in 1637. The first celebrates the pleasures of a life of cheerful of contemplative,though not innocence, and the second and the last is for a lost friend, Edward a lament j gloomy, retirement,
272
King
who

and Comus set to are masques motives their for respectively f amily having written else these Had he nothing purity. immortals. the In 1638 he a place among in France travel of and Italy, his education by a period Galileo Florence. The and at at Paris, Grotius visited
perishedat
sea.
Arcades
music by Henry Lawes, affection and maiden have would given him
completed
where
news
he and State brought him home of impending troubles in Church be said to close the first his return with may the following year, and his life falls. These may of three well-marked divisions into which and of the of early (2) the poems; preparation be called (i) period the and of the and (3) prose writings; the period of controversy, Soon after his return and of the later poems. of retirement
period
M. settled hi London, and employed himself in teachinghis nephews, and John Phillips, turning over in his mind at the same Edward for the great poem the possible theme time various subjectsas looked forward to writing. he of his life, which, as the chief object to far other matters, and to be to be called away soon But he was business which to and were controversies the into practical plunged The this works of the next for 20 period absorb his energies years.
(i) those directed against Episcopacy, in and his in England (1641), cludingReformationof Church Discipline of Hall in and defence of the (q.v.), to Bishop answers writings in those to divorce, under relating Calamy) ; (2) Smectymnuus (see and The Four of Divorce (1643), cluding The Doctrine and Discipline which treat of Marriage (1645); and (3) Chief Places of Scripture including the Trac those on politicaland miscellaneous questions, A Education, Areopagitica, tate on Speech for the Liberty of Un licensed Printing(1644)(his greatest prose work), Eikonoklastes, an Tenure The Basilike of Dr. Gauden of (q.v.}, to the Eikon answer of the execution in of defence and (1649), Magistrates Kings
fall into three classes
"
controversy with Salmasius, the writing of Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio (1650),the second carried his name which over Europe, and The Ready Defensio (1654), written on the eve and Easy Way to establish a Free Commonwealth, the dau. of an had M. In Powell, Restoration. m. of the Mary 1643
Charles
I., which
led
to
the
furious
Oxfordshire
of 17, who cavalier,a girl
soon
found
her
new
life as the
in severe of an austere poet,absorbed study, too abrupt which she had been accustomed, to the from change gay society visit. When to her father's house returned a on and in a month dis showed husband she no her the time fixed for rejoining arrived, which he began to aim at a divorce, and to to do so, upon position
companion
a
advocate of mind
unfitness and contrariety incurred for him for views which it, ground A much reconciliation, however, unpopularity. followed in 1645, and three dau. were born of the marriage. In of Latinist M. led his appointment as the to a as 1649 reputation Latin or Foreign Sec. to the Council of State, in the duties of which and he was, after his sightbegan to fail,assisted by A. Mar veil (q.v.) works valid as a notoriety and
"
in the
above
mentioned
"
others, and wife d., and
In 1652 his Restoration. four years later he entered into a second marriage with in who d. child-birth in Katharine the Woodcock, followingyear. To her memory of the most he dedicated one touching of his sonnets. At the Restoration he was, of course, deprived of his office, and had which he retained until the

to
273
and hiding; but on the intercession of Marvell (q.v.}, included in his the was name (q.v.), amnesty. In perhaps blind and somewhat he asked his now totally helpless, 1663, being him. The recommend wife for a friend Dr. Paget to lady chosen to have Elizabeth Minshull, aged 25, who was given him appears his last She survived in him for 53 domestic happiness years. go into Davenant his third, The Restoration closed his second, and introduced years. He free to now and for his fame, most was productive period. whLn he had so long con to the great work devote his whole powers time he had been in doubt For some as to the subject, templated. but had decided the Arthurian considered the had legends, upon Fall of Man. 1658, finished Ellwood result in 1664, and The
was
Paradise in
Lost, which
A remark
was
begun
in
pub.
1667.
of his friend,
suggestedto him the writingof Paradise Re (q.v.), with Samson was Agonistes, pub. in 1671. Two gained,which, along written had printeda History of Britain, long before, years before he
Thomas
which, however,
In addition
to
The of M. was work is of little value. done. now he suffered from gout, to which his blindness it was but with partly attributable, and, his strength gradually failing, he November and d. mind on 8, 1674. peacefully serene, unimpaired and of Puritanism To In M. the influences of the Renaissance met.
his wide culture and his profound love of every he owed the former to the latter his loftyand noble and austere char beautiful, thing in his these elements meet and both acter, writings. Leaving Shakespeare out of account, he holds an indisputable place at the head of English poets. For strength of imagination,delicate ac of language, and harmony of versification, curacy and suggestiveness he is unrivalled, and almost unapproached ; and when the difficul ties inherent in the subjectof his great masterpieceare considered, in dealing with them the power almost miraculous, he shows appears he has failed, feel that in those parts where im was success In his of blank mortal. he for for use verse has, possible a majesty, been approached by any of his successors. and music, never variety, and no humour. In everythinghe wrote, He had no dramatic power and
we
and he is one of commanding genius manifests itself, rather than affection. who His reverence inspire per in early life has been thus described, sonal appearance He was a little under middle height,slender, but erect, vigorous,and agile, hair clustering about his fair and oval face, with with light brown dark grey eyes."
a
proud
those
and writers
"
SUMMARY. B. 1608, ed. at St. Paul's School and Camb., and while at the latter wrote earlier poems includingThe Nativity and and wrote L'A llegro, II Penseroso, Sonnets, lived for 6 years at Horton and Arcades, Comus, and Lycidas, travelled in France Italy 1638, settled in London, entered on his political and controversial labours, and wrote inter alia on Reform of Discipline 1641, Divorce 1643-45,
"
Education
1644, Areopagitica 1644, and the two Defences 1650 and Latin Sec. 1654, appointed 1649, this period closed by Restoration Lost written 1660, Paradise 1658-64, pub. 1667, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes 1671, d. 1674, m. first 1643 Mary Powell, second third 1663 Eliz. Minshull, who Woodcock, 1652 Katharine
till 1727. Prof. Masson also (6 vols. 1859-80), short Lives
survived
Life by
by
M.
274
Patteson

Garnett (1880), Prof. Masson.
(1889).
Ed.
of Works
by Boydell,Sir
E.
Brydges, and
MINOT,
brates
LAURENCE
of him.
Poet. P-I352?)." (1300

been have may with a somewhat the Scots and III. over
"
Nothing
He French.
is
certainlyknown
in northern
He and English
soldier. ferocious the
cele
patriotism
the victories of Edward
MINTO, WILLIAM
at
Critic (1845-1893).
and
". biographer,
and ed. at Aberdeen to Oxf., went also and for of the the wrote ed. became Examiner, London, In 1880 he was appointed Daily News and the Pall Mall Gazette. He wrote Aberdeen. at a Manual Prof, of Logic and Literature of Characteristics the Poets Literature Prose of English (1873), English of Letters Series. and a Life of Defoe for the Men (1874),
Alford, Aberdeenshire, and

and
MITCHELL,
writer,
s.
and political Journalist JOHN (1815-1875)."
For some1 Presbyterianminister, was b. in Ulster. he practised as a solicitor,but time becoming acquainted with himself with the Young Ireland associated he Davis Thomas (q.v.), the His contributor Nation to newspaper. party, and was a leading carried so far as to bring about sympathies and acts were political and his transportation for 14 in 1848 his trial for treason-felony, resided New ed. and his release he at After York, chiefly years. abolition of the but in various 1874, slavery; papers, and opposed de elected M.P. for Tipperary,for which, however, he was he was election he was On a new of sitting. clared incapable again returned, could be heard. He wrote a Jail\ but d. before the resulting petition Last Ireland of great power, The a work (perhaps) Conquestof Journal, of little value. Ireland and a History of (1860), RUSSELL MITFORD, MARY (1787-1855). Poetess and] without of a physician, dau. b. at Alresford, Hants, novelist, practice,! selfish and extravagant, who ran through three fortunes, his own, and then lived on the industry of thtt his wife's,and his daughter's, of
a
"
last. duced
little notice, she pro-i vol. of poems which attracted a her powerful tragedy, Julian. In 1812, what ultimately became the firstvol. of Our Village appeared in the Lady's Magazines To this four additional vols. were added, the last in 1832. In this After work Miss Her She M. may be said to have created
a new
branch
of litera
the same ture. novel, Belford Regis (1835),is somewhat on added lines. two and Foscari, Atherton dramas, Rienzi (1828), and Recollections of a Literary Life,and d. at. and other Tales (1852), and her cottage at Swallowfield, much beloved for her benevolent
simple character,
M.
was
as
well
as
valued
for her intellectual

"
powers.
MITFORD, WILLIAM
of
Historian, e.s. (1744-1827).
of
Johnj
Exbury, Hants, descended from an old Northumbrian and b. in London, ed. at Cheam School He and Oxf.
on
j family,
studied]
the family estates devoted himself to) study and literature,and to his duties as an officer of the militia.) His first pub. was an Essay on the Harmony of Language (1774).] His The beenj History of Greece, is said to have great work, undertaken the of fellow-officer, at Gibbon, who was a suggestion in the South Militia. This work, the successive vols. of. Hants
law, but
succeeding to
which
was
275
1810,
appeared
long
a
at
considerable and
intervals it is
now
between
wrote
1784 and
the
histories
judicesagainstdemocracy, and
is forcible
to bear
on
with strong pre of tyrants, but his style in defence and agreeable,and he brought learning and research his subject. He sat for many years in Parliament. Grote. M.
standard one, of Thirwall
though
largelysuperseded by
MOIR, DAVID
laneous in which
MACBETH
a
Poet (1798-1851).
"
and
miscel
a
writer,
was
doctor the
quent contributor, under

also wrote and sketches
Musselburgh, of A, to Blackwood's signature

at
near
Edin., and
fre He
Magazine
tale.
appeared Mansie The Legend of

of the
Waitch,
humorous
Scottish
poetry
Genevieve Domestic Verses (1843), (1824), of the earlier half of the i gth century. His and
poetry
was
generally grave
tender, but
humorous. occasionally
MONBODDO,
ed. at the Univ. the Scottish Bar the title of Lord
JAMES BURNETT,
the
LORD
Philo (1714-1799).
"
b. at sopher and philologist,
family seat
in Kincardineshire,
was
of Aberdeen, Edin., and Groningen, and called to in 1737. Thirty years later he became a judge with He was Monboddo. of great learningand a man and fond of the author acuteness, but eccentric paradox. He was and whimsical, An alike learned of two Essay on the large works and Ancient Meta Originand Progressof Language (6 vols. 1773-92), He mooted and the vols. 1779-99). supported theory physics (6 that men were monkeys, and graduallyattained to reason, originally language, and civilisation by the pressure of necessity. His doc trines do not sound now so absurd as they did in his own day. He Monboddo. visited Dr. at was Johnson by
MONTAGU,
dau, She of
a
ELIZABETH
of the
"
Critic, (ROBINSON) (1720-1800).

"
grandson of Lord Sandwichand her house was one a was original blue-stockings," She wrote an centre. Essay on the Writings and Genius of literary in which she compared him with the classical Shakespeare (1769), him against the strictures of and French dramatists, and defended Voltaire. It had great fame in its day, but has long been superseded. gentleman
m.
of Yorkshire,
MONTAGU,
"
LADY
MARY
WORTLEY
(PIERREPONT)(1690-
1762). Letter-writer, was the eldest dau. of the ist Duke of King In her youth she combined the attractions of a reigning ston. Her earlystudies were beauty and a wit. encouraged and assisted the friend of Pope, Addison, and by Bishop Burnet, and she was
Swift. In 1712 Earl she
m.,
against the
wishes
cousin of the a Her of Halifax. husband having been Ambassador to the Porte, she accompanied him, and Letters East the which have from sparkling given her a letter-writers the in of the world. While great among
Wortley -Montagu,
afterwards
of her family, Edward celebrated Charles Montagu,
appointed
wrote
the
became acquainted with the practiceof inoculation which she did much into western countries. to introduce After pox, !her return to England she settled at Twickenham, and renewed her with violent friendship Pope, which, however, ended in a quarrel, out of her publication of Town arising Eclogues. She was furiously
iself.
place high Turkey she against small
attacked by both In 1737, for
Pope
reasons
and
Swift, and
have
was never
not
slow
to defend
her-
which
been
she left explained,
276
her

and
country, and settled in Italy. Mr. M. having d., the Countess of Bute, 1761, she returned at the request of her dau., but d. the followingyear. Poet, pro ALEXANDER ?-i6io?)." (1545 MONTGOMERY,
husband
bably James
"
b. in
was Ayrshire,
in the
service
of the He
VI., by whom
was on
Captain," and
evil His
he was laureate
was
pensioned.
of the
on
Regent Morton is sometimes

He
to
and
styled
have
Court. the
fallen what tion other
days,
imprisoned
appears Continent, and
lost his
pension.
is The Cherrie and the Slae chief work and Vice, but with some poor allegoryof Virtue air. hi it, and with a comparatively modern betwixt (scolding)
a some (1597), vivid descrip
He
also
wrote
Flyting
Montgomerie
and
Polwart, pub. 1621, and
pieces. MONTGOMERY,
Poet, s. JAMES (1771-1854).

"
of
pastor
and and various 1792
b. at Irvine, Ayrshire, Brethren, was missionary of the Moravian Leeds. After at Fulneck, near School ed. at the Moravian
changes
clerk
to
of
a
occupation and
newspaper.
was
abode, he settled in Sheffield in
as
In
1796
1
he
had
Ins, Sheffield
and
twice
imprisoned
was
for
ed. of the articles for political
become
held responsible. In which he was to attract notice but his first work followed by The (1806). It was
beforethe
Flood
Greenland (1812),
contain but
797 he pub. Prison A musements; The Wanderer of Switzerland West Indies (1809),The World (1819),and The Pelican Island
all of which (1828),
passages of considerable
imaginativeand
fire.
He himself are descriptive power, if in his would at his all, live, name hymns, and in this expected that Some of these, such as For ever with his judgment has proved true.
lackingin
strengthand
the Lord, Hail to the Lord's Anointed, and Prayer is the Soul's sincere the English language is spoken. M. was Desire, are sung wherever of in form the opponent of every a man, good and philanthropic for the and the friend of every movement and oppression, justice welfare of the
race.
His
virtues
attained
wide
"
recognition.
minister of
MONTGOMERY,
the Scottish
ROBERT
Poet, a (1807-1855).
ambitious some religious Episcopal Church, wrote which The the and Satan, including Deity of Omnipresence poems, wide circulation. at first outrageously purled, and had were a Macaulay devoted an essay to the demolition of the author's reputa tion, in which he completelysucceeded.
MOORE,
s.
EDWARD
Fabulist (1712-1757).
"
and
dramatist,
b. at Abingdon. After being in business as a linen-draper, in which he was unsuccessful, he took to and wrote a few literature, plays,of which The Gamester (1753)had a translated into various great vogue, and was languages. He is best known his Fables the Female Sex which rank next by for (1744),
a was
of
minister, dissenting
to those
of
Gay (q.v .).

"
MOORE, JOHN (1729or 1730-1802).Physician and mis

cellaneous writer, 5. of After studying medicine navy and the army, and In 1779 he pub. View of Manners
Episcopal minister, was b. in Stirling. Glasgow, he acted as a surgeon in the settled in Glasgow as a physician. ultimately
an
at
and
Societyin France, Switzerland,
and
277
Germany,
which in
was
well received.
similar
to work, relating
He is,however, chiefly remembered by his Zeluco (1786?). One or two other novels followed, and his romance last works and are a Journal during a Residence in France (1792), Revolution Causes and Progress of the French (1795),the latter of followed Italy,
1781.
which was of the friends used both by Scott and Carlyle. M. was one of Burns, and was the /.of Sir John M., the hero of Corunna.
MOORE, THOMAS
grocer and after which he
went
Poet, b. in Dublin, 5. (1779-1852)*

"
of
wine-merchant
to
in
small and
London,
was way, studied
He took^with him a translation Temple, 1799. dedicated well received, to the Prince Regent, in 1800, was appeared, him. In made for the and a following year appeared position Little. In 1803 he received the appointment of Poems by Thomas and after the island and at Bermuda, visiting Admiralty Registrar his official duties he committed in to a deputy travelling America, (an unfortunate step as it proved),and returned to England. The fruit of this journey was Odes, and other Poems Epistles, literary his in his Irish In M. found true poetic vocation 1807 (1806). furnished Sir Melodies the music being by John Stevenson, who they met with was enthu adapted the national airs. The reception carried at once to the height of his reputation. and M. was siastic, They continued to appear over a period of 25 years, and for each of he received the 130 songs 100 guineas. His charming singing of conversational and social powers these airs,and his fascinating made In the circles. there after in him 1815 highest appeared sought be considered Airs which, however, cannot National equal to the unsuccessful Melodies. After making various attempts at serious satire,he hit upon a vein for which his lightand brilliant wit emin him the satirical and pungent verses and men on ently qualified afterwards coll. in The Post of the Twopenny topics day, Bag, in Prince which the ridiculed, and was mercilessly Regent especially In 1818 time appeared Fables for the Holy Alliance. about the same he produced the Fudge Family in Paris, written in that city, which of with ridiculous then swarmed Lalla Rookh, English." groups of Eastern and manners, with its gorgeous had scenes descriptions appeared in the previous year with great applause. In 1818 the of his life occurred through the dishonestyof his great misfortune in a loss of ^6000, and which involved him in Bermuda, deputy He travelled in Italy with necessitated his going abroad. Lord John Russell, and visited Byron. Thereafter he settled for a year in Paris, where The Loves of the Angels (1823). On two he wrote or the death of Byron his memoirs into the hands of Moore, who, came
" "
ed. at Trinity Coll., law at the Middle of Anacreon, which
"
in the exercise of a discretion committed to him, destroyed them. He afterwards which wrote a Life of Byron (1830), gave rise to much criticism and His last and he also ed. his works. controversy, he con Epicurean (1827). Thereafter fined himself almost to prose, and entirely pub. Lives of Sheridan and Lord Edward (1827), Fitzgerald (1831). His last work, written in failing Cabinet a health, was History of Ireland for Lardner's which had little merit. have Few ever Cyclopadia, enjoyed poets with the public, of more disor the friendship men greater popularity
imaginative work
was
The
278

all
in tinguished
departments of
life.
This
latter
was
largely owing
his genuine and but independent to his brilliant social qualities, behind him left He in it. a mass share had also a large character which he committed matter and autobiographical of correspondence his friend Lord John (afterwardsEarl) Russell for publication.
to
They appeared
Memoir,
in 8 vols. Journal,and
(1852-56). by Correspondence,
Lord
John
and
Russell
(1856).
MORE, HANNAH
Miscellaneous (1745-1833)."
religious
at Stapleton, of the five daughters of a schoolmaster writer, was one where Hannah removed to Bristol, The began Gloucestershire. family The Search Some after efforts. earlydramas, including her literary and the Inflexible Captivebrought her before the public,
Happiness
and she
she went to London to introduced was whom

on
in 1774, where,
through
and the
by
now
she
was
Johnson, highly esteemed.

some
Burke,
she
her friend,Garrick, rest of that circle, devote poems, herself to
After
publishingsome
to
forgotten,and
behalf
dramas,
resolved
she amelioration, in which of social and religious wide and exercised and a salutary in was eminently successful, of these in pursuance written Her works objects are too fluence. to mention. numerous They included Hints towards forming the written at the request of trie Princess Character (1805), of a young Princess Charlotte, Ccelebs in search of a Queen for the benefit of the and a series of short tales,the Cheap Repository, among Wife (1809), This enter Plain. the well-known which Salisbury was of Shepherd efforts had great success, which prise, Tract Society. The success of the Religious led to the formation enabled labours Miss M.'s of literary her to pass her later years in ease, and her sisters having also retired in Bristol, made on a competency by conducting a boarding-school the whole they had
family resided on a property called Barley Grove, which phil purchased,where they carried on with much success the people of the neighbour anthropicand educational work among their talents devoted have Few ing district of Cheddar. persons with or of their fellow-creatures, to the more well-being assiduously
a
greater measure
of
success.
MORE,
tham, and
HENRY
b. Philosopher, (1614-1687).
"
at
Gran-
ed. at Camb., took orders, but declined all preferment,in also various deaneries and a bishopric appoint-, ; and to scholar in his Univ., choosing rather a quiet life devoted ments the study of writingsof Plato and ship and philosophy,especially devo his followers. He led a life of singularpurity and religious
cluding two
popularity mysticism, and his writingshad much and influence in their day. Among them be mentioned Psymay chozoia Platonica Poems, (1642), repub. (1647) as Philosophicall The Divine The Mystery of Godliness, and Dialogues (prose)(1668), Richard His life written his friend of was Mystery by Iniquity.
tion, tinged with
Ward.
MORE, SIR THOMAS

writer, s. of Sir John M.,
London.
Historical (1478-1535).
"
and
political
was
Justiceof the
King's Bench,
b. in
In his i6th year he was Archbishop of Canterbury, who
of Morton, placedin the household " This child here wont to say, was

aitingat
the table
. . .
279
In 1497 man." will prove a marvellous and others, the friend of Erasmus he became to Oxf., where ic went He studied law at with the new in contact ind came learning. of and for time Lincoln's and "Jew Inn some Inn, entering thought He the Church. however, in 1504 sent up to Parliament, was,
powerful speaking gained for him a high place. Mean in the Law introbrilliant success he had Courts, and was while, into with he whom iuced by Wolsey to Henry VIII., rose soon high Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Speaker He became avour. of Commons, sent on missions to Charles f the House 1523, and was I. the fall of Wolsey, M. was, much At length,on T. and Francis against his will,appointed Lord Chancellor, an office which he filled with singular purityand success, though he was harsh in his dealings
where his of heresy. But differences with the King soon vith persons accused M. as well as of arose. disapproved of Henry's ecclesiastical policy, he lis proceedingsin regard to the Queen, and in 1532 resignedhis "fnce. In 1 5 34 he refused the oath which pledged him to approval for and this he was "fthe King'smarriage to Anne imprisoned Boleyn,
n n
Bridge, whence
exhibited London on down and preserved by his dau., the Catholic shocked at the icble Margaret Europe was his of what murder. works are lews a was truly a judicial Among and a History of Richard îfe of Picus, Earl of Mirandula III., (1510), it taken Roper. All
was
n
the Tower, and St. Peter's in
on
July
the
7, 1535, beheaded. Tower, and his head
His
body
was
buried
written
two
about books
"
His 1513. the second
great work,
1515,
and
Utopia,was
the first
written
in Latin im
1516.
It had
mediate
and was translated into French popularity, 1530, English It gives an 1524, Italian 1548, and Spanish 1790. 551, German of which of an imaginary island and people,under it account cover [escribes the social and c ondition of with political England, sug for abuses. The and gested remedies opinions on religion politics xpressed in it are not, however, always those by which he was of controversy, among imself works guided. M. wrote many which also are Heresies, epigrams and dialogues Dyaloge concerning Latin. His character, his sweet m pure and religious temper, his
wit, his constancy and

lim
one
fortitude attractive
under and
misfortune admirable
combine
to render
English history. Life by W. Roper (son-in-law), Lord Campbell, Lives of Chancellors, translated Jtopia was by Robinson (1551, etc.), Bishop Burnet arid ed. by Lupton (1895), and Michelis (1896). 1684, etc.),
of the
most
figuresin
MORGAN,
Novelist, dau.
"everal JDonnel
LADY
of
(SYDNEY OWENSON)
(i78o?-i859).
"
Robert the author of an Owenson, actor, was Irish tales, including The Wild Irish Girl (1806), and The O'Briens and the O''Flaherties (1827); also (1814), " books in France wo on and in Italycharacterised society more by and a Life of Salvator Rosa. dvacityand point than delicacy," vivacious
Traveller an"i MORIER, JAMES JUSTINIAN (1780 ?-i849)."

novelist,s. of Isaac M., descended
it Smyrna, where East he became
accounts
from a Huguenot family resident he was ed. at Harrow. b., was to the Returning in 1809 Sec. of Legation in Persia. He wrote of travels in Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor; also novels,
So
with Oriental manners familiarity he exhibits a marvellous in which The. Adventures chief of these are of thought. The modes of and the Zohrab Baba in and England (1828), Hajj'i Hajji Baba (1824), (1841). All these Ayesha (1834),and The Mirza Hostage (1832), full works are delicate satire. of brilliant and character-painting, description,
MORISON,
He
wrote
JAMES
a
COTTER
Was (1832-1888)."
ed. at Oxf.
his best
Lives his
and Macaulay (1878), oijGibbon
(1882) ;
work was written from
Lifeof St. Bernard HENRY
( 863)
1
.
"
The
Service
but Man of
(1 88 7) is
Positivist point of view.
MORLEY,
Writer (1822-1894).
b. in London,
on
litera English
school ed. at a Moravian ture, 5. of an apothecary,was and after practising and at King's Coll., London, in Germany, in 1850 to and medicine keeping schools at various places,went He in his wrote literature and as profession. London, adopted Examiner. From ed. the from and 1865-89 1859-64 periodicals, He was the author at Univ. Coll. Prof, of English Literature he was Lives of Palissy,Cornelius Agrippa, of various biographies, including His Marot. Clement and English principalwork, however, was to Shakespeare. His Writers (10 vols. 1864-94),coming down the study for the largerwork First Sketch of English Literature
" "
had
reached
at his death
circulation
of 34,000
"
copies.
b. at
MORRIS, SIR LEWIS

and
Poet, (1833-1907).
and
Penrhyn,
called to the Oxf., was Carmarthenshire, which he de until after 1880, as a conveyancer Bar, and practised in Wales, and himself to the promotion of higher education voted ed. at Sherborne Welsh of the New honorary sec. and treasurer showed the which Two Worlds, 1871 pub. Songs of the Tennyson, and was well received, though rather by became he than Univ. influence wider The In of
by
more
critical circles. had talent
It
was
followed
in
1876-77 by
of Hades,
which
and extraordinarypopularity,
public Epic which, though
narrative in versification and both lacked the qualities of the higher kind? of poetry. It deals power, in a modern with the Greek spirit myths and legends. Other works
exhibitingundeniable
are
Vision
MORRIS,
of Saints, Gwen, The Ode of Life,and Gycia, a tragedy. and socialist, WILLIAM Poet,artist, (1834-1896).
"
b. at Walthamstow, and ed. at Marlborough School and Oxf. After!! and articled architect for he as an some was being years a painter, then joined in founding the manufacturing and decoratingfirm of)
Morris, Marshall, Faulkner

and other artists
were
and
Co., in which
in
Rossetti, Burneother
means
Jones,
he
partners. By
this and
much to influence He was of the one

to
public taste of the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, \ originators

in 1858 essays, and The Life and Death in 1868-70, and Love
the
furnishingand
did; decoration,,
tales, and poems, Guenevere and other Poems. pub. Defence of followed in The Paradise 1867, Jason Earthly
which
he
contributed
he|
of\
"
Enough
in
verse
a translation year he made in Iceland led to the writingof Three Northern Love Stories, and the epic of Sigurd the Volsung His of the Odyssey in verse translation (1876). appeared 1887. Ai series of prose romances began with The House of the Wolfings(1889),
in of
1875.
In the last mentioned
JEneid. Virgil's
Travels

and included
281
the Mountains, Story of the Glittering Well The End at the World's the World, beyond Water the Wondrous The and Isles, and of posthumously (1896), In addition and tales M. to poems Story of the Sundering Flood. illuminated two of Fitzvarious manuscripts,including produced and controversial Omar writings, Khayyam, many among geralds To this class which tales and tracts in advocacy of Socialism. are
Plain, The
The Wood
Roots
of
the Dream of John (1891). In 1890 M. started signed type and decorations.
belong
Ball the For
(1888),and
Kelmscott his
News
from
a
Nowhere he he de drew
Press, for which

as
subjects
writer
alike. He may classic and Gothic models perhaps be regarded upon romantic the chief of the modern school, inspiredby the love of as rich and musical, and he has a is his for its sake; own poetry beauty his live and glow,but his w hich makes of pictures description power slowness from and of movement. surfer narratives sometimes length Life by J. W. Mackail (2 vols., 1899), The Books of W. Morris,
Forman,
to [came
etc.
MORTON,
writing. He popularity.
THOMAS
to wrote
Dramatist,b.in Durham, (1764-1838).

"
London
study
about
law, which
25
he discarded
in favour
of
playgreat
Mrs.
(Grundy
to
had several plays, of which of them, Speed the Plough, he introduced In one the British public.
MOTHERWELL,
he held (Glasgow,
same
WILLIAM
the office of
Poet, b. and (1797-1835).

"
ed. in
at Paisley, at the He had also periodicals. contributing poetry of the and a deep knowledge early history of antiquariantastes,
depute
sheriff-clerk
time
to various
ballad jScottish
literature, which
he turned
(historical
in |Hogg
\ncient and Modern a collection (1827), ed. introduction. In 1830 he became his and he coll. and in Courier, pub. 1832 poems. ed. the Works of Burns.
in Minstrelsy, to account of Scottish ballads with an of He the Glasgow also joined
MOTLEY,
JOHN
LOTHROP
Historian,b. (1814-1877).
"
at
of Boston, Massachusetts, was ed. at Harvard, afterwards his rhere O. W. Holmes a fellowwas biographer, (q.v.}, to Europe, studied After graduatinghe went at Gottingen student. ind Berlin, and visited Italy. On his return he studied law, and was
"orchester, a suburb
Imitted
ras
to
the
sent
in
1840
lavingpub. two
success, fittle
and not, however, practise, Sec. of Legation. Meanwhile, Petersburg as novels, Morton's Hope and Merry Mount, which had
Bar
in
1837.
He
did
to St.
and attracted attention by some history, decided write historical to an Having says rork on Holland, he proceeded in 185 1 to Europe to collect materials, id in 1856 pub. The Rise of the Dutch Republic. It was received and Prescott, rith the highestapproval by such critics as Froude followed in took its place as a standard It was id at once work. first The the vols. of The United Netherlands. t86o by two following M. was rear appointed Minister at Vienna, and in 1869 at London, tis latest works View
. . .
to he turned reviews. in various
were
Life of Barneveldt, the
Dutch
statesman,
and
the Thirty Years' War. M. holds a high placeamong of listoricai writers both on account of his research and accuracy, and lis vivid and dramatic the influence of Carlyle. which shows style,
282

Poet, JOHN (1799-1874).
"
MOULTRIE,
Camb.,
of
ed. at Eton
wrote
and
books
took orders and was poetry,his best known
Rector
of
Rugby.
He
several
piecesare My
Brother's
Grave, and
Godiva.
MULOCK,
DINAH
a
MARIA
(MRS. CRAIK) (1826-1887)."

minister of Irish descent.
Novelist, dau. of
Nonconformist
Begin
and for children, she developed into a prolific known is book Her best and most widely John had a wide which and was popularity, (1857), Halifax, Gentleman The Head are into several translated languages. Others of the\ and Mistress Maid.\ A and a Life, Husband, Life for Family, Agatha's She also wrote one or two vols. of essays.
ning with stories popular novelist.
ANTHONY Dramatist, poet,and MUNDAY, (1553-1633). in had a some to have of London, a draper appears pamphleteer,s. Rome in to He went and what 1578, pub. The chequered career. of rites anc Englyshe Romayne Life, in which he givesdescriptions and he appears fitted to excite Protestant tc other matters feeling; Roman He Catholics. Had have acted practically as a spy a upon which four of two hand in 18 plays, on only are extant, including and one the Life on Robert, Earl of Huntingdon (RobinHood) (1598), ridiculed by Ben He was Jonson in The Cast of Sir John Oldcastle. also a ballad-writer, but nothing of his in this He was is Altered. kind survives, unless Beauty sat bathing in a Spring be correctly He also wrote attributed to him. city pageants, and translated Palladino of England, and Atnadis o/ including romances, popular Stow the made his literary Gaule. He was antiquary (q.v.) by London his Survey of executor, and pub. (1618).
"
MURE,
Renfrewshire
WILLIAM
(1799^860).Scholar,laird of Caldwell,
"
sat in Parliament foi classical scholar, and pub'. A Critical History of the Language and Literature of Ancient Greect held view that He the the Iliad and Odyssey are (5vols.,1850-57).
ed. Ayrshire,
at Westminster, 1846-55. He
Edin., and
a
Bonn,
was
sound
now
Rector
as they were originally substantially composed. of Glasgow Univ. 1847-48.
M.
was
Lore
MURPHY, ARTHUR
Actor (1727-1805).
"
and
dramatist,b.
in Ireland, and ed. at St. Omer, went the stage, then studied foi on the Bar, to which he was admitted after some demur ot ultimately of his connection with the stage. His plays were account nearly al
adaptations. They include The Upholsterer.He also

Life of Garrick.
The
wrote
The Spouter, and Apprentice(1756), Dr. an on Johnson, and " essay
MURRAY,
England,
near
LINDLEY
York, and
Grammarian, (1745-1826)."
as
a
was
Pennsylvania,and
practised
was
lawyer.
From
1785
he
lived
b. ir i$
for his last 16 years confined to the His English Grammar house. (1795)was long a standard work, and his main claim to a place in literature. His other writingswert
chiefly religious.
MYERS, FREDERIC
and essayist, s. of a tenham and Camb. the author of several
WILLIAM clergyman, was
HENRY
Poet (1843-1901)."
b. at Keswick, and ed. at Chel He became an inspectorof schools, and was vols. of poetry, including St. Paul (1867). He
also wrote
283
Essays
Classical
and
Modern,
and
Lives
of Wordsworth
in mesmerism and and Shelley. Becoming interested spiritualism he aided in founding the Society for PsychicalResearch, and was of the Living. His last work was Human jointauthor of Phantasms
Personalityand N ABBES,
1621. He He
its Survival
of Bodily
"
Death
(1903).
at Oxf.
THOMAS
(fl. 1638). Dramatist, was

comedies,
He Turks.
in
society. are Spring'sGlory

of Richard
lived in London, and wrote successful in most was and Microcosmus. Knolles'
satirising bourgeois
a
writingmasques,
also wrote
which among continuation
History of the
NAIRNE,
"
CAROLINA
of Gask
BARONESS (OLIPHANT),
(1766-1845).
her second
B. at the House On
cousin, Major
Nairne.
Nairne, who his death, after

on
(" the auld house "),m. in 1806 reversal of attainder became on

in residing various
5th
Lord
placesin England,
"
!j(the
the Continent, she settled at the new house of Gask down Of her old one been in 1801). 87 in having pulled songs first in The Scottish Minstrel number appeared anonymously many under the title of Lays' from (1821-24) ; a collected ed. with her name,
Ireland, and
"
Strathearn,
which
were
was
pub.
founded
after her death. Although the songs, older compositions,had from the on
some
of
an
first
maintained the authoress a strict anonyxtraordinarypopularity, and poeticfeeling it'y during her life. For direct simplicity Lady Scottish than other comes nearer song-writer to perhaps any enshrined of her in the hearts of her and are lyrics urns, many The Land are of the ellow-countrymen. Among the best of them o' Cockpen, The Auld The Laird eal (1798), Caller Herrin' House, back 'he Rowan Tree, The Hundred Pipers, and Will ye no come The of of these and others of Jacobitism some was, gain ? many like that of Scott. and poetical, She was ourse, purely sentimental benevolent and and the character, same modesty trulyreligious from hich concealed her authorship withdrew public knowledge deeds of charity. .er many
.
NAPIER,
MARK
was
Historian,s. (1798-1879).
"
of
lawyer
of last the
called to the Bar, practised as Edinburgh, Sheriff of Dumfries and made as Galloway. He he
an
advocate, and
pub. Memoirs
Napiers,of Montrose,
rise to much
and
of Graham
strongly gave and had remarkably little of the lavalier and Jacobitestandpoint, His writings, udicial spirit in his methods. however, have some
controversy.
istorical value.
f which
N.
of Claverhouse, wrote from a
NAPIER,
SIR
WILLIAM
FRANCIS
PATRICK
(1785-1860).
"
of Col. the Hon. sons iras one George N. and Lady Sarah dau. of the 2nd Duke of Richmond, the object of a and ênnox, attachment romantic the part of George III. One of his brothers on of Scinde. N., the conqueror /as Sir Charles Entering the army at with he served distinction in the Peninsula under Moore 15, great of the ind
Wellington.
His
experiencesas
witness
and
the stupendous
events
pemarkableacumen
rork of his life as
combined with the of the war him and a brilliant styleto qualify its historian. War The History of the
in participator possessionof for the
great
in the Penin-
284
sula and rank
as

in the South and a classic,
of France
at from 1807-14 (1828-40)
once
took
Though not free from in masterpiece of historical writing,especially

military operations.It
was
works the subject. all existing on superseded it remains and bias, a consequent prejudice the of description
Spanish,Italian,and mainly (1844-46),

wrote. subsequently
a
into translated French, German, N. also pub. The Conquest of Scinde life he of his brother Charles, whose defence General in and K.C.B. He became 1848, 1859. Persian.
NASH,
stoft,ed.
and
a
THOMAS
at Camb.
etc., b. Satirist, (1567-1601).

"
at Lowe-
reckless
life
kept
him
in
perpetualpoverty,
and
bitter and
sarcastic tongue lost him

for the
friends
patrons.
cherished an undying hatred he maintained a lifelong controversy, Gabriel Hervey, with whom Greene Robert defended he attacks whose (q.v.) Among and against with Have Absurdities (1589), his writingsare you to of Anatomy Divell the to SaffronWalden, and Pierce Pennilesse, his Supplication In Summer's all against the Puritans. (a jesterof Henry (1592),
.
Puritans, and
He for specially
" the well-known Will and Testament occurs Spring, song, Tears Christ's over is the the sweet Spring, pleasant King." year's towards movement re Jerusalem (1593)rnay have indicated some The different style, in work Another Unfortu a totally pentance. a wild tale, may* be (1594), nate Traveller,or the Life of Jack Wilton
VIII.)Last
regarded as
It had, however, this kind of fiction. returned to that the author never so little success adverted so Isle of Dogs (now lost), pointedly tc A comedy, The His last work his to it led that in the abuses state imprisonment. and Yarmouth on Lenten a burlesque panegyric e (1599), was Stuff the
pioneerof
the novel
of adventure.
its red
was a
herrings.
man
N.'s
verse
is
of varied
culture
and
usuallyhard and monotonous, great ability.

"
but
he
s. oi NAYLER, JAMES (i6i7?-i66o). Quaker theologian,

a
Yorkshire joined the and helpers, enthusiastic
yeoman,
who, after servingin the Parliamentary army,

in
a
Quakers
exercised
1651,
became
one
of
Foxe's
some
most
trustee]
more
phemous
in him."
devotees titles as " the Lamb He

was
By powerful influence. honoured of the sect he was
of the
with
such
"
blas
arrogate to himself, but

found into and
cast
of God," which, however, he did noi Chrisl ascribed to asserted that they were
of blasphemy, pilloried, whipped, anc guilty unti released he not which from was branded, prison, of Cromwell, when after the death he made public confession anc of short works resumed preaching. He was the author of a number the devotional controversial. He both and ranks high among for a nd of eloquence, insight, thought. Quakers depth
Novelist NEAL, JOHN (1793-1876).

"
and
poet,b. at
Port
land, Maine,
was self-educated,kept a dry goods store, and was after considerable wrote several novels, which show wards a lawyer. He but little art, and are now native power, almost forgotten. Amonj those which the influence of Byron and Godwin show are Keep Coo* th" and Seventy-six(1823). His poems have (1818), Logan (1822),
same
features
of
vigour
and
want
known England, and became articles on American some
to
of finish. In Jeremy Bentham. Blackwood's
1823
He
he
visited
contributed
subjectsto
Magazine.

NEAVES,
author, 6. and
285
became
CHARLES,
ed. in
was a
LORD
"
judge.
His
%nd
verses,
He
called to the Bar, Edinburgh, was to Blackwood's contributor frequent coll. as
and
and satirical, were He wrote also on Scientific.
witty
Magazine. Songs and Verses, Social and pub. a book the on philology,
"
~reek
Anthology.
ALEXANDER
NECKHAM,
Scholar, b. (1157-1217).
He and
at St.
went to
Cceur de Lion. foster-brother to Richard Albans, was Paris in 1 180, where he became teacher. a distinguished he became an x" England in 1186 Augustinian Canon, He is one of our earliest men of A.bbot of Cirencester. ivrote
n a
Returning
in 1213 learning,and
1 180-94) (c. SapienticB (in (onDespis-
scientific work Other
in Latin works
are
,
verse,
De
Naturis
Rerum Mundi
10
books.
De
Laudibus
Divinee
Praise of the Divine ng the
World), and
Wisdom) and De Contemptu some grammatical treatises.
NEWCASTLE,
Vtaria,m.
she fantastic
MARGARET,
a
DUCHESS
OF
(i624?-i674).
"
Dau. of Sir Thomas Lucas, and in 1645 the ist Duke
regarded in adversityand
devotion, which
was
maid of honour to Queen Henrietta of Newcastle (thenMarquis),whom with and almost a singular prosperity
fullyreciprocated. The noble pair by far the largershare) in contributing their literary of ventures, which filled 12 vols.,and consisted chiefly Iramas almost and exercitations (now unreadable), philosophical hich, amid prevailing rubbish, contain some weighty sayings. One
;ollaborated
(the Duchess
f her poems, The Pastimes and Recreations of the Queen of Fairies in has lines. Her Life of her husband, in which some Fairyland good him above said ihe rates to be " a jewel JuliusCaesar, was by Lamb
or
which
no
casket
was
good enough."
WILLIAM
"
"
NEWMAN,
FRANCIS
Scholar (1805-1897).
and
writer, brother of Cardinal N., b. in London, and ed. at Geological Dxf. After spending three years in the East, he became succesivelyclassical tutor in Bristol Coll.,Professor of Classical Literature New Coll. (1840), and of Latin in Univ. Coll.,London, n Manchester influences, the two evangelical brothers moved from standpoint in diametricallyopposite iirections, Francis through eclecticism towards scepticism. His include the Hebrew a The Soul History of vritings Monarchy (1847), his and famous most theobook, Phases of Faith (1850), a 1849), ogicalautobiography correspondingto his brother's Apologia,the
up that in 4 vols., of modern i Dictionary treatises. mathematical Arabic, and some le was a of tobacco, vegetarian,a total abstainer, and enemy Memoir -accination, and vivisection. by I. G. Sieveking,1909. (ublication of which led to much f Henry Rogers'Eclipse of Faith.
846-63.
Both
brought
under
controversy, and
He also
to the appearance
pub. Miscellanea
NEWMAN,
iôndon
JOHN
and
HENRY
brother
s. (1801-1890)." Theologian,
of
banker,
of the the he
above,
intimate
was
was
Coll.,Oxf., where Trinity Froude. Taking Jurrell

Element's 1824, and
of ice-principal Vicar Alban
he was orders of St.
ed. at friend of 1828.
Ealing Pusey
was
and
curate successively
and of St. also Prin-
Mary's, Oxford,
he assisted
He
Hall, where
Whately,
the
286
in cipal, calism by H.
broke with the evangeli his Logic. In 1830 he definitely and in 1832, accompanied he had been brought up; in which of Europe, and visited Rome. to the South Froude, went of he most his wrote short poems, During this lengthened tour which ! were "Lead as pub. Kindly Light," 1834 Lyra including with he return and others his On Keble, Pusey, joined Apostolica. and contributed of the the Tractarian movement, some initiating fateful the No. the xc., publicationoi more importanttracts, including which, after two years which brought about a crisis in the movement and spiritual led to the resignation conflict, of hesitation and mental in
by
In 1842 he retired to Littlemore, and after a N. of his benefice. and seclusion, was in 1845 received intc period of prayer, fasting, In the followingyear Church. Catholic he went tc the Roman ordained and made and he where D.D., was priest Rome, returning
to
the oratory in Birmingham in 1847, an^ he established in 1850. A controversy with C. Kingsley,who had that in London did not consider truth a necessary written that N. virtue," led tc of his Apologia pro Vita Sua (1864), of the most the publication one
England
"
remarkable
books
was
later years were summoned Besides the
written. N.'s religious autobiography ever In 1879 he passed at the oratory at Birmingham. and cr. Cardinal of St. George in Velabro. to Rome
of
mentioned above he wrote, among works others, fhe Fourth Twelve Lectures (1850), the Avians Lectures Century (1833), of Idea of a University, the Present Position of Catholics (1851), Roman on ism and Popular Protestantism, Disquisition on the Canon of Scripture, The Dream Possessed and his poem, of one of the mosl of Gerontius. intellects his subtle of N. keen and also master of a style was age, of marvellous
subtletynot
To minds, however, his beauty and power. many into to appeared sophistry; and his atti pass tude to schools of thought widely differing from his own was some times harsh and unsympathetic. On the other hand he was able tc exercise a remarkable influence in and over men ecclesiastically, him. some m ost His to respects religiously, strongly opposed sermons place him in the first rank of Englishpreachers. Lives or books about him by R. H. Hutton, E. A. Abbott. Works etc. (36 vols., 1868-81),Apologia pro Vita Sua (1864), seldom
SIR ISAAC (1642-1727). Natural philosopher, b. at Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, the s. of a small landed proprietor; and ed. at the Grammar School of Grantham and at TrinityColl., Camb. By propounding the binomial theorem, the differential cal culus, and the integral calculus, he began in 1665 the wonderful series of discoveries in pure mathematics, optics,and physics; which him in the first rank of the philosophersof all time; place
NEWTON,
"
He and
was
a
elected Fellow for
Lucasian Prof, of Mathematics of the Royal Society in 1672, years from 1703. In the before
at
over same
Camb. which year
in his
1669,
h"
ne\"
body
presided
25
the society. Hu theory of light was pub. in a paper epoch-making discovery of the law of universal gravitationwas not promulgated until 1687, though the first glimpse of it had come to him so early as 1665. The discovery of fluxions,which he claimed, was contested and led to a long and bitter controversy by Leibnitz, between the two philosophers. He twice sat in Parliament for his

Univ., and
was
287
from 1699, in which capacity he presentedreports on the coinage. He was knighted in 1705, and d. acci For a short time, after an unfortunate at Kensington in 1727. invaluable of dent by which manuscripts were burned, he a number aberration. His writingsfall into two mental suffered from some Master of the Mint included his classes, scientific and theological.In the first are the PrinColours and treatises, (1672), Optics(1704), Light Naturalis Prinin Latin, its full title being Philosophies cipia(1687), his Observations In the second are upon the Acipia Mathematica. famous
"^Prophecies of Holy
Writ
and
An
Historical N.
^Corruptions of
ersy, in
Scripture. In character
Account of Two remarkable was
Notable for sim
humility,and plicity,
Life by
a
with a great distaste gentleness, which, nevertheless, he was repeatedlyinvolved. Sir D. Brewster, second
for contro-
ed., 1855, etc.

"
NEWTON,
Divine JOHN (1725-1807).

was
and
s. hymn-writer,
b. in London, and for many shipmaster, years led a varied life at sea, part of the time on board d adventurous a man-of-war In 1748 he came under d part as captain of a slaver. strong tide-waiter and after at as a convictions, acting Liverpool eligious ordained few years, he applied for orders in 1758, and was :or a he became the ultimate and symurate of Olney in 1764. Here he produced thetic friend of Cowper, in conjunctionwith whom translated to the Rectory of St. In 1779 he was :he Olney Hymns. lary,Woolnoth, London, where he had great popularityand in.uence,
and
wrote
many
are as
works, including religious Cardiphonia,and

his
some
emarkable
Passages in
which
Own
Life.
of the
He
lives, however,
and
most
in his known
ymns, among the language,such ~hee are Spoken, How

n
best took
In evil Sweet
long I
:hers.
In his latter years
the Name N. was blind.

"
widely Glorious things delight, of of Jesus sounds, and many
Poet and biographer, NICHOL, JOHN (1833-1894). s. of

ohn nd
~
held
P. N., Prof, of the chair his
Astronomy
of Hannibal
in
Glasgow, ed.
in
English
Literature
Glasgow and Oxf., Glasgow, 1862-1889.

at
mong
writingsare
other Poems s and iterature ; also Lives
Death a drama, (1873), of ThemisFragments of Criticism, and American (1881), of Bacon, Burns, Carlyle, and Byron.
NOEL, HON.
894). Poet,
"
RODEN
of the
BERKELEY
of
WRIOTHESLEY
(1834-
Gainsborough, was ed. at Camb. ~e wrote The Red Flag (1872), Behind the Veil (1863), Songs of the and various and on Essays Deeps (1885), eights poets, also a Life Byron.
s.
ist Earl
and poet,ed. at NORRIS, JOHN (1657-1711). Philosopher

"
xf., took and rson

.d
was an ne
orders, and lived a quiet and thinker. In philosophy he was
placid life
a
as
country
Platonist
of Locke. His poetry, is full of far-fetched thoughts, metaphors and conceits, and is dull and ot seldom prosaic. From 1692 he held G. Herbert's enefice of Bemerton. Among his 23 works are An Idea of Happiss (1683),Miscellanies (1687), Theory and Regulation of Love
earlyopponent
and mystic, with occasional
1688),Theory of the
"
Ideal and
se
the concerning
and World (1701-4), Intelligible Immortalityof the Soul (1708).
Dis-
288
ot EnglishLiterature Dictionary
NORTH,
of the
SIR THOMAS
N., may
Translator,2nd (1535 ?-i6oi?)."

have studied at Camb. He attention to literature
ist Lord
coin's Inn 1557, but gave more He is best known by his translation of Plutarch, from the French o Amyot, hi fine, forcible,idiomatic English,which was the repertory from which Shakespeare drew his knowledge of ancient history: ii North's and language is oftei Cleopatra and Coriolanus Antony followed. closely of
an
entered Lin than to law
Arabic
book
translation from Another Italian versioi an was of fables, and bore the title of The Morale Philo
sophieof Doni.
NORTON,
"
CAROLINE
ELIZABETH
SARAH
(SHERIDAN)(1808
in 1827 th" m. 1877). Grand-daughter of Richard BrinsleyS. (q.v.), which turned G. C. Norton, a union out most Hon. unhappy, anc ended in a separation.Her first book, The Sorrows of Rosalie (1829) foundec Undying One (1830),a romance the legend of the Wandering Jew, followed, and other novel! upon Lost and Saved Stuart of Dunleath and Old Si; were (1851), (1863), The of her married life led her t" unhappiness Douglas (1867). of the laws regarding the socia interest herself in the amelioration
was
well
received.
The
the separate property of women and the wrongs o her poems, A Voice from the Factories (1836), and Thi nad as an object the furtherance Child of the Islands of "he: (1845), these views on subjects. Her efforts were largely successful ii In 1877 Mrs. N. m. Sir W bringing about the needed legislation.
condition
and
children, and
Maxwell Stirling
(q.v.}.
CHARLES ELIOT, LL.D., D.C.L., ETC. (1827 1909). American biographer and critic. Church Building in th Middle translation of the New Life (1867),and Th Ages (1876), Divine Comedy of Dante (1891) ; has ed. Correspondence of Carlyleam Emerson Letters and Reminiscences etc. Carlyle's (1883), (1887), OCCAM School OR OCKHAM, WILLIAM (i27o?-i349?). at b. studied Oxf. and and at became Ockham, man, Paris, ; Surrey,
NORTON,
"
"
Franciscan. title of latter the
As a schoolman he Invincible Doctor.
was
Nominalist attacked
and the
received of
He
abuses
th th
was imprisoned at Avignon, but escaped and spent th of his life at Munich, maintaining to the last his contro part versies with the Church, and with the Realists. He was a man o solid understanding and and Hi a sense, masterly logician.
Church, and
which of course all in Latin, deal are writings, under the philosophy,theology,and specially of Pope John XXII., who his btte-noir. was
with the Aristoteleai latter with the error
OCCLEVE
(SeeHOCCLEVE).
b. (1678-1720)." Orientalist,
at Exetei
OCKLEY, SIMON
and
ed. at Camb., became the greatest Orientalist of his day, aa in made Prof, of Arabic in was his Univ. His chief work is th 171 1 Conquestof Syria,Persia, and Egypt by the Saracens (3vols.,1708-57) which was The documents largelyused by Gibbon. original upo: which it is founded are now of doubtful regarded as authority. C
was a
clergyman
of the Church
of
England.

O'KEEFFE,
number
289
a
JOHN
Among
Dramatist, (1747-1833).
"
wrote
of farces and
success.
amusing
these
dramatic
are
great
Tony
pieces, many Lumpkin in
of which Town
had
Wild Oats, and Love in a Camp. Arnold and Shield, such as I am Thorn, are stillpopular. He was
Some of his songs set to Friar a of Orders Grey, and blind in his later years.
"
(1778), music by
The
OLDHAM,
Satirist JOHN (1653-1683).
and
s. translator,
clever adaptations of the classical made He four severe ironical Satire against Virtue, and wrote an satirists, is cynicalto the verge of misan satires againstthe Jesuits. He and but manly. thropy, independent
of a Nonconformist of the literary men bewailed. pox was
minister, was at Oxf., and was the friend of most his earlydeath from small of his time, by whom
OLDMIXON,
laneous
now
Historical JOHN (1673-1742).

"
and
miscel
some,
writer, belonged to an and poems dramas forgotten,
old Somersetshire
wrote family,
he attacked He also the author of The Dunciad. for him was a place in The Secret British Empire in America History of Europe (against (1708), attacked Claren and in his Critical History (1724-26) the Stuarts), in their All these works don's History of the Rebellion. are partisan of the most tone. O. was one pamphleteers of his day. prolific
criticism,in which
which, along with an essay on Addison, Swift, and Pope, earned
OLDYS, WILLIAM
wrote (1696-1761). Antiquary,

"
Life
ed. of his works to an a Disserta of Sir W. Raleigh prefixed (1736), and was tion on Pamphlets (1731), jointed. with Dr. Johnson of the facts in literary Harleian Miscellany. He amassed interesting many The only fruits of t he obscure, industry. diligent, though history, little anacreontic still lives is the beautiful of his that begin poem ning Busy, curious, thirstyFly." O. held the office of Norroy"
King-at-Arms.
able work
He
produced in
1737
The
British Librarian,
valu
left unfinished.
OLIPHANT, LAURENCE
Novelist (1829-1888).
"
and
mis
cellaneous writer, s. of Sir Anthony O., Chief Justice of Ceylon. The in first 38 years of his life were desultorystudy, travel, and spent adventure, varied by occasional diplomatic employment. His travels included, besides Continental countries, the shores of the Black Times America, Sea, Circassia,where he was correspondent, in the Crimean hina, and Japan. He was War, Indian Mutiny, hinese War, the militaryoperations of Garibaldi, and the Polish insurrection,and served as private sec. to Lord Elginin Washington, Canada, and China, and as Sec. of Legation in Japan. In 1865 he entered Parliament, and gave promise of political eminence, when in he under influence Thomas the of L. came Harris, an American 1867 of went with him to America, and character, mystic questionable
joined the
correspondent for the mately he broke away
of the New Life. In 1870-71 he was Times in the Franco-German War. Ulti from the influence of Harris and to went of Jewish immigrants at Palestine, where he founded a community Haifa. After revisiting America he returned to England, but im fell illand d. at Twickenham. O. was and a voluminous mediately
K
Brotherhood
290

books publishing
most
versatile author,
mysticism.
Shores The
The Black
of the
Sea
of travel, novels, and works o follows : The as Russia are Minnesota and the Far West (1853), (1855
important
Patriots and Filibusters Campaign (1856), (ac Narrative in Southern of a Mission to Chin States)(1860), ventures The Land of Gilead (1880), and Japan (1857-59), Piccadilly (1870 a nd Peto Altiora and (novels), Scientific Religion. (1883)
Transcaucasian
OLIPHANT,
"
MRS.
MARGARET
miscellaneous when she
OLIPHANT
writer, was
was
(WILSON) (1828
b.
near
Her
was
1897). output began literary

continued
almost
Novelist and
Musselburgl
little more
up to the end of her life. Her Margaret Maitland, appeared in 1849, and its humour, insightinto character gave the author an immediate
than a girl, an first novel, Mr;
pathos, an positioni
followed It was literature. by an endless succession, of which th of Chronicles series The i* the best were of Carlingford (1861-65), eluding Salem Chapel, The Perpetual Curate, and Miss Marj'or: of her other work, appeared i banks, all of which, as well as much she had with which connectioi Blackwood's a lifelong Magazine, Madonna Primrose The note of Others Path, were some Mary (1866 The Wizard's Son, and A BeleagueredCity. She did not, howeve; books of historyand bic but wrote confine herself to fiction, many Sketches the of Reign of George II. (1869),Tl graphy, including Makers
of
Florence
Literary History of England 1790-182; (1876),

Lives of St. Francis
and Royal Edinburgh (1890),
of Assisi, Edwar
Her generosityin supporting an Principal Tulloch. of well the brother rendere two sons a as as her own educating family which fatal the of to a rate was c production permanence necessary and often wrote her work. She was sut on negligentas to style, jectsto which her intellectual equipment and knowledge did nc enable her to do proper justice. She had, however, considerabl of ut paintingcharacter, and a vein of humour, and showed power tiring industryin gettingup her subjects.
Irving,and
OPIE, MRS.
dau. of medical
AMELIA
Novelist (ALDERSON) (1769-1853).

"
In 1798 she m. b. at Norwich. a was Jok man, the Father an Opie, painter. Her first acknowledged work was which had a favourable and was followe" Daughter (1801), reception, by Adeline Mowbray (1804),Temper (1812),Tales from Real L"/
(1813),and
virtuous character
ance
aim of developing th others, all having the same merit of natural and vivid paintingc affections,the same
and the same fault of a too great prepondex passions, were soon pathetic. They superseded by the mor of Scott and Miss powerful genius Edgeworth. In 1825 she becam After this she wrote a Illustrations of Lying (1825), an Quaker. Detraction Displayed(1828). Her later years, which were singularl; devoted to philanthropic cheerful, were interests. largely ORDERICUS VITALIS (1075-1143?)." Chronicler,b. nea of
was Shrewsbury,
and the
into the monastery of St. Evroull in Normandy, where the rest of his life was passed. He is th author of a chronicle, Ecclesiastical History of England and Not in books. thir the Those from the seventh to mandy (c.1142) 13 teenth invaluable are as giving a trustworthy,though not ver
in childhood
put

lear, record
t was
291
of
contemporary
into
translated
OR
in England events in 1853-55. English

"
and
Normandy,
of
kind
ORM,
ORMIN
wrote
(fl. 1200).
the Ormulum
Was
an
canon Augustinian
who VIercia,
in transition
English.
It is
"f mediaeval Christian Year, containing a metrical portion of the followed metrical borrowed each for a homily,largely day, by ospel " This Its title is thus accounted boc iss and Bede. JElfric for, rom forthi Orm it that wrohhte." lemmed the Ormulum,
ORME, ROBERT
"
of
an
Indian
,rmy doctor, b. at Travancore, and after being at Harrow, entered he service of the East India Company. Owing to failure of health in 1760, and then wrote his History of the home had to return ic
of the MilitaryTransactions well-written and 1763-78),a

le also nd
British
accurate
Nation
from 1745 work, showing great research,
in Indostan
pub. Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire, the Morattoes English Concerns in Indostan' from 1659 (1782). His collections to India are preservedat the India Office. elating
ORRERY,
tatesman
ROGER
BOYLE,
IST
EARL
OF
(1621-1679).
"
and dramatist, third 5. of the Earl of Cork, was ed. at Dublin. After the side he C oll., on having fought Royalist jrinity
was,
in
of the King, induced bv Cromwell to support him and otherwise. his Irish wars After the death of the Protector Ireland for Charles II.,and at the Restoration raised secured was
on
the death
the peerage. and some plays,

o
He wrote a treatise
romance
on
the Art
in 6 vols.,entitled Parthenissa, He has the distinction of War.
being the
first to introduce
rhymed tragedies.
WlLLIAM EDGAR
O'SHAUGHNESSY,
*oet,b. in London,
wards
"ecame an
ARTHUR
the
(1844-1881).
Museum,
after
entered
of the British library
being transferred
poetry,
Music
nd
he to the natural historydepartment, where authorityon fishes and reptiles.He pub. various books Lays of France includingEpic of Women (1870), (1872), and Moonlight (1874). Jointlywith his wife he wrote
He associated with D. G. book for children. was Rossetti and the other pre-Raphaelites. There is a certain remotein his poetry which will probably always prevent its being less He has wonderful a videly popular. mastery of metre, and a
ôyland, a
'
haunting music
"
all his
own.
Writer of Irish tales. His OTWAY, CAESAR (1780-1842).

"
which vritings,
and display humour sympathy with the poorer lasses in Ireland, include Sketches in Ireland (1827), and A Tour in of in the concerned establishment ônnaught (1839). He was rarious journals.
OTWAY, THOMAS
b.
Dramatist, s. (1651or 1652-1685).

"
of
near Midhurst, Sussex, and ed. at Oxf., which he Jergyman, was eft without like those of many of his graduating. His short life, ellows, was marked by poverty and misery,and he appears to have i. practically of starvation. Having failed as an actor, he took to for the and which Don arriting stage, produced various plays,among and brought him arlos,Prince of Spain (1676), was a great success,
292
some

money. Those
he is best remembered, which however, aPreserved both of which ha^s Venice (1682), The Orphan from tl made O. revived. adaptations many been frequently Marius incorporatedlargepar French, and in his tragedyof Caius the most patheticar and Juliet. He has been called of Romeo
by
and (1680),
"
tl -drawing of all our dramatists," and he excelled in delineating his comedies has banished of the: The grossness stronger passions. from the stage. Other plays are The Cheats of Scapin, Friendsh', and The Atheist. (1681), in Fashion, Soldier's Fortune
tear
OUIDA
RAMEE). (See Humorous OUTRAM, GEORGE (1805-1856).

"
poet, was
Scottish
advocate,
the Glasgow Herald. Miscellaneous, which
time ed. friend of Prof. Wilson, and for some in 1851 Lyrics,Legal at He printedprivately in 1874. Many of h were pub. with a memoir best.
are highlyamusing, the Annuity being the pieces
OVERBURY,
SIR THOMAS
Poet (1581-1613).
"
and
misce
the friend of Carr, afterwan laneous writer, ed. at Oxf., became fell to a Court intrigi and and a victim Earl of Rochester Somerset, and Lady Esse connected with the proposed marriage of Rochester connivance with the of the latter. P Tower in the being poisoned and Characters shot A now a Widowe, wrote a poem, Wife, (1614), of types witty descriptions his
are
of
men.
Some
of those
pub. along wr
at
by
other
hands.
"
OWEN,
Epigrammatist,b. JOHN (1560-1622).
PL
he? Lat
and Oxf., and became Dhu, Carnarvonshire, ed. at Winchester School at Warwick. His VIII. of King Henry master and wit in have both which a sense degree, high epigrams, him much and
gain"
German,
applause, and Spanish.
were
translated
into
English, Frenc
at Sta(
OWEN,
Puritan JOHN (1616-1683).

"
divine,b.
hampton, Oxfordshire, and ed. at Oxf., from which he was driven 1 to I he passed over Laud's statutes. a Presbyterian, Originally Cromwell and In he to Ireland, 1649 dependency. accompanied 1650 to Edinburgh. He was Dean of Christ Church, Oxf. (i65i-6c and one of the triers of ministers appointed by Cromwell. Aft his but favour* the Restoration he was from was ejected deanery, him to t) to conform to induce by Clarendon, who endeavoured Anglican Church by offers of high preferment. Strange to s" II. also held him Charles for t) in regard, and money gave him and to he allowed to was Nonconformists; a congregation preach His great learningand ability render* Independents in London. him formidable a controversialist, specially against Arminianis
"
"
and The
Romanism.
Divine
...
or logia,
beii fill28 vols ; among the best known Christ the etc.,of Original, Scriptures, IndwellingSin, The Person of Christ, and a commentary Hebrew on
His works
OWEN,
ROBERT
Socialist (1771-1858).
"
and
philai
6. at Newton, thropist, Montgomeryshire, had for his object t] world of the the principles His si of socialism. on regeneration shown was cerity by the fact that he spent most of the fortune, whit
293
great capacity for business enabled him to make, in endeavours to put his theories into practiceat various places both hi Britain and incidentally did He was America. sincerelyphilanthropic, in his less scale the course of more or impracgood on a considerable Views of. He propounded his ideas in New ible schemes. Society, Human Formation the Character the of on (1816). Essays
OXFORD, EDWARD
courtier of id d
DE
VERE, EARL
OF
Was (1550-1604).
"
Queen Elizabeth, who lost his friends by his insolence his fortune by his extravagance. He m. a dau. of had to support his family after his death. He -,ord Burghley, who
pride,and
some
reputationas
THOMAS
writer,
s.
writer Devices.
of short
pieces, many
"
of which
are
the Paradise
of Dainty
of
PAINE,
hristian
(1737-1809).
a
Political
and
anti-
nciplesat Thetford, became in England. man e^npopular schoolmaster of those .uding

in his wife, he went pamphlet, Common in the served He .ence.
om mous
and small farmer of Quaker large classes perhaps the most After trying various inoccupations, and exciseman, and having separated where, in 1776, he pub. his 1774 to America Sense, in favour of American indepen-
stay-maker
with
American of
sec.
itical
posts,includingthat
to
and also held army, mission France in to a
some
1781.
eturning to England in 1787 he pub. his Rights of Man the French Revolution. on reply to Burke's Reflections circulation, normous 1,500,000 copieshaving been sold
one;
(1790-92),
It had an in England
for him to escape to France it necessary it made to avoid Arrived in that country he was elected to the National "osecution. but
opposed the execution of Louis XVI., and was, in whose fall saved his life. He had 794, imprisoned by Robespierre, first his .en justcompleted the Age of Reason, of which the part of hi 1795 and ther two 1807. It is directed appeared respectively and Atheism, and supports Deism. Beike againstChristianity with the of French he returned to course politics, ming disgusted himself erica in 1802, but found largelyostracised by society
vention. He
.ere, became
,ve
embroiled
hi
various He
controversies, and
is said
to
d. at New York in 1809. intemperate. Though his and sincere hi hi the expression of views, iparently courageous vain and prejudiced. The extraordinary lucidity P. was and become
rce
of his
styledid
much
to
gain currency
"
for his
writings.
PAINTER, WILLIAM
Translator,etc., ed. (i54O?-i594).
schoolmaster then and at Sevenoaks, Camb., was successively his intromissions to lerk of the Ordnance, in which position appear himself of to than to the service. been more ave advantage public of The Palace of Pleasure [e was consist the author (1566), largely
-
of
translations
from
Boccaccio,
Bandello,
and
a
other
Italian
and also from the classics. It formed riters, ly dramatists, includingShakespeare, found
s.
in which quarry the plots for their
PALEY,
inor
canon
WILLIAM
of
s. (1743-1805). Theologian,
"
of
as
a
a
to Christ's
Peterborough, where Coll.,Camb., where
he was he was
b., went
Senior
at
15
Wrangler,
and
294
of his coll. Taking orders in 1767 he and Tutor became a Fellow of Carlisle, and Subbenefices,and rose to be Archdeacon held many of the holds who one highestplaces among P., of Lincoln. Dean Prin of four important works author the was theologians, English Hora Paulines, his Moral and Political Philosophy (1785),
"
ciplesof
book (1790),View of the Evidence* but least popular, most original, and Natural Theology(1 802) Though now tc of Christianity (1 794), had an immense works these popularity superseded, a largeextent clear and influence hi their day, and are characterised by singular illustration. The of o: and system apt of power ness
.
expression
"
P. is Utilitarian,modified " divine right of Kings as His view of the " was unpleasingto divine rightof constables morals
inculcated
by
ideas by theological
on
a
level with
"
th"
standing which
His
manners
his ecclesiastical career were plainand kindly.
was
George III.,notwith eminently successful

"
PALGRAVE,
Meyer Cohen,
a
SIR
FRANCIS
o:
Jewish stockbroker,
having
name
become previously
of Palgrave. He 1838 until his death in 1861 he was Deputy Keeper o 1827. From of hithert" the Records, and in that capacity arranged a vast mass the Com of for Record them ed. and inaccessible documents, many in A His historical works include a History of England mission. nglo Commonwealth the and Rise Times Saxon English Progressof (1831), and England (4vols.,1851-64), and History of Normandy pub (1832), posthumously. He was knighted in 1832. His works are of greavalue in throwing light upon the historyand condition of mediaeva England.
but at his marriage in 1823 his mother-in-law's a Christian, assumed and called to the Bar ii studied law, was
PALGRAVE,
with
FRANCIS
TURNER
Poet (1824-1897)."
anc
critic,s. of the above, ed. at Oxf.,
for many was years connectec which he to be Assistant of rose the Education Department, H" of he Prof, and from was Poetry at Oxf. Sec.; 1886-95 several vols. of poetry,including Visions of England (1881) wrote and exhibiting mucl and Amenophis (1892), which, though graceful of i of culture than of the rather work man a w ere poeticfeeling,
poet.
Golden
his anthology, Th to literature was great contribution selected with marvellou Treasury of Songs and Lyrics (1864), His
"
in series showed these qualities and judgment. A second insight of sacred He also an anthology poetry. pub. less degree.
PALTOCK,
attorney,
Cornish somewhat and Man
on
ROBERT
wrote
(1697-1767). Novelist,
"
was
ai
The Life and Adventures of Peter Wilkins, ^ It i admired and Lamb. (1751), by Scott, Coleridge, featun the same plan as Robinson Crusoe, the special
being the
country
gawry,
island, and
married.
of the else in the book
hi whom the hero discovered on flying woman, The thu of description Nosmnbdsgrutt, flying people,is a dull imitation of Swift, and mucl
or
is tedious.
Novelist PARDOE, JULIA (1806-1862)."
and miscellaneous
b. at Beverley,showed "writer, an earlybias towards literature,ant became and versatile writer,producing in addition t" a voluminous

ter
295
of travel, and others novels many books and well-written lively ealingwith historical subjects. She was a keen observer, and her accurate and deep knowledge of Driental travels had given her an her books The the East. of are he peoples and manners Among and One Romance of the Hay em, Thousand Zityof the Sultan (1836),
Days, Louis
217 the rork of
XIV.
and
the Court
of France,
"
Court
of Francis
and
I., etc.
PARIS, MATTHEW
Benedictine
de
entered (c. 1195-1259).Chronicler, Monastery

of St. Albans, continued
in
the
chronicler of the monastery. Wendover as (q.v.) Roger invitation of Hacon the he went on n King of Norway to 1248 In this Holm. he of St. Benet eform the Abbey successful,and was of Henry III., who to England enjoyed the favour "n his return information to with and as him, on versed imparted familiarly in his hisconstitutes valuable element of state, which a natters and had ories. He a was a learning, high reputation for piety resisted the encroachments of Rome. jatriotic Englishman, and In iis chief work is Historia Major, from the Conquest until 1259. his Historiarum of and he embodied the Flores : predecessor Roger, he
part is a original
He also wrote of the events
bold and Historia
vigorousnarrative
Minor and Historia
of the
period (1235Anglorum, a sumnear
nary
(1200-1250).
PARK,
tudied
te
MUNGO
at
Traveller,b. (1771-1806).
"
Selkirk,
medicine
visited Sumatra, rarious scientific men

n
Edin. and
by
in the mercantile marine As a surgeon attracted the attention his return of his botanical and zoological investigations.
on
1795 he entered
the service
of the African
Association, and
made
the Niger. His adventures of discoveryon were pub. in voyage which had great success. He rravels in the Interior of Africa (1799), in in vitain in but and set an 1805 accepted n. practice Peebles; up another From ion by Government to undertake journey in Africa. his he never returned, having perished in a conflict with natives, in a straightforward and pleasingstyle, lis narratives, written are classics of travel. the mong
PARKER,
;udent, and
e was
THEODORE
made himself
(1810-1860). Theologian,b.
"
at
Massachusetts, |,exington,
settled
ed.
at
Harvard,
of many
was
master
an indefatigable languages. In 1837
evelopment sparatedhim
5ts.
i
at West Roxbury as a Unitarian minister, but the of his views in a rationalistic direction gradually conservative from the more portionof his co-religionon
He
lectured and in
in theological subjects
Boston
in
841
travelled
,
settled in Boston, where he lectured to large He took a leadingpart udiences, and exercised a wide influence. in resisting the Fugitive L the crusade, and specially anti-slavery
Europe,
1845
lave Act.
; he
In
1859
to
went Jthough he
are loritings
was
not
his health, which had never been robust, gave in search of but d. at Florence. restoration, Italy social and influence, his a powerful theological of correspondingimportance: it was rather as a
meaker
that vols.
he influenced
l.on to literature of much
countrymen, and he left no permanent account, though his
his
contribucoll. works
111 14
burse
Among the most outstandingof his writingsare A Dis and Sermons to Religion, of Matters Pertaining for the Times.
296
Unitarian
and
FRANCIS
as
a
PARKMAN,
Historian, s. (1823-1893).
"
in Boston, Massachusetts, graduated at and though hampered but never practised, qualified lawyer, continuous which forbade and by health of application, by a state himself the of the to blindness, devoted writing historyof the partial and England in North America. This he France conflict between minister The Conspiracy of Pontiac of works The (1851), World New The in the in North Pioneers (1865), Jesuits Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (1869), America and New France Count Frontenac The Old Regime in Canada (1874), and A and Montcalm Wolfe Half Century (1884), of Conflict (1877), at first somewhat turgid, graduallyim (1892). In these the style, clear and forcible,while retaining its original proved, and became and sifting P. spared no labour in collecting his material, vividness. of visits to the places of which much was gathered in the course did in
a
of a Harvard,
succession
"
of France La (1867),
which
of his narrative, and his books the most are for valuable contribution in existence to the historyof the struggle settlements in North He Canada and the other French America. had little success, two and book also wrote novels, which a upon
were
the
scenes
rose-culture.
PARNELL,
Dublin, took
THOMAS
Poet, (1679-1718).
"
orders in 1700, and was Vicar of of Clogher. The death of his young wife in 1706 drove him deacon He friend of Swift and into intemperate habits. a was Pope, a and aided Pope in his translation of the contributor to the Spectator, various isolated poems He wrote Iliad. showing a fine descriptive the touch, of which Piece, and The Hymn considerable social
most
b. and ed. ,ini Finglas and Arch
important
Life
was
are
The
was
to Contentment.
P.
Hermit, The Night a scholar, and had
gifts. His
where
written
"
by
Goldsmith.
s.
PARR,
apothecary
an cessively
DR.
at
SAMUEL
Scholar, (1747-1825).
and and
at Camb.
of
was
an
suc
Harrow,
and
he
and of schools taken settled Norwich, orders, finally having down at Hatton, Warwickshire, where he took privatepupils. He was but he has left no work to account undoubtedly a great Latinist, for the immense for which he reputation ability enjoyed during his life. His chief power to have been in appears conversation, ill
at Colchester
assistant-master
at Harrow
ed. head-master
was
He
which
was bold, arrogant, and epigrammatic. He was nick named the Whig Johnson," but fell very far short of his model. His writings, including were correspondence, pub. in 8 vols.
"
he
PATER, WALTER
critic, s. of Richard
HORATIO
(1839-1894)." Essayistand
G. P., of American birth and Dutch extraction, a benevolent physician, b. at Shadwell, and ed. at the King's School, and at Queen's Coll.,Oxf., after leavingwhich Canterbury, he made various tours in Germany and Italywhere, especially in the latter, his nature, keenly sensitive to every form of beauty, received in delible impressions. In 1864 he was elected a Fellow of Brasenose, and in its ancient and austere precincts found his principal home. As a tutor, though conscientious, he was not successful; nevertheless his lectures,on which he bestowed
eminently much pains, had
Dictionary
fit
of
English
influenced
a
Literature
few select he found
was
297
souls. himself He
re
audience,
his in
and
powerfully
in
signed
entirely
the where Brasenose
tutorship
his
1880,
and in 8
element,
interest for
term.
partly partly .{because

his life. In
because
not
literature he
went
becoming
to to
predominant
he remained
1885
London,
reside he he St.
at
years, The in in
continuing, reputation
as
a
however,
writer
during
made him
which circles
had
gained
tiimself.
welcome London of
a
whatever
intellectual settled
to
found
Leaving
In the of
1893
went
ne
in
house receive In
in
Giles,
honor
Oxf.
ary
le
spring
LL.D.,
of
1894
ne
Glasgow
he followed he
to
the the
degree
had he
an
distinction
which
valued.
summer
attack had
rheumatic
fever,
but
by
pleurisy.
to
an
From attack pre it

was
these
of
apparently
which its
recovered,
succumbed Thus
heart-failure in
immediately
year and
a
supervened.
bare of outward
ended
as
maturely
rich P. subtlest
in
55th
fruit
life
as
events
in is
literary
one
influence. modern of masters critics. of
of
the
greatest
he to
style,
not
and
a
one
of
the
and technical
most
penetrating
sense,
Though
the the him
philosopher
with which influence
was
a
the
deeply
but
was
pondered
art
was
subjects dominating
that
"
philosophy
h his
sets
itself
deal;
it
intellectual who also had be

to
life, and
gone called to
said
of
he of to
philo
school.
sopher
He His may
Italy
the
by
mistake of the
instead modern
Germany."
not
prophet though
came
aesthetic
was
attitude
Christianity,
As
a
deeply
the but his his
on
sceptical,
influence of
un
sympathetic.
at ed
an one
boy
of the
he
under
Keble,
of
and view
time to
thought relinquish
on
taking
idea. and
orders,
gradual
may
change
be Leonardo
him article
Among
others
works
mentioned da
Coleridge,
History great
studies
Winckelmann,
which
were
Vinci,
Studies contained
Michelangelo,
in the his
Botticelli,
etc.,
coll.
and
pub.
various
as
of the
essays and and
Renaissance
on
(1873)
Lamb
Appreciations
and and Plato the Sir and
(1889)
Browne;
Êsthetic
on
Poetry
Style,
T.
Shakespearian imaginary
papers Studies
Portraits,
His
Greek
(1894);
is Marius of Marcus
Platonism
'1893).
a
masterpiece,
romance
however,
of the time
Epicurean
The
(1885),
philosophical
P. is
structure
Aurelius. and he
was
style
but
of
characterised of with
a
by
subdued In
richness,
character of
complicated, gentle,
and dislike
perfect
and
sentences.
refined,
of
retiring,
remarkable
suavity
manner
sontroversy.
298
b. at where

Scholar (1813-1884)."
s.
PATTISON, MARK
and
biographer
Hornby, Yorkshire, in 1839 he became

a
high reputation as fluenced by Newman

abandoned
that he threw coll., up his
of a clergyman, ed. privately and at Oxf Fellow of Lincoln Coll., and acquired first strongly in examiner. At and tutor the In Tractarian devoted
and
movement,
he
ultimatel
school.
to 1851, failing
and tutorship, educational
writingon occasionally
be elected head of hi himself to severe study I subjectsin various reviews.
he attained the objectof his ambition, being electe 1 86 1, however, In 1883 he dictated of Lincoln Coll. Rector a remarkable aut( he In had down to 1860. a 1875 pub. Life ". biography, coming materials for Life left and he of whic a Isaac Casaubon, Scaliger, He also wrote to be his magnum Milton fo he had intended opus. the
English
Men
of
Letters
Series, and
produced
an
ed.
of
h:
sonnets.
PAULDING, JAMES KIRKE
Novelist, (1779-1860)." etc.,b
self-educated. He became in the state of New York, was chiefly and was friend of W. Irving, part author with him of Salmagundi" continuation of which a by himself proved a failure. Among hi
a Jonathan (1812), which attained (1831),a romance and some a Life of Washington (1835), larity, poems.
other The
writingsare
John
Bull
and
Brother
satire popu
Dutchman's
Fireside
Novelist,s. of PAYN, JAMES (1830-1898).

"
an
officialii
Camb.
H
the
was
Thames
a
Commission,
ed. at
Eton, Woolwich,
and
Words to Household and to Chambers' regular contributor of which he ed. and in which several of hi was 1859-74, Journal, first appeared; he also ed. the Cornhill works Magazine 1883-96 be mentione Among his novels upwards of 60 in number may Lost Sir Massingberd, The Best of Husbands, Walter's Word, B A Woman's Thicker tha Proxy (1878), Vengeance,Carlyon's Year, A also He etc. book of Water, wrote a Trying Patient, an poems of literary a volume reminiscences.
" "
PEACOCK, THOMAS
Weymouth,
the
LOVE
Novelist, b. (1785-1866)."
in boyhoo" merchant, was only child of a London at various schools, but from the age of 13 self-educated. Neverthe less,he became He a for long in th was reallylearned scholar. India Office,where he rose to be Chief Examiner, coming betweei
James
somewhat
Mill
and
John
Stuart but
Mill.
He
whimsical, quiteunique with judice,and curious learning, witty dialogue and occasions interspersed.Among them are Headlong Hall (1816), poems Night mare Marian Abbey (1818),Maid (1822),Misfortunes of Elphi Crotchet Castle (1831), and Gryll Grange (1860). He was (1829), th intimate friend of Shelley,memoirs of whom he contributed t Fraser's Magazine.
the author of severa novels, full of paradox, pre

was
PEARSON, CHARLES
ed. at
went
Rugby
Prof, of Modern
to
HENRY B. at (1830-1894). and King's Coll., London, at the latter History. Owing to a threatened failure
"
Islingtoc
he of becam
sightb
a
Australia, where
Minister of Education
he remained of Victoria.
for
20
years, and
was
for
tiro
Returning to England
in 189
e
299
he
race.
wrote
his National
to very
a
Life
and
Character
Forecast, in which
of the Middle
gave
utterance
"e also wrote
views as to the future pessimistic History of England during the Early and
A ges
867).
PEARSON,
s. Theologian, JOHN (1613-1686).

"
of
an
arch-
of Suffolk, b. at Great Snoring, Norfolk, ed. at Eton and eacon including amb., took orders, and after holdingvarious preferments, the of and of of Coll., mastership ic archdeaconry Jesus Surrey, in Chester. of His 1673, Bishop rinityColl., Camb., was made, of the Creed (1659)has always been regarded as one of xposition remarkable alike productionsof English theology, lucid and and He was style. arrangement, argument logical learned defence of the of other author works, includinga o the of Ignatius. In his youth P. was a uthenticity of the epistles in the He in acted a nd as a 1645 chaplain Royal army. oyalist, hi the Savoy Conference. of the commissioners as one
e
most
finished
PECOCK,
entered /"ales,
REGINALD
and
b. Theologian, (i395?-i46o?).
"
in
saph
1444,
the Church, and of Chichester denial
rose
to be He 1450.
successively Bishop
was
a
of St.
ersialist, chiefly against the Lollards; but

ent, and
um
strenuous controhis free style of argu-
his especially
of the
into
trouble, and
on
being
offered
of the Church, led infallibility the choice of abjurationor
de was eath at the stake, he chose the former, but nevertheless and his latter had his books rived of his bishopric, burned, spent His chief work is of in the Thorney, Cambridgeshire. Abbey ys he
s
Represser of overmuch
clear, pointed
The Book
which, blaming of the Clergy(1455),
style,remains
of Faith
nglish.
from of monument a I5th century is another of his writings. (1456)

"
PEELE, GEORGE
salter in London,
Dramatist (i558?-i597?).
and
poet, s.
he had he led well as a
ed. at Christ's Hospitaland a reputationas a poet. Coming back to London been life. He a dissipated appears to have into of have and to come possession aywright,
Oxf., where
about
1581
land
player as
some
through
and consist of plays,pageants, His works numerous are 3 wife. His best plays are The Arraignment of nd miscellaneous verse. and among his poems and The Battle of Alcazar aris (1584), (1594), Honour and The Garter the of (1593). Other olyhymnia (1590), orks
are
Old P. of
599).
"undance
Wives' in wrote
and Tale (1595), melodious and brilliant
David
fancy
and
flowing imagery, but his

and
"
Fair and Bethsabe blank with verse, dramas

are
weak
construction, and
he is often
bombastic
extravagant. of
and ed. at
PENN,
IT
WILLIAM
P.,
a
s. (1644-1718). Quaker apologist,
William
celebrated
a
Admiral,
and
was was
xf.,where
om
he became
Quaker,
b. in London, in consequence
expelled
His change of views and his practiceof the exthe Univ. led to a quarrel social peculiarities "emest imposed by his principles ith his /., is said to have turned Thereafter who him out of doors. and his Foundation of The e to write, one books, Sandy began haken
ae
(c.1668),in
and
which
he attacked
the
doctrines
to his
atonement,
justification by faith, led
Trinity, being,in 1668,
of the
300
the
his most popular work and a defence of his own conduct, Inno No Cross, No Crown (1668), in his liberation resulted which Face her with (1668), Open cency his of who death had been the on /., Shortly after this, in 1670, claim to a fortune, including a to him, P. succeeded reconciled the Government amounting to "i 5,000, which was ultimately
imprisoned in
Tower,
where
he
wrote
against
1
in
68
settled
by
grant
of the
now territory
Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, however, leisure in prisonment for preaching, and employed his enforced Great Cause The which of o Liberty treatises, of four one, writing toleration. In of able defence is an Conscience religious (c.1671), referred to, he set sail for the grant above 1682, having obtained the America, with the view of founding a community based upon Constitution established and toleration. a of se Having principles to England in 1684 an( in working order there, P. returned matters ha" himself in efforts for the relief of those Quakers who busied of affairs when The peculiar remained at home. position James II of the Dissenters to a means as con was use gaining endeavouring
favoured his views, and he was Catholics t( Roman His connection with th" in his efforts. successful extent some Court at that time has, however, led to his conduct being severely and others, animadverted tin 1690 and for by Macaulay upon with time thereafter he was some conspiringagainst the charged cessions to the but after full investigation was completely later years were embittered by troubles in Penn sylvania, and by the dishonesty and ingratitudeof an agent by defalcations of which whose he was nearly ruined, as a consequence he was He d. soon after his release in 1718. imprisoned for debt. Revolution
he
had
forming the state o again suffered im
Government,
His
acquitted.
PENNANT,
THOMAS
(1726-1798).
"
Naturalist
anc
of the most dis one traveller,b. in Flintshire, and ed. at Oxf., was other tinguishednaturalists of the i8th century, and pub., among works natural on history,British Zoology (1768),and History o
Quadrupeds (1781).
In literature he is,however, best rememberec his Tours in Scotland which did much to make known by (1771-75), the beauties of the country to England. He also travelled in Ire! land and Wales, and the Continent, and of hi on pub. accounts
journeys.
any
one
Dr.
Johnson
said of him,
"
he observes
more
thingsthai)
else does."
s. Diarist, (1633-1703)."
PEPYS, SAMUEL
don
of John P.,a Lon
but of good family and connected with Sir E. Montague, tailor, afterwards Earl of Sandwich, was ed. at St. Paul's School and ai Camb. After leaving the Univ. he entered the household of Montagu, who became his life-long patron. He held various Government posts,
Surveyor-General of the VictuallingOffice, il which he displayedgreat administrative and reforming zeal ability and in 1672 he became Sec. of the Admiralty. After being im prisoned in the Tower on a with the Popist charge in connection and of his he was in 1686 again appointed Sec plot, office, deprived of the Admiralty, from dismissed at th( which, however, he was Revolution. Thereafter he lived in retirement at chiefly Clapham P. was of many a man of th" interests,combining the characters of business, man man of pleasure,and virtuoso, being skilled it
that including
of
music
was
301
and he and a collector of books, manuscripts, and pictures, He wrote Memoirs Pres. of the Royal Societyfor two years. of his but to literature is his the Royal Navy (1690), great legacy unique and inimitable Diary, begun January i, 1660, and coming the failure of his sight prevented its down to May 31, 1669, when As 'urther continuance. account an by an eye-witness of the
manners
is invaluable, but it is still the most more interestingas, perhaps, singularexample extant of self-revelation all the foibles, peccadilloes, and unreserved more of the
Court
and
of
societyit
"
serious offences against decorum ;he most relentless natvet6 and cypher or shorthand, which was
of the author being set forth minuteness. It was written translated into long-hand by
with in a
John
"smith in 1825, and ed. by Lord ex Braybrooke, with considerable cisions. and Later fuller ed. have followed. P. left his books, MSS., and collections to Magdalene Coll.,Camb., where they are jreserved in a separate library.
PERCIVAL, JAMES GATES

Conn.,
was a
Poet, b. at Berlin, (1795-1854).

"
versatile man, subjectsand
and impractical, child, and a morbid precocious though with a fatal facility in writingverse all manner of on His sentimentalism in nearly every known metre.
a
appealed to
iis
wide
but circle, He
his had
was
one
a
of the The Dream
tapers which
a
were
extinguished by
Lowell. include
also and
"
reputationas
geologist.
of
poeticworks
Prometheus
of a Day (1843).
PERCY, THOMAS
a
(1729-1811). Antiquaryand poet, s.
he was the at Bridgnorth, where b., ed. at Oxf., entered in Dean of in and and became Carlisle, Church, 1778 1782 Bishop of various Dromore. He with referpub. antiquarianworks, chiefly of England ; but is best remembered for his great ince to the North grocer in and collecting native
n
service to literature
1765
as
Reliquesof Ancient
ed. many ancient ballads, pub. which did much to bring back Poetry,
to usher
in the ancient of romanticism.

nterest
literature,and
in the revival
PHILIPS, AMBROSE
and
son
Poet, 6. in Shropshire (i675?-i749).

"
and dramas, was of the Addied. at Camb., wrote one pastorals and started I a paper, the Freethinker, in imitation of the circle, He also made translations from Pindar and Anacreon, Spectator.
and
complimentary verses, which gained for him of His Pastorals, though poor Namby Pamby." the of excited who jealousy Pope, snough, pursued the unfortunate author with life-long enmity. P. held various Government appoint
a
series of short
"
lie nickname
ments
in Ireland.
"
PHILIPS, JOHN (1676-1709). Poet, s. of

and Salop, Dlank ed. at Oxf. His still and lives, verse,
an
archdeacon
an
of
a burlesquein SplendidShilling,
Cyder,
his chief work,
has some fine descriptive Virgil's Georgics, passages. Blenheim as a on jmployed by Harley to write verses :o Addison's Campaign. He d. at 33|of consumption.
Miltonic imitation of P. was also counterblast
PHILLIPS, SAMUEL
lescent, studied
he lying,
was
Novelist, of (1814-1854).
"
Jewish
for the Church
at
Gottingen
obligedto give up
his intention
and Camb., but his /. and take to business,
302
unsuccessful, and fell into great straits he was in which, however, and produced some novels, of which the best He then tried writing, in Blackwood in 1842. Hf which Caleb Stukely, appeared known was Times. for the a leader-writer was latterly
PICKEN, ANDREW
"
writer,b
Indies, and in Glasgow and in business in the in Paisley,was to London to try his but not being successful, went Tales and Sketches earlier His literature. writings, in fortunes o) Sectarian (1829), the West of Scotland a.nd]The gave offence in dissent
West
Liverpool,'
ing circles:
had considerable his next, The Dominie's Legacy (1830), Mission Travels and Researches and a book of Eminent on success, him with those whom he rehabilitate to did aries (1830) something Black had Watch The His last work, offended. had (1833), just seizure. His best is of work d. he an when apoplectic appeared somewhat like that of Gait
(q.v.}.
"
PIERPONT,
Conn.,
was
Poet, JOHN (1785-1860).

a
minister.
His
first a lawyer, then is The chief poem
merchant,
Airs
"
and
b. at Litchfield, Unitarian a lastly
of Palestine. b. at
a
PIKE, ALBERT
was
Poet, (1809-1891).
a
Boston, Mass.,
successful
in his
now
His
earlydays teacher, and little-remembered poems
afterwards
were
lawyer.
Keats. of Coleridgeand inspiration Gods, which appeared in Blackwood's latter. He also wrote prose sketches.
chieflywritten under the His chief work, Hymns to tht imitates tht Magazine, closely
PINDAR, PETER
PINKERTON,
quary,
WOLCOT, J.). (See Historian JOHN (1758-1826).

"
and
Anti
b. in Edin., was literature, and produced
apprenticed
a
number
to of works
lawyer, but took t" distinguished by pains
and by a controversial prejudiced taking research, but disfigured Select Scottish Ballads was som" (1783), spirit. His first publication A valuable of which, however, were Essaj composed by himself. him and Horace Medals to Gibbon on (1784)introduced Walpole Scottish Poems Disserta Among his other works are Ancient (1786), Medallic tton on the Goths (1787), History of England (1790), History and his best Treatise Scotland Rocks work, on (1797), *"f (1811). On" of his most inveterate Celts of tribes anc all was prejudices against in in times. He d. obscurity Paris.
PINKNEY, EDWARD
where his
COATE
B. (1802-1828).
"
in
London,
He wrote number of light a short but fell victim ill-health morbk a to and a graceful poems, His melancholy at 25. longestpoem is Rudolph (1825).
/. was
U. S. ambassador.
PIOZZI,HESTER
cellaneous
writer, m. Gabriel Piozzi, an death,

with Dr. her friendship ticated with the Thrales.
LYNCH Mis (SALUSBURY) (1741-1821). Henry Thrale, a wealthy brewer, and, after his
"
Italian
musician.
was
Johnson, who Her second
Her chief distinction ii for a time almost domes
son's death, 1784, broke up the Dr. Johnson, a work which had lifelike picture of its subject, and
marriage in the year of John friendship. She wrote Anecdotes 0) a favourable and gives a reception, left an Autobiography. Her poenr
The Three
303
by Warnings, is supposed to have been touched up with J. are given in the fohnson. Many details of her friendship
Jiary of
Madame
PLANCHE,
D'Arblay (q.v.). Dramatist (1796-1880). JAMES ROBINSON

"
and
in the of Huguenot descent, was miscellaneous writer, b. in London in which lerald Office,and rose to be Somerset Herald, capacityhe missions the to invest foreignprinceswith was repeatedlysent on He produced upwards of 90 adaptations, and Order of the Garter. for the He also wrote a about History of pieces stage. 70 original and The Conqueror British Costumes, The Pursuivant of Arms (1852), Recollections ind his Companions (1874), besides autobiographical
1872).
POE,
tales,was
were
n
EDGAR
b. at
ALLAN
He
Poet (1809-1849).
"
and
were
writer
both
of
Boston, where
was
his
parents, who
actors,
of Rich
temporarilyliving.
destitute
left
circumstances,
but
was
orphan adopted by a
an
was
in
early childhood great in
Virginia. By him and his wife he dulgence,and in 1815 accompanied them

mond,
remained which
nto
was
Mr. Allan treated with
for five years, continued on He with small
and where he their return to
England, where they received a good education,

to
himself distinguished gaming, which led to vol. of poems le pub. a containingAl Araaf and Tamerlane. time he the About same proposed to enter the army, and was placed Point. at the MilitaryAcademy at West Here, however, he grossly fell into the habits his and of intemperance which duties, neglected
Virginia.
debt
America, at the Univ. of as a student, but got deeply his being removed. In 1829
in 1831 dismissed. the ruin of his life,and He then jroved was of house his his "eturned to the conduct benefactor, but was so objecIn the same ionable as to lead to a rupture. year P. pub. an enarged ed. of his poems, and in 1833 was successful in a competition the tale being the MS. 'or a prizetale and a prizepoem, found in a
Bottle, and
d. without iirown
jecame on
the poem
The any
Coliseum.
making
his
own
provisionfor P.,
nto who
contributor a marriage with
continued
periodicals.In 1836 he entered his cousin VirginiaClemm, a very girl, young devotedly attached to him notwithstandinghis many
her death in 1847. in 1838, and in in which his best The
took resources, to various
following year Mr. Allan and the latter,being now to literature as a profession, and
In the
aberrations, until
Gordon
Gentleman's
Tales of the Arabesque as stories. In 1845 his famous and poem, The Raven, came out, and in 1848 Eureka, a Prose Poem, a pseudoscientific lucubration. The death of his wife gave a severe shock to his constitution,and a violent drinking bout on a visit to Baltimore led to his death from brain fever in the hospital there. The literary
appeared Magazine, of Grotesque many

Pym
1839
Narrative P. became
of Arthur ed. of the
appeared
output
of P., though not great in volume, limited in range, and very unequal hi merit, bears the stamp of an original genius. In his aims at a musical effect to which the sense is poetry he sometimes but sacrificed., and a magic melody all for their originality and of ingenuity construction, and in the best of them he rises to a high level of imagination, House as in The of Usher, while The Gold Beetle
at
times
ais own.
His
better
he has a charm tales are remarkable
304
or
of the first examples of the cryptogram story; Golden Bug is one Purloined Letters, The Mystery of Marie Roget,and The and in The the of modern detective the he is pioneer in the Rue Morgue Murders
story.
Woodberry Life, berry and Stedman
Men (American etc. (10 vols.),
of
Letters)
.
Works
ed.
by
Wood-
Poet, b. in Refrewshire, ROBERT (1789-1827). Scottish of the Dissenting com for the ministry of one studied After leavingthe Univ. of Glasgow he pub. anonymously munions. and in 1827, the year of his untimely death Tales of the Covenanters, from consumption, appeared his poem, The Course of Time, which recalls Milton fine passages, and occasionallyfaintly contains some ed. in Britain went The anc through many and poem Young.
POLLOK,
"
He America. gone in search
d. at Shirley, near of health.
Southampton,
"
whither
he
had
POMFRET,
entered
Poet, s. JOHN (1667-1702).

He
wrote
of
clergyman,
was
the Church.
several
rather
never
the only'one remembered, though now celebrates a which country life free popular in its day.
dull poems, of which read, is The Choice,

care,
from
and
highly
POPE, ALEXANDER
Catholic of Roman wife his second as Edith
Poet, was (1688-1744).

"
b. in London,
m,
parentage.
His
a
/. was
linen-merchant, who
and P. received retired
a
Turner,
lady
a
of
respectableYorkshire
to
a
family, and
small the
of
some
fortune, made
competence,
Catholic
property
of
12,
at
Binfield, near
at various he had a
Windsor. Roman
somewhat aftej
desultoryeducation
age when he application,
was
schools, but
illness brought on severe by overself-educated. a pro Though never practically found or accurate scholar, he had a good knowledge of Latin, and a By 1704 he had written a goo" working acquaintancewith Greek. of Wycherley (q.v.), attracted the attention whfl deal of verse, which introduced his Pastorals The him
were
to
town
life and in Tonson's
to
other
men
of letters.
two
In
pub.
Miscellany, and
was
years
praisedby Addison. 1714, placed his reputation on a sure an foundation, and thereafter his life was uninterruptedan" brilliant success. His industrywas his literary and untiring, outpu almost continuous until his death. In 1713 Windsor Forest (whicl him the friendship of Swift)and The Temple of Fame won appeared, and in 1715 the translation of the Iliad was and the wor] begun,
Essay on Criticism appeared,and out in Rape of the Lock, which came pub.
at
1705 latd Thi
intervals
between
that
year
and
and followed popularity, brought the poet ^5000. by thi in which he had the assistance of Broome Odyssey (1725-26), am Fenton t he his who, former, (q.v.), especially caught styleso exactl] almost as It also was to defy identification. highly popular, anc increased his gains to about ^8000, which placed him in a position of independence. While to Chisengaged upon these he removed he lived 1716-18, and where he issued in 1717 a coll. ed of his works, includingthe Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady and the In 1718, his /. having d., he agaia Epistleof Eloisa to Abelard. removed with his mother to his famous villa at Twickenham, the
1720. It was
It had
enormous
wick, where
305
became of his chief interests, of the grounds of which adornment one the acknowledged chief of his art, he received the and where, now included the most visits of his friends, who of men distinguished beauties His and of the next task was etters, wits, statesmen, day. lis ed. of
a Shakespeare (1725),
ied,
he [own
of Pope and Swift, were pub. in 1727-28, and drew of which in turn led authors storm the a angry comment, upon Dunciad, first pub. in 1728, and again with o the production of The additional book the fourth in 1729, an matter lew being added satirised with he keen and In it often a n wit, always biting, 1742. small wits and the and and of a unfair, some poetasters, avage who he supposed to have, different quality, had, or whom [uite Between the 1731 and 1735 he produced his Epistles, njured him.
" "
though jointwork
the
is preface
work for which he fine piece of prose.
was
not
well
quali-
The
Miscellanies,
is also known to Arbuthnot, the Proast of which, addressed as contains his and character of Addison ungrateful ague to the Satires, " " of and also, 1733, the Essay on Man, under the name Atticus; written under the influence of Bolingbroke. His last, and in some his Imitations were of Horace, pub. between espects best, works of The Dunciad (1742), already 733 and 1739, and the fourth book mentioned. A naturally delicate constitution, a deformed body, did over-work not xtreme sensitiveness, over-excitement, and jromise a long life, and P. d. on May 30, 1744, aged 56. His positionas a poet has been the subjectof much contention and on the whole is lower than that assignedhim by critics, imong lis contemporariesand immediate
successors.
Of the
higherpoetic
ualities, imagination,sympathy, pathos, he had no which in the his but for work reat share; as disoriginal writings, inguished from translations, he set himself to do, his equipment
was
and insight,
which the medium he used the heroic couplet technical of le brought perfection which it is capable. highest Ie wrote for his own and in temper and intellectual and spiritual age, it. In )utlook, such as it was, he exactlyreflected and interpreted supreme, and
" "
to the
iie
forging of condensed, pointed,and

in
jriticism he has no equal,and his while in the Rape rival is ; mock-heroic
maxims of life and sparkling a painting portrait Dry den alone Lock he the has of produced the best
Almost in existence. author no poem except ShakeHis is and often sensitiveness extreme to so quoted. vanity peare criticism made him often vindictive, unjust,and venomous. They ed him also into frequentquarrels, and lost him many friends, inludingLady M. Wortley Montagu, and along with a strong tendency o finesse and stratagem, of which the circumstances attending the publication of his literary correspondenceis the chief instance, make lis character unamiable the whole On the other hand, an on one. often generous; he retained the friendship of such men ic was as swift and Arbuthnot, and he was dutiful and affectionate son. a most SUMMARY. B. 1688, ed. at various Romanist schools, introduced Pastorals Criticism :o Wycherley 1704, pub. 1709, Essay on 1711, Forest and tape of the Lock 1714, Windsor Temple of Fame 1713,
"
xanslation of Iliad 1715-20, Odyssey 1725-26, coll. Works 1717, buys alia at Twickenham 1718,pub. ed. of Shakespeare 1725, Miscellanies book 1742), 727-28,Dunciad 1728 (fourth Epistles 1731-35, Essay on VLan 1733, Imitations of Horace 1733-39, d. 1744.
306
The

best ed. of the
Works
is that
of Elwin
and
Courthope, with
s.
Life by Courthope (10 vols., 1871-89).
PORDAGE,
SAMUEL
Poet, (1633-1691?)."
of
clergy
Taylor'sSchool, studied law at Lin in Berks, ed. at Merchant man wrote various two some translations, made and coln's Inn, poems, and The Mariamne and Herod (1673), Siege of Babylon tragedies, He is best known Eliana. and by his Azaria a romance, (1678), Absalom and in to Dryden's and Hushai reply Achitophel, (1682), its moderation freedom and from the other replies by
distinguished
from
scurrility. PORSON, RICHARD
Scholar,s. (1759-1808)."
from distinguished
of the
childhood
parish
clerk of E. Ruston, Norfolk, was by a which attracted the attention of the marvellous tenacityof memory he was ed. him, after which sent by a curate of the parish,who fund collected for the pur Eton. was Subsequently a gentleman to he where had brilliant a career, pose of maintaining him at Camb., This position of Trinity Coll. he lost by re and became a Fellow In 1792 he was appointed Prof, of Greek in for the most the Univ., but resided part in London, where he was fell into extremely but unfortunately courted by literary much men, the P. of habits. one was very greatestof Greek scholars intemperate
fusingto
take
orders.
and
of his own. but he has left little permanent work critics; viz., four plays of Euripides, Hecuba, Orestes,Phaenissez, and His most
He
ed.
Medea.
Travis on widely read work was his Letters to Archdeacon is considered the disputed passage, i John v. 7, which a masterpiece of acute reasoning. He is buried in the chapel of TrinityColl.
PORTER, ANNA
1850). Novelists,
"
MARIA
were
PORTER, JANE (1776(1780-1832),

dau. P., the of
an
the
Irish
army
surgeon,
and
sisters of Sir Robert death of the /. the of Scott. friendship of a series of tales and precursor
Ker painter and traveller.After the family settled in Edin., where they enjoyed the ANNA at the age of 12 pub. Artless Tales, the novels
numbering about
being Don Sebastian (1809). JANE, though the elder by did not pub. until 1803, when her first novel, Thaddeus of Warsaw, Scottish The followed in 1810. Both of these Chiefs appeared. t he had remarkable the Chiefs works, especially latter, popularity, and Russian. She had greater talent being translated into German than her sister, but like her, while possessedof considerable anima tion and imagination, failed in grasping character, and imparting
local verisimilitude.
romance,
50, the best four years,
Both
were
s
amiable
ed.
and
excellent is
women.
A
be
a
Sir Edward
of actual been
Seaward'
written
Diary (1831), purporting to
record
circumstances, and
by Jane,
lieved to have
by
brother, Dr. William
generallybe OgilvieP.
POWELL, FREDERICK
at
YORK
Historian,ed. (1850-1904)."
Rugby
an
became of Modern less than works
are
at the Middle Temple 1874, student of history, and succeeded Froude as Prof, in study, he wrote History at Oxf. in 1894. Absorbed his wide and deep learning him for. Among his qualified A History of England to 1509, and he also wrote on Early
and
Oxf., called to the Bar
ardent
England
up
to
the
Conquest,
and
on
Alfred
and
William
the
Conqueror.
PRAED, WINTHROP
a
307
of
MACKWORTH
Poet, s. (1802-1839).
"
and Camb., and ed. at Eton b. in London, was sergeant-at-law, and for various places, He sat in Parliament called to the Bar 1829. He have of Control to Board a Sec. to the was 1834-35. appeared of his health and he d. when before him, brilliant career gave way, brightand witty skits and consumption in 1839. His poems, chiefly satirical pieces, were 1844, and appeared in pub. first in America in 1864. His essays Derwent memoir with a Coleridge by England
appeared
1887. PRESCOTT, WILLIAM
in
HICKLING
s.
Historian, (1796-1859).
"
the b. at Salem, Massachusetts, Harvard, where he graduated in of his eyes which accident to one remainder
1814.
eminent lawyer,was ed. at While there he met with an affected his sightfor the seriously
an
of
extended made of his life. He tour in Europe, and an he m., and abandoning the idea of a legal his return to America on After ten years of himself to literature. to resolved devote career, Ferdinand and in his he Isabella,which History of 1837 study, pub. historians. It was at once gained for him a high place among in 1843 by the History of the Conquestof Mexico, and in 1847 the History of PhilipII., His last work was the by Conquestof Peru. left un the third vol. appeared in 1858, and which of which was and another in finished. In that year he had an apoplectic shock, took place on January 28 in of his death, which 1859 was the cause he displayedgreat research, In all his works the last-named year. The admirable narrative and an great disad impartiality, power. followed
vantage
at
which, owing to his very

first of in
a
makes the authorities write

on
these
imperfect vision, he worked, remarkable, for his qualities specially

were
foreigntongue
read
to
him, while
he
had
to
P. was of amiable and bene for the blind. a man a of many of the most disvolent character, and enjoyed the friendship in Europe as well as in America. men tinguished frame
PRICE, RICHARD
land economics,
ed. at [Wales,
a s.
Writer (1723-1791).
"
on
morals,politics,
". at Tynton in then for some
dissentingminister, was coll. in London, and was dissenting

a a
of
I years
chaplain to
he In
I Thereafter
ties in
Mr. officiated work
Streatfield,who
as
minister
to
left him some property. various congregationsnear
[London.
jared; and
1758
a
his Review of
and Difficul of the PrincipalQuestions considerable
Morals,
it
followed in 1766 was jf Christianity. In 1769 his work
by
on
treatise
metaphysical power, apThe Importance on

was
Reversionary Payments
his Northampton Mortality Table and about the same \pub., was Itime constructed. in their day These, though long superseded, were
Imost valuable
"opularwork,
*olicy of the
le, and
contributions Observations
on
to
economical
science.
His
most
War with led to his being invited to go to America and assist in the financial of the Government. This he new [establishing system leclined chiefly the score of age. and on Simplicity, uprightness, oleration of opinions opposed to larked traits in his character. his
own
Liberty and the Justice and America, appeared in 1776, had an enormous
Civil
appear
to
have
been
PRIDEAUX, HUMPHREY
an [belonged
Divine (1648-1724).
"
and
scholar,
and ed. at
to
ancient
Cornish
was family,
b. at Padstow,
308
Westminster
School and he
of the description other works

are
a
Arundel
He at Oxf. Marbles
rose
first attracted
(1676),which
of
powerfulpatrons, and
Testament Nations
to
be
Dean
notice by hi? gained for hhr Norwich. Among his Old and ed. Neu
(1697),and The connected in the History of the Jews and long an important work, of which (1715-17),
Life of
Mahomet
out.
"
Neighbouring
many
wer"
brought
and
PRIESTLEY,
Chemist, theologian JOSEPH (1733-1804).

of
a draper at
Fieldhead, Yorkshire, where he writer, 5. political a modifiec b. was Brought up as a Calvinist, he graduallybecame Unitarian, and after attending a dissentingacademy at Daventry minister to various he became 1756 he pub congregations. About the doctrine of atone The ScriptureDoctrine of Remission, denying of languages anc Dr. Aiken as teacher ment, and in 1761 succeeded at About th belles-lettresin the dissenting Warrington. academy Franklin with and Dr. Price became tune he same acquainted (q.v.)
began History and
his science, the fruits of which were and Vision, Light, Present State of Electricity am (1767), im He also became Colours. a chemist, and made distinguished of In that he travelled 1773 oxygen. portant discoveries,including the Continent on Shelburne, where he was in as companion to Lord of scientific and literary troduced to many men eminence, by some and
to devote
himself
to
rallied upon his belief in Christianity.In reply tc Unbeliever Letters to a Philosophical wrote (1774),and in of Atheism to the accusations answer brought againsthim at home he pub. (1777)Disquisition to Matter and Spirit. In 1780 relating of whom he
was
this he
in Birmingham, in 1782 pub. his Corruptions of Chris and in 1786 his History of Early Opinions concerningJesu tianity, Christ. He was of those who wrote replies to Burke's one Reflection, the French of which his election Revolution, one consequence was French and another the destruction of his as citizen, chapel,house, Some tc by a mob. papers, and instruments years later he went P. has been he d. called the father of modern America, where scientific and academic honours chemistry. He received many member of the a of the Academies of France being Royal Society, and of St. Petersburg,and an LL.D. of Edin. He o1 man a was
on a
he
settled
mind, of high character, and of undaunted powerful and original in which courage maintaininghis opinions, were usuallyunpopular PRINGLE, THOMAS Poet, b. in Roxburgh^ (1789-1834)." shire, studied
at Edin., and became known to Scott, by whose in fluence he obtained a grant of land in South Africa, to which he[ with his /. and brothers, emigrated. He took to literary in work and conducted Town, two Cape were papers, which suppressed foi their free criticisms of the Colonial Government. Thereupon h" returned and settled in London, where he pub. African Sketches, He also produced a book of poems, Ephemerides.
PRIOR, MATTHEW
Minster, Dorset,
and sent
s. of a to Westminster
Poet, b. near (1664-1721).

"
Wimbornc
who, having d., he was ed. by an uncle, joiner School. Befriended by the Earl of Dorset he proceeded to Camb., and while there with Charles wrote, jointly Montague, The Town and Country Mouse, a burlesque of Dryden's

Hind which 1700, After and Panther. holding various and he showed discretion, he ability in various On the death entered Parliament
309
in in
was
diplomatic posts,
he
the Whigs, joined the Tories, by whom and, deserting
employed
capacities, includingthat
of
of Ambassador
at
ij|
in 1715 In but after folio two ed. of his a imprisoned, 1719 years which he realised and works was Lord brought out, by "4000, Harley having presented him with an equal sum, he looked forward to the which his chief ambition. He did not, how were peace and comfort
Paris.
Queen
he released.
Anne
was
recalled, and
ever,
dying long enjoy his prosperity,

may be
or
two
poems
mentioned
Solomon,
which
years later. he considered
Among
his his best
the Progressof the Mind, The Female Phaeton, To a hild of Quality, and some tales. His chief characteristic is prose and in which is he unrivalled. a certain elegance perhaps easy grace, His character appears to have been by no means unimpeachable, but lie was amiable and free from any trace of vindictiveness.
work, Alma,
PROCTER, ADELAIDE
ANN
Poetess, eldest (1825-1864).

"
dau. of Bryan W. P. (q.v.). first pub. in were Many of her poems Household Words and All the Year Round, and afterwards colL under the title of Legends and Lyrics (1858), ed. of which appeared. many En 1851 Miss P. became Catholic. She took much interest a Roman She women. questions affecting Fires and Lost The Chord, songs, Cleansing
n
social
aymns ink
are, I do not ask, O Thee who hast made.
Lord, that
Life
the wrote and among be, and may
well-known her many
My
God,
PROCTER, BRYAN
"
WALLER
("BARRY
CORNWALL
")(1787-
{874). Poet, b. at Leeds, as a practised successfully

and rister,
was,
1832-61,
and ed. at Harrow, went to London and solicitor. Thereafter he became bar a Commissioner of Lunacy. a By 1823 he
lad produced four vols. of rlisworks include Dramatic
tragedy,Mirandola (1821). Scenes (1819), A Sicilian Story,Marcian "olonna (1820),The Flood of Thessaly (1823), and English Songs which last will perhaps survive his other writings. P. was 1832), "he friend of most of his literary and was univer contemporaries,
poetry
and
a
beloved. sally PROUT, FATHER
MAHONY, F. S.). (See Controversial writer, b. PRYNNE, WILLIAM (1600-1669).

"
lear
he Oxf., studied law at Lincoln's Inn, of which but in became immersed the writing of a )ecame bencher, soon controversial pamphlets. After the .Unloveliness of Lovelocks and health's Sicknesse controversial (1627-30) appeared his best known
Bath,
ed. at
vork, Histrio-Mastix,
a bitter Scourge for Stage Players (1633), most ittack on of the popular amusements of the day. It was with inhuman mnished severity. P. was brought before the Star and had his ears cut off. Chamber, fined "5000, pilloried, both this Jndeterred he issued from his fierce attack by prison a upon d and the hierarchy, for which he was and again fined, pilloried, sanded both cheeks with the letters S. L. (seditious on libeller). or a
Removed
1641 by
Castle to Carnarvon the Long Parliament. and
he He
remained
soon
there until liberated after became a member

not
in of
:he House,
joined with
extreme, but
inexcusable,
rancour
io

of prosecution Laud. After this he turned
his attention to less than the Prelatists, he hated the Independents,whom scarcely the House of Commons those expelled from and by was among the to in execution of the had he regard opposed Cromwell, whom that he again suffered imprisonment, from King with such asperity released in 1652. He supported the Restoration, and he was which
in the
was
by
Here Writs
appointed Keeper of the Records in the Tower. he did good service by compilingthe Calendar of Parliamentary books and pamphlets. He pub. in all about 200 and Records.
Charles II.
PSALMANAZAR,
postor.
His real
name
GEORGE
(1679? 1763). Literaryim

"
native of France or and palmed of the island of Formosa, which he afterwards to construction, own he a time formed Mecklenburg, and island. For
was a
is unknown. Switzerland, but
to have been a himself as a native represented off a Formosan language of his
He
is believed
added
of description of the Duke
the
service in the military connection with William
of
Innes, chaplain
with him in his frauds, and collaborated of a Scottish regiment,who into his methods. various refinements introduced Innes, however, in forces and P. was the unable to was Portugal, appointed chaplain
to
ness
maintain in
his
and impositions,
over
a
was
exposed.
After
a
serious
ill
1728
he turned
efficient!literaryhack;
General and
an
leaf and became his works in his latter

new
and respectable included a days
contributions History of Printing,
to
the
Universal
History,
containingan Autiobiography
SAMUEL
and
account
"
of his
impostures.
benefices,
PURCHAS,
at Thaxton,
b. (i575?-i626). Compilerof travels,

of papers several com
the including
ed. at Camb., took orders, and held various rectory of St. Martin's, Ludgate Hill. The
into his hands, and he made R. Hakluyt (q.v.) came his nature, doings, and relatingto man, pilations surroundings. His three works Purchas his Pilgrimage, are or Relations (i) of the World and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places, etc. ; (2) Purchas his Pilgrim,Microcosmus, or the History of Man, etc. ; and a His (3)Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes, containing World the in Sea and Land etc. Travels, tory of Voyages Although credulous, diffuse,and confused, these works have preserved many and curious matters'. which would otherwise have been lost, interesting
PUSEY, EDWARD
b. at theologian, of Lord family
BOUVERIE
name
Scholar (1800-1882).
"
and
to th$
Pusey, Berks, ed. at Eton

Folkstone, whose
was
and
Oxf., belonged Bouverie, his /. assum
After ing that of P. on inheritingcertain estates. studying in Germany, he became in 1828 Prof, of Hebrew at Oxf. Regius His first important work the Causes Rationalism was an Essay on of in German and the arrest of similar tendencies in England Theology, became of the leadingobjectsof his life. He one of th"| was one of the Tractarian movement, and contributed tracts on and In the on of Baptism Fasting. a sermon on consequence he in Eucharist, the office of Univ. was 1843 suspended from Preacher which he then held. Later writings related to Confession and The Doctrine of the Real Presence, and in 1865 he issued an Eirenicon in support of union with the Church of Rome. He was in all and controversies movements prominent the Univ., affecting chief leaders

the prosecutors of Jowett foremost nd was among Daniel labours are commentaries lis other literary on and treatise on Punishment, a Everlasting Prophets, lieArabic MS. in the Bodleian Library. and
a
31
the minor
(q.v.}. Among Catalogue of

of the
s.
PUTTENHAM,
f Robert
GEORGE
(1530 ?-i59o).Was
"
one
has been attributed to P., a country gentleman. treatise of some lim the authorship of The Arte of Poesie, a length ivided into three parts, (i)of poets and poesy, (2)of proportion, It is now that it was thought rather more likely 3) of ornament. vritten uthor
There
by
of
an
his
brother
RICHARD
(i52o?-i6oi). George
Elizabeth's treatment
was
the
Apologie for Queen
of
Mary
)ueen of Scots.
PYE, HENRY
A country gentleman JAMES (1745-1813).

"
Various f Berkshire, who on pub. Poems Subjectsand Alfred, an the of and translated Poetics Poet Laureate Aristotle, was Epic, official the he of ludicrous In last wrote rom capacity 1790. poems
ulness, and
was
a jestand generally
a
"
byword
hi
circles. literary
QUARLES, FRANCIS
Poet, b. at (1592-1644).
the
manor-
at Camb., and studied law at of Stewards near Romford, was ouse Thereafter he went încoln's Inn. to the Continent, and at Heidelof Bohemia, dau. of James I. erg acted as cup-bearerto Elizabeth Ussher in ie next appears to as sec. Ireland, and was in Archbishop of the On the outbreak 639 Chronologer to the City of London.
and was l War he sided with the Royalists, plundered by the Jarliamentarians of his books and rare manuscripts,which is said to him about his death. His first book to of as ave so grieved bring
x"ems
1621),Sion's
nost
Hadassa for Worms (Esther) (1620) ; others were and Divine Emblems Elegies(1625), (1635), by far his book. His that fashionable in his day, popular style was
was
Feast
and ffected, artificial, oetical fire and
full of
"
conceits," but
he
had
was
aste, and
vas
twice
that genuine wit, mixed with much and is seldom feeble crabbed, though quaint m., and had by his first wife 18 children.
both real false in dull. He
or
RADCLIFFE, MRS.
Chronicle. In 1789 she of ~)unbayne, which the ittle promise of the
-ear s
ANN
NoveHst, (WARD) (1764-1823).

"
in 1787 m. dau. of parents in a respectable position, "nly ladcliffe,ed. and proprietorof a weekly newspaper,
Mr.
William
pub. her
scene
future
the English first novel, The Castles of Athlin and is laid in Scotland. It,however, gave of the author. In the following power
appeared The Sicilian Romance, which attracted attention by and Next The came descriptions startlingincidents. lomance Forest the followed The of Mysteries of Udolpho (1791), by the last of a story of the Inquisition, 1794),and The Italian (1797), .er works pub. during her life-time. Gaston de Blondeville, ed. by Talfourd, was icrgeant brought out posthumously. Mrs. R. has
vivid
"een
called the Salvator Rosa of British novelists. She excels in the o f of of natural .escription scenes mystery and terror whether a high degree of imagicenery or incident : in the former displaying ative power, and in the latter great ingenuity and fertility of inention. She had, however, little power character, of delineating out of fashion, they will 'hough her works belong to a type now
1 2
always possess an historical interest as marking a stage in the development of English fiction. ALLEN" (MRS. BEYNON PUDDICOMBE). "RAINE,
"
Novelist. Witch
Singer (1897),Torn Sails (1898),A etc. (1901), Queen of the Rushes (1906),
A Welsh
WelsJ
RALEIGH,
man,
SIR WALTER
states (i552?-i6i8). Explorer,

"
admiral, historian,and poet, s. of Walter R., of Fardel, Devon In 1568 he was in that county. sent shire,was b. at Hayes Barton himself. In the he greatlydistinguished next to Oxf., where yeaof adventure he began his career by going to France as a volunteer in the Low Countries in aid of the Huguenots, serving thereafter of adventure him engaged in his first voyage in The year 1579 saw Sir Gilbert. Their Humphrey conjunctionwith his half-brother, in North and settle lands discover but the to America; was object
expedition failed, chieflyowing to oppositionby the Spaniards. The next year he was against the rebels in Ireland; and fighting shortly thereafter attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth, in whose In 1584 he fitted out a new favour he rapidlyrose. ex colonising and succeeded in North to and America, discovering pedition occupy On his return he was named after the Queen. ingVirginia, knighted In the dark and anxious em days of the Armada, 1587-88, R. was service resistance, and rendered distinguished ployed in organising his haughty bearing in action. His favour with the Queen, and been enemies and rivals,and his intrigue had, however, raising up and of the Throckmorton, one private marriage with Elizabeth maids of honour, in 1 593, lost him for a time the favour of the Queen.
he returned of adventure to the schemes charm for and fired so him, by the Spanish great a of the fabulous accounts wealth of Guiana, he and of hij some friends fitted out an expeditionwhich, however, though attendee with various brilliant episodes, Restored t( proved unsuccessful. which in the ex appointed an Admiral to Cadiz, 1 596, and in the following peditions engaged in a; year was attack on the Azores, in both of which he added greatlyto his repu tation. The death of Elizabeth in 1603 was the turning point is R.'s fortunes. Thenceforward disaster clouded his days. The nev his ruin. Ac to compass sovereignand his old enemies combined cused of conspiring the former he all against against was, evidencq sentenced to death, and though this was not at the time carried out, he was imprisonedin the Tower and his estates confiscated. Durinj this confinement he composed his History of the World, which hi It is one of the finest specimens of Eliza brought down to 130 B.C. bethan and dignified and grave in style prose, reflective in matter Released in 1615 he set out on his last voyage, again to Guiana the favour of the Driven from had the Court
Queen,
he
was
which, like the former, proved

eldest
s.
failure,and
and
in which but
he
met
lost with the
hij
nc
He
returned
pityfrom his ungenerous of Spain,had him beheaded of the most striking one and
great
men.
dying man, King who, urged,it is believed, by

on
broken
Kinj
R. ii witt
Tower
Hill,October
in figures
an
29, 1618.
Of
a
intellect and
to prise which
age presence, he was possessed of a commanding which enabled him to shine in every enter versatility he set himself. In addition to his great fragment the
a
brilliant
crowded
noble

of 'story
out the
313
A Report of the Truth the World, he wrote of the Fight Azores, and The Discoverie of the Empire of Guiana, besides of a philosophic cast, of which perhaps the chiefly and that The Pilgrimage, beginning Go, Soul, the
"
poems are "est known "dy'sGuest." The orks

most
arious
recent Lives with Lives (1829),
are
and by Stebbing (1892), and Birch. by Oldys
Hume
(1898).
"
dau, of an English/.and a French she lived in London, but about 1874 she many years She wrote which where she d. had nt to Italy, over 40 novels, the best known of them nsiderable are popularity. Among "ther. For nder Two Maremma.
LOUISE DE LA 6. at Bury St. Edmunds, jvelist,
RAMEE,
("OUIDA")
(i84o?-i9o8).
Flags,Puck,
She
Two
but on the whole she her ,casionally power, and are not likely have an unhealthy tone, want to reality, itings literature. in ve place permanent any
also wrote a book considerable shows
Little Wooden Shoes, In a Winter City, of stories for children, Bimbi.
RAMSAY,
anager amsays mall 1701
"
ALLAN
Poet, (1686-1758).
"
s.
of
mine-
claimed kin with the Leadhills, Dumfriesshire, who In his infancyhe lost his /. and his mother of Dalhousie. m. laird,"who gave him the ordinaryparishschool education.
at
,
apprenticeto a wig-maker, took of the a Easy Club," of which tcairn and Ruddiman, the grammarian, were members, and of which The laureate." club pub. his poems made as was they were and their to awaited with be irown soon off, began appearance additional In he canto Christ's Kirk terest. the to on 1716 pub. an sometimes attributed to James I., and in een, a humorous poem of the a bookseller, his shop being a meeting-place 19 he became in erati of the city. A coll. ed. of his poems appeared 1720, among to which were e subscribers Pope, Steele, Arbuthnot, and Gay. In 1724 he followed by Fables and Tales, and other poems. was
came
he
to
Edinburgh
as
writingpoetry, became
"
member
"
Scots songs set gan the Tea Table Miscellany, a collection of new collection of old Scots poems old melodies, and the Evergreen, a This was R. as ed. took great liberties. th which of work a kind and in which he was far from successhe was not qualified, r which and most meritoriThe Gentle Shepherd,by far his best known
work, hich, to
appeared
certain a in character, unaffected sentiment, and vivid description, ounds ter this success R., satisfied with his reputation, produced nothing of ore importance. He was the first to introduce the circulating his other enterprises was an unrary into Scotland, and among ccessful attempt to establish a theatre in Edin. On the whole his successful one, and he had the advantage of a a happy and was and contented .eerful, sanguine, id
had immediate an 1725, and popularity It is a pastoraldrama, and extent, it retains. in
spirit. His
foible
was
an
innocent
good-natured vanity.
EDWARD BANNERMAN A clergy(1793-1872).
"
RAMSAY,
an
of the Scottish EpiscopalChurch, and Dean of Edinburgh in that mmunion from has in literature a 1841, place by his Reminisnces of Scottish Life and Character, which had gone through 22 ed.
314
of full of the engaging personality It is a book at his death. andl and traits entertaining interesting author, and preserves many have otherwise, in all probability, must which anecdotes in Scotland. most of the men one popular Dean The was deservedly
thd
perished.l
RANDOLPH,
THOMAS
Poet (1605-1635)."
and
and
dramatist,
som"
Jealous
poems.
School ed. at Westminster and led a wild life in London. Lovers, Amyntas, and
He
was a
Camb.,
He The well in
was
wrote Muses'
a
a friend of Ben Jonson six plays,including The
and Looking-glass, his
scholar
as
as
a
wit, and
plays
cold
are
full
o:
learningand condensed
RAPIN
Castres,
came
thought
PAUL
stylesomewhat
"
and
hard
DE
THOYRAS,
b. ai Historian, (1661-1725).
Protestant Savoyard family,anc of the Edict of Nantes in 1686
to
Languedoc, belonged to a England on the revocation

served with into
to
He
afterwards
William His
III. in Holland,
and
accom
panied him
French, was writers, and
Hume's.
England
translated
was
in 1688.
History of England, written
in
the
English, and continued by various until standard the o: history appearance

B. (1737-1794)." in
RASPE, RUDOLF
ERIC-
Hanover,
was
a prof,hi Cassel, and keeper of the Landgrave of Hesse's antiqu" of which he was and medals, in the purloiningof some de gems Here for he won himself a certain place tected, and fled to England. in 1785 of Baron in English literature by the publication Munchau
sen's Narrative. Only a small portion of the work in its presem later by another the is rest having been added hand form by R., He appears to have maintained more or less during life his charactei in Scott's Anti of a rogue, and is the prototype of Douster-swivel quary.
RAWLINSON,
GEORGE
and
Historian, (1812-1902)."
ed. at 1872. He from
b.
ai
was
Chadlington, Oxfordshire, Canon of Canterbury from of Ancient ship History

are a
Oxf., took
held the 1861.
orders, and
Camden
Professor
translation
of
at Oxf. Herodotus
Eastern World of the Ancient Manual Ancient The Sixth and Seventh (1862-67), of History (1869), Great Oriental Monarchies (1873-77), Historyof Ancient Egypt (1881) Histories of the
Historical Henry R., q.v.), Records, The Five Great Monarchies
Among his works (1858-62) (with his brother, Sii Evidences of the Truth of the Scriptun
Phoenicians
and
Parthians, Memoirs
of Sir H.
Rawlinson
(1898). SIR RAWLINSON,

of the and held
HENRY
the
CRESSWICKE
service of the
(1810-1895)."
East India Com
Brother
above, entered
many importantdiplomaticposts. He studied the pany, cuneiform and inscriptions, pub. The Cuneiform Inscriptionso} Western Asia (i 861-80),Outlines of the History of Assyria (1852), He discovered deciphered most of the inscriptions by Sir A. H
Layard (9.1;.).
RAY, JOHN (1627-1705)." Naturalist, s. of

at Black
blacksmith
Notley,Essex, was at Camb., where and successively lecturer on Greek Trinity,
he became of a Fellow and mathematics. His

Latin a publicationwas which Cambridge, appeared in irst
315
near
catalogue of plants growing
1660. Thereafter he made of a tour Plants the Great Britain, and -pub. in 1670 his Catalogue of of England and the adjacent Isles. In 1663 he had travelled on the Continent F. Willughby, and in 1673 ap 'or three years with his pupil-friend, which extended the Low over peared Observations on his journeys, and France, with a catalogueof plants Countries, Germany, Italy, not native to England. On the death of Willughby, R. ed. his sons, where and in 1679 retired to his native he continued his village, until his death. These scientific labours included the ed. of W.'s History of Birds and Fishes, a collection of English proverbs, Wistaria Animalium. Wisdom
cursor
Plantarum He
was
Generalis for
and (1686-1704), known long popularly
of God
of
manifested in the works
of the
Theology. R. is have and to Dotany, grasped the idea of the natural classi appears fication of plants, afterwards developed by Jussieu and other latei His greatestsuccessors, naturalists. Cuvier, highly com' including and acquirements. mended his methods American READ, THOMAS BUCHANAN (1822-1872). poet, and lived much abroad. He wrote a was a prose portrait-painter, The Pilgrimsof the Great St. Bernard, and several books of romance, The New House Pastoral, The by the Sea, Sylvia, including poetry, md A Summer Story. Some of the shorter piecesincluded in these, Sheridan's The Ride," Drifting,"and Closing Scene," e.g.,
"
Paley's Natural
Synopsis Methodica by his treatise,The Creation a pre (1691), the father of English
"
"
"
have
great merit.
s. Novelist, (1814-1884).
"
READE, CHARLES
of
country
Bar to at but began his practise, with the most remarkable dramas, of which some iterarycareer He afterwards Masks and Faces, Gold, and Drink. rewfote the were irst of these as a novel, Peg Woffington which attained (1852), great
jentleman of Oxfordshire, ed. at Oxf., and Lincoln's Inn 1843. He did not, however,
called
the
appeared in 1856, his his torical novel, The Cloister and the Hearth, generally regarded as his Hard Cash Gaunt (1863),Griffith masterpiece (1861), (1867),Foul Put Yourself in his Place (1870), and A Terrible Temp Play (1869), tation (1871). Critics have differed very widely as to the merits of popularity. //
never
is
too late to Mend
R.
as
novelist, and
have
attributed
to, and
denied
him
the
same
it will be but that, while qualities; generally admitted very his writer of he at best unusual vividand a was unequal, power Nearly all are agreed as to the great excellence of The Cloister and the Hearth, Mr. Swinburne the very greatest placingit among of narrative." with written masterpieces Many of his novels were
.
"
view to the reformation of some Thus abuse. Hard Cash exposes certain private asylums, and Foul Play, written in collaboration with Dion Boucicault, is levelled againstship-knackers.
a
REED, HENRY
Literature in the
was Critic, (1808-1854).

"
Prof, of
d. in
a
English
Univ.
of
Pennsylvania.
He
shipwreck.
He
was
sympathetic and
of American men of whose works
delicate critic, and was the first among of letters to appreciate the genius of Wordsworth, he brought out an ed. in 1837. His lectures on
Hi)English Literature,
English History,and
English Poets
were
pub.
316
several Baron Castle

was Novelist, (1729-1807).
" "
REEVE, CLARA
written (1777),
the author
of
novels, of which
of Otranto,
with
The Old English only one is remembered of, or rivalrywith, H. Walpole's in imitation it has often been printed. which
REEVE,
sician, was
HENRY
on
Editor,etc.,s. (1813-1895)."
staff of the Times, He years. many the
of
phy
the
was for influenced he Memoirs Greville of and the Review 1855-95, and had an unusually wide place in society, the continent. of letters all over
foreignpolicyof which ed. of the Edinburgh 1865. He held a leading acquaintance with men
the north
REID, MAYNE
Ireland, he
and Mexican
went
Novelist,b. in (1818-1883)."
age of
20
of
set off at the
for Mexico
many for a short also was Returning to this country he began a engaged in literarywork. with The RifleRangers (1849). long series of novels of adventure War. He The include and had Voyagers, others
through
adventures,
to push his fortunes, including service in the time settled in Philadelphia
Scalp Hunters, Boy Hunters, and with boys. especially great popularity,
The
was Philosopher, (1710-1796).
"
Young
of
REID, THOMAS
the minister mother was
the
5.
he was b. His of Strachan, Kincardineshire, where of the At the the of one family Gregorys. gifted age of where he Marischal sent to he was Coll.,Aberdeen, 12 graduated, time as librarian, devoting himself and thereafter resided for some and the Newtonian of mathematics to study,especially philosophy. He
was
1748
Four mathematics in
minister of New hi 1737 ordained Machar, Aberdeen, and in communicated the he to Royal Society an Essay on Quantity. of the Prof, of Philosophy (including later he became one years and
was
natural chosen
Aberdeen, philosophy)in King's Coll.,

to
and
1763
he
Philosophy hi Glasgow. work, Inquiry into the Human Sense, directed against Hume's
succeed In the
Adam
Smith
as
Prof,
of Moral
followingyear he pub. his great Mind the Principles on of Common Human Nature. on Essay Up to
the appearance of the latter work in 1739 R. had been a follower of drawn therein from the idealistic Berkeley, but the conclusions philosophy led him to revise his theories, and to propound what is
philosophy,by which term rational In 1785 he to common beings as such. Essay on the Intellectual Powers, which was followed in 1788 R., who, though below the middle by that On the Active Powers. and fond of his bodily and size, was exercise, maintained strong until mental his death at 86. His writings, vigour distinguished by
as
usuallyknown
the
"
common
"
sense
is meant pub. his
the beliefs
logical rigourof
influence
method and clearness of style, exercised a profound in France but his attempted refutation as well as at home; of Berkeley is now considered to have failed. generally Works ed. by Sir W. Hamilton and H. L. Mansel. Sketch by Prof. A. C. Fraser (1898).
REID, SIR THOMAS

b. biographer,
at
WEMYSS
came
Novelist (1842-1905)."
after
an($
Newcastle, and
provincial newspapers
to London
with various being connected in 1887 as manager for Cassell

and his Co. Thereafter
more
317
he was, 1890-99, ed. of The Speaker. Among The Land are of the Bey (1882), writings Gladys permanent of W. E. Forster and Fane and Lives Lords (1888), (1883), Houghton Black (1902). He was (1891),and Playfair (1899),and William knighted in 1894.
REYNOLDS,
on
SIR
Painter JOSHUA (1723-1792).

"
and writer
clergyman and sclioolmaster at Plympton, Devonshire. he settled in London, where he attained studying art in Italy, is regarded as the He extraordinary fame as a portrait-painter. greatestEnglishrepresentativeof that art, and was first Pres. of the He the intimate friend of Johnson, Burke, was Royal Academy.
art, 5. of
a
After
of most of the celebrated of his time. men He has also a place in literature for his Fifteen Discourses on paint He also contributed to the Idler, ing, delivered to the Academy. Du and translated Fresney's Art of Painting. He suffered from in his latter years from failure of sight. He was deafness, and a man
Goldsmith,
and
indeed
of
great worth
the
a
and
amiability.
He
was
knighted in 1769.
"
RHODES, WILLIAM
in Bank of
wrote
BARNES Dramatist, was (1772-1826). of which he Chief became Teller. He England, Bombastes achieved Furioso, which burlesque, great popu
larity.
RHYMER, THOMAS RICARDO, DAVID

a
(SeeERCILDOUN). Political economist, s. (1772-1823).

THE
"
of
Jewish stockbroker, himself
followed
the
same
business, in which
On his marriage he conformed to acquired a large fortune. and powerful writer on economic Christianity.He was an original his chief work subjects, being The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation After from business he entered the (1817). retiring House his of Commons, to remarkable of lucid where, owing power combined with his reputationas a highlysuccessful man exposition, The of business, he acquired great influence. writingsof R. are classics his the of subject. among he
RICE, JAMES (1844-1882). Novelist,was

"
ed. at
Camb.,
wrote
a
and
studied
number
he drifted into literature. He law, from which successful novels in of collaboration with W. Besant
ABE
(q.v.).
b.
RICH, BARN
in Essex, saw write in 1574,
Writer (i54O?-i62O?).
"
of romances,
He began to militaryservice in the Low Countries. and took Lyly's Euphues as his model. Among his is The and Adventures romances numerous Wonderful Strange of Simonides, a Gentleman Spaniard and Riche, his Farewell to the Mili which furnished tary Profession (1581), Shakespeare with the plot for Twelfth Night.
RICHARDSON,
was joiner,
SAMUEL
Novelist, s. (1689-1761).
"
b. at
Derby.
a
His /. had
intended
him
for the
of a Church,
but
means
failed,and
at the
apprenticed to
business, became
and
of the House of Commons, in the year before his death purchased the moiety of the patent He was of King's Printer. twice m., and each of his wives brought
printer. printerof the Journals
to London, and was aê of 17 he went Careful and he prospered in diligent,
him
however, only four daughters were living six children, of whom, of the modern the did who was novel, death. originator his R., at he in until literature was when, to past 50 not take seriously 1740 in a proposalby two printers thai Pamela appeared. It originated letters for the use of persons write a collection of model R. should
but it soon developed in his hands correspondence, in the form of a corre is carried the which on into a novel in story it struck and absurdities, note a true o: spondence. With faults and sentiment, and exploded the prevalent idea that dukes prin and heroines the only suitable heroes z (Pamela was were cesses
unaccustomed
to
maid
and -servant),
it
won
immediate
and
phenomenal popularity
was In 1748 Clarissa Harlow, his masterpiece, pub.,and in 1753 Si; the author embodies his ideal of { Charles Grandison, in which All suffer from elaboration these of detai an Christian gentleman. in but with th" often becomes which tedious; deep acquaintance
motives
heart,
deep.'
has also
of the workings of the femal" of conduct, and especially their almost unrivalled; are pathos also is genuine an" they friend and coun R. had an unusual facultyas the platonic and to
a
seller of women, ministered who the
the centre of an vanity which became

was
admiring circle
somewhat of
of the excessive.
sex
distinction of first novel, Joseph Andrews, R. is described as Pamela.
evoking genius was begun as a skit

"
the
whos" Fielding,
or
parody
upoi
Life by
with
Sir W. L.
Scott
stout, rosy, vain, prosy little man.' in Ballantyne'sNovelists Library. Work

a
prefaceby
etc. Stephen (12 vols., 1883),
RITCHIE, LEITCH
and
b. at Novelist, (i8oo?-i865).
"
Greenocl
1820 adopted litera in business as a clerk in Glasgow, but about the bes wrote several novels of which ture as his profession. He is Wearyfoot Common known The Robber were ; others of the Rhin and The
Magician.
In his later years

"
he ed. Chambers' 's Journal.
RITSON, JOSEPH (1752-1803). Antiquary and

at
I critic,
at the sam
Stockton-on-Tees, settled in London
as
conveyancer,
time
his essential service to the preservation and appreciation of our ancien poetry. His chief works are A Collection of English Songs (1783] Ancient A Collectio Songs from Henry III. to the Revolution (1790), and of Scottish Songs (1794), etc.,
to relating
devoting himself to the study of ancient English poetry. B collector and critic he rendere acuteness as a a as diligence
Collection
of
temper,
Hood (1795). Of a in controversy continually and critics, includingJohnson, Warton, and Percy. His acutenes enabled him to detect the Ireland forgeries.He d. insane. vR.
was
.
Robin
all the Ancient Poenu and quarrelsom jealous with his fellow-collectoi
ROBERTSON,
s.
FREDERICK
of Captain Frederick R., of and ed. at Edin. and Oxf After holdingvarious curacies he becano in 1847 incumbent of TrinityChapel, Brighton,where his preachinj
.
WILLIAM Divin( (1816-1853). the Royal Artillery, b. in Londoi was

"
though it brought him under the suspicionboth of the High an in the Church, had an Evangelicalparties extraordinaryinflueno of and delicate Always constitution, his health ga\ highly-strung after his in had extended to six years, and b ministry Brighton way
d. in
1853.
The
beauty
of his life and
character
had
almost
coi
quered
the His
a
319
suspicionand
sermons,
many. have had
of which
his views had inspired dislike with which five series were pub. posthumously,
very
wide
popularity.
WILLIAM
ROBERTSON,
Delongedto
a
THOMAS
Dramatist, (1829-1871).
"
Never a success family famous for producing actors. number of which he had ful actor un himself, produced a plays, these are David usual popularity. Among Garrick, Society,Caste, and School.
ROBERTSON,
parish minister
WILLIAM
of
"
of the
Borthwick,
Midlothian,
which
ieived his earlier ed. at Dalkeith, epute; but his /.being translated
afterwards the
he was b., rethen had a school of some to Edin., he attended school, and
where
In 1743 he there, studying for the Church. of Gladsmuir, near minister jecame Prestonpans. In the '45 he himself to Sir J. Cope as a volunteer, his loyaltyby offering howed He soon which however, declined. a service began to take a was,
Univ.
in the debates of the General Assembly, of which he In 1758 he became of the to be the undisputed leader. one "ose in his and the of ministers Edin., following History of city year pub. wominent
part
Gotland, which
had
an
success, extraordinary
and
at
once
raised
Preferment lim to a foremost im place among Castle 1759, mediately followed: he was made Chaplain of Stirling of the Univ. of Edin. 1760, Principal King's Chaplain for Scotland In Scotland for and 1763. 1769 appeared 761, Historiographer he History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V., in 1777 The HisIndia. on Ancient ory of America, and in 1791 Historical Disquisition
British
n le
historians.
1780
had
R. retired from shown
the
management
and conspicuous ability,
of Church in which affairs, himself to study, and gave
whom of his distinmost were societyof his friends, among Tiished contemporaries. As a writer he possesseda finished style, carried his well-arranged which narraJear, measured, and stately, he
ive
also cool and sagacious, he was full and steady stream; he was ut, like Hume, apt to take his facts at second hand, and the material which has been in course of accumulation ast additional the value of his work and ince his day has rendered more more
as on a
terary, and
Lives
less and
less historical. Lord
and Bishop Gleig (1812), (1801), by Dugald Stewart Letters. in Men Brougham of
ROBINSON,
nd became
HENRY
was
CRABB
articled studied
Diarist,b. (1775-1867).
"
at
St. Edmunds, ury Between 1800 and
to
an
attorney
in
Colchester.
he with acquainted
1805
at various places in Germany, all the of letters there, nearly great men he
ncluding Goethe, Schiller, Herder, Wieland, etc. Thereafter On war "ecame correspondent to the Times in the Peninsula.
eturn
to London
his he was called in leader of the Eastern Circuit. Fifteen years later 813, and became and .e retired, and by virtue of his great conversational powers became in society, ther qualities, a leader going everywhere and he studied for the
Bar, to which
cnowingeverybody
us
worth
Diary,
Reminiscences
orefront
of its class,was
knowing. He d. unmarried, aged stands which Correspondence, pub. in 1869.

and
91, and in the
320
Poet,
saw s.
ROCHESTER,
some
JOHN
of the ist naval service

one
WILMOT (2ND EARL OF) (1647-1680)." Earl, b. at Ditchley in Oxfordshire, and ed. at Oxf.,
when he dissolute showed of the courtiers of of He
became
wore
of the most out at 3 3
himself
by
his wild life. He

manner.
conspicuous bravery. He. of Charles II.,and; was handsome, and witty,

wrote
a
charm a singular possessed many poems, light,graceful and
number
of
them
extremely gross.
Bishop]
him his death-bed, believed to have to his short pieceshe wrote been sincerelyrepentant. In addition and Valentinian, adapted from a Mankind, tragedy, a Satyr against
Burnet,
who
attended
him
on
Beaumont
and
Fletcher.
ROGERS,
a
HENRY
of the
Critic and theologian, was (1806-1877).

"
minister
Church, Congregationalist
in Univ. and
and He
ultimatelyProf,
was
a
of
English Literature Edinburgh Review, a reply to F. W. (1852), which displaysremarkable

to the
Coll., London.
is best known Phases and
contributor) This had
by
of
his
Eclipseof Faith
Newman's
acuteness
Faith.
workj
great; in
logical power,
s.
popularity. ROGERS,
SAMUEL
Poet, (1763-1855).
"
of
banker
London, received a careful privateeducation, and the his father's death, he became of which, on
From the his
entered
the bank, and)
partnerj principal
for literature
earlyyouth
he
showed
marked
taste
him to gratify; and enabled in hia his wealth fine arts, which in and munificeni well-known leader he a a later years was society ha of letters, his breakfasts, at which patron of artists and men celebrities in all assemble famousi' to being departments, delighted The Pleasures of Memory following poems: Human Columbus Life (1819), (1810), (1792), Jacqueline(1814), ana, Italy (i 822). R. was emphaticallythe poet of taste,and his writings, while full of allusion and finished description, rarelyshow passionofi reflections and of but rather the are intensity feeling; memory-*1 of a man of high culture and refinement expressedin polishe4f pictures He
was
the author
of the
"
verse.
He
had
considerable
powers
of conversation
and
sarcasm.
He
was
offered,but declined, the laureateship.
ROLLE,
at
RICHARD
the
(i29O?-i349).Hermit
"
and
poet,
the
uncer*
b.
Thornton,
which
Yorkshire,
was
at
Oxf.
Impressed by
tainty and
lution
to become of life he decided snares a hermit, a reso he carried out with somewhat romantic circumstances. He wrote various religious the treatises in Latin and English, turned into English verse, Psalms The Pricke and of composed a poem
"
Conscience which
was
"
in 7 books, in which
is shown
the
attitude
of
protest
rising againstcertain Papal pretensionsand

ROBERT
"
doctrines.
ROLLOCK,
the first of
was
(1555? -1599). Theologian and

Prof, in St. Andrews, and then He also held office as Prof, He of the ministers of the High Church.
a
scholar, b. in Stirlingshire, was

of the Univ. Principal
was one
first
of Edin.
Theology, and
one
of
the
earliest but
some
of
Protestant
sermons
commentators.
He
chieflyin Latin,
vernacular
of his
and
commentaries
are
wrote in
Scotch.

ROPER,
Kentish
321
of
a
WILLIAM
m.
Biographer,5. (1496-1578).
"
He has More. Margaret,dau. of Sir Thomas gentleman, his excellent and for in literature a place appreciative biography of Parliaments between He member of various his father-in-law. was a Roman a Catholic, he was 1558. Although he remained 1529 and Court of King's retain his office of of the to prothonotary permitted Bench after the accession of Elizabeth.
ROSCOE,
WILLIAM
Historian, s. (1753-1831).
"
of
/., devoting market-gardenernear Liverpool, for a time all his spare time to mental improvement. Subsequentlyhe entered the office of an attorney, and in due time went into business on his studies. In 1799 he however, his literary own account, continuing, which and local bank as partner proved an un joined a manager, in to fortunate suspend pay obliged, 1816, step, as the bank was In 1795 he rose into fame at a bound ment. by his Life of Lorenzo
It was followed in 1805 by the Life and Pontificate de' Medici, of of great ability, had not Leo the Tenth, which, though also a work the same his treatment of the Reformation success offending Catholics alike. Both works trans Protestants and Roman were lated into various languages. He also wrote some including poems, several the Grasshopper'sFeast, and The Ball and Butterfly's which the of on slave-trade, political questions, including pamphlets he was determined He also took a leading a part in the opponent. he represented in Parliament for a which public life of Liverpool, few years. He was an accomplishedbotanist.
"
assisted his
ROSCOMMON,
"
WENTWORTH
DILLON, 4TH EARL
OF
?(1633
Earl of Strafford, was b. in Ire 1685). land. the Continent, and enjoyed a He in his own considerable reputation day on the strength of a literary Essay on Translated Verse, and translations from Horace's poetical Art of Poetry.
Poet,
nephew of the famous studied and travelled on
ROSE, WILLIAM
STEWART
Poet (1775-1843).
"
and
trans
includ offices, lator,5. of George R/i who held various Government ing that of Treasurer of the Navy. After being ed. at Eton and of Lords. Camb., he was appointed Reading Clerk to the House He translated the romance of Amadis de Gaul (1803), Partenopex de Blots (1807),etc., and from 1823-31 was occupied with the of his life, his translations from the Italian, including the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto, in which he was encouragedby Sir W. He also produced a vol. of poems, friend he was. The Scott, whose Crusade of St. Louis (1810). work principal
ROSSETTI, CHRISTINA
GEORGINA
Poetess, (1830-1894).
"
sister of Dante Gabriel R. (q.v.}, b. in London, where she lived was all her life. She began to write poetry in earlygirlhood, of her some earliest verse in in the the of the Germ, appearing 1850 magazine her brother of the founders. was one pre-Raphaelites, of which Her Goblin Market and other Poems were subsequent publications A (1862),The Prince's Progress(1866), Pageant and other Poems and Verses New Poems (1881), (1893). (1896)appeared after her death. book of for children. Her life was verses Sing-Song was a L
322
in attending on her mother, who retired one, passedlargely a very duties. She twice rejectedpro lived until 1886, and in religious by imaginative posals of marriage. Her poetry is characterised and depth of thought. and simplicity expression, exquisite
power,
She her
from rarelyimitated any forerunner, and drew her inspiration and of her of I feeling.Many thought are own experiences poems imbued form with in more are deeply ; religious religious definitely she wrote In addition to her poems and motive. Common feeling and The Face of the Deep, a striking and sug place and other Stories, the on Apocalypse. commentary gestive
ROSSETTI,
painter,
was
DANTE
b. in London.
to scholar, who came His mother was King's Coll.,London. her mother's side, so that the poet was on
and Gabriele Rossetti, an Italian /.was England in 1824, and was Prof, of Italian in
"
GABRIEL
His
Poet (1828-1882).
one-fourth the
English. systematicstudy
He of
ed. at paintingin
was
Polidori, English', Italian,and King's Coll. School, and began!

three-fourths
in
Frances
1842, and
the
"
1848, with
Holman
Hunt, Millais, and others, founded painting. In 1849 he exhibited the

"
Girlhood
pre-Raphaeliteschool of of Mary Virgin," and
Beata his other pictures are Beatrix," " Monna Vanna," Dream." with Dante's art he worked hard Simultaneously at poetry, and and by 1847 he had written The Blessed Damozel Hand and Soul (both of which appeared in the Germ, the magazine of the pre-Raphaelites), Retro me Sathanas, The Portrait, and The vol. of translations and in 1861 he out from a the Choice, brought among and "
poets under the title of Dante and his Circle. The of his wife in 1862, after a married life of less than two years, told heavily upon him, as did various attacks upon his poetry, in Buchanan cluding that of Robert (q.v.) The Fleshly School of early
Italian death
"
he replied with to which His Poems which, in the vehemence coffin of his wife, and which were
Poetry
"
The
StealthySchool
he grief, had
of
Criticism. in the
of his
buried
exhumed, appeared in Ballads and Sonnets, containing 1870; effort, literary the sonnets In his later years forming The House of Life, in 1881. he suffered acutelyfrom neuralgia, which led to the habit of taking, chloral. Rossetti fastidious in composition; his poems was are as
and his last remarkable for condensation, finish, and exact expression of the poet's thought as for their sumptuous colouringand rich concrete In later years he was and became imagery. subjectto depression, somewhat of a recluse. embittered, and much Life by A. C. Benson (EnglishMen of Letters). Family Letters and Memoir with preface by the by W. M. Rossetti. Poetical Works
same,
afterwards
etc.
Rous, FRANCIS
Cornishman,
Versifier (1579-1659)."
of the
Psalms,
and a prominent Puritan, took a leadingpart in Parlia Provost of Eton, and wrote ment, was several theological and de votional works. His memory been has, however, kept green chiefly modi by his translation of the Psalms into verse, which with some
fications was
use
of Scotland foi adopted by the Church and Parliament in public worship, a position which it held almost exclusivel); until the middle of the igth century. It is still in universal ir use the Presbyterian churches of that country, though now accompanied

by hymns.
to maintain
323
Though rough, and sometimes, through the endeavour literalness, grotesque, it is strong and simple,and not
a
seldom deared
rises to it to many
certain
severe
beauty;
Scottish
"
of generations
and association Christians.
has
en
Row,
JOHN
Scottish (1568-1646).
ecclesiastical his
of the Scottish Reformers, was s. of John R., one in Fife, and a leadingopponent of Episcopacy. minister of Carnock His Historic of the Kirk of Scotland, 1558-1637, left by him in manu was Society. It is an printed in 1842 for the Wodrow script,
torian, b. at Perth,
authorityfor original
the
period.
"
ROWE,
of
Little Barford, Bedfordshire, bred to the a was income of ^300 a year, he devoted himself to an law, but inheriting Ambitious and several The dramas, literature, including produced The and The Fair Shore. Penitent, last,which is Jane Stepmother, his best, contains of true pathos, and holds its place. some scenes translated He also wrote and Lucan. some R., who was a poems, of very engaging manners, the friend of Pope, Swift, and man was lucrative received Addison, and appointments, including many that Poet
an
NICHOLAS good family at
and
poet, b.
of Under-Sec, Laureate
of State.
He
has
the
distinction
was
of
first ed. and
biographer of
Shakespeare (1709). He in 1715, and was buried in Westminster

"
being the appointed

with
Abbey,
was
epitaph by Pope.
ROWLEY,
actor
WILLIAM
Dramatist, (i585?-i642?).
an
ton
at
in the Queen's Company 1610. He collaborated with MiddleA Fair Quarrel and The Changeling,and in others with Dekker, Webster, etc., and wrote unassisted A New Wonder, A Match in
A Shoemaker, a Gentleman, and several others; also a called A Search for Money. R. was pictureof life in London vigor and humorous, lacked sweetness and smoothness. but his verse ous
Midnight,
RUDDIMAN,
THOMAS
Grammarian, (1674-1757).
"
b. in
Banff shire, and ed. at King's Coll.,Aberdeen, obtained in a position of the Advocates' Libra which in 1730 he became Library in Edin., rian. In 1714 he pub. his Rudiments of the Latin Tongue, which was for long the recognisedLatin in the schools of Scotland. grammar He
was
made
to printer
the Univ.
in
1728. R., who
was
one
of the
Latinists,produced an ed. of the works of George and an ed. of Livy said to be " immaculate." He also w ith Gavin version of the JEneid. notes, reprinted, Douglas's Buchanan,
of greatest
Scottish
Writer RUSKIN, JOHN (1819-1900).

"
on
art, economics,
wine
and
b. in London, sociology, Scotsman. a Brought up under Puritan influences, his education

was
the
s.
of
wealthy
merchant,
and morally bracing intellectually was mainly privateuntil he went
until 1840, when illness in a serious 1836; he remained his led and to six months' visit to a studies, Italy. On his terrupted in 1842 he took his degree. In 1840 he had made return the ac quaintance of Turner, and this,together with a visit to Venice, con stituted a turningpoint in his life. In 1843 appeared the first vol. of Modern to insist upon the Painters, the object of which was
to
Oxf.
in
in landscapeof superiority
the moderns,
and
of Turner, especially
to
324

masters.
all the ancient author and the work
The
earnestness
and
of originality
the
splendourof the
awakened
styleat
once
called attention
to the
of protest from chorus the ad a in second vol. the third A appeared 1846, herents of the ancients. 1860. Meanwhile he had pub. and fourth in 1856, and the fifth in The Stones of Venice (1851(1849), The Seven Lamps of Architecture work, Lectures on Architecture and Painting 53),perhaps his greatest of Perspective of Drawing (1856),and Elements (1854),Elements
which, however,
the publicationof the first the 17 years between Painters his views alike on religion and the last vols. of Modern and the of radical modified, had become a art necessity profoundly change in the moral and intellectual attitude of the age towards in their bearing upon life and social art, and economics religion,
(1859). During
and
conditions had
the
become
was profoundly in his life of in the endeavour was fluenced, had done, and the rest spent in the direction he desired. of the nation The the mind to turn the line in which his mind Political Economy of Art (1857)showed
prophet
as
rulingidea. He now teaching he Carlyle, by whose

his
assumed
the rdle of
pub. in the Cornhill that he began fullyto develop his views. It of oppositionand obloquy which him storm a continued for years, and which, while it acted injuriously his upon had effect in sensitive him no nervous or system, silencing highly There followed Munera Pulveris (Gifts of the modifying his views. Time and Dust), The Crown of Wild Olive, Sesame and Lilies (1865), a rticles. In Tide by Wear and Tyne, and innumerable 1869 R. fugitive Fine at first Prof, of the Arts Slade was Oxf., and endowed appointed His successive of drawing in the Univ. of lectures a school courses Aratra Pentelici of were as Pentelicus) pub. (Ploughs (1870),The Ariadne Nest Florentina and Love's Meinie (1872), Eagle's (1872), or less (1873). Contemporaneously with these he issued, with more health permitted, Fors as regularity, Clavigera(Chance the Cluband notes bearer),a series of miscellaneous essays, sold by the author himself direct to the purchasers, the first of a series of experi of which ments the Guild of St. George, a tea room, and a roadother were making enterprise examples hi practicaleconomics. After the death of his mother in 1871 he purchased a small property, moving; but Magazine in 1860, brought down upon
was was
"
"
it
in
Unto
this Last,
where he lived for the remainder Brantwood, in the Lake district, of his life,and here he brought out in monthly parts his last work, Prcsterita,an autobiography, 24 parts of which appeared,
bringingdown
R.
was
a
the
story to 1864.
noble
Here
man
of
character
he d. on January 20, 1900. and impulses, but generous
and somewhat He is one intolerant. of our highlystrung,irritable, a nd coloured. greatest stylists, copious, eloquent, picturesque, highly His influence on his time was very great, at first in the department of art, in which he was for a time regarded as the supreme authority, later and in the realms of economics and increasingly morals, in which he was in 1848, but For his
at first looked upon as an unpracticaldreamer. the union proved unhappy, and was dissolved Life see his own Prcsterita. works, especially
He in
m*
1855. Life and
Works
son,
Shorter (1889-93). etc.
T. J. Wise by Collingwood (2 vols., 1893). Bibliography, works Mrs. A. by Hobson, F. Harri Meynell,J.

RUSSELL, LORD
325
"
JOHN, IST
EARL
RUSSELL
(1792-1878).
and historical writer, third s. of the 6th Duke Statesman, biographer, of Edin. and the Univ. School ed. at Westminster of Bedford, was eminent of the most in 1813, and became one He entered Parliament with the acted He of the uniformly igth century. English statesmen all measures Whig and afterwards with the Liberal party, advocated the removal of tests, the extension of educa of progress, especially He was the leader of his party in tion, and Parliamentary reform. from of Commons the House 1834-55, representedthe City of Lon don from 1841 until his elevation to the peerage in 1861, and held the offices of Paymaster of the Forces, Home Sec., Colonial Sec.,
Foreign Sec., and
Prime
Minister, which
include
last he held
were
and 1865-66. His and importance, and in number Memoirs stitution (1821), of the
contributions
to literature
twice, 1846-52, considerable, both
Essay on the English Con of Affairs Europe from the Peace of Utrecht of Bedford, Life, (1824),Correspondenceof the 4th Duke Moore, Correspondence of Charles Diary, and Letters of Thomas statesman, Essays on the Rise and James Fox, and a Life of the same an^ Christian in the Religion the West of Europe (1873), Progressof
Recollections and
(1875). Suggestions
6. in Selkirk Historian, (1741-1793).
"
RUSSELL, WILLIAM
shire,and
Lord
a
apprenticedto
and
wrote
bookseller and
Elibank,
a
went'to London,
poems
where
in Edin., he was he followed
patronisedby
literature
aa
profession. He
fables,
which
and (1779),
History of Modern SIR WILLIAM RUSSELL,

in Co. staff of the
Europe,
History of America he left unfinished. War (1821-1907).

"
HOWARD
correspondent,b. Having joinedthe

dent
to the
called to the Bar in 1850. Dublin, was sent as war Times, he was correspon which caused
a
tion, and
army. America
profound sensa improved condition of things in regard to the also correspondent in India during the Mutiny, in He was Civil War, and during the Austro- Prussian War of the during
led to
an
Crimea, his letters from
1866, and
the
Franco-German
War
of
1870-71, in
South
Africa
in
1879, and in Egypt in 1883. Among his A Hesperothen(1882), of Dr. Brady (1868),
with Russia Great War (1895). He various decorations. received also foreign The
The Adventures books are Visit to Chili (1890), and in was 1895, and knighted
RUTHERFORD,
controversialist, b.
where in he became settled he was
SAMUEL
at
(i6oo?-i66i). Theologian and

"
Nisbet, Roxburghshire, ed.

minister of Humanity of Anwoth in
at
Edin.
Univ.,
In
1623 Regent
as
he 1627 re-establish banished Aberdeen for to On the was nonconformity. of Presbytery in 1638 he was made Prof, of Divinity at St. ment and in 1651 Principal of St. Mary's Coll. there, and he was Andrews,
one
of Latin). (Prof, Galloway, whence
of the
Scottish
Commissioners
to
the
Westminster
Assembly.
was
At
he was the Restoration deprived of all his offices. He formidable controversialist,and a strenuous upholder of the his
divine
right of Presbytery. Among Presbyteries(1644),Lex Rex

Pretended
polemicalworks are Due Right of (1644),and Free Disputationagainst

Rex and
was,
burned
Lex Libertyof Conscience. by the common hangman,
led
after the Restoration, to the citation of the
326
author

for His
prevented from taking his spiritual and derests upon chief fame, however, effect. Sinners and to Himself, Christ drawing Dying votional works, such as of feeling and a fervour which his Letters, display but especially upon while highly relished by some, repelothers. a rich imagery which, high
treason, which his death
RYCAUT,
was
OR
RICAUT,
and held the Ottoman
SIR PAUL
various
Historian, (1628-1700)."
and translated Platina's
at
Camb.,
State of Present General Historic Knolles's Latin History of the Popes.
diplomatic positions. He wrote and continuation of a Empire (1668),

the
of
Turks,
RYMER,
ed. at Camb.,
THOMAS
a
and critic, Archaeologist (1641-1713)."

barrister
at
Age Considered, in which he passed judgments, their authors, includingShakespeare. He very unfavourable, upon which he as the collector of English treaties, use of much more was pub. under the title of Feeder a, in 20 vols.,the last 5 of which were
Sanderson (q.v.).R. also pub. poems and III. to William the office of historiographer received the of recognition many His learningand industry have historians. subsequent ed. after his death He a play,Edgar.
became last the Tragediesof
Gray's
Inn.
He
pub.
in
1678
by
R.
held
ST.
JOHN, H. (SeeBOLINGBROKE).
AUGUSTUS HENRY
SALA, GEORGE
(1828-1895). Jour
"
of Italian ancestry,began life as an nalist and novelist,b. in London afterwards and scene-painter, illustrator of books taking to litera Household to many contributed He including ture. periodicals, founder and the and London Illustrated was News, Words, and the The his novels were first ed. of Temple Bar. Buddington Among and of books He also travel, Alone. wrote an and Quite Peerage
work, autobiographical
his
Life and
"
Adventures
(1895).
man
SALE, GEORGE
and He also assisted
a Kentish Orientalist, (i697?-i736).
solicitor. practising in the of the Arabic
In 1734 he Universal New
pub.
translation of the Koran,

and
was one
History,
issued
"
of
the
correctors
Testament
by
the S.P.C.K.
SANDERSON,
Entering the Church
ROBERT
he
rose
(1587-1663). Theologian and

to be in Yorkshire, was His Bishop of Lincoln. standard was (1615), long a
at
casuist, b. of good family at Rotherham
Oxf.
Artis Compendium logic, LogiccB also were admired the subject. His sermons on ; but he is perhaps in Resolved his Cases Conscience best remembered Nine (1678), of by of head of which he has been the consideration at English placed He left largecollections of historical and heraldic matter casuists. in MS.
work on treatise
SANDS,
writer, b.
without tion with
at
ROBERT
New
CHARLES
York,
was a
"
scholarlyand
an
versatile
writer, but
much
His originality.
was
His chief poem

a
Yamoyden,
best work is in his short stories. Indian story written in collabora
friend.
SANDYS, GEORGE
s.
Traveller (1578-1644).
"
and
translator,
ed. at Oxf., is
i
of
an
Archbishop
of York, b. at
and Bishopsthorpe,

one
327
best of the earlier travellers,learned, observant, and of his journeysin the East truth -loving. He pub. in 161 5 an account translated when in America the He also which was highlypopular. metrical Paraphrase on the Metamorphoses of Ovid, produced a of the
Psalms, with
and
wrote
music
by Henry Lawes,
and
another
on
the Canticles,
Christ's Passion, a with in connection offices, chiefly
tragedy. He held various the colony of Virginia.

"
public
SAVAGE, RICHARD
Poet, was (i697?-i743).
probablyof
of humble s. of the Countess birth, but claimed to be the illegitimate He was the friend of Johnson in the earlyand miser Macclesfield. and in The Lives of the Poets J. able days of the latter in London; forth set has given his story as by himself, which is,if true, a singular record of maternal cruelty. There are strong reasons, however, for
doubting whether it was anything but a tissue of falsehoods mingled He led a wildly irregular life, gross exaggerationsof fact. sentenced he was killed a gentleman in a tavern brawl, for which to death, but pardoned; and by his waywardness alienated nearly For a time he had a pension of ^50 all who wished to befriend him. of his writingan ode yearlyon her from Queen Caroline on condition birthday. He wrote Love in a Veil (1718)(comedy) and Sir Thomas and two The Bastard Overbury (1723)(tragedy), (1728)and poems, He in Bristol. d. at The Wanderer (1729). prison
with
SAVILE, SIR HENRY
Scholar, ed. (1549-1622).

"
at
Oxf.,
He was afterwards Warden of where he lectured on mathematics. Provost made Coll. and of Eton, and translation from Merton a Tacitus entitled,The Ende of Nero and Beginning of Galba, etc. (1581), and in the same Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam year pub. Rerum of the chronicles a collection of some Prcecipui, subsequent to Bede, William Savilian of
Malmesbury, EDWARD
of Professorship
of Hoveden, etc. He founded and Geometry at Oxf. Astronomy
Roger
the
SAXBY,
in Cromwell's him
(d. 1658).
"
B.
in
Suffolk, and
was
His extreme Horse. republicanviews, however, led C. assumed into the bitterest antagonism when the Protector his This received in expression extraordinary ship. pamphlet, Killin which the assassination of C. is advocated, and ing no Murder, which displaysin a remarkable degree pervertedingenuityof argu
ment
combined in
with
considerable
literary power.
S. d. demented
in the Tower
1658.
SCOTT, ALEXANDER
Almost most tributed Rondel
(1525? -1584?)." Scottish

of his life, but he is believed Edin. near Thirty-six short
to have
poet,
spent
are
nothing is known of his time in or

to
pC3ms
at
Yeir Gift to Quene Mary, The him, includingA ne New and He has great a Love, satire, of Justing at the Drum. of and is and his satirical pieces musical, but variety metre, graceful
are
often
extremely coarse.
STOWELL
Seton
SCOTT, HUGH
the
name
Novelist (i863?-i9O3).
"
(under
in Merriman). He was an underwriter but devoted himself a b ent, Lloyd's, strong literary latterly of which to writing novels, many had great popularity. They in clude The Slave of the Lamp (1892), The Sowers considered (generally
of
Henry having
328
his
Roden's Corner (1898), Isle In Kedar's Tents (1897), best)(1896), Vultures The and Glove Velvet The (1901). (1902), of Unrest (1900), with great care, and his (1903). He worked Barlasch of the Guard fiction. He was modern in unusually best books hold a high place modest and in retiring character.
s.
SCOTT, JOHN
Poet, (1730-1783)."
a
of
Quaker draper
in his later years lived at Amwell, who poem, poet celebrates in his descriptive other
verse now
in Herts, which the village Amwell. He much wrote
forgotten.
ANN JOHN (ALICIA
SCOTT, LADY
1900).
Scottish may also be M. Lord songs mentioned
SPOTTISWQODE) (1801the writer of

a
John
Scott.
She
was
number
of them She
characterised
Annie
poeticfeeling. Among Laurie, Douglas, and Durrisdeer.

by
true
"
composed
the music
for them.
near
SCOTT, MICHAEL
at to
Novelist,b. (1789-1835).
at
and
ed.
Glasgow,
his which
and
settled in business
voyages, vivacious in two to account novels, Tom he turned which both of first ap the Cruise The and Midge, of Log Cringle's attained where deserved Blackwood's they Magazine, peared in popularity. They have frequently been reprinted. The author,
ences
making frequent sea
Kingston,Jamaica, which led and thus yielded him experi
however,
maintained
strict
during his incognito

"
life.
SCOTT, SIR WALTER

s. biographer,
and Poet, novelist, (1771-1832).

S., a Writer
of
one
of Walter
Margaret Rutherford,
dau.
to the of the
Signet in Edinburgh,
Prof, of Medicine
and in the
with several Univ. there. Through both parents he was connected of Harden, well old Border a scion of the Scotts families; his /.was In childhood he suffered from in Border known a early history. effects of which of the a one was fever, severe permanent lameness, and for
some
time
he
was
delicate. asserted of his
The
native he
vigour of
became
was
a
his
man
con
stitution,however,
soon
and itself, childhood
exceptionalstrength. spent grandfather'sfarm at Sandyknowe, Roxburghshire, and of intelligence he began to show interest from the dawn an lore which to have was so traditionary powerful an influence
future
Much
at
of his
almost in the
on
his
life,an
interest
which
was
nourished
and
stimulated
by
several of the older members of his family, of his aunts. one especially At this stage he was excitable child, who a quick-witted, required rather to be restrained than pressed forward. At the age of 7 he was
strong enough
was more
ledge and ordinary course

was
to be sent to the High School of Edinburgh, where he remarkable for miscellaneous and out-of-the-wayknow his powers of story-telling than for proficiency in the
of study; and notwithstanding his lameness, he in the forefront wherever adventure or fighting was to be had. Thereafter he was for three sessions at the Univ., where he bore much the same character as at school. He was, however, far from idle,and was all the time following the irresistible bent, which led to such brilliant results, in a course of insatiable read ultimately of ballads and to enlarge which he had by the time he ing romances, found 15
was
acquired a working knowledge
of French
and
Italian, and

had made the
329
acquaintance of Dante and Ariosto in the original. into his hands Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry,pub. in 1765, came influences of this in 1784, and proved one of the most formative the higher but preferring to his /., period. At 1 5 he was apprenticed he was branch of the profession, he studied for the Bar, to which favourite called in 1792. did his He studies, not, however, forego but ransacked in the the Advocates' Library for old manuscripts, he became of which so deciphering expert that his assistance soon to be invoked came longer standing. by antiquariansof much of hard not the attainment he worked at law his ideal was Although which should of extensive but rather an a fairly practice, paid post in leave him leisure for his favourite pursuits, and this he succeeded reaching, beingappointedfirst in 1799 Sheriff of Selkirk, and next in 1812 one of the Principal Clerks to the Court of Session, which in 1795 he him income of Meanwhile an together brought "1600. had translated Burger's ballad of Lenore, and in the following year he made his first appearance in printby publishing it alongwith a trans
lation of The Wild Huntsman About the same author. by the same " time he made the acquaintanceof Monk Lewis, to whose collec tion of Tales of Wonder he contributed the ballads of Glenfinlas, The Eve of St. John, and The Grey Brother ; and he pub. in 1 799 a transla tion of Goethe's Goetz von Berlichingen. In 1797 he was m. to Miss Charlotte Margaret Charpentier, the dan. of a French gentleman of
"
Scott's first Scottish the Border, of Minstrehy of in the next vols. appeared, the third following In 2 year. 1804 he went to reside at Ashestiel on the Tweed, where he ed. the old romance, Sir Tristrem, and in 1805 he produced his first great received with work, The Lay of the Last Minstrel, which was original and decided literature that thenceforth to be the was favour, great main of his life. In the same work few the first chaptersof year Waverleywere written ; but the unfavourable opinionof a friend led to the MS. being laid aside for nearly 10 years. In 1806 S. began, that association with the Ballantynes which by a secret partnership, resulted for him later. Marmion so 20 was unfortunately years pub. in 1808 : it was even more popular than the Lay, and raised his The same the publication of reputation proportionately. year saw his elaborate ed. of Dryden with a Life, and was also marked by a with whom he had been associated as a con rupture with Jeffrey, tributor to the Edinburgh Review, and by the establishment of the firm of J.Ballantyneand Co., of which the first important pub new lication was The Lady of the Lake, which appeared in 1810, The Vision of Don Roderick in 1811. In 1812 S. purchased following land on the Tweed near Melrose, and built his famous house, Abbotsof which became ford, the adornment of the chief pleasures of one his life, and which he made the scene of a noble and kindly hospi tality. In the same year he pub. Rokeby, and in 1813 The Bridal of while Triermain, 1814 saw The Life and Works of Swift in 19 vols., and was made illustrious by the appearance of Waverley, the two like its successors, of course, coming out in the same week, the latter, The next year, The Lord of the Isles,Guy Mannering, anonymously. and The Field of Waterloo appeared, and the next again, 1816, Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk,the Antiquary,The Black Dwarf, and work which of real 1802 The importance, year
saw
good position. The
the
of publication
L2
330
The
1817
saw
Old Mortality,while
enormous
Harold been
the Dauntless
and
Rob
Roy.
strain which
S. had
of business, began at of letters,and man series of severe seizures in this same year, 1817, he had the first of a his indomitable in the stomach, to which, however, spirit of cramp and several of his next works, The Heart of Mid refused to yield, his masterpiece,The Bride considered of lothian (1818), by many and all of Ivanhoe, The Legend of Montrose, 1819, were Lammermoor, dictated
to amanuenses,
man undergoing as official, lengthto tell upon him, and
while
he
was
too
illto hold
pen.
the publicbegan to detect a The Monastery, in which unknown author, appeared. The of the still generally the powers showed Kenilhowever, a recovery. Abbot, immediately following
In 1820 off in falling
of Nigel in 1822; worth and The Pirate followed in 1821, The Fortunes Well in 1823; Peveril of the Peak, Quentin Durward, and 5*. Ronan's Crusaders Betrothed and and Tales the in of (The Redgauntlet 1824, S. had reached this time in a The Talisman) long pinnacle 1825. By of letters has ever attained of fame such as perhaps no British man poet during his lifetime. He had for a time been the most admired
somewhat of his day, and eclipsedby Byron, he though latterly He also fame stillretained great as a poet. possesseda great repu tation as an antiquary,one of the chief revivers of interest in our the biographer and ed. of several of our as he maintained in regard to which the while incognito great writers; veil. The to many his novels was a very partial unprecedented pro of wealth; had made him, as he believed, a man fits of his writings immense a baronet, his social prestige was ; he had in 1 820 been made ancient
literature, and
still a real distinction,and he had been the acknow the King visited it in 1822, of his country when ledgedrepresentative which he had to change, and the fabric of prosperity All this was now when that
was
spoiledthe genius and labour, and which had never of his was character, suddenly to crumble generosity him as the possessor the result of into ruin with, however, revealing in his of qualities even greater and nobler than any he had shown he had firms with which The and printing happierdays. publishing
raised
by
his
and simplicity
crisis of 1826, and S. found fell in the commercial been connected involved in liabilities amount himself at 55, and with failing health, manfully and gallantly ing to ^130,000. Never was adversitymore met. Notwithstanding the crushingmagnitude of the disaster and the concurrent of his wife's illness, which issued in her sorrow soon task of working set himself to the herculean death, he deliberately off his debts, askingonly that time might be given him. The secret of his authorshipwas of course, revealed, and his efforts were now, crowned with a marvellous of success. Woodstock, his first measure after the in the same crash, appeared publication year and brought ^8000; by 1828 he had earned ,"40,000. In 1827 The Two Drovers, The Highland Widow, and The Surgeon'sDaughter,forming the first series of Chronicles of the Canongate,appeared togetherwith The Life of Napoleon in 9 vols.,and the first series of Tales of a Grandfather ; in 1828 The Fair Maid of Perth and the second series of Tales of a
of Geier stein,a third series of the Tales, and the of a complete ed. of the novels in 1829 ; a fourth and commencement last series of Tales, History of Scotland, and in 1830. other work Then at last the overworked brain gave way, and during this year
Anne Grandfather,
he had
more
331
He was for sent abroad paralyticseizure. was frigate placed at his dis change and rest, and a Government in vain; he never recovered, and though in posal. But all was Robert two rallies he novels, Count more produced of temporary in which that Paris and Castle Dangerous, both 1831, only showed the spellwas broken, he gradually sank, and d. at Abbotsford on September 21, 1832. looked at as regards its whether S. accomplished, The work which amount is alike marvellous. In mere his output its quality, or mass in each of the four departments of poetry, prose fiction, historyand biography,and miscellaneous literature is sufficient to fillan ordinary the quantity of his acknowledged work in life. Indeed literary held to be the strongest argument against other departments was The achieve the possibility of his being the author of the novels. than
one
rapid work
of steady, methodical, and a power in the unparalleled historyof literature. When struck by the range of subjectand the turn to its qualitywe we are In generalthere is the same variableness of the treatment. fulness
ment
of such
result demanded
almost
of mind works
directed there
style is often
and judgment, but the and and in most of his even slipshod, heavy, loose, " " are patches in which he falls far below his best. His
sense by strong practical as a
poetry, though
broad and freshness.
"
whole
belonging to
the
second
class, is full of
bold
and an effects, picturesqueness, much he stands As a lyrist, however, Maisie

"
gems takes
course,
as
Proud
his
place among
our
upon
the novels.
and and in such higher, and " A weary lot is thine, Fair Maid," he greatestsingers. His chief fame rests, of Here in also, however, there is the same
rush irresistible
but there is a singular command his over equalityand irregularity, genius in virtue of which the fusing, creatingimagination responds to his call,and is at its greatest just where it is most needed. For the variety, and aliveness of his characters he has truth, probably no and of since equal Shakespeare, though, course, coming far behind, he resembles and in his insight. The most him alike in his range is the union remarkable feature in his character of an imagination of the first order with practical and sagacity manly sanity,in this also resembling his great predecessor. ed. Edin., called to Bar 1792, Sheriff of Sel of Session 1812, first pub. translation of 1799, translation from German, Lenore, etc., wrote ballads and made pub. Scottish Border Last Minstrel Minstrelsy of 1802-3,Lay of 1805, began Waverley 1805, partner with Ballantynes 1806, pub. Marmion 1808,
"
SUMMARY.
B.
1771,
kirk
PrincipalClerk
Lady of Lake
1810,
began
began
Baronet
and
continued
1820, ruined
to build Abbotsford 1812, Waverley novels health 1814-31, began to fail 1817, made failure of by Ballantynes 1826, devotes rest of Tales
his life to
off debt by novels and historical works, clearing Grandfather, Life of Napoleon, etc., health finally gave way
of a 1830, d.
1832.
The
great authorityis
the
plemented by
Life by Lockhart, but it has been sup Journal (1890)and Letters (1893). Short Lives by
Hutton,
etc., etc.
the
G. Gilfillan, R. H.
SCOTT, WILLIAM
s.
BELL
engraver,
Poet (1811-1890).
"
and
painter,
of Robert
S., an
and
brother
of David
b. in S., painter,
332
pub.

historical subjects. He painted chiefly and The Year of the World, Hades poetry, including and
Edin., settled in London,
five vols. of he excelled, and in fine sonnets, a form of poetry in which and many Little Masters in the Great and The A rt prose Half -hour Lectures on " He also ed. a series of English Poets," and wrote Artists Series. Albrecht of and Diirer, etc. brother of his one Life a
SEDLEY, SIR CHARLES
?-i701)-Poet, s. (1639
" .
and heir of
and, coming to the Court of Charles baronet, was a Kentish of its of the most popular and brilliant members one II., became of author the two and three He circles. was tragedies dissipated lauded in their day, comedies, now forgotten,though extravagantly the best known and songs, of which are and of some Phyllis poems
at Oxf the witty and profligate Catherine His only child was Chloris. Countess created her of Dorset. who Bellaof mistress II., S., James founded Terence and o n mira and The Mulberry Garden, respectively in Moliere, are his best plays. His prose pamphlets and essays is better than his verse. and
SEELEY, SIR JOHN ROBERT

s. essayist,
"
and
"
of
and
Camb.
was
don, and
death.
School in London, ed. at City of London a publisher Latin Univ. at Prof, of In 1863 he became Coll.,LonProf, of Modern History at Camb. from 1869 until his
a
1865 appeared anonymously Ecce Homo, and keen controversy in created intense excitement Other works The Life and world. and religious were
In the Prussian sion of Goethe.
statesman
work
which
the theological Times of Stein,
The Expan Natural Religion(1882), (1879), and work a on England (1883),Life of Napoleon (1885), left finished British but The Growth Policy (1895) was of In recognition of his services to the empire unrevised at his death. he in in his political 1894, rnade K.C.M.G. writings was,
and scholar, b. SELDEN, JOHN (1584-1654). Jurist

"
near
'
Worthing, Sussex, the s. of a farmer who was also a musician, ed. at Chichester and Oxf., and studied law at Clifford's Inn and the Inner attention attracted and, though pracTemple. His learningsoon he consulted little, was on tising points involvinglegalerudition. His first work, Analecton collec a chronological Anglo-Britannicon, tion of English records down to the Norman written invasion, was in 1606, though not pub. till 1615. In 1610 appeared a treatise on
'
the Duello, or SingleCombat; and in 1614 his largest English work Titles of Honour, full of profound learning,and still a high on authority. Three years later, 1617, he wrote in Latin his treatise, De Gods of Syria), an inquiry into polytheism, w ith reference the false deities mentioned in Scripture. to specially His reputationas a scholar had now become European. In 1618 he incurred the indignation of the King and the clergyby his History of he denied their claim to be a divine institution. Tithes, in which Called before the High Commission he made a statement regretting the publication of the book though not withdrawing any of its state In 1621 he suffered a brief imprisonment for withstanding of James's doctrines as to the privileges Two of Parliament. later elected he member for Lancaster. As was a years politician his views were to repress the moderate, and all along he endeavoured ments.
some
Deis
Syris (on the
both on zeal of the extremists Tower for four years, 1630-34. much and Parliament he was moderate sides.
333
He was imprisoned in the During the final struggleof King
views,
was
under frequently
he tion of the King, to which He do with public matters. his Assembly, 1643, where somewhat of made him tongues the divines. Earl of Kent, lived in such
were
of men employed; but like most a nd after the execu suspicion, was stronglyopposed, he took little to of the Westminster was a lay member profound knowledge of the original
a
terror to certain extremists among to the He had at an earlyage been appointed steward he had long and at the house of his widow, with whom close friendship as to give rise to the belief that they
m.,
of
the
he d. Arundel
calendar I
be mentioned a description may Marbles (1629),a treatise concerning the Jewish his Table Talk, pub. 1689, of which and, specially, (1646),
Among
other
works
said Coleridge
"
find in the can likewise He was
there is more'.; weighty bullion sense in this book than number of pages of any uninspiredwriter." same of various treatises on constitutional the author
Clausum and the law of nations, includingMare matters (a Closed the of in its in defence of circumfluent seas. Sea), England property written in Latin. Most of these were with Coll. Works Lives of Selden and
Life, Dr.
Ussher.
Wilkins
(3 vols., folio, 1726), Aikin's

"
SELLAR,
WILLIAM
YOUNG
Scholar, b. (1825-1890).
in
of Sutherland, ed. at Sutherlandshire, his /.being factor to the Duke in 1859 Prof, of Greek at St. Glasgow Univ. and Oxf., became He pub. a work Andrews the on and, in 1863, of Latin at Edin. Roman Poets followed of the Republic(1863), of these hold
a
the Augustan Age. Both works of scholarship.
by The Roman high place among
Poets
of
modern
SEMPILL, ROBERT
1659?), SEMPILL,
SEMPILL, ROBERT (1530 P-I595),

"
?(1595
FRANCIS
longing to the
was
same
(i6i6?-i682). poets, all be the last two family, being /. and 5. The first
Scottish
in Paris at the massacre of St. Bartholo was mainly a satirist, extremist division to the and of the mew, belonged Reforming party, the death of Murray, A ne The Com Regente'sTragedy laments The second Robert wrote plaintupon Fortoun, the fall of Morton. The Life and Death of Habbie Simson, the Piper,a humorous descrip life. Francis tion of old Scottish occasional wrote pieces. The and let me She Rose to him, is now in, formerly attributed song to be by Tom known D'Urfey (q.v.).
SENIOR, NASSAU
s.
WILLIAM
Economist (1790-1864).
"
and
essayist, of a clergyman, was b. at Compton Beauchamp, Berks, and Oxf., studied law, and was ed. at Eton called to the Bar in 1819. held He twice the Professorship of Political Economy at Oxf., 1825of the Poor important service as a member 30 and 1847-52, rendered Commission of 1833, and wrote Law its Report. S. holds a high position Englisheconomists, and made many contributions to among the literature of the science,including Outline of the Science of Politi cal Economy (1836). He was, moreover, of considerable ver a writer his in works literature general satility, includingEssays on Fiction Historical (1864), and and specially Essays (1865), Philosophical his
334

1877-87. Among
his
335
and other Poems writingsare Kilmahoe (1864), Culture and Religion(1870), Studies in Poetry and Philosophy(1868), of Letters Series. He also in the English Men and a Life of Burns Tait in the Life of Prof. Forbes with collaborated writing Principal and ed. the Journal of Dorothy Wordsworth. (q.v.),
SHAKESPEARE,
poet, b.
at
WILLIAM
On
"
and
22nd or on 23rd, and his side he father's April,1564. belonged to a baptisedon his descent cannot be traced stock, though certainly good yeoman near S., settled at Snitterfield, a Richard beyond his grandfather, been a man of intelli His /.,John S., appears to have Stratford. of set up in Stratford as a dealer in all kinds gence and energy, who
Stratford-on-Avon,
26th
Warwickshire,
produce, to agricultural
became
which
he
added
prosperous, and gained the evidenced by his election in succession to all the municipal honours those of chief alderman and high bailiff. of his community, including
He
nt.
the trade of a glover. He respect of his neighbours,as is
Mary, youngest
and
Wilmcote,
tion, and whose Mary inherited

The William
dau. of Robert Arden, a wealthy farmer at branch of a family of considerable distinc a younger S. had been. On her father's death tenant Richard to it. Asbies, a house with 50 acres of land attached
d. in infancy. two dau., who first children of the marriage were three sons, Gil the third, and others followed, of whom was and a dau. Joan, reached bert, Richard, and Edmund, maturity. He
was
ed. with his brother Gilbert at Stratford Grammar School, where and arith Grammar, he learned Latin from Lilly's English,writing, of the Latin classics and may have He probablyread some metic. and his learned friend Ben credits little Greek, a though Jonson got " less Greek," Aubrey says he " knew and little Latin with him Latin
was
pretty well."
about 13, when
on
This his
happy
/. fell
state
of matters and
continued
until he
to appears of the prosperity poet gone him to reinstate the family in its former in later years enabled posi taken from school, and appears tion. Meanwhile, however, he was
into
misfortune, which
have
deepening until the
success
to have
fact in his 1 8, to Ann
his business. The next certain in November, marriage 1582, when he was dau. of the at a yeoman Hathaway, neighbouringhamlet Various circumstances of Shottery, and 8 years his senior. point to the marriage having been againstthe wishes of his own family,and been made
to assist his
/.in
historyis his
pressedon by that of his wife, and that it was so urged in defence of the reputationof the lady, and as perhaps might be expected,they that it did not prove indicate, though not conclusively, altogether in The of his eldest child Susannah birth, May, 1583, (who happy. is said to have inherited something of his wit and practical ability, followed in the next and who a Dr. m. John Hall), year by that of and Judith,and the necessity of increased led twins, Hamnet means, he travelled foot to to his departure from Stratford, whence on London, where the next 23 years of his life were mainly spent. The his tradition that departure was also caused by trouble into which the deer of Sir Thomas he had got by killing Lucy, of Charlcote, is Stratford in credible. the or Leaving 1585 beginning of 1586, he
seems
at
once
to
have
turned
to
the theatres, where

"
he in
a
soon
found
mean
as Rowe, his first biographer, work, although, says,
very
336
rank."

,
before he had of not long, however, opportunities It was the result with that he actor, an as shortly showing his capacities chief of the the of acting day,! of companies member one a became Earl the of of and Leicester, the under then patronage which was various of other at 1 the with noblemen, names associated after
being
last
known the accession of James I. became " " Theatre in The It played originally panyfirst playhouse to be erected in England, and Rose " on the Bankside, South wark, the scene
on
"
as
the
in
King's Com- 1 Shoreditch, thel

thel
sue-
afterwards in of the earliest
cesses
of S. and built
as
an
actor
a
"
acted 1595
was
in occasionally 1599
on
playwright. Subsequently to playhouse in Newington Butts, and

and Curtain."
10
in the the
Bankside, and
In the latter year years later the

"
the
"
1594, he 1 5 between " Globe

"
Blackfriars:
with the former, the remainder of I and with these two, but especially It is not that visited he associated. life was unlikely his professional the! in Scotland ever or on various provincial towns; but that he was the plays in which he appeared is improbable. Among Continent and in Hamlet Humour in his Man and Sejanus, were Jonson'sEvery " said that his is brother Gilbert and it as an I The Ghost; he
played
man
"
old
remembered
was
his
appearing as
"
Adam
1595 S. written and
By
and prosperous; Venus and A donis, and Lucrece, 1 his poems had been the of sonnets, and probably most pub. and received with friends and patrons, inHe had also powerful extraordinary favour. at Court. By the eludingthe Earl of Southampton, and was known the as end of the century he is mentioned by Francis Meres (q.v.) famous acted, and
in As You Like It.\ his earlier plays had been!

"
j
j
had become valu so of letters of the day, and his name to affixed works, e.g. I able that it was by unscrupulous publishers Locrine, Oldcastle,and The Yorkshire Tragedy, by other and often with He had also resumed a close connection very inferior hands. restoration of the the and was Stratford, family position making
greatestman
there duced
In accordance with this he in-,' object of his ambition. which was given,and he /. to apply for a grant of arms, in the village. With the house Place, the largest purchased New actor and dramatist, and income derived from his profession an as Blackfriars of the Globe and his share of the profits theatres, and with which of the business he in view capacity managed his affairs, the his he may
ing to
be regarded as almost a his influence in Stratford
the favour of Elizabeth, and her his fortunes, as he stood quite as well with her successor. King's Servants," and his pany received the title of the
"
wealthy man, and he went on add- i by buying land. He had enjoyed death in 1603 did nothing to disturb
His
com
frequently performed before
the Court. But the clouds had his life. The gathered over in 1 60 1 had involved several of his friends and he had himself been entangled in the unhappy
plays were notwithstanding this, conspiracy of Essex

patrons
love in disaster; is affair which
to be referred to in some of his sonnets, and he had suffered unkindness of a friend. at the hands For a few years his dramas breathe the darkness and bitterness of a heart which has been sound ing the depths of sad experience. He soon, however, emerged from this and, passing reached the through the periodof the great tragedies,
supposed
serene
triumph and
connection
long
peace of his later dramas. with the stage,and retired
In 161
to
S. severed
his the
Stratford, where

remaining five
337
spent in honour and prosperity. years of his life were his will. Early in 1616 his health began to give way, and he made his friends,Jonson and DrayIn the spring he received a visit from with which it was celebrated to have seems ton, and the festivity brought on a fever, of which he d. on April 23. He was survived by
his two married. His de were dau., both of whom Hall. d. out with his granddaughter, Elizabeth research has been spent upon the writings of S., with the result of substantial agreement as to the order of their production their subjects from which and the sources were drawn; for S. rarely his wife and scendants Immense with the construction of a story,but adopting one it foundation reared of those marvel as a one alreadyexisting upon make him the greatestpainterand inter lous superstructureswhich world has ever character the human His period of seen. preter troubled himself from about 1588 to 1613, and falls " which Prof. Dowden has named, In divisions, the World" the Workshop" ending in 1596; "In 1596-1601; Out of the Depths" 1601-1608; and " On the Heights" 16081613. Of the 37 plays usuallyattributed to him, 16 only were pub. of
literaryproduction extends
naturallyinto four
"
during his lifetime, so that the exact order in which they were with certainty. Recent produced cannot always be determined authorities are agreed to the extent that while they do not invari individual the order, they are almost ably place plays in the same which at one to as belong to the four periodsrespectively. entirely list shows in a condensed The following form the order accordingto National Mr. Sidney Lee of (Dictionary Biography) with the most the and which dates the plays are sources on original probable
founded. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE FIRST LOVE'S LABOUR Two GENTLEMEN
LOST
OF
OF
SHAKESPEARE'S 1588 P-I596

"
PLAYS
PERIOD"
"
(1591)
VERONA
"
Plot probably original.
(1591)
The
Shepherdess Felismena
in
George
COMEDY OF ROMEO AND Pleasure VI. HENRY
of Montmayor's Diana. ERRORS (1591) Mencechmi
of Plautus
romance
JULIET (1591) Italian

"
in
and earlier play. Painter's Palace, of
and
i, 2,
Broke's and 3
"
Romeus
(1592)
"
and Juliet. Retouched old
plays,probably
with
Marlowe.
RICHARD RICHARD III. (1592-3) Holinshed's Chronicle. II. (1593-4?) do. ANDRONICUS (1594) Probably chiefly by JOHN (1594) Old play retouched.
" " "
TITUS
KING
Kyd, retouched.
SECOND
MERCHANT earlier MIDSUMMER ALL'S WELL
OF
PERIOD"
1596-1601-2 novels, Gesta Romanorum,

and
VENICE
(1594)
"
Italian
plays.
" "
NIGHT'S DREAM (1595) North's Plutarch,Chaucer, Ovid. ENDS W":LL THAT (1595) Painter's Palace of Pleasure. SHREW TAMING OF THE (1596?) Old play retouched, and Supposes of G. Gascoigne, Shakespeare's in part only. HENRY IV. i and 2 (1597?) Holinshed and earlier play. MERRY WIVES WINDSOR OF (1597-8) Italian novels (?).
" " "
HENRY
V. (1599).
338

(1599)." Partly from Italian. (1599)" Lodge's Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden (1599)" B- Riche's Apolonius and Silla.
NOTHING
ADO ABOUT MUCH IT LIKE As You NIGHT TWELFTH
THIRD
PERIOD"
1602-1608
JULIUS CAJSAR
HAMLET
Troilus and* (1603?) Probably Chaucer's CRESSIDA AND TROILUS Cresseide and Chapman's Homer. OTHELLO (1604) Cinthio's Hecatommithi. MEASURE (1604?) Cinthio's Epithia. FOR MEASURE Holinshed. (1605-6?) MACBETH do. LEAR (1606) ATHENS (1607?) Palace of Pleasure and Plutarch written TIMON OF
" " " " " "
(1601)"North's Plutarch. (1601-2) Belleforest's Histoires Tragiques.

"
with G. Wilkins(?) and PERICLES (1607-8) Gower's

"
W.
Rowley (?).
"
Confess^ Amantis, with G. Wilkins(?).

Plutarch. do.
ANTONY
AND
CLEOPATRA
(1608) North's
CORIOLANUS
(1608)
"
FOURTH CYMBELINE
camerone.
PERIOD" Holinshed
"
1608-1613
and Ginevra
in
(1610-11?)
"
Boccaccio's
De"
WINTER'S TEMPEST
HENRY
(1610-11) Green's Dorastus and Fawnia. Discovery of the Bermudas. (1611?) S. Jourdain's VIII. (1612-13) Draft by S. completed by Fletcher
TALE
" "
and
perhaps
Massinger.
POEMS VENUS
RAPE
AND
OF
LUCRECE
SONNETS The evidence in
(1593). (1594). (1591-94?).

"
ADONIS
as to chronology is three-fold (i)External, such ass of Stationers' Company, contemporary refer registers and in or details as to the companies of actors ; (2)External ences, in the such references to events or ternal combined, books, as plays and treatment, progressivechanges im etc.; (3) Internal, content The versification, genius of presence of frequency of rhyme, etc. dramatic that it is to S. was so impossible say confidently intensely The character. he speaks in his own when sonnets, written pro bably 1591-94 have, however, been thought to be of a more per
entries
and to his character have been ingenuity expended to them make yieldtheir secrets. It is generally agreed that they fall into two sections,the first consisting of sonnets to i to 126 addressed the Earl of a young probably Henry Wriothesley, man, Southampton, friend and patron of S., and 9 years his junior; and the second fronn to a woman in whose the or snares referring 127 to 154 addressed sonal
nature,
and
to
contain
indications
as
history, and
much
labour
and
writer had
however,
behalf
not
become and by whom he was entangled, held that they are or allegorical, of others, or that the emotion they express have
betrayed. Some; partly written on

is dramatic
and
personal.
There to him show are contemporary references to S. which have held in high regard. Thus been generally Ben Jonson says, the man, as much as idolatry,
"
I loved
and
do
any,"
honour to his memory, this on and Chettle refers to His demeanour

"
side
no
339
he professes." The only ex iesse civil than exelent in the qualities " an ceptionis a reference to him in Greene's Groat' s-worth of Wit, as with his heart that with beautified our feathers, tyger's upstart crow out a hide supposes he is as well able to bumbast wrapt in a player's conceit the and is in his own is said to have written rapidly In he had set down. to alter what and with facility, requiring rarely have been received attributed others addition to his generally works, have been already mentioned of which : the only two to him, some blanke as verse Shake-scene only the best of you in a countrie."
. . .
He
The Two serious claims to consideration to have are appear of which Edward and Noble Kinsmen, III., Fletcher, part partlyby been thought to be Shake of Act II. have of Act I. and the whole speare's. On the other hand a theory has been propounded that of the playsbearinghis name his,but that they were were none really This Bacon written (q.v.). extraordinaryview has been widely by which sometimes hi America, and has been supported,chiefly and misplaced ingenuity. with considerable ability maintained
B. 1564, ed. at Stratford SUMMARY." School, /. falls into difficul end of 1585, Ann ties c. 1 577, m. Hathaway 1582, goes to London finds employment in theatres and acts in chief companies of the time, " afterwards the first in The Theatre Curtain," the Rose," the " " in his and Globe Blackfriars," appearing in Jonson'sEvery Man
" " " "
Humour
and and
Sejanus.
of sonnets
Venus
and
and Adonis, Lucrece, earlier plays,
perhaps most
ampton
into trouble
unfortunate and d. 1616. Productive retires to Stratford period c. 1588-1613, third (1601-1608), first second divisions, (1596-1601), (1588-96), 4 fourth (1608-1613). Of 37 plays usuallyattributed, only 16 pub. in his life.
to
friend of South he was 1595, when Place at Stratford, falls at Court, purchases New known and has c. 1600, having lost friends in Essex's conspiracy, from this into honour and peace, love affair; emerges
pub. by
might have been expected,there is a copiousliterature devoted Among those dealing with bio Shakespeare and his works. Outline of the Life of Halliwell mentioned be Phillipps's graphy may (1876), Shakespeare (7th ed., 1887),Fleay's Shakespeare Manual and Life of Shakespeare (1886). Life by S. Lee (1898),Dowden's Drake's his Mind and Art (1875), Shakespeareand his Shakespeare, Times Thornberry'sShakespeare's England (1856),Knight's (1817), Shakespeare(1 843) See also Works by Guizot, De Quincey, Fullom, Criticisms by Coleridge, Hazlitt, Swinburne, T. S. Elze, and others. Concordance Cowden Clarke. others. Mrs. and Ed., by Baynes, Theobald Rowe (1733), Pope (1725), Johnson (1765), (1709), Capell (1768), Steevens's improved re-issue of Johnson (1773),Malone ist Variorum (1803), 2nd Variorum (1790), Reed's (1813), yd the Boswell StaunVariorum (1821), Dyce (1857), by Jas. younger Clark Camb. W. Dr. G. and Aldis ton (1868-70), by Wright (1863-66), Herford, EversleyShakespeare(ed. Temple (ed.I. Gollancz, 1894-96), 1899).
As
.
SHARP, WILLIAM
Wrote
under this
(" FIONA
a
MACLEOD
") (1856-1905).
"
series of Celtic tales, remarkable pseudonym Romance novels, and poems, of the Isles,The includingPharais, a The Washer Mountain Lovers, The Sin-Eater of the Ford, and (1895),
34"
Green Dreams
Fire
The Laughter of Peterkin (1897),The Dominion of (1896), Drostan Adventure Divine and Iseult The (1900), (1899), promoters of the) (1902). He was one of the earliest and most gifted Hills the From In verse are of Dream, Through th" Celtic revival. Under his own Hour Immortal hfll The and name (drama) Gate, Ivory and Earth's Voices, Sospiridi Roma, Sospiri d' Italia,poems, wrote books on Rossetti, Shelley,Browning, and Heine; also a few novels j
.
SHAW,
"
HENRY
WHEELER
"
("JOSH BILLINGS") (1818-
After working on b. in Massachusetts. and settled at PoughJ he became auctioneer, an and boats farming, which fantastic he first succeeded of the spelling by keepsie.Stripped and droll maxims of hia in catching the publicattention, the shrewd with Franklin's Poo* have something in common Farmers' Allminax
1885). Humorist,
steamj
\ Josh Billings Trump Kards, etc. Sayings,Everybody's Friend, Josh Billings' Richard. Other
same are
books
with
the
features
SHELLEY, MRS. MARY

"
WOLLSTONECRAFT
(GODWIN) (1797-^
the only child of William Godwin 1851). td his wife In she went and Wollstonecraft, 1814 (q.v.). (ci.v.) Mary and him two later.' with P. B. m. the Continent Shelley (q.v.), years
Novelist, b. in London,
When
of Byron, and it was much at his villa on the* she saw abroad the idea of her famous novel that she conceived of Geneva Lake None of her Frankenstein (1818), a ghastly but powerful work. Man Last and had The the other novels, including same Lodore,
success.
She
contributed Cabinet
to Lardner's
of foreign artists and authors biographies and ed. her husband's Cyclopedia, poems.
SHELLEY,
PERCY
BYSSHE
Poet, (1792-1822).
"
s.
of
Sijj
Timothy S., was b. at Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, and ed. at for writingand circu Oxf., whence Brentford, Eton, and Univ. Coll., The he Atheism, was a Necessityof expelled. One lating pamphlet, difference with his /.,which result of this was immediate a was deepened
year from
to
into
permanent
breach
innkeeper.
in wandering about Lake District,and other in of and the of the kingdom, composition (1813), parts Queen Mab Before the end of that period he had the poet'sfirst serious work. have been as separated from his wife, for which various reasons
Harriet Westbrook, the The three years were next in to Ireland, Wales, place place
by his marriage in the following? dau. of a retired pretty and lively
passed
the
being her previous desertion of him, and the discovery on them; the principal imperfectsympathy between part one, however, being that he had conceived a violent passion for Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Mrs. M. W.). dau. of William (seeShelley, with Godwin whom he to he (q.v.), eloped Italyin 1814, and whom first his wife in 8 1 herself. The custody of his m. 16, having drowned signed,one
his of he had left with their mother, was refused him children, whom the Court of Chancery. In Switzerland he had made the acquain he afterwards lived in intimacy in Italy. tance of Byron, with whom in to Returning 1815 he wrote his first reallygreat poem, England
two
by
to Intellectual Beauty, Prince by the Hymn and Helen, and Laon and Cythna, afterwards called the Revolt of Islam In 1818 he left to (1817). England never to Italy,and in the next return, and went two while at years
Alastor
followed (1816),
Athanase, Rosalind
"

Rome
"
341
his two greatest works, the tragedy of The Cenci in to Venice Unbound (1820). He removed (1819)and Prometheus of Byron, and there wrote Julian and Maddalo, 1820 in the company them. Hellas, record of discussions between a poetic Epipsychidion, in After 1821. all produced for Keats, were and Adonais, a lament the Gulf of Spezzia, to Lerici on at Pisa he went residence a short
produced
his favourite recreation of boating, and here with a friend,Mr. Williams, in he went, on July 8, 1822, company him his life. His body was cost that fatal expedition which on about cast ashore a fortnight later, and burnt, in accordance with the quarantine law of the country, on a pyre in the presence His ashes were of Byron, Leigh Hunt, and Trelawny. carefully where he
indulged in
buried near in the Protestant cemetery at Rome of S. is a singularly The character Keats. compounded remark one. By the unanimous testimony of his friends, it was affection: and on able for gentleness, strong purity,generosity, had very inadequate concep to have he appears the other hand his childhood and from to tions of duty and responsibility, seems The charge of have been in revolt againstauthorityof every kind.
preserved and
those of
Atheism
rests
Mob, on chiefly
and he
to
the work
some
private circulation, opinion. As a poet

shown " The
stands
in
boy, printedby him for extent repudiated as personal in lyrical the front rank: gift,
of
a
of his shorter poems, such as in Prometheus, Hellas, and some and in his Cenci he ex Skylark," he is probably unsurpassed, hibits dramatic of a high order. Among his shorter poems power " such as the sonnet which reach perfection, on some are OzymanI arise from dreams of soft voices Music when die," dias,"
" "
thee," Wind,"
"
When and
the
"
lamp
world!
is shattered," O life! O time!
the
"
"
Ode
to
the
West life of
the not unnaturally, 30 years he was, his and even was ment, poetic power lenient view has taken a more Posterity duct, while according to his genius immortals. The There
During his short severe object of much recognisedby only

of his serious
a
judg
a
few.
con
errors
of
shining place
among
the
is that of Buxton Forman best ed. of the Works Dowden ed. of the Poems are by W. M. Rossetti (1894), W. M. Lives by Medwin etc. (1847), J. A. Symonds (1887), Prof. Dowden, T. Jefferson and others. Hogg,
(4 vols.). (1891),
Rossetti,
SHENSTONE, WILLIAM
S.,
owner
Poet, s. (1714-1763).
"
of Thomas
called place,
estate at a Owen, Shropshire. At this the poet was the Leasowes, b. In 1732 he went to Oxf. On his father's death he retired to the Leasowes where he passed his in transformingit into a marvel of time, and ran through his means landscape gardening,visited by strangers from all parts of the king of S. consist of poems dom. The works and prose essays. Of the
of
small
Hales
former with
two,
many
imitation of Spenser, Schoolmistress, a humorous and tender and the Pastoral Ballad in four touches, quaint
The
parts, perhaps
the best of its kind in the language, survive. The also and and sense a good display pointed gracefulstyle. essays The last years of S. were clouded and by financial embarrassments also affections. After his death his works by disappointed perhaps coll. and pub. by Dodsley. were
342
and
RICHARD BRINSLEY
SHERIDAN,
"
ed. at Harrow. In the s. of an actor, was famous with her went Miss to with a singer, Linley, 1772 he eloped in S. has and her a reputation m. 1773. France, fought two duels, and the of the highestin two distinct walks, those of the dramatist The Rivals his three comedies, orator. great By (1775), Parliamentary The Critic he raised and him Scandal (17 79), The School for (1777), the writers of the of self to the first place among comedy manners;
orator, b. in Dublin,
those in support of the impeachment specially speeches, the greatest of Parlia has he a position among Hastings, he had little turn for business, and Unfortunately mentary orators. which and led to lifelong of conviviality, too great a love pleasure completed by the destruction by fire of pecuniary embarrassment, become of which he had Theatre, Lane proprietor. As a Drury and held the offices of Underthe S. Whig party, politician supported and Treasurer Sec. the to of the Treasury, Sec, for Foreign Affairs, Prince also confidential adviser to George IV. when He was Navy. had to do with him suffered of Wales, but like everybody else who the first gentleman in Europe." The of from the ingratitude ac of and of his last the counts misery poverty long prevalent years in to be greatly exaggerated,though he was shown been have and
by
his
of Warren
"
reduced tion of
circumstances.
As His
dramatist in
a
S. shines
in the of Pizarro Mrs.
construc
amusing situations, and
sparklingflow play was (1825),and

"
only flags. logue which never melodrama. patriotic Lives by Walkins (1817),T. Moore
(1883).
other
witty dia -a (1799), Oliphant

contro
SHERLOCK,
WILLIAM
Divine (i64i?-i7O7).
and
and Camb., took orders, and b. at Southwark, ed. at Eton versialist, of of St. the in 1684 Master became Temple, and in 1691 Dean exercised Paul's. He a His; powerful influence in the Church. his his Discourse and work most was Death, concerning prin popular
cipalcontroversial
Trinity.
Master Other His
effort
were
was on
works
son,
his Vindication of the Doctrine of the Future Judgment and on The Divine
SHERLOCK who also was (1678-1761), of the Temple, became Salis o f Bishop successively Bangor, His controversialist. a noted bury, and London, and was, like his /., best known is his Tryal of the Witnesses work Resurrection of of the
Providence.
THOMAS
Jesus (1729)-
SHERWOOD,
Writer
went
MRS.
MARY
MARTHA
\ (Burr) (1775-1851).
"
of children's books, m. in 1803 Captain H. Sherwood, and she took much to India, where interest in soldiers' children. of which attained Among her books, many great popularity,are Susan Little Henry and his Bearer, and The Fairchild Family. Gray,
SHIRLEY, JAMES (1596-1666)." Dramatist, b. in London,

ed. wards
wrote at
Merchant
a
Taylor's School,
master
London,
Grammar
and
at
Oxf.
andJ
Camb., became
of St. Alban's
Church, and for the stage,producing 39 plays. His talents and his religion recommended him to Queen Henrietta to Maria, and he appears have led a fairly life until the interdict of Parprosperous plays by
joined the
Roman
Catholic
School, and after going to London
343
the Royalist he bore arms in 1642. In the Civil War on liament his returned he Commonwealth to the occupation side, and during im does not appear to have Restoration The of schoolmaster. proved his fortunes much; he was burnt out in the great fire of 1666, he and his wife d. on the same afterwards and very soon day. The Traitor The (1641),The (1631),The Cardinal Pleasure and The Gamester Lady of (1635). Hyde Park (1632), (1633), lines the well-known He also wrote beginning including poems, and State." S. has fancy, liveliness, mortal Glories of our The He is less of a gentleman,but he lacks depth and interest. the style
plays
of S. include
"
contemporaries. The The Maid's Ball (1632), Revenge (1626), The in Bird Servant a (1634), (1633), Example Cage Grateful (1629), Maid The Constant (1640), (c. 1640), Doubtful Heir, or Rosania etc. Contention Court Secret (1653), of Ajax and Ulysses (1659),
of his gross than most Other plays are The
SHORTHOUSE,
JOSEPH
HENRY
Novelist,b. (1834-1903).
"
manufacturer. he was at Birmingham, a chemical Originally and by far a Quaker, he joined the Church of England. His first, his best book, John Inglesant, appeared in 1881, and at once made where
Though deficient in its structure as a story, and not the to populace,it fascinates by the charm of its styleand appealing " " dim religious the light by which it is suffused, as well as by the scenes depicted. His other novels, The Little occasionally striking Schoolmaster Mark, Sir Percival, The Countess Eve, and A Teacher of of the same characteristics,had no the Violin, though with some
him famous.
success
comparable
Wordsworth.
to his first.
S. also wrote
an
essay,
The
Platon-
ism
of
SIBBES, RICHARD
where
Divine, was (1577-1635).

"
at
Camb.,
he held various academic posts,of which he was deprived by He the of his Puritanism. account the High Commission was on intense f eel works of several devotional author religious expressing Reed Bruised and The Saint's Cordial The (1629), Smoking ing
"
Flax, etc.
He
OR
was
man
of
SIDNEY,
SYDNEY,
great learning. Political ALGERNON (1622-1683).

"
writer, s. of the 2nd Earl of Leicester, and grand-nephew of Sir PhilipS., in his youth travelled on the Continent, served againstthe of the Civil War, on the side of the [rish Rebels, and on the outbreak of the judges on the trial of Charles I.,and Parliament. He was one :hough he did not attend, he thoroughly approved of the sentence. He opposed the assumption of the supreme by Cromwell. power
After the
1677 pardon, which republicanprinciples of the Court, and :he suspicion Plot, condemned Rye House
to
returned
Restoration in
he
lived
on
the
Continent,
but
receivinga
England. He, however, retained the he had all his life advocated, fell under
was
in
1683, on
on
to
death
evidence, and
no
:o
Hill,December been of has substantiated, yet it appears charge personal venality

beheaded
on
Tower
discoveryof the entirelyinsufficient 7, 1683. Though

the
from the French that he received money King for using againstwar between the two countries, his objectbeing II. from obtainingcommand of the war :o prevent Charles supplies. S. was in and versed Discourses con wrote deeply political theory, be certain lis influence
Government, pub. in 1698. cerning
344
s.
PHILIP Henry S., Deputy SIR Poet (1554-1586).
"
SIDNEY,
of Sir
seat
and
romancist,
of Ireland, and Pres. of Wales, b. at thei and ed. at Shrewsbury School Oxf.i and of Penshurst, family fateful Court the French the at the on He August 24, 1572 was Paris left but thereafter of St. Bartholomew andi soon massacre with his /.in Ireland and Italy. In 1576 he was went to Germany missions to the Elector Palatine on and the' and the next year went father's Irish When his II. Rudolf in called was policy Emperor of it. He able defence became the friend oi he wrote an question, him his to dedicated Calendar. In 1580 her who Shepherd's Spenser,
" "
,j
lost the favour of the Queen by remonstratingagainsther marriage with marriage with the Duke of Anjou. His own Sir Francis Walsingham took place in 1583. In 1585 he
proposed
a
dau.
was
of.
en
in the Low Countries, and met his death at Zutphen in the thigh. His death commemorated was by S. has in his been considered as the type always Astrophel. Spenser his extraordinarycontemporary reputa of English chivalry; and
gaged in
from
a
the war wound
of nobility tion rested on his personalqualities and consist of his famous writings pastoral romance
sonnets
generosity.
of
Hi*
and Astrophel of his
and Stella, The
his
Arcadia, his' Apologiefor Poetrie, afterwards

was
called
"
Defence of Poesie.
A rcadia
written originally
for the
Countess of Pembroke, the sister, afterwards Pembroke's of Ben mother," Sidney'ssister, Jonson. Though its interest now is chiefly it enjoyed an extraordinarypopu historical,
amusement
for a century after its appearance, and had a marked influence larity the immediately succeedingliterature. It was on written in 1 580-8 1 but not pub. until 1 590, and is a medley of poetical prose, full of con-" ceits, with occasional verse interspersed. His Defence of Poesie, written in reply to Gosson is in simple and vigorousEnglish. (q.v.),
by Grosart, Apologieby Arber and others, Astrophelby ed. by Sir Gray, Arber, and others. Life by Fulke Greville (1652), E. Brydges (1816). Arcadia (facsimile), Somner. Lives by J. by Symonds, Fox Bourne, and others.
S. also made Poems ed.
translation
of the
Psalms.
SIGOURNEY,
American
Her Years
most
verse
MRS.
writer,
LYDIA
was
an
(HUNTLEY) (1791-1865).",
smooth, sentimental
ambitious
Aborigines of America
extraordinarily copious writer of which had verse, great popularity in its day. effort was blank Traits of th"( a verse poem, Connecticut (1822). Other books were Forty*
Since, Pocahontas, etc.
SIMMS, WILLIAM
GILMORE
b. at Charleston, South life with Carolina, began his literary nalism. He then for some time tried poetry, but without any dis-y tinct success in Southern Passages and except occasionally which he began in 1833 with Martin (1839). But in fiction, Fabertj he was more successful,though rather an imitator of The*
Novelist, etc.^ (1806-1870)." jourT
Picture^
was
Cooper.
He
Yemassee
considered (1835)is generally

at
his best novel.
lesajj
happy
and
was
The
allya
attempts of Darien. strong partisan of

Damsel
; and
in his
burned
from
such as Count romance, Julian* the war, in which he was natur the South, he was ruined, and his library] these disasters he never recovered. He had
historical
During
a
345
the first
high repute
as
orator, journalist,
any
name
Southerner
to achieve
and lecturer. in literature.

"
He
was
SKELTON,
Poet, b. JOHN (i46o?-i529).
in Norfolk, and
he was Poet Laureate, cr. ed. at Oxf. and Camb., of both of which office under the King. He was and perhaps held the same appointed his tutor to Henry VIII., and notwithstanding sharp tongue, en Court. In entered the Church, and he at favour 1498 joyed some native Hitherto he seems to of Diss in his Rector became county. translations some only, but about this time he the vein which with struck he was to work have upon appears in to abuses his attention such vigour and popularity. He turned Church he lashed with caustic satire,conveyed in and State, which short doggerelrhyming lines peculiarto himself, in which jokes, Latin and rush out invectives, quotations pell-mell.His slang, have
produced
to
best works in this line are both directed againstthe
Why
particular. Piqued
at
courted him) the Cardinal taken sanctuary in Westminster, Other

a
againstWolsey in his inconstancy (for S. had previously would have imprisoned him, had he not
where he remained until his death.
ye not to Court and the former clergy,

come
? and
Colin
Clout,
of his are The Tunning (brewing) works of Elynor Rummynge, and the tender and fanciful humorous pictureof low life, coarsely of a young Death of Philip Sparrow, the lament lady over her pet bird killed by a cat. Miscellaneous writer. SKELTON, SIR JOHN (1831-1897). B. in Edinburgh, ed. at the Univ. there, and called to the Scottish Bar Chairman of the Local Government 1854, he was Sec. and ultimately He wrote Maitland Board for Scotland. and the Scot of Lethington The Crookit Meg (1880), land of Mary Stuart (1887), and The Table
"
Talk
of Shirley.
He made K.C.B.
Magazines.
was
He contributed Fraser's to and Blackwood's received the degree of LL.D. from Edin. 1878, and
1897. FORBES SKENE, WILLIAM
2nd Historian, (1807-1892).

"
s.
James S. of Rubislaw, friend of Sir Walter Scott, was a Writer to the Signetin Edinburgh, and Clerk of the Bills in the Court of Session. of considerable He and ed. historical works wrote authority,The
of and Highlandersof Scotland (1837), and ed. of The Scotland (1876-80), Celtic and other (1868), writings.
"
his most important work, Celtic Four Ancient Books of Wales
Historian and song-writer, SKINNER, JOHN (1721-1807).

5.
of Coll.
[a schoolmaster Brought up
ministered
to wrote
a
at
as a
Birse, Aberdeenshire,
he Presbyterian, Ecclesiastical
was
ed. at Marischal
an
became
Episcopalian
Peterhead, for
and
congregationat Longside, near

The
65
History of Scotland from the and several songs of which The Reel of wi' the Crookit Horn the best are known, of the Psalms and he also rendered into Latin. He kept up a some rhyming correspondencewith Burns.
years.
He
Episcopalianpoint of view, Tullochgorum and The Ewie
SKIPSEY, JOSEPH (1832-1903)." Poet, b.

Shields, and
from in childhood worked
soon
near
North
piecesof poetry
1859,
and
in the mines. He pub. a few after left working underground
346
and became
Dictionary of EnglishLiterature
caretaker of house Shakespeare's of his life he and
"
at Stratford-on-Avoru
During the last 30 years including The Collier Lad

ed.
some
Carols
pub. several from the Coal

Poets."
vols.
for
the
Canterbury
vols. of poetry, Fields ; and he Memoir by R. S.
Watson
(1908).
CHRISTOPHER
SMART,
Poet, (1722-1771).
"
s.
of
the
b. at Shipbourne, Kent, and Vane, was steward to Lord by the Camb. Cleveland to of sent Here his illbounty of the Duchess itself in wild folly. Leaving the Univ. he showed mind balanced himself maintained and and London by to conducting writing came Several Occasions, which contained His Poems on for periodicals. and issued in The Hilliad in 1753 The 1752, Hop Garden," was " " of the who had attacked Sir a Hill, notoriety day John against in confinement His mind him. ultimately gave way, and it was remarkable most the far his work, that he produced by Song to David, Unfortunate to the last,he d. and powerful poem. a most original
"
in the debt.
King's Bench
He
prison,to
Horace.
which
he
had
been
committed
for
also translated
SMEDLEY,
FRANK
which S.

"
the author
of several novels
had
considerable Arundel
a
Fairleigh (1850), Lewis Courtship(1855).

laneous
was
Frank popularity, including and Coverdale's Harry (1852), cripple. life-long

"
SMILES, SAMUEL
Biographerand (1812-1904).
miscel
School there, writer, b. at Haddington, ed. at the Grammar settled in in and his native town. medicine at Edin., studied practice Subsequently he betook himself to journalism,and ed. a paper in Leeds. devoted Afterwards
to
he
readingand
of George Stephenson followed in 1859; it had

into 17 It and (1875),
to various railways. His leisure was and his first publication The Life was writing, his most -Help, (1857). Self popular work,;
was sec. an was
(1871),Thrift languages. up by The Lives and Industrial the Duty (1880). of Engineers Biography appeared in 1863, The Huguenots, their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland (1867),and The little in France later. He also wrote a Huguenots biographiesoi Telford and James Watt, and of the Scottish naturalists, Edwards shoemaker Dick He the and the baker. received the degree o|
LL.D. from Edin. in
immense followed
circulation,and
Character
was
translated
1878.
"
SMITH, ADAM
b. at /.d.
and economist, (1723-1790). Philosopher
there. Kirkcaldy,Fife, the 5. of the Controller of Customs Hi4 before his birth. The first and in his adventure shortly only life was his being kidnapped by gipsies. After being at th0 tranquil Grammar School of Kirkcaldy, he went of Glasgow, to the Univ. whence he proceeded to Oxf On the conclusion of his Univ. course he returned to Kirkcaldy,goingsubsequently he to Edinburgh, where of unusual was intellect. soon In 1751 he was recognisedas a man he next appointed to the Chair of Logic at Glasgow, which year exchanged for that of Moral Philosophy,and in 1759 he pub. his He received in 1 762 the degree oi Theory of the Moral Sentiments. LL.D. from his Univ., and two years later resigned his chair and
.

became
tutor travelling
347
Duke of Buccleuch, accom young for nearly a year in He remained panying him to the the acquaintance of the brilliant circle of savans in Paris, and made in he lived there with his to [that city. Returning 1766 Kirkcaldy in retirement and close study, the mother for nearly ten years
to
the Continent.
results |
[the
of of which were given to the world in 1 776 in the publication and Causes his epoch-making work, Inquiry into the Nature the of Wealth of Nations (1776). This book may be said to have founded and to have created a new science of political depart economy,
of literature; and very few works ment have, to the same extent, influenced of the world. In S. made the practical was 1778 history and settled in in Commissioner of and 1 Customs, a 787 he Edinburgh ; of the Univ. of Glasgow. In addition to elected Lord Rector was the works above mentioned, he wrote various essays on philosophical and Isubjects, his of works [style
an
account
was
of the
last
days
of David he had
Hume.
a
The
plain and
lucid, and
remarkable
apt illustration. Humorous studied writer, SMITH, ALBERT (1816-1860). Imedicine, and for a short time assisted his /. in practice. He was
of (faculty
"
ne
The
of the original contributors to Punch, Adventures Mr. Ledbury and The of and
were
and
his books among Scatter good Family.
are
He
also lectured
gave
entertainments, includingThe Ascent
of Mont
Blanc, which
highlypopular.
Poet (1830-1867).
"
SMITH,
of
a
ALEXANDER
but
and
s. essayist,
first followed the same occupation become known of in as a was, promise having poet Glasgow, of Edin. Univ. After Sec. to the appointed contributing :|i854, which received much (1853), lasgow Citizen he pub. A Life Drama admiration. Thereafter Sonnets appeared War (in conjunction with S. Dobell, q.v.}, and Edwin City Poems of Deira (1861). (1857), [n prose he wrote Dreamthorpe (essays), A Summer in Skye, and two and Miss Dona aovels, Alfred Hagart's Household M'Quarrie. His rich and in but a some were glowing by good judges poems style, held to show ere fancy rather than imagination. He belonged to
at Paisley pattern-designer,
hat
was
called the
"
spasmodic
"
school of poetry.
"
SMITH, MRS.
"n.
CHARLOTTE
Indian
was
Was (TURNER) (1749-1806).

who
at
5 to
West
merchant,
by
series of misfortunes had her misher pen. She
ind
n
imprudences her youth shown
reduced from affluence considerable promise as a
poverty. poetess,and in
to
herself and her family by able to maintain "ortunes she was [n addition to a poem, Beachy Head, and sonnets, she wrote several els of more than usual merit, including Emmeline and, her (1788), House. t work, The Old English Manor
SMITH, HORACE
Humorists,
f Ordnance.
s.
SMITH, JAMES (1775-1839). (1779-1849),

a
of
London
lawyer who
his
James
succeeded
Both brothers were stockbroker. Their first great hit aumour. clever
on
solicitor to the Board became a successful for brilliant wit and distinguished
was
/.; Horace
was
RejectedAddresses
(1812),exTo this Scott Words
lemely parodies leading contemporary poets. feu d' espritJames contributed of others imitations among
and worth, Coleridge,
Crabbe, while
Horace's
share
included
348
and Moore. James pub. little more, but anonymously gave Charles Horace in his entertainments. assistance pub. several Matthews of the House, are with Brambletye exception novels which, perhaps to The Address wrote a a remark also Mummy, now forgotten. He sentiment wit and true are in which admirably combined. able poem not only for their social quali brothers were Both highly esteemed and goodness of heart. ties,but for their benevolence
SMITH, SYDNEY
b. at Miscellaneous writer, (1771-1845).

"
and ed. Woodf ord, Essex, the s. of a gentleman of independent means, orders took of curate and AmesOxf., 1794, becoming at Winchester to in a gentleman's$., was to Edinburgh as tutor bury. He came Whigs there, and assisted troduced to the circle of brilliant young He then Review. went to London, where the in founding Edinburgh
preacher at the Foundling Hospital,and lectured His brilliant wit and at the Royal Institution. moral philosophy on while by his power him a favourite in society, made generalability
he
was
for
time
of clear and cogent argument he exercised a strong influence on the His Plymley Letters did much to advance the cause of politics. course received various preferments, and be of Catholic emancipation. He
came
a
canon
of St. Paul's.
In
not
he politics remarkable
was
views and
was
an
Erastian; and in the defence
of his
Whig, in his he was principles

a
Churchs
courageous.
a
parson. into came
Though hard-working and, according to his brother By the death of a younger

a
for
honest he devotion religious useful country lights, he in his later years
considerable
fortune.
SMITH, WALTER
and land ed. there and
at at
CHALMERS
Edin., was
a
B. (1824-1908).
"
in Aberdeen
Church of Scot?
minister
of the Free
a distinguished Orwell, Glasgow, and Edinburgh successively, of kindly nature and catholic sympathies. Hi a man considerable attained reputationas a poet. Among his works are
preacher and
The
tfa Bishop's Walk (1861),Olrig Grange (1872),Hilda among Raban Kildrostan Gods (1878), and A Heretic Broken (1880), (1884), Orwell of (1890). Some of these were written under the names Kunst. He received the degreesof D.D. and Hermann and LL.D. ed. SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893). Lexicographer, contributor at Univ. Coll., to the and London, was a Penny Magazine Dictionary compiled or ed. many useful works of reference, including and dictionaries of the Bibl^ of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1842), of Christian Antiquities, and Christian Biography, etc., also variouj school series and educational handbooks, including The Classical He held various academical Dictionary. degrees,includingPh.d and was of Leipsic, knighted in 1892. ROBERTSON SMITH, WILLIAM Theologiai (1846-1894). and Semitic minister of Keig, Abetj scholar, s. of the Free Church In 1870 he wag deenshire, studied for the ministryof that Church. Prof, of in its coll. at Aberdeen, Hebrew, etc., a positiof appointed which he had to resignon account of his advanced critical views He became jointed. of The Encyclopedia Britannica, and in 1883
"
"
"
at Camb. S. was of brilliant and versatile a man mathematician well talents, as a as unconn scholar, somewhat in the exposition and defence of his viewsi promising and aggressive
a
Prof,
of Arabic

His and works The include The Old Testament in the
349
(1881),
Jewish
"
Church
of the Semites Religion
(1889).
SMOLLETT, TOBIAS
s.
GEORGE
in 1739
Novelist,2nd (1721-1771).
and he
on
of Archibald
S., of Dalquhurn, Dumbartonshire,

with the view of the
ed. at Glas failed.

one
gow, The this
proceeded to London
having a tragedy,
In of the
stage, in which, however, put on Regicide, mate disappointment he took service as surgeon's Carthagena expedition, 1741,
in his novels. On
an
vessels of the
turned to account and endeavoured
his return
to acquire practiceas a where his talent lay, he having discovered very successful, and himself devoted to literature. Roderick Random thenceforth ap Atom The in an History of 1748, (1749), PeregrinePickle in peared in 1753, Sir Lancelot Greaves in 1766, [751, Ferdinand, Count Fathom considered his best novel, in 1770. ind Humphrey Clinker, generally Besides these
he he settled in London, but was not physician,
experiencewhich
works, however,
in continuation
tory of England travels and satires,and
he translated of Hume's,
Voltaire, wrote
an
His
contributed
to various
Independence, periodicals.He was

to
Ode
controversy, and on one occa repeatedlyinvolved in acrimonious sion fined and for with various a libel,which, imprisoned private embittered his and he d. and worn out life, misfortunes, disappointed Had he he would have lived four years longer suc near Leghorn. The novels of S. dis estate of Bonhill. ceeded to his grandfather's comic vein of playgreat narrative power, and he has a remarkable
broad type, which enables him to present ludicrous There circumstances with great effect. is,however, a in his treatment of his subjects. sion of coarseness
i
scenes
strong
and infu
SOMERVILLE,
Vtathematician and
MRS.
writer
MARY
on was
(FAIRFAX) (1780-1872).
"
of Admiral Sir William first to Mr. m., Jedburgh, Greig, an second her cousin William to and Dr. S. officer in the Russian Navy, a taste for study, and \lthough she had early manifested specially
science, dau.
twice
Fairfax, b.
at
!or science, she had, until after the death of her first husband, little opportunityof followingout her favourite subjects. With Dr. 84 her scientific tastes, she went in full sympathy with ivho was to in scientific "eside in London, and there her talents made her known circles. ;he In
1823
she
was
requestedby
Place.
Mechanique publishingher
Celeste of La work
as
The 1830). She also pub. The Connection of the Physical Sciences She received a pension from Government, md other works. at Naples, where she had resided for the last ten or iged 92
fears
Lord Brougham to popularise This she did with great success, Celestial Mechanism of the Heavens
(1834),
and d. twelve
of her life.
SOMERVILLE, WILLIAM
shire
n
Poet, (1675-1742).
"
Warwick
The
tastes, wrote squireof literary
books, which
has
some
others a poem, among of considerable passages
Chase,
descriptive
power.
SOTHEBY, WILLIAM
jelongedto
was
a
Poet (1757-1833).
"
and
In
translator,
good
family,and
He
in the army.
no
lad
pub. a great popularity,and
ed. at Harrow. was few dramas and books

are now
earlylife he of poems, which forgotten; his reputation
350
rests upon
of Wieland, the of the Oberon translations his admirable and the Iliad and of Virgil, Odyssey. The last two were' Georgics he lived to complete them. of but he when was 70, upwards begun translations from of the best the" one His Georgicsis considered
classics in the
language.
SOUTH,
ROBERT
Divine, s. (1634-1716).
"
of
London
and became
b. at Hackney, and ed. at Westminster merchant, was in 1660 he was appointed Univ. Orator. Oxf., where Chancellor the Lord to Clarendon, domestic chaplain the
an
School He and
in
1663
and became a Islip, chaplain declined Thereafter he steadily II. to Charles higher preferment, He was opposed to the including the bishopric of Rochester. his to of but views as to the owing Romanising measures James II., associate himself in any he declined to duty of passive obedience he way
was
degree embassy
of D.D. was to Poland
conferred
him. upon of Rector
After
accompanying
with
an
he submitted. He Revolution, to which nevertheless it is his but controversialist, chieflyby expert sermons, the among He has the classics of
that he is remem English divinity, the reputation of being the wittiest of English bered. characteristic is sometimes this and present to a degree preachers, treated. not quite suitable to the subjects which
are
SOUTHERNE,
Dublin, and ed. at law at the Middle
THOMAS
Dramatist, (1660-1746).
"
b.
in
and studied to London came he entered the army and of which ten plays, two service. He wrote saw were long acted and The Fatal Marriage (1694) stillremembered, and Oroonoko are (1696),. he appeals passionatelyagainst the slavein the latter of which Unlike most trade. a precedingdramatists he was practical man, in his theatrical management, succeeded and retired on fortune. a Other
TrinityColl. there, Temple. Afterwards
plays are The Wives' (1684),

of
The
Loyal
Brother
(1682),The
Spartan
Dame
Excuse
The (1692),
Disappointments etc. (1719),

"
SOUTHEY, MRS. CAROLINE

Poetess, dau. Fitzarthur to
ANNE
(BOWLES) (1786-1854).
a a captain in the navy, submitted Ellen] poem, which led to a friendship, and to a pro Southey (q.v.), Robin on Hood, not, however, carried out, and posed jointpoem to her eventually becoming the poet's second wife. She wrota various other works, including Chapterson Churchyards and Tales oft the Factories.
SOUTHEY, ROBERT
s.
Poet, biographer, (1774-1843)." etc.,
unsuccessful in Bristol, where he was b., was linen-draper sent to Westminster His friend^ to Oxf. School, and in 1792 went ship with Coleridgebegan in 1794, and with him he joined in thdl
an
of
scheme
of
"
In 1795 pantisocracy (see Coleridge).
"
wife, Edith
and
Fricker, and
thus
became
the
he brother-in-law
m.
his of
ridge. Shortly afterwards
he visited Spain, and in 1800 laid the foundations of his thorough knowledge of the history and literature of the Peninsula. Between these two periods ol foreigntravel he had attempted the study of law, which proved' and in the
to which
PortugalJ
firstj Cole-j
entirely uncongenial;
himself
to
neighbourhood of indefatigable a course toil literary
he settled at Greta had also come. Coleridges
1803
Hall, Keswick/
Here
which
only
he set ended

"with his life. Madoc
351
had Thalaba appeared in 1801, and there followed Kehama Curse The Roderic, the Last of the of (1810), (1805), and A Vision of Judgment (1821) Goths (1814), ; and in prose a His Nelson of and Bunyan Lives Wesley (1820), (1813), tory of Brazil, War The Book of the Church History of the Peninsular (1824), (1830), In and The Doctor addition to N aval (1834-37). History, (1823-32), 1808 a constant contri of work he had been from this vast amount In Review. when he b butor to the Quarterly was 1839 failingoth in body and mind he m., as his second wife, Miss Caroline Ann Bowles, his few /ho had for 20 years been his intimate friend, and by whom
remaining
somewhat few
years
were
soothed.
Though
our
in the largely
now
historyof
of S. stillbulks his literature, works, with a

name
the
little read, and those of them (hislonger which and he himself based his Thalaba on Kehama) hopes of poems, To this result their of all. least remoteness fame, length, lasting from livinginterests,and the impression that their often splendid diction is rather eloquence than true poetry, have contributed.
are exceptions,
" The Battle Some of his shorter poems, e.g., The Holly Tree," and " of Blenheim still live,but his fame now rests on his vigorousprose his classic Life of Nelson. Like Wordsworth and especially and on S. began life as a democratic and was visionary, Coleridge, strongly
"
influenced
by the French Revolution, but graduallycooled down into He was himself greater and better than any of a pronounced Tory. his works, his life being a noble record of devotion to duty and unsel
fish benevolence. and had
a
He
held
the
office of Poet He
Laureate
from
1813,
declined a baronetcy. his and Life son, Correspondence (6 vols., 1849-50) by younger Rev. C. Southey. in Men of Letters (1880). Life by Dowden
pension from
Government.
SOUTHWELL,
ROBERT
(1561 P-I595).Poet,b. at
"
Horsham
Catholic St. Faith's, Norfolk, of good Roman family, and ed. at such a Jesuit, and showed Douay, Paris, and Rome, he became of the English Coll. as to be appointed Prefect earning and ability with to England [n 1586 he came Garnett, the superior of the
chaplainto the Countess of Arundel. Englishprovince,and became than ffis being in England for more him 40 days then rendered iable to the punishment of death and disembowelment, and in 1592 for three years, ae was apprehended and imprisoned in the Tower
He was then put on trial 13 times. He was and executed, February 22, 1595. the author of St. Peter's and The Burning Babe, a short poem of great imaginative Complaint of several prose and works, including St. Mary religious power, A Rule Good Short Life, The Triumphs over of Magdalene's Teares,
during
which
he
was
tortured
Death, etc.
Editor SPEDDING, JAMES (1808-1881).

"
of Bacon's
works,
and Camb., squire,and ed. at Bury St. Edmunds Colonial for some in the Office. He devoted was himself to years the ed. of Bacon's to clear his character works, and the endeavour The former against the aspersionsof Macaulay and others. was done in conjunctionwith Ellis and Heath, his own much the being
s. a
of
Cumberland
share largest
in their The
possible, in
great ed. (1861-74);and the latter,so far his own. In 1878 Life and Letters, entirely
as
he
352

and Times
was
brought out an abridged Life the theory strongly combated
of
his
Francis
plays. speare's He cab. enjoyed
His
death
was
that B. caused
the of his
Bacon. He of Shake author

over
by
being run
by
Fitzgerald. poraries, Historian,b. at Farington, ?-i62g)." SPEED, JOHN (1552 brought up to the and antiquities, for history and long the best (1611),which was
Cheshire, and
for which and
nesses
of many the friendship Tennyson, and including Carlyle,
greatest contem
trade
wrote
of
tailor,had
strong
taste
History of
Great
Britain
in existence, in
he
had
vestigators.He
of various
confirming
from assistance of Great Britain and Ireland, useful maps pub. 1616 In etc. appeared his Cloud of Wit-, counties, His maps God's most holie Word. the truth of also
. . .
material collecting Cotton, Spelman, and other in
coll.and with were of Great Britain.
pub. in descriptions
1611
as
Theatre
of the Empire
SPEKE, J. H. (Seeunder GRANT,

SPELMAN,
SIR HENRY
J. A.) Historian (i564?-i64i).

"
and
antiquary, b. at Congham, Norfolk, studied works on He wrote valuable Lincoln's Inn.
at
Camb.,
and
entered
legaland
ecclesiastical
(pub. 1698),Glossarium includingHistory of Sacrilege antiquities, of and a 1664), glossary obsolete law-terms, A (1626 Archceologicum and Tenures by Knight-service History of the English Councils (1639),
material for subse valuable furnished His writingshave commis and various Parliament in on He sat historians. quent voted of his labours a of was ^300. grant sions, and in recompense
(1641).
SPENCE, JOSEPH
clere, Hants,
and
was
Anecdotist,b. (1699-1768)."
and
wrote
at
Kings-
and
ed. at Winchester
at Oxf.
Oxf., he entered
an
held
various
includinga prebend preferments,

He
the Church, and at Durham,
Prof, of
Poetry
which
of the gained for him the friendship of him and of other likewise anecdotes tion he made notes, collecting of and in celebrities which are 1820, great value, inasmuch were pub. illustrative of the matter much history of literary as they preserve have been lost. otherwise would the 1 8th century which
Essay on Pope's Odyssey, poet, of whose conversa
SPENCER,
Derby, the
s.
HERBERT
of
a
b. Philosopher, (1820-1903).
"
at
his uncle, mentioned immediate family below, he received most circle was atmosphere, his /., stronglyDissentingin its theological a a Methodist, having become Quaker, while his mother originally of his uncle, At 13 he was sent to the care remained a Wesleyan. anti-corn-law Radical and but Thomas a S., a clergyman, near Bath,
teacher, from
whom,
and
from
of his education.
His
he became school assistant, a agitator. Declining a Univ. career under the engineer of the but shortly after accepted a situation until the he remained London and Birmingham railway,in which him of of crisis threw out 1846 employment. Pre great railway articles in the Noncon vious to this he had begun to write political and in himself to journalism, to devote resolved formist ; he now sub-ed. of the Economist. Thereafter he became was 1848 appointed absorbed in the consideration of the problems of and more more sociologyand the development of the doctrine of evolution as ap-
353
leadingup to the completionof a system of pliedthereto, gradually philosophywhich was the work of his life. His fundamental propo like the individual, is an organism subjectto sition is that society, evolution, and the scope of this idea is graduallyexpanded so as in its sweep the whole to embrace phenomena. range of cognisible which he books the pub. in exposition of his views Among Statics (1850),Principlesof Psycho Social be mentioned may First Principles(1862), of Biology (1867), Principles logy (1855), Political In Data Ethics of Principles Sociology(1877), of (1879), and Man the State (1884). His works have stitutions (1882), versus of them been translated into most into European languages some characteristic qualities of S. as a Chinese and Japanese. The most of generalisation thinker are his powers and analysis. He left an in which he subjects his own to analysis personality autobiography,
"
with
of mind. singulardetachment David Duncan, LL.D., Life by J. A. Thompson. Life by Outlines of Cosmic Fishe (1874), and books on Philosophy,
See also S. and his
philosophyby
Harrow
Hudson
White (1894),
and Macpherson (1890). (1897),
SPENCER, WILLIAM
ROBERT
Poet, (1769-1834).
"
ed. at
and Oxf., belonged to the Whig set of Fox and Sheridan. He wrote graceful translations from Burger,and made vers de society, is best remembered ballad of Gelert. After a life by his well-known of extravagance he d. in poverty in Paris.
SPENSER, EDMUND
Smithfield, London,
Poet, was (i552?-i599).

"
b. in East
the 5. of John S., described as gentleman and of in the art who had to London come cloth-making, ourneyman from Lancashire. In 1561 the poet was sent to Merchant Taylor's School, then newly opened, and in 1569 he proceeded to Pembroke his Hall, Camb., as a sizar, taking his degree in 1576. Among iriends there were Edward Kirke, who ed. the Shepheard's Calendar, and Gabriel Harvey, the critic. While still at school he had conixibuted 14 sonnet- visions to Van der Noot's Theatre for Worldlings '1569). On leaving the Univ. S. went to the north, probably to irisithis relations in Lancashire, and in 1578, through his friend known to Leicester and his brother-in-law, tlarvey,he became The next the of The saw Philip Sidney. year, 1579, publication S hepheard' s Calendar in 12 eclogues. It was dedicated to Sidney, ivho had become his friend and patron, and was received with acthat a new and ;lamation, all who had ears for poetry perceiving *reat singer had arisen. The following S. was appointed sec. year of for strict :o Lord Wilton, a Ireland, Puritan, and Grey Deputy him Ireland. to At the time he appears to have same iccompanied Degun the Faerie Queen. In 1581 he was appointed Registrarof Chancery,and received a grant of the Abbey and Castle of Enniswhich followed in 1586 by a grant of the Castle of Kil was ;orthy, xjlman in County Cork, a former possession of the Earls of Desmond ,vith 3000 acres attached. however, a heavy blow Simultaneously, :ell upon him in the death of Sidney at the Battle of Zutphen. The of this dear friend he commemorated oss in his lament of Astrophel. ^n 1590 he was visited by Sir Walter who Raleigh, persuaded him to to England, and presented him :ome to the Queen, from whom he received a pension of ^50, which does not, however, appear to have
M
354
his of experiences
same
been regularly paid, and on the whole satisfaction. did not yieldhim much tion
as
a
In the
year
the Court his reputa
of the nrst was vastly augmented by the publication dedicated Elizabeth. to Faerie The of the Queen, en three books received led the with which thusiasm they were publisher to bring the general title oi out a collection of other writings of S. under Mother Hubbard's Tale and (a satire on the including Complaints, conflict then between the old faith the and on being waged Court
poet
and
wrote
the
new),
seen
eaves
of
the
Muses,
and
The
Ruins
to
of Time.
and Home and most Colin Clout's come Again, one of the brightest vigorousof his poems, not, however, -pub. until 1595. In the follow ing year appeared his Four Hymns, two on Love and Beauty and two
Having
these
ventures
launched, S. returned
Kilcolman
on Heavenly Love and Beauty, and the Prothalamion on the marriage He also pub. in prose of two daughters of the Earl of Worcester. full of shrewd observation his View of Ireland, a work and practical In he Elizabeth to m. was he 1594 statesmanship. Boyle, whom
he now had courted in Amoretti, and his union with whom celebrated in the magnificent Epithalamion,by many regarded as his most per to England, taking with In 1595 he returned fect poem. him the second part of the Faerie Queen,pub. in 1 596. In 1 598 he was made Sheriff of Cork, and in the same suffered a final year his fortunes eclipse. The rebellion of Tyrone broke out, his castle was burned, his youngest child, an infant, perished, he and in the conflagration himself with his wife and remaining children escapingwith difficulty. He joinedthe President, Sir T. Norris, who sent him with despatches where he suddenly d. on January 16, 1 599, as was to London, long be destitution. lieved in extreme This, however, happily appears to be He buried at least doubtful. in Westminster was Abbey neai$
Chaucer, and
Countess The
English poetry is below Chaucer, Shake and Milton only. The first far excels him in narrative and speare, constructive and in humour, and the last in austere power grandeur of conception; but for richness and beauty of imagination and ex sweetness of music he is unsurpassed except by Shakespeare. quisite He has been called the poets' poet, a title which he well merits, not only by virtue of the homage which all the more imaginativepoets have yieldedhim, but because of the almost unequalledinfluence he has exercised the whole and oi upon subsequent course
expression
bears of
a monument of Dorset. positionof S. in
was
erected
to his memory
in 1620
by
the
English poetry, which

name,
he
and
mastery.
structive Faerie
which none His faults are power, and of his is but a
enriched with the stanza which since him have used with more
want
his
perfect
con
and indirectness, prolixity, the sustained consequently

are
sweetness
and
sumptuousness
verse
apt
to
cloy.
His
great work, the"
Queen, gorgeous fragment, six books out of a pro* jectedtwelve; but probably few or none of its readers have regretted its incompleteness. In it Protestantism and Puritanism receivf their most : poetic and imaginativepresentation and vindication. SUMMARY." B. 1552, ed. Merchant Taylor'sSchool and Camb., bei known came to Leicester and Sir P. Sidney 1578, pub. Shepheard's Calendar 1579, appointed sec. to Lord Deputy of Ireland 1580, and began Faerie Queen, receives various appointments and grants

and and
355
of Sidney 1586, visited by Raleigh 1581-6,pub. Astrophel in memory who to him Elizabeth, pensioned him 1590, Queen by presented of Faerie first three books in same Queen, Teares of year pub. and in Colin Clout, pub. 1595, 1596 pub. Four Muses, etc., writes he had courted in Hymns and Prothalamion, m. E. Boyle 1594, whom celebrated in the Epithalamion, returned to Eng now in rebellion Cork which the broke of out Sheriff 1 598, 1595, year returned and London d. to and ruined his fortunes, 1599. ed. of the works, among There which have been very numerous Grosart's Globe and Dr. mentioned the be (1899), (10 vols., may Church excellent Dean There is an biography by (1879). 1882-84).
Amoretti, and
land
SPOTTISWOOD,
S., minister
the Church
strument
Historian,s. JOHN (1565-1639).

"
of
John
and Superintendentof Lothian. of Midcalder Entering his chief in he gained the favour of James VI., and was He became
to restore Episcopalchurch-government of Glasgow and Archbishop successively
in his endeavours
in Scotland. St. Andrews, caused rising from
in 1635 Lord and the introduction by

was
Scotland, and
Chancellor of Scotland. On the of the service-book, he had to flee excommunicated by the General Assembly
[1638). He wrote a History of the Church and State of Scotland, pub. as 1655. It is,of course, written from the Episcopalianstandpoint,
Calderwood's is from the
Presbyterian.
SPRAGUE,
Mass., had
lomestic
some
CHARLES
To
Poet, (1791-1875).
"
b. at
Boston,
reputation as
poems.
to
the first class
Ode, and
the latter, The
of prize poems, odes, and belong Curiosityand Shakespeare an Family Meeting and / see Thee Still,
a
writer
slegyon
nemoirs,
his sister.
SPRAT,
cian,and
one
THOMAS
Divine (1635-1713).
"
and
writer
of
mathemati b. at Beaminster, Dorset, ed. at Oxf., was a the Royal of the group of scientific men whom among of the first members and the of which he historian, was one Society, lad its origin. He wrote a Life of his friend Cowley the poet, and an His History of Young's plotfor the restoration of James II. iccount work, but he also wrote "/the Royal Societyis his principal poems,
style gives high reputationas a preacher. His literary He held various lim a distinguished English writers. place among and d. Bishop of Rochester. lighpreferments,
md had
a
SPURGEON,
nunion and
CHARLES
HADDON
(1834-1892).
"
B.
at
Kelvedon, Essex, left the Independents and
joinedthe Baptistcom-
Street Park became, at the age of 20, pastor of New he attained where an London, Chapel, unprecedentedpopularity. In
[859 the MetropolitanTabernacle

lecided Calvinist
was
erected
for him.
He
was
strongly opposed eminent ;o modern an degree of effective oratory, a magnificentvoice of the great requisites rwo command md of pure idiomatic Saxon a English. His sermons, circulation,and were jomposed and pub. weekly, had an enormous translated into several 'egularly languages. In addition to his l abours he and an coll., superintended almshouse, a pastor's pastoral and he likewise in orphanage; was a voluminous author, publishing,
in his theological views, and was critical movements. He possessedin
356

numerous on
in addition to his sermons, of David (a commentary
works,
includingThe Treasury
STANHOPE
the
Psalms).
PHILIP STANHOPE, was Historian, 1875).

"
HENRY,
STH
EARL
(1805-
House minor many His
and ed. at Oxf. He sat in the b. at Walmer, and Bassett for Wootton Hertford, held some of Commons Peel, and identified himself with official appointmentsunder in regard to literature and art. useful measures, specially for industrious all remarkable collection of and of and a evidence, weighing sifting impartial include History of England from the style, agreeable
are
which writings,
facts, careful and clear, sober, and
and histories of Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles (1836-63), and of the Succession the the War (1832), Reign of Queen Spanish of the Pitt of besides Lives Anne younger (1861) and of Lord (1870),
Chesterfield.
As
an
author
he is best
known
as
Viscount
Mahon.
PENRHYN ARTHUR STANLEY, and theologian, s. of Edward biographer,

at
Historian, (1815-1881)."
S., Bishop of Norwich,
then b.
Alderley, Cheshire,
Oxf., became
a
of which
and
Fellow
his of Univ.
/. was
of Canterbury 1851, Canon became also Prof, of Ecclesiastical of Westminster Dean 1864. He was andErastian was History at Oxf. 1856. His ecclesiastical position aim in Church latitudinarian, and his practical politics comprehen He gave great offence to the High Church party by his cham pioningof Colenso, W. G. Ward, Jowett, and others, by his preach of the Church and in other ways, and of Scotland ing in the pulpits him equallyobnoxious others. to many his latitudinarianism made sion. On the other
rector, ed. at Rugby Coll. Taking orders in 1839 he and of Christ Church 1858, and
hand, his singular personalcharm
and
the
fascination!
was
wide for him a very popularity. He author, his works prolific including Life of Dr. Arnold (ol favourite Memorials he whose and was, Rugby) (1844), pupil o) Sinai and Palestine (1855), Lectures on the Eastern Canterbury (1854), Historical Church History of the Jewish Church (1861), (1863,etc.), Memorials Lectures on the History of th" Abbey (1867), of Westminster In hia Church of Scotland (1872),besides various commentaries. historical writingshe aimed rather at conveying a vivid and pic of detail or philo turesque generaleffect than at minute accuracy views. is His masterpieceis his Life of Dr. A mold, which sophical the of in the His wife one was great biographies language. Lady in 1868. he was m. Augusta Bruce, to whom MORTON Traveller STANLEY, SIR HENRY (1841-1904). in Africa, 6. in America, went to find, and anc found, Livingstone, of his
a
"
literarystyle secured
of his account Other works Livingstone. Dark Continent.

wrote
an
adventures
were
in Darkest
the
In
I founc quest, How and Africa Through tht
STANLEY,
THOMAS
(1625 1678).
"
Philosopheranc
with the Derby family, ed. at Camb., was th" scholar, connected author of some and of a biographical History of Philosophy poems
(4 vols., 1655-62).
from the Latin and
tuguese,and expressed.
He was learned in the classics, and translatec late Greek as well as from the Italian and Por ed. Êschylus. His poetry is thoughtfuland graceful!}

STANYHURST,
at Oxf., and collaborated ment
was
357
RICHARD
(1547-1618). Translator, was

"
first four translated
Inn. Inn and Lincoln's He studied law at Furnivall's achieve His principal with Holinshed literary (q.v.). stiff, a grotesquely clumsy, and prosaictranslation of the Mneid into English hexameters. He also of the books
some
of the Psalms.
STEDMAN,
1908).
"
EDMUND poet
and
CLARENCE,
critic. Poems Blameless
L.H.D., LL.D., (1833Lyric

Prince and
Alice
Idyllic(1860), (1869),Victorian Poets (1875-87), Lyrics and Idylls (1879),Poets of America (1885), American etc. Victorian Anthology (1896), Anthology (1896),
American
of
Monmouth
(1864),The
STEELE, SIR RICHARD

tist, 5. of a Dublin the nomination on
went

"
drama
attorney, who
of the Duke
his School, where to Oxf., but left without taking a degree,and enlisted in the Horse for which he disinherited by a rich relation. was Guards, He, however, gained the favour of his colonel, Lord Cutts, himself a poet,
to
was 5 years old, was, of Ormond, sent to the Charterhouse thence friendship with Addison began, and
s.
d. when
his
of setting of captain. With the view before rank which ideal of conduct he was never unhappily high (to treatise morals able to attain), he at this time wrote entitled on a The Christian Hero (1701). Abandoning this vein, he next produced three comedies, The Funeral, or Grief a la Mode The Tender (1702), and rose himself the
a
Husband
was
and The Lying (1703), Gentleman Waiter appointed

was
Lover (1704). Two years later he to Prince George of Denmark, and in the
same
in 1707 he second wife have but

ment.
made
Gazetteer; and
"
year
he
m.
as
his
dear Prue," who however, to Mary Scurlock, his seems, been something of a termagant. She had considerable means, the incorrigible brought on embarrass extravagance of S. soon In 1709 he laid the foundations of his fame
are so
Tatter, the first of those

feature literary
which periodicals
of that age. In this he had the contributed of who ance Addison, 42 papers out of a total of 271, and The Tatler was followed in helped with others. by the Spectator, which Addison It was a even co-operatedto a still greater extent. and exclusive of to brief revival ran numbers, a 5 55 greater success, in which S. had no part, and in its turn was followed by Addison by the Guardian. S. rests. With had him It is on his essays in these that the literary fame less refinement and delicacy of wit than Addison, of he like
the by starting characteristic a invaluable assist
perhaps more
he had
a
knowledge
sincere
In the keen and honestly on the Whig side, one result of which that he lost was his office of Gazetteer, and was in 1714 expelledfrom the House of Commons he had been elected. The to which next just year
manners.
of life, and a wider sympathy, and for the reformation of morals and strife of the times he fought stoutly political desire
turn to his fortunes. The accession of George I. gave a favourable in brought back the Whigs, and S. was appointed to various offices, forfeited in a which estates on Scotland, cluding commissionership took him to Edinburgh, where he was welcomed by all the literati there. Nothing, however, could keep him out of financial embar
rassments,
arose
and
other
troubles
with
Addison, who
d. before
followed: his wife d. ; differences could be effected. a reconciliation
358
The
clouded by financial troubles and illwere years Conscious Lovers (1722). He a play,The His last work was health. and Hereford where he d. at lived Carmarthen, at and left London from faculties his loss of paralysis. after a partial Dobson (1886) and G. A. Aitken (1889). Ed., Lives by Austin Clarendon Press (1885), Aitken Essays (selected) (1893),
remaining
Plays by
Tatter, Aitken
Aitken (1897-8),
H. Morley (1868),Gregory Spectator, (1898),
Smith
(1898).
GEORGE
Eton and
STEEVENS,
mentator,
ed. at
Shakespeariancom (1736-1800).
"
issued various reprintsof Dr. in and his assisted ed., and Johnson quarto ed. of Shakespeare, In 1793 he himself brought out a new also in his Lives of the Poets. with the text. he dealt somewhat freely ed. of Shakespeare, in which Camb. in constant controversy with Ritson of also an acute detector and was antiquaries, and Ireland. cluding those of Chatterton He
was
He
literary in literary forgeries,

"
and
other
STEEVENS,
GEORGE
WARRINGTON
(1869-1900). Jour
nalist and miscellaneous writer, b. at Sydenham, and ed. at City of he distin and School London Oxf., took to journalism,in which of vision and vivid clearness style. Con guished himself by his with the National nected successively Observer, the Pall Mall Gazette,
Daily Mail, he utilised the articles which appeared in these in various other publications books, such as The Land of the Kitchener With and to Kartoum, The Dollar (America) (1897), work, however, was Mono Tragedy of Dreyfus. His most striking
and and the
of logues
Africa
the Dead and
(1895).
in 1900,
He went as war correspondentto South d. of enteric fever at Lady smith.

"
Statesman STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859).

torical writer, s. of called to the Bar
success,
and
luV
accepted
and Board
James S., Master in Chancery, ed. at Camb., and Inn After at Lincoln's 1811. practisingwith appointment of permanent counsel to Colonial
of Trade 1825, and was subsequently, 1826-47, Under-Sec, for the Colonies, in which capacityhe exer permanent cised an immense influence on the colonial policyof the empire, and did much to bring about the abolition of the slave trade. Impaired led to his resignation, health when he was and made K.C.B. a
Office
Privy Councillor.
Camb.
He was 1849-59, and of the He Lectures

on
afterwards
same
Prof,
subject at
Haileybury 1855-57.
(1849) and
critic, s.
STEPHEN,
of and Fellowship,
SIR
the
Essays History of France (1852). LESLIE (1832-1904)." Biographer and

wrote the
was
of Modern History af| the East India Coll. at in Ecclesiastical Biography
above, King's Coll.,London, and

took H.
b. He
in
London,
he under
Camb.,
where
came
and ed. obtained
at
a
EtonJ
tutorial
of
orders.
the influence
Spencer,and devoted himself largelyto the stud]! His religious views having undergone a change, he the clerical character and his Fellowship, and became a pro4 gave up nounced Agnostic. In 1865 he definitely career,' adopted a literary and contributed to the Saturday Review, Eraser's Magazine, and other periodicals. In 1873 he pub. a collection of his essays as Free\ Plain and which he followed Thinking with Speaking, An\ up
Darwin,
and of economics.
Millj
359
ed. in 1871 of the Cornhill Agnostic's Apology (1893). He became Magazine, in which appeared the essays afterwards coll. as Hours in The was a History of Library (3 series,1874-79). His chief work in the Century (1876-81). He also wrote Eighteenth English Thought and biographies of Dr. Johnson (1878), Science of Ethics (1882), Pope of Letters (1880), Swift (1882),and George Eliot (English Men ed. of the Dictionary of National Series). In 1882 he became devoted which he much to labour, besides contributing Biography, articles. The of the principal English Utilitarians appeared many and critical writer he holds a very high in 1900. As a biographical first wife dau. of Thackeray. In recognition of His was a place. his eminence literary Life and Letters by he was F. W. made a Maitland K.C.B.
(1906).
"
STEPHENS,
b. critic, His works
at Pont
THOMAS
Nedd The
Welsh (1821-1875).
Literature the
historian
a
and
Fechan, Glamorganshire,s. of
shoemaker.
include
of Trial by Jury
claim
in Wales, and an under Madoc of the Welsh the life and works of the bard Aneurin. The critical also wrote on him which he adopted in his works often made methods unpopular enthusiasts for the glory of Wales, but with the less discriminating the respect of serious scholars. he earned
The History of Kymry (1849), he demolished the essay in which to the discoveryof America. He
STERLING, JOHN
laneous
(1806-1844). Essayist and

"
miscel
Times,
Camb. ed. at Glasgow and At the latter he was became acquainted with a group of brilliant men, includingF. D. Milnes. He took orders and be Maurice, Trench, and Monckton Hare but intellectual to difficulties curate and came (q.v.); Julius within and the rest indifferent health led to his resignation a year, between of his life was passed in alternating England and warmer He wrote for Blackwood's climes. and West Magazine, the London
writer, b. in Bute, and

s.
of Edward
S., a well-known
writer
in the
minster, and
Reviews, Quarterly
tion, a Lion, a
His
humorous poem, serio-comic poem
pub. Essays and Tales, The Elec Cceur de a Strafford, tragedy, and Richard
of which
a
and
three
books
out
of
eightwere
pub.
memoir lives by Carlyle, memory, than by anything he did. His character he was rather by what and to have exercised a singular influence on the eminent intellect appear his friends. he numbered men among
perpetuated in
remarkable
STERNE,
officer in the
LAURENCE
army, and
Novelist, s. (1713-1768).
"
of
an
great-grandsonof an Archbishop of his father's regiment happened to b. at Clonmel, where York, was be stationed, and passed part of his boyhood in Ireland. At the age handed of 10 he was to a relation,Mr. Sterne of Elvington in over
Yorkshire, who
him very
to Camb.
the
him to school at Halifax, and thereafter sent entered the Church, a profession for which he was fitted,and through family influence procured the indifferently
put
He
of Sutton, living
1741 he m. a lady Miss Lumley for him in addition influence obtained whose an adjacent benefice, It was and he also became not until 1760 a prebendary of York. vols. of his famous that the first two novel, Tristram Shandy, ap
" "
Yorkshire.
In
peared.
Its
and original peculiar styleof humour,
its
whimsicality,
360
and

also
and its even its defiance of conventionality, achieved for it an immediate and indecorum, into frequent lapses immense popularity.S. went up to -London and became the lion of The third and fourth vols. appeared in 1761, the fifth and the day. sixth in 1762, the seventh and eighth in 1765, and the last in 1767. and his of Mr. Yorick (1760), he had pub. the Sermons Meanwhile
perhaps
remaining work,
Journey appeared in 1768. From his parishioners himself but saw a celebrity the time of his finding in the of London gaieties little of him, his time being passed either he Continent. the was on Latterly practically in or of whom his his wife and only dau., to the former from
The
Sentimental
travelling
had been
separated
behaviour had
anything
begun to giveway soon he d. in broke down, and he fell into a consumption, of which finally alone and unattended. His March 18, 1768, utterly London on coach his containing publisher body was followed to the grave by one and appeared in a few and another gentleman; and it was exhumed He d. in at Camb. professor days upon the table of the anatomical
debt, but
whom lotine. had
m.
but exemplary. His health, which had commenced, after his literary career
a
a
was subscription
Frenchman,
as a
Worthless
and wit, originality, delicate and and an mawkishness, exquisitely glancing style. He characters to immortal has contributed some English fiction,in Trim. His and Uncle Corporal great faults as a Toby cluding writer which
no means
are
raised for his wife and dau., the latter of is said to have perishedunder the guil S. possessedundoubted genius. H" man, the last not seldom into runs pathos,though and
affectation and
deliberate peculiarly
his
thingsof
Works millan's and H.
acknowledgment, the good previouswriters. See also Maced. by Prof. Saintsbury (6 vols., 1894). classics. Lives P. of English by Fitzgerald(1896) Library of Letters Series. D. Traill in EnglishMen THOMAS
in
renders all the more profession without in adopting, scrupulous
kind of indecency, offensive ; and he was by
STERNHOLD,
"
HOPKINS (1500-1549),
JOHN (d. 1570).
making the metrical version of the Psalms^ for 200 attached to the Prayer-book,and was which was years the of England. It is a commonplace chief hymn-book of the Church and tame rendering. The collection was not completed until 1562. It was graduallysupersededby the version of Tate and Brady. Louis Novelist and STEVENSON, ROBERT (1850-1894). b. at Edin., the 5. of Thomas civil was S., a distinguished essayist, He was destined for engineer. His health was extremely delicate. in the engineering which his had for two profession, family genera-! tions been eminent, but having neither inclination nor physical] strengthfor it,he in 1871 exchanged it for law, and was called to the1
Were associated
"
Bar
practised. From childhood his interests had 1875, but never and in literary, 1871 he began to contribute to the Edinburgh^ and the Portfolio. A tour in a canoe in 1876 University Magazine led to the publication in 1878 of his first book, An Inland Voyage. In
been the
same
in
appeared a Donkey
and
m.
with Travels In that year in the Cevennes. he went California to Mrs. Osbourne. Returning to Europe in 1880 he entered
out
Arabian year, The New in magazines, and in
afterwards Nights, he 1879 brought
separately pub.,
Dictionary
upon
a
of
English
which,
and
Literature
in view of his
361
wretched remarkable. for the the
period
was,
of
as
productiveness regards
marked Law
health,
The Chair cation cession. year of
both 1881
was
quantity
by
and his
worth,
highly
candidature
unsuccessful at works Otto
Constitutional
History
Other Prince Mr. and
Edin.,
and
by
in Child's
publi
suc
of
Virginibus
Treasure
Puerisque.
Island
followed and and The
rapid
(1882),
and Memories of he
went
Garden
of
Verse
(1885),
Men,
Dr.
Jekyll
Hyde
Kidnapped (essays),
and the he Master in in and 1888
(1886),
The The year
Underwoods
(poetry),
a
Portraits
Merry
Black visited and
collection In
short
to
stories
(1887),
and
Arrow. the where South he in
1887
Sea
America,
in
following
settled in
Islands is buried. the and
where,
In Plains
Samoa,
The The in
1890,
d.
and Across
1889
and and
of
in The
Ballantrae
appeared, Nights
1892
Wrecker, 1894
1893
Ebb
Island Tide in time the the
Entertainments with
was
Catriona,
Mr.
collaboration his health
his
step-son,
broken,
Lloyd
but
to
Osbourne. the last Weir he
By
this
completely
left the
some
continued
struggle,
latter
and
fragments
of and his
St. best power it

was
Ives work. of
and
of Hermiston,
were
was
containing
the the first
They
S.'s
pub.
in
1897.
Though
from
ear
originality by
of
a
writings slowly
that
to
recognised
he
select
few,
The
only
may in be
caught
turned
the with him
of
the
general place
power in
public.
Treasure the
tide
said which
have
at
once
the
an
publication
assured
Island foremost
1882,
gave of the
among
imaginative
shown such e.g.,
as
writers works
day.
deal and
His with Weir which
greatest
Scotland
is, however,
the i8th and
in
those
which
century,
in
Kidnapped,
Child's the
Catriona,
Garden
of Hermiston,
exhibit Dr. his and
those,
The into
of
of and
are
Verse,
child subtle
-
extraordinary
Mr. and
insight
is
a
psychology powerful
also Mill His
"
life;
Jekyll
Hyde
some
marvellously
his short Will
psychological pieces.
tioned the
as
story,
these
of and
tales
master
Of
Thrawn in
Janet
of
the
may excursions Deacon
be
men
examples
in Admiral His with
a
widely
different with Beau W.
kinds. E.
"
into
drama
collaboration
Henley
added
Brodie,
to
Macaire,
Guinea,
Austin,
nothing graceful,
Life
his
reputation.
subtle, Works,
Balfour and
style
charm
is
singularly
all its
own.
fascinating, 1894-98).
various,
Edinburgh (1901),
Letters,
ed. S.
(28
Colvin
vols.,
by
Grahame
(1899).
362
to power,
for Scotland, created for him the office of Gazette-writer His later to services his of philosophy. in recognition years were His the Forth. works were passedin retirement at Kinneil House on Hamilton. ed. by Sir William
STILLINGFLEET,
EDWARD
(1635-1699). "Theologian,
entered the
b-
Church, and Dorsetshire, ed. at Camb., at Cranbourne, the Deanery a Chaplaincy, Royal held many including preferments, Worcester of and the Bishopric of St. Paul's (1689). He (1678), of House and had considerable in the Lords, was a frequentspeaker A keen controversialist,he wrote influence as a Churchman. many
treatises, includingThe
Irenicum
(advocatingcompromise
with The
man
of the British Churches, and Antiquities Presbyterians), honest a good and reasonableness of Separation. S. was had the respect of his strongest opponents.
the Un and
STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON

b. in which
(1820-1909). Philosopher,
"
Glasgow, and ed. there and at Edin., where he studied medicine, of his /. in 1851, after which until the death he he practised His Secret himself to devoted of Hegel (1865) gave a philosophy. great impulse to the study and understanding of the Hegelian philo sophy both at home and in America, and was also accepted as a work of authority in Germany and Italy. Other works, all characterised and insight masterly power of expositionare by keen philosophical Philosophy and Theology (1890), Complete Text-book to Kant (1881), What is Thought? or the Problem of Philosophy (1900),and The Less abstruse are Tennyson, and Macau(1903). Jerrold, Categories Drama and in B urns (1878), Philosophyin the Poets (1885). lay (1868),
STIRLING, WILLIAM
Poet,
s.
ALEXANDER,
EARL
OF
(1567-1640).
"
of A. of Menstrie, and cr. Earl of S. by Charles I., 1633, held offices of and He state. studied at Glas courtier, was a many and other and Leyden, wrote among partly in Latin, poems, gow and four Monarchicke sonnets Darius, Crcesus, The A lexTragedies, the motive andrcean of which is Tragedy, and Julius Ccesar (1603-7), the fall of ambition, and which, though dignified, have little inspira tion. He also assisted James I. in his metrical version of the Psalms. He d. insolvent in London. received became valueless The
grant of Nova
to the French
Scotia
which
owing
SIR
s.
conquests
he had in that
region.
STIRLING-MAXWELL,
torian and writer
on
WILLIAM
His (1818-1878)."
of Archibald of Keir, succeeded Stirling to the estates and title of his uncle, Sir John Maxwell of Pollok, as well as to Keir, ed. at Camb., afterwards travelled much. He sat in the House of Commons for Perthshire, which he twice represented,
art,
and 1874-80, served on various commissions public and Lord Rector of the Univ. of St. bodies, was successively Andrews and Edin. and Chancellor of that of Glasgow. His works include Annals The Cloister Life of the of the Artists of Spain (1848),
1852-68 and
Emperor
Charles V. (1852), and Don John of Austria, pub. posthu in all distinguished mously 1885. They were by research and full information, and the last two are standard authorities He asi m. his second wife the Hon. Mrs. Norton (q.v.).

STOCKTON, FRANCIS
was delphia, an
363
at Phila
RICHARD
B. (1834-1902).
"
well known and journalist.He became as which of books of and for children, amusing a The Lady and the Tiger Rudder Grange (1879)is the best known. Adventures also highly popular. Others are of Captain Home, was Mrs. Null, Casting A way of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. A leshine,The Hun His etc. Great Stone of Sardis, Captain's Toll-gate, dredth Man,
engraver
writer
of stories
work
was
very
unequal
worked
in interest.
STODDARD,
Hingham, Mass.,
Custom
RICHARD
wrote
a
HENRY
Poet, (1825-1903).
"
b. at
York in New in a foundry, and afterwards Life of Washington, but is chiefly known as The in Summer his works (1857), includingSongs poetical poet, King's Bell, The Lion's Cub, etc.
House,
STORER, THOMAS
ed. at
Poet, b. (1571-1604).
"
Oxf., wrote
long
poem,
The
Life
and
in London, and Death of Thomas
Wolsey, Cardinal.
STORY, WILLIAM
etc., b. at
WETMORE
was
(1819-1895). Sculptor, poet,

"
Salem, Mass.,
intended of letters.
and an eminent man sculptor The di Roma Tragedy (1862),
for the law, but became a His writings include Roba Castle
a
of Nero
The (1875), in
of St. Angela
A Poet's
1877), He
and
She
(1883),Conversations
"
Studio,
etc. Portfolio (1894),
STOW, JOHN
and
b. antiquary,
He trade. n London, s. of a tailor,and brought up to the same and irresistible taste for transcribing an iad, however, collecting ancient and documents, pursuing antiquarian and historical re
searches, to which
was
himself. This he devoted ultimatelyentirely of Archbishop partly through the munificence made large collections of old books and manuscripts, of importance and authority, in and wrote and ed. several works of Englyshe of GeoffreyChaucer, Summarie cluding The Woorkes called Annales afterwards hronicles (1561), of England, ed. of the he enabled Parker. He
to
do
chronicles and A reward
of Matthew
Paris
and
others, of Holinshed's
Chronicle,
Survey of London of his sacrifices

to
(1598). It is sad to think that the only in the public interest was and labours a
collect and kind
"
patent from James I. voluntary contributions
loving subjectstheir gratuities."

among
our
STOWE, MRS. HARRIET
BEECHER
(i8n?-i896). Novelist
"
and miscellaneous writer, dau. of Dr. Lyman Beecher, a well-known of the American B., one clergyman, and sister of Henry Ward America whom has b. at most was popular preachers produced,
Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1811 or 1812. After spending some years the Rev. Calvin E. Stowe. as a teacher, she m. Up till 1852 all she
had written was failed to attract attena little vol. of stories which ion. In that year, at the suggestion she decided of a sister-in-law, Uncle Tom's to write and something against slavery, produced ~abin, which originally appeared in serial form in a magazine, The National It did not at the time receive much Era. attention, but on
its appearance
sale
soon
in
separate form
400,000
reached
it took the world Its by storm. have and the copies, reprints probably
364
reached
a

far number. had
a
hurrying on the later in resulted emancipation. Her which events ultimately include Dred, The Minister's Wooing, Agnes of Sorrento, The works of these, especi Some Folks. Pearl of Orr's Island, and Old Town to Uncle Tom's much in sense superior a literary ally the last, are In than success. had an of them more ordinary Cabin, but none in her somewhat unfortu involved a 1869 an article on Lord Byron
nate
greater foreignlanguages, and
It
was
translated
into
numerous
powerful effect in
controversy.
STRICKLAND,
AGNES
(1796 or
with and others
a
Historical 1806-1874)."
Worcester Tales her /., followed Field, ed.
S., of writer, dau. of Thomas career and began her literary Woman The Seven of Ages by
she next produced among The British Children (1833),
Royden Hall, Suffolk, was

poem,
Demetrius. Historical
by
Abandoning poetry
of
Illustrious
Tales and Pilgrimsof Walsingham (1835), chief works, however, are Lives Stories from History (1836). Her and Lives of the Conquest, of the Queens of England from the Norman etc. and Princesses, vols., 1850-59), (8 English Queens of Scotland, Letters and Bachelor Lives of the of Mary Kings of England (1861), assisted by her sister Eliza she was of which Queen of Scots,in some beth. Though laborious and conscientious she lacked the judicial and her styledoes not rise above mediocrity. faculty,
STRODE, WILLIAM
who
Poet, onlys. (1600-1645).

"
of
S., Philip
Plympton,
to
belonged to
and School
an
Devonshire,
minster his
old Devonshire showing studious Oxf. While
family,he
Univ.
was was
b. at sent
tendencies,
he
West
and
at the
began
to manifest
and generally himself, being elected distinguished Richard Corbet orders Orator. He took in 1629 Public and, on his Later he of became was Oxf., chaplain. (q.v.) becoming Bishop of and Rector of E. Bredenham, Norfolk, Badley, Northants, and
poetictalents,
Canon attached
of
King. He was a High witty and sententious reputation eminent and an an orator, poet." It is therefore preacher, exquisite of his poems that, until the recovery singular by Mr. B. Dobell, he had fallen into absolute oblivion. As a poet he shines most in lyrics and With of his age he shows much of the elegies. artificiality occasional the and for a gracefulness, feeling gleams of country, tenderness. His play,The FloatingIsland, a political was allegory, produced in 1633 and played before the Court then on a visit to Oxf., where it was than of complaint that it had more a subject moralising warmly
had
a
Christ himself
Church.
On to the
the
cause
outbreak of the
"
of the
Civil
War
he
Churchman,
and
as
Mr. Dobell, who in 1907, claims for S. ed. his poems amusement. " " the poem vain all you on delights "), Melancholy ("Hence hitherto attributed to Fletcher.
b. Ecclesiastical historian, STRYPE, JOHN (1643-1737).

"
at
Hackney,
upwards
and other
ed. at
St. Paul's
and, among
for
held livings, He of 60 years.
documents,
minous Cranmer
author.
relating to chiefly Among his works

Sir
and Camb., took orders; Rectory of Low Leyton, Essex, made a large collection of original the Tudor period,and was a volu the
are
School
Memorials
of Archbishop
to
(1694), Life of
Thomas
Smith, Secretary of State

Edward 31), and
was
365
Aylmer honest, a painstaking and remains an authority.
Annals VI. and Elizabeth (1698), of the Reformation (1709Ecclesiastical Memorials (1721); besides Lives of Bishop and Archbishops Grindal, Parker, and Whitgift. S., who but dull and
unmethodical,
writer,
Historical writer,s. of GILBERT (1742-1786). at Edin. Among his publica George S., Prof, of Humanity (Latin)
STUART,
were
"
tions
An
Discourse (1768), View of He was made

a
Dissertation Historical the Government and on of
on
Society in
man
A of England (1772), and Scotland a History of (1782). Europe (1778), extremely jealousand implacable temper, and
on
the Laws
English
Constitution
venomous
attacks
own
the
historical
works
of Robertson inaccurate.
s.
and
Henry.
His
writings, though well-written, are

"
STUBBS,
WILLIAM
Historian, (1825-1901).
of
and ed. there and at the b. at Knaresborough, Yorkshire, solicitor, In and Oxf. School of Fellow Grammar a 1848 he became Ripon, and in the same of TrinityColl., appointed year took orders and was he remained in Essex, where for 16 to the coll. livingof Navestock years, during which His earlier works. Sarum. calendar In he began his historical researches, and first publication was Hymnale Secundum
pub.
his
Usum
a Anglicanum, appeared Registrum Sacrum from and then followed ed. Augustine ; Englishbishops in the Rolls Series. The of several Chronicles learningand critical commanded the attention and ad insight displayedin these works
1858
of
miration In 1862 Prof,
of historical he
was
scholars both appointed librarian
at home
and
on
the
Continent.
in 1866 his Select
of Modern
History
at
Oxf.
of Lambeth There he
Palace, and
pub.
in
1870
Charters, and his chief work, The Constitutional History of England standard which became the at once vols., authorityon 1874-78), (3
periodprecedingthat with which the begins. In 1879 he was appointed a Canon of great work he was translated St. Paul's, and in 1884 Bishop of Chester, whence active prelate he was As an five years later to Oxf. necessarily from his historical researches; but at Chester he withdrawn largely
its
subject.
It deals with
the
of Hallam
S. was of Malmesbury. ed. two vols. of William greater as a his sound torian than as a writer, but he brought to his work judgment, He and member of the was a impartiality. insight,accuracy, French and Prussian Academies, and had the Prussian Order " Pour Since his death him. le Merite " conferred upon Rolls Series have been pub. separately. his
prefacesto
the
STUKELEY,
Camb.,
held
tours
WILLIAM
(1687-1765). Antiquary, ed.

"
at
and after practising as and benefices at Stamford
through England, and was he acted as sec. He pub. Itinerarium to which Curiosum Antiquaries, of He made and a 1 Druidism, 1 740) study 24) special Stonehenge( (7
.
physiciantook orders in 1729 and in London. He made antiquarian of of the Societyof the founders one
and
was
called
"
the Arch-Druid."
"
Poet, SUCKLING, SIR JOHN (1609-1642).

who had held office
as
s.
of
knight
House
Comptroller of the b. hold at Whitton, to James I., was Middlesex, ed. at On the death of his /.in and thereafter went to Gray's Inn.
Sec. of State and
Camb.,
1627, he
366
his return
After
a
inherited large estates.

said to have served for
in travelling
France
and
he Italy,
is
generosity, I. was moving againstthe
Gustavus short time under Adolphus. On where his wealth, to and went Court, he was knighted, favourite. When Charles him made a general and wit Scots S. fitted out
a
gorgeouslyappointed
said to have fled at first troop for his service which, however, were which is ridiculed in the an at Duns, exploit sightof the Scots army He into in trouble got Campaign. ballad of Sir John Suckling's Strafford from the Tower, and fled with a plot to rescue connection
to the Continent.
He
was
noted
ventor
(un (1646), The Goblins, and The Sad One his and his fame rests on ballads, now songs forgotten; finished), by a gay and sparklingwit, including The Wedding, distinguished and a singular grace of expression.
game Brennoralt (1637),
of the
believed by his own hand. d. at Paris, it is now distinction the of the and has in being gambler, four plays, Aglaura wrote of cribbage. He He
SURREY, HENRY
of Thomas learned and
s.
HOWARD,
EARL
OF
(1517 P-I547).Poet,
"
to at
ed. by John Clerke, a of Norfolk, was H., 3rd Duke his attached to and sec. travelled scholar, /. He became the Court, was cup-bearer to the King (Henry VIII.),ewerer at the trial of Anne the Coronation, and Earl Marshall Boleyn.
made a Knight of the Garter a few weeks after the 1542 he was Howard. He suffered im of his cousin, Queen Catherine execution for being implicated in quarrels and than once prisonment more in Scotland and France, and was of deal did a fighting brawls, good insensate on a of victim last the being beheaded jealousy, Henry's VI. the succession of Edward frivolous charge of conspiring against fate. S. shares Norfolk from the same of Henry saved The death In of being the true successor with Sir Thomas .)the honour Wyatt (q.v in English poetry, and he has the distinction of being,in of Chaucer blank verse, and, his translation of the JEneid, the first to introduce in of S., though well known The with Wyatt, the sonnet. poems in his life of them not were circles, appeared ; 40 pub. during courtly He also paraphrased part of Ecclesiastes Tottel's Miscellany in 1 5 5 7. The Geraldine of his sonnets was Elizabeth and a few of the Psalms. child of Earl of then at Court, the d au. Kildare, a lonely Fitzgerald, her /.being imprisoned in the Tower.
SURTEES, ROBERT
a
SMITH
of Durham,
novelist, Sporting (1802-1864).

"
country gentleman
not
who
was
in business
as
solicitor;
but
Subse started in 1831 the SportingMagazine. succeeding, illustrates which to took he novels, were writingsporting quently by John Leech. Among them are Mr. Sponge'sSportingTour, Ash Plain or Ringlets, and Mr. Facey Rom/ord's Hounds. Mamma,
SWIFT,
Dublin claimed of kin
JONATHAN
with Herrick.
Satirist,was (1667-1745).
"
b.
he
al wai
English parents. Dryden

He
was
was
his
cousin, and
He
was
posthumous child, and

poverty.
to
brought
school where he gave
of extreme up in circumstances afterwards at Kilkenny, and went

no
sent tc Dublin! Coll., Trinity

"
evidence
and After the Revolution
unruly temper,
only
he
of ability, but displayeda turbulent anc obtained a special grace.' degree by then resident
at Leicester
joined his mother,

by
whose
367
of Sir William to the household admitted influence he was .)at Moor Park, Lady T. being her distant kinswoman. Temple (q.v to a well-stocked he acted as sec., and having access Here library, became At and his of a close student. made opportunities, good use William III., Park he met Moor including men, distinguished many Esther a who offered him Johnson troop of horse; he also met afterwards to enter dau. of Sir William, who was that life. Dissatisfied, Temple did not apparently, he left his service in 1694 an"3 returned do more for his advancement, of Kilthe small living he took orders, and obtained to Ireland, where his he of the Tale While there wrote Belfast. a one Tub, of root, near and in The Battle satire of most consummate of pieces any language,
a natural (Stella) into his so largely
,
the Books, with reference to the "Phalaris" Bentley), controversy (see In 1698 he threw up his living at which were pub. togetherin 1704. of his society and assistance, the request of Temple, who felt the want Park. On the death of his patron in 1699 he to Moor and returned of his works, and thereafter undertook by request the publication returned the
to
Ireland whom
as
chaplain
to
some
the
Lord
Deputy,
the
Earl
of
Berkeley,from
he obtained
vicarageof Laracor, and a and became the At this time he made frequent visits to London other Whig writers, and friend of Addison, Steele, Congreve, and ecclesiastical subjects. In 1710, various pamphlets,chiefly on wrote of the the Whigs, alike of himself and of the neglect disgustedwith
claims
small preferments, including prebend in St. Patrick's Cathedral.
and attached himself to them of his Church, he abandoned filled few The next with were and years Bolingbroke. Harley in in He the attacked the Whigs papers controversy. political his in The celebrated Conduct and in Examiner of pamphlets. 1710, and The Public Spirit The Barrier Treaty (1713), the Allies (1712), of of St. Patrick's, the made Dean the Whigs (1714). In 1713 he was last
piece of patronage which he received. Queen Anne had proved an insurmountable
The
steady dislike
of
and her death proved advancement, of his hopes S. retired destruction In 1713 he for the rest of his life a thoroughly embittered man. which his sheds to had begun Stella, so strange a light Journal upon to Ireland his marriage to her is his return his character, and on lived now though they never generallybelieved to have taken place,
to his further On the the ruin of the Tories. he remained to Ireland, where obstacle
together.
Van he had
Now
Homrigh
took who (Vanessa),
also
place
had
also his final rupture with Miss been in love with him, with whom
and to whom maintained he a lengthened correspondence, Cadenus Vanessa his poem, and addressed (1726). Though he dis residence in Ireland as banishment, he liked the Irish and considered Irish in himself and attained interested affairs, extraordinary popu larityby his Drapier'sLetters,directed againstthe introduction of " Wood's halfpence." In 1726 he visited England and joined with in publishing Arbuthnot and Miscellanies (1727). In the same Pope
widely and perman His last visit to England was paid in 1727 and entlypopular work. the in the following whom he Stella," being,probably, year only had circle of friends in he d. and Dublin, a Though reallyloved, a owing to his championing the people in their grievances, was, The fears of were darkening around him. popular idol,the shadows
year,
most
"
1726, he pub. Gulliver's Travels, his
368
account
he had all his life haunted, and which may of the least justifiable some partly excuse been
insanityby which
for and perhaps and more him. He be upon portionsof his conduct, pressedmore in his misanthropy, and and morose savage increasingly came of his most which he brilliant some in had produced a he rally though Death the Dr. Verses on of Swift,and the Rhapsody on Poetry, work
"
the
Modest
Proposal (a
into
gradually sank
horrible but masterly piece of irony) he total loss of his faculities,and almost d. on
"
October 19, 1745. of S. is character The writers. English among and early manhood youth
one
gloomiest and least attractive in Intensely proud, he suffered bitterly

of the from
of poverty and de the humiliations mind in which the seeds of insanity a which preyed upon pendence, dominated ferocious a until it became by latent misanthropy. were of grave irony,and while he As a writer he is our greatest master of his own counten ideas, the severity presents the most humorous The Tale of a Tub and Gulliver's Travels are the relaxes. never ance
greatest satires in the English language, although the concluding and almost insane attack upon part of the latter is a savage His history is a tragedy darkening into human the whole race. So great a man he seems and as Thackeray has said, catastrophe,
"
that S.
thinkingof
was
him
tall and
thinkingof powerfully made.

is like
an
His
Empire falling." flashing eyes, blue and
remarkable the most under excitement, were part of his appearance. house B. 1667, ed. at Trinity Coll.,Dublin, entered SUMMARY. Park his sec., be hold of Sir W. Temple at Moor 1692, and became left T. in to William known III.,and met E. Johnson (Stella), came 1694 and returned to Ireland, took orders and wrote Tale of a Tub and Battle of Books (pub.1704), returned to Sir W. T. 1698, and on
"
to Ireland and obtained his death in 1699 pub. his works, returned visits London and became of small the circle of one some preferments, the Tories 1710, attacking Addison, etc., deserts the Whigs and joins
and pamphlets, Dean in various papers of St. Patrick's of Tories of and ruin Anne destroyed hopes of further 1713, Ireland he returned to and and began his Journal to preferment, the former death Letters appeared 1724, visits England, and joins with Stella, Drapier's and Arbuthnot in Miscellanies 1726, pub. Gulliver's Travels " Stella d. lost his faculties and d. 1745. 1728, gradually 1727, Lives Craik Leslie Collins by (1882), Stephen (1882),Churton Works etc. ed. by Sir Walter Scott (19 vols., 1814, etc.), (1893), Bonn's Standard Library (1897-1908).
Pope
"
SWINBURNE,
ALGERNON
CHARLES
Poet, s.; (1837-1909).

"
of Admiral S. and of Lady Jane Ashburnham, dau. of the 3rd Earl of A., b. in London, received his early education in France, and at Eton Balliol and at was Coll.,Oxf., where he attracted the atten tion of Jowett, and himself to the study of Latin, Greek,, gave
French, and
Oxf. sion
Italian,with
Mother
specialreference
1860, and
and
without
graduating in
plays,The Queen
the public, though a on and there made promise. The same year he visited Italy, On his return quaintance of Walter Savage Landor (q.v.}.
He left f to poeticform. in the next year pub. two which made Rosamund, no impres few good judges recognised their the ac he lived
Cheyne Row, Chelsea, with;D. in 1865 The Meredith (q.v.}. appearance don led to his immediate as recognition a poet
for
.
369
some
time
in
and .), (q.v of Atalanta in Calyof the first order, and
G. Rossetti
pub. Chastelard, a Tragedy, the first part of a relatingto Mary Queen of Scots, the other two being Bothtrilogy and Ballads, pub. in well (1874), and Mary Stuart (1881). Poems the critics and the 1866, created a profound sensation alike among its from of readers stan by daringdeparture generalbody recognised and and rise to a prolonged and dards, alike of politics morality, gave oitter controversy, S. defending himself against his assailants in His next works and Reviews. the Song of Italy Notes on Poems were Sunrise and (1871). Returning to the Greek [1867) Songs before
In the
same
year
he
which he had followed with such brilliant success in A talanta models the extraordinary tie produced Erechtheus metrical power of (1876), admiration. Poems and. which second won Ballads, series, general out in 1878. Tristram Dame of Lyonesse in heroic coupletsfollowed
Faliero (1885), Poems and Ballads, third series (1889),The Sisters (1887), The Tale of Balen Rosamund, 1892),Astrophel(1894), (1896), Queen A Channel Lombards and The Duke t he Passage (1904), -"f (1899), of his prose works Love's Cross Currents 'randia (1908). Among are William the Blake, a Critical Essay (1867),Under 1905) (fiction), to R. Buchanan's Fleshly School of Microscope (1872),in answer -A Study of Shake Poetry,George Chapman, a Critical Essay (1875), Victor and A Study of Ben Hugo (1886), speare (1879),A Study of Jonson (1889). Poets' S. belongs to the class of became poets." He never of he is As master metre excelled a popular. ividely hardly by any been questionedwhether 3f our poets,but it has not seldom his mar of the beauty of words and their arrangement did not vellous sense of his thought. The Hymn exceed the depth and mass to A rtemis in When the hounds of Spring are on 4 talanta beginning Winter's the of is certainly most traces one splendid examples of metrical in the language. As a prose writer he occupiesa much lower sower between the thought and its expression jlace,and here the contrast marked, the latter often becoming turgid and even jecomes very S. was violent. In his earlier days in London associated with closely the Rossettis, Meredith, and Burne- Jones: he :he pre-Raphaelites, to the classical and thus subjected successively romantic inwas
n
1882, A
Midsummer
Holiday
(1884),Marino
Locrine
"
"
"
the traces of both in his work. showed He was never his life lived with his friend,Mr. Theo""., and for the last 30 years of lore Watts-Dunton, at the Pines, Putney Hill. For time some almost Defore his death he was totallydeaf.
luence, and
Poet SYLVESTER, JOSHUA (1563-1618).

"
and
translator,
of Du by his translation from the French and Works, which is said to have influenced Vlilton and the Counterblast Shakespeare. He seconded against Tobacco of James I. with his Tobacco Battered and the Pipes Shattered Helicon by a Volleyof Holy Shot thundered from Mount (1620), A II not Gold that Glitters, ,nd also wrote Panthea Wishes and : Divine
.
.
s chieflyremembered Weeks Bartas' Divine
Meditations Dccasional icted later
and (1630), pieces. S.,

as
a
sort
religious, complimentary, and other many who was engaged in commerce, originally of factor to the Earl of Essex.
370
of English Literature Dictionary JOHN

ADDINGTON Writer (1840-1893).
"
SYMONDS,
on
ar1
ed. at Harrow and literature, s. of a physicianin Bristol, was anc He His delicate health Oxf. obliged him to live abroad. pub History of the Italian Renaissance, and translated the Auto (1875-86) books of poetry biographyof Benvenuto Cellini. He also pub. some and among (1878)and Animi Figura (1882), Many Moods including Introduction to the Study of Dante were his other publications (1872) Predecessors Studies of the Greek Poets (1873and 1876), Shakespeare's and Lives of various in the English Drama (1884), poets, including He also made and Walt Whitman. remarkable Ben Jonson, Shelley, of Michelangelo and of the sonnets translations Campanella, anc
wrote
upon
in subjects philosophical
various
periodicals.
"
SYNGE,
writer, b.
He
JOHN
MILLINGTON
near Dublin, ed. privatelyand at Trinity Coll., Dublin The Wei wrote Riders to the Sea, In the Shadow of the Glen (1905), Western The the World'(igo7), Play Boy of anc of the Saints (1905), Islands (1907). The Aran
LEICESTER WARREN, 3RD LORI DE, JOHN BYRON eldest of the 2nd Lord, ed. at Eton s. and OxfT Poet, (1835-1895).
TABLE
for
Y
"
attached to the British of a very high order, He wrote poems " " of George F. Preston pseudonyms
was a
time
Embassy
some
at
Constantinople^
pub.
under th"
of them
"
and
William
Lancaster.'
They include Ballads and Metrical Sketches, The Threshold of Atrides These followed etc. were Glimpses of Antiquity, by two dramas, Philocteies (1866)and Orestes (1868). Later works in his own nam" Rehearsals The Soldier's For" were (1870), Searchingthe Net (1873), and Lyrical (1893) included tune, a tragedy. Poems, Dramatic selec* former works. After his death tions from appeared Orpheus it of sensitive temperament, and wa: Thrace (1901). He was a man of a recluse. much He was an latterly accomplished botanist, anii
pub.
a
work
on
the Flora
of Cheshire.
"
TALFOURD,
5. biographer,
SIR
of a in ed. at Mill Hill School. Parliament, 1835-41,was Ht represented studied law, was called to the Bar in 1821, and became a Judge ii 1849. He d. suddenly of apoplexy while charging the Grand Jury at Stafford. He wrote much for reviews, and in 1835 produced low followed by The Athenian a tragedy, and The Massacn Captive(1838),
THOMAS NOON Poet anc (1795-1854). brewer at Reading, where he was b., and which hi
of Glencoe, all
and
of which
were
acted
with
success.
T.
was
the frieno
of Charles Lamb and (q.v.), his Memoirs and Letters. In 1837 he introduced which was passed with modifications in 1842.
executor literary
pub. in two sections the Copyright Bill

b. in
TANNAHILL,
where
ROBERT
Poet, (1774-1810)."
Paislej
he was In 1807 he pub. a small vol. of poems a weaver. an$ which with met and carried his hitherto local fami success, songs, his native country. Always delicate and sensitive, over a disappoint! in regard to the publication ment of an enlargeded. of his poems s^ to which wrought upon a lowness of spirits, he was h" that subject, drowned himself in a canal. His longer pieces are now forgotten,! but some of his songs have achieved a popularity only second to thai

of
some
371
of Burns's Winter's
Gloomy
Dublin,
now
best. awa'
Among
and
these The
"
are
Bonnie
The Braes Wood o'
of Balquhidder, Craigielea.
TATE, NAHUM
was
Poet, s. (1652-1715).
of
clergyman in
He ed. at Trinity Coll. there. Several on pub. Poems Panacea, or a Poem Tea, and, in collaboration on (1677), and Achitophel. He also with Dryden, the second part of Absalom Richard II. and Lear, making what he con adapted Shakespeare's Thus in Lear Cordelia is made sidered improvements. to survive her /., and marry Edgar. This desecration, which was defended by in the igth century. He Dr. Johnson, kept the stage till well on miscellaneous various also wrote now happily forgotten. poems, of Tate and Brady's metrical ver He is best remembered as the Tate sion of the Psalms, pub. in 1696. T., who succeeded Shadwell ae in The Dunciad. in 1690, figures Poet Laureate NICHOLAS BRADY (1659-1726). Tate's fellow-versifier of the Psalms, b. at Bandon, Occasions
"
and incumbent of Stratford-onand ed. at Westminster Oxf., was Avon. He wrote a tragedy, The Rape, a blank verse translation of all the JEncid, an Ode, and sermons, now forgotten.
TATHAM,
known of him.
JOHN
He
a
1632-1664). (ft.
"
Dramatist.
Little is
and some dramas, Scots Figgaries, or
produced pageants for the Lord Mayor's show Love Crowns the End, The Distracted State, The
Knot Puritans The Rump, etc. He was and the Scotch, and invented to be their vernacular tongue.
"
of Knaves,
a a
Cavalier, who
dialect which
hated the he believed
TAUTPHCEUS, BARONESS
Dau. Court of
(MONTGOMERY) (1807-1893).
Irish gentleman, m. the Baron at the an T., Chamberlain She wrote several novels with of Bavaria. German dealing Initials (1850),is perhaps the best. the first,The life of which and At Odds Others were Cyrilla (1883), Quits (1857), (1863).
TAYLOR,
of ticed
to
a
BAYARD
Poet, b. in Pennsylvania (1825-1878).

"
Quaker descent, began

he printer,
went to
to write
by
work
found
the
his indentures, constant a was Europe he ed.
After his return from York Tribune, and paper, got on the staff of the New which Views Afoot are pub. several books of travel and poetry, among of his in travels and El Dorado account an Europe, (1846), (1850),
a
and
Europe on a traveller. enterprising
he was 12. Appren uncongenial and, purchasing walking tour, and thereafter he
the time
the Californian After some gold-fields. experience disappointmentsin the diplomaticsphere,he settled down his first venture in which, Hannah to novel -writing, Thurston (1863), and followed was was by John Godfrey'sFortunes very successful, and The (1864),partly autobiographical, Story of Kenneth (1866). include Poems His poeticworks Poet's Journal of the Orient (1854), Lars (1862), Masque of the Gods (1872), (1873),The Prophet (1874), Prince and Home Pastorals Deucalion, a tragedy, (1875). In 1878 he was appointed to the German Embassy, and d. in Berlin in the His translation of Goethe's Faust is perhaps his followingyear. He was best work. of untiring and a man and great ability energy tried too but to fame to advance avenues versatility, many very far which and
some
described
in any
of them.
372
SIR HENRY
TAYLOR,
Dramatist, (1800-1886).
"
s.
of
After being at sea for gentleman farmer in the county of Durham. Stores in the Naval and months Department, he became a some remained and there for Colonial Office, the in 48 clerk years, during which the he
exercised considerable
influence made
on
the
colonial He
policyoi
wrote four Empire. In 1872 he was Artevelde Comnenus van Isaac (1827),Philip (1834), tragedies and St. Clement's Eve (1862) Edwin the Fair (1842), ; also a romantic which he renamed A Sicilian Summer ; comedy, The Virgin Widow, Poems The Eve of the Conquest and other (1847). In prose he pub. The Statesman (1836),Notes from Life (1847),Notes from Books and an Autobiography. Of all these Philip van Artevelde was (1849), of great ability T. was and dis a man perhaps the most successful. of the qualities of good poetry, tinction, but his dramas, with many lack the final touch of genius.
"
K.C.M.G.
and historical TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865). Philosophical

"
the most eminent member of a writer, artist, and inventor, was of which has shown a remark as the Taylors Ongar, family known in various of ability in able persistence departments, but especially
art name,
and
was engravers, T. was for children. brought up to the hereditary he displayedpre-eminent skill, his work art of engraving,in which D. Rossetti. He admiration of G. the to decided, however, gaining
His literature. eminent both were books
grandfather and
and
/., who
the latter
bore
the the
same
author
of various
to produce years continued and value, including Elements of originality works of Thought (1823), Natural History of Enthusiasm (1829),Spiritual Despotism (1831), Restoration of Belief(1855), The Physical Ancient Christianity (1839), Transmission Ancient Another Books, and Life,History of of Theory of devote himself Home other
to literature, and
for 40
Education, besides
numerous
contributions
to
reviews
and
and artistic accomplishments periodicals.Besides his literary two T. was of his inventions an important inventor, having done the manufacture of calico. Two his much of sisters had to develop considerable literary reputation. ANN T., afterwards MRS. GILBERT and JANE (1783-1824) like their brother, taught (1782-1866), were, the art of engraving. In 1804-5 they jointly wrote OriginalPoems
forInfant Minds, followed by Rhymes for the Nursery Infant Minds. Among those are the little poems,
and other
" "
and
"
Hymns
Mother
for
"
My
Twinkle, twinkle, little Star," known
children.
Jane
was
also the
author
of
works, includingseveral hymns, Lord, I would own Thy tender Care."

were
all well -conditioned and Display, a tale (1815), of which ia the best known
to
the T.
family the s. (1829-1901), The Liturgyand the Dissenters, and pub. works in philology ology,includingWords and Places and Etruscan Researches; JOSIAH GILBERT, s. of Ann T., an accomplished artist,and
of The the Dolomite
represented in
The hereditarytalents of the next ISAAC generationby CANON of Isaac last mentioned, who, in addition to archae and
by
author ed. of
Mountains,
Cadore,
or
Titian's
Country,
and
Autobiographyof his mother.

b. at Camb.
of
a
TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)." Divine, was

His /., though of gentle descent, followed
the trade
barber, and

Jeremy
entered Caius Coll.
as a
373
sizar.
After
his
graduation in 1634
his eloquence attracted where to preach in London, asked ic was him to Oxf., caused to be of Laud, who sent him :he attention him his chaplain. He of All Souls Coll.,and made elected a Fellow soon ilso became a chaplainto the King, and attaininga great repuIn of Uppingham. to the ation as a preacher, was living presented
639 he
tone.
m.
On
ind
xear
was
made Rector of Over his first wife, and in 1643 he was T. sided with the King, of the Civil War the outbreak at the battle fought in 1645 present, probably as a chaplain,
was
he was taken prisoner. He Cardigan Castle, when lost,he eleased, but the Royalistcause being practically in Wales, in of Lord and with two friends had some which whose started
success. a
soon
decided
to
emain riend "eriod
school T.
lall,Caermarthenshire,
at Newtonalso found
Carbery,
chaplain
he
became.
During
the
from were 1647-60, which passed in seeming 13 years of his raised the and laid the foundations structure h e "bscurity, The fame. Liberty of Prophesying (that is, of plendid literary of the greatest pleas for toleration in the language, one Breaching),
was
pub. in 1647, The Life of Christ in 1649, Holy Living in 1650, and followed were Holy Dying in 1651. These by various series of
ermons,
and
by
The
Golden
Grove
(1655),a
manual
of devotion
of the seat of his friend Lord vhich received its title from the name remarks against the existing authorities T. Carbery. For some tracts controversial suffered a short imprisonment, and on some
Original Sin,
~he Doctrine of
some
Unum and
Necessarium which of
(the
one
thing needful),
him in
a
and
Practice
of Repentance
involved
contro
versy Churchmen econd
in warmth and Calvinists. with

a
attacked he was in Wales T. had While
by
both
High
into
was a
entered
some lady by the exactions of the Parliamentarians, n 1657 he ministered privatelyto an Episcopaliancongregationin in 1658 accompanied Lord and London, Conway to Ireland, and DubitanTwo later he pub. Ductor at Lisburn. erved a cure years
marriage encroached eriously
property which, however,
upon
ium,
in all her General Measures, a learned II. The to Charles which he dedicated id subtle pieceof casuistry of devotion to the T.'s estoration unswerving brought recognition and to of and made Down he was Connor, Bishop cause; loyalist
or
the Rule
of Conscience
his
iew
was
added
the
administration
of the
see
of Dromore.
In
his
zeal, though, as might have been expected,he showed position, did He and he not not, was benevolence, happy. prob.iligence, his own views of absolute toleration, could not, entirely practise ,bly of whose himself in conflict with the Presbyterians, nd found some
extruded
to
a
ainisters he had
xe
from
more
benefices
which
they had
held, and
peacefulposition. He d. longed to a parishioner. T. of a fever caught while ministering it Lisburn of the great classical writers of England. Learned, original, s one and charity,and and impassioned,he had an enthusiasm for religion of illustration is writingsglow with an almost wealth unequalled ,nd imagery, subtle argument, and fullness of thought. With a and stainless haracter of and gracious purity and benevolence, under he was beloved ;entle manners, universally by all who came he spell of his presence.
to escape
privateand
374
Poet," b.
London turned wards for
Known JOHN (1580-1653).
"
TAYLOR,
at
as
the
"Water
of humble Gloucester parentage, was apprenticedto a Thereafter for the navy. he re and waterman, pressed the his Thames, after and resumed to London occupation on He had a talent keeping inns first at Oxf., then in London.
verses, writingrollicking
enjoyed
the
acquaintance of
Ben
Jon-
famous men, superintended the water pageant at son, and Elizabeth Princess the marriage of the 1613, and composed the " He made foot a journey on triumphs at the Lord Mayor's shows. he wrote an account, The of which from London as far as to Braemar, other
"
Pennyless Pilgrimage
Water Poet
8). (161
made His
He
other in a book. value, but writingsare of little literary interest. siderable historical and antiquarian
1620, and
Taylor, the King's Majesty's at Prague in the Queen of Bohemia journeys,each of which was commemorated
. .
of John
visited
have
con
TAYLOR, PHILIP
s. Liverpool,
MEADOWS
Novelist,b. (1808-1876).
"
at
When still a boy went there. out to a of a merchant in the situation in Calcutta, but in 1826 got a commission mercantile From this he of to the Nizam of a rose high civil Hyderabad. army and entirely reorganisedhis positionin the service of the Nizam, He wrote several striking novels dealingwith Indian government.
life,includingConfessionsof
Queen.
dau.
He
left
an
Thug (1639),Tar autobiography,The Story of my

a
"
a,
and
Life, ed.
Noble by his
TAYLOR, THOMAS
b. in Translator, (1758-1835).
London
himself and ed. at St. Paul's School, devoted to the study of the classics and of mathematics. After being a bank clerk he was ap pointed Assistant Secretaryto the Societyfor the encouragement of influential friends, who Arts, etc., in which capacityhe made many furnished include His aim the
means
for
publishinghis
various
translations, which
of Plato, Aristotle,Proclus, Porphyry, Apuleius, etc. works indeed was of all the untranslated the translation writings Greek
of the ancient
philosophers.
"
TAYLOR, TOM
Dramatist, b (1817-1880).
at
Sunderland,
ed. at Glasgow and Camb., and was Prof, of English Literature in Univ. London from called to the Bar, 1845-47. In 1846 he was from and Sec. to the Local Board. Government 1854-71 he was He the author of about dramatic was 100 pieces,originaland adapted, includingStill Waters run Deep, The Overland Route, and He was likewise a largecontributor to Punch, of which Joan of Arc. he
was
ed.
1874-80, and
and painters,
he
ed. the
Leslie,the
wrote
of Haydon and autobiographies Life and.Times of Sir Joshua Reynolds.
TAYLOR, WILLIAM
merchant, travelled
on
Translator,etc.,s. (1765-1836)."
of
the Continent, learned German, and became enthusiastic student of German an which he of the literature, was one first to introduce his to fellow-countrymen. His articles on the
subject
were
coll. and
pub.
as
Historic
Survey of
German
Poetry
(1828-30). He translated Burger's Lenore, Lessing'sNathan, and Goethe's Iphigenia. He also wrote Tales of Yore (1810) and English Described Synonyms (1813).

TEMPLE,
s. ssayist,
375
and
6. in
was
SIR
WILLIAM
Statesman (1628-1699).
"
of Sir
John T.,
Master
of the
Rolls
in Ireland,
Condon, and
ome
time
He travelled on the Continent, was for ed. at Camb. member of the Irish Parliament, employed on various
iplomaticmissions, and )range and the Princess

ulted door
by
Charles
ired to his house
negotiatedthe marriage of the Prince of conMary. On his return he was much II., but disapproving of the courses adopted, rehe afterwards left and purchased at Sheen, which
for a time his sec. He took no part in Park, where Swift was ae Revolution, but offered, acquiescedin the new regime,and was of State. His works consist for the ut refused, the Secretaryship nost part of short essays the title of Miscellanea, but coll. under upon the United Provinces, and Essay onger piecesare Observations the Original and Nature of Government. Apart from their immedite interest they mark to the simpler, a transition more concise, and of sentences modern nore carefully arranged composition.
n
TENNANT,
from ripple
WILLIAM
Poet (1784-1848).
"
and
scholar,a
his birth, was b. at Anstruther (commonly called Anster) Fife. As a youth he was clerk to his brother, a corn-merchant, his leisure to the study of languages, ut devoted and the literature f various countries. In 1813 he became of parish schoolmaster at Dollar âsswade, near Edinburgh, thereafter classical master cademy, and in 1835 Prof, of Oriental Languages at St. Andrews,
n
1812
he
pub. Anster Fair,

which
fancy and ater life he

and aliol, Iso issued
in ottava rima, full poem, him humour, once brought reputation. In Cardinal Beaton and produced two tragedies, John two poems, The Thane He of Fife and PapistryStormed. Chaldee Grammar. a Syriac and
a
mock-heroic
at
TENNYSON,
he fourth
s.
ALFRED,
IST
LORD
Poet, was (1809-1892)."
George T., Rector of Somersby, Lincolnshire, where b. himself a poet of some and his two elder was skill, /.was and Charles T. Turner rothers, Frederick T. (q.v.) were (q.v.), poets
a
of His
received from his /., after of Louth, whence in 1828 he roceeded to Trinity Coll., Camb. In the previous year had apeared a small vol., Poems the work of his by Two Brothers, chiefly rother Charles and himself, with a few contributions from Frederick, little attention. ut it attracted At the Univ. he was of a group one f highlygifted Trench (q.v.), Monckton including men, Milnes, afterwas
high order.
h he went
His
to the
earlyeducation Grammar School
vards
(q.v.), Lushington, his future and Hallam, whose friendship death to be the inspiration of his greatestpoem. were In 1829 arly the Chancellor's medal e won by a poem on Timbuctoo, and in the he out his first independent work, Poems oUowing year brought It in not was Lyrical. hiefty general very favourably received by ic critics, much though Wilson in Blackwood's Magazine admitted romise and even it had greater popuperformance. In America arity. Part of 1832 was spent in travel with Hallam, and the same the publicationof Poems, which ear saw had not much greater
rother-in-law, and
above
Lord
Houghton
Alford (q.v.),
all,Arthur
uccess
jegan
than its predecessor. In the next d., and T. year Hallam In Memoriam and wrote The Two Voices. He also became
376
engaged to Emily Sellwood, his future wife, but owing to various cir their marriage did not take place until 1850. The next cumstances and, so far as few years were passed with his family at various places, until silent remained he concerned, 1842, when he pub. were the public achieved full as a great recognition in two volumes, and at last Poems T. is a record of tranquil lifeof in his the time this From triumph poet. of and the his of fame successive of the publication art and ; conquest his history. The the only events which mark almost became works Princess appearingin 1847 added materiallyto his reputation: in such The it is interspersed, which as with the lyrics Splendour
"
of his art. 1850 was perhaps year for in it took placehis marriage which, as he said, brought in his life, to the Laureateship on the peace of God into his life,"his succession and the of his greatest poem, of death the Wordsworth, publication his noble Ode In the Death on In Memoriam. 1852 appeared of the
most
"
Falls " branch
and
"
Tears, idle Tears"

The
he rises to the
full the
mastery
of this
eventful
Duke
; of Wellington
Brigade. popularity a
The
But favour. received its the first set of The Idyllsof the King was on with which Enoch with the later. Northernfour Arden, appearance years out in 1864; The Holy Grail and Gareth and Lynette, Farmer, came both belonging to the Idyll series,in 1869 and 1872 respectively. Three years later in 1875 T. broke new with Queen Mary, followed of dramas The Promise The Cup (1881), (1879), and Robin Hood
two years later The Charge of the Light. of in 1855 gave his rapidlygrowing, Maud publication set-back, though it has since risen in perceptible than made this was far more up for by the enthusiasm
and
ground by beginning a series The Falcon by Harold (1876), Becket of May (1882), (1884),
"
Lovers' Tale The were (1891). His later poems Tiresias (1885), 60 Locksley Hall retouched), Cross Years after Demeter and other Poems including (1886), (1889), ing the Bar," and The Death of (Enone (1892). T., who cared little' intimate for general society,though he had and devoted many Isle of Wight, from friends,lived at Farringford, 1853-69, when he
(1879)(an earlywork
"
built a house at Aldworth, until his death. In 1884 he
near was
Haslemere,
which
was
passed
nesses,
the
threescore
the younger sons d., a heavily upon him; thereafter frequentattacks of illness followed, and he d. on October 6, 1892, inr his 84th year, and received a public funeral in Westminster Abbey. The of T. is characterised wide outlook, poetry by intense by a with the of and sympathy deepestfeelings aspirations humanity, a of his two told
enjoyed good
years health on blow which
and
raised to the peerage. ten he had, with But in 1886 the whole.
home Until he had ill occasional
his
profound realisation of the problems of life and thought, a noble in such The patriotism finding utterance as Revenge, the poems the and the Ode Death the Charge of on Light Brigade, of the Duke ot of an of vivid sense Wellington, exquisite beauty, marvellous power and minute often achieved felicitous phrase, description by a single and often heightened by the perfectmatching of sense and sound, and loftiness and a of tone. No general purity poet has ex celled him in precision and delicacy of language and completenessoi he has, perhaps,no superiors, and only two expression. As a lyrist or three equals in English poetry, and even of humour he possessed
no
small
share,
as
is shown
in the
Northern
Farmer
and
in other
pieces. When
are
377
the volume, variety, finish,and duration of his work he exercised his on considered, as well as the influence which him the of his be must time, a unique place poets assigned among country. Brothers Poems SUMMARY. B. 1809, ed. Camb., by Two 1827,
"
in two Volumes Lyrical 1830, his chief works Poems chiefly Maud Memoriam In 1855, Idyllsof the 1850, 1842, 1847, 1850, d. 1892. King 1869-72, Poet Laureate books, bio Life by his s. (2vols.,1897). There are also numerous Poems Princess A. C. others, W. E. Wace (1881), by, among graphicaland critical, C. F. G. Masterman Sir A. F. A. Harrison, Benson, Lyell, (T. Lang, as a Religious Teacher) Stopford Brooke, Waugh, etc.
,
TENNYSON,
eldest Alfred
n s.
FREDERICK
Poet, (1807-1898).
"
was
the
brother of Rector of Somersby, Lincolnshire, and of his life T. (q.v.). Ed. at Eton and Camb., he passed most of the
and
to the Poems by Two Brothers, Italyand Jersey. He contributed Isles of Greece Hours The and ( 1854), Days (lyrics) produced and Poems and the Day of Night (1895). All 1890), Daphne (1891), lis works of show genuine poeticpower. passages
TENNYSON
Drother
Became
TURNER,
T.
CHARLES
Poet, elder (1808-1879).

"
Vicar in
of Alfred of
sumed Poems
were
ed. at Camb., entered (q.v.), The Lincolnshire. name Grasby, relation. with the will of a conformity
was
the He
Church,
and
as
of Turner
he contributed
to
Two Brothers, and admired by such greatly
by
of 340 sonnets, which the author critics as Coleridge, Palgrave,and his
Brother
Alfred.
THACKERAY,
ments
WILLIAM
T., who
MAKEPEACE
held various
(1811-1863).
"
Novelist, s. of Richmond
important appoint
in the service of the East India Company, and who belonged Yorkshire old and respectable to an family,was b. at Calcutta, and which of his /., took place in 1816, sent home after the death soon After being at a school at Chiswick, he was sent to to England. he remained from School, where 1822-26, and to have been very happy. Meanwhile in he does not appear H. W. C. had m. Major 1818 his mother Smythe, who is believed to of Colonel Newcome. in part at any rate, the original In 1829 t"e, he remained he went for a year only, to TrinityColl.,Camb., where himself particularly and where he did not distinguish as a student, the Charterhouse where 3ut made
son,
friends, includingSpedding (q.v.), life-long Tenny many and Monckton Milnes (see (q.v.), Houghton), and con Fitzgerald
verses
tributed and
"
and
caricatures The
to
two
Univ.
"
papers,
The
Snob
"
Gownsman." The in travelling on chiefly
Weimar,
for legalstudies, he soon abandoned liking attention to became them, journalism, proprietor, both of which failed. wholly or in part, of two papers successively, unfortunate These enterprises, investments and togetherwith some
Temple,
he but
visited
following year, 1831, was spent the Continent, especially Germany, when, at Goethe. the Middle Returning he entered
and
having no turning his
also, it would
fortune seem, play,strippedhim of the comfortable which found himself dependent on he had inherited; and he now tiis own exertions for a living. He thought at first of art as a
378
acting as

studied for
a
and profession,
time
at Paris and
he m. Paris correspondentfor the second journals, Irish and the next Colonel officer, of Shawe, an dau. year he Isabella, to contributor Fraser's and became a Magazine, returned to England in which appeared The Yellowplush Papers, The Great Hoggarty
Rome. of his
In
1836,while
Diamond,
sharper,which
Catherine, and Barry Lyndon, the of his best work. contains some
history of
Other works
an
Irish of this
(
The Paris Sketch-book (1840)and The Irish Sketch-book period were it was while appreciated at its truei (1843). His work in Fraser, had not brought him any very wide recogniworth } by a select circle, tion: it
was
Jeames's The turning point

"
his contributions to Punch first caught the Diary which
"
the
ear
Book of the
of
and Snobs wider public.
the publicationin in his career, however, was This Fair of numbers (1847-48). Vanity extraordinary monthly beside the of English head at him at once a work gave Fielding place Dickens. Penhim no livingcompetitor except novelists, and left followed in 1848-50, and fully dennis, largely autobiographical, his reputation. In 1851 he broke new maintained ground, and ap
as
a
with great success, peared,
lecturer, taking for his subject The
EighteenthCentury, followingthis up ittj in America. Meanwhile first delivered 1855 with the Four Georges, and the novel of his masterpiece, probably greatest Esmond, perhaps in and The Newcomes had its kind in existence, 1852, appeared (1853),) which, though containingmuch' The Virginians, a sequelto Esmond, off as compared) considered to show a falling fine work, is generally in out c ame with its two immediate 1857-59. In 1860: predecessors, with T. started for its ed., and to it hethe Cornhill Magazine was Lovell the Widower contributed of Philip (1860),The Adventures series of a The Roundabout charming Papers, essays, and (1861-62), his sudden left but which Denis death, mere a Duval, fragment by his level of to of a return highest performance. In! gave promise English Humourists
of
the T. for some mentioned, to the works years of which the best were and burlesques, The Rosen books Rhine. the He also The wrotet and the Ring and on Kickleburys strain like of which, Bouillabaisse, are in a of? verses, some graceful shot through with pathos,while others are the purest rollick j humour of the heart, and For some years T. suffered from spasms ing fun. addition Christmas he d.
produced!
suddenly during the night of

He
was
a
December and of his
year. caused and
man
of the
tenderest
23, heart, and the
1863,
had
in his
an
53r4
a
intense^
was
enjoyment
by
of domestic the
happiness;
breakdown with
interruptionof this,;
health,
permanent
his wife's
heavy calamity. This, along
which made him a sensitiveness called his often superficially less fostered the tendency to what was inimitable life. and of He view an a powe" irony possessed cynical is almost could scorch like b ut the which latter of sarcasm lightning, To humanf invariablydirected against what is base and hateful. weakness he into is lenient and he often is
health! broken own latterly keenly alive to criticism,doubtJ
passes
human
wickedness,
"
nature lightbut sure

and
steadily and
He
was
when weaknesl even and just compassionate. He saw it whole," and saw paints it with of
a
tender, and
hand.
master
as one
and individuality,
ranks
of the
styleof great distinctionvery greatest of English!
novelists.

SUMMARY. law turned Paris and
"
379
trying
art at
B.
1811, ed.
wrote
at Charterhouse
to
in journalism, for
which
and Camb., after he lost his fortune, studied
Rome,
Fraser's
Magazine
and
Punch,
Barry
Lyndon,
Pendennis
Book
and Jeames'sDiary, pub. Vanity Fair 1847-8, lectured Humourists on (1848-50), 1851, and on Four
of Snobs,
Georges in
Denis
America ed.
1855, pub. Esmond

Cornhill
1852,
ginians 1857-59,
Duval,
Lives
Magazine
Newcomes 1853, Vir his last 1860, great work,
1863. A. Trollope(Eng (Great Writers), lish Men of Letters), Whibley ((Modern English Writers). Article in Dictionary of National Biography by Leslie Stephen. by
left unfinished, d. Merivale and Marzials
THEOBALD,
LEWIS
Editor (1688-1744)."
of
Shakespeare,
and translator, originally an attorney, betook himself to literature, translated from Plato, the Greek dramatists, and Homer, and wrote also essays, biographies, and poems. In 1715 he pub. Shakespeare he severely criticised Pope's ed., and was in rewarded with the first in The the and Dunciad, consequence place adoption of most of his corrections in Pope's next ed. Though a poor poet, he emendations
was an
Restored, etc.,in which
on
some
Shakespeare which
and discriminating made critic, of the classics, and produced in 1734 his ed. gave him a high place among
acute
brilliant
an
ed. of
THIRWALL,
Stepney,
Camb.
same
CONNOP
a
"
b. at
the s. of He studied
clergyman,
law,
was
year
pub.
translation
and ed. at the Charterhouse and called to the Bar in 1825, and in the of Schleiermacher's Critical Essay on
the Gospel of St. Luke. After this,having changed his mind, he took orders in 1827, and the next year translated, with JuliusHare (q.v.), the first vol. of Niebuhr's and also with Rome, him, History of pub., advocate for the an (1831-33). He was admission of Dissenters to degrees, and in consequence of his action in the matter had to resignhis Univ. tutorship. Thereupon Lord Brougham, then Lord Chancellor, presented him to the livingof Kirk he The Museum Philological
by
Underdale. made
Between
tory of Greece, which

was
of the time affecting the leadingquestions T. was Church. Churchman As a Broad by regarded with suspicion of Lords generally and in the House both High and Low Churchmen, of Jews to the admission such as supported liberal movements Parliament. establishment He was of the the
energy delivered during his tenure ceptional weight upon the
usual
has a of St. David's, in which Bishop The his see. in administering of the
see were
1835 and place among
1847
he wrote his great His historical classics. In 1840
capacityhe
eleven
showed which of
un
charges pronouncements
he
ex
only Bishop
who
was
in favour
of the dis
Irish Church.
THOMS,
miscellaneous
WILLIAM
JOHN
Antiquary (1803-1885).
"
and
writer, for many
years
clerk in the
office secretary's
in 1845 of Chelsea was subsequently Hospital, the founder in He was of Lords. Deputy Librarian to the House also ed. he for which of and Notes some Among years 1849 Queries, his publicationsare Lays and (1827-28), Early Prose Romances Gurton's Famous G ammer The Book of the Court (1838), Legends (1834),
appointed Clerk, and
380
Histories ed. Stow's duced
Gammer (1846), Gurtoris
was
"
London,
"
and
sec.
Stories (1848). He also Pleasant of the Camden Society. He intro
the word
folk-lore
into the
language.
"
THOMSON,
Poet, s. JAMES (1700-1748).

most
of the minister
of his youth, however, at of Ednam, Roxburghshire, spent parish,to which his /. was translated. Southdean, a neighbouring ed. at the parish school there, at Jedburgh, and at Edin., He was with the view of studying for the ministry. The he went whither having been objectedto by the styleof one of his earliest sermons he gave up Prof, of Divinityas being too flowery and imaginative, in 1725, taking with him a part his clerical views and went to London his poem of Winter. By the influence of ultimately became of what
tutor to Lord Binning, s. of the Earl of his friend Mallet he became introduced to Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, and Haddington, and was followed Winter was others. by Summer pub. in 1726, and was the whole were (1730),when (1727),Spring (1728),and Autumn Previous he had Seasons. to 1730 pro brought together as The
duced after
"
one
or
two
minor
some
poems
success,
and
was
the oh!
which, tragedy of Sophonisba,
promising
Charles
killed
"
by
"
the In
unfortunate
"
line,
Oh!
Oh!
Jemmy panied
T., accom 1731 of the Lord Chancellor, to the Continent the sinecure Secretaryshipof as tutor, and on his return received in lost he Briefs which, however, 1737, through omitting to apply He then returned to the to Talbot's successor. for its continuance Talbot,
s.
Sophonisba, Sophonisba, Thomson, Jemmy Thomson,
being parodied
oh!
as
drama in
and
producedAgamemnon
The
same
1739.
year
was
he
received
pension of ^100,
and
made
Edward and Eleanora. from the Prince of Wales a -General of the Leeward Surveyor in
1738, and
Islands which, after providing for a deputy to dischargethe duties, in comfortable He was now circumstances, left him "300 a year. himself with Richmond, where he amused and settled in a villa near unction with friends. In Mallet his he wrote, conj gardeningand seeing in which Rule of Alfred, in 1740, the masque Britanniat appeared M. which but which 1745 The
afterwards
claimed,
reason
or
allowed
was
to
be
claimed, for him,
there is every appeared Tancred and hi
dramas,
1748
In by T. his most the successful of Sigismunda, In May of the latter year he pub. Coriolanus.
to believe
contributed
and
in the Spenserianstanza* allegorical poem he his masterpiece. In August following carried him off in into and which chill a fever, developed caught a his 48th year. undoubtedly a poet by nature, Though T. was and fastidious his art was polishing.) developed by constant about lines, he To The Seasons, originallycontaining 4000 He revisions. first td in his various the added about was 1400 treatment and in his of nature the leadingplace, givethe description much he showed of his theme judgment in the selection of the de His blank verse, though not equal to that ol tails to be dwelt upon. in a manner suit-i and wielded other English poets, is musical a few he displays the genialtempea able to his subject. In all his poems which he characterised as and a man] was by kindly sympathies indolent beloved lived and He was an life, by hj| never m., easy, also friends. Lyttelton, Lord) (See many Castle
of Indolence, an
considered generally
to be

"
381
THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882). Poet, b. at Port Glasgow

and
an
brought
up in the
Royal
was
with associated introduced who tagonist,
army became
teacher, but
Caledonian Asylum, was for some years dismissed for a breach of discipline. He Charles the Bradlaugh, free-thoughtpro him to the conductors of various secularist
are
is The City of Dreadful Night, poem Vane's Story and Weddah and Omresulted in depression, His views "el-Bonain. which led to dipso mania, and he d. in poverty and misery. His work has a certain noteworthy. gloomy power which renders it distinctly
publications.
His
best
known
deeply pessimistic. Others
THOREAU,
and
HENRY
b. at
DAVID
a
(1817-1862). Essayist, poet,

"
His /., of French manufacturer of lead-pencils. He he became Sub ed. at Harvard, where a good classical scholar. was sequentlyhe was a competent Orientalist,and was deeply versed in of the Red Indians. No form of regular the history and manners
naturalist,was
from
Concord, Massachusetts.
extraction,
Jersey, was
employment commending itself to him, he spent the leavingcoll. in the study of books and nature, for the in the acuteness he had exceptional of qualifications of observation. his powers Though not a misan have in communion to h e preferred general solitary thropist, appears The I he to human with nature meet," man said, is society.
remunerative
10
years after atter of which and lis senses
"
"
seldom scribed
so
instructive
"
himself He
as
and he de breaks; mystic,a transcendentalist,and a natural philo

as
the
silence which
he
"
of life such money as his extremely simple mode or garden work, called for, by buildingboats or fences, agricultural character which did of an outdoor and surveying,anything almost his In 1837 he began diaries, not involve lengthened engagement. In in ten years he filled 30 vols. with which records of observation in which he of the record excursion the as made he 1845 pub. 1839 in Two Merrimac Rivers. and Concord later, A Week the years on
sopher."
made
1841,
asted
he
began
residence
in the
household
of
Emerson,
which
he assisted in conducting the Dial, and years, when in after some teaching New York, he retired to a hut near the n 1845, Later the Concord, etc. Pond to write his Week on Walden solitary Woods and Maine and The Walden Cape (1864), works were (1854), and observations, both pub. after of excursions accounts Cod (1865), the triumph in the anti-slavery T. was cause, his death. an enthusiast he d. to live did not he on 6, 1862, when May of which, however, see, as to T. was of The deliberate aim stillin its earlier stages. :he war was for two
possible;and to this in the open air. As he " to to live deliberately, I wished because to the woods I went says, learn what if I could not and of see life, front only the essential facts he added of observation his great powers To to teach." " had
ive
a
life as
end
he
nearly approaching naturalness in solitude and passed his time largely
as
*reat
features of his writingsare

of nature, descriptions and clear form
to
powers
of
reflection, and
and
most
a
the
characteristic of the most two in his and individuality immediateness of remarkable givingpermanent power mental subtle and evanescent impres
sions.
TICKELL,
THOMAS
Poet, (1686-1740)."
and ed. at Oxf. became
b. at
Bridekirk
of
Vicarage, Cumberland
the friend
Joseph
382
Addison

the Spectatorand Guardian, and to Ireland as sec. to the Lord Lieu
to contributed (q.v.), went he him when accompanied
out at the His translation of the first book of the Iliad came tenant. the led between latter and to and a quarrel time as Pope's, same was a plot to interfere Addison, Pope imagining that the publication On Addison of his work. the success with becoming Sec. of of T. State in 1717 he appointed T. Under-Sec. Among the writings
are
the
well-known
an
ballad, Colin
and
Lucy, Kensington Gardens,
the death of Addison, of which Macaulay says poem, " in our literature." do honour to the greatest name would that it of and retained Ireland, In 1725 he became sec. to the Lords Justices death. his until the post and
Elegy on
TICKNOR,
of
a
GEORGE
rich man,
"
and
bio
b. at Boston, Mass., and ed. for the grapher,s. himself to study and law. He, however, writing,and also gave After being a Prof, at Harvard, 1819-35, he went travelled much.
was
he spent some in the latter year to Europe, where years collecting The for his magnum materials History of Spanish Literature opus, of Lives Lafayette and Prescott, the his (1849). He also wrote His Letters and Journals were torian. pub. in 1876, and are the of his writings. most interesting
TIGHE, MARY
a
Poet, dau. (BLACKFORD) (1772-1810).

"
clergyman, made
amiable
manners,
an
and
and
unhappy marriage,though she had was highlypopular in society. She
of beauty
wrote
in Spen was a translation a good deal of verse ; but her chief poem of the tale of Cupid and Psyche, which the admira serian stanza won tion of such men Moore, and Keats. as Sir J. Mackintosh,
Divine, s. of TILLOTSON, JOHN (1630-1694).

"
Presby
where the his
terian
clothier, was
in 1661
Puritan originally Conference
b. views
near
Halifax, and
somewhat
became
ed. at Camb., modified. At
Savoy
still a Presbyterian, but submitted he was to the Rector of Act of Uniformity,and became next year Keddington, and he became in 1664 preacher at Lincoln's Inn, where very popular. of Canterbury. He vainly endeavoured made Dean In 1672 he was in the Church. the comprehensionof the Nonconformists to secure of William After the Revolution he gained the favour III., who of St. Paul's, and in 1691 he him Clerk of the Closet, and Dean made succeeded Sancroft as Archbishop of Canterbury. His sermons, which had extraordinary popularity, give him a place in literature, and he
was one
of those
writers
who,
greater
attention
the modern
to clearness of construction, of style composition.
and by greater simplicity helped to introduce
TIMROD, HENRY
Poet, (1829-1867).
"
b. at
Charleston,
S. Carolina, of German ruined descent, was by the Civil War, and He vol. of wrote d. in poverty. one pub. 1860, which poems, South. in the He had notable attained wide popularity descriptive power.
Dramatist, was TOBIN, JOHN (1770-1804).

"
for
long un
successful, but
Moon,
years.
made The Honey in the year of his death a hit with its place for many which and maintained had great success, Other plays were The Curfew and The School for A uthors.

TOLAND,
reland
383
in
at
a
JOHN
and
Deistical writer, b. (i6jo?-ij22).

"
of Roman
Catholic
lasgow, Edin.,
parentage, completed his education Leyden. Very early in life he had become
'rotestant, and at Leyden he studied minister, but oining a Nonconformist

le then ion and md where resided for
some
theology with the view imbibed Rationalistic

in 1696 censured
was
of beviews,
time
at Oxf., and Next
not Mysterious, which k, Christianity
pub. his first by Convoca-
gave
rise to much he
controversy.
was
reland, where, however,
not
more
to year he returned than in popular England,
burned his book was Returnby the common hangman. to he took to writingpolitical England pamphlets,includingone, ng of the in Brunswick Liber succession, which gained support a, inglia
at Hanover, favour and he was sent on some political He then served Harley in Holland Courts. usiness to the German His later years were nd Germany a as practically political spy. "assed in literary drudgery and poverty. Among his numerous mentioned A be and Hanover, Origines ccount of Prussia writings may
im
some
'udaica, History of the Druids, and

d. of his prose works.
Life of Milton
to prefixed
an
TOOKE, JOHN HORNE

oulterer called Home, from ion of inheriting 'amb. broad. and took
s. of (1736-1812). Philologist,
"
added the name his friend W.
of Tooke Tooke, of
in
1782
Purley.
in anticipaHe was at
the clerical profession, travelled orders, but disliking
and Returning he became prominent as a radical politician, he afterwards with of however, the Wilkes, whom, cause spoused uarrelled. He also supported the revolted American colonists,and for to raise for fined and imprisoned a subscription was endeavouring to the Bar was unsuccessful; and An effort to be admitted icm.
n
1786
iat
vhich
published his Diversions of Purley, a work on philology and which, containingmuch brought him great reputation, showed be has been erroneous, great learningand proved to
he T. twice endeavoured but
no
cuteness. aent
arurn,
unsuccessfully to
enter
Parlia-
for Westminster, effective
sat ultimately mark
making, however, AUGUSTUS

an
for the rotten burgh of Old He was the author in the House.
numerous
pamphlets. political
MONTAGUE
army,
was
TOPLADY,
vriter,
s.
(1740-1778). Hymn"
b. at Farnham, ed. at orders after which he took He was a strong Calof Broad incumbent and became Hembury. inist and entered into a bitter controversy with Wesley. His con troversial works are forgotten; but he will always be remembered " of Ages," perhaps the most of Rock author widely known is the of officer in the Westminster and
TrinityColl.,Dublin,
English hymns.
TOURNEUR,
erhaps
s.
OR
TURNER, CYRIL (1575 ?-i626).Dramatist,

"
served in the Low of the Brill, of Richard T., Lieutenant his unsuccessful Cecil in Edward exSir and to sec. Countries, was with disembarked which he from was edition to Cadiz, returning The ReHe wrote two dramas, he d. sick at Kinsale, where ic Tragedy (pr.1607), and The Atheist's Tragedy (pr.1611),in enger's and horror the former, every kind of guilt of oth which, especially of tragic however, great intensity s piledup, the author displaying,
384
power. Another
said that it made his ears The Revenger Lamb tingle play of his, Transformed Metamorphosis,was discovered in Of
1872.
TRAHERNE,
writer,
s.
THOMAS
Poet (1636 ?-i674)."
and
theological
at Hereford shoemaker where, or at Ledbury, he was facts few b. concerning him have been preserved Very probably existence had been forgotten until some his very and indeed of his
of
discovered on a bookstall in 1896, without, however, any Their discoverer, Mr. W. T. Brooke to identifythe author. thing attribute them to to in which inclined he was Henry Vaughan (q.v.), Dr. Grosart and the latter was about to was (q.v.}, supportedby
MS.
were
bring out a new ed. of Vaughan' s poems in which they were to be in This was, however, prevented by his death. cluded. The credit of identification is due to Mr. Bertram who had become Dobell, the vol. of and who after due con MS., rejecting, possessor of another
of Vaughan, followed up the very slender clues until he had established the authorship of Traherne. All the facts that his diligent successful in were investigations collecting entered that T. was at Brasenose were as a commoner Coll.,Oxf., available
"
sideration,the claims
1652, took one degreein arts, left the house for a time, entered into the sacred function, and in 1661 was About actuallycreated M.A. Rector of Crednell, near that time he became Hereford and in
in
.
Divinity; and that after remaining there for over he was appointed privatechaplain to the Lord Keeper, Sir 9 years who his retirement Orlando from office retained him on Bridgeman, his member of household at Teddington until his death in 1674, as a T. himself dying three months T. also appears later. to have been incumbent of Teddington, or perhaps more curate to a probably, incumbent. The oblivion into which T. had pluralist complete fallen is the more remarkable when the qualityof his poetry, which placeshim on a level with Herbert, Vaughan, and Crashaw, is con sidered ; and that he appears in his own day to have had some repu tation scholar controversialist. His and Roman a as Forgeries His next work, Christian Ethics, which, note. (1673)achieved some not pub. until after his death, appears to have fallen dead, and was is extremelyrare: it is described by Mr. Dobell as full of eloquence, and piety." Centuries of Meditations con persuasiveness, sagacity, sists of short reflections on and moral religious subjects,etc. The Poems constitute his main claim to remembrance and, as already With occasional stated, are of a high order. roughness of metre and rich vein of original a deep they displaypowerful imagination, thought, and true poeticforce and fire. It has been pointed out that in some of them the author the essential doctrines anticipates of the Berkeleian and in them is also revealed philosophy, of fascination. and personality rare purity
1669 Bachelor
"
of
"
TRELAWNY,
EDWARD
JOHN (1792-1881). Biographer,

"
entered the navy, from which, however, he deserted, after which he wandered about in the East and on the Continent. In Switzerland he met and was witfl Byron and Shelley, livingin close friendship the latter when he was drowned, and was one of the witnesses at the cremation of his remains. and
m.
He
took
one
pendence,
the
sister of
in the Greek of inde war of the insurgentchiefs. AfteB
part

in America he settled in London, where he in society, and enjoyed the reputation of figure distinguished various adventures
385
was
a a
pic
conversationalist. He wrote imaginative, The Adventures of striking a work distinc of a Younger Son (1831), the and Records tion, intensely interesting of Shelley, Byron, and the Author (1858). The last survivor of that brilliant group, he was buried by the side of Shelley.
turesque, but
somewhat
TRENCH,
RICHARD
CHENEVIX
Poet (1807-1886).
"
and
b. in Dublin, and ed. at Harrow and Camb., took orders, theologian, and after servingvarious country parishes, became in 1847 Prof, of in London, in 1856 Dean of Westminster, and King's Coll., Theology in 1864 Archbishop of Dublin. As Primate of the Irish Church at its disestablishment, he rendered valuable service at that time of trial. In theology his best known works his Hulsean are Lectures, the Parables, and Notes on the Miracles. His philological Past Present and and Select Glossary of English writings, English Words and to are extremely interesting suggestive, though now extent superseded. His Sacred Latin Poetry is a valuable col some Notes
on
Church lection of mediaeval hymns. in the first of which and lyrics, he
He
was
sonnets, elegies, successful,besides specially
also wrote
longer poems,
Justin Martyr
OF
and
Sabbation.
"
TREVISA, JOHN
a Translator, (1326-1412).
Cornish-
Vicar of Berkeley, Gloucestershire, and chap ed. at Oxf., was man, lain to the 4th Lord Berkeley,and Canon of Westbury. He trans lated for his patron the Polychronicon of Ranulf Higden, adding of his own, and prefacing it witn a Dialogueon Translation remarks He likewise made various other trans between a Lord and a Clerk. lations.
TROLLOPE,
Thomas and of Frances
ANTHONY
(1815-1882). Novelist, s.
"
of
and His childhood and Winchester. ed. at Harrow an was one, unhappy After a short time in Belgium he owing to his father's misfortunes. in which he rose to a re obtained an appointment in the Post Office, but in sponsible position. His first three novels had little success; produced the first of his 1855 he found his line,and in The Warden Barchester Towers (1857), House The Small at Framley Parsonage (1861), (1858), deal which Last Chronicle Bar and The set of (1867), (1864), Allington with the society of a small cathedral city. Other novels are Orley Phineas Her ? Ralph the Heir, The Claverings, Farm, Can you forgive Finn, He knew he was Right,and The Golden Lion of Grandpre. In Barsetshire series.
was
Anthony T., a barrister who T. (q.v.), a well-known
ruined
himself
by speculation,
writer, was
b. in London,
It
followed
by
Doctor
Thome
all he wrote about Indies, 50 novels, besides books about the West of translation and South North Casar, Africa, a America, Australia, of and monographs on Cicero and Thackeray. His novels are light no touch, pleasant,amusing, and thoroughly healthy. They make attempt to sound the depths of character or either to propound or of fiction his work solve problems. Outside was generally super a whole ficial and unsatisfactory. But he had the merit of providing and enjoyed a great deal of with wholesome amusement, generation popularity. He is said to have received ^70,000 for his writings.
N
386
MRS. FRANCES
TROLLOPE,
(MILTON) (1780-1863).
"
and miscellaneous Novelist writer, b. at Stapleton near Bristol,m. fell into financial misfortune. A. T., a barrister,who in 1809 Thomas with her family to Cincinnati, where the efforts She then in 1827 went unsuccessful. On her return to support herself were which she made she brought herself into notice by publishing to England, however, in which she gave a very Manners Domestic (1832), of the Americans of the subject; and grosslyexaggerated account it similar lines. Next on a novel, The Refugee in America, pursued and Abbess The Germany, and other Belgium and Western came unfavourable and kind on Paris and the Parisians, and Vienna of the same works and followed. Thereafter she continued Austrians to forth the pour miscellaneous novels and books on subjects, writingin all over 100 of observation vols. and Though possessedof considerable powers caustic such and fatal to an wit, was a output sharp permanent and none of her books read. She spent the now are success, literary she d. in 1863. Her third last 20 years of her life at Florence, where novelist (q.v.).Her eldest Girlhood The Catherine wrote de Medici, a His of Adolphus, and Pius and novels. IX., some Life of tory of Florence,
s.
was
Anthony
T., the well-known
Thomas
TRUMBULL,
Conn.,
his
was a
Poet, JOHN (1750-1831).

"
b. at
wrote
Waterbury,
much
verse,
lawyer, and
became
principal productionsbeing The written in support McFingal (1782),

of Hudibras.
judge. Progressof Dulness

of the Revolution
He
(1772)and
in imitation
TUCKER,
ABRAHAM
writer, (1705-1774). Philosophic

"
in London, and ed. at Oxf., was a country gentleman, who himself under to the study of philosophy,and wrote the Edward work in The Search, a Light of Nature 7 vols.,
devoted oi Followed
name
(1768-78).
contains
It is rather
much
but a systematictreatise, a miscellanythan and acute original thinking.
TUCKER,
Bermuda,
GEORGE
Economist, (1775-1861).
"
etc., b, in
became Prof, of Moral Philosophy, etc., in the Univ. oi He Political Historyof the United wrote a Life of Jefferson, Virginia. Moral and Philosophical, The States, Essays Valley of the Shenana
doah,
novel, A
Voyage
to the Moon
and (satire),
various
works
on
economics.
TUCKER, NATHANIEL
became ginia,
a
BEVERLY
B. (1784-1851).
"
in Vir
novel, The
which
union
of Law in William He wrote and Mary Coll. Leader of future the dis a prophecy (1836), led to the Civil War. It was in 1861 as A Key re-pub,
Prof, a Partisan
10 the Southern
Conspiracy.
HENRY
He
Another
novel
was
George Balcombe.
TUCKERMAN,
THEODORE
was a
Essayist, (1813-1871)."
etc., b. in Boston, Mass.
sympathetic and delicate critic, with a graceful his which influenced style. He lived much in Italy, choice of subjects in his earlier writings. These include The Italian Sketch-book,Isabel, or Sicily, Thoughts on the Poets, The Book of the
Leaves Artists,
from
the
Diary of a Dreamer,
"
etc.
and historical TULLOCH, JOHN (1823-1886). Theologian

writer, b. at
Bridge
of Earn,
Perthshire,studied
at St. Andrews
and

Edin. He
was
387
ministryof the Church of Scotland translated to Kettins, Forfarshire, and became in 1854 Principal and Prof, of Theology in St. Mary's Coll., St. Andrews. He was a leader of the liberal party in the Church of and wrote Scotland, and Intellectual Revival Literary Scotland in
at
ordained he
to the
Dundee,
whence
was
of
Movements Century (1883), Eighteenth of Religious Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1884-85), Rational Theologyand Christian Philo sophy in England in the Seventeenth Century,and a book on Pascal, etc.
the
TUPPER, MARTIN
a was
FARQUHAR (1810-1889). Versifier, s. of

"
b. in London, ed. at Charterhouse School surgeon, and Oxf., and called to the Bar in 1835. He, however, believed that literature his vocation, and wrote was works in prose and verse, only one many of which, Proverbial Philosophy, had much But the vogue success. which it had was i n America. It is a singular enormous, especially collection of commonplace observations set forth in a form which bears the appearance of verse, but has neither rhyme nor metre, and has long since found its deserved level. He also wrote War Ballads, and Protestant various Ballads, Rifle Ballads, novels, and an auto
biography.
TURBERVILLE,
Randolph,
Latin and
OR
TURBERVILE, GEORGE
to
(l54O?-l6lo).
"
b. at WhitPoet, belonging to an ancient Dorsetshire family,was and Oxf. He became to Thomas church, and ed. at Winchester sec. Ambassador
Russia, and
Sonets. of the first to one
Italian,and He also wrote

use
in 1570 books blank
the and pub. Epitaphes, Epigrams, Songs, Falconrie and Hunting, and was on
made
translations
from
verse.
TURNER, SHARON
was
a
b. in London, Historian, (1768-1847).

"
in the study of Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon literature, pub. the results of his researches in his His he continued the tory of the Anglo-Saxons (1799-1805). Thereafter it in History of England (1814-29), to the end narrative on carrying These the former, of the reign of Elizabeth. histories,especially marred the grandiose by an attempt to emulate though somewhat of real research, and opened up, and to works styleof Gibbon, were field of inquiry. T. also considerable extent a developed, a new Richard III. and the wrote a World, on a Sacred History of poem
solicitor,and
becoming
interested
TUSSER, THOMAS
was an
Versifier on agriculture, (i524?-i58o).

"
Essex man. Having a good voice he was trained in music, in Norwich Cathe in St. Paul's, and afterwards a chorister tried farm Lord He of musician to held and the dral, Paget. post did which but unsuccessfully, not, however, ing at different places, This he does with much prevent his undertakingto instruct others. Goods Pointes of Husbandrie and point in his Hundreth shrewdness Hun thereafter he added in rude but lively verse; expressed (1557), and The two Husserie dreth Goode Pointes of (Housewifery). joined, and
was
with
additions, were repeatedlyreprintedas Five Hundredth many united to as many Pointes of Goode Husbandrie of Goode Huswifery. of T., who, in the traced back be to writings Many proverbs may in debtor. and shrewdness d. as a all his talent, prison spiteof
TWAIN,
MARK
CLEMENS). (see
388
shire
WILLIAM
a
TYNDALE,
(i484?-i536). Translator
"
of the
Gloucester the alternative name of when at Oxf. in 1510. to Camb., where the influence of After graduating there, he went Prof, of still had been who Theology, Erasmus, operated. He took of Sir John Walsh of a tutor in the household orders, and in 1 522 was and in the Old Sodbury, and was round, preaching disputing country called to account he was for which by the Chancellor of the diocese.
Bible, belonged to
northern
family which, migratingto
during the Wars of the Roses, adopted Huchyns or Hychins, which T. himself bore
treatise by Erasmus, the Enchiri dion Militis Christiani (Manual of the Christian Soldier) and in con that troversy with a local disputantprophesiedthat he would cause " " driveth the should that know the a plough Scriptures boye At the
same
time
he translated
ing
better than his opponent. Having formed the purpose of translat Testament T. went in 1523 to London, and used means the New his admission of Tunstal, Bishop of Lon to the household towards lived without he then in the house of a wealthy don, but success;
where he probably began his transla draper,Humphrey Monmouth, tion. to be interfered Finding, however, that his work was likely in he whence he to went to visil with, proceeded Hamburg, 1524 He his at Luther translation at Wittenberg. began printing where the work Cologne the following year, but had to flyto Worms, T.'s work, and is was completed. The translation itself is entirely likewise an ear that of a thorough scholar, and shows for the har The introduction of words. notes and are partly his own mony partlyliteral translations,and partlythe gistof the work of Luther introduced the translation into England, and From was Germany forcible circulated until of means largely prevention were brought to Marburg, where he pub to bear in 1528. In this year T. removed The Parable Mammon, a treatise on of the Wicked Justification by Christian forth that a Man, Faith, and The Obedience of setting is the ultimate of faith,and the King authorityin matters Scripture of civil government. in matters Thereafter, having been at Ham to Marburg, and in 1530 pub. his burg and Antwerp, T. returned of the Pentateuch and The Practice of Prelates,in which he attacked and the Wolsey proposed divorce proceedingsof Henry VIII. endeavoured the latter of whom to have him apprehended Thereafter he was involved in a controversy with Sir Thomas More translation
,
In 1533 he returned to Antwerp, Henry's hostility having somewhal and in his he was cooled, was translations, when occupied revising in 1535 betrayed into the hands of the Imperial officers and carriec off to the Castle of Vilvorde, where the next year he was strangled of the most able and devoted of the reform of all future translations of the his, the foundation ing He a Bible, is his enduring monument. was small, thin man habits and untiring abstemious industry.
was one
and
burned.
T.
leaders, and
TYNDALL,
Scientific writer, b. JOHN (1820-1893)."

in
a1
LeighlinBridge,County Carlow, was early life employed in th" and as a railway engineer. He was ordnance next teache: survey of mathematics and surveying at Queenwood Coll., Hampshire after which he went to Marburg to study science, and while then became author of On the Magneto-optic a memoir o joint Properties
389
Crystals(1850). After being at Berlin he returned in 185 1 to Queenwood, and in 1853 was appointed Prof, of Natural Philosophy in the toyal Institution,which in 1867 he succeeded Faraday as Superinten he made With dent. into the Alpine Huxley (q.v.} investigations
he did much Thereafter work on heat, sound, and original glaciers. his to addition discoveries In T. of the greatest was one ight. science. His of for lucidityand style, remarkable x"pularisers him to expound such subjects enabled with the minimum elegance, his works )f technical terminology. Among The Glaciers of the are Mountaineering (1861), Fragments of Science, two vols. Alps (1860), his address the to British Association at Belfast, 1871), including which Jours the A administered accidentally raised a storm of Exercise on of
controversy and protest in various Ips,etc. T. d. from an overdose
quarters,
of chloral
by
his wife.
s. (1747-1813).Historian,
"
TYTLER, ALEXANDER
)f William and raised T. studied (q.v.},
FRASER
at
called to the Bar in 1770 Lord Woodhouselee in 1802. to the Bench He was as Elements wrote Prof, of History in Edin., and of General History of Translation (1791),besides 1801), An Essay on the Principles treatises. /"arious legal
Edin.,
was
TYTLER,
PATRICK
FRASER
"
called to the Bar at Edin., and in :he above, studied was Moors the the in his on are an Essay History of writings Among many Crichton Scotland History of (1819), Spain, The Life of the Admirable VI. and Mary 1828-43), and England under the Reigns of Edward the result of 20 years of which His Scotland, was History of 1839).
of 1813.
study
and
research, is still authoritative.
TYTLER,
WILLIAM
Historical writer, was (1711-1792).

"
An in against Inquiry into the Evidence awyer the views of Robertson. combated Mary Queen of Scots, in which he the King's Quhair of James I.,and pub. in 1783 The HLe discovered Poetical Remains of James I., King of Scotland, with a Life.
Edin., and
wrote
UDALL,
NICOLAS
"
6. and scholar,
of headmaster In 1534 he became and ed. at Oxf. In for dismissed he misconduct, 1541. was 1537 Eton, from which Vicar of Braintree, in 1551 of Calborne, Isle of Wight, and became He translated School. of Westminster part of 1554 headmaster in the assisted and of Erasmus, English making the Apophthegms Other translations Testament. version of his Paraphrase of the New Gemini's Thomas and the Eucharist Discourse on Peter
Hampshire,
were
Martyr's
Anatomia,
but he is best remembered first English comedy, a rude the (1553?),
by Ralph Roister but lively piece.
Doister
Translator. He THOMAS 1566-1587)." (ft. Ovid. 1 566; also from History of Heliodorus translated the Êthiopian Critic and HENRY FRANCIS (1825-1894)." UNDERWOOD,
UNDERDOWN,
biographer,b.
and Leith.
in Massachusetts, Hand-books He wrote

some
was
American
Consul
at
Glasgow
American
Literature, etc.,
of English Literature, Builders of Pro novels, Lord of Himself, Man

of Lowell, Longfellow, biographies
poses,and
and
Dr. Whittier.
Gray's Quest,and
390
and
SIR THOMAS
was
URQUHART,
translator,
he which
Eccentric (1611-1660).
"
writer
King's Coll., Aberdeen, after leaving Spain, and Italy. He was bitterly and the to Covenanters, fought againstthem at Turrifi in opposed Scotland, England (where 1639. His later life was passed between time a prisonerin the Tower), and the Continent, he was for some A man of considerable where he lived, 1642-45. and learn ability and his and he is eccentricity verged upon insanity, ing, vanity the effects of an d. from said to have uncontrollable fit of joyful of the Restoration. laughter on hearing news Among his extra of his traced a was genealogy family vagances through his /. to to Eve, he himself being the 1 5 3rd in and through his mother Adam, He pub. Trissotetras, descent. work a on an trigonometry (1645), invective againstthe Presbyterians(1652), for a universal a scheme of language, Logopandecteision(1653), and a partialtranslation Rabelais further in In a the last he (1653), portionbeing pub. 1693. assisted was had who by Peter Anthony Motteux, a Frenchman established himself in England, who continued the work.
ed.
at
travelled
in France,
USK, THOMAS
(d.1388). Poet, b.
"
in
London,
Mayor
however,
was
sec.
to John of Northampton, whom he betrayed to save in 1388. being executed
the
Wyclifite Lord himself, in which,
of
he
London, failed,
During his imprisonment, which lasted from 1384 until his death, he composed The Testament of Love, a didactic poem attributed Chaucer. to long
Divine USSHER, JAMES (1581-1656).
"
and
scholar,b. in
of a lawyer there, and ed. at TrinityColl., took orders, Chancellor and became of St. Patrick's, Dublin, 1605, and Prof, of in 1715, deciding to assert Divinity,1607-21. On the Irish clergy, themselves an as independent church, U. had the main hand in
s.
Dublin, the
features of which led to the of To defend Puritanism. himself being he went in 1619 to England, and had with the King a conference in which he so completely succeeded that he was in 1621 (James I.), made of and four later of Meath, Bishop Archbishop years Armagh. He constantly used his influence in favour of reform, and endea
drawing up suspicionof
the his
constitution, certain
in favour
voured such modifications to introduce of Episcopacy as would conciliate and comprehend the Presbyterians. During the troubles which led to the Civil War U. maintained the unlawfulness of taking in Ireland in 1641 drove he settled first at Oxf., but ultimately at the house of Lady Peterborough at Reigate, where he d. in 1656. His works dealt and chieflywith ecclesiastical antiquities chronology, his magnum opus being Annales, a chronology of the world from the creation to the dispersion of the Jews in the reign of Vespasian,a work which gained him great reputationon the Continent as well as at home. The date of the creation was fixed as 4004 B.C., which was up him
arms
againstthe King.
and
The
Rebellion
away,
received. It has, of course, been altogether long universally super seded, alike by the discoveryof ancient records, and by geology.
VANBRUGH,
SIR
JOHN
Dramatist (1664-1726)."
and
of Flemish architect, b. in London descent, was in France from 1683 to 1685,studying architecture, for which he had earlyshown a taste.
The
next
391
in the army, and in 1690 he was in the Bastille. In 1696 he with The Relapse, which career had great success. 3egan his dramatic in followed an(l The Provoked 1697, Msop Wife in the same year. The latter was in his Short severely handled by Jeremy Collier (q.v.) year
he
got
commission
prisonerfirst
at
Vincennes
and
then
In addiproduced a vindication by the author. :ion to these he wrote collaborated or in various other plays. His the naturalness are of his dialogue eading features as a dramatist Like all his contemporaries he is frequently humour. and his lively He obtained extremely gross. great fame as an architect, as well his most famous as a dramatist. Among designsare Castle Howard, and Dalkeith Palace. 31enheim He Palace, was knighted by George controller of the Royal works, and succeeded was Wren '.., archias
:ect to Greenwich
View, etc., which
tioned
a
V. wrote and handsome
The
to the plays above men and The He Confederacy Country House. was and jovial highlypopular in society. person,
Hospital.
In addition
VAUGHAN,
HENRY
"
Poet, b. in (1622-1695).
"
the
of parish
Llansaintffraed, Brecknock, and as a native of the land of the ancient Silurist." He at Jesus Coll., Oxf., "ilures,called himself was settled as a physicianat Brecon tudied law in London, but finally In his youth he was and Newton-by-Usk. a decided Royalistand, along with his twin brother Thomas, was imprisoned. His first book
was
n
Poems,
with the Tenth Olor Iscanus
Satire
of Juvenal Englished.
of
It
appeared
1646.
a
(theSwan
Usk), a
collection
translations, was
tad serious his hereafter
illness which
pub. in 1651. About surreptitiously led to deep spiritual and impressions,

the
of poems and this time he
enti -elyreligious. Silex Scinalmost his illans (Sparks from best known work, consists of Flint), fine fancy, and exquisite full of deep religious "hort poems feeling, mixed with a good deal that is quaint and elicities of expression, " The of about artificial. It contains Retreat," a poem 30 lines Wordsworth to his Ode the Intimavhich manifestlysuggested on
writings were
Beyond the Veil," one of the finest mediin the language. Flores Solitudinis :ative poems (Flowers of Solimeditations The devout in prose. Olives Mount and The are of :ude) Rediviva of Thalia Pastimes authors the brothers two : were joint ind Diversions a collection of translations of a Country Muse (1678),
ions
of Immortality, and
"
and
original poems.
minister of the ConUniv., 1830communion, History *regationalist He of the Pres. Coll.,Manchester, and 1843-57. Independent .3,
VAUGHAN,
ROBERT
A (1795-1868).
"
Prof,
of
in London
ounded, and
arious ions other
for
time A
a
works,
of History, and
Quarterly. He wrote, among History of England under the Stuarts, RevoluLife of Wycliffe.
ed. the British
"
and miscellanePhilosophic VEITCH, JOHN (1829-1894).

)us
writer, b. at Peebles, ed. at Univ.

Hamilton
and
New
Coll.,Edin.,
voluminous
was
assist
ant to Sir Wm. 860-64, and
1856-60,Prof, of (q.v.),
He
was a
Logic at St.
Andrews,
accom
Glasgow, 1864-94.
and
plished writer, his works includingLives of Dugald Stewart (1857)and and other Poems Tweed History and (1875), Sir W. Hamilton (1869), in Scottish Nature Border Feeling for (1877), 'oetryof the Scottish
392
and
and other Poems Border (1889),
Merlin Poetry (1887),

Dualism and
Essays (1896),
Monism
(1895).
"
VERY,
Salem,
He
Essayistand JONES (1813-1880).

where
poet, b.
at
Mass.,
one mystic. of the Shakespearian sonnet. form in the ThoughjTnever chiefly still his to a refined, he thoughtfulness appealedby widely popular,
pub.
he became a clergyman and something of a small volume, Essays and Poems, the latter
certain
small
circle of minds.
"
WAGE
Caen,
was
1170). Chronicler,b. (ft.

influenced
in
of
Jersey,and
Geoffrey of
ed. at
by
the
Chronicle
Monmouth
metrical romance, Brut. Later, based upon it a French with additions chronicle he rewrote of a at the command Henry II., and (q.v.), of the life of William the
Conqueror
and
a
and
entitled
it Roman
de Rou.
WADE,
pub. poems,
Among
his
THOMAS
dramas,
Poet, b. (1805-1875)."
sonnets,
translation
at
Woodbridge,
Inferno.
of Dante's
Mundi et Cordis writingsare Tasso and the Sisters (1825), and The of Andrea Duke Carmina (1828), Jew Arragon (1830), ; (1835) farce. and the Phrenologists a both tragedies, (1830),
WAKEFIELD,
b. at versialist,
a
GILBERT Nottingham,
them He
Scholar (1756-1801).
"
and
contro
Unitarian
Unitarian
renounced academies.
and
was
ed. at Camb., took orders, but becoming and acted as classical tutor in various of the French was a strong defender
imprisoned for two years for writing a sedi classical writers, and tious pamphlet. He pub. ed. of various Writers Christian the his on are Early writings theological among Paine' Examination An Reason s Persen of Age of of Christ (1784), illustrations of the Scriptures. and Silva Critica (1789-95), (1794),
Revolution,
WALLACE,
LEWIS
b. at Brookville, Novelist, (1827-1905).

"
and Civil Wars, and Indiana, served with distinction in the Mexican of some He also a politician was note, to the rank of General. rose His novel, Ben and Minister to Turkey. of Utah Governor and was Hur dealingwith the times of Christ, had great popularity, (1880), followed and was by The Fair God, The Prince of India, and other
novels, and
by
work
on
the
Boyhood of Christ.
"
WALLER,
EDMUND
Poet, (1606-1687).
b. at Coleshill,
Herts, and ed. at Eton and Camb., belonged to an old and wealthy family,and in early childhood inherited the estate of Beaconsfield, related to John Hampden, and He was Bucks, worth "3500 a year.
was
distantlyconnected however, being staunch

Inn, and
with
Oliver
Cromwell,
He
his
own
family,
Royalists.
at the age of 16 became a member and he sat for various constituencies for the greater part of his life, of adapting his in which his wit and vivacity, as well as his powers him to take a prominent part. In to the times, enabled principles
to his fortune Banks, a London by marrying Anne but unsuccessful d. in 1634, and he then paid assiduous under the of to court to Lady Dorothea name whom, Sidney, addressed much of his best he Sacharissa, poetry. Though prob a Royalistin his sympathies,W. supported the popular ably really
studied law at Lincoln's of Parliament, in which
1631
he
added
heiress,who

cause
393
in Parliament, and in 1641 conducted the case againstSir of shipCrawley for his opinion in favour of the legality His speech, which had an enormous was circula money. printed, tion and brought him fame. Two great years later,however, he detected in a plotfor seizing London for the King, was was expelled from the House, fined ;" On this occasion he 10,000, and banished. showed cowardice and treachery, humiliatinghimself in the most and betraying all his associates. He to the went abject manner, in France and Switzerland, and showing Continent, livingchiefly to Royalistexiles. hospitality Returningby permissionin 1652 he addressed some laudatoryverses, among the best he wrote, to Crom well, on whose death nevertheless he wrote a new poem entitled,On Francis the Death address to Charles congratulatory to that addressed to II.,who, pointingout its inferiority as a poem elicited the famous Cromwell, reply, Poets, Sire,succeed better in The poem, fiction than in truth." its demerits, however, whatever succeeded in its prime object, and the poet became favourite at a until his death. In addition to his Court, and sat in Parliament which his fame W. The wrote an on rests, lighter chiefly pieces, epic, Summer His Islands (Bermudas), and a sacred poem, Divine Love. " short poems, On such as show a Girdle," often fancy and grace of expression, and artificial, exhibit but are frequentlyfrigid and absolute indifference to the charms of Nature. As a man, though selfish,and cowardly. agreeable and witty, he was time-serving, Clarendon He m. has left a very unflattering character " of him.
a
" "
of the late Usurper,O. modating poet was ready with
C.
On
the Restoration
the
accom
second
time
and
had
five
sons
and
eightdaughters.
WALLER,
Limerick, and
JOHN
FRANCIS
Poet, (1810-1894).
"
b.
at
ed. at TrinityColl.,Dublin, became a contributor to ed. of the Dublin and University Magazine, usually ultimately " writingunder the pseudonym of Jonathan Freke Slingsby." His Hall (1852), The Dead Bridal (1856), include Ravenscrolt works and Peter Brown
(1872).
HORATIO
OR
WALPOLE,
HORACE
(1717-1797).
"
Miscel
laneous writer, third s. of Sir Robert W., the great minister of George and Camb., after which he b. in London, and ed. at Eton II., was with Gray, the poet (q.v.). His /. be travelled on the Continent several lucrative stowed appointments upon him, and he sat in but never took any prominent part in for various places, Parliament death of his the business. By nephew, the jrd Earl, he be public Orford. In in 1791 4th Earl of came 1747 he purchased the villa of the conversion of which into a small Strawberry Hill,Twickenham, of art and curios with Castle and the collection of the works Gothic the main interest of his subsequent life. decorated it was which was him all in to the best information His position society access on gave contemporary subjectsof interest,and he was as successful in col gossipas curios. He also erected a private press, from which lecting various important works, including Gray's Bard, as well as his own issued. were Among the latter are Letter from Xo Ho to his writings, Friend of the The Castle of Otranto, the forerunner Chi at Pekin (1757), " of terror of Mrs. Radcliffe and " Monk Lewis, The romances a (1768), tragedy of considerable power, CataMysterious Mother Lien
N2
394
of logueof Royal and Noble Authors, Anecdotes of Painting,Catalogue Memoirs Modern Last the on Gardening, of Essay Engravers (1763), Years of George II., Memoirs Ten of the Reign of George III., and
above often all his Letters, 2700 W. never brilliant. in number,
m.
and vivacious, interesting,
WALPOLE,
SIR SPENCER
s. Historian, (1839-1907).
"
of the
Right Hon. Spencer W., Home family belonged to the same
Ed. at Eton he thereafter War and in the was clerk Office, became a successively of the Isle of Man Inspectorof Fisheries 1867, Lieutenant-Governor
as
Sec. in the Sir Robert
three W.
Derby
Cabinets,
1882, and
efficient administrator,
History 1858, and

was
he made a reputationas Sec. to the Post Office,where an in 1898. K.C.B. He and made was pub. of England from 1815 in 6 vols.,bringingthe story down to followed Lives it up with The History of Twenty-five Years. He Minister of Spencer Percival, Prime 1809-12, who of Commons in the lobby of the House in the and of his maternal Earl who was grandfather,
was
also wrote
assassinated
latter year, and His latest book Russell. with much knowledge, and
in
Studies clear and

"
in
Biography. sober style.
He
wrote
WALTON,
IZAAK
and Biographer, (1593-1683).

a was yeoman, He carried on a
author
of
The Compleat Angler, s. of earlier years little is known. he made London, in which him the
Of his b. at Stafford. business as a hosier in which he enabled being spent in

so
modest
competence,
to retire at 50, the rest of his
simple country
describes.
long life of 90 years which angling, especially pleasures,

was
charm
ingly
He
twice
m.,
first to Rachel
to Ann dant of Archbishop Cranmer, and second His first book of the was a Life of Dr. the author Evening Hymn. Donne (1651), by Lives of Sir Henry Wotton (1640), followed and Bishop Sander Hooker Richard (1662), George Herbert (1670),
Floud, a descen Ken, half-sister of
(1678). All of these, classics in their kind, short, but simple and The His masterpiece, vol. coll. into one however, was were striking, pub. in 1653. Subse Compleat Angler, the first ed. of which was added second ed. a was by Charles were part ; enlarged greatly quent Piscator between With its Cotton (angler), dialogues (q.v.). full of wisdom, and Venator kindly (hunter), Auceps (falconer), and its charming picturesof country scenes humour, and charity, of most is the it of and its snatches one delightful verse, pleasures, in the language. His long, happy, and books and care-dispelling
son
innocent
life ended
in the house where
bendary
of Winchester,
of his son-in-law, Dr. Hawkins, he lies buried. in the Cathedral
Pre
WARBURTON,
"
BARTHOLOMEW
writer, b. in The Crescent and the Cross, of his experiences, account pub. remarkable which had brought out an historical work, success, Memoirs the Cavaliers (1849), and ed. Rupert and of Prince Memoirs of Horace Walpole and his Contemporaries. He perishedin
Miscellaneous
an
ELIOT GEORGE (1810-1852). County Galway, travelled in the East,
and
the
burning
of the
steamer
Amazon.
WARBURTON,
Newark,
for
a
WILLIAM
his
b. Theologian, (1698-1779).
"
at
where years
/.was
an
attorney.
Intended
few
engaged
in its
but practice,
his intense
for the law, he was love of, and

capacityfor, study
to
395
in 1728 he was presented Rectory Brand-Broughton, where he remained for many His first important work The Alliance between was years. Church and State (1736), which brought him into notice. But it was by his Divine Legationof Moses, of which the first entirely eclipsed in in 1741. The work, though part appeared 1737, and the second learned and able, is somewhat paradoxical,and it plunged him into controversies with his numerous and led to his publishing critics, a the of Vindication.
to
led him
to enter
the Church,
and
of letters of the men of the time, and he was made by the poet his literary executor, and had the legacy of half his library, and the profits of his posthumous of this On the he works. strength brought out an ed. of Pope's works. He also pub. an ed. of Shakespeare with notes, which somewhat was severely criticised,and his Doctrine of Grace, a polemic against became W. cester in 1759. was overbearingand
chaplain of Pope by publishinga defence friendship Through Pope he became acquainted with most
for him It, however, obtained In Frederick, Prince of Wales.
appointment of gained the 1739 W. of The Essay on Man.
the
Wesley.
He
Dean
was a man
of Bristol of
Bishop of Glou but his temper powerful intellect,
in 1757
and
arrogant.
"
WARD,
ARTEMUS ROBERT
WARD,
BROWN, C. R). (see Novelist PLUMER (1765-1846).

"
"
and
b. in London, ed. at Oxf., and called to the Bar 1790, held politician, books on the law of nations ; and wrote various political some offices, also three novels, Tremaine, or the Man of Refinement, full of prolix of Independence, in which Canning discussions; De Veve, or the Man and De Clifford, of Wentworth; or the character is depicted under the Constant Man.
WARD,
WILLIAM
and
GEORGE
ed. Theologian, (1812-1882).

"
under the influence of J. H. New at Winchester Oxf., and came he and whom XC. he defended, No. Tract famous whose man, Ideal In 1844 he pub. The of Rome. of a followed into the Church from the Romanist Church Christian point of view, whence his sou lecturer on Moral He was Philosophy at briquetof Ideal Ward." controversial treatises on various St. Edward's Ware, and wrote Coll.,
"
theology.
WARDLAW,
ELIZABETH,
LADY
Poetess, (1677-1727)."
"
\dau. of
Wardlaw ancient
wife of Pitfirrane, and Halkett written to have of Pitreavie, is believed " of ballad The of ballad Hardyknute." Sir Charles and others have
of Sir Henry the pseudoSir Patrick
Spens
York number
"
also,but doubtfully,been
attributed to her.
WARNER,
SUSAN
Writer (1819-1885)."
"
b. at New of tales,
Elizabeth Wetherell," a of the name under and wrote, World Wide which The (1851) had an Wide, of of stories, Old The Others (1852), were Queechy extraordinary popularity. have no parti House and Melbourne (1864). They Helmet (1863), merit or truth to nature, and are rather sentimental cular
literary
and
gushy." WILLIAM WARNER,

at
"
Poet, (1558-1609)."
Oxf., and
was an
b. in London
in London.
or
Yorkshire, studied
attorney
In
396
entitled Pan of Plautus. his His of fourteen-
tales in prose 1585 he pub. a collection of seven Syrinx, and in 1595 a translation of the Mencechmi Albion's England,pub. in 1 586 in 1 3 chief work was and
books additional books in 1606. verse, 3 syllabled in the This whole island The title is thus explained dedication, our ancientlyAlbion, presentlycon anciently called Britain, but more that to tainingtwo kingdoms, England and Scotland, is cause whose I occurrants from the former, our only abridge distinguish Albion's book I entitle this my England." For about 20 history, of the most one popular poems of its size it contains years it was and he and lines called written, about ever Spenser were 10,000 of their age. and Virgil have the Homer They must, however, ap
republishedwith
"
"
"
jollyhumour, pealed to quite different classes. The plain-spoken, direct tales, vigorous patriotic and roughhomely, lively, feeling, and of Warner's and-tumble its metre muse, heterogeneousaccumu lation of material have tales,theology,antiquities must history, than Spenser'scharmed appealed to a lower and wider audience and The verse. pointed,but, as has been style is clear, spirited, with all its force and said, vivacity fancy at times, and it with little is of high imagina as poetry graphicdescriptive power,
" "
"
written." In his narratives W. allowed tion in it as any that was ever which himself great latitude of expression, for partly account may his book fell into oblivion. with which the rapidity
WARREN,
shire, s. of
Edin.
SAMUEL
b. in Denbigh Novelist, (1807-1877).

"
minister. After studying medicine Nonconformist at a he took up law, and became wrote several legal a barrister, text He sat in the House Recorder of Hull. books, and in 1852 was made and Midhurst Master in Lunacy 1859for of Commons a was 1856-59, the Diary of a late Physician, the author of Passagesfront He was 77. first in Blackwood's which Magazine, as did also appeared (1832-37) Ten Thousand
a
Year
tion, and were and Then, had

to the
often
(1839). Both attracted reprintedand translated.
considerable His
atten
entertained W. little success. his in literature. of place importance

"
last novel, Now exaggerated ideas as
WARTON,
elder Critic, JOSEPH (1722-1800).
s.
of the Rev.
Thomas W., Prof, of (of which his /.was orders, held various chester Coll.,and pub. miscellaneous
Oxf. He took became headmaster of Win and of St. Paul's. He Prebendary of Winchester of Odes and in (1744 1746), which verses, 2 vols.
Poetry at Oxf., was headmaster),Winchester,

benefices, and
ed. at
Basingstoke School,
and
he displayeda then the critical rules of scholar, and made
and revolted against followers. He his was a good classical Pope translation of the an approved Eclogues and unusual and friends of and his brother Thomas were (q.v.) -of the LiteraryClub. His last work of im of the Writingsand Genius which on of Pope, in 1757, and the second in 1782, and which romantic and had movement in ed. of
for nature, feeling
of Virgil. He Georgics Johnson, and members
portance
the gave
an
was
an
Essay
first vol. also
He
appeared impulse to the ed. Pope's works,

THOMAS
s.
begun
"
an
English literature. Dryden when he d.

and!
and brother
WARTON,
critic, younger
historian (1728-1790). Literary

W., Prof, of
of Thomas
Poetry at Oxf.,
.
397
of the above, was ed. under his /.at Basingstokeand at Oxf At the of he of considerable promise, The Pleasures pub. a poem 19 age of Melancholy, and two years later attracted attention by The Triumph of Isis (1749),in praise of Oxf., and in answer to Mason's Isis. After various other
poeticalexcursions
which Spenser'sFaery Queen (i754)"
he pub. Observations on greatlyincreased his reputation,
and in 1757 he was made Prof, of Poetry at Oxf., which positionhe held for 10 years. After bringingout one or two ed. of classics and of college benefactors, he issued, from 1774-81,his great biographies down to the end History of English Poetry, which comes of the The Elizabethan research and judgment, and the stores of age.
learningoften curious and recondite, which were brought to bear its production render this work, though now in various upon vast of a and it did superseded, respects magazine information, much older poetry to the place of which to restore our it had been His ed. of Milton's minor unjustlydeprived by the classical school. has been pronounced by competent critics to be the best ever poems produced. W. was a clergyman,but if the tradition is to be believed that he had only two written by his /. and the other one sermons, love and if the of and of ale which he celebrates in some ease printed, of his verses other than poetical, he was in his place as a was more critic than cleric. As a poet he hardly came a as up to his own
standards. year Camden Chatterton in Laureate in 1785, and in the same and of the first to detect the was one History, in which his antiquarian lore stood him a task forgeries,
was
He
made
Poet
Prof, of
good
stead.
WATERLAND,
DANIEL
b. (1683-1740). Theologian,
"
at
Waseley Rectory, Lincolnshire, and ed. at Camb., took orders, and obtained various preferments, becoming Master of Magdalene Coll., Camb. of York of Middle 1713, Chancellor 1722, and Archdeacon
sex
He was behalf of the acute and able controversialist 1 730. an on doctrine of the Trinity, which orthodox he wrote treatises. several on He was of a History of the Athanasian also the author Creed (1723).
WATERTON,
to
an
CHARLES
Naturalist, (1782-1865). belonged

"
Catholic familyin Yorkshire, and was ed. at Stonyold Roman hurst Coll. Sent out in 1804 to look after some family estates in and Demerara, he wandered through the wildest parts of Guiana for his collections. His Brazil, in search of plants and animals Wan and entertaining related in his highly-spiced adventures were
derings in
South
America,
etc.
in (1825),
which
he
in episodes surprising o f a specially cayman, account an interesting
with the connection the back of which on of his
capture
he rode.
details certain of serpents,and He also wrote
family.
"
"
WATSON,
JOHN (1850-1907)IAN MACLAREN."
Novelist
and theological writer, b. at Manningtree,where and Edin., and ed. at Stirling Revenue official,
his /. was Inland an Coll. there. the New after servingin a country charge, to Sefton Park Presby He came, and took where he was a popular preacher, terian Church, Liverpool, He of life the wrote, city. religious a prominent part in the social and under
"
the
name
"
Kailyard
Ian Maclaren," several novels belongingto the and The Beside the Bonnie Briar Bush school, including of
"
398
Days of
and
had
Auld Lang Syne, which He also wrote in America. is the best known. of the Master
great popularityboth works, of which religious

"
at
home Mind
The
WATSON,
ROBERT
(1730-1781). Historian,
s.
of
an
apothecary in St. Andrews, where and at Edin. and Glasgow, he was of St. Sal Prof, of Logic, and afterwards He became ed. Principal vador's Coll.,at St. Andrews, and wrote a History of PhilipII. of on and Philip III., which were long part of a continuation Spain,
standard works.
WATSON,
at Oxf., and
one
THOMAS
studied
was
a
P-I592).Poet, b. in London, (1557

"
was
law. Latin
of which
He was version
scholar, and
made
translations,
In
of the
Antigone of Sophocles.
1582 he pub. Hecatompathia,or The -line poems, sistingof 100 eighteen followed by Amyntas (1585)and T ALEXANDER WATTS, ALARIC
London,
Passionate Centurie of Love, con which he called sonnets. It was

eaves
of Fansie
(1593)"
Poet, (1797-1864).
b. in
the active a had as an career journalist.He founded various and and ed. an Service Gazette, United annual, the newspapers Heart. coll. as Lyrics of the His His poems were Literary Souvenir. resulted in bankruptcy. ventures finally numerous journalistic
WATTS,
ISAAC
Poet (1674-1748).
"
and
b. theologian,
ed. at
a
at
Southampton, where formist academy at
his Stoke
/. kept
school, and
became but
Noncon
an
Newington,
minister
of
Lane; proving and gave himself chiefly to pastoralduties, he resigned, For last to the work, occasionally. 36 continuing preach literary
pendent
congregationin Mark
his health
Inde insuffi
cient for his
years of his life he resided Thomas Abney. Among treatises, includingthose
at
Theobald's, the house
writings were Logic and The Improvement of the Mind, works and some on subjects. But his fame rests on his theological his and with over sacred 500, and hymns, which number poems There is a Land of Pure Delight," that is prosaiccomprised much When and I the Won in O God Past," our Ages survey Help called the which has been most drous Cross," majestichymn in in His Horce Lyriccewas pub. 1706,Hymns (1707), English speech." Metrical Psalms Divine Songs (forchildren) (1719). Some of (1715), cradle song, such as his exquisite Hush, my dear, lie his poems, have a perfectbeauty and tenderness. still and slumber
on
" " " " "
his
various
of his friend, Sir educational
"
WAUGH,
EDWIN
Rochdale
Poet, s. (1817-1890).
"
of
shoemaker,
b. at and, after a little schooling, was apprenticed to a assistant sec. to the Lanca and became printer. He read eagerly, He first attracted attention shire Public School Association. by his life and character in the Manchester Examiner. sketches of Lancashire Ben also in prose Factory Folk, Besom Stories, and The His best work was, perhaps, his dialect songs, Chimney Corner. which and Songs (1859), coll. as Poems brought him great local fame. He wrote He
"
was
possessedof
Lancashire
considerable
and gift, literary
has
been
called
the
Burns."
WEBBE,
Almost
WILLIAM
known
(b. 1550).
"
Critic
that he
and
was
translator.
at
nothing is
of him
except
Camb.
and

acted
as
399
tutor in certain distinguished families,and was a friend of He wrote a Discourse in which of English Poetrie (1586), he discusses metre, rhyme (the use of which he reprehends), and reviews to his own English poetry up day. He also translated the
Spenser.
first two
meters.
of the
unmelodious Eclogues of Virgilin singularly
hexa
WEBSTER,
MRS.
AUGUSTA
Poet (DAVIES) (1837-1894)."
and translator, dau. of Admiral Davies, m. Mr. Thomas Webster, a solicitor. She wrote a novel, Lesley's Guardians, and several books of poetry of distinguishedexcellence, includingBlanche Lisle, Dramatic Studies (1866), Portraits (1870), A Book of Rhyme (1881), and some dramas, includingThe Auspicious Day (1874), and The Sentence (1887). She also made translations of Prometheus Bound and Medea.
Disguises'
farmer
WEBSTER,
1841-43
has and
DANIEL
was
Orator, s. (1782-1852).
"
of
in New Hampshire, afterwards a member
advocate in Boston, and distinguished of the United States Senate and Sec. of State the greatest orator whom America 1850-52. He was
a
produced, speeches.
some
and
has
place in
literature
by
virtue
of his
pub.
WEBSTER, JOHN (1580 ?-i625 ?). Dramatist.

"
Though in
of his con any of the life of W. nothing Even the dates of his birth and death are uncertain. He appears to been the s. of a London have of the tailor,to have been a freeman Merchant Taylor'sCompany, and clerk of the parish of St. Andrews, Four White Devil, or the to be his, The Holborn. plays are known
came
respects he
nearest
to
Shakespeare of
down
to
us
almost temporaries,
has
come
Life
and
and
Death
of Vittoria Corombona
Case with
(1612), Appius
and
Virginia
The (1654), in the
Devil's Law
he collaborated
and The Duchess (1623), of Malfi (1623), Drayton, Middleton, Heywood, Dekker, etc.,
to have been much He does not appear it was in the igth century that his only
production of others. regarded in his own day, and

great powers
as
"
expounded by such The in later days Swinburne. touch soul the to to To move a horror first says, a skilfully, quick, and weary a life till fear as much bear, to wean to lay upon as it can to take it is ready to drop, and then step in with mortal instruments do." W. revels in the can its last forfeit, this only a Webster from mere his work brutality, horrible, but the touch of geniussaves be only without it, there would where, and evokes pity and sorrow began
and to critics Lamb
be
appreciated and
Hazlitt, and
disgust. His work is extremely unequal, and he had no but his extraordinaryinsight into motives of construction, power and give him a placesecond his all redeem and feelings only failings the contemporariesof Shake Ben and to Marlowe Jonson among
horror and
speare.
WEBSTER,
NOAH
and
as
etc., b. Lexicographer, (1758-1843)."

ed. at Yale. His
at Hartford, Conn.,
long
His letters. lawyer, and remitting diligence the American his is Dictionaryof EnglishLanguage (1828), great work he prepared himself for which by 10 years' study of philology.
teacher,
life was of man
spent
in
un
4-OO
Many
and en of it have appeared, and in 1866 a new believed Book is to have His Elementary Spelling circulation of 70,000,000 copies. He also pub. A Philo Practical works. Grammar and of the EnglishLanguage (1807),
abridgments largeded. was pub.

attained
a
and sophical many other
WELLS,
London,
CHARLES
he in
Poet, JEREMIAH (iSooP-iSyg).

"
b. in
solicitor, pub. in 1822 Stories after which attracted no attention, and a poeticprose, Nature, and his Brethren had an almost which biblical drama, Joseph (1824), similar fate until D. G. Rossetti called attention to it in 1863, giving of appreciation, he of praise. In 1874, stung by want it a high meed
where
as practised
a
written
but on the new his manuscripts of plays and poems; his added In his in he excited new some scenes. interest Joseph later years he lived in France. Joseph and his Brethren ed. in the had
burned
World's
Classics, 1909.
WENDOVER,
ROGER
DE
(d.1236). Chronicler,a
"
monk
Prior of Belvoir, from which he was of St. Albans, became deposed recalled to St. Albans, where he d. for extravagance, but was He Flores Historiarum of of the wrote a (Flowers History), history world in 2 books, the first from the creation to the incarnation, the
second
value account
as
to the
a
contemporary
of his
reign of Henry III., his own and is authority, own period.

"
time.
an
The
latter is of
impartialand
manly
CHARLES (1707-1788). Hymn-writer,younger brother of John W. (q.v.), b. at Epworth, and ed. at Westminster was School and Oxf. He was all his life closely associated with his elder of whose and greater brother, one most loyalhelpershe was, though not agreeingwith him in all points. His chief fame is founded upon his hymns, of which he is said to have written the almost incredible of them number of 6500, many the finest in the language. among include Lover of Love Divine all Loves Soul," They Jesus, my Traveller Hark the Unknown," excelling," Come, oh Thou Herald Come, let us joinour Friends above." Angels Sing," and
WESLEY,
"
"
"
"
"
WESLEY,
and founder Samuel W.,
writer, diarist, Theological JOHN (1703-1791).

"
the second of Methodism, was survivings. of the Rector of Epworth, Lincolnshire. The name was and
Rev. also
to be the the Duke of brother to which the same as that W. ed. at the Charterhouse and was Marquis Wellesley belonged. ordained in 1725, and priest deacon in 1728. After at Oxf., and was his /.for a short time as curate, he returned to Oxf., where assisting he found that his brother Charles, along with G. Whitefield (q.v.) and for religious others, had begun that association improvement from which the great religious movement known as Method sprang ism. fluence About
went
written
Westley
Wellesley,and
family appears Wellington and his
the
the
of William
on
John
colonists,and
Difficulties of
time the two brothers under the in came author of Law the Serious and in Call, (q.v.), 1735 to Georgia to preach to the Indians and a mission became Brethren. closelyassociated with the Moravian
same
a
personal character, however,

where he continued to associate
1738
to
London,
led to his return in with the Moravians.

It
was
401
at this time
that, hearing Luther's preface to the Epistleto the

a
Romans views
in
read
at
meeting, he found
Hitherto
now
his
and ecclesiastical religious
revolutionised.
holdingstrong High
Church
views
assumed a positionwhich led ultimately to his abandoning the doctrine of Apostolical and ordain succession, and finally a separate ecclesiastical ing pastors and bishops, creating
some
directions,he
the pulpits of the his marvellous career of itinerant and out-of-door which continued to the was preaching, close of his long life. He soon became in the a mighty power land ; waited his ministrations, crowds vast on which instrumental were in producing a great revival of religious and interest, improved the people. At the same time violent opposition morality among In was aroused, and W. was often in danger of his life from mobs. this state of thingsto a large extent the objectof extraordinary was general he exercised a kind of pontifical communion while in his own sway. his of the he is said to have 50 years apostolicjourneyings During travelled 250,000 miles in Britain,Ireland,and the Continent; but he was able, by extreme notwithstandingthis phenomenal activity write his of works to educational time, copiously, including economy the end, however, and in his old age from the classics, translations histories of Rome and treatises, biblical of the Church, land, a history commentaries, manifold troversial treatises and ed. of he lived down
followed; organisation. Consequences soon closed againsthim, and he began Church were
veneration!
Eng
con
classics. Most of them had religious all of which he circulation and brought him in ^30,000, an enormous and religious objects. The work, how expended on philanthropic fame chiefly his literary which rests is his Journal,extend ever, on ing from 1735-90, which is one of the most graphic and interesting records He also wrote in existence. of its kind hymns, many he had and the a from considerable translations German, largely in giving then: final form to the almost innumerable hand hymns of of practical and W. Charles. a his brother man was organising and sin intense of e arnestness first the of order, religious ability At the and same manners. benevolent agreeable feelings, cerity, and keenness showed often of an autocratic temper, and time he was in his controversies, which were intolerance againstthe largely even of his old friend and fellow-labourer,Whitefield, Rock of Ages," himself a of the hymn author and Toplady, the from associa withdrawn bitter polemic. In 1740 he had formally in 1751 to a widow, Mrs. W. m. the Moravians. tion with was who live happily,and did he not with however, whom, Vazeille,
extreme
Calvinism
"
separatedfrom
him
in
1776.
WESTALL,
Crimes, Her
WILLIAM
Novelist,was (1834-1903).
"
origin
ally in business, but wrote a largenumber

have interesting,
no
and also himself to journalism, later betook The Old Factory, Strange of novels, including Ladyship'sSecret,etc.,which, while healthyin tone and distinction. literary
WHARTON,
"
THOMAS
WHARTON,
"
IST
MARQUIS
OF
(1648-
s. of the 4th Baron and writer of Lillibullero," 1715). Statesman He was his of a sup most m en of the age. profligate one W., was to obnoxious James Bill,and consequently porter of the Exclusion the doggerel ballad to literature was II. His only contribution
402
"
which had so powerful a political effect that its Lillibullero " (1688), claimed to have sung a King out of three kingdoms. He was author but held for disliked and short from a distrusted, time, generally of he when had Addison his Ireland, as 1708, the Lord Lieutenancy
sec.
chief
WHATELEY,
RICHARD
"
and
economist, 5. of the Rev. Dr. Joseph W., b. in London, and ed. at a he became school in Bristol, and at Oxf., where a coll. tutor. Taking of Halesworth, Suffolk. Rector In 1822 he de orders he became lectures on The Use and A buse of Party Feeling livered his Bampton made of St. Alban's in Religion. Three years later he was Principal Hall, in 1829 Prof, of Political Economy, and
Dublin. and which As head of in coll. and ability. He
a
as
a was
prelateW.
a
showed
1831 Archbishop of great energy

for views per with
administrative
not in he was he of which
vigorous,clear-headed
contempt
sonality,somewhat
largelyendowed
with
sympathy, and with a vein of caustic humour, in not sparing. These made him far the use was qualities but his and devotion to from universally fairness, popular; honesty, He had for him with the no sympathy generalrespect. duty gained LatiOxf. movement, was stronglyanti-Calvinistic,and somewhat tudinarian, so that he was exposed to a good deal of theological from odium writer, and opposite quarters. He was a voluminous his treatises works his best known on are Logic (1826)and among relative to Napoleon Buonaparte his Historic Doubts Rhetoric (1828), of Hume's intended reductio ad absurdum contention a as (1819),
is sufficient to prove evidence a that no miracle, Essays on some Christian Peculiarities Religion (1825),Christian Evidences of the of notes, and Essays with valuable (1837), and ed. of Bacon's
Paley'sEvidences.
WHETSTONE,
the Sir
GEORGE
as
a
Dramatist, one (i544?-i587?).

"
of
playwrightswho early,roistering
soldier Gilbert's
frequentedthe Court
of Eliza
in the Low Countries, accompanied Newfoundland in 1578, and to expedition Humphrey He in trenchant critic of of 1 Battle a the was at 586. was Zutphen for and ration the contemporary drama, contending greater reality Cinthio's translated from and Cassandra, ality. His play, Promos used by Shakespeare in Measure Hecatomithi, was for Measure.
beth, later served
WHEWELL,
WILLIAM
theo (1794-1866). Philosopher,

"
logian and mathematician, s. of a joiner at Lancaster, where he He became was b., ed. at Camb., where he had a brilliant career. 1828, of Moral Prof, of Mineralogy at Camb. Theology 1838, was of Trinityfrom 1841 until his death, and he held the office of Master
Vice-Chancellor
as
of the Univ. the
in
1843
and of
1856.
of
a
W.
was
remarkable of
the possessor of an precedented,and he
fund encyclopaedic
was
knowledge, perhaps un
of works
author
number
great
importance on
be mentioned
variety of
with
his
subjects. Among Bridgewater Treatise on
the chief of these may Astronomy and General
History\ Reference to Natural Theology (1833), (1837), The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (1840),Essay on Pluralityof Worlds (anonymously), Ele-l ments Philosophy in England of Morality (1845),History of Moral Physics considered of the Inductive
Sciences
of English Dictionary Literature

(1852),and
innumerable co-ordmator Platonic of
was a
403
Dialogues.
articles,reviews, and
knowledge
little of
an
excelled; he
described
voice,
as
addition to these he wrote scientific papers. It was as a and the researches of others that W observer original or discoverer. He is with
a
In
and
he
large, strong, erect man an was overwhelming and
red
face and
loud
somewhat
arrogant talker.
WHICHCOTE,
to
a
BENJAMIN
which
(1609-1683)." Divine, belonged

was
he became Pro deprivedat the Restoration He was of liberal views, and the Camb Platonists among he exercised whom over great influence. His works consist of Dis and Moral and Religious courses Aphorisms. In 1668 he was pre sented to the living of St. Lawrence, Jewry, London, which he held until his death.
vost
and good Shropshire family, of of King'sColl.,
at
Camb.,
where
office he was is reckoned
WHIPPLE,
EDWIN
PERCY
was
a
(1819-1886)." Essayistand
brilliant and discriminating critic. His works include Character and Characteristic Men, Literature and Life, Success and its Conditions, Literature of the Age of Elizabeth,
Literature and
etc. Politics,
b. in Massachusetts, critic,
WHISTON,
prominent
of
WILLIAM
and (1667-1752)." Theologian,

and Leicestershire, Lucasian ed. at Camb.,
man
of science, b. at Norton, succeeded Newton as advocate the Earth wrote several
where
was
he
a
Prof, of Mathematics, of the Newtonian system, and wrote a

of Thomas Burnet
Theory
also Primitive and the Primitive New Testament. The Arian views promulgated in the former led to his expulsion from the Univ. His best known work his translation of Josephus. He was was a kindly and honest, but eccentric and impracticable and an insatiable controversialist. man,
against the views works, theological
He (q.v.). Revived Christianity
WHITE, GILBERT
Hants, and
ed.
at
b. at Selborne, Naturalist, (1720-1793).

"
at their father's school along with the Wartons (q.v.} and thereafter at entered the Church, and Oxf., Basingstoke, after holding various curacies settled,in 1755, at Selborne. He be the friend and correspondentof Pennant the naturalist (q.v.), came
of science, and pub. in the form of letters the work him immortal, The Natural History and A ntiquities but in love with the wellSelborne He was was never of m., (1789). afterwards known Hester Mrs. Chapone, who Mulso, bluestocking and other
men
which
has
made
rejectedhim.
the
He
had
four
brothers, all
more
or
less addicted
to
study
of natural
history. KIRKE Poet, s. of a butcher (1785-1806). next his /., first assisting he a stocking weaver,
"
WHITE,
at
was
HENRY
At
Nottingham.
afterwards
a
placed in
the office of him

whose
an
attorney.
notice
Some of
contribu
tions to
newspaper
introduced
to the
patron
of
promising youths, by
help he
Capel Lofft, a brought out a vol. of

who
wrote to
of which fell into the hands poems, Thereafter friends raised a fund to send
Southey,
him.
promise. Overwork, delicate, and he d. at originally

brilliant
him to Camb., undermined however,

21.
where
a a
he gave constitution memoir
Southey
wrote
short
404
of him
with
some
additional His best
tiad, a
fragment.
poems. known
chief poem production is the
His
was
the Chris"
hymn,
Much
in sorrow,
oft in Woe."
WHITE,
merchant, b.,became
where the
an
JOSEPH
a
a
BLANCO
Poet, (1775-1841).
"
s.
of
Catholic resident at Seville, Irish Roman where he was but lost his religious faith and came to England, priest,
he conducted fanning of the embraced Evidences Gentleman
invasion, which
again
but
Spanish newspaper having for its main object of Spanish patriotismagainst the French subsidised He was by the English Government. and entered the Church of England, Christianity,
flame
a
latterlybecame
Unitarian.
an
Internal Irish
againstCatholicism
in search
of
"
other works, among and Second Travels of (1825), in answer to T. Moore's Religion,
He
wrote,
work,
"
to literature, Travels, etc. His most permanent contribution is his sonnet which considered on however, single Night," Coleridge
the
finest and
most
grandly conceived
GRANT
State, was
the of
"
in
our
language.
"
WHITE,
Bureau,
and
RICHARD
York
one was
(1822-1885). Shakespearian
long Chief of the Revenue
Marine acute students and critics of most Shakespeare,of whose works he pub. two ed., the first in 1865, and in 1883. He also wrote Words the second and their (theRiverside) Uses, Memoirs of Shakespeare,Studies in Shakespeare,The New The Fate of MansfieldHumphreys (novel), Gospelof Peace (a satire), etc.
scholar, b. in New
WHITEHEAD,
dramatist;
met with is
CHARLES
and Poet, novelist, (1804-1862).

"
remembered specially
for three
works,
The Solitary (1831), a popular favour: Ketch and The a novel, of (1834), biography Jack recommended Dickens He play in blank verse. for R. of the Seymour's drawings, letterpress developed into The Pickwick Papers.
all of which The Auto poem, Cavalier a (1836), for the
writing
which
ultimately
of
a
WHITEHEAD,
through
He life. In
WILLIAM
Poet, s. (1715-1785).
"
baker
School and at Camb., and ed. at Winchester and retained the family of the Earl of Jersey,
1757 he succeeded
of
tutor in the favour of the family ColleyGibber as Poet Laureate.
Camb.,
became
wrote Father and
plays
only moderate and Creusa, tragedies,
quality,including The
The School
Roman
for Lovers,
from him
comedy; reply A b-
and Variety. His The Enthusiast also poems, which drew Laureate were attacked, severely Poets. the to Charge
official productionsas in
WHITMAN,
at
WALTER
OR
WALT
Poet, was (1819-1892)."
His mother of Dutch was Huntingdon, Long Island, New York. which farm he had been in the and b. the on was descent, possession His first education of his father's family since the earlysettlement. his /. had removed while W. wz received at Brooklyn, to which in a printing At 1 3 he was at 1 7 he was child. teach a young office, for the and The at 21 was one. ing and writing editing newspapers, dozen next passed in desultorywork as a printerwith years were
was

occasional
405
loafing
"
literaryexcursions,
but
apparentlymainly
in
"
and observing his fellow-creatures. It was not till 1855 tnat his first reallycharacteristic work, Leaves of Grass, appeared. This first ed. contained only 12 poems. its Notwithstanding
startling depar
both in form and substance it was from conventionality well received by the leadingliterary reviews and, with certain reserves to welcomed be expected,it was It did not, however, by Emerson.
tures
achieve unnatural Emerson
general acceptance, and

protest in many
was
quarters.
press the War W. volunteered The useful service.
endeavoured unsuccessfully more objectionable parts.
received with strong and not When a later ed. was called for to persuade the author to sup On the outbreak of the Civil much
were
for the wounded, and rendered as a nurse results of his experiencesand observations
given in verse in Specimen Days.

to
a
these scenes he was removed by his appoint Government f rom ment which, however, he was clerkship, soon the ground of having written dismissed books of an on immoral tendency. This action of the authorities led to a somewhat warm and after short interval W. a received another Govern controversy, he held until 1873,when he had a paralytic rendered his retirement Other works seizure, which necessary. Two Rivulets and Democratic besides those mentioned In Vistas. are New his later years he retired to Camden, where he W. is d. Jersey, of writers. Revolt unconventional all convention the most against ment mission. In his versification he dis in fact his self-proclaimed and metre as rhyme almost entirely, generallyunderstood. of certain and of in his treatment and And appetites, passions he is with what he considered at unadulterated human war nature, effeminate in which, however, he of an the conventions society,
was
Drum From
Taps
and
The
Wound
Dresser, and in prose in
appointment, which
cards
which of utterance people consider equally many adopts a mode existence the he as does, through all the overlooking, objectionable, Amid o f and concealment. of of nature a principle reserve processes true that much that is prosaic and rhetorical, however, it remains fresh sense and an intense and singularly there is real poeticinsight in the best of his writings. of nature
Works,
12
vols., with
Life.
Monographs by Symonds,
See Stedman's Clarke, and Salter.
Poets
of
America.
WHITNEY,
b. at
WILLIAM
DWIGHT
Philologist, (1827-1894).
"
Northampton, Mass., was Prof, of Sanskrit, etc., at Yale, and Dar his books are chief ed. of the Century Dictionary. Among and Language and The Life and Growth of Language. winism Poet, was b. (1807-1892). WHITTIER, JOHN GREENLEAF of a Quaker family. In early life he at Haverhill, Massachusetts,
"
worked
later years were occupied partly in jour also to have done a good deal nalism, partlyin farming,and he seems at a very early age, He began to write verse of local political work. He was his latest until almost always days. do and continued to so both his as and writings by anti-slaverycause, a champion of the in the national feeling did much to stimulate and
on
a
farm.
His
journalist
direction dom Time
poet,
of freedom.
Among
(1836),Songs of Labour Bound (1863),Snow
Voices of Free works are poetical In War Ballads Home (1859), (1851), Beach the Tent The on (1867), (1866), his
406
Ballads W. had
of New
true
England (1870),The Pennsylvania Pilgrim (1874). animated and was by high ideals. Influenced feeling
of Burns, he became a poet of nature, with in early life by the poems his earlyupbringingbrought him into close and sympathetic which also a poet of faith and the ideal life and of liberty. contact; he was lacked made early education form ; and probably
He, however,
concentration and intensity,and his want of him often loose in expressionand faulty in comparatively small portionof what he wrote
will live.
WHYTE
Novelist,
and army, Thereafter
s.
MELVILLE,
a
GEORGE
Crimea,
JOHN
at
(1821 1878).
"
of
saw
country gentleman of Fife, ed.
Eton, entered
the
an
he
service in the devoted himself
in retiring
1859
as
Major.
was
and of number a acknowledged authority, on novels, mainly founded sporting subjects, though a few were historical. They include Kate Coventry, The Queen's Maries, The He also wrote Gladiators, and Satanella. Songs and Verses and The from He d. accident in the hunt True Cross, a religious an poem. ing-field.
to field sports, in which to literature. He wrote
he
WICLIF,
orders, became
his he had
man
OR
WYCLIF,
Theologian JOHN (i320?-i384).

"
and translator of the Bible, b. near Richmond, Yorkshire, studied at he became Balliol Coll.,Oxf., of which in 1361 master, and taking Vicar of Fillingham,Lincolnshire, when and in 1361 Prebendary of Westbury. mastership, written
a
he
resigned
By this time
treatise
on
and logic,
had
won
some
positionas,a
In 1372 he took the degree of Doctor of Theology, Canon and became of Lincoln, and in 1374 was sent to Bruges as one of a commission to treat with Papal delegates to certain ecclesi as in dispute, astical matters and in the same Rector of year he became until his death. His liberal and he remained Lutterworth, where
of
learning.
views on the questions in disputebetween patriotic England and the him for the favour of of Gaunt and Lord Pope gained John Percy, who before the accompanied him when, in 1377, he was summoned The Court was ecclesiastical authorities at St. Paul's. broken up by inroad of the London an mob, and no sentence was passed upon him. Another trial at Lambeth in the next year was equallyinconclusive. time this W. had taken to By antagonistic up a positiondefinitely He organised his institution of poor preachers, the Papal system. and initiated his great enterprise of translatingthe Scriptures into His share of work the the own was English. Gospels,probably the Testament whole of the New and possiblypart of the Old. The; whole work was ed. by John Purvey, an Oxf. friend, who had joined I him at Lutterworth, the work beingcompleted by 1400. In 1 380 W. for the doctrine of and transubstantiation, was openly rejected In he had obtained to teach at Oxf., where great influence. convened 1 382 a Court was by the Archbishop of Canterbury, which for his views. It says much passed sentence of condemnation upon the position which he had attained, and for the power of his suj bidden
permitted to depart from Oxf. and retire t out by his labours and anxieties, he d. of Lutterworth, where, worn seizure on the last day of 1384. His enemies, baffled paralytic their designsagainsthim while living, consoled themselves by disinwas
porters,that
he

his terring bones in
407
into the river Swift, of this brook has conveyed into Severn, Severn his ashes into Avon, Avon into the Narrow Seas, main the into and thus the ashes of Wicliffe are ocean, they the of his doctrine, which emblem is dispersed all the world now over." of W. were The works controversial chiefly or and, as theological which Thomas Fuller
"
1428
and throwing them has said, Thus (q.v.)
have literature, had
no
indirectly
but
great importance,but his translation of the Bible great influence not only by tending to fix the
a
language,
intellectual founded.
in
far greater
on
the degree by furthering which true literature is
moral
and
emancipation
essentially
WILBERFORCE,
and
WILLIAM
a
(1759-1833)." Philanthropist
b. at Hull, ed. at Camb., was Parliament member for entered his native as the in town, became timate friend of Pitt, and was the leader of the crusade againstthe and slave-trade work his Practical slavery His chief literary was which had remarkable View of Christianity, and influence, popularity and with effect on the religious but he wrote and philan continually thropicobjectsto which he had devoted his life.
writer, s. of religious
merchant,
WILCOX,
N. H.,
CARLES
Poet, (1794-1827).
"
b. at
a
Newport,
The Age manifest
minister. He wrote was a Congregationalist of Benevolence, which was left unfinished, and which of the influence of Cowper. traces
poem, bears
WILDE,
dramatist, Dublin, and
founders
are ^
OSCAR
of ed. there The (1881),
O'FLAHERTY
Poet (1856-1900).
"
and
b. at of the
Sir William modern
W., the eninent at TrinityColl. and at Oxf.

cult of the aesthetic.
surgeon, He was
was one
of the
Among
his
writings
Poems The
Lady including plays,

and
Picture of Dorian Gray, a novel, and several Windermere' A Woman s Fan, of no Importance, convicted abroad and of
a serious d. at Paris.
offence, and
He was Importance of being Earnest. after his release from prison went
12
Coll. ed. of his works,
vols., 1909.
"
WILKES,
s. Politician, JOHN (1727-1797).
of
distiller
Witty, resourceful,but unprincipled and the representative that of free of including principles, important political champion of the have His writings nothing representationin Parliament. brilliance and point of his social exhibitions,but his paper, The North he charged No. 45," in which the famous Briton, and especially the throne, his from in falsehood III. with speech utteringa George that results such to caused excitement, and led important so much He also wrote a highlyoffensive they give him a place in literature. and out of Commons the House Woman. W. was expelled Essay on which he of the cause the strength championed lawed, but such was of his character, his right to that, notwithstandingthe worthlessness
ed. at Leyden. in London, was from he became and profligate, circumstances
"
sit in the House to sit until 1790.
was
He
in 1774, and ultimately admitted Lord also Mayor of London. was
he continued
WILKIE, WILLIAM
shire, 5.
became
Poet, (1721-1772)."
b. in
Linlithgow-
the Church, and of a farmer, and ed. at Edin., he minister of Ratho, Midlothian, in 1756, and Prof, of Natural entered
408
Thebes.
In 1757 he 1759. of the seven heroes Moral Fables in Verse.
"
in Philosophy at St. Andrews with the Epigoni, sons dealing He also wrote
pub.
who
the
Epigoniad, foughtagainst
and
Mathematician WILKINS, JOHN (1614-1672).

s.
divine,
goldsmith in Oxf., but b. at Daventry and ed. at Oxf., entered and became the Church, held many preferments, Bishop of Chester. He m. a sister of Oliver Cromwell, and being of an easy temper and somewhat he passed through troublous accommodating principles, with times and many minimum of hardship. He was a changes one of learned whom Charles of the band II. incorporatedas the men The Discovery of a World in are Royal Society. Among his writings and An the Moon, Mathematical Essay towards Magic, a Philo Language. sophical
of
a
. . .
WILKINSON,
logist,
s.
SIR
and
JOHN
GARDNER
there and
(1797-1875). Egypto
"
of
Westmoreland remained
clergyman, studied
in Nubia
at Oxf.
In 1821
he
went
Egypt, exploring, survey which he made on inscriptions, ing,and studying the hieroglyphical of the great authorities. He pub. two important works, himself one well as scholarly of great literary as merit, Materia Hieroglyphica and Manners Customs and the Ancient of (1828) Egyptians (6 vols., 1837-41). He wrote various books' of travel, and was knighted in
to
1839. WILLIAM
was an
OF
MALMESBURY
i2th cent.). Historian, (ft.

"
inmate
said to have
English by
death latest
has His history, work written in stops abruptly in that year. Gesta falls into two of the Latin, Regum Anglorum (Acts parts, Kings in five books, bringingthe narrative of the English), down from the Novella arrival of the Saxons to 1120, and Historia (Modern His The it is characterised work to on carrying 1142. tory), by a love critical faculty in sifting evidence of truth, much than more was then common, dedicated to Matilda. Lives of and considerable attention
to
of the great monastery at Malmesbury. His name is Norman been Somerset, and he was and by one parent The date of his birth is unknown, the other. that of his fixed as sometimes been the ground that his 1142 on
form. It is literary Robert, Earl of Gloucester, the champion of Queen Other works by W. are De Gestis PontificumAnglorum, the English Bishops, and a historyof the Monastery of
Glastonbury. WILLIAM
His
name
OF
NEWBURGH,
to the His work, Historia Rerum said is to have been Little. own is in good Latin, and written of Anglicarum (History Englishaffairs), William that of of Malmesbury has some of the same as qualities
Historian, belonged
NEWBURY (1136-1198?)." monastery of Newburgh in Yorkshire.

OR
rejectsthe legend of the Trojan descent of the early " animadverts and Britons, severelyon what he calls the impudent " of Geoffrey of Monmouth and impertinentlies (q.v.).His record of contemporary events is careful. (q.v.).He
WILLIAMS, SIR CHARLES

matist sumed and the
s.
HANBURY
Diplo (1708-1759)."
ironmaster,
estate,
as
satirist, of John Hanbury, a Welsh of Williams on succeeding to an name
entered^
of English Dictionary Literature

Parliament and
was a
409
livelyand
minster
as a supporter of Walpole,held many diplomaticposts brilliant wit with a great contemporary reputation for bitingsatires and lampoons.
WILLIS, BROWNE
and of Commons
(1682-1760)." ed. Antiquary,

the Inner wrote He and
at West
the House Cities and
Oxf., entered
1705-8.
Temple 1700, sat in Historyof the Counties
Boroughs of England
Wales
Notitia (1715),
WILLIS, NATHANIEL
PARKER
Parliamentaria,' etc. (1806-1867)." Poet, "" at
Portland, and ed. at Yale, was and conducted mainly a journalist, various the American magazines, including Monthly ; but he also wrote short poems, of which many were popular, of which perhaps the best is Unseen Spirits," stories,and works of a more less or character, with such titles as Pencillings fugitive the by Way (1835), Inklingsof Adventure, Letters from under a Bridge (1839), I have Met, The Rag-Tag, The SlingsbyPapers, etc., some of which
"
'People
contributed to his magazines. He travelled a originally good deal Europe, and was attached for a time to the American Em He was bassy in Paris. a favourite in society, and enjoyed a wide but is now popularityin uncritical circles, a spent force. distinctly Poet WILLS, JAMES (1790-1868)." and miscellaneous of Roscommon a writer, younger 5. ed. at TrinityColl., was squire, Dublin, and studied law in the Middle Temple. Deprived,however, of the fortune destined for him and the means of pursuing a legal the of his elder career by extravagance brother, he entered the and also wrote in Church, largely Blackvood's Magazine and other In 1831 he pub. The Disembodied and other Poems periodicals. ; The much attention. His Philosophy of Unbelief (1835) attracted Lives work of Illustrious and was largest Irishmen, and Distinguished his latest publicationThe Idolatress (1868). In all his writings W. of a powerful personality. His poems are gave evidence spirited, and in some show considerable dramatic cases qualities.
were
in
WILLS, WILLIAM
GORMAN
Dramatist, s. (1828-1891).
"
of
After writinga novel, Old Ti"nes, in an Irish above, b. in Dublin. magazine, he went to London, and for some time wrote for periodicals his true vein in the without He found success. any very marked and of Medea which, drama, including produced over 30 plays, many in had
Corinth, Eugene Aram,
Jane Shore, Buckingham,

these songs. he He wrote
was a
and
great
success.
Besides many
poem,
an
Olivia, Melchior,
in blank artist.
verse,
and
also
accomplished and ornitho-
WILSON,
ALEXANDER
Poet (1766-1813).
"
behe a weaver, b. at Paisley, where as ogist, coming a pedlar. He pub. some | poems, of which the best is Watty he worked to America, where a as land Maggie, and in 1794 went his led birds to skill in His and teacher. becoming depicting pedlar of Rees's the publisher and he induced enthusiastic an ornithologist, an been \ he had employed, to undertake Cyclopedia, on which him. Some illustrated and written be American to by ornithology out by the labour and vols. of the work were completed when, worn of specimens, he suesearch in entailed by his journeys exposure
worked
afterwards
41
The
to
a
cumbed merit.
fever. from
Two
a
additional America
vols. artistic
work,
He
both also
literaryand
appeared posthumously. point of view, is of high

The Foresters.
pub. in
another
"
poem,
WILSON, SIR DANIEL
and (1816-1892). Archaeologist
mis
cellaneous writer, b. and ed. in Edin., and after actingas sec. of the Prof, of History to Toronto as Society of Antiquaries there, went He was the author of Memorials and English Literature. of Edin
burgh in
"
the Olden Time, The Archeology and Pre-historic Civilisation in the Old and the New Scotland (1851), World, Chatterton," and Caliban, the Missing Link, etc.
Annals
a
of
on.
study
WILSON,
JOHN ("CHRISTOPHER
miscellaneous
NORTH") (1785-1854)."
writer, s. of a wealthy manu where he was ed. at Glas. and Oxf. facturer in Paisley, At b.,was but the latter he not only displayedgreat intellectual endowments,
and Poet, essayist,
himself as an athlete. Having succeeded to a fortune of distinguished of Ellerayin the Lake he the small estate District, purchased "50,000 of Wordsworth, where he enjoyed the friendship Southey, Coleridge, four and De Quincey. In 1812 he pub. The Isle of Palms, followed which him the for later The a City of gained by Plague, recog years nised place in literature, though they did not show his most charac unread. almost About this time he lost and are teristic gifts, now residence at to give up continuous a largeportionof his fortune, had Scottish and called the to to was Bar, but came Edinburgh, Elleray, Blackwood's The of never starting Magazine brought practised. with it and to the end of his life his connection him his opportunity, and chief fame. In he became main 1820 his him employment gave Prof, of Moral Philosophy in the Univ. of Edin. where, though not he exercised of a philosopherin the technical sense, much a highly stimulatinginfluence upon his students by his eloquence and the his of W., general vigour of his intellect. The peculiar powers animal of expression, and of ideas, felicity wealth humour, spirits, Nodes their full development in the famous found Ambrosiance, a philosophy,topicsof the medley of criticism on literature,politics, Shadows and not. and what of Scottish Life and The Lights day contributions there to fiction in which Trials of Margaret Lyndsay are senti is an occasional tendency to run pathos into rather mawkish of Government W. received In a "300. pension 1851 mentality. his of led seizure to The following a resignation his paralytic year of magnificent He d. in and he a man was chair, 1854. professorial physique, of shiningrather than profound intellectual powers, and and preju of generous character, though as a critic his strong feelings made him unfair and even dices occasionally savage.
and orientalist, WILSON, JOHN (1804-1875). Missionary

"
b. at Lauder, Berwickshire, and ed. at Edin. for the ministry of the in 1828 to India as a missionary, Church of Scotland, went where, besides his immediate a leader in all social reform, duties, he became of and suttee, and also one such as the abolition of the slave-trade the greatestauthorities on the subject of caste, and a trusted adviser of successive the natives.
Governors-General
He
was
in
a
in addition
regard to profound
was
all
questionsaffecting
scholar
Oriental
and languages,history,
religion. He
D.D.,
F.R.S., and
to as Vice-

Chancellor Years of and
41
Bombay
Memoirs
Univ.
Religion (iSi2),The Lands
Ago,
his works The are Parsi Bible (1847), India Three Thousand of the Cave Temples of India.
Among
of the
WILSON,
b. in under
THOMAS
was
Scholar (1525 ?-i58i)."

at
Lincolnshire,
Camb.,
Elizabeth. He was of The Rule the Arte containing of Logique (1551), and The Arte of and made translations from Demosthenes. (1553), He
Queen
and held the author
and statesman, various high positions

of Reason
Rhetorique
endeavoured
to
maintain
the
purity of
the
language against the importation of
foreignwords.
WINGATE,
the
DAVID, (1828-1892)." Poet, was
employed in
Hamilton from near the time coal-pits he was He 9. pub. Poems and Songs (1862), which was favourably received, and fol lowed by Annie Weir (1866). After this he studied at the Glasgow of Mines, became School a and devoted colliery his in manager, creased leisure to study and further literary work. Lily Neil ap peared in 1879, followed by Poems and Songs (1883), and Selected Poems of independent character. a man (1890). W. was He was twice m., his second wife being a descendant of Burns.
WINTHROP, THEODORE
Haven, Conn., descended
his mother Britain After and from
on
through
in Great
New /. from Governor W., and Jonathan Edwards, ed. at Yale, travelled
"
b. at Novelist, (1828-1861).
his
through
the Continent, and
country.
contributing to
attracted in and was 1861, Army, for which he had novels,
stories,which
in his own sketches and little attention, he enlisted in the Federal killed in the Battle of Great Bethel. His failed to find a publisher, appeared posthu short periodicals the far West, Cecil Dreeme.
far and
wide
mously
Edwin Other
the Open Air. somewhat and his novels had crude, Though freshness, spasmodic and power, and with longerlifeand greaterconcentration originality, tie might have risen
his experiences in on John Brent, founded a story of the Revolution War, and Brothertoft, works The Canoe and Saddle, and Life in were
"
high.
WITHER,
Hampshire,
Lincoln's
was
GEORGE
at
Poet, (1588-1667).
"
b.
near
Alton,
Oxf.
Inn.
In
1613
for a short time, and then studied law at he pub. a bold and pungent satire,Abuses
for some Striptand Whipt, with the result that he was imprisoned While there he wrote The S hep heard' s months in the Marshalsea. Motto, Nee Habeo, nee a Careo, nee \Hunting, pastoral. Withers lCuro (I have not, want not, care not) was written in 1618, and in
same as Juvenilia. The year he pub. a 11622 he coll. his poems in which appears poem, Faire Virtue, the Mistress of Philarete,
long
the
'famous
act lyric, Shall I wasting in despair." Though generally Charles I. with the took Puritans he with the arms against ing he was the of the Civil War on Scotch in 1639; but on the outbreak He taken was by prisoner popular side, and raised a troop of horse. his life to the intercession of the Royalists, and is said to have owed of the After the establishment Sir John Denham. a fellow-poet, enriched out of Commonwealth he was sequestrated considerably of the defeated estates and other spoils party; but on the Restora"
412
tion
was
obliged to
his gains,was surrender impeached, and com In his later years he wrote I mitted to the Tower. religious many Before his and coll. death his as Hallelujah. hymns, poems poems and he was referred to by Pope in The Dunwere alreadyforgotten, Withers." He was, however, disinterred by the wretched dad as
"
and Southey, Lamb, merits, and he has now which his freshness,
others, who
an
drew
attention
to
his
poetical
established
place among
English poets, to
s. of I historian,
fancy, and
of taste well entitle him. delicacy

"
WODROW,
James W., and literary
ROBERT
Prof, of
Church (1679-1734).
Divinity in Glasgow. education there, he theological
ordained of Scotland, and was the Church Here he carried on the Renfrewshire. Church the the of of of Sufferings History wrote work when the memory is of the free from
Having completed his the ministry of entered the to parishof Eastwood, great work of his life, Scotland 1660 to 1688. W.
his)
still fresh, and his I was persecutions and partisanfeeling naturallynot credulity. It is,however, thoroughly honest in intention, and is a work of genuine It research, and of high value for the period with which it deals. in and W. folio vols. collec in two made was large 1721 1722. pub. not pub. in his lifetime. tions for other works which, however, were The the
Analecta,
Wodrow
Ministers and of the Scottish Reformers and Most Eminent Providences, were a History of Remarkable printed for bis and of in Maitland vols. Club, correspondence 1841 for the 3 Lives
or
ing a
doubt
Society. The Analecta is a most curious miscellanyshow combined with a hesitating strong appetitefor the marvellous of the more narratives. in regard to some exacting
WOLCOT,
JOHN
b. Satirist, (1738-1819).
"
near
Kings-
In bridge,Devonshire, was ed. by an uncle, and studied medicine. of as physician to Sir William Trelawny, Governor 1767 he went him he induced to Church and to in the whom a present Jamaica, in 1769. Sir William ordained island then vacant, and was dying in home his and, abandoning the Church, resumed came 1772, W. he dis medical character, and settled in practiceat Truro, where and assisted him. In 1780 covered the talents of Opie the painter, satires. The and commenced first he went to London, writing
objectsof
and these the game, satirical
his attentions
were
the
members
of the
attempts being well received, he soon King and Queen being the most
In
Royal Academy, began to flyat higher frequent marks for his

a
shafts.
1786 appeared
The
Lousiad,
Heroi-Comic
from a legend that on the King's dinner plate taking its name insect not usuallyfound in such exalted certain a appeared bis attack were of Other Boswell, the biographer objects quarters. wrote of Johnson, and W., who Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller. of Peter Pindar," had a remarkable vein the nom-de-guerre under comic to persons not in and wit, which, while intensely of humour volved, stung its subjectsto the quick. He had likewise strong in and a power of coiningeffective phrases. In other kinds telligence, ballads which he wrote, an in some of composition, as unexpectec tenderness and even touch of gentleness Among these are appears. has now Much that he wrote The Beggar Man and Lord Gregory. referred to being for lost all interest owing to the circumstances
Poem,
there
had
"

gotten, but enough still retains contemporary reputation.
its
413
for his
peculiarrelish
to account
WOLFE,
gentleman
m
CHARLES
(1791-1823)." Poet,
s.
of
landed
b. in Dublin, where Kildare, was he completed his ed at Trinity Coll., having previouslybeen at Winchester. He took Rector of Donoughmere, but his health failed orders, and was and
consumption at 32. He is remembered and admired universallyknown The poem, which first Moore, appeared anonymously in
in
he
d. of
for Burial the
one
short
but
of Sir
'john
Newry
Telegraph
1817.
WOOD,
was
OR
A WOOD,
he
was
ANTHONY
was
of his life spent most His awakened by the collections of Leland, and he early began to visit and study the of his native antiquities county. This with history, and music heraldry, genealogies, occu he had written pied his whole time. 1669 By his Historyand Anti of the University quities of Oxford, which was translated into Latin not to his satisfaction by the Univ. authorities, and he wrote a fresh English copy which was printedin 1786. His great work was Oxonienses Athena exact History of all the Writers and ; an their Education in the Universityof Oxford, to which added the Fasti or Annals of the said University (1691-92). For allegedlibel on the Earl of Clarendon in that work the author who have had
are an was
b. at Oxf., where antiquarianenthusiasm
(1632-1695)." Antiquary,
ed. and
Bishops
expelledin 1694.
the
City
Humour,
also wrote The Ancient and Present State and Modius of Oxford, Salium, a Collection of Pieces of an ill-natured cast. generally
He
of of
WOOD,
"
MRS.
Mrs.
ELLEN
(PRICE) (1814-1887)." Novelist,

the stories
are
She wrote writing Henry Wood," was b. at Worcester. of East Lynne, had remark over which, especially 30 novels, many
as
able have Lord

was
popularity. Though
no
generally interesting, they
distinction Oswald
House,
for
Oakburn's
some
the best known are Danesbury Mrs. Halliburton' s Troubles, The Channings, Cray, of Ashlydyat. Mrs. W. Daughters,and The Shadow
of
style. Among
years
and proprietor
ed. of the
"
Argosy.
on
WOOD,
JOHN
of
GEORGE
Writer (1827-1889).
natural
b. in London, and ed. at home and at Oxf., a surgeon, s. history, where for some time in the anatomical he worked He museum. other benefices which he held was for a time took orders, and among a Hospital. He was chaplain to St. Bartholomew's very prolific writer
on
natural
history,though
rather
as
scientific his numerous
in this way was mentioned be Illustrated Natural works History may Characteristics Common and Animal Traits of (1860), (1853), Objects Field Naturalist's Hand Out of Doors the Sea Shore (1857), (1874), books on gymnastics, book (with T. Wood) (1879-80), sport,etc., and Selborne. ed. of White's an and investigator,
than as a populariser Among very successful.

a
WOOLMAN,
Burlington,New
became and
a
JOHN
a
b. Quaker diarist, (1720-1772).

"
at
Jersey, began
store.
life
as
farm
labourer, and
then
clerk in
the latter
part
underwent devoted of his life was
He
impressions, deep religious to itinerant preachingand
414
doing
worked evils of
whatever good came tailor. He was as a
to
one
his
hand.
of the
which he wrote a on slavery, His Journal reveals his life and Keeping of Negroes (1753). with character rare fidelity and, though little known compared similar works, gained the admiration with some othei of, among Get the writingsof John Woolwriters, Charles Lamb, who says, In 1772 he went to England, where he d. of small man by heart." the
"
support himself h" first to witness against thi Considerations tract, Some
To
"
"
pox
in the
same
year.
WOOLNER,
at to the
THOMAS
and poet, b. (1826-1892)." Sculptor
Hadleigh,attained a high reputationas a sculptor. He belonged to theii Brotherhood, and contributed pre-Raphaelite poems the Germ. He several vols. of wrote magazine, poetry, including My Beautiful Lady (1863),Pygmalion, Silenus, Tiresias, and Nelly He had Dale. true poetic gift,though better known a by his busts. portrait CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, (1774-1846). Biographer,
"
etc.,
and
was
younger
brother
Chaplain to also Vice-Chancellor of the 1820-41. He was Trinity Coll.,Camb. Univ. 1820-21 and 1826-27. Hepub. Ecclesiastical Biography (1810), Basilike ? in which he argued for the authorship and Who wrote Eikon
of Charles I.
became
of the poet, ed. at Camb., took orders, of Commons, the House and Master oJ
WORDSWORTH,
CHRISTOPHER
S. (1807-1885).
"
of
above,
of Westminster ed. at Camb., took orders and became a Canon 1844, He travelled in Greece, and discovered 1868. and Bishop of Lincoln His writings include in theology a commentary the site of Dodona. Church the Bible on (1856-70), in other fields, Athens and Attica
History
to A.D.
and (1836),
and 451 (1881-83), Theocritus (1844).

"
WORDSWORTH,
the
DOROTHY
Diarist, etc., waaj (1771-1855).
and sympathetic com only sister of the poet, and his lifelong in no small degree with the same love of and panion, and endowed evidenced her is into nature as Journals. Many of her by insight and incidents recorded brother's poems were suggestedby scenes by her, of which that on Daffodils beginning I wandered lonelyas a is a notable cloud example.
"
"
WORDSWORTH,
WILLIAM
Poet, s. (1770-1850).
"
of
John
W., attorney and agent to the ist Lord Lonsdale, full of adventure His boyhood was mouth. among " showed himself he of that a stiff, moody, and says
was
b. at Cocker-
the hills, and he violent temper."
when he was He lost his mother 8, and his /.in 1783 when he was 13. The latter, prematurely cut off, left little for the support of his family of four sons and a dau., Dorothy (afterwards the worthy companion of her illustrious brother),except a claim for ^5000 contested, and which was againstLord Lonsdale, which his lordship
not
settled
were
family
went
education In
With the help, however, of uncles, the until his death. received his earlier well ed. and started in life. William Hawkshead in Lancashire; and in 1787 and at Penrith
he to St. John's Coll.,Camb., where taken the precedingyear, 1790, he had
graduated B.A. a walking tour
in 1791. the on
France in the first flush of the Revolution Continent, visiting with which, at that stage,he was, like many of the best younger minds of the time, in enthusiastic So much sympathy. this the case was that he nearly involved himself with the Girondists to an extent have which cost him his life. His funds, however, might gave out, to England shortly and he returned before his friends fell under the
guillotine.His
Church, but
marked
to
uncles this he
were was
desirous
that
he
should
enter
and unconquerably averse; to adopt any regular employment indisposition In
indeed
"
the his
offence. taking not unnatural Sketches of a Pedestrian scriptive Valk

"
led to their his first 1793 publication De Tour in the Alps, and The Evening
appeared, but attracted littleattention. The beginning of with Coleridge in 1795 tended to confirm friendship him in his resolution to devote himself to poetry; and a legacy of ^900 from a friend put it in his power to do so by making him for a time indepen dent of other employment. He settled with his sister at Racedown, Dorsetshire, and shortly afterwards removed to Alfoxden, in the who was then living at Nether Quantock Hills,to be near Coleridge, in the One same result of the Stowey neighbourhood. intimacy thus established was the planning of a joint work, LyricalBallads, to which The Ancient Coleridgecontributed Mariner, and W., among other pieces, Tintern Abbey. The first ed. of the work appeared in of this he went, accompanied by his sister and 1798. With the profits to at Goslar, and where Coleridge, Germany, where he lived chiefly he began the Prelude, a poem of the development of his descriptive
his
a and settled over year's absence W. returned Grasmere. In the 1800 second ed. of Lyrical Dorothy W.'s contributions Ballads, containing alone, with several additions, Lonsdale d., and his successor appeared. In the same year Lord settled the claims alreadyreferred to with interest, and the share of the brother and sister enabled them to live in the frugal and simple own
mind.
After
at
with
manner
which him
suited
enabled
jeen
to marry attached. long
Two them. years later W.'s circumstances his cousin, Mary Hutchinson, to whom he had In 1804 he made a tour in Scotland, and began
lis
with friendship in Two the

"
Scott.
to
Poems
'
Volumes,
Ode
ncluding
Yarrow
1807 saw year contains much which Duty," " Intimations

"
The
the publication of of his best work, of
Immortality,"
Unvisited," and the Solitary Reaper." In 18 1 3 he migrated for the rest of his life; and in the same to Rydal Mount, his home year he received, through the influence of Lord Lonsdale, the appoint with a salary of ment of Distributor of Stamps for Westmoreland,
"400.
Yarrow
he wrote Scottish tour, when another year he made The also and he a Excursion, Visited, being portionof pub. and was W. had now to his own, The Recluse, a Poem." recome jarded by the great majority of the lovers of poetry as, notwith standing certain limitations and flaws, a truly great and original of poet. The rest of his life has few events beyond the publication The
next
"
lis remaining works and :ame),
White Doe
a.
collection
his advance however, did not materially (which, The he was held. in which tokens of the growing honour made also he which in in 1815, year of Rylstone appeared Peter Bell and The Waggoner in 1819; The of his poems;
River
and Memorials of a Tour on the Continent in 1820; Revisited in 1835. In 1831 Ecclesiastical Sonnets 1822; and Yarrow Duddon
4i 6
he
from
his last visit to Scott; in 1838 he received the degree ol and in 1839 the same from Oxf. Three years Durham, of Stamps in favour later he resignedhis office of Distributor of hia list The civil of and received a pension followingyear, ^300. s., His long,tranquil, Southey as Poet Laureate. 1843, he succeeded
paid
D.C.L.
and
Grasmere. It had been

was
in 1850. fruitful life ended the After his death
He
lies buried
Prelude, finished
in the in
churchyard ol
1805, was pub.
kept
been
back
to have
never
the great projected of which it poem and of which the preface, The Excursion is a part,
because
completed. of W. is singularly The work at his best, as in the unequal. When of Intimations Immortality," Laodamia," some passages in The of his short pieces, and especially his sonnets, he Excursion, and some and splendourof language rarely rises to heightsof noble inspiration equalledby any of our poets. But it requiredhis poeticfire to be him to burst through his natural tendency at fusingpoint to enable His extraordinary and even dulness. lack of humour and to prolixity the, perhaps consequent, imperfectpower of self-criticism by which it was accompanied, together with the theory of poetic theme and diction with which he hampered himself, led him into a fre quent choice of trivial subjectsand childish language which excited not unjust ridicule,and of hia long delayed the generalrecognition He marvellous of has unrivalled a felicity phrase,an genius. power of describing natural and effects, and the most ennob appearances charac ling views of life and duty. But his great distinguishing teristic is his sense of the mystic relations between and nature. man His influence on contemporary and succeedingthought and litera ture has been profound and lasting. It should be added that Wv like Milton, with whom he had th" was points in common, many of a noble and expressive master prose style. SUMMARY. B. ed. at Camb., sympathiser with Frencli 1770, in earlier stages,first publication Revolution in the Alps and Tour became with Evening Walk acquainted Coleridge 1793, 1795, pubt with him Lyrical Ballads 1798, visits Germany and begins Preluda settles at Grasmere, to England and returns pub. second ed. of his own, i8oa 1800, m. Mary Hutchinson Lyrical Ballads, entirely visits Scotland 1804 and becomes acquainted with Scott, pub. Poenm Volumes in Two 1807, goes to Rydal Mount 1813, appointed Distributor of Stamps, revisits Scotland, writes Yarrow Visited and! 1814, White Doe and coll. works 1815, Waggoner* pub. The Excursion Ecclesiastical Sonnets, etc., 1819-35, pensioned 1842, Poet Laureatl
was
" "
"
1843, d. 1850.
bw good ed. of the poems, includinghis own 1850), and those by Knight (1882-86)1 Smith (1893), by Knighl (1908). Another in 1 6 vols. includes the prose writingsand the Journal by Doroth.4 (1896-97). Lives by ChristopherWordsworth (1857), Myers (i88ofl and others. See also criticism by W. Raleign(1903).
are
There
numerous
Moxon
(1836, 1845, Dowden Morley (1888),
and
WOTTON, SIR HENRY

s.
and poe" (1568-1639). Diplomatist

"
a Kentish gentleman, was b. at Boughton Park, near Maidston* ed. at Winchester and Oxf. After spending 7 years on the Con* tinent, he entered the Middle sec. Temple. In 1595 he became "p
of
and
417
the Earl of Essex, who employed him abroad, and while at Venice he The State of Christendom wrote Most Exact and or a Curious Dis Secret Passages and Hidden covery of many Mysteries of the Times, which was not, however, printed until 1657. Afterwards he held various diplomaticappointments, but Court favour latterly failed him and he was recalled from Venice and made Provost of Eton in for which he took deacon's orders. Among works Elements were of Architecture (1624) and A Survey of His writingsin prose and verse Education. were pub. in 1651 as Wottoniana. His include two which familiar to Reliquics are poems of Elizabethan all readers The Character verse, of a Happy Life,
1624,
to
qualifyhimself
his other
"
How the
happy
is he born
"
and
of Bohemia,
was
beginning of many originator
Ye
On his Mistress, the Queen Beauties of the Night." He which have down. come wittysayings,
meaner
taught,"and
WRAXALL,
SIR NATHANIEL
WILLIAM
His (1751-1831).
"
torical writer, b. at Bristol,was for a few years in the service of the East India Company, and thereafter employed on diplomaticmis of Commons. In addition sions, and sat for some years in the House of travels and some historical works relating to a book to the French Historical Memories and other foreignCourts, he wrote of my own Time 1772-84, pub. in 1815. The work was severelycriticised by and in particular both political parties, by Macaulay ; but W. made a considered which be the whole successful. to A con on was reply narrative the down in tinuation to pub. 1836. bringing 1790 was The Memoirs
are
valuable
for especially
the
for the light and they throw on the period, which of publicmen they give. portraits
WRIGHT,
of
THOMAS
(1810-1877). Antiquary, b.
"
near
His firstwork was ed. at Camb. a Ludlow, Quaker parentage, In he went to and London, 1836 adopted History of Essex (1831-36). to archaeology, literature as a profession, devoting himself specially history,and biography. He held office in various societies such as " and ed. many works the Camden," Shakespeare," Percy," and of author of the 80 all he In over was for them. publications, which
was
" "
some
and the Saxon, Biographia of the chief are The Celt, the Roman, Britannica Literaria, Queen Elizabeth and her Times, and History of in England during the Middle Sentiments and Manners Domestic excavation of the Roman of the city He was superintendent Ages. at Wroxeter in
1859. of Sir Henry VII., and ed. at St. John's Coll.,Camb., frequentlyemployed by Henry VIII. on
WYATT,
W.,
came
a
SIR THOMAS of Henry servant

was
Poet, s. (1503-1542)."
of Anne is said to have been an admirer into the thrown her was and on disgrace Boleyn before her marriage, and two In 1537 he was knighted, for a short time. years Tower mission to the Emperor Charles V. will on a sent his later was against Cromwell, to whose party he be in 1540 of Thomas On the death misdemeanours of accused during his embassy and longed,W. was which re wrote he a defence where in the Tower, He
and Court missions. diplomatic

to
again imprisoned
sent to meet the Spanish Am In 1 542 he was sulted in his release. him to London, but on the way and conduct at Falmouth, bassador shares with the Earl of Surrey W. he d. which of caught a chill,
O
41 8
also
nrst
of being the the honour (q.v.) of introducing the sonnet

are
real
successor
into
England.
than may
sonnets, which
wrote
reviver
many of the in the appearance
beautiful
anthology known
by
W. hands.
appear W. has less smoothness and sweetness than Surrey,but his much difficult as well as more of the sonnet form correct was more the and afterwards than that invented latter, by adopted by Shake is his and marked. lyrical gift more speare,
poetry which, making its I3th century, had fallen into abeyance. In the as Tottel's Miscellany, first pub. in 1557, 96 pieces along with 40 by Surrey, and others by different
correct form lyrics;in fact he in English lyricalspirit

a
in
more
of Chaucer, and addition to his those of Surrey,W. be regarded as the In
WILLIAM Dramatist, was b. (i64o?-i7i6). at Clive, near He was at Shrewsbury, where his /. had an estate. Part of his youth the Inner Temple in 1659, and at Oxf. in 1660. he became had been spent in France, where a Roman Catholic, but
WYCHERLEY,
"
at
the
Restoration Love in and
he
a
returned
to
Protestantism. Gentleman
He
wrote
four
comedies,
Charles
Wood,
Plain
The
Country Wife,
II.,and
The
a vol. of poems nothing doing little to add to his reputation. About 1679 he m. the widowed of Drogheda, who d. in 1681, and he entered into a second Countess before his death. In his later years he formed eleven days marriage with of then 16. W. of the a a was one boy Pope, friendship The merit of his plays lies in founders of the Comedy of Manners. The Plain and witty dialogue rather than in construction. smart is founded his Moliere's best, Dealer, Misanthrope. His plays upon coarse. are notoriously
of consequence
Dealer, all afterwards,
Dancing Master, The produced in the reign of
WYNTOUN,
a canon
ANDREW
OF
Chronicler, was (i35o?-i42o?).

"
Leven. creation form value
of St. Andrews, who His work, entitled of
angelsand though rarelyso

in its later
Prior of St. Serf's island in Loch The Orygynale Cronykil, begins with the down and comes to 1406. It is poeticin men in substance, and is of considerable historical became
as
parts and
regardsthe
"
see
of St. Andrews.
YALDEN,
THOMAS
Poet, s. (1670-1736).
of
an
exciseman
the Church, in which he at Oxf., and ed. at Magdalen Coll.,entered of a considerable the author obtained various preferments. He was to Darkness, Pindaric of poems, including number Odes, and a Hymn translations from the classics.
YATES, EDMUND
Novelist (1831-1894).
"
and
dramatist,
Post b. at Edin., held for some years an appointment in the General He did much writer, Office. work, mainly as a dramatic journalistic and Run dramatic some and wrote novels, including pieces many He best known Black and The Gauntlet was Sheep. perhaps ning the ed. of The World journal. as society
YONGE,
dau. and
CHARLOTTE
MARY
Novelist, only (1823-1901).

"
of a landed gentleman of Hampshire, was b. near Winchester, the influence of Keble, who a under was in her girlhoodcame her in and She pub. during near 1848, began writing neighbour. and well100 works, chieflynovels, interesting long life about

written, with
The
wrote
a
419
Heir
High Church the best known tendency. Among are of Redclyffe,Heartsease, and The Daisy Chain. She also Cameos from English History, and Lives of Bishop Patteson
More. The
and
Hannah
profits
of
her
works
were
devoted
to
religiousobjects.
YOUNG,
was
ARTHUR
the
s.
Writer (1741-1820)."
of
a
on
agriculture,
and
6. in London,
he
farmed,
him
making
financial turned
many
success, to
In his early clergyman. years experiments, which though they did not gave him
Suffolk
bring
made and which
knowledge
experience,
afterwards his
name on
useful and
account.
known,
his Irish later His
borough
four
in 1777 estates. In started famous the
Various publications had he became agent to Lord Kingshe
1780
in
years
Annals
appeared.
in
tours
pub. his Tour in Ireland, of Agriculture,47 vols. of France made were 1787-90,
in Travels in France Board
the results He
was
of his observations
being pub.
culture,
appointed sec. to the newly 1793 and additional works pub. many
the father In of modern his later
founded
on
of
(1792). Agri
He
as
justly regarded as all subjects affecting the

interest until his death.
subject. in which, agriculture,

he he
the
is in
public welfare,
years
maintained
was
an
active
blind.
YOUNG,
Upham,
School and had
EDWARD
Oxf. he
Poet, (1683-1765)."
where he
was
s.
of the Rector
at
of
Hampshire,
a
b. the
After
being
Winchester
to
accompanied
keen
Duke
of Wharton and
Ireland.
Y., who
those with who An
the cult of always preferment, eye the dispensing of it, began his poetical career in 1713 Epistle to Lord Lansdowne. the was Equally characteristic towards had
of two The Last Day publication in the same and The year poems. Force The he of Religion. following year produced an elegy On the Death of Queen A nne, which brought him into notice. Turning next
to
the
drama work
he
produced
was a
Busiris
His
next
collection In 1727
Universal
Passion.
one
in 1719, and The Revenge in 1721. of 7 satires, The Love of Fame, the he entered the Church, and was ap and Rector of
pointed
in 1730. the Earl
of the Next
Royal Chaplains,
he
m.
Welwyn, by
her
Herts,
datt. of former
year of Lichfield, to
Lady
Elizabeth
as
Lee, the widowed

to
whom,
well
as
her
dau.
Both d., and sad and lonely the warmly attached. marriage, he was The his or Complaint, Night Thoughts (1742masterpiece, poet began immediate and had which still great popularity, and 44), which classic. In 1753 he brought out maintains his last its place as a his last piece of prefer The Brothers, and in 1761 he received drama, to the Princess to the Closet that of Clerk Dowager of Wales. ment, The of Four Y., though in style later, in 1765, he d. poems years in passages of passion and sometimes artificial and forced, abound
power
which
sometimes which harsh he
reach
the with
sublime.
so
But force
the
as a
sentiments
unpleasantly
of his life.
expresses with contrast
much
the
worldliness
and
feelings and poet form an tuft-hunting
APPENDIX
OF
LIVING
WRITERS
Writer on (1838)." literary Grammar subjects. Shakespearian ed. (1870), Bacon and Essex Essays (1876), Francis Bacon (1877), his Life and Works Flatland, a Romance (1885), of Many Di mensions St. Thomas (1884), Paradosis of Canterbury (1898), (1904), Silanus the Christian (1906), Johannine Vocabulary(1905), etc.
Biblical and of Bacon's
. .
.
ABBOTT, REV.
EDWIN
ABBOTT, D.D.
novelist. A Kentucky Cardinal, The Choir Invisible, A Summer in Arcady, Blue Grass Region of Kentucky, The Increasing Purpose, Aftermath, part ii. of A Kentucky Cardinal, The Mettle of the Pasture, The Reign of Law, Bride of the Mistletoe (1909).
"
ALLEN,
JAMES
LANE
(1849).American
ANSON, SIR WILLIAM

"
REYNELL,
BART., D.C.L.
Law and Custom etc. of Grafton,
(1843).
of
the
constitutional writer, etc. Constitution,ed. Memoirs of the third Duke
Legal
and
ANSTEY, ARBER,
issued
F.
(see GUTHRIE).
D.LiTT.
"
EDWARD,
Literaryantiquary.Has
books. reprintsof rare many English Reprints,English Scholars' Library, ed. An British Antho English Garner (1880-83), A Christian Library (1907). logies (1899-1901),
ARCHER,
WIILIAM
(1856). Writer
"
on
the
drama
and
translator of Ibsen; ed. Ibsen's Prose Dramas, 5 vols., Collected his translated with Works n brother, Ibsen, vols., Major Chas. A., of Ibsen's Peer Gynt, LifeofMacready, Masks or Faces, Study and Stage, Real Conversations
(1904),etc.
VON
ARNIM, COUNTESS
German
(BEAUCHAMP).
"
Summer, The Garden, A Solitary Elizabeth's Adventures The Benefactress, and Mr. A nstruther.
Elizabeth and her April Baby's Book of Tunes, in Ruegen, Fraulein Schmidt His
ASHTON,
Satire
'etc. JOHN (1834). Literaryantiquary,

"
Century (1882),Humour, tory of Chap-books of Eighteenth
Wit, and
Adventures and Discoveries of Seventeenth Century (ed.1883), Romances Smith Chivalry (1886),Social of (1884), of Capt. John e tc under the Regency (1890), England
421
02
422
The Human
ALFRED
AUSTIN,
(1835).
"
Poet.
Poet
Laureate
Poems,
1896.
Tragedy, Lyrical Poems,
the Pessimist, Alfredthe Great, Flodden Tragedy (1903),etc. Prose works include The Garden that I Love, In Veronica's Garden, Winter Sacred and Profane Love (1908). Lamia's Quarters,
Narrative Field : a
Fortunatus
AVEBURY,
(1834).
"
JOHN LUBBOCK,
writer.
IST
LORD, P.C.,D.C.L., ETC.

of Life, Beauties
Wild
Miscellaneous
to Insects,
Use
of Nature,
Pleasures relation
of Life (two parts),British

Ants, Bees, and
works
on
Wasps,
Natural
Flowers considered in The Origin of Civilisa
tion, and
Economics.
many
other
History, Sociology,and
A Roman
BAGOT,
RICHARD
Nets
(1860). Novelist.
"
Mystery
(1899),Casting of Anthony Cuthbert (1907),
(1901),Donna
(1908),etc. HON. ARTHUR
and
Diana
(1903),Temptation
BALFOUR,
D.C.L.,
ETC.
RIGHT
"
JAMES, P.C., LL.D.,
writer. A Defence (1848). philosophic Doubt (1879),Essays and Addresses of Philosophic (1893), The Foundations Reflections suggestedby the New Theory of Belief(1895), Criticism and Beauty (1910). on Questionings of Matter (1904),
Statesman
BALL,
"
SIR
ROBERT
The
STAWELL,
LL.D., F.R.S.
(1840).
folkr
Scientific writer.
The
Story of the Sun
Starland (1889), Story of the Heavens (1885), The Earth's Beginning (1901), etc. (1893),
BARING-GOULD,
lorist, etc.
SABINE
(1834). Novelist
"
and
Sagas Myths Ages (1866),Origin and Development of Religious of the Middle Lives of the Saints Mehalah (1872-77). Novels: Belief (1869-70), The Richard Cable Domitia Penny (1888), 'comequicks (1889), (1880), Gold Crock Priest Pabo the Nebo the Nailer (1899), of (1899), (1898), also books Devonshire Characters Folk-lore. etc.; on (1908), (1902),
Iceland, its Scenes
and
(1862),Curious
BARRIE, JAMES MATTHEW,

dramatist.
Auld in
LL.D.
Novelist (1860)."
and
Man's Licht a Idylls, When Single (1888),A Nicotine Thrums Window (1889),My Lady (1890),The Little Sentimental Minister Tommy, Margaret Ogilvy (1896),The (1891), Bird works Little White (1902),Peter Pan (1906),etc. Dramatic Love Story, The Little Minister, The Wedding Professor's Peter Pan Crichton (1903), Admirable The What Guest (1900), (1904), Knows (1908). Every Woman include The
BARRY,
Novelist,
Arden
REV.
The
WILLIAM
New
(FRANCIS), D.D.
Knot
(1849).
"
etc. Massiter
Antigone (1887),Two
Wizard's
Standards
(1900),The
HARRY
(1901),The
(1898), Dayspring
etc. (1903),
BATTERSBY,
PREVOST
FRANCIS
war
PREVOST
(" FRANCIS
correspondent. Poems, Melilot (1887). Novels, Rust of Gold of False Dawn The Plague Hour (1896), (1897), (1895),The Avenging etc.; jointtranslator of Tolstoi's Christ's Chris of the Heart (1902), and Voice Do. What to and Plays, The Way of War (1902), tianity of Duty (1904).
"). Poet,
"
novelist, and
Greenwood
(1886),Fires
BAX, ERNEST
and socialism.
423
BELFORT
Kant's
Writer (1854)."
with
on
philosophy
Biography and Introduc Handbook tion (1882), to the History of Philosophy (1884), Religion (1886),Ethics of Socialism of Socialism (1889),The Problem of Socialism, its Growth and Outcome Reality (1893), (with W. Morris) The Roots of Reality (1907), etc. (1894),
Prolegomena
BEAZLEY,
cal
CHARLES
RAYMOND,
the Navigator(1895), geographer. James of A ragon Dawn Modern vols. etc. Geography, of (1897-1906), 3
F.R.G.S. Henry (1870),

"
Histori (1868)."
BECKE,
Palm Wallis
GEORGE
Louis
A (1890),
First Fleet
(1848).Novelist. By Reef and Family (1896), Tom PacificTales (1897),
Chinkie's Flat (1903), (1900),Yorke, the Adventurer (1901), His Native The Mutineer, etc.; and with W. Jeffery, Wife (1896), The Tapu of Bender ah, etc. Admiral Phillip (1899),
BEECHING,
cellaneous Private Sermons
REV.
In
HENRY
a
CHARLES, D.Lnr.
(1859). Mis
"
and other Poems (1895), Pages from a various vols. of sermons, Seven Diary (1898), etc., including The Grace to Schoolboys (1894), of Episcopacy (1906); has
writer.
Garden
Paradise ed. A of English etc. various English classics,
Poetry (1892), Lyra

"
Sacra
(1894),and
critic.
BEERBOHM,
The Works
MAX
(1872). Essayistand
The
dramatic
of Max
Beerbohm,
More
Happy
Hypocrite, Caricatures
"
of
Gentlemen, Twenty-five
etc. Yet Again (1909), (1898),
BEESLY, EDWARD
SPENCER
(1831). Writer
on
history
and (1878), Queen philosophy. Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius of Aug. Comte, etc. various works has translated Elizabeth (1892),
BELL,
critic. Pictures
HENRY
THOMAS
MACKENZIE
and other
(1856). Poet
"
and
Spring's Immortality of Travel and other Poems

HILAIRE
Book Moral
Poems,
Christina Poems
Rossetti,
Collected (1898),
"
(1901). The
BELLOC,
Bad Child's
(1870). Miscellaneous
writer.
Children Beasts for Worse More of Beasts (1896), Lambkin's Remains Danton (1899), Alphabet, (1897), The The Path to Rome (1902),Caliban' s Guide (1901), Robespierre (1900), (1904). Esto Perpetua (1906), The to Letters (1903),Mr. Burden in the Cabinet (1909). A Historic Thames Change (1907),
BENNETT,
Man Towns Towns
ENOCH
ARNOLD
Novelist, etc. (1867)."
from
Polite Farces (1899),Anna of the Five the North (1898), Smile Grim of the Five (1904),The (1902),A Great Man etc. Old Wives' Tale (1908), Alive (1908), Buried (1907),
BENSON,
grapher
and
ARTHUR
CHRISTOPHER
Poet, (1862)."
bio
The Professor Lyrics (1895), (1893), essayist. Poems of Quiet (1903),Peace and other Poems (1900),The House and From a College Window other Poems (1905),Upton Letters (1905), books Poems (1909), (collected) (1907), fioo6) Beside Still Waters etc. Walter Pater, on Tennyson, Rossetti, E. Fitzgerald,
BENSON,
Rubicon (1893),
EDWARD
FREDERIC
Books
Novelist. (1867)."
The (1895), Babe B.A.
Dodo
Judgment (1894),
(1897).
424
(1905).
Climber
Scarlet and Hyssop (1902), Vintage (1898), Image in the Sand House Plays, Aunt Jeannie (1902), of Defence (1907),The etc. (1908),
BERDOE,
EDWARD
(1836). Writer
"
on
Browning, etc.
Browning's Message to his Time (1890), Browning Cyclopedia (1891), Biographical and Historical Notes to Browning's Complete Works A Browning Primer Browning and the Christian Faith (1896), (1894),
and (1904), various books
on
medicine, etc.
BERENSON,
BERNHARD
(1865). Writer
"
on
art.
Vene
tian Painters of Art Constructive sance (1896),Central
the Renaissance Lorenzo Lotto, an Essay on (1894), Criticism (1895),Florentine Painters of the Renais Painters Italian of the Renaissance Italian Art of (1901),North Italian Painter A Sienese of the Franciscan
(1897),
Painters
Study
and
Criticism
of the Renaissance, etc. (1910),
Legend
BESANT,
MRS.
ANNE
(1847). Theosophist.Re-incarna
"
Death and tion (1892), Ancient Sheaths (1895),
Karma The Selfand its After (1893), (1895), Wisdom (1897),Dharma (1899),Esoteric Pedigreeof Man (1903),Wisdom Christianity(1901), of the Upanisetc. hats (1906),
BINYON,
Poems
LAURENCE
(1869). Poet
"
and
art critic.
Lyric
I. (1895), Book London II. (1898), The Visions, Book (1894), Odes (1900), Praise ofLife (1896), Porphyrion and other Poems (1898), Paris and (Enone etc. Penthesilea (1906), (1905),
BIRRELL, AUGUSTINE,
Obiter Dicta Res (1884),
M.P., LL.D.
etc. (1850). Essayist,

"
Men, Judicatce(1892), (1894), Collected Essays (1900), Miscellanies

Bronte,
Women,
Charlotte
Hazlitt, etc.
Ed.
Boswell's
"
(1901). Johnson (1907).
and Books Books on
BLAIKIE,
Sextet
JOHN
ARTHUR
Sonnets
(1849).P"et
Love's (1870),
Madrigals,Songs, and
an(^ journalist. and A Victory (1890),
of Singers (1895).
EDWARD
BLAKENEY,
afterSunset Angel of the
HENRY
the Gold edited
(1869). Poet, etc.

"
Voices
'Twixt (1897), House
Hour
(1907); has
and various
the
Grey (1903), The
classics, etc.
MRS. HUBERT Poet [" E. NESBIT"] (1858)." series (1892),A novelist. and Lays and Legends (1886),second In Secret Verse Pomander Homespun (1896), (1895), of Kyriels of
BLAND,
(1898),Book
Phoenix and and the Head
of Dragons (1900),Five Children and The Railway Children the Carpet (1904), etc. (1908),
It
(1902),The Salome (1906),

"
BLOUNDELLE-BURTON,
Silent Shore
JOHN
EDWARD
(1850). Novelist.
A (1896), Woman
Desert Ship (1886), A Name A Branded (1903), (1899), Heritage Race her etc. and Last (1908), of (1907),
Denounced (1890),
from
etc.
Wind
Bitter the Sea
BLUNT,
Sonnets
WILFRID
SCAWEN
(1840). Poet,
"
Love
and the
of Proteus
Future (1880),
of Islam
The (1882),

Whirlwind
Seven Golden
425
(1883),Esther (1892),The Stealing of the Mare (iSo-*) Odes of Pagan Arabia (1903),Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt (1907), etc. S. (1862)." BOAS, FREDERICK Scholar. Shakespeare and his Predecessors (1896),ed. works of T. Kyd, and of Giles
and Phineas
Fletcher, etc.
BODLEY,
Historian.
The The
"
JOHN
EDWARD
i. The
COURTENAY, D.C.L. (1853)."

Revolution and Modern of Edward
France, vol.
France, vol. ii.

VII. (IQO^
Parliamentary System, The Coronation Church in France etc. (1906),
BOLDREWOOD,
F.
Sursum (1878), etc. (1908),
ROLF W.
Corda
"
BOURDILLON,
Flowers Romances
(see BROWNE). Poet, etc. (1852)."
Among
the
and
Preludes (1893), Nephele (1896),
BRADDON,
MARY
Audley's Secret,Aurora Clod (1865), The Lady's
ELIZABETH Novelist. (1837)." Lady Floyd (1862), Henry Dunbar (1864), Only a
Mile (1866), Dead Sea Fruit (1869), Robert Fortune to Vixen Ainsleigh(1872), Hostages (1875), (1870),Wyllard's Weird His (1886),Rough Justice (1898), Darling Sin (1895),The White House Our Adversary (1909),and many others. (1906),
BRADLEY,
A
ANDREW
on
CECIL, LL.D., Lixr.D.,etc.

In
on
"
Critic.
Commentary
Tennyson's
Memoriam
(1901), Shakespearian
Tragedy (1904), Oxford Lectures
Poetry (1909).
BRADLEY,
The The
FRANCES
HERBERT
(1846). Philosopher.
"
Ethical Presuppositionsof Critical History (1874), and Appearance and Principles of Logic (1883),
Studies
(1876),
Reality (1893).
on
ROBERT Prosody, Critical Essay on Eros the Firegiver, metheus
BRIDGES,
(1844). Poet.
"
Essay
Milton's
Keats. and
Poems,
Psyche.
The Growth of Love, Pro Plays, Nero, Ulysses,Chris etc.
tian
Achilles Captives,
in
Scyros,Feast of Bacchus,
BROOKE,
REV.
STOPFORD
literature and
AUGUSTUS,
LL.D.
(1832)."
Writer theology, etc. Theology of the on English Primer Riquei of of English Literature (1876), English Poets (1874), Poems the Tuft (1880), (1886), (1888), (drama),Unity of God and Man
History of EnglishLitera History of Early EnglishLiterature (1892), Four Poets (1908), etc. and Gospel of Joy (1898), ture (1894), RHODA BROUGHTON, (1840). Novelist. Cometh up as a Red as a Rose is She Not Wisely but too Well (1867), Flower (1867), (1870), Goodbye, Sweetheart, Goodbye (1872), Dr. Cupid (1886), The Game and Faustina Dear (1897), Scylla or Charybdis ? (1895), etc. Law in Foes (1901), the Candle (1899),
"
BROWN,
PETER
HUME,
and
LL.D.
(1850). Historian.
"
George
in Scot
Humanist Buchanan, Scotland land (1891),
Early Reformer (1890), John Knox, before1700 (1893), etc. History of Scotland (1898-1909), (1895),
Travellers
a
Biography
426
novelist.
THOMAS ALEXANDER
BROWNE,
Dream,
Town Golden
(1826).
"
Australia
The Miner's Robbery under Arms (1888), Right (1890),A A Modern Buccaneer The Squatter's Sydney-side Saxon (1891), (1894), The Crooked Memories Stick, Old Melbourne -A Canvas (1895), Romance Babes in the Bush A Tale (1898), (1900), of the West (1906), etc.
BROWNING,
OSCAR
(1837). Historian,
"
etc.
Modern
(1880),England Napoleon in England four in vols. 1803 (1887),History of England, (1890),True Stories Wars Guelphs and Ghibellines (1894), from English History (1886), of the Nineteenth Century (1899), History of Europe 1814-1843 (1901), of George Eliot, Dante, also Lives and Goethe, Bartolommeo and Colleoni, Napoleon.
and
(1879),Modern
France
BRYCE,
Historical Transcaucasia
RIGHT
and and
HON.
Ararat
JAMES, P.C.,D.C.L., ETC.

The
(1838)."
in Con
writer, etc. political
Holy
Roman
Empire (1862),
Commonwealth
(1877), The
American
Studies in History and Jurisprudence (1901), Studies (1888), etc. temporary Biography (1903),
BUCHAN,
JOHN (1875). Novelist,etc.

"
Musa
Piscatrix
(1896),John (1896),Scholar-Gipsies Watcher and A Lodge by the Threshold (1902),
Burnet
of Barns (1898),The in the Wilderness (1906).

"
BUDGE,
ERNEST
A.
WALLIS, Lirr.D., ETC.
Orientalist,
Has etc. Assyrian and Egyptian texts. produced ed. of numerous Festival Excavations The Dwellers on the Nile (1885), at Aswan (1888), Book the Dead The I sis and etc. Nephthys, (1891), (1895), of Songs of
(1896),A History of Egypt, etc. Laughable Stories of Bar-Hebreeus (1902), The Gods of Egypt (1903), The Egyptian S"ddn (1907), Funeral and e tc. (1909). Liturgy Offerings,
BULLEN,
writers. Ed.
ARTHUR
Works of
HENRY
(1857). Ed.
"
of Old
English
of Old John Day, Poems Michael Selections Drayton of from English Plays (1882-84), of Marlowe, Middleton, e* Works Marston, Peele, Campion, (1883), Lyrics from the Song Books Age (1886),England's of Elizabethan W. Helicon works of Thos. Traherne, Strode, etc. (1887),
dramatist
Collection (1881),
BULLEN,
romances.
FRANK
THOMAS
(1857). Writer
"
of
nautical
Christ
at
The Cruise of the Cachalot, Idyllsof the Sea, With Sea, A Whaleman's Wife, Sea Wrack, Sea Puritans, A Son Frank etc. Sea, Brown,
of
the
BURNAND,
and
SIR
FRANCIS
COWLEY
(1836). Humorist
"
to which he contributed dramatist, ed. of Punch (1880-1906), Has written etc. Mokeanna, over 120 Strapmore,Happy Thoughts, His The Colonel, Contrabandista, plays,including Black-eyed Susan,
Majesty, etc.
BURNETT,
dramatist. and Fair Barbarian
MRS
That
FRANCES
Lass
HODGSON
(1849). Novelist
"
Lord
Fauntleroy
o' Lowrie's (1877),Haworths (1879),A One Administration (1883),Little (1881),Through (1886),A Lady of Quality (1896),Making of a
Marchioness
427
Daughter,
Esmeralda, Little Lord
(1901),etc. Plays, Phyllis,The Fauntleroy, etc.

ETC.
Showman's
BURY, JOHN B., LL.D.,

of of
Historian. History (1861)."
the Later Roman to Irene (1889), Empire from Arcadius History Greece to Death Alexander the Great of (1900), Life of St. Patrick Odes and Isthmian (1905); has ed. Pindar's Nemean Odes, Gibbon's Decline and Fall, and part of E. A. Freeman's works.
BUTCHER,
Scholar. Some Prose
SAMUEL
Translations
HENRY,
of
the Genius
LL.D.,
ETC.
(1850)."
A.
Odyssey (1879),with
Lang,
Aspects of the Greek Poetry (1895, 1903),etc.
Aristotle's Theory of (1891-1904),
BUTLER,
Traveller
North and Land
SIR
WILLIAM
The
FRANCIS,
Great Lone
G.C.B.
(1838)."
biographer. (1872), The Wild (1873),The Campaign of the Cataracts (1887),From Naboth's Lives of Gen. Gordon, Sir C. Napier, Sir Vineyard (1907), G. P. Colley, etc.
Land
CABLE, GEORGE
Old Creole Dr. (1881),
WASHINGTON
(1844). American
"
novelist.
By
The Grandissimes Madame Days (1879), (1880), Delphine Sevier (1884), March The Cavalier John (1884), (1901), low Hill (1902), Kincard's etc. Battery (1908),
CAINE, HALL
(1885),Son
(1853). Novelist.
"
Shadow
of
Crime
(1890),The The Eternal City (1901), The ProdigalSon (1897), which several of have been etc., Prophet (1909), Rossetti and books also written on Coleridge.
of Hagar (1886),The Scapegoat (1891),The
Deemster Manxman
(1887), The (1894),The
Bondman
Christian White dramatised. Has The (1904),
CAMBRIDGE,
A novelist. Little Minx tators Marked
ADA
Man
(MRS. CROSS) (1844). Australian

"
The (1891),
Three
Miss
A Kings (1891),
Fidelis (1893),
(1901),A etc. (1907),
Happy
The Devas (1895),Materfamilias(1898), Feminine Eternal The Marriage (1906),
CAMPBELL,
Dread (1889),
WILFRED,
LL.D.
(1861). Poet.
"
Lake
Lyrics
M ordred and Hildebrand Tragedies Voyage Poems (1893), Orcades Ian the Dream Hills the of (1906), (1899), of Beyond (1895), etc. A Beautiful Rebel (1909), (novel),
EGERTON Consequences (1858). Novelist. Letters (1896), The The Scarthey (1895), Jerningham Light of (1891), Remedies Pride (play), The Young April of Jennico (1898),Desperate Bellairs Orchard (1904), (1899),Incomparable (1899), The Secret Paste Cuts Diamond (1908), (several with Agnes (1907), Wroth
CASTLE,
"
etc. Castle),
CHAMBERS,
The Red In the Quarter (1895), Maids The Mask, of Paradise
(1906),The
The Wild
WILLIAM (1865). American novelist. Lorraine, The Cambric Republic (1896), in a Hurry (1903),A Young Man The Firing Line etc. (1908), Fighting Chance (1907), ROBERT
"
CHESTERTON,
GILBERT
KEITH
Essayist,etc. (1874)."
Types,
The
Knight, Greybeards
at Play, Twelve
Napoleon
428
All R.
Club of Netting Hill (1904),
of Queer Trades (1905),Heretics (1905). books on Trifles(1909), (1908),Tremendous Things Considered G. G. B. F. etc. Watts, Shaw, Dickens, Browning,
MARY.
Rust
"
CHOLMONDELEY,
Pottage, Moth
and
Novelist.
Diana
Tempest,Red
Lowest
Prisoners (1902),
(1906),The
Rung
The
(1908).
CHURCHILL,
Richard Celebrity, Coniston (!9O3),
WINSTON
(1871). American
"
novelist.
Carvel (1899), The Crisis (1901),The Mr. Crewe's Career (1908). (1906),
Crossing
Mrs.
CLIFFORD, MRS.
Keith's Aunt Crime
W.
K.
(LANE). Novelist, etc.

"
(1885),Love
Letters Alone
A Woman Anne (1893), etc., and various plays.
Worldly of The Modern (1901),

a
Woman
Way
(1891), (1906),
The
CLODD,
Childhood Myths and Evolution
EDWARD
(1840). Scientific writer, etc.

"
(1872),The Childhood of of the World Dreams Story of Primitive Man (1885),

Animism (1895), etc. (1906),
Religions(1875), Primer (1895), of
COLERIDGE, CHRISTABEL
The Betty (1869), Relation A Near
etc. (1901),
ROSE
(1843). Novelist.
"
Lady
Face
of Carlyon English Squire (1881), of Cathrigg (1886),Waynftete (1893),The Winds
An (1875),
COLVIN, SIDNEY, D.Lnr.

Florentine
(1845). Writer
"
on
art,etc.
Picture-Chronicle Early Engraving and Engravers (1898), in England (1906), Lives of Keats, Landor; ed. Letters of Keats and R. L. Stevenson, and the Edinburgh ed. of the latter's works, etc.
"CONNOR,
Novelist,
etc.
RALPH"
The
(Rev.
Pilot, The
Sky
Man
C. W. GORDON) (1860)." The Doctor from Glengarry,
of Crow's
An
Nest, etc.
CONRAD,
Outcast The (1906),
JOSEPH.
"
Novelist.
Almayer's Folly (1895),
of (1900),Typhoon
the Islands
Secret
Lord of Unrest (1898), Jim of the Sea (1903),Nostromo (1904),The Mirror A Set of Six (1908). Agent (1907),
(1896),Tales
CORELLI, MARIE
Worlds Sorrows
(1864). Novelist.
"
Romance
of Two
(1892),
(1886),Vendetta of
Satan
Thelma (1886), (1895),Mighty Atom
Soul (1887),
of Lilith
Ziska The Master (1896), (1897), The Treasure (1904), of Heaven
of Delicia (1896),Murder God's Good Man Christian (1900), Orders Holy (1908). (1906),
"
COTES, MRS.
Social Adventures
EVERARD
(DUNCAN) (1861). Novelist.
Girl in London The Simple American (1891), Departure (1890), His Honour and a Mem Sahib, a Sahib, Sunny Story of of The Burnt Set in Pool in the Desert Authority (1906), Lady, (1903), etc. Offering(1909),
COURTHOPE,
and
WILLIAM
JOHN,
C.B., LL.D.
(1842.)
"
Lunce Critic,biographer,etc. Ludibria (1869),Paradise of Birds and Lives of Addison vi. History ofEnglishPoetry (vol. 1910), (1870),
Pope.

COURTNEY,
Studies
429
WM.
LEONARD,
Dramas (1888), etc. (1909),
LL.D.
and
etc. Critic, (1850)."

Diversions
New and Old Bible Literary Man's
(1900),The
CRADDOCK,
poet.
bonnet The
CHARLES
CROCKETT, SAMUEL
Stickit Minister
(see MURFREE). RUTHERFORD Novelist (1860)."
EGBERT
and
The Raiders Lilac Sun(1893), (1894), (1894), Men Bog, Myrtle, and Peat (1895), of the Moss Hags Standard (1895), Grey Man Bearer (1898), (1896), Joan of the Sword Hand Love Idylls (1901), Me (1900), and Myn Bloom (1907), of the Heather Men the Mountain (1908), of (1909).
CROMMELIN,
MAY
DE
LA
CHEROIS.
"
My Love She's but a Lassie, Orange Lily,For Crimson Lilies,I Little Knew, etc.
Novelist. Queenie, the Sake of the Family,

"
CUNNINGHAM,
Growth Modern
WILLIAM, D.D.
(1849).Economist,
etc.
and Commerce, Western Civilisation, Use and Abuse Civilisation, of Money, Path Towards Know Rise and Decline of Free Trade, etc. ledge,
of English Industry
CUNNINGHAME
Mrs. C.-G.
:
GRAHAM,
Father
ROBERT
BONTINE
Scotland
(1852).
"
etc. Traveller, essayist,
with Archangelof (1896), Aurora la Cugini,Mogreb el Acksa, Journey in Morocco A Vanished Arcadia (1898),Thirteen Stories (1900), (1901), Life of do Soto
Hernando
Faith (1909), etc. (1903),
DAVIS, RICHARD
etc.
HARDING
(1864).American
"
novelist,
Soldiers of Fortune, The Princess Aline, In the Fog, Captain Macklin, Real Soldiers of Fortune (1906),The Scarlet Car (1908), also books his adventures in Venezuela, Cuba, South on Africa, etc.
DE
MORGAN, WILLIAM
Ill-written
(1907),Somehow Again (1909).
Vance : An Dichronism
FREND (1839) Novelist. Joseph A : Autobiography (1906),Alice-for-short

"
"
Good
(1908),It
LOWES.
Never
can
Happen
writer.
DICKINSON,
GOLDSWORTHY
"
Historical
and Reaction in Modern Revolution France, The Development of Par in the Nineteenth liament Century, The Greek View of Life, The Symposium, Meaning of Good, Letters of John Chinaman, A Modern etc. Justiceand Liberty (1909),
DILKE, SIR CHARLES
WENTWORTH,
BART., P.C., LL.D.,

The Fall of (1868), Britain (1890), etc.
Greater Britain Political writer. etc. (1843)." Problems Floristan Monaco, Prince of Greater of
DIRCKS,
RUDOLF.
"
Novelist, dramatist,
Off, In
the
similitudes, The Advantage, etc.
Libretto, Broken
etc. Corridor, A
Veri
Mean
DOBSON,
HENRY
AUSTIN, LL.D.
(1840).Poet
"
and
Proverbs in Porcelain in Rhyme (1873), biographer. Poems, Vignettes the At the World Lyre (1885). Prose, Old of Sign Idylls (1883), (1877), his Bewick and Century Vignettes Eighteenth Thomas Pupils (1884),
03
43"
Goldsmith
Steele (1886), (3series,1892, 1894, and 1896),Lives of Fielding (1883), (1888),H. Walpole (1890),Hogarth (1891),Richardson Ed. Diaries of Madame etc. (1892), D'Arblay, J. Evelyn, etc.
DOUGHTY,
writer.
ARTHUR.
"
Historical
and
miscellaneous
of Tennyson (1893),Song Story of Fran Life and Works The and Beatrice cesco, (1896), Siegeof Quebec and Battle of the Plains (6 vols. 1901-2),The Fortress of Quebec (1904),The of Abraham
Cradle
of New
France
etc. (1908),
DOUGHTY,
Wanderings
The Dawn
CHARLES
MONTAGUE.
ed. Cast
"
Traveller
and
poet.
in Arabia
(1908)(new
GEORGE
in Britain, Adam
abridged from Forth (1906), The

Poems
Arabia
Deserta), Cliffs (1909).
DOUGLAS,
"
SIR
BRISBANE
SCOTT, BART.
(1 880)
,
(1856).
Tragedy
and Gentleman
and miscellaneous Border Tales (1896),New Border (1897), History of Poet
writer.
The
Fireside
(1892),Poems
of
Country
Counties, Lives
of
James
Hogg
General
Wauchope,
etc.
"
DOUGLAS,
The in
JAMES (1869). The

Sin
Man
in the
Pulpit(1905),
Adventures
Unpardonable London (1909).
(1907),Theodore
Watts-Dunton,
DOWDEN,
etc. critic,
EDWARD,
Shakespeare,his
in
LL.D., D.C.L.
Mind and Art
(1843). Literary
"
(1875), ShakespearePrimer History of French Litera-, and Elizabethan ture on (1910), books Shelley, Browning, Montaigne; ed. Shakespeare's Sonnets, The Passionate Pilgrim (1883),the Correspondence of Henry Taylor, Works of Shelley, etc. Wordsworth, (1877), Studies
Literature (1897),Essays Modern
(1878),A
DOYLE,
SIR
ARTHUR
CONAN,
LL.D.
(1859). Novelist.
"
Clarke A (1888),The Sign of Four Study in Scarlet (1887),Micah (1889),White Company (1890),Firm of Girdlestone (1890),Adven Memoirs Holmes tures of Sherlock (1891), of Sherlock Holmes (1893), Sir Nigel Exploitsof BrigadierGerard (1896),Uncle Bernac (1897), Fate Modern The Fires of etc. : a Morality Play (1909), (1906),
DUCLAUX, DUDENEY,
Man with
a
MADAME MRS.
Maid
ROBINSON, (see
HENRY
A. M.
"
F.).
A
Robin Lorian
(WHIFFIN)(1866). Novelist.
Brilliant, Wise etc. (1909),
Words,
(1897),Folly Corner, Men of Marlowe's, The Orchard Thief (1907),Richard

BETHAM.
EDWARDS,
White House
MATILDA by
the Sea, Dr. Golden Bee
"
Novelist,
etc.
The
of To-day, The A cences (1899), (1905).
France Jacob,John and I, The Sylvesters, (ballads) (1896), Anglo-French Reminis and Home SuffolkCourtship (1900), Life in France
EDWARDS,
OWEN
history and literature. in Welsh, (Tro yn yr Eidal, etc.)
MORGAN Story of
and
(1858). Writer
"
on
Welsh
Wales
(1902), and several books has ed. various Welsh texts, etc.

ELLIS, ROBINSON
Fragments of
mentary
on
43
Scholar. (1834)."
in the Metres
Catullus
Catullus (1876), The Ibis Maniliana (1887),Nodes (1891),many separate lectures classical subjects, etc. on ELTON, OLIVER "Critical (1861). The writer, etc. Augustan Ages (Periods of European Literature)(1890),Michael Drayton (1906),Life of F. York Powell (1905); has translated Mythical Books of Saxo Grammaticus' Historia Danica. Avianus
The Poems and of the Original (1871), A Com of Ovid, etc. (1881), The Fables of
ESLER,
Way
'Mid Helena
MRS.
ERMINDA
"Novelist. (RENTOUL).
Way
they loved
at the Prow
The
The of Transgressors (1890), Green Pastures Youth (1895),
The Trackless Thorpe (1901), Way Miss EVELYN EVERETT-GREEN,
at Grimpat (1894), (1898), Awakening of etc. (1904),

"
(1856). Novelist,etc.
Last
Dare Larimer's Heritage(1892), of the Dacres (1886), French and Heir ofHascombe Hall (1899), English (1898), Dufferin'sKeep (1905),
"
FIELD, MICHAEL.""
to be Miss
Poet
(pen-name adopted by
two
Bradley and Miss Cooper). Callirrhoe The Father's Tragedy (1885), (1884),Fair Rosamund Brutus (1884), Ultor (1887),Canute the Great (1887), Stephania (1892), Anna Ruina and Wild Honey (1908). Julia Danna (1899), (1903), Novelist. Green Graves of FINDLATER, JANE HELEN. A Rachel, Tales that are Told (with Balgowrie, Daughter of Strife, Story of a Mother, Stones from a Glass House, The Mary Findlater), Affairat the Inn (with K. D. Wiggin), The Ladder to the Stars (1906),
"
ladies, understood
Crossrigs(with M. Findlater, 1908), etc.
FISHER,
The Mediceval A (1903).
HERBERT
ALBERT
LAURENS
(1865). Historian.
"
Political
Studies in Napoleonic Statesmanship Empire (1898), etc. History ofEngland (1906), Bonapartism (1908),
FISON, LORIMER,
baroi A. W. and
D.D.
Tenure
Kami(1832). Anthropologist.
"
Kurnai, Group Marriage and

in
Hewitt),Land
Marriage by Elopement (with etc. Fiji,Tales from Old Fiji,

"
FITZMAURICE-KELLY,
literature.
JAMES (1858). Writer

(1892),History Spanish Drama
Works of Cervantes, etc.
on
Spanish
Life of Cervantes (1898),Lope de Vega and the
of Spanish Literature (1902),Cervantes in and
ed. complete England (1905),
FLEMING,
DAVID
Charters
HAY,
LL.D.
(1849). Historian
"
Martyrs (1883), Confessors of antiquary. Scotland afterthe Union (1890), of the Crowns (1887), of St. Andrews Scottish and Scots sections, History (3 Life of (1897), Mary Queen 1902),Story of the Scottish Covenants, Causes, etc., of the Reformation
in Scotland
St. Andrews
and
(1909).
FLINT, ROBERT,
sophy, sociology, and
D.D., LL.D.
theology.
Writer (1838)."
on
philo
Philosophy of History
(1874), Theism
Philosophy in
Theories (1877), Anti-Theistic etc. Socialism France Agnosticism(1903), (1894), (1894),
in Europe (1879), Historical
43
Our
el BUXTON, C.B. (1842). Biographer,
"
FORMAN, HARRY
Living
Keats books Poets
to
on
ed. (1871), Brawne
John
and
Fanny
E. B.
of Shelley (1876-80), Letters Poetical Works (1878), of John Ke Browning, W. Morris, etc.
Works
FOWLER,
ist,etc.
The Kate
verse,
ELLEN
THORNEYCROFT
(MRS.FELKIN).
"
NOT
A Double Thread Concerning Isabel Carnaby (1898), (1899), Fuel of Fire (1902), and with A. L. Felkin, Farringdons (1900), In Subjection(1906), also some books of of Kate Hall (1904), etc.
"
Fox, JOHN (1863). American

Vendetta, The Come, etc. Kentuckians,
Blue
novelist.
Cumberland
Grass, Little Shepherd of Kingdom
FRASER, ALEXANDER
Philosopher. Essays
CAMPBELL, LL.D., D.C.L. (1819).

"
in Philosophy (1846-56), Collected Works of annotated Letters and Bishop Berkeley, (1871),Life of Berkeley (1871),Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding with Prolego etc. (1894),Philosophy of Theism (1898),Biographia Realism etc. Berkeley and Spiritual sophica (1904), (1907),
mena,
Philo-
FRAZER, JAMES GEORGE, LL.D., D.C.L.

on
(1854). Writer
"
Totemism etc. comparative religion, (1887),The Golden Bough Lectures the the on Early History of Adonis, (1890), Kingship (1905), Attis, Osiris, Studies in the History of Oriental Religion(1906), Ques tions on the Customs, Beliefs, and Languages of Savages (1907), etc.
FURNESS, FURNIVALL,
Scholar. Has
HORACE FREDERICK
ed. many
HOWARD,
Variorum
Ph.D., LL.D.
ed. of
(1833)." (1825).
"
Shakespearian scholar.
Shakespeare (1871).
D.Lirr.
JAMES, PH.D.,
he
was
English Text,
Chaucer, Societies,of several of which
in connection with the Early publications New similar Ballad, Shakespeare, and the founder.
"
GAIRDNER, JAMES, C.B., LL.D.

in Rolls Series Memorials III. ed. the
(1828). Historian.
and
Ed.
the
Reigns of
vols. v. to the Camden
Richard
xx.,
of Henry VII., Letters and Henry VII., Calendar
Papers of
of Henry
VIII.,
Letters (1900), Paston and various vols. for Society,author of England in the Early Chroniclers of in the III., The English Church Europe Series, a Life of Richard Death the Sixteenth Century to of Mary (1902),Lollardy and the etc. Reformation in England (1908),
GALSWORTHY,
Novels:
JOHN
Novelist (1867)."
and
playwright.
(1900),The Island Pharisees Jocelyn (1898),Villa Rubein The Man The A Country House of Property (1906), (1904), (1907), The Silver Box (1908), Fraternity (1909). Plays: Commentary and Justice(1910). Strife (1909). (1906), Joy (1907), Traveller GALTON, SIR FRANCIS, F.R.S., D.C.L. (1822)." South and anthropologist. Tropical Genius Africa (1853), Hereditary Nurture and of Science, their Nature (1869),English Men (1874), Inheritance Natural Human (1889),Finger Prints Faculty (1883), E. Families Memoirs (with Schuster) (1906), (1893),Noteworthy of etc. My Life (1908),
of EnglishLiterature Dictionary GARDNER,

writer. Dukes Saint Dante's and Ports Catherine
433
GARRATT Miscellaneous (1869)." Ten Heavens (1898), Story of Florence (1900), in Ferrara (1904), The King of Court Poets (1906)] of Siena (1907), Lyrical Poetry of Dante Aliehieri
ERNEST ARTHUR
EDMUND
(1910),etc.
GARDNER,
(1862). Writer
"
on
Greek
in Nauhratis antiquities.Chapter on Inscriptions I. (1886), Naukratis II. (1888), Handbook Greek A Com of Sculpture(1896-97), etc. panion to Greek Studies (1905),
GARDNER,
Greek
PERCY,
Part ed.
Lrrr.D., LL.D.
of the British
Writer (1846)."
Coin
on
Catalogues The Parthian Coinage Samian (1873-86), Coinage The Types of Greek Coins (1883), New (1882), Chaptersin Greek His Historic View of the tory (1892), SculpturedTombs of Hellas (1896), New Testament The Growth etc. (1901), of Christianity (1907),
art, etc.
Museum Samos and (1877),
GARNETT, CONSTANCE
Tales
(1862).Translator
"
of Novels
and An
etc. of Turgenev (1895-99),
GARNETT,
Imaged
The World Feud.
EDWARD
(1868). Dramatic
"
etc. critic,
censored
(1894),The
RIGHT
VI.
Breaking
Point
(a
play, 1907),
GASQUET,
Historical Great Acton Greater
REV. Henry
and
FRANCIS
VIII. the Book and
AIDAN, D.D.
the Common
(1846).
"
writer.
Edward. (1888-89), Pestilence and
of
(1893),Sketch
of
Monastic
English Monasteries The Prayer (1890), Constitutional History

Lord England (1903), The England (1906),
Short History of the (1896), his Circle, Parish
Catholic
Life
in Church in Medieval
etc. Abbeys of England (1908),
GIBERNE,
Rowena and
AGNES.
"
Novelist and scientificwriter.

Puritan Rule
Tales,
Conlyng Castle, Life Tangles, Roy,
(1906),Under
SIR
The
Stories of the Abbey Precincts, Astronomy, Sun, Moon, (1909),
Stars, Starry Skies, The
World's
Foundations, Radiant
"
Suns, etc.
GILBERT,
and humorist. Trial (1871),
WILLIAM
Palace
SCHWENK
(1836). Dramatist
lolanthe, The
Pygmalion and Galatea of Truth (1870), Pirates Pinafore, of Penzance, Patience, by Jury (1878), Bab Ballads. the Yeomen Guard, Mikado, of
GOLLANCZ,
wulf's English Text
Christ
ISRAEL, LITT.D. (1864). Scholar.

"
Ed.
Cyne-
(1892),Exeter etc. Society),
Book Ed.
of Anglo-Saxon Poetry (Early Temple Shakespeare (1894-96).

"
GOSSE,
Viol and
EDMUND,
LL.D.
(1849). P"et
an"^ critic. On
Firdausi (1879), (1873), King Erik Collected Poems Century Studies in Exile (1885), Secret of NarLiterature Century (1889), History of Eighteenth (1883), Modern Poets The Jacobean History of English cisse (1892), (1894), and Father and Son (1908), French (1905). Literature (1897), Profiles Donne P. H. Gosse (1890), Lives of Gray (1882), Congreve (1888), Thomas Sir C. Patmore (1905), (1899), Jeremy Taylor (1904), etc. Browne (1905), Flute New Poems (1876), Seventeenth (1896),
434
Double The
NATHANIEL
GOULD,
Event Miner's
(1857). Sporting novelist.

"
The
(1891),Running it Off (1892),Thrown Away (1894), Rider Cup (1896), A Gentleman (1898), A Stable Racer The A Mystery (1900), Rajah's (1904), SportingSquatter (1906),
Run
of Luck
(1907),etc., and KENNETH.

"
many
others.
GRAHAME,
The Golden The (1898), Wind
Novelist. Days
Pagan Papers (1893),

The Headswoman
Dream Age (1895), in the Willows
(1898),and (1908).
Twins Maid
GRAND,
SARAH
(MRS.
SingularlyDeluded, Ideala, The fold Nature (1894),The Modern etc. Impossible(1900),
MCFALL Heavenly
Man
CLARKE).
"
Novelist.
and
Our Mani (1893), (1898),Babs the
GRAVES,
songs,
ALFRED
PERCEVAL
(1846). Writer
"
of
Irish
etc. Songs of Killarney (1872),Irish Songs and Ballads (1879),Father O'Flynn and other Irish Lyrics (1889),Irish Song Book The Post Bag (1902), etc. (1894),
"
GRAY, MAXWELL
Maitland Great several
"
Novelist. (TUTTIETT)."
The Silence
of Dean
Impostor (1891), The and (1908),

Silver
(1892),Sweethearts
vols. of
An Innocent (1886), Reproach of Annesley (1888), and Friends Four-leaved Clover (1897), Refusal (1906), The Suspicions of Ermengarde
poetry, etc.
"
GRUNDY,
Shield the
SYDNEY
A (1885), Wind
(1848). Dramatist.
White Lie A (1889), Woman New
Mammon
Fool's Paradise
(1877),
(1889), Marriage of
Sowing
Convenience
(1894),A (1893),The The Black etc. Tulip (1897), (1899),

THOMAS
Tinted
GUTHRIE,
Novelist. Poodle
ANSTEY
("F. ANSTEY")
Giant's Robe
(1856).
"
Vice-Versa The Statement
(1882),The
Venus
(1884),The
Populi,
Among the Lions, The Salted Almonds (1900),
(1883),The Black (1889), Voces Baboo Stella Love Maberley, Jabberjee, of The Brass Bottle TravellingCompanions, etc. (1906), (1885),The
Pariah
HAGGARD,
Witch's Head
Allan (1887),
HENRY
RIDER
(1856). Novelist, etc.

"
The
She (1887), (1886), Jess King Solomon's Mines (1885), Maiwa's Revenge (1888), Cleopatra Quatermain (1887), Montezuma's Nada the Lily (1892), Daughter (1889),Beatrice (1890), Year A Farmer's Lysbeth (1901), (1899), (1894), Joan Haste (1895), Year (1905), A Gardener's Rural England (1902), The Brethren (1904), Fair Land and the The Poor (1905), Margaret (1907), Ayesha (1905), The Yellow God (1909), etc.
HALES, JOHN WESLEY

folio MS., ed. Longer and Notes, etc.
(1836). Scholar,co-ed,
"
of
Percy's
English Poems,
author
of
Shakespeare Essays
"
D.Lrrr. ERNEST GEORGE, (1852). Writer on and the Roman Government, A History Roman History. Christianity Roman Studies in History, ed. Plato's Republic, of Jesus College,
HARDY,
book
i. Juvenal'sSatires, etc.

HARDY, THOMAS, LL.D.
Novelist. (1840)." A Short
435 Story
(1865), Desperate Remedies Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) (1871), A Pair of Blue Eyes (1872-73), Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), Hand Return of Ethelberta (1876), The Trumpet of the Native (1878), A Laodicean Major (1879), Two Tower (1870-71), on a (1882), The Mayor of Castorbridge The Woodlanders (1884-85), Wessex (1886-87), Tales (1888), A Group of Noble Dames Tess D'Urber(1891), of the ville's (1891),Life's Little Ironies (1894), /""", the Obscure (1895), The Well-Beloved (1897),Wessex Poems (1898),Poems of the Past and the Present The Dynasts (drama),part i. (1904), (1901), part ii. Time's Laughing Stocks (1909). (1906), part iii. (1908),
HARRADEN,
Pass in the Night The Fowler (1897),
BEATRICE
(1864). Novelist.
"
Ships
that
I" Varying Moods Hilda (1893), ord (1894), Straff Katharine Frensham The Scholar's (1899), (1903), also tales for children, etc. Daughter (1903), Interplay(1908),
HARRIS, FRANK
The and Man William
"
Elder
Conklin,
Play : Mr. and Mrs. Review. Fortnightly
Monies the Matador Shakespeare (1898), (1900), Daventry. Formerly editor of Saturday Review
and Meaning of History (1862),enlarged (1894), Order and Progress (1875),The Choice of Books Oliver Crom (1886), well (1888), Annals Manor-house Victorian Literature of an Old (1893), Comte's Positive to (1895), Introduction Philosophy, Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill, and Others (1899),Byzantine History in the Early Middle (1902), Theophano (1904), Ages (1900), Life of Ruskin The Creed of a Layman Nicephorus, a Tragedy of New Rome (1906),
"
HARRISON,
FREDERIC, Lrrr.D.
(1831). Historical
miscellaneous
writer.
(1907),National
(1908), etc.
and
Social
Problems
(1908),Realities
and
Ideals
HARRISON,
Writer
on
Miss
JANE
ELLEN,
LL.D.,
ETC.
(1850).
"
art and religion.Myths of the Odyssey in A rt and (1882),Introductory Studies in Greek Art (1885),Myth (1890) (with Mrs. A. W. of Ancient Athens ology and Monuments Greek etc. Prolegomena to Study of Religion, Verrall),
Greek
Literature
HARRISON,
Novelist. Mrs.
MARY
Lorimer
ST.
LEGER
("LUCAS
MALET
")."
(1882),Colonel Enderby's Wife (1885), A Counsel (1888),The Wages of Sin (1891),The Carisof Perfection sima Calmady (1901), The Score (1896),History of Sir Richard (1909),etc.
HASSALL,
ARTHUR
(1853).
"
Historian.
Handbook
of
in Periods The Balance of Power (1715-89), European History (1897), ed. A Class Book is he of European History, of which of (1896), French The France People (1901), History of History (1901), English The Tudor arranged Dynasty (1904),War and Reform (1906), (1901), of author and other works Rolls in his, Series, Introductions Stubbs' of Lives of
Bolingbroke, ANTHONY
The Prisoner
Louis
XIV.,
Mazarin,
etc.
HAWKINS,
"
HOPE
("ANTHONY
The God
HOPE
in the Car,
") (1863).
Dolly
Dia-
Novelist
of Zenda,
43 6
Tristram
logues,Rupert of Hentzau,
The Intrusions of Peggy, Double Great Miss Driver, plays, etc.
of Blent, The King's Mirror, Harness, Sophie of Kravonia, The

"
HAWTHORNE,
JULIAN
(1846). Novelist,
Death
etc.
Saxon
Malmaison Archibald Dust Studies (1874), (1878), (1882),Fortune's Nathaniel Fool (1883), Nature Life of Fool of a H., etc. (1897), his/.,
HAYES,
Arden
ALFRED
(1857). Poet.
"
of
St.
Louis
Vale
(1885), The Last e*c(1895),
Crusade
and
other
Poems
(1886), The
"
of
HAZLITT,
Venetian
WILLIAM
CAREW
(1834). Critic,etc.
The
History of English Poetry, Republic (1900),ed. Warton's Notes Collections and vols. ed. Letters of (8 1876-1904), Biographical Charles Memoirs William The Lambs Hazlitt, Lamb, of (1897), the Man and his Works, Coins of Europe (1893-97), etc. Shakespeare, HAROLD, Lixr.D. (1853). Scholar HERFORD, CHARLES Studies in the Literary Relations and critical writer. of England Sixteenth The Age of Wordsworth in the and Germany Century (1886), (1897),English Tales in Verse (1902), The Social History of the work on (1881); has done much Shakespeare, ed. English Drama and has made translations vols. Eversley Shakespeare (10 1899),
"
from
Ibsen,
etc.
HEWLETT,
Earthwork
out
MAURICE
and
HENRY
(1861). Poet
"
and
novelist.
of Tuscany (1895),The Masque of Dead Florentines Meditations Pan and the Young Shepherd (1897), (1895), Songs Little Novels of Italy (1899),The (1898),The Forest Lovers (1898), Queen's Quair (1904), The Stooping Lady (1907),Open Country, Artemision etc. Idylls and Songs (1909), SMYTHE (1864). Novelist,etc. The Green Carnation, An (1895), Tongues of Conscience ImaginativeMan The Call of the Blood (1901), Berkeley Square Prophet of (1900), A in The Garden Prison, Barbary Sheep Allah, Spirit of (1906), various and plays,etc. (1909),
HICHENS, ROBERT
"
HIGGINSON,
etc. essayist,
THOMAS
WENTWORTH
(1823). American
"
(a romance), Army Life in Papers, Malbone Folks' History of the United a Regiment, OldportDays, Young Sense about Women, States, Common Concerning all of Us, Cheerful Tales of the Enchanted Islands, etc. Yesterdays (autobiography),
Outdoor Black
HOCKING,
REV.
JOSEPH.
"
Novelist.
Zittah
Lord
The (1892),
Chariots Esau (1904), Birthright (1897), etc. Vow Man's (1907),
of the
A Strong (1905),
HOCKING,
Real (1881), Modern Pharisee
REV.
Grit
SILAS KITTO (1850). Novelist. Ivy A In Spiteof Fate (1897), Gripped (1902), (1887), Mine and etc. Yours (1909), (1907),
"
HODGKIN,
THOMAS,
D.C.L.,
ETC.
Historian. (1831)."
Letters of Cassiodorus Italy and her Invaders, 8 vols. (1880-1899), Theodosius (1891), (1889),Life of Theodoric (1886), Dynasty of etc. Statesmen Series) (1897), Life of Charles the Great (Foreign

"HOPE, HORNUNG,
Bride Guest
437
ANTHONY" ERNEST
(see HAWKINS, ANTHONY

"
HOPE).
WILLIAM (1866). Novelist. A from the Bush (1890),The Boss of Taroomba, The Unbidden Dead Men tell no Tales (1899), (1894), The Amateur Cracksman The Black Mask, A Thief in the Night (1905), (1899), etc.
EDWARD (1859)." Scholar, poet, etc. ed. and other classics. (1896), Juvenal LAURENCE HOUSMAN, Artist,poet, etc. The (1867)." William Blake A Farm Writingsof in Fairyland (1894), (1893), The House of Joy (1895),Green Arras (1896),Gods and their Makers (1897),Spikenard (1898),The Field of Clover (1898).Rue (1899), War ham (1904), Sabrina Prunella, or Love in a Dutch Garden (1906) has illustrated Goblin The Were Market," Wolf," Jump to Glory Jane," etc.
A
HOUSMAN,
ALFRED
ShropshireLad
"
"
"
"
HOWELLS,
novelist,
etc.
WILLIAM
A
DEAN,
D.Lirr.
(1837). American
"
Foregone Conclusion, A Chance Acquaintance,A Presentment, The Undiscovered Counterfeit Italian Country, Modern Heroines Fiction Poets, Indian Summer, Miss Bellard's of (1901), Fennel and Inspiration (1905), Through the Eye of the Needle (1907), Rue etc. (1908),
HUDSON,
Purple
Land
W.
H.
Naturalist (1862)."
Naturalists Birds in in La
and
traveller.
The
The (1885),
Patagonia (1893),British A Foot Crystal Age (1906),
Plata (1892),Idle Days in Green Mansions (1895), (1904),A
etc. England (1909),
HUDSON,
duction
to the
WILLIAM
HENRY
etc. (1862). Critic,

"
Intro
in Inter
Philosophy Spencer The Sphinx and Study of English Literature (1898), pretation(1896), Other Poems (1900), The Meaning and Value of Poetry (1901),
Rousseau and Naturalism in
of Herbert
Studies (1894),
Life and
Romance
etc. Thought (1903),

"
HUEFFER,
Brown Face
FORD
MADOX
and
(1873) .Novelist,etc.
etc.
on
The
Owl, The
Inheritors
The Soul of London of the Night (1904), Life of Madox Brown, A Call (1910), (1907),
(both with J. Conrad), The An (1905), English Girl

Italian Art, etc.
HUTTON Italy and
EDWARD
the Italians
(1875).Writer
"
The Cities The Cities of Umbria (1905), (1902), Giovanni Malatesta Boccaccio (1906), of Spain (1906),Sigismondo etc. (1910), Historian. HOLDEN, B.D. (1860)." HUTTON, REV. WILLIAM The Misrule
History of
1714),and
The Church of the Sixth Century, Short The Great in Britain, the Church English Church (1625de Montfort, Laud, Sir T. More, etc. Lives of Simon
of Henry III.,
HYDE,
Love
DOUGLAS,
LL.D.
"
Irish scholar.
Beside the
Fire,
Three Sorrows of Story-telling (1895), (1894), Songs of Connacht Ireland A Literature Irish LiteraryHistory (1897), of Story of Early and (1899), made various works in Irish; has ed. various Irish texts, and
translations into
English.
438
"
JACOBS,JOSEPH (1854). Writer
on
folk-lore and
Jewish
history. English Fairy Tales (1890), Celtic Fairy Tales (1891), Indian Fairy Tales (1892), Reynard the Fox (1895), Jews of Angevin Sources of the History of the Jews in Spain (1895); England (1893),
has ed. various English classics, e.g., Caxton's Familiar modern Letters," and many works,
" "
Jisop
etc.
"
and
Howell's
JACOBS,
WILLIAM
WYMARK
(1863). Novelist.
"
Many
Cargoes (1896), The Skipper's Wooing (1897),A Master of Craft Sunwich Port Odd At Dialstone Lane (1902), Craft (1903), (1900), Cruises Salthaven Short Louis (1904), (1907), (1908). Plays (with N. Parker),Beauty and the Barge, The Monkey's Paw, etc.
JAMES,
A Passionate
HENRY
(1843). American
"
novelist
and
critic.
Pilgrim (1875),The American (1877),The Europeans Miller (1878), Letters A Bundle of (1879),Washington (1886),A London Square (1880),The Bostonians Life (1889),Ter What Maisie Knew The Two minations (1897), (1896), Magics (1898), Fount The Sacred (1901),The Ambassador (1903),The American Scene (1907),The High Bid (1909); in criticism, French Poets and Partial Portraits, etc. Novelists (1878),
Daisy (1878),
JAMES, WILLIAM,
LL.D.,
ETC.
(1842). Psychologist.
"
Immortality (1897), The Principlesof Psychology (1890),Human Varieties of ReligiousExperience (1902),Pragmatism (1907),and The Meaning of Truth (1909).
JEROME, JEROME
etc. the Three (1889), On
KLAPKA
(1860). Novelist,playwright,
"
Off (1885),Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow Boat a (1891),Sketches in Lavender (1897), Kelver "" Co. (1904). Plays, The Paul (1902),Tommy Passing of the Third Floor Back etc. (1907), Stage and
Men in
JESSOP,REV. AUGUSTUS,
Generation Norwich
D.D.
Historian. (1824)."
One
(1878),History of the Diocese of of a Norfolk House Better Worse or (1881),The Coming of (1879),Arcady for Random the Friars Before the Great Pillage (1885), Roaming (1896), works etc. ed. Donne, by (1901),
JOHNSTON,
Dominion,
Goddess
MARY.
Order
"
American
Novelist.
Sir
The
Mortimer,
Old
The
By
of
the
Company, Audrey,
"
of Reason.
HENRY ARTHUR
JONES,
Error
(1851). Dramatist.
and Susan Sinners
Clerical
Saints The Silver King (1882), (1879), Rebellious The Case Middleman (1889), of etc. (1897),The Hypocrites (1906),
The (1884), The Liars (1894),
KIDD,
Evolution
BENJAMIN
RUDYARD
etc. (1858). Sociologist,

"
Social
Principlesof (1894),
Western
"
Civilisation
etc. (1902),
KIPLING,
mental Ditties
(1865). Novelist,
Tales
etc.
Depart
(1894
and
(1886),Plain
Three, The 1895),Kim
Light that Failed Puck of Pook's (1901),
from (1891),The
the Hills
(1887),Soldiers
Books Reactions
Jungle
and
Hill, Actions
(1909),
etc. Five Also poems, Nations.
439
The
Barrack-Room
Ballads, The
Seven
Seas, and
LANG, ANDREW,
folklorist. China Mark
"
D.Lrrr., ETC.
and
and (1844). Poet, critic,

"
Lyrics of Old France (1872), Ballads in Blue Custom and Myth (1884), Books and Bookmen (1880), (1886), of Cain (1886),Myth, Ritual, and Religion (1887), Blue,"
"
Ballads
Red,"
"
Green,"
"
Yellow,"
"
Pink," and
"
Olive
"
Fairy
Books
(ed. Stafford Northcote (1890),Prince Ricardo of and the Epic (1893), G. LockPantouftia(1893),Homer Life of /. hart (1896),translation of Odyssey (with Prof. Butcher), and of Iliad (with Mr. Myers and Mr. W. The Leaf), Making of Religion vol. i., Prince History of Scotland from the Roman (1898), Occupation, Charles Edward (1901),The Mystery of Mary Stuart (1901),The Valet's Tragedy (1903),John Knox and the Reformation (1905), Sir George Mackenzie etc. (1909), 1889-1907),Sir
LANE-POOLE,
and The Art Mohammedan
STANLEY, Lirr.D.,ETC.
(1854). Historian
"
Histories archaeologist.
of the Saracens Stratford de Redcliffe, E. W. Lane's A rabic Lexicon, etc.
in Spain (7th ed. 1904), of the Moors Dynasties (1893), The Mogul Emperors (1892), The Story of Cairo, Lives of Lord of Egypt (1886),
Lane,
Aurangzib Saladin, etc., edit.
LAUGHTON,
naval Winds
SIR
JOHN
KNOX
(1830).
"
Writer
on
Physical Geography in relation to the Prevailing Studies in Naval Nelson and Currents History (1887), (1870), and his Nelson in Arms Men of Companions Action) (1895), (English Sea Fightsand Adventures (1901); ed. Letters and Dispatches (1896),
etc. subjects,
of Lord
Nelson,
From
Howard
to Nelson
"
etc. (1899),
LAW,
WILLIAM
ARTHUR
(1844).
Dramatic
author.
Enchantment (1878), Castle Bother em Night Surprise (1877), The Judge (1890), Mint A Fault of Money (1884), Nobody's (1882), etc. Blind Mice Three (1906), Country Mouse (1902), Novelist. Hurrish (1886), LAWLESS, THE HON. EMILY.
"
A (1880),
Plain Frances Mowbray (1889),With Essex (1887), Book etc. A Garden in Ireland Diary (1901), of Gilly (1906), (1890), LEAF, WALTER, Lirr.D. (1852). Scholar and translator. translated into English Prose (with A. Lang and The Iliad of Homer etc. E. Myers) (1882), Companion to the Iliad (1892),
Story of Ireland
"
LEE, SIDNEY, D.Lrrr., LL.D.

of National Biography from the Earliest Times to the Death A Lifeof Queen Shakespeare (1898), The French the Modern Stage (1906),
ary etc. Has also ed. various
Ed. (1859)."
of The Diction
(with Sir L.
Stephen), Stratfordon Avon of Shakespeare (1885),Life of Victoria (1902), Shakespeare and in England (1909). Renaissance
texts.
"
English
LE
Volumes
GALLIENNE,
in Folio the Golden
RICHARD
(1866). Novelist
and
Man
poet.
(1893), (1888),The Religion of a Literary Zion Romance Chapel Girl (1898), of (1896), Quest of etc. Poems New (1909), Sleeping Beauty (1900),
44"
WILLIAM SAMUEL
etc. (1840). Philosopher,
"
LILLY,
Ancient Religion and Modern Chapters in European Thought (1884), A Century of Revolution History (1886), (1889),The Great Enigma of the Nineteenth Century (1895), (1893),Four English Humorists Renaissance Studies in Religionand Literature (1904), Types (1901), Many Mansions (1907).
LOCKE, WILLIAM
of Samaria
The (1895),
The in Shadows (1896), Beloved etc.; also dramas, Vagabond (1906), The Palace of Puck, Idols, etc.
the Gate A Study Demagogue and Lady P hay re (1896), White Dove The (1900), Usurper (1901),The
"
JOHN (1863). Novelist.

The
At
Morals
of Marcus,
LOCKYER, SIR JOSEPH NORMAN,

Astronomer.
K.C.B.,F.R.S. (1836)."
Elementary Lessons in Astronomy (1870),Studies in Past and Present Spectrum Analysis (1878),Star-gazing, (1878), Sun Dawn the Chemistry of (1887), of Astronomy (1894),The Sun's
(1897),Stonehenge and other British Stone Monu etc. (1906-1907), LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH, F.R.S., LL.D. (1851)." Scientist and psychologist. Elementary Mechanics (1881),Modern Views Electricity 1892, of (1888, 1907), Signallingthrough Space without Wires (1894), Life and Matter : A Short Treatise on Funda Problems mental (1905),Electrons,or the Nature of Negative Elec The Substance Man and the Universe : tricity of Faith (1907), (1906), Modern A Study of the Influence Discoveries on our of Conception of The Ether of Space (1909), Survival of Man : A Christianity(1908), etc. Faculty (1909), Study in UnrecognisedHuman LL.D., ETC. RICHARD, LODGE, (1855). Historian. Students' Modern The Europe, Richelieu (ForeignStatesmen Series), Close of the Middle etc. Ages, novelist. The Son LONDON, JACK (1876). American God his Children The the the Fathers, Frost, of Wolf (1900), of of People of the Abyss, Call of the Wild, Tales of the Fish Patrol (1905), etc. The Road (1908), Low, SIDNEY JAMES. Journalistand miscellaneous A Vision of India (1906) writer. The Governance ofEngland (1904), etc. Dictionary of English History, VERALL LUCAS, EDWARD (1868). Novelist. Ed. of Road Tales (1905), The The Lamb, etc. (1899), Old-fashioned Open Friendly Town (1905),Forgotten Tales of Long Ago (1906); ed. Works Charles and Mary Lamb, Life of C. Lamb books for (1905), of
ments, Astronomically Considered
" " " "
Place
in
Nature
children,
and
etc.
LYALL, SIR ALFRED

biographer.
Verses Asiatic
COMYN,
K.C.B.,
ETC.
(1835). P"et
"
Studies, Lives
written in India, British of Warren Hastings, Lord

"
Dominion
in India, Dufferin, etc.
American WRIGHT. HAMILTON etc. Essayist, Short Studies in Literature, Norse Stories, My Study Fire (2 series), and Culture, Essays on Nature Essays on Literary Interpretation, Great and Days, The Word, etc. Backgrounds of Literature, Works
MABIE,
MCCARTHY,
Novels: Miss
441
JUSTIN
Novelist (1830)." Lady Disdain,
and
Maid
historian. of Athens, Red
Misanthrope,Dear
Diamonds, Mononia, etc.; historical works, History of our Own Four and William Modern Times, Georges IV., England, Reign of Queen Anne, Lives of Sir R. Peel, Pope, etc., Reminiscences, etc.
M'CARTHY,
dramatist. Novels
JUSTIN
:
HUNTLY
the Union etc.
;
(1860).
"
Novelist
and
Dotty, Marjorie,Flower
since
were
Pins,
Friend
etc. ;
Ireland
of France, Needles and plays: The Candidate, My

ETC.
the Prince,
If I
King,
MACKAIL, JOHN WILLIAM, LL.D.,

etc.
ture
Scholar, (1859)."
Latin Litera Epigrams from the Greek Anthology (1890), Morris (1895), Life of William (1899), The Springs of Helicon and translated Homer's (1909), Odyssey in verse.
Select
MAHAFFY, JOHN PENTLAND, LL.D., D.C.L.,ETC.

Scholar and Civilisation
(1839).
"
philosophy. Twelve (1868),Prolegomena to Ancient

on
writer
Lectures
History
Primitive on (1871),Kant's
Critical Philosophy for Literature (1880),Greek Roman
English Readers (1871),History of Greek and to the Life Thought from Alexander Ptolemies The Silver the Conquest (1887), Empire of (1896),
Greek World
Age of the
writer
(1906),etc.
MAHAN, ALFRED
can
on
THAYER, D.C.L.,LL.D.
history. Influence of Sea
Sea Power French
(1840). Ameri
"
naval
Power
upon History
and
(1890), Influence of upon The Interest of the United States in (1892), The Harvest of the War with Spain (1899),
"
Revolution
Empire
Sea Power Lessons (1897), Within etc. (1909),
MALET, LUCAS
on
"
HARRISON, (see
HURRELL
MRS.
MARY
"
ST.
LEGER)
and
MALLOCK,
writer New Paul and
WILLIAM
(1849). Novelist
New
The evolution, etc. Republic (1877), The politics, Studies of Contemporary Superstitions, Virginia(1878), Classes and Masses Social Equality,Property and Progress, (1896), (1898),Religion as a Credible Doctrine Aristocracy and Evolution of the of Belief(1905); novels, A Romance (1902),Reconstruction A Human The Order The Old Document, Nineteenth Changes, Century, An Immortal Soul. the Veil The Individualist, Temple, of
MASON,
A Miranda
etc.
ALFRED
EDWARD
WOODLEY,
(1895), The
Watchers
F.R.G.S.
"
Novelist,
(1897),
Truants
Romance
of
Wastdale
^Philanderers
of the Balcony etc. Road The Broken (1907), (1904),

"
(1899),The
"
(1899),The
MATHERS,
Comin'
HELEN
(MRS. HENRY
REEVES) (1853)."
Greenetc. ETC.
Novelist.
sleeves, Venus
through the Rye, Cherry Ripe, My Lady Court, The Ferryman, Victrix, Griff of Griffiths
MATTHEWS, (1852). American

"
JAMES
to the
BRANDER,
Lirr.D., D.C.L.,
critic,etc.
Century, Introduction
Fiction, His
Father's
Dramatists French of the Nineteenth American Literature, Aspectsof Study of
Son, etc.
442
WILLIAM
"
SOMERSET (1874). Novelist. Liza The Making of a Saint (1898), The Hero of Lambeth (1897), (1901), Mrs. Craddock (1902),The Land of the Blessed Virgin (1905),The Bishop's Apron (1906),The Magician (1908).Plays: Lady Frederick,
MAUGHAM,
Mrs.
Dot, Smith,
etc.
MAXWELL,
"
SIR HERBERT
etc. essayist,
EUSTACE, F.R.S., LL.D.,
ETC.
Novels: Sir Lucian (1845). Novelist, Elphin (1889), Letter of the Law A Duke Chevalier of (1890), of Britain (1895), the Splendid Crest (1905), : Meridiana, Noontide etc.; other writings Scottish Land Names Essays (1892), (1894), Afternoon Essays (1895), Bruce and the Struggle Rainy Days in a Library (1896), for Scottish Independence,Memories of the Months (4 series), Story of the Tweed Lives of W. H. Smith, Wellington,Romney, etc. (1905),
The
"
MEADE,
and
L.
T."
World Seven
(MRS.
TOULMIN
Medicine the Hand
"
SMITH).
"
Novelist.
Wild
Scamp
I, A
of Girls, The Kings, From
Lady,
Kitty,
etc.
Brotherhood
of the
of the Hunter,
MEYNELL,
Flower Place
Preludes, The
Poet and essayist. The of Life of Life (1896), the Mind, Anthology of English Poetry (ed.), The Spirit of of Later Poems a book Ruskin, etc. on (1898), (1901),
Rhythm
The (1893), Colour
MRS.
ALICE
(THOMPSON).
MITFORD,
BERTRAM."
Novelist.
Romance
of
the
Cape
A*
Frontier, Wind of Deadly Hollow, A Veldt Vendetta, etc.
Veldt
Ruby Official,
Sword
MOLESWORTH,
Novelist The and writer
MRS.
:
MARY
LOUISA
(STEWART)(1839).
"
for children.
Carrots, Cuckoo
Boys,
etc. ; novels
H other court
Rectory, The
"
Clock, Herr Baby, Laurel Walk, etc!
FRANKFORT and (1855). Novelist dramatist. Told by the Sea, I forbid the Banns (verse), (1893), The Two The or Jessamy Bride (1897),A Damsel (1902), King's Messenger (1907),etc.; plays: A March Hare, The Queen's Room, etc. Kitty Clive, The Food of Love (1909),
MOORE,
FRANK
Dawn
MOORE,
critic.
GEORGE
and (1857). Novelist,playwright,

"
art
A Mummer's (verse) (1877), Wife (1884), Literature at Nurse (1885), Vain Fortune (1890),Ideals in Ireland Modern Painting (1893), Evelyn Innes, Esther Waters (1894), (1891), The Bending of the Bough (play), etc.
Flowers
of Passion
MORLEY,
O.M.,
Burke
JOHN,
IST
LORD
MORLEY
OF
BLACKBURN, P.C.,
ETC. (1838)."Biographer and essayist. Edmund Voltaire (1867),Critical Miscellanies (1871-77)(two series), Rousseau On Diderot and the (1873), Compromise (1871), (1874), Studies in Literature Oliver Cromwell Encyclopedists(1878), (1891), etc. (1900), Life of Gladstone (1903),
F.R.S.,
MORRISON,
Streets
ARTHUR
Hewitt
Novelist. (1863)."
(1894),A
Child
Tales
of
Mean
Martin (1894),
Hole
in the Wall
Green (1902),
The of the Jago (1896), etc. Ginger (1909),
MULLINGER,
443
Cam
JAMES
BASS
(1834). Historian.
"
bridgeCharacteristics in the Seventeenth Century (1867), The Ancient African Church (1869),The New Reformation (1875),The Schools Charles the Great The of (1876), University of Cambridge from the Earliest Times to the Accession of Charles I., Introduction to English History (with S. R. Gardiner),History of St. John's College, Cam etc. bridge(1901),
MUNRO,
Castle
NEIL
Novelist,etc. (1864)."
The
Lost Pibroch
(1896),John Splendid (1898),Gillian the Dreamer Children (1901),The Shoes of Fortune (1901),
The Daft Days (1907),etc. (1903),
(1899),Doom of the Tempest

CRAD-
MURFREE,
DOCK
MARY
NOAILLES
(" CHARLES
EGBERT
Down
novelist. In the Tennessee Mountains (1884), (1885),The Prophet of the Great Smoky Moun tains (1886), His Vanished Story of Keedar Bluffs (1887), Star (1894), The Juggler (1897), The Bushwhackers etc. (1899), GILBERT GEORGE MURRAY, AIMEE, LL.D. (1866). Scholar. Greek Literature History of Ancient (1897), Euripidis Fabulae adnotatione critica instructae (1901 and 1904), Euripides, Verse Translations, Rise of the Greek Epic (1907), etc.
"
").
American
the Ravine
"
MURRAY,
"
SIR
JAMES
AUGUSTUS
HENRY,
LL.D., D.C.L.,
ETC. (1837). Philologist.Ed. of New English Dictionary, Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland, has ed. various works for the Early English Text Society, etc.
BLAND, MRS. HUBERT). NESBIT, E." (see LL.D. NICOLL, SIR WILLIAM ROBERTSON,
"
(1851).
"
teenth
etc. Journalist, Literary Anecdotes of the Nine poet, and essayist, Rest ed. Letters on Life, Century (1895), Songs of (two series), Works The Church's Foundation ed. One ; has of C. Bronte, Editor of British Weekly. Greek Testament, etc. Expositors'
NORRIS, WILLIAM
Money Harry
in Yellow and
EDWARD
(1846). Novelist.
"
Heaps of
Mademoiselle (1877),
Octave An (1896), The Ursula (1907),
de Mersac, The (1900),
My
Friend
Credit
Jim, The Dancer the Country (1902), of Loom
etc. Perjurer (1909),

"
NOYES,
The (1902), Wild
ALFRED
Flower
(1880). Poet, etc.
The
of Years
Thyme
(EnglishMen
Poems The Forest of (1904), of Old Japan (1903), William Morris Drake (an English epic)(1906), (1905), Enchanted Island The of Letters) (1909), (1909).
O'GRADY,
literature.
STANDISH
(1846).
"
Writer
on
Irish
and history
of Ireland, Critical and The Bog of Stars, Finn

Chain
History History of Ireland, Heroic Period, vols. i. and ii., The the vol. i., Eagle, Flightof Philosophical, Ulrick the and his Companions, Ready, The of Gold, The Coming of Cuculain, etc.
"
OKEY, THOMAS.
and
Writer
on
topographyand
Palaces and
art.
Old
Venice
Venetian
its Story,Paris and its of Dante's Folk, Translator
Story, Venetian
Purgatorio.
444
OMAN,
A
CHARLES WILLIAM CHADWICK
(1860). Historian.
"
the Kingmaker (1891), Short History of Greece (1888),Warwick A History of Europe, 476the Byzantine Empire (1892), History of Short History ofthe Peninsular History of England (1895), 918 (1893), etc. and iii., ii., War, vols. i., The Master OPPENHEIM, E. PHILLIPS (1866). Novelist.
"
Mummer,
etc.
"
Mysterious
Mr.
Sabin, A
"
Prince
of Sinners, Conspirators,
ORCZY,
The
BARONESS
(MRS.
will
MONTAGU
Scarlet
BARSTOW).
"
Novelist. A Son
Emperor's Candlesticks, The
/ of the People (1906),
Pimpernel (1905), etc. Repay (1906),

God's Prisoner
OXENHAM,
JOHN.
"
Novelist.
(1898),
Giant Circumstance, The John of Gerisau (1902),White Fire (1905), Gillian Great-Heart etc. (1909), Long Road, LEE ") (1856)." etc. PAGET, VIOLET ("VERNON Essayist, Cent, in Italy,Ottilie, Studies of the XVIIIth Euphorion, Baldwin, Fancies and Renaissance Sister Benvenuta, etc.
Studies, Hortus
Vites,Ariadne
in Mantua,
PAIN, BARRY
Canoe
(1868). Novelist, etc.

"
In
Canadian
Graeme and Cyril (1893), Stories and Interludes (1892), (1891), London Wilhelmina in (1906),Shadow of the Lindley Kays (1904), etc. Unseen (1907), LA DE PASTURE, MRS. HENRY (BONHAM). Novelist and Catherine dramatist. The Little Squire( 1 894) Deborah of Tod's (1897), Mother The Peter's Calais Tyrant (1905), (1909). (1901), of
"
PATRICK, DAVID, LL.D.
(1849). Ed.
"
"* Chambers'
En
Cyclopedia of English Literature cyclopedia (1888-92),Chambers' and Chambers' Biographical Dictionary (with F. H. (1901-3), Introduction and notes, The Groome) (1897), translated, with Text Statutes of the Scottish Church, 1225-1559 Soc.). (Scott.
PAUL,
HERBERT
Men and
WOODFIELD
Letters
(1853). Historian
"
and
biographer.
Queen Anne Stray Leaves (1906), Arnold Matthew (EnglishMen of
(1901),History of Modern England, Lives of W. E. Gladstone, (1906), Lord Acton, and Froude. Letters),
"
SIR EDWIN etc. (1835). War correspondent, Destruction the Greek The Fall of Constantinople of (1885), Empire etc. (1903), MAX PEMBERTON, (1863). Novelist. The Sea Wolves Christine of the Hills (1897), Pro The Impregnable City (1895), (1894), Red Morn P atria (1901),Dr. Xavier (1903), (1904),The Hundred Prisoner etc. (1909), Days (1905),The Fortunate
PEARS,
"
PHELPS, ELIZABETH
"
STUART
(MRS. H.
D.
WARD) (1844).
American
The
for
The Gates Ajar (1869),Hedged In novelist. (1870), The Gates Between (1887),Struggle of the Tubs (1887), Come Forth (with H. D. Ward, 1890),Avery, Immortality (1889), Madonna
etc. Trixy (1904),
PHILLIPS, CLAUDE.
Charles Lives of
"
445
of Titian,
Writer
etc.
on
art.
The
Picture
Later Work
Gallery of
I., The
Earlier
Work
of Titian,
Reynolds, Watteau,
PHILLIPS, STEPHEN
Eremus Francesca Nero (1904),
Poet. (1868)."
in Hades
Marpessa (1890),
(1894),Christ (1899),Herod The (1906),
(1896),Poems (1897),Paolo and (1900),Ulysses (1902),The Sin of David Last Heir (drama) (1908), etc.
Dartmoor Children of the Mist (1898), Way (1894), Sons Lying Prophets(1896), The River (1902), The Secret Woman of the Morning (1900), (1905), The Whirlwind The Thief of Virtue (1910), etc. (1907),
"
PHILLPOTTS, EDEN
(1862). Novelist.
Down
PINERO,
The
SIR
The
ARTHUR
Lavender,
Second His House Mrs.
WING
The
(1855).
"
Dramatist.
Magistrate,Sweet
Bountiful,
The
Lady
1 he
Ebbsmith,
Benefitof the
Quex, ALBERT
The
The Weaker Profligate, Sex, Tanqueray, The Notorious Mrs. Doubt, The Princess and the Butterfly, in Order, Mid
Gay
Lord
Channel,
etc.
POLLARD,
Historical
FREDERICK,
F.R.HisT.S.
(1869)."
Jesuits in Poland (1892),England under Protector VIII. Henry (1900), (GoupilSeries, 1902),Lifeof Thomas and has contributed Cranmer etc., (1904), largelyto Tht Dictionary of National History, The Biography, Factors in Modern British Empire (1909), and to the Cambridge Modern History,and ed. Political Pamphlets, Tudor Tracts, etc.
writer. Somerset
POLLARD,
Books about
ALFRED
Books
WILLIAM
etc. (18^9). Bibliographer,

"
Early Illustrated (1894-96), (1893), Bibliographica Books (1893),Italian Book Illustrations (1894),etc.; and has ed. etc. Herrick, Chaucer (Globe ed.), English Miracle Plays (1890),
POLLOCK,
laneous writer. Sealed Men's
WALTER
The Orders and
HERRIES
Modern other French
(1850). Poet
"
and
miscel
and
Theatre Lectures
(1878),Verse, Old
on
New,
Nine
Poems,
French
Poets, A
Morrice, King Zub, Jane Austen, her Contemporaries and
etc. Herself,
POOLE,
writer.
REGINALD
LANE,
PH.D.
(1857). Historical
"
Dispersion (1880), Illus Thought (1884),Wycliffe and trations Europe Movements for Reform (1889),Historical Atlas of Modern etc. (1897-1902),
History of the Huguenots of the History of Modern
of
the
PRAED,
CAMPBELL
MRS.
ROSA
CAROLINE
"
MACKWORTH
novelist. Station The (1893),
("MRS.
and Miss (1885),
PRAED") Passion (1881), Nadine December (1887), Jacobsen'sChance etc. The Luck of the Leura (1907).
(1851). Australian (1882), The Head

Roses
Policy
Insane
Root,
PREVOST, PROTHERO,
"Historian. Henry Bradshaw
FRANCIS
BATTERSBY). (see
WALTER, Lnr.D., LL.D.,ETC. (1848).
Memoir de Montfort (1877), of Select Statutes, Louis Quatorze,
GEORGE
Lifeand Times of Simon ed. Voltaire's (1889),
446
etc.
and
etc., of Elizabeth
James I., co-ed,
of
Cambridge M.V.O.
Dean
Modern
History,
PROTHERO,
grapher, etc.
Letters Psalms in Human
-
ROWLAND
EDMUND,
(1852). Bio
"
Life and
of Edward
ed. Stanley (1893), Correspondenceof Gibbon, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron, The Life,etc.
THOMAS ("Q ") (1863)." The Splendid Rock (1887), Man's Novelist. Dead Troy Town (1888), The* Pavilions The Golden The Blue Pomp (1895), (1891), Spur (1889), True Tilda Stars Ferry (1909),? (1905), (1899),Shining Ship of
QUILLER COUCH,
ARTHUR
finished
"
R.
L. Stevenson's
St. Ives, etc.
RAIMOND,
Novel
C. E." WALTER
RALEIGH,
English
books
on
ROBINS, ELIZABETH). (see and critic. (1861). Biographer

"
TJie
(1895),Style (1897), (1894),Robert Louis Stevenson and etc. Wordsworth, Shakespeare,Milton,

WALTER
RAYMOND,
Mistake
(1852).
"
Novelist.
Mishterton's
Word Good Souls of Ciderland, Taken at His (1892), (1890), Men of Mendip (1898),Jacob and Tryphena in Love (1895),Two Tales from Gossip-Corner(1907), etc. John (1905),
REEVES, RHYS,
Rose
MRS.
H.
ERNEST,
MATHERS, HELEN). (see etc. (1859). Poet, novelist,

"
London
The (verse), Whistling Maid Masque of the Grail
of Carne (1900),The Man
Fiddler
Welsh (1896),
at
Ballads Series
Odds, Gwenevere
Camelot
The (1898), The\ (play),
(1908); has
ed. the
J (1886-91)
Dekker's
Plays
in Mermaid
Series, etc.
RHYS, MRS.
Dominic Beads
on a
GRACE
(1865). Novelist
"
and
essayist. Mary*
Bride Five (1909),
The (1898),
Wooing etc. (1907), String(essays)
of Sheila
The (1901),
SIR JOHN, D.Lnr. Studies in the Celtic Britain (1882), Folklore etc. (1901),
RHYS,
(1840). Celtic philologist.:

"
Arthurian
Celtic Legend (1891),
RIDGE, WILLIAM
Mord
PETT.
"
Novelist.
Clever
j Wife (1895)
Galer's Business
(1898),A Son of the State (1899),Erb (1903), Mrs.. (1906),Name of Garland (1905),The Wickhamses Brother etc. (1909), Splendid (1907),
Em'ly
RILEY, JAMES WHITCOMB

humorist. The Old Swimmin'
(1858). American
"
poet
at
Hole
(1883),Pipes o' Pan
Zekes-\
J (1891) (1896),
and]
Roses Old-fashioned of Childhood (1889), World Child Green Fields and (1893),A Running Brooks etc. While the Heart beats Young (1906),
Rhymes bury (1887),
RITCHIE, MRS.
Novelist,
etc.
ANNE
ISABELLA
(THACKERAY) (1837)." |
The Story of Elizabeth (1863),The Villageon the Blue Beard's Old Kensington (1873), Esther To (1869), Cliff(1865), Mrs. Miss etc. Dymond (1885), Keys (1874), Angel (1875),
ROBERTS,
poet
and
447
CHARLES
GEORGE
DOUGLAS
(1860). Canadian
"
naturalist. In verse, Orion (1880), In Divers Tones (1887), the Common New York Nocturnes Book Day of (1893), Songs (1898), Rose The Raid the Around (1903); prose, of from Beausijour (1894), Fire (1896), The Forge in the Forest (1897), the Camp The Kindred of the Wild etc. (1902),Haunters of the Silences (1907),
ROBERTSON,
Buckle and
JOHN
MACKINNON
(1856). Critic, etc.

"
his Critics, The Dynamics of Montaigne and Shakespeare, Free and History of Religion, Thought, Christianity Mythology, In troduction to English Politics, Short History of Christianity, Essays in Ethics and
Sociology,etc.
ELIZABETH
actress.
ROBINS,
novelist and
(" C.
New Moon Convert
E.
RAIMOND
").
"
Open
Question (1898),The
AGNES
A Poetess.
Below (1895), etc. (1907),
the Salt
American (1896),The
ROBINSON,
"
MARY
FRANCES
(MME. DUCLAUX)
(1857). Handful of Honeysuckles (1878),The Crowned The N ew Arcadia Arden An (1883), Hippolytus (1881), (novel) (1884), Garland Italian Garden A Mediceval The Fields (1886), (1897), (songs) of France (1903),The End of the Middle Ages, books in French on
Froissart, Renan,
etc.
ROSE,
JOHN HOLLAND,
Lnr.D.
(1855). Historical
"
and
A Century of Continental writer. History, The Revolu biographical Studies, and Era, Napoleonic Life of Napoleon I. tionary Napoleonic The the European Nations, 1870-1900 (1905), Development of (1902),
etc.
ROSEBERY
Pitt
(ARCHIBALD PHILIP
"
PRIMROSE), STH
and
EARL
OF,
K.G., K.T., LL.D.,
ETC. (1847). (1891),Appreciations and Addresses and Napoleon, the Last Phase (1900), (1899),
Statesman
writer. biographical Sir Robert Peel (1899), Oliver Cromwell

"
(1900).
(1 878)
ROSSETTI,
etc.
WILLIAM
MICHAEL
ed., (1829). Biographer,

Poets has
,
Lives of Famous Hell (1865), of Dante's Translator G. Dante Rossetti, and Memoir Keats of (1887), Life of
ed. many
poets, etc.
ROUSE,
Scholar. iv., and ii.,
"
WILLIAM
The The vi.),
HENRY
Giant
DURHAM,
LITT.D., etc. (1863).
Jataka,or
The Talking Thrush A Garland of Greek many
Births (vols. Former Studies of Buddha's Crab and Other Tales of Old India (1897), (1899),Tales from the Isles of Greece (1897), Greek Votive Offerings (1902);ed. Song (1900),
classics, etc.
RUSSELL,
Holdsworth,
WILLIAM
CLARK
(1844). Novelist.
"
John
Chief Mate Ocean Tragedy (1881),The Overdue (1903),The (1897),
(1874),A
Convict Yarn
Sailor's
Sweetheart
(1877),An
List, Ship (1895),
of Old
Harbour
ye Landsmen etc. Town (1905),
SAINTSBURY, GEORGE
ETC.
EDWARD
BATEMAN,
LL.D., D.Lrrr.,
(1845).
"
Literature, etc.
biographer. Short History of French Nineteenth Essays in English Literature (1890), (1882),
Critic and
448
A History of Criticism (1900-4), History of (1896), The Later Nineteenth Century (1908), English Prosody (1906-1910), Men and Sir W. Scott, etc. of Letters) etc., Lives of Dryden (English
.,
Century Literature
1 SANDYS, JOHN EDWIN, Lrrr.D., (1844). Scholar; joint

"
ed. of Dictionary of Classical Mythology,Religion, etc. (1891), History in three vols. (1903-8), etc.; has produced of Classical Scholarship, many ed. of classics.
SAYCE, ARCHIBALD
"
HENRY,
Literature
D.Lixr.,LL.D.,
ETC.
(1846). ;
'.
of Comparative Philo- j Principles Monuments Babylonian logy (1874), of the Hittites\ (1877), Ancient Raczz of the Old Testament (1881), Empires of the East (1884), Babylonians and Assyrians (1900), (1891), Archeology of Cuneiform etc. (1907), Inscriptions
etc. philologist,
Orientalist
and
SEAMAN, OWEN
Wreck A Harvest
(1861). Parodist,etc.
"
(Edipusand the\
Bells Punch
Horace In Cap and at Cambridge (1894), (1888), Ed. of etc. of Chaff (1904), Salvage (1908),
(1899),
since
1906.
SECCOMBE,
THOMAS
(1866).
"
Miscellaneous
writer.;
Twelve Bad Men (1894), The Age of Johnson (1900),The Age of History of English Shakespeare (with J. W. Allen, 1903),Bookman Literature In Praise assistant ed. of was etc.; (1905-6), of Oxford, The Dictionary of National Biography.
SETON, ERNEST
' "
THOMPSON
Animals
("SETON
I have Known
THOMPSON
Silver Fox
")(1860),
Naturalist. natural
Wild Little
Grizzly,Two
on
Savages,Biography of a historyof Manitoba, etc.

GEORGE
Novels and
:
(1898), Biography of a books (1909),
SHAW,
dramatist. Man (1900), Doctor's
BERNARD
The and The Irrational
and (1856). Novelist,critic,

"
etc.; Plays Pleasant
I Byron's Profession, Three Plays for Puritans Unpleasant (1898),

Knot, Cashel
Superman
(1903),John
Bull's
Other
Island, The]
Dilemma,
Shewing Up of Blanco PHIPPS

in the Fire, The
Posnet
"
(1909),etc.
SHIEL,
Third
MATTHEW
(1865).
Yellow
Novelist
The\
Unto
Rajah's Sapphire,Shapes
Generation, etc.
Danger,
the]
SHORTER,
grapher.
CLEMENT
Bronte
KING
and (1858). Journalist

"
bio-j j
her Circle (1896),Sixty Years and of Victorian Literature Charlotte Bronte her Sisters and (1897), (1905), j The Brontes and their Correspondents (1907), Life of George Borrow
Charlotte
etc.; (1907),
is ed. of the
Sphere.
"
SHORTER, DORA
ling and other Poems As Confessor(1900),
Terrors
SIGERSON.
Poetess.
The
Fairy Change-
Ballads and Poem;: (1899), The Father] (1897), the Sparks Fly Upward (1904), Through Wintry j
(1907), etc. ROBERT

a
SIMS, GEORGE
etc.
(1847). Novelist
"
and
dramatist,j
The
Dagonet Ballads,
upon
ments, Once
Christmas
Memoirs Time
of Mary Jane, Ten Command (1898), Joyce Pleasantry,etc.; !
plays:
Harbour Crutch and
449
Tooth-pick,M
other -in-Law, The
Lightso' London,
etc. Lights,
SINCLAIR, Miss MAY."

Poems,
The
etc. Novelist,
Sides
Nakietas and other

Divine
Audrey Helpmate,
Craven, Two
The
of
Question, The
Fire,
Judgment of Eve,
etc.
SKEAT, REV. WALTER

and Philologist
WILLIAM, Lirr.D.,LL.D. (1835).

"
Early English scholar;

Lay
a
has
ed.
Langland's
other
Piers
Plowman,
The
English texts,
of his works of the EnglishLanguage,

on
early complete ed. of Chaucer, 6 vols. (1894), and of many separately,and is author of An Etymological Dictionary
of
of Havelock, Harbour's
Bruce, and
the
place-names WM. By
Principles of EnglishEtymology,and books the counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon,
Herts, and
Bedford, etc.
SMEATON,
Novelist, etc.
HENRY
Winds
OLIPHANT,
M.A.
(1856).
"
William (1897), Dunbar and his Times of the Blu* Mountains A Mystery of the Pacific (1899), (1899), English Satires and Satirists (Warwick Library, 1899), The Medici and the Italian Renaissance and has ed. numerous (1901), English classics.
Adverse
Our (1895), Treasure Cave (1898),
Laddie
SMITH, MRS.
Alder
etc.
BURNETT
Lost
("ANNIE
Ideal, A
S. SWAN
").
"
Novelist.
Yet
syde, Carlowrie, A
Divided
House, Not
(1898),
SMITH, GEORGE
scholar, etc.
the The Book
ADAM,
D.D., LL.D.
Biblical (1856)."
Holy
Land
Historical Geography of of Isaiah (1888-90), etc. Jerusalem (1907), (1894),
SMITH,
the fifteenth Critical
GEORGE
IV., The
GREGORY
Transition
(1865). Critic, etc.

"
The
Days of James
Period
century), Specimens of Middle etc. Essays (1904),

"
(ofEuropean Scots (1902), Elizabethan

on
literature of
and writer SMITH, GOLDWIN, D.C.L. (1823). Essayist

etc. politics,
English Statesmen, Lectures on the Study of The Political Rational History, Religionand Rationalistic Objections, Riddle Guesses the Revolution at or of Existence, Destiny of Canada, etc. ; books on Cowper, Miss Austen, etc. Progress,
Three
SMITH, MRS. STACPOOLE,

The
TOULMIN H.
DE
(see
VERE.
Blue
"
"
L. T. MEADE Novelist.
"). Fanny Lambert,
Crimson Azaleas, etc. Pools of Silence (1909).
The
Lagoon (1907),Patsy (1908),The
WINTER ARTHUR ("JOHN STRANGE ") Bootle's The Novelist. Society, BeautifulJim, Baby, Army (1856). went for a Soldier, The Truth-tellers, Soul of the Bishop, Grip, He A Blaze A Name to Conjure With, of Glory,Marty, Jimmy, The Ivory
STANNARD,
"
MRS.
Box
etc. (1909).
STEEL, MRS.
Wide-awake
FLORA
ANNIE
(WEBSTER) (1847). Novelist.

"
Stories
From (1884),
the Five
Rivers
The (1893),
Potter's
450
Thumb the Face
Red Rowans On (1894),Tales from the Punjab (1894), (1895), Voices in the Night (1900), A Sovereign of the Waters (1896),
etc. (1906),
Remedy
The
STEWART,
Nicomachean
JOHN ALEXANDER,
Ethics
LL.D.
(1846). Scholar.
"
English MSS.
(1902),The
"
Ethics of the Nicomachean (1882),Notes on the article Ethics in (1902), Encyclopedia Britannica Plato Plato's Doctrine Myths of (1905), of Ideas (1909).
SWAN, ANNIE
Miss
S."
E.
SYMONDS,
MRS. BURNETT (see SMITH). M. ("GEORGE PASTON ")."Novelist,
A Bread and Butter Miss (1894), (1894), Fair Deceiver A Little Memoirs (1896), (1897), of the EighteenthCentury (1901),Little Memoirs of the Nineteenth the Georgian Period books on on Century (1902), Side-Lights (1902), Mrs. Delaney, G. Romney, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, etc. Amazon A Modern etc. The Career of Candida
SYMONS,
duction London
to the
ARTHUR
(1865). Poet
"
and
critic. An
and Nights in Literature Arts
Intro (1889),
Study of Browning (1886),Days The Symbolist Movement Nights (1895), Studies in Seven Good Evil and (1900), Images of
(1899), etc. (1906),

"
TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD
CARNAC, C.I.E. (1850). Oriental
Stories (Punjab Folk Tales) (1884), Wide-awake with Mrs. ist,etc. ed. various works F. A. Steel, Legends of the Punjab (1883-90), dealing and geography of India, etc. with the religions
THOMAS,
Sir Diva has
ANNIE
(MRS.
PENDER
CUDLIP).
"
Novelist
Comrades Doune True Victor's Choice, Denis (1862), Social Cleaver Ghosts The Cleavers of (1902), (1901), novels and tales. written over 100
"
The (1900), etc.; (1903),
THOMAS, EDWARD.
Book Heart
and Essayist
miscellaneous
writer.
of the Open Air, of England, The
Horae South
Solitarae,Oxford,BeautifulWales, The
Country, Life and
Writings of Richard
Jefferies.
TOUT, THOMAS
FREDERICK
Edward (1891),
(1855). Historian.
"
Analysis
(12 English of English History series) History of Great Britain (1893),The Empire and the Papacy (1898), etc. Germany and the Empire (Cambridge Modern History), (1902-6),
I.
Statesmen
TRENCH,
HERBERT
and
(1865). Poet, etc.

"
Deirdre
Wedded
Apollo (1901),
the Seaman,
The
etc. Questioners (1907),

"
MACAULAY (1876). Historical writer. e (1899),England under the England in the Age of Wy cliff The Poetry and Philosophyof George Meredith Stuarts (1904), (1906), Garibaldi Garibaldi's and the Republic (1907), Defence of the Roman
TREVELYAN,
GEORGE
etc. (1909), SIR GEORGE OTTO, P.C.,LL.D., ETC. (1838). TREVELYAN, Statesman, biographer, etc. The Competition Wallah (1864), Lord The Letters and Macaulay (1876), Early History of of Life The American Interludes C. J. Fox Revolution, 3 vols. (1908), (1880), Verse (1905). in Prose and Thousand
"

TROWBRIDGE,
etc.
45
JOHN TOWNSEND
(1827).American
"
poet,
Vagabonds, The Book of Gold, The Emigrant's Story,A Home Idyll,The Lost Earl ; books for the young : The Little The Kelp Gatherers,Jack Hazard Master, Tide Mill, The Pocket Rifle, Stories,Fortunes of Toby Trafford,etc. ; novels : Neighbours'Wives,
Poems: The
Coupon Bonds,
etc.
TYLOR,
searches
EDWARD
BURNETT,
Mexico,
LL.D., F.R.S.
the Mexicans
(1832).
"
Anthropologist.
Anahuac,
into the Early History and Anthropology (1881). (1871),

"
and Mankind of
.
(1859),Re Primitive Culture (1865),
TYNAN, KATHARINE
and
verse
"
(MRS.TYNAN
Louise
HINKSON) (1861).
"
Novelist
writer.
Ballads (1887), An Nuts (1894),
and Lyrics of Isle in the Water, The Way of a Maid Miracle (1895), A Lover's Breast Knot The Handsome (1896), Plays (1896), Brandons, The Dear Irish Girl,She Walks The Wind in the Trees (poems) (1898), Maids Red Rose For Maisie (1906), That Sweet Enemy (1901), (1900), Judy's Lovers (1905), (1903), (1907),Her Mother's Daughter
de la Valliere (1885), Shamrocks Cuckoo A Cluster (1890), Songs (1894),
Three Fair Beauty (1899), A Red Love of Sisters (1902), in A Yellow Domino
etc. (1909),
TYRRELL, ROBERT
Scholar.
verse
YELVERTON,
Acharnians of
LL.D., D.C.L.
(1844).
"
Has
translated
Aristophanes into
English
(1883),author of Cicero in (with (1893),Echoes of Kottabos

Letters and various
his Letters (1896), Latin Poetry Sir E. Sullivan)(1906),has ed.
Cicero's
classics.
"
UPWARD,
Zfklag
Treason
ALLEN
Prince Courts
(1863). Novelist,
Balkistan
etc.
Crown
Songs
in
(1888),The
(1896),Secrets of the
Secret (1903), The (comedy) (1896),
of of A Day's Tragedy (1897), of Europe (1897), A Flash in the Pan History of To-day (1904), etc. East End of Europe (1908),
ANNESLEY
(1895),A
Straw
VACHELL,
Romance
HORACE
Kitchener
(1861).
"
Novelist.
A (1894), Quicksandsof Pactolus (1896), Procession The of Life (1899), John in Sunshine Drama (1897), The Hill (1905), The The Pinch of Prosperity (1903), Charity (1900), Face of Clay (1906) and Her Son (1907).
of Judge
VAMBERY,
etc.
ARMINIUS,
C.V.O.,
ETC.
Traveller, (1832)."
Sketches of Central Asia (1867), Travels in Central Asia (1864), India The Bokhara Coming for (1885), Struggle (1873), History of Arminius Lands in Eastern Vambery, his (1906), Culture Western
Life and
The
Adventures
(1883).
ERNEST ALFRED
VIZETELLY,
has (1902),
Novelist, (1853)."
The (1901),
etc.
etc.
A Scorpion (1894), ed. most
Path of Thorns of E. Zola's works,
Lover's
Progress
Mr. Novelist. BETHIA MRS. LUCY (1845)." WALFORD, Daughters (1880),The (1877),Troublesome Smith (1874),Pauline A a StiffThe History of Week (1886), (1885), Baby's Grandmother The Sixteen A Sage of Mischiefof (1889), necked Generation (1888),
452
Monica truders Olivia
(1893),Frederick (1895), The In (1891),The Matchmaker A Dream's (1898), Fulfilment(1892),The Enlightenment of etc. (1907),Leonore Stubbs (1908),
WALLACE, ALFRED
Naturalist and Trees of the Amazon Selection (1870),The
RUSSEL, F.R.S.,LL.D., ETC.

Travels
on
(1823).
"
evolutionist.
the Amazon
(1853),Palm
Natural (1853),The Malay Archipelago (1869), (1876), GeographicalDistribution of Animals Australasia Island Life (1880), Tropical Nature (1878), (1879), Man's Place Social Darwinism Studies and (1900), (1889), Scientific etc. in the Universe My Life (1905), (1903),
WARD,
Historian
ADOLPHUS
and critic.
WILLIAM,
The House
Lirr.D., LL.D.
of
Austria in
(1837)."
the Thirty Years' Literature to the Death of War A History of English Dramatic (1869), (1882) (1880),and Dickens (1875),Lives of Chaucer Queen Anne translated Counter The of Letters Reformation (1888), Series), ed. Curtius's Greece, History of Pope's poeticalworks various other works, etc. Poems of John Byrom, and (Globe),
(English Men
WARD,
MRS.
HUMPHREY
(ARNOLD) (1851). Novelist.

"
Robert Elsmere Miss Bretherton Milly and Oily (1881), (1886), Grieve The (1894),Sir (1892),Marcella History of David Helbeck Tressady (1896),
(1888),
George Lady Rose's Daughter (1898), Fenwick's Career (1906), Ashe (1905), The Marriage of William (1903), Eleanor Diana Mallon (1902), Agatha (1908), Daphne (1909);plays: etc. (1905), of Bannisdale
WATSON,
etc.
HENRY
BRERETON
MARRIOTT
Web
(1863). Novelist,
"
The Spider (1891), Diogenes Lady Faintheart (1890), The Heart of Miranda At the First Corner (1895), (1893), of London Divided Xenia (1899), The House (1901), (1897), The Princess The Privateers Twisted Fortune Eglantine (1905), (1904), Captain etc. Castle by the Sea (1909), (1907),
of the
WATSON,
WILLIAM, LL.D.
Poet. (1858)."
The
Prince's
Wordsworth'* Epigrams of Art, Life and Nature (1884), Quest (1880), Love Musarum Lyric Grave (1892), (1892),The LachrymcB (1890), Criticism Odes and other in Excursions (1893), Eloping Angels (1893), The Purple East (1896), The Father of the Forest (1895), Poems (1894), Collected The Year of Shame (1896),The Hope of the World (1897), Edward VII. Coronation Ode the Poems on (1902), of King (1898), Poems and New For England (1903), (1909)-
WATTS-DUNTON,
critic. The
THEODORE
Rhona
and (1832). Poet, novelist,

"
Coming of Love,
Boswell's The
Story (1897), Aylwin
at the Mermaid, Christmas (1898), ed. Borrow's Lavengro and Romany other pedia Britannica, and many
Renascence Rye ; article
of
Wonder
(1903),
Poetry in Encyclo
same.
articles in the
WAUGH,
son,
a
ARTHUR
(1866). Critic. Alfred,Lord

"
Tenny
Study
Robert (1892),
Browning (inWestminster
has
son,
ed.
Johnson's Lives of the
Biographies), Poets, Dickens, Milton, Lamb, Tenny
etc.
WEDMORE,
Pastorals
453
FREDERICK
(1844).
"
of France,
Studies
Miradou,
Whistler's the Penitent
Renunciations, in English Art,
Etchings, Fine
etc. (novel),
Prints, On
on art, etc. English Episodes, Orgeds and Meryon, Etching in England, Books and Arts, The Collapseof
Writer
WELLS,
The Stolen
HERBERT
GEORGE,
with an Uncle Time Bacillus (1895), The Wonderful Visit, The Wheels of The Invisible Man Chance, The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896), (1897) The War the Sleeper Wakes The of the Worlds (1898), When (1899), First Men Mankind in the Making (1903), in the Moon The (1901), Food and A of the Gods (1904), Ann (1908),Tono-Bungay, A New Machiavelli Modern Veronica The War Utopia (1905), History of (1909), in the Air Mr. Polly,
Select Conversations
B.Sc. (1895),The
(1866).
"
Novelist. Machine (1895)
etc. (1910),
WENDELL,
William in
BARRETT
A (1894),
etc.
(1855). American
"
critic, etc.
America
Shakespeare
Literature
Raleighin Guiana,
English
Literary History of (1900), The Temper of the Seventeenth Century (1902), The France etc. (1904), of To-day (1907),
WERNER,
and Times
ALICE
(1859). Miscellaneous
"
(poems) (1886),O'Driscoll's Italy (1892),The Humour of Holland Locusts (1899), Chapinga's White Man Central Africa (1906).
writer. A Time Weird The Humour (1892), of The (1893), Captain of the Native Races of British (1901),
Novelist.
Gentleman Rotha
WEYMAN,
STANLEY
JOHN (1855)
"
The House
of the Wolf (1890),Francis (1893), Under the Red Robe
of France The Red My Lady (1894), (1894), Man in Cockade Black (1896),Shrewsbury (1897),The (1895),The The Long Night '(1903), Castle Inn (1898), The Abbess Sophia (1900), Farm Laid up in Lavender Starvecrow (1905), of Vlaye (1904), (1907), The Wild Geese (1908), etc.
Cludde
(1891),A
WHARTON,
The Great The
EDITH
QONES) (1862).
"
American
novelist.
A Gift from the Grave, Crucial Instances (1889), Decision Valley of (1902), Sanctuary (1903),Italian (1901), Madame de Treymes Backgrounds (1905),The House of Mirth (1905), The Fruit of the Tree (1907). (1907), Inclination
WHIBLEY,
Scoundrels,
CHARLES.
"
Critic and
The
(1903),William
Studies in Frankness, Pitt (1906).
Book of Pageantry of Life,Thackeray The
reviewer.
WHISHAW,
Out
FRED.
"
Novelist.
Emperor's English
The Romance in Tsarland, Boris the Bear-Hunter, man, White Witch The A (1896), (1897), of the Woods, Harold the Norseman Race for Life (1898),The Diamond of Evil (1902),A Splendid Im The Secret Syndicate (1907), God Green Great The (1906), postor (1903),
of Doors
VillageTemptress (1909).
WHITE,
WILLIAM
HALE
(c.1830). Novelist,etc.
"
The
Autobiography of Mark
Mark Rutherford(1885),
DeliverRutherford's
454
ance
in Tanner's Lane (1885), The Revolution (1887),Miriam's Schooling (1890), Catherine Furze (1889), Clara Hop good (1896), translated Spinoza'sEthics, Pages from a Journal (1900).
WHITEING, RICHARD
"
The Demo
No. S John Street cracy (1876), in the New All Moonshine (1906),
The Yellow Van (1899), (1903), Ring Little (1907), People (1908).
"
BUTTON ADELINE (TRAIN)(1824). American Faith Gartney's Girlhood, The Gayworthys, Hitherto, Leslie novelist. Yarns Goldthwaite, Real Folks, Homespun : Pansies, / poems Bird Talk, etc. Holy Tides, Daffodils,
WHITNEY,
WHYTE,
ALEXANDER,
Law
D.D.
(1837). Characters
"
and
Appreciation of Jacob Behmen (1893), Samuel Bunyan Characters (3 vols.), (1895), Rutherfordand some of his Correspondents(1894),Lancelot Andrewes his Private De and An votions, Father John (1898), Appreciationof Browne's Religio
"
Characteristics of William
Medici,"
etc.
WICKSTEED,
Dante,
REV.
PHILIP
etc.
HENRY
Translation
(1844). Writer
"
oiti
political of economy, for Young Science Ibsen People (1882),Alphabet of Economic (1888),Henrik Trans, : De Witte's Select Essay* Dante, Six Sermons (1895), (1892), Dante on (with C. M. Laurence) (1898),Trans.: Dante's ParadisA Dante and Del Virgilio Studied (1899), (with E. G. Gardner) (1901), Further in Theology (with J. E. Carpenter) (1903), Translations Dante's Convivio Dante's Lativq Early Lives of Dante (1904), (1903), Works etc. (1904),
the Bible
-
WIGGIN,
American
KATE
DOUGLAS
(MRS.
GEORGE
C.
novelist. Mrs.
Story of Patsy,
Farm,
Timothy's Quest, Polly Oliver's Problem, Penelope's Experiences, Rebecca of

etc.
RIGGS)." j Th\
Sunnybroo\
Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch,

ELEANOR
WILKINS, MARY
"
(MRS.C.
M.
FREEMAN) (1862)]
Humble
story-writer.A New England Nun, Young Lucretia, in thi( Romance, A Faraway Melody, Giles Cory, The Wind etc. Rosebush, The Debtor, The Shoulders of Atlas (1908),
American
"
WINTER, JOHN STRANGE

WILLIAM
WINTER,
Lifeof Mary Joint ed.
Bible
ARTHUR (seeM.Rs. (1836). American

"
"
STANNARD) J
critic,
Shrines and Booth, The
etc.]
Ivyi
England, Grey Days and Gold, Old Shakespeare's Heath and Blue Bells, Life and A rt of Edwin Brown
Anderson,
etc.
StagA
WRIGHT, WILLIAM
of Globe
ALDIS, LL.D.,
other
ETC.
"
scholar J English
Shakespeare and
many of Edward and
of the
Cambridge
Shakespeare
and
o
Word-Book,
English Classics, Letters

Works
Literary Remains
The (1889), Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald (7 vols. 1903),etc.
YEATS, WILLIAM
ings of Oisin
BUTLER
Countess
Poet. (1865)."
Kathleen
The
Wander!
Celtic
(1889),The
The (1892),
Twi\
A light (1893), Rose Book Wind
455
of
(1897),The
Ideas of Good (1900),
Poems (1895),The Secret (1895), Reeds The the (1899), Among Shadowy Waters Deirdre Evil and (1907),etc. (1903),
Irish
Verse
Children of the Ghetto (1892), The Tragedies (1893), Merely Mary Dreamers of the Ghetto (1898),They that (1894), King of Schnorrers The Grey Wig The Mantle Walk in Darkness of Elijah (1900), (1899), Ghetto Comedies Children Blind (verse)(1903), (1907); plays: (1903), Children of Death, The Revolted Daughter, of the Ghetto, The Moment Governess, The Melting Pot Merely Mary Ann, The Serio-Comic
ZANGWILL,
ISRAEL
Novelist. (1864)."
Ann Ghetto (1893),
etc. (1908),
THE
TEMPLE
PRESS,
PRINTERS,
LETCHWORTH

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A SHORTS BIO GRAPH

DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

IN NEW YORK E-P- DUTTONSCO

tend to illustrate the characters and

indication of the relative

they passedthrough to givesome important, they hold and the leading

rise to gives There

in drawing the difficulty writers

be considered reasonably been included; but even

these, their inclusion would

1882-88; Sidney Lee,

Cyclopaedia Fiske, Mythology,

1887-89; Plarr, 1889.

JACOB (1803-1879). Educationalist

Congregational Church, writer of religious and

for the both

and Maine, "etc., b. Brunswick, minister and became a theology "various

Congregational Connecticut. Owing

JOHN (1780-1844). Physician and

Literature of English Dictionary

and opposed Martial Achievements

pamphlets. His Nation (1711-16).

EDWARD ACTON, JOHN EMERICH Historian, s. of Sir (1834-1902)." LORD

Dollinger,the great Catholic party, by whom

of English Literature Dictionary

Novelist, was (1862-1893).

and Poet, essayist, (1672-1719).

of Lichfield. B. Addison, Dean the Charterhouse, where he made

whence he addressed death of William the returned

his friend which For of

Halifax. his short battle

somewhat him fresh a wished

time his cir of Blenheim himself. distinguishing

the Spectator, This

thereafter he of which ap first appeared

this, he remains one of the in Englishliterature.

JOHN (1768-1845)." Historian,studied law

called to the Bar the French Revolution

Memoirs Biographical History of England from 1760works. biographical wrote

of English Literature Dictionary

English Chronicle, which, already brought

and writer on Jewish parents of

in 1842 Spirit of Judaism, and in Women She is,however, of Israel.

Miscellaneous AIKIN, JOHN (1747-1822).

where he obtained some his leisure to literature, to incessant. These consisted of

miscellaneous (q.v.). After

Literature of English Dictionary

and critic, s. Biographer (1837-1904)."

grad.at Cambridge, entered became minor preferments,

b. in Manchester. was of a solicitor, s. which, however, had legalprofession,

Windsor tions and

depends for his effects on (1843). he has little humour powerfuldescriptions:

situa striking power of

indications Newcastle-upon-Tyne, gave early of Edinburgh University with the view

of talent, and of becoming

Literature of English Dictionary

and subjects embracing educational, theological, which he had

in prose and historical been sent

Returning from Rome, the pallium for a friend,he

Collection of Chimes "ofBabie Bell, Cloth

Daisy's Necklace, Palfrey,etc. ALESIUS, ALEXANDER

In prose he Thorn, etc. of True Love, Marjorie Daw,

and (1500-1565). Theologian

Literature of English Dictionary